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The Nova Project, also simply known as Nova, is a small public alternative high school in Seattle, Washington, in the Seattle Public School District. Nova is a social justice oriented school that embraces differences and self-expression. Its aim is to be a "democratically governed learning community of broadly educated, creative, and independent thinkers who work collaboratively and demonstrate a high degree of individual responsibility."
About
Nova was founded by a group of students, parents and teachers in 1970. The curriculum is multidisciplinary and project-oriented, with an emphasis on individualized learning contracts, internships and community service. Nova functions through student-run, teacher-supported committees that decide school budgeting, the hiring and review process of staff, discussion forums, orientation of new students, and cultural affairs.
The credit system is competency-based which means students receive either full, partial or no credit. Each student picks a teacher to be their coordinator to design a personal learning plan and graduate time. At Nova you do not need to graduate after the traditional number of years of high school in the United States which is four years. Some students graduate in as little as two years and other students take five or six. Nova classes include every grade (9-12). Class size varies but they tend to be quite small ranging from ten to twenty students. However, some classes can be smaller for example classes for students with special needs or lab based science classes. Nova students have the option of creating "independent contracts" with their teachers to earn credit for extracurricular projects and activities. It is common for Nova students to co-teach classes with their teachers, generating curriculum and building facilitation skills in line with Nova's student-led philosophy. Like other Seattle Public Schools students, Nova students may participate in the Running Start program and take classes at a local community college.
Nova is a safe space for students of all identities, sexual orientations, ethnicities, religions, backgrounds and is an advocate for mental health awareness. Nova has worked on creating their own Teen Health Center specific for their students which is actively inclusive to their diverse demographics. There are many days dedicated for speakers and social justice work. Nova has Consent Day, Racial Justice Day, Gender Tea and much more.
Notable staff, alumni and former students
Reiko Aylesworth, actress best known from the TV series 24
Stephen Funk, the first U.S. military service member to publicly refuse to deploy to the US war in Iraq
Bonnie McKee, singer and songwriter
Rose McGowan, actress and singer
Matthew Lawton, writer and comedian
Stefan Gruber, animator and performance artist
Eve Rickert, co-author of More Than Two
Brisa Roché, musician
Theodore Cecil DeCelles, electronic musician and author
America Hoffman, son of Abbie Hoffman
See also
Alternative school
BIPOC+ rights
LGBTQ+
Social justice
Disability rights
References
External links
NovaKnows (Nova's student-created website)
Seattle Public Schools - Nova High School
Alternative schools in the United States
Central District, Seattle
Public high schools in Washington (state)
Seattle Public Schools
1970 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions established in 1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nova%20Project |
Archives and Artifacts (2005) is a box set by the American thrash metal band Death Angel, consisting of remasters of their first two albums The Ultra-Violence and Frolic through the Park, as well as a bonus CD, and a DVD with video recordings of the band and a music video. There was an error in the first pressing of the box set. The bonus tracks meant for Frolic through the Park ended up on The Ultra-Violence disc, while three tunes from the third disc (the "Rarities" disc) ended up as bonus tracks on Frolic through the Park instead. The songs from the "Kill as One" demo tape, which were meant to be a bonus on The Ultra-Violence, were excluded altogether. This error was corrected on the second pressing by Rykodisc.
Track listing
DVD
"Death Angel Intro"
"Original Electronic Press Kit"
"International TV Interview"
"Guilty of Innocence (multimedia track)" (Cavestany, Galeon, Osegueda, Pepa, Pepa)
"Bored (multimedia track)" (Cavestany, Osegueda)
"Voracious Souls (Music Video)" (Cavestany, Galeon, Osegueda)
Personnel
Mark Osegueda – vocals
Rob Cavestany – guitars
Gus Pepa – guitars
Dennis Pepa – bass
Andy Galeon – drums
References
Death Angel albums
2005 compilation albums
2005 video albums
Rykodisc compilation albums
Rykodisc live albums
Thrash metal compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives%20and%20Artifacts |
Yvonne Navarro (born 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American author who has published over twenty novels. Of those twenty, the titles AfterAge, deadrush, Final Impact, Red Shadows, DeadTimes, That's Not My Name and Mirror Me were solo novels, or fiction created solely by her. Her most recent works Highborn and Concrete Savior are also solo novels and are part of The Dark Redemption Series. She lives in Sierra Vista, Arizona and is married to author Weston Ochse.
Awards
AfterAge was a finalist for the Horror Writers Association's 1993 Bram Stoker Award, in the category of Superior Achievement in a First Novel. deadrush was a finalist for the Horror Writers Association's 1995 Bram Stoker Award, in the category of Superior Achievement in a Novel. Her 'Buffyverse' novel, The Willow Files, Vol. 2, won the 2002 Bram Stoker Award in the category of Works for Young Readers. Final Impact won the 1997 Chicago Women in Publishing Award for Excellence in Adult Fiction, and the Rocky Mountain News "Unreal Worlds" Award for Best Horror Paperback of 1997.
That's Not My Name was the First Place Winner of the Illinois Women's Press Association's 2001 Mate E. Palmer Communications Contest in the Fiction Novel Category. That's Not My Name was also the First Place Winner of the National Federation of Press Women's 2001 Communications Contest in the Fiction Novel Category. Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Paleo was the First Place Winner in the Illinois Women's Press Association's 2001 Mate E. Palmer Communications Contest in the Juvenile Book Category, and the Third Place Winner, National Federation of Press Women's 2001 Communications Contest in the Juvenile Book Category.
Buffyverse
Yvonne Navarro has written seven novels related to the fictional 'Buffyverse':
Wicked Willow. These include The Darkening, Shattered Twilight and Broken Sunrise.
Paleo
Tempted Champions
The Willow Files, Vols. 1 and 2
She has contributed 'Buffyverse' short stories to:
Tales of the Slayer Vols. 1 (2 stories) and 3
How I Survived My Summer Vacation
The Longest Night (2 stories)
Other novels
She has written numerous media tie-in novels, including Elektra, Species, Species II, Aliens: Music of the Spears, Ultraviolet, Elektra, and the first Hellboy. Her most recent original tie-in novel was Supernatural: The Usual Sacrifices, published by Titan Books on June 27, 2017.
Short stories and artwork
She contributed the story "Meet Me on the Other Side" to the collection The Children of Cthulhu. She has had well over a hundred other short stories published in small press magazines and professional anthologies. A number of her black and white illustrations also appeared in small press magazines in the 1990s.
References
External links
Yvonnenavarro.com – Official site
1957 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American horror writers
Women horror writers
Writers from Chicago
Novelists from Arizona
American women novelists
American women short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Novelists from Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne%20Navarro |
"Yassassin" (Bowie's pronunciation ; also known as "Yassassin (Turkish for: Long Live)", and released in Turkey as "Yassassin (Yaşasın)") is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie for the 1979 album Lodger. "Yassassin" is an incongruous reggae song with a Turkish flavour.
The title of the song is derived from the Turkish verb used to wish someone a long life, spelled yaşasın (), from the verbal root yaşa- 'live' with the third-person imperative ending; therefore yaşasın literally means 'may he/she live'.
"Yassassin" was released as a single – the third single to be released from Lodger – but only in the Netherlands and Turkey. The Dutch single edit of the song was included on Re:Call 3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) compilation (2017).
Track listing
RCA PB-9417 (Netherlands)
"Yassassin" (David Bowie) – 3:06
"Repetition" (Bowie) – 2:58
RCA 79.014 (Turkey)
"Yassassin" (Bowie)
"Red Money" (Bowie, Carlos Alomar)
Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead and background vocals, synthesiser
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar, background vocals
Tony Visconti – acoustic guitar, background vocals
George Murray – bass, background vocals
Simon House – violin, background vocals
Dennis Davis – drums, tambourine, background vocals
Technical
David Bowie – producer
Tony Visconti – producer
Cover versions
The song was covered by new wave band Litfiba in 1984.
American indie rock band Shearwater performed a version of the song in May 2016 for The A.V. Club A.V. Undercover series, and again as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC in 2018.
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
1979 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti
RCA Records singles
British reggae songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassassin |
The Art of Dying is the fourth studio album by the American thrash metal band Death Angel, released on May 4, 2004. It was the band's first album with original material in 14 years since 1990's Act III. The album reached number 50 on the Billboard Top Independent Albums chart in 2004.
Death Angel guitarist Rob Cavestany once explained the origin of the album title as follows: The Art of Dying sold around 2,100 copies in its first week in the U.S.
Track listing
Credits
Death Angel
Mark Osegueda – lead vocals
Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, lead vocals on "Word to the Wise"
Ted Aguilar – rhythm guitar
Dennis Pepa – bass, lead vocals on "Land of Blood"
Andy Galeon – drums, lead vocals on "Spirit"
Production
Brian Joseph Dobbs – producer, engineer, mixing
Boon Spooner, Tony Espinoza – assistant engineers
Dan Burns – digital editing
Dave Collins – mastering
References
Death Angel albums
Nuclear Blast albums
2004 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Art%20of%20Dying%20%28album%29 |
Caroline Catz (born Caroline Caplan; 19 October 1969) is a British film, television, and theatre actress and narrator. She is best known for her role as Louisa Glasson in Doc Martin (2004–2022). Her other major roles have included Auguste van Pels in A Small Light, Detective Inspector Kate Ashurst in Murder in Suburbia, Detective Inspector Helen Morton in DCI Banks, and PC Cheryl Hutchins in The Vice.
Early life
Caroline Catz was born Caroline Caplan on 19 October 1969 in Manchester to Bernard and Rosemary Caplan.
Television and cinema
She played opposite Michael Kitchen in the TV movie The Guilty in June 1992. In 1994 she took a lead role in the BBC's All Quiet on the Preston Front, which ran for three series. She followed this with a spell in The Bill as Rosie Fox, during which she met Michael Higgs, who later became her husband. Her part in The Bill was the first of four long-term roles in which she played police officers; in The Vice she was a PC, in Murder in Suburbia and DCI Banks she was a Detective Inspector.
From 2004 to 2022, Catz starred in ITV's Doc Martin, in which she played primary school headmistress Louisa Ellingham (née Glasson).
Catz continued to appear in one-off roles, including In Denial of Murder, in which she played real-life murder victim Wendy Sewell, and in an episode of Hotel Babylon. She also appeared in a two-part episode of Single Handed, entitled The Stolen Child, as Dr Maggie Hunter. Originally shown in Ireland in January 2008, the episode was broadcast by ITV on 9 August 2009.
From 2012 until 2016, she played Detective Inspector Helen Morton in DCI Banks. In November 2016, ITV cancelled the programme.
In 2014, Catz directed the documentary titled A Message to the World...Whatever Happened to Jesse Hector? Also in 2014, she narrated the BBC's television documentary Ebola – The Search for a Cure.
Catz starred in the 2016 BBC One sitcom series I Want My Wife Back, playing the role of Bex.
In 2017, Catz wrote, directed, and starred in a short documentary on Delia Derbyshire, Delia Derbyshire: The Myths And The Legendary Tapes, (2017), which was screened at the BFI London Film Festival. She expanded it into a feature-length film that debuted in October 2020.
In 2018, she was the narrator on Britain's Biggest Warship, a documentary series about the aircraft carrier .
Radio
She co-starred in Déjà Vu, a radio play broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 4 February 2009.
Stage
In November 2008 she played Anna, the puppet maker, in the stage production On Emotion. She has previously appeared in the West End in the Out of Joint/Royal Court Theatre production of Mark Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking in 1997, which earned controversy for its subject matter, while Catz herself appeared topless in one scene. However, she gained notice for her performance by critics, as well as for being the only woman in the production.
In 2012 she played Marlene in Caryl Churchill's play Top Girls directed by Max Stafford-Clark. In 2018, Catz played Susan in Curtains at the Rose Theatre in Kingston. Other theatre roles include Haunted (West End), The Recruiting Officer (Chichester Festival Theatre), Dogs Barking (Bush Theatre) and Six Degrees of Separation at the Royal Court Theatre.
Personal life
Catz is married to actor Michael Higgs, whom she met on the set of The Bill. They have a son born in 2001 and a daughter born in 2006.
Filmography
Television
Film
References
External links
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Manchester
English stage actresses
English television actresses
1969 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Catz |
Victoria Stilwell (born 20 July 1969) is an English author, dog trainer and television presenter. Stilwell has appeared as a pet behavior expert and served as a producer on several international TV series including Dogs Might Fly (Sky TV), Dogs With Extraordinary Jobs (Smithsonian Channel), and Greatest American Dog (CBS), and is best known as the star and creator of the dog training TV show It's Me or the Dog.
Stilwell is a leading proponent of positive reinforcement-based dog training tools and methods to provide pet behavior advice instead of traditional methods which typically employ multiple approaches including the use of pain, fear and intimidation. She is the Editor-In-Chief of the Positively.com website, the founder and president of the Victoria Stilwell Academy for Dog Training & Behavior, the CEO of the Victoria Stilwell Positively Dog Training (VSPDT) network of dog trainers, and other dog behavior institutions.
Career
Stilwell originally trained as an actress, playing roles in ITV1's The Bill in 1994, and onstage in London's West End theatre, as well as several commercials and voiceovers. She received a BA honours degree in Theatre from Middlesex University. In order to supplement her income as an actress, Stilwell's veterinary nurse sister suggested that she start a dog walking agency. She then expanded her focus to dog training and after moving to the United States with her husband in 1999, Stilwell co-founded several dog training companies up and down the East Coast.
Stilwell is currently certified by the Animal Behaviour and Training Associates, and is a longtime member of the US Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT).
Charitable work
Stilwell created the Victoria Stilwell Foundation, whose mission is "to provide financial support and canine behaviour expertise to assistance dog organisations and small animal rescue shelters while promoting the concept of reward-based, positive reinforcement dog training philosophies in organisations and households throughout the United States."
Stilwell works with animal rescue organizations around the world, serving as a behavior adviser for shelters in Atlanta, New York, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong while giving regular seminars on the subject of dog rescue, training and rehabilitation. She has been involved in animal welfare and protection organizations on the international stage, including serving as an Advisory Board Member of RedRover and a National Ambassador for American Humane. She also worked as a volunteer adoption counselor for the ASPCA.
Media
It's Me or the Dog
From 2005 to 2012, Stilwell worked with unruly dogs on her TV show, It's Me or the Dog, which has aired in over 125 countries and is also available on YouTube. The show features Stilwell as she counsels families with problem pets and uses positive reinforcement training techniques to help them learn how to correct their dogs' behaviour. Originally produced for Channel 4 in the UK, the show premiered in the US on Animal Planet in April 2007, and over 110 episodes have been aired worldwide. A typical episode involves a family struggling to cope with their misbehaving dog(s). Stilwell initially observes the problems on site, and then presents the family with her opinion regarding the causes of the issues. She then works with the family and their dogs to restore balance.
Dogs With Extraordinary Jobs
Dogs With Extraordinary Jobs is a TV series, created, co-produced and narrated by Stilwell for Blue Ant Media (syndicated worldwide including the Smithsonian Channel in the US) in 2018 and 2019. Each episode highlights the extraordinary work of dogs around the world as they assist humans.
Dogs Might Fly
Stilwell served as one of three judges and behaviour experts on the 2016 Sky TV series Dogs Might Fly. The series tracked several rescue dogs from UK animal shelters as they worked with dog trainers to determine if one of them could learn to co-pilot a small airplane.
Greatest American Dog
Stilwell was one of three judges on the CBS show Greatest American Dog, in which 12 dog-owner teams compete for the title 'Greatest American Dog' and a $250,000 prize. The series debuted on CBS 10 July 2008.
Positively Dog Training - the Official Victoria Stilwell Podcast
Stilwell created a podcast called Positively Dog Training - the Official Victoria Stilwell Podcast, available on iTunes and all other major podcast providers. With co-host Holly Firfer (CNN), Stilwell discusses the latest news and trends in the pet world, answers fans' questions about dog training and behavior, and interviews special guests about the pet industry and beyond.
Other media appearances
Stilwell has been featured in numerous magazines and journals including The New York Times, USA Today, Cosmopolitan, the Daily Mail, MSNBC.com, Oprah Magazine, Self Magazine, Psychology Today and more. She has been a regular columnist for The Bark, Dog World, American Dog and Dogs Today magazines, and she has appeared on numerous talk shows, news broadcasts and radio shows in the US, Europe and Asia as a dog training and pet behavior expert. She is the resident pet expert for CNN's HLN network and the BBC's The One Show, and she has been seen on multiple international broadcasts. She has also appeared in The Dog Academy.
Awards
Stilwell was honored with the "Excellence in Journalism and Outstanding Contributions to the Pet Industry" award at the 2011 Global Pet Expo and was named 'Dog Trainer of the Year' by DogWorld Magazine at the 55th Annual Purina Pro Plan Show Dogs of the Year Awards. She was named among 2009's '100 Best & Brightest' in the dog world in The Bark magazine. Stilwell won a 2009 CableFax award as Best Host in the Animals & Nature category. In 2009, It's Me or the Dog was nominated for a People's Choice Award in the US, and after its first season in the UK, It's Me or the Dog was nominated in the 'Best Factual Entertainment' category in the UK's TV Quick Awards. Her first book, It's Me or the Dog: How to Have the Perfect Pet was voted one of the 50 greatest dog books ever written by Dogs Today magazine.
Campaigns
Stilwell serves on the boards of several animal-related institutions including Canine Assistants, RedRover, DogTV, Greyhound Rescue of West England, Grey Muzzle, the Soi Dog Foundation, and the W-Underdogs. She advocates animal rescue and has supported Paws Atlanta, Atlanta Pet Rescue, Stray from the Heart (NYC), Hong Kong Dog Rescue, Wisconsin Puppy Mill Project, the Waterside Action Group, Deed Not Breed (campaigning to re-write the UK's Dangerous Dogs Act to remove breed-specific legislation) as well as Vets Get Scanning, promoting mandatory pet micro-chipping and scanning by vets.
Personal life
Stilwell met her husband, actor Van Zeiler, while starring opposite him in the West End theatre production of Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story. The couple and their daughter live in Atlanta, Georgia.
After many years without a pet dog of her own (due to the international travel schedule required for her various TV shows), Stilwell adopted a rescued chocolate Labrador named Sadie. In early 2011, Stilwell fostered a Chihuahua/Miniature Pinscher mix named Jasmine and decided to adopt her. Following Sadie's death at the age of 15 in 2018, Stilwell adopted an elderly mixed breed dog named Bella. Prior to that, she had spent her time since 2000 fostering dogs due to be euthanised by local municipal shelters. Stilwell and her husband then gave the dogs a home while rehabilitating them and eventually finding suitable homes for the animals. She has explained that until her international travel requirements were reduced, owning a dog would have been irresponsible and unfair to the dog, considering how much the whole family travels. The family has re-homed over 50 dogs and cats.
Stilwell is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 to oppose Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.
Bibliography
References
External links
Victoria Stilwell Academy website
It's Me or the Dog YouTube Channel
Animal Planet Website
Victoria Stilwell on the Mother Nature Network
1969 births
Alumni of Middlesex University
British animal care and training writers
Dog judges
Dog trainers
English podcasters
British women podcasters
English expatriates in the United States
English television presenters
Living people
People from Wimbledon, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Stilwell |
Franciscan Church ( is the name of several churches belonging to the Franciscans, e.g.:
Austria
Franciscan Church, Eisenstadt
Franciscan Church, Graz
Franciscan Church, Salzburg
Franciscan Church, Vienna
Germany
Franciscan Church, Ingolstadt
Franciscan Church, Überlingen
Hungary
Franciscan Church, Budapest
Franciscan Church, Eger
Franciscan Church, Gyöngyös
Franciscan Church, Szeged
Poland
St. Francis of Assisi's Church, Kraków
Franciscan Church, Zamość
Romania
Cluj-Napoca Franciscan Church
Serbia
Franciscan Church, Bač
Slovakia
Franciscan Church, Bratislava
St Anthony of Padua Church, Košice
Franciscan Church, Trnava
Slovenia
Franciscan Church of the Annunciation
Switzerland
Franciscan Church, Lucerne
Franciscan Church, Solothurn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Church |
John Tait Robertson (25 February 1877 – 24 January 1935) was a Scottish football player and manager who played mainly as a left half. He won 16 caps for his country, scoring three goals.
Having started his career at Morton, Robertson moved to Everton of the English Football League in 1895, and then Southampton in 1898, with whom he won the Southern Football League in his only season. He then returned to his homeland with Rangers, where he won three consecutive league titles in his first three seasons. Robertson was the first player signed to Chelsea in 1905, and served as their player-manager in their first-ever season, in addition to scoring their first competitive goal. He finished his career in the same role at Glossop North End.
Career
Early career
Robertson began his career at Morton, and moved to Everton in 1895. He spent his first two seasons at Everton in the combination team, and made his first team debut in September 1897, against Wolves. Robertson then spent a single season at Southampton in 1898–99, winning the Southern League.
Rangers
Following his success in Southampton, he returned to Scotland and won three consecutive Scottish Football League championships at Rangers in his first three seasons, plus a Scottish Cup in the fourth; his last of 178 appearances for the club in all competitions was a play-off for the 1904–05 Scottish Division One title, when he scored but Rangers still lost to Celtic.
Chelsea
In April 1905, Robertson was the first player to be signed by the newly formed Chelsea Football Club for the role of manager, but continued to play as well (he was 28 years old at the time). It was Robertson who scored Chelsea's first competitive goal, in a 1–0 win at Blackpool on 9 September 1905. In his first season, he led the club to a third-place finish in the Second Division, one place off promotion. In Robertson's second season at the club, he signed future club legend George Hilsdon on a free transfer, who scored five goals in the opening match of the season, defeating Glossop North End in a 9–2 win.
Robertson then surprisingly resigned from the club (third in the table at the time) on 27 November 1906. Chelsea were promoted to the top flight at the end of that season under caretaker secretary-manager William Lewis. Soon afterwards Robertson became player-manager of Glossop, where he remained until summer 1909, when he became reserve-team manager at Manchester United.
MTK Budapest
With the sponsorship of Alfréd Brüll and a London fabric company, Robertson arrived in Hungary to coach MTK Budapest in 1911, where he remained for two years before returning to Britain in 1913. During his two years stint, he won the Hungarian Cup in the 1911–12 season, as well as finishing runners-up twice in the league, both times behind Ferencvárosi TC.
Robertson was considered to be one of the coaches responsible for the development of football in Hungary between the 1910s and 20s, by introducing physical preparations and technical innervations to the Hungarian game.
International career
Robertson made his debut for Scotland on 2 April 1898 while at Everton, in a 3–1 home defeat to England in the Home Nations Championship. His second cap came on 8 April of the following year, while at Southampton. All of his 14 remaining caps came during his spell at Rangers.
He captained the Scots in his fourth match, as they beat England 4–1 at home on 7 April 1900. His first goal came in his sixth match, on 2 March 1901, in a 1–1 draw with Wales, again as captain. Robertson was Scotland's captain in five matches, and scored two more goals, both against Wales. The last was in his last international on 6 March 1905, in a 3–1 away defeat in Wrexham.
Death
He died at the Royal Cancer Hospital, Milton in January 1935.
Honours
Player
Southampton
Southern League championship: 1898–99
Rangers
Scottish First Division: 1899–1900, 1900–01, 1901–02
Scottish Cup: 1903
Runner-up: 1904, 1905
Manager
MTK Budapest
Magyar Kupa: 1911–12
See also
List of Scotland national football team captains
References
External links
Everton career summary
Chelsea career summary
Rangers career summary
1877 births
Footballers from Dumbarton
1935 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Southern Football League players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Southampton F.C. players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Glossop North End A.F.C. players
Scottish football managers
Scottish expatriate football managers
Chelsea F.C. managers
Glossop North End A.F.C. managers
MTK Budapest FC managers
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
Scottish Football League representative players
Men's association football wing halves
Men's association football player-managers
English Football League managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tait%20Robertson |
Paolo Manalo is a Filipino poet who teaches at the College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines. For a time he served as the literary editor of the Philippines Free Press.
Jolography, his first book of poems, received the 1st prize in poetry from the 2002 Palanca Awards and the 2004 U.P. Gawad Chancellor Para sa Natatanging Likha ng Sining (Outstanding Literary Work).
He earned his Ph.D. creative writing at the University of St Andrews.
References
External links
Author profile on panitikan.com.ph
Poetry on 2nd Ave Poetry
21st-century Filipino poets
Filipino journalists
University of the Philippines alumni
Living people
Filipino male poets
21st-century male writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Manalo |
is Gundam SEED Destiny counterpart to Gundam SEED: Special Edition. It is a four-part compilation movie.
Overview
Like the three specials of Gundam SEED, these specials feature new or changed scenes of the TV series. However unlike the TV series, which was told in the points of view of main characters Shinn Asuka and Kira Yamato, the Special Edition was told through the eyes of Athrun Zala, giving the movies a much more neutral point of view.
The DVD quartet, as opposed to the series, seems to put much more emphasis on Shinn's romantic relationship with Lunamaria Hawke and much less emphasis on Lunamaria's prior crush on Athrun so that fans could see a much easier transition from Shinn being romantically involved with Stella Loussier to Lunamaria, rather than in the series, which just had it as a sudden occurrence.
Broadcast on Japanese TV
First special, "The Shattered World" (covers episodes 1 to 13 of the series), aired in two parts on May 2 and May 3, 2006.
Second special, "Their Respective Swords" (covers episodes 14 to 28 of the series), aired in two parts on July 27 and July 28, 2006.
Third special, "Flames of Destiny" (covers episodes 29 to 42 of the series), aired on October 8, 2006.
Fourth special, "The Cost of Freedom" (covers episodes 43 to 50 of the series and the "Final Plus" episode, "The Chosen Future"), aired on February 23, 2007.
Ending and insert songs
Ending songs (in order)
"Result" by Nami Tamaki
"Tears" by lisa
"Enrai (Tooku ni Aru Akari)" by HIGH and MIGHTY COLOR
by See-Saw
Insert songs
"Fields of hope" by Rie Tanaka (Special Edition I, IV)
(partial) by Rie Tanaka (Special Edition I)
"Zips (UNDER:COVER version)" by T.M.Revolution (Special Edition I)
"EMOTION" by Rie Tanaka (Special Edition II)
by T.M.Revolution (Special Edition II)
by Houko Kuwashima (Special Edition III)
by T.M.Revolution (Special Edition III-IV)
References
External links
2006 anime films
2006 films
2007 anime films
2007 films
Bandai Entertainment anime titles
SEED Destiny Special
Japanese animated films
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED
Shōnen manga
Sunrise (company)
Films scored by Toshihiko Sahashi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Suit%20Gundam%20SEED%20Destiny%3A%20Special%20Edition |
The Barbarians are Coming is a novel by David Wong Louie.
The novel tells the story of a Chinese American man trying to make it in the United States while dealing with his immigrant parents and their desires for their son.
The book was released in 2001 by Penguin, and received positive reviews from Publishers Weekly, The Los Angeles Times Book Review, San Francisco Chronicle, and Ploughshares.
Bibliography
The Barbarians Are Coming: A Novel, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2000,
References
External links
The Barbarians Are Coming: A Reading by David Wong Louie, UCTV, 10/28/2002
2001 American novels
Chinese-American novels
Novels set in Long Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Barbarians%20are%20Coming |
A reference card or reference sheet (or quick reference card) or crib sheet is a concise bundling of condensed notes about a specific topic, such as mathematical formulas to calculate area/volume, or common syntactic rules and idioms of a particular computer platform, application program, or formal language. It serves as an ad hoc memory aid for an experienced user.
In spite of what the name reference card may suggest, such as a 3x5 index card (), the term also applies to sheets of paper or online pages, as in the context of programming languages or markup languages.
However, this concept is now being adopted to portray concise information in many other fields.
Appearance
As in the examples below, reference cards are typically one to a few pages in length. Pages are organized into one or more columns. Across the columns, the reference is split into sections and organized by topic. Each section contains a list of entries, with each entry containing a term and its description and usage information. Terms might include keywords, syntactic constructs, functions, methods, or macros in a computer language. In a reference card for a program with a graphical user interface, terms may include menu entries, icons or key combinations representing program actions.
Due to its logical structure and conciseness, finding information in a reference card is trivial for humans and requires no computer interaction. It is therefore convenient for a user to print out a reference card. While reference cards can be printed on card stock, it is common to print them on ordinary printer paper. With the advent of portable electronic devices that can display documents, digital reference cards stored in PDF or HTML formats have become more common. This is in contrast to user guides, which tend to be rather long and verbose and which have (in comparison to reference cards) a lower information density
Examples
Wikimedia wiki syntax ref card meta:Help:Reference card
A LaTeX reference sheet: PDF
An AMS LaTeX reference card: PDF
An R reference card: PDF
An R reference card for data mining: www.rdatamining.com
A CC (common criteria) quick reference card for security product evaluation:
See also
Cheat sheet
User guide
Crib sheet
References
Technical communication
pl:Ściąga#Inne rodzaje ściąg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20card |
Fronteira () is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,410, in an area of 248.60 km2.
The present Mayor is Rogério David Sádio da Silva, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is April 6.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 3 civil parishes (freguesias):
Cabeço de Vide
Fronteira
São Saturnino
Notable people
Manuel Cardoso (1566–1650) a Portuguese composer and organist.
Bartolomeo Riberi (1640–1702) a Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Nicotera, 1691–1702
References
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District
People from Fronteira, Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronteira%2C%20Portugal |
The 13th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNNERS
The 1963 winners, the thirteenth recipients of the awards, were divided into four categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story and one-act play:
English Division
Short Story
First Prize: Juan Gatbunton, "A Record of My Passage"
Second Prize: Leopoldo N. Cacnio, "The Taste of Dust"
Third Prize: Alma De Jesus, "Mabuhay, My Country, My Lovely People"
One-Act Play
First Prize: Wilfrido D. Nolledo, "Turn Red the Sea"
Second Prize: Estrella D. Alfon, "Tubig"
Third Prize: Julian E. Dacanay Jr., "The Executives"
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Buenaventura S. Medina Jr., "Himaymay"
Second Prize: Rogelio Sicat, "Tata Selo"
Third Prize: Efren Reyes Abueg, "Sa Bagong Paraiso"
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Benjamin P. Pascual, "Huling Kahilingan"
Second Prize: Gregorio A. Moral Jr., "Nakalipad ang Ibon"
Third Prize: Mar V. Puatu, "Mukha ni Medusa"
References
External links
Palanca Awards
1963 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Palanca%20Awards |
Roller Coaster is a platform game which contains some strategy and puzzle elements. It holds the claim of being the first video game to simulate amusement rides. Roller Coaster was released in 1985 by British video game developer Elite Systems, to overwhelmingly positive reviews. It was, for a time, one of the most popular games for the ZX Spectrum. A version for the Commodore 64 was planned but never released.
Gameplay
The game takes place in and around an amusement park after closing-time. The player takes control of the park's owner, Colonel G. Bogey. A disgruntled employee has scattered the takings all over the fairground in the form of money bags. The goal is to collect the money.
In order to complete the game, the player must collect every money bag which is strewn around the city-sized amusement park; even the money bags placed on precarious perches and in the middle of rides. In order to do this, gambles and risks will have to be taken. The player can also be killed instantaneously by some dangers. This can be caused by numerous careless acts such as jumping from a great height, getting skewered by an erratic turnstile. The player has ten lives. Once the protagonist has died ten times, the player loses and the game is over.
Reception
A 1985 review in CRASH gave Roller Coaster a 94%.
Four years later, in a review of the budget re-release of Roller Coaster, CRASH magazine wrote, "The emphasis in Roller Coaster is to have vast amounts of fun, and, boy, do you! Each screen is deviously devised, but not difficult to master once you get to grips with the gameplay. And the gameplay—it's so addictive! Don't hesitate to buy Roller Coaster!"
Legacy
Roller Coaster was reworked into the 1991 Game Boy title Dragon's Lair: The Legend, with the game's plot and graphics amended in order to closer resemble those of the original Dragon's Lair coin-op. As less of the playing area was visible in the Game Boy port than in the Spectrum version, the display was effectively a window on each of the original version's screens, scrolling within each one and flicking to the next when the edge of the screen was reached.
References
External links
1985 video games
Cancelled Amstrad CPC games
Cancelled Commodore 64 games
Elite Systems games
Platformers
Roller coaster games and simulations
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in amusement parks
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Coaster%20%28video%20game%29 |
Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino, better known by the stage name Boss AC (born January 20, 1975) is a Portuguese rapper originally from Cape Verde. The letters A and C, in Boss AC, come from the initials of his two names, Ângelo and César, respectively.
Career
His most popular songs include "Dinero", "Baza Baza", and "Doa a Quem Doer". Although he lives in Portugal, he spends a lot of his time in Africa, especially Angola. He has collaborated with many Angolan rappers, most notably Gutto, with whom he worked on "Dinero".
Boss AC started his career in 1994 with Rapública, a compilation album that joined together the new faces of the Portuguese hip hop movement. He was both a performer and producer on this album.
In 1998, Boss AC recorded his first album, Mandachuva, in the USA with production by Troy Hightower. This album was a mixture of hip-hop, ragga, soul, R&B and African sounds. He also recorded a duet titled "No Stress" with Gutto. Together, they produced music and went on tour.
In 2002, Boss AC produced his second album, Rimar contra a maré, which was a more autobiographical album, entirely written and produced by him. This album continued the trend of adding African and Portuguese traditional sounds.
Boss AC's album, Ritmo, Amor e Palavras, was recorded in 2005. This album included collaborations with Posdnuos from De La Soul, Da Weasel, Sam the Kid and Pedro Ayres de Magalhães. The album earned Boss AC a nomination in the MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Portuguese Act.
His fifth fourth album Preto no Branco (Black on White) was released in January 2008 and features the single "Levanta-te" (Stand-up), its music video was launched on the Portuguese MTV later on 21 July. He participated with Mariza with the single "Alguém Me Ouviu (Mantém-te Firme).
His fifth album AC Para os Amigos (AC and Friends) was edited on 6 February 2012 and would be released by Universal Music, singles included in the album are "Sexta-feira (Emprego Bom Já)", "Tástabater" and "Tu Es Mais Forte". The first single was released in February 2012, it reached to Portuguese charts for 3 weeks and was in the Top 10 up to April. The second single's music video was filmed in Brazil. And the third single was released in August 2012 and featured a music video and features Shout. Boss AC was a guest star on the radio program "Comercial".
Other
Boss AC has appeared in several music festivals in Cape Verde, one in his native island of São Vicente in the 2007, called Baía das Gatas Music Festival.
He was one of the participants for Seven Wonders of Portuguese Cooking on September 10, 2011 which decided 70 dish candidates to be one of seven to be its wonder.
Discography
Albums
1998: Manda Chuva (Valentim de Carvalho (NorteSul))
2002: Rimar Contra a Maré (Valentim de Carvalho (NorteSul) - EMI)
2005: Ritmo, Amor e Palavras (Hightower Productions, Absolute Audio)
2009: Preto no Branco (Valentim de Carvalho (NorteSul) - EMI)
2012: AC Para os Amigos (Universal Music)
2018: Patrão
Singles
"Anda cá ao Papá" (1998)
"Quieres Dinero"
"Baza Baza" (2002)
"Hip Hop (Sou Eu E És Tu)" (2005)
"Princesa" (2005)
"Deixa Ferver"
"Levanta-te" (Stand up) (2009)
"Estou Vivo"
"Acabou" (2009)
"Sexta-Feira" (2012)
Collaborations, Performances and Special appearances
"Rapública" Collection (1994) - singles: "A Verdade" and "Generate Power"
"Pé Na Tchôn, Karapinha Na Céu" (1995) CD by General D - singles: "Atake dos Carapinhas" and "Jam Session"
"Dou-lhe Com A Alma" (1995) CD, by Da Weasel - single: "Dou-lhe Com A Alma"
"Espanta Espíritos" Collection (1995) - single: "Apenas Um Irmão"
"Tá-se Bem" (1996) CD, by Kussondulola - single: "Terezinha"
"Funky, Trunky, Punky" (1996) CD, by Gimba - single: "Executivo Improdutivo"
"Filhos da Rua" (1997) CD, by Black Company - single: "Genuíno"
"Ghetto Talk Part.2" (1997) mixtape, by DJ Bomberjack - a single
"Todos Differentes, Todos Iguais" Collection (1997) - single: "Ménage à Trois"
"Reencontro do Vinil Vol.1" (1998) mixtape, by DJ Bomberjack - a single
"Invisível" ("Invisible") (1998) CD, by Fernando Cunha - single: "Só Há Tempo Agora"
"Zona J - Banda Sonora" (1998) CD, single: "Anda Cá Ao Papá" and "Andam Aí"
"Voar" (1999) CD, by Santos & Pecadores - single: "Saber De Ti"
"XX Anos, XX Bandas" (1999) CD, by Xutos & Pontapés - version of "Não Sou o Único"
"Tejo Beat" Collection (1998) - single: "It's All Right"
"Volta a dar Cartas em 99" (1999) mixtape, by DJ Bomberjack - a single
"Operação Alfa" (2000) CD, by SSP - single: "Every Woman"
"Lena - Banda Sonora" (2001) CD, single: "Lena"
"Freestyle Connexion" (Novembro/2002) mixtape, by DJ Bomberjack & DJ Lusitano - single (freestyle)
"Private Show" (Outubro/2002) CD, by Gutto aka Bantú - single: "Hey (A Noite É Aqui)" and "Eu Imaginei"
"Longa Caminhada" (2002) CD, by Mess - single: "Cum n' Get It"
"Último Beijo - Banda Sonora" (2002) - temas "Bué de Rimas" e "A Carta Que Nunca Te Escrevi"
Collection: "Nação Hip Hop - 10 Anos de rap em português" (May 2003) - single: "Velhos Tempos"
Collection: "Hip Hop Nation #1" (June 2003) - single: "Mantém-te Firme"
Collection: "Nação Hip-Hop 2005" (January 2005) - single: "Baza, Baza"
Collection: "Hip Hop Nation #17" (February 2005) - single: "Quem Sente, Sente"
Collection: "Nação Hip-Hop 2006" (March 2006) - single: "Hip Hop (Sou Eu e És Tu)"
As producer
Collection: "Rapública" (1994) - sing: "A Verdade" and "Generate Power"
Collection: "TPC" (2000) - song: "Lado a Lado (HipHop)"
Notes
External links
Biography at Valentim de Carvalho's homepage
Living people
1975 births
Portuguese rappers
Portuguese songwriters
Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent
People from São Vicente, Cape Verde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss%20AC |
Act III is the third studio album by the thrash metal band Death Angel, released in 1990 on Geffen Records. This is the band's final studio album to feature guitarist Gus Pepa, and their only recording on Geffen. It was also their last studio album before their ten-year hiatus from 1991 to 2001.
Overview
Regarded by many critics and fans as the band's finest effort, Act III was co-produced Max Norman (known for his work with Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth, Savatage, Fates Warning and Loudness) and Tom Zutaut. This album once again presented a change in style for Death Angel, and is considerably much darker than its predecessors. While retaining some of the speed and thrash elements of their debut album The Ultra-Violence (1987), it also saw the band continuing the experimentation of Frolic Through the Park (1988), drawing elements and influences from a variety of musical styles such as funk, folk, progressive, traditional heavy metal, hard rock and punk rock.
Reception
Act III was successful in Europe, entering the album charts in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary and the Netherlands. Although the album failed to break the band in their native America, the music videos for its singles, "Seemingly Endless Time" and "A Room with a View", received regular rotation on MTV's Headbangers Ball. In October 2020, Death Angel released an almost entirely acoustic version of "A Room With a View" on their Under Pressure EP.
Adam McCann of Metal Digest called Act III "an early 90's classic thrash album", and wrote, "There was something always a little bit more technical and progressive about Death Angel, but with Act III, the band found the perfect combination of thrash, technical and accessibility as they created a beast which saw the band achieve MTV heavy rotation with 'A Room With a View' and 'Seemingly Endless Time'. Check any list of the best heavy metal albums of all time and nine times out of ten, you'll find Act III."
Act III was listed as number 328 in the 2010 reference book, The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time.
Track listing
Personnel
Death Angel
Mark Osegueda – lead vocals
Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals, mixing
Gus Pepa – rhythm guitar
Dennis Pepa – bass, backing vocals on track 6
Andy Galeon – drums, backing vocals, mixing
Production
Max Norman – producer, engineer, mixing in November 1989 at Skip Saylor Recording, Los Angeles, California
Stoli Jaeger – engineer
Chris "Holmes" Puram – second engineer
George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York City
Tom Zutaut – executive producer
References
Death Angel albums
1990 albums
Albums produced by Max Norman
Geffen Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%20III%20%28Death%20Angel%20album%29 |
The 14th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country. This year saw the inclusion of a new category, Poetry/Tula, for both the English and Filipino Divisions.
Winners
The 1964 winners, the fourteenth recipients of the awards, were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:
English division
Short story
First Prize: Gilda Cordero Fernando, “A Wilderness of Sweets”
Second Prize: Lilia Pablo Amansec, “The Dream Tiger”
Third Prize: Julian E. Dacanay Jr., “Mud Under the Sea”
Poetry
First Prize: Carlos Angeles, “A Stun of Jewels”
Second Prize: Emmanuel Torres, “Becoming Dark, Sunflower by Van Gogh, Out of the Parrot Cage...”
Third Prize: Rita Baltazar Gaddi, “The Lady of October and Image of the Dancer”
One-act play
First Prize: Rolando S. Tinio, “It's April, What are We Doing Here”
Second Prize: Wilfrido D. Nolledo, “Rise, Terraces”
Third Prize: Nestor Torre Jr., “Out of Darkness”
Filipino division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Dominador Mirasol, “Mga Aso sa Lagarian”
Second Prize: Edgardo M. Reyes, “Si Ama”
Third Prize: Efren R. Abueg, “Dugo sa Ulo ni Corbo”
Tula
First Prize: Fernando Monleon, “Alamat ng Pasig”
Second Prize: Bienvenido Ramos, “Ito ang Ating Panahon”
Third Prize: Vedasto Suarez, “A Group of Poems Published in Halimuyak 101”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Dioisio S. Salarzan, “Sinag sa Karimlan”
Second Prize: Orlando C. Rodriguez, “Babasagang Alon”
Third Prize: Benjamin P. Pascual, “Kintin”
References
External links
Palanca Awards
1964 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20Palanca%20Awards |
Cadernos Pagu is a Brazilian academic journal on gender studies and sexuality. It was established in 1993 at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Pagu was the nickname of Patrícia Galvão, an iconic Brazilian feminist. The journal is published in Portuguese and the editor-in-chief is Leila Mezan Algranti (Universidade Estadual de Campinas).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Sociological Abstracts
MLA International Bibliography
International Bibliography of Periodical Literature
International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature
External links
Online access at SciELO
Gender studies journals
Sexology journals
Academic journals established in 1993
Portuguese-language journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadernos%20Pagu |
Johann Georg von Eckhart (7 September 1664 – 9 February 1730) was a German historian and linguist.
Biography
Eckhart was born at Duingen in the Principality of Calenberg. After preparatory training at Schulpforta, he went to Leipzig, where at first, at the desire of his mother, he studied theology, but soon turned his attention to philology and history. On completing his course he became secretary to Field-Marshal Count Flemming, chief minister to the Elector of Saxony; after a short time, however, he went to Hannover to find a permanent position.
Owing to his extensive learning he was soon useful to Gottfried Leibniz, who in 1694 took Eckhart as assistant, and was, until death, his large-hearted patron and generous friend. Through the efforts of Leibniz, Eckhart was appointed professor of history at Helmstedt in 1706, and in 1714 councillor at Hannover.
After the death of Leibniz 1716 he was made librarian and historiographer to the House of Hanover, in 1719 he outlined the Protogaea by the geological formation he had noticed in 1718 at the Ernst-August-Canal of the Herrenhausen Gardens. Later he was
ennobled by Emperor Charles VI, to whom he had dedicated his work Origines Austriacae (Lipsia 1721 ). For reasons which have never been clearly explained he gave up his position, in 1723, and fled from Hanover, perhaps on account of debt, to the Benedictine monastery at Corvey, and thence to the Jesuits at Cologne, where he became a Catholic.
Not long after this, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Bishop of Würzburg appointed Eckhart his librarian and historiographer. In his work Eckhart was influenced by the new school of French historians, and gave careful attention to the so-called auxiliary sciences, above all to diplomatics; he also strove earnestly to follow a strictly scientific method in his treatment of historical materials. Together with Leibniz he is considered a founder of modern historiography in Germany.
Besides the help he rendered Leibniz, of whom he edited the Collectanea Etymologica (1717) and prepared an affectionately respectful obituary (in Christoph Gottlieb von Murr, Journal für Kunstgeschichte, VII), he issued a number of independent works. His chief work, while professor at Helmsted, is his Historia studii etymologici linguae germanicae haetenus impensi Hanover, 1711), a literary and historical study of all works bearing on the investigation of the Germanic languages. At Hanover he compiled a Corpus historicum medii aevi (Leipzig, 1723), in two volumes; at Würzburg he published the Commentarii de rebus Franciae Orientalis et episcopatus Wirceburgensis (1729), also in two volumes.
In 1725, Eckhart, along with Ignatz Roderick, in order of the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg Christoph Franz von Hutten, reproduced the hoax of their fellow academic Johann Beringer, at the University of Würzburg, in the "Lying Stones" affair. It is likely, that Beringer himself acted as the front-end of the local Jesuits, to aim Eckhart as the follower of the model of natural history, pronounced in the Protogaea.
Eckhart died 1730 at Würzburg at 66.
References
Poppe, Erich. "Leibniz and Eckhart on the Irish Language," Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1986, Vol. 1, pp 65–84
External links
Johann Georg von Eckhart at the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
1664 births
1730 deaths
People from Hildesheim (district)
18th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Georg%20von%20Eckhart |
Arnold Schulman (August 11, 1925 – February 4, 2023) was an American playwright, screenwriter, producer, songwriter and novelist. He was a stage actor long associated with the American Theatre Wing and the Actors Studio.
Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Schulman attended the University of North Carolina where he took writing courses. He served with the U.S. Navy during World War II, and in 1946 came to New York City, where he began to write in earnest. He studied playwriting with Robert Anderson (Tea and Sympathy) in classes at New York's American Theatre Wing, scripted for television during the early 1950s, making a transition to Hollywood films in 1957.
Schulman died at his Santa Monica home on February 4, 2023, at the age of 97.
Awards
Schulman received Oscar nominations for Best Original Screenplay for Love with the Proper Stranger in 1963 and for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goodbye, Columbus in 1969. He also received three Writers Guild nominations for Best Screenplay for Wild Is the Wind, A Hole in the Head and Love with the Proper Stranger, and a Writers Guild award for Goodbye, Columbus. He was also the recipient of a Humanitas Prize award in 1994 for his work on And the Band Played On.
Schulman was credited as the screenwriter of Players, although the script was rewritten without his consent, and by contract he wasn't able to take his name off.
Credits
1954 General Electric Theater: I'm a Fool (Teleplay)
1954 Omnibus: Nothing So Monstrous (Teleplay)
1955 Kraft Television Theatre: The Beautiful Time (Teleplay)
1956 Playwrights '56: Adam and Evening; Lost; The Heart's a Forgotten Hotel (Teleplays)
1957 Wild Is the Wind (Screenwriter)
1959 A Hole in the Head (Screenwriter)
1960 Cimarron (Screenwriter)
1963 Jennie (Book of Broadway musical)
1963 Love with the Proper Stranger (Screenwriter)
1968 The Night They Raided Minsky's (Screenwriter)
1969 Goodbye, Columbus (Screenwriter)
1972 To Find a Man (Screenwriter)
1975 Funny Lady (Screenwriter/Book Author)
1976 Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (Producer/Screenwriter)
1979 Players (Executive Producer/Producer/Screenwriter)
1985 A Chorus Line (Screenwriter)
1988 Tucker: The Man and His Dream (Songwriter/Screenwriter)
1993 And the Band Played On (Co-producer/Screenwriter)
Bibliography
Schulman, Arnold. Baba. Viking Press, New York, 1971. (Biography of Schulman's guru Sathya Sai Baba)
References
External links
The New York Times: Arnold Schulman
Katz's Film Encyclopedia: Arnold Schulman
1925 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American Jews
American male dramatists and playwrights
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male stage actors
Jewish American military personnel
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Philadelphia
Sathya Sai Baba
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers Guild of America Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Schulman |
The Women's 10,000 metres event featured at the 2005 World Championships in the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. The final was held on 6 August.
Medalists
Finishing times
References
IAAF results
Events at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics
10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships
2005 in women's athletics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20World%20Championships%20in%20Athletics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%2010%2C000%20metres |
Frolic Through the Park is the second studio album by the American thrash metal band Death Angel, released in 1988. This was the band's last full-length studio album released on Enigma Records before signing to Geffen Records in 1989.
Overview
Frolic Through the Park marked a change in style for Death Angel and is considered by many to be one of the band's darkest works. While retaining the speed and thrash roots of its predecessor The Ultra-Violence (1987), the album saw the band implement a more experimental and diverse direction, drawing elements and influences from funk, progressive, hard rock, hardcore punk and then-current music (particularly early U2). The band would continue this experimentation on their next album, Act III (1990).
Despite being hailed as a fan favorite, and including one of their most popular songs "Bored" (in which its music video had heavy rotation on MTV's Headbangers Ball), the members of Death Angel (particularly frontman Mark Osegueda and guitarist Rob Cavestany) have been very critical of this album, including its sound and production. In the band's documentary A Thrashumentuary, Cavestany referred to Frolic Through the Park as both their "bastard album" and an "odd album". While the band has rarely performed the majority of the album's songs live since their initial disbandment in 1991, "3rd Floor" and "Bored" are the only songs from Frolic Through the Park to have appeared in their live setlists more frequently after their comeback in 2001.
Osegueda revealed in a 2003 interview that the source of the title "Why You Do This" was a line in the film The Exorcist. "Bored" was used in a scene in the 1990 movie Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III.
Reception and awards
Frolic Through the Park was ranked number eight in Loudwires top ten list of "Thrash Albums NOT Released by the Big 4".
Track listing
Personnel
Death Angel
Mark Osegueda – lead vocals
Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals, producer
Gus Pepa – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Dennis Pepa – bass, backing vocals
Andy Galeon – drums, backing vocals, producer
Additional personnel;
Bob Ross – "Shores of Sin" intro and outro
Production
Davy Vain – producer, mixing with Death Angel
Michael Rosen – engineer, mixing
References
Death Angel albums
1988 albums
Enigma Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frolic%20Through%20the%20Park |
Petah Tikva is a city in the Central District of Israel.
Roads
Petah Tikva is enclosed by four highways - Geha Highway, Highway 5, Highway 40 and Maccabit Road (Highway 471, which opened in November 2007). Highways 4 and 5 are freeways within Petah Tikva. Road 483 connects Petah Tikva and nearby Rosh HaAyin, and Road 4713 connects it with Kfar Sirkin.
Another major road and perhaps the main transportation artery of the city is Jabotinsky Road (Road 481), which connects Petah Tikva with Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Tel Aviv. It is one of the busiest roads in Israel and the Tel Aviv Subway is expected to go through its length.
Railways
Petah Tikva has two railway stations – the Segula station, which is located near the Yarkon Interchange and is separated from the rest of the city, and the Kiryat Aryeh station. Both stations are near industrial zones and mainly serve commuters from other towns who work in Petah Tikva, not Petah Tikva's own population.
A railway station existed in a more central area in Petah Tikva in the past, on the former Tel Aviv – Petah Tikva line. Citing the success of the Be'er Sheva Center Railway Station spur, a plan for a train station near the central bus station of Petah Tikva was included in the Israel Railways secondary expansion plan (post-2013). However, it was frozen due to local opposition.
Light rail
The Tel Aviv Light Rail Red Line passes through Petah Tikva as a ground-level light rail system, which became operational on August 18, 2023. It passes through Jabotinsky and Orlov streets and works to expand the streets and create public transportation lanes started in 2005, and work on the first station of the light rail next to the Beilinson Hospital started in 2009.
The Red Line depot is also located in Petah Tikva, next to the Kiryat Aryeh Business Park.
Buses
A number of bus companies operate throughout the city, with numerous terminals. The Egged Bus Cooperative handles inter-city lines, the Dan Bus Company is responsible for lines from Petah Tikva to other cities in the Gush Dan area as well as to the West Bank (but not lines within Petah Tikva), while Afikim handles lines within the city.
The transfer of internal lines from Dan to Kavim was made in April 2006 amid severe opposition from Petah Tikva's residents. In 2016, the lines were transferred again from Kavim to Afikim.
The main bus terminal in Petah Tikva is the central bus station. Other terminals include the Sirkin Terminal, Beit Rivka, the Kaplan/Beilinson Terminal and the nearby mall, which is also a large transport hub. The main junctions of the city which serve as major inter-city bus stops are Segula Junction (roads 40/481), Ganim Junction (roads 40/483), Sirkin Junction (roads 40/4713) and Geha Interchange (roads 4/481).
In August 2009, Petah Tikva became the first city in Israel to deploy electronic signs on regular bus stations throughout the city. Six such stations were set up in the pilot run, and 50 are slated eventually.
Petah Tikva Central Bus Station
The Petah Tikva central bus station, abbreviated Petah Tikva CBS, is the main bus station in Petah Tikva, Israel. It serves Afikim, Dan, Egged, and Kavim buses. It is officially located on Zeev Orlov St. 64 on one side and Zeev Orlov St. 75 on the other.
The Petah Tikva CBS has four platforms, each of which contains a multitude of small bus stations – two platforms are in an enclosed area to the side of Orlov St. and serve Dan and Kavim buses, while the other two platforms are on Orlov Street itself and serve Egged buses.
As of today, The Petah Tikva CBS is under renovation. Most of the route moved to a temporary terminal called "Moshe Arn Terminal". Only the bus routes of Dan and route 385 of Kavim remained in the Petah Tikva CBS.
The following buses stop at the Petah Tikva CBS or at Modhe Arns Terminal. Many of their routes, especially Egged's, do not originate in the station but come from Tel Aviv.
Notes:
Most routes go both ways, but not all.
Some routes are tagged with alternate route – routes which are normally different, and don't stop at the Petah Tikva CBS, but do on certain occasions.
Egged
Afikim
Dan
Kavim
Metropoline
Tnufa
References
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20in%20Petah%20Tikva |
Andrew Brion Hogan Goddard (born February 26, 1975) is an American filmmaker. He began his career writing episodes for the television shows Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Alias, and Lost. After moving into screenwriting in film, he wrote Cloverfield (2008), World War Z (2013), and The Martian (2015), the latter earning him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. In 2011, he made his directorial debut with The Cabin in the Woods.
In 2015, Goddard created the Netflix series Daredevil. Soon after, he directed several episodes of The Good Place and served as an executive producer for 10 Cloverfield Lane (2016) and The Cloverfield Paradox (2018), the next installments in the Cloverfield franchise. His latest project, Bad Times at the El Royale (2018), starred an ensemble cast consisting of Jeff Bridges, Cynthia Erivo, Dakota Johnson, Jon Hamm, Cailee Spaeny, Lewis Pullman, and Chris Hemsworth.
Early life and education
Goddard was born in Houston, Texas and was raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He attended Los Alamos High School and University of Colorado Boulder.
Career
2000s
Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
Goddard started his career as a staff writer for Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel, receiving a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation for the former.
Alias and Lost
In 2005, he joined J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot team, where he wrote for both Alias and Lost, winning—along with the Lost writing staff—the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series. In 2006, during its third season, Goddard became the co-executive producer of Lost.
Cloverfield
By February 2007, Goddard wrote his first feature, Cloverfield, directed by Matt Reeves and produced by J. J. Abrams. Cloverfield made $168 million on a $25 million budget. Empire named it the fifth best film of 2008, and the film then went on to win the year's Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film.
2010s
The Cabin in the Woods
Goddard's directorial debut, The Cabin in the Woods, was co-written with Joss Whedon. The Cabin in the Woods was featured on Metacritic's best films of 2012 list, in addition to earning a 92% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film went on to win the year's Saturn Award for Best Horror or Thriller Film, as well as garnering Goddard Saturn's "Filmmaker Showcase Award".
World War Z
In 2012, Goddard—in addition to J. Michael Straczynski, Matthew Michael Carnahan and Lost showrunner Damon Lindelof—rewrote the third act of the screenplay ahead of reshoots for the film World War Z starring Brad Pitt and directed by Marc Forster. The film grossed $540 million on a $190 million budget. As a result, in June 2013, Paramount announced that it was moving ahead with a sequel, though it was eventually scrapped.
Daredevil and The Defenders
In December 2013, Marvel officially announced that Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for the Daredevil television series produced by Marvel Television and broadcast on Netflix in 2015. Sony Pictures also announced that Goddard would write and direct a film based on the Sinister Six, though the project was eventually cancelled. In May 2014, Goddard withdrew from showrunning duties on the Daredevil TV series.
In February 2015, after the deal between Marvel and Sony to share the rights to Spider-Man was announced, it was reported that Goddard was in talks with Sony to helm the new Spider-Man reboot film, Spider-Man: Homecoming, although it was later announced that Jon Watts would be the director. Goddard also executive produced and co-wrote an episode of the miniseries The Defenders. The series featured a team-up of the Marvel Television superheroes, including Daredevil. It was released on Netflix in August 2017.
The Martian
Goddard wrote the film adaptation of Andy Weir's debut novel The Martian, initially planning to direct it himself for 20th Century Fox. He later left the project when offered a chance to direct Sinister Six, a now-canceled comic book adaptation based on a team of supervillains. The Martian was instead directed by Ridley Scott, and received wide critical acclaim. Goddard himself received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Bad Times at the El Royale
In November 2016, Goddard began writing a spec script for the neo-noir thriller film Bad Times at the El Royale, which he sold to 20th Century Fox in March 2017, revealing he would also produce and direct. The film features an ensemble cast including Jeff Bridges, Cynthia Erivo, Dakota Johnson, Jon Hamm, Nick Offerman, and Chris Hemsworth.
Potential projects
A film based on the Sinister Six was announced to be in development in December 2013, as part of Sony's plans for their own The Amazing Spider-Man shared universe, with Goddard attached to write and potentially direct. Goddard confirmed his intention to direct the film in April 2014. The film was believed to have been canceled by November 2015 when Sony was focusing on its new Spider-Man reboot with Marvel Studios, but producer Amy Pascal stated that the film was "alive" again in December 2018 following the success of Venom, and that she was waiting for Goddard to be ready to direct it before moving forward with the project, now to be set in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe.
In May 2016, Goddard was reported to be writing the screenplay for a film adaptation of the novel Wraiths Of The Broken Land, with Ridley Scott set to direct. By October 2017 he was also attached to write and produce Nevermoor: The Trials of Morrigan Crow, a film adaptation of the novel of the same name. In June 2020 he was also announced to be attached to Project Hail Mary, based on the novel of the same name, with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller set to direct. From 2019 to now, his company, Goddard Textiles struck an overall deal with Disney Television Studios via 20th Century Fox Television (now 20th Television) and ABC Signature. In December 2022, FX ordered a pilot for The Trenches, a half-hour animated series created by Goddard. In January 2023, it was revealed Goddard had joined a writers' room assembled by James Gunn to map out the overarching story of the DC Universe.
Filmography
Film
Executive producer only
10 Cloverfield Lane (2016)
The Cloverfield Paradox (2018)
Television
Bibliography
Tales of the Vampires (Dark Horse Comics, collected in trade paperback, Tales of the Vampires, 144 pages, December 2004, , Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Tales, 288 pages, January 2011, ):
"The Problem With Vampires" (with artist Paul Lee, in Tales of the Vampires #1, Dark Horse Comics, December 2003)
"Antique" (with artist Ben Stenbeck, in Tales of the Vampires #3, Dark Horse Comics, February 2004)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight #12–15: "Wolves at the Gate" (with pencils by Georges Jeanty and inks by Andy Owens, Dark Horse Comics, March–June 2008, tpb, Buffy The Vampire Slayer Season 8, Volume 3: Wolves at the Gate, 136 pages, November 2008, )
See also
Mutant Enemy Productions
References
External links
Drew Goddard talks 'The Cabin in the Woods from CriticizeThis.ca
Scripts & Scribes Podcast Interview with Drew Goddard
1975 births
American male screenwriters
Television producers from Texas
Living people
Writers from New Mexico
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Horror film directors
Hugo Award-winning writers
People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
American male television writers
American television writers
Writers from Houston
Screenwriters from Texas
Screenwriters from New Mexico
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Film directors from Texas
Film producers from Texas
Film directors from New Mexico
American television directors
21st-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20Goddard |
A heru is a traditional ornamental comb of the Māori of New Zealand. They were carved from a solid piece of either wood or whale bone or made from individual teeth lashed together. They were used by men to fasten their long hair up into topknots. The heru indicated the rank of the wearer.
References
External links
Heru (ornamental combs) in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Māori culture
Bone carvings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru |
Kathina is a Buddhist festival which comes at the end of Vassa, the three-month rainy season retreat for Theravada Buddhists in Bangladesh (known as Kaṭhina Cībar Dān), Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and Vietnam. The season during which a monastery may hold Kathina is one month long, beginning after the full moon of the eleventh month in the Lunar calendar (usually October).
It is a time of giving, for the laity to express gratitude to bhikkhus (Buddhist monks). Lay Buddhists bring donations to temples, especially new robes for the monks. The gift of the Eight Requisites (Attha Parikara, or Atapirikara in Sri Lanka) is also part of the offerings.
Origins
Kaṭhina (or Kaṭina) is a Pali word referring to the wooden frame used to measure the length and width by which the robes of Buddhist monks are cut. As the legend goes, thirty bhikkhus were journeying with the intention of spending Vassa with Gautama Buddha. However, the rains began before they reached their destination and they had to stop at Saketa. According to Buddha's guidelines for Vassa, mendicant monks shouldn't travel during the rainy season as they may unintentionally harm crops and/or insects during their journey. As such, the monks had to stop.
The bhikkhus passed their time together without conflict and practising Dhamma so afterwards, the Buddha rewarded the monks by demonstrating a way to practice sharing and generosity. A lay disciple had previously donated pieces of cloth to the Buddha, so the Buddha now gave the pieces to the group of monks and told them to make it into a robe and then offer it as a gift to one of them. A frame, called a Kathina, was used to hold the pieces while they were being made into one robe.
Practices
Malaysia
Kathina has been held in Malaysia since 2009, across many temples. Although 19.4% of those practising Buddhism in Malaysia are predominantly of the Mahayana tradition, a recent emergence of the Theravada tradition from Thailand in the North and Sri Lanka in the South has started the tradition of the observance of Vassa across Buddhist temples in Malaysia. Vassa is observed starting on the fifteenth day of the sixth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, and the choice of the date of the Kathina celebration, as well as the end of Vassa observance for each respective temple, can range from the first day of the ninth lunar month to the fifteenth day of the tenth lunar month.
Myanmar
Kathein (, from Pali ) refers to the ceremony during which yellow robes called matho thingan () are offered to the sangha between the first waning day of Thadingyut (, approximately October) and the full moon day of Tazaungmon (, approximately November) in the Burmese calendar. During this period, certain rules of the Vinaya are relaxed for monks. Kahtein trees called badaytha bin (), on which offerings like money are hung, are also offered. Kahtein trees can also be portrayed by using Kyat money between ten and hundred thousand as desired.
Thailand and Laos
Kathin () or Gathin in Thailand is the name for the robes of an ordained monk.
The ceremony of kathina is called Thod Kathin (). The Thai lunar calendar reckons the day after the 11th full moon as Waning 1, Evening, Moon 11 (). The presentation of kathin by the King of Thailand's representative is called The Royal Kathin Ceremony and often has been an occasion for one of Thailand's Royal Barge Processions.
The Kathin Festival is a traditional Buddhist festival celebrated by villagers in Isan and Laos. Colourful parades and offering ceremonies at the end of monks' retreat at local temples. On Ok Phansa day of the full moon, villagers and city dwellers will go to their local temple for prayers and paying respect to the sacred. Ok Phansa is also the beginning of a 30-day period of merit-making which affords a special opportunity for prayers to Buddha and for the presentation of gifts to the monks for preserving the faith. This 30-day span of merit-making and religious gift-giving is referred to as Thord Pha Gathin.
Thord Gathin takes its name from the "laying down" of new robes to the monks. The offering of new, saffron robes to the monks is particularly meritorious and important. Other gifts to the monks may include basic utensils, toiletries, writing materials, and food. Gift-giving is an act of appreciation and gratitude to the monks. Individuals or community groups (such as a village) may perform them. Many villagers combine efforts by collecting cash donations for the maintenance of their local temple. Such donations are vividly arranged on a "money tree" which looks rather like a colourful Christmas tree bedecked with banknotes as the "foliage". The money tree is ceremoniously paraded to the temple, led by a team of drummers and musicians, with the villagers carrying their own individual gifts on trays bringing up the rear. In this way at Thord Gathin, the lay-people of Thailand reaffirm their faith and, in a joyous fashion, bring gifts to Buddha and his servants.
See also
Pavarana
Asalha Puja
Wan Ok Phansa
Thadingyut Festival
Tazaungdaing Festival
List of Buddhist festivals
References
Theravada
Buddhist festivals
October observances
Buddhist festivals in Thailand
Buddhist festivals in Myanmar
Observances on non-Gregorian calendars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathina |
The Ultra-Violence is the debut studio album by American thrash metal band Death Angel, released in 1987. The album was recorded while all members were under 20, with drummer Andy Galeon just 14 years old. It was mixed at George Tobin Studios in Hollywood, California.
The title could be a reference to Stanley Kubrick's movie A Clockwork Orange.
Reception and legacy
The Ultra-Violence is considered a classic in the thrash metal genre, listed as number 370 in the 2010 reference book, The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time. Adam McCann of Metal Digest wrote, "Punching their way out of the trenches of the Bay Area and following in the footsteps of the likes of Testament and Exodus, Death Angel delivered a beast of an album with many Death Angel fans still saying that The Ultra-Violence is their favourite album. The then snot-nosed kids showed how amazingly talented they were as they suddenly found themselves going toe to toe with their older peers and being able to come out on top with excellent songs and electrifying live performances."
Track listing
Mark Osegueda claimed in a 2003 interview that "I.P.F.S." stood for "Intense Puke Feeling Syndrome", but it is unclear if this was meant to be taken seriously.
Personnel
Death Angel
Mark Osegueda – lead vocals
Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals, mixing
Gus Pepa – rhythm guitar
Dennis Pepa – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on track 1
Andy Galeon – drums, mixing
Additional musicians
Arnie Tan – percussion
Production
Davy Vain – producer with Death Angel
Warren Dennis, Dennis Hulett – engineers
Ron Goudie – mixing at George Tobin Studios, Hollywood, California
Robert Feist – mixing engineer
John Kerns, Brian Rutter, John Kliner – mixing assistants
References
Death Angel albums
1987 debut albums
Enigma Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ultra-Violence |
Miroslav "Miro" Žbirka (21 October 1952 – 10 November 2021) was a Slovak pop and rock singer and songwriter, widely popular in 1980s Czechoslovakia. Born in Bratislava to a Slovak father and an English mother, he sang in Slovak, English, and Czech. He sometimes recorded in London, but lived in Slovakia and since early 1990s in Prague, Czech Republic, where he died.
In the late 1970s, Žbirka co-founded two Czechoslovak pop music bands, Modus and Limit. In 1982, he rose to fame by winning the annual Zlatý slavík award for the best male singer in Czechoslovakia. After the 1992 division of Czechoslovakia, he repeated this achievement in the Slovak annual Slávik Awards, coming number one in the annual end of year charts in 2002, 2004 and 2005.
Žbirka had some performances with Jon Anderson in 2012. Asteroid 5895 Žbirka, discovered by Czech astronomer Zdeňka Vávrová in 1982, was named in his honor (the official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 August 2019 ()). He died from pneumonia in Prague on 10 November 2021, leaving behind recorded vocals for his 15th studio album, Posledné veci (Last Things), which was completed by his son David Žbirka in Konk Studios by May 2022.
Discography
Studio albums
1980: Doktor Sen
1982: Sezónne lásky
1983: Roky a dni
1984: Nemoderný chalan
1986: Chlapec z ulice
1988: Zlomky poznania
1990: K.O.
1993: Songs for Children (designed for children)
1994: Samozrejmý svet
1997: Meky
1999: Songs for Boys & Girls (designed for children)
2001: Modrý album
2005: Dúhy
2009: Empatia
2015: Miro
2018: Double Album
2022: Posledné veci
Export albums
1981: Doctor Dream (aka Miro and/or Like a Hero)
1982: Light of My Life
1983: Giant Step (aka Dear Boy)
1989: Step by Step
Awards
Major awards
Music polls
References
General
Specific
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Miroslav Žbirka at Billboard
1952 births
2021 deaths
Slovak expatriates in the Czech Republic
20th-century Slovak male singers
Slovak people of English descent
Modus (band) members
Zlatý slavík winners
21st-century Slovak male singers
Czechoslovak male singers
Musicians from Bratislava
Deaths from pneumonia in the Czech Republic
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav%20%C5%BDbirka |
Late at Night is the thirteenth studio album by Billy Preston, released in 1979, and his debut for Motown Records. It includes his hit duet with Syreeta Wright, "With You I'm Born Again", from the film Fast Break.
Track listing
"Give It Up, Hot" (Billy Preston, Ronnie Vann, Bruce Fisher) – 5:59
"Late at Night" (Preston, Jesse Kirkland, Joe Greene) – 4:49
"All I Wanted Was You" (Preston, Carol Connors) – 4:43
"You" (Preston, Gloria Jones, Richard Jones) – 4:25
"I Come to Rest in You" (Preston, Guy Finley) – 3:52
"It Will Come in Time" (Preston) – 4:57
"Lovely Lady" (Preston, Jack Ackerman) – 3:52
"With You I'm Born Again" (David Shire, Carol Connors) – 3:38
"Sock-It, Rocket" (Preston) – 3:10
Personnel
Billy Preston – vocals, pianos, organ, synthesizers, melodica, harpsichord (2), rhythm guitar (2), backing vocals (2, 4-7, 9), arrangements (2, 3, 7, 9)
Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars
David T. Walker – guitars
Keni Burke – bass
Robert Lee Hill – bass
Chuck Rainey – bass
Ollie E. Brown – drums
James Gadson – drums
Bobbye Hall – percussion
Bobby Keys – saxophone
Dorothy Ashby – harp
David Blumberg – arrangements (1, 4-7, 9)
David Shire – arrangements (8)
Harry Bluestone – concertmaster
Maxayn Lewis – backing vocals (1, 3)
Scherrie Payne – backing vocals (1, 3)
Joe Greene – backing vocals (2, 7)
Jesse Kirkland – backing vocals (2, 7)
Bruce Fisher – backing vocals (4, 5, 6, 9)
Gloria Jones – backing vocals (4, 5, 6, 9)
Richard Jones – backing vocals (4, 5, 6, 9)
Bobby King – backing vocals (4, 5, 6, 9)
Phyllis St. James – backing vocals (4, 5, 6, 9)
Syreeta Wright – vocals (6, 8)
Production
Suzanne DePasse – executive producer
Tony Jones – executive producer
F. Byron Clark – associate producer, engineer, mixing
James Warmack – assistant engineer
Steve Williams – assistant engineer
Bob Winard – assistant engineer
Russ Terrana – remix engineer, mastering
Jack Andrews – mastering
Suzanne Coston – project manager
Ed Caraeff Studio – art direction, design, photography
References
Billy Preston albums
1979 albums
Albums produced by Billy Preston
Motown albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20at%20Night%20%28Billy%20Preston%20album%29 |
The 15th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
Winners
The 1965 winners, the fifteenth recipients of the awards, were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:
English division
Short story
First Prize: Nick Joaquin, "Doña Jeronima"
Second Prize: Bienvenido N. Santos, "The Enchanted Plant"
Third Prize: Almatita Tayo, "Naked Song"
Poetry
First Prize: Epifanio San Juan Jr., "Godkissing Carrion"
Second Prize: Emmanuel Torres, "A Group of Poems"
Third Prize: Valdemar Olaguer, "A Group of Poems"
One-act play
First Prize: Nestor Torre Jr., "No Sadder Race"
Second Prize: Jesus T. Peralta, "The Mouth is an Open Wound"
Third Prize: Mar V. Puatu, "Lust is a Four-letter Word"
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Benjamin P. Pascual, "Landas sa Bahaghari"
Second Prize: Eli Ang Barroso, "Kamatayan sa Dilim at Ulan"
Third Prize: Bayani De Leon, "Mga Luha ni Leila"
Tula
First Prize: Ruben Vega, "Sa Pagkaparool"
Second Prize: Teo S. Baylen, "Mga Sugat ng Siglo"
Third Prize: Gonzalo Flores, "Makiling"
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Edgardo M. Reyes, "Mga Yagit"
Second Prize: Pablo M. Cuasay, "Maskara"
Third Prize: Agapito M. Joaquin, "Ang Taksil"
References
External links
Palanca Awards
1965 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%20Palanca%20Awards |
Kendal Power Station is a coal-fired power station in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is sited in a coal-mining area; one of its sources is AEMFC's coal mine at Vlakfontein, near Ogies.
History
Design
Kendal was built between 1982 and 1993. The first unit went online in 1988. On completion in 1993 it became the world's largest indirect dry-cooled power station. The total station water consumption of a dry-cooled system does not exceed 0,2lkWh, compared with the 2,5lkWh consumed by wet-cooled systems. Evaporation losses in wet-cooled systems account for approximately 80% of the water requirements of a conventional wet-cooled power station.
Kendal is fired with coal mined in the Bombardie Cologne coalfield. Twin overland conveyors transport the coal from the mine through the stock-year into the coalbunkers.
For each unit there is one cooling water system, including the cooling tower with its tuber bundle heat exchangers, three circulating pumps (units 4 to 6) two circulating pumps), one hot and one cold duct and a condenser. The circulating water cools the condensate in the condenser.
The boilers are of the controlled circulation sub-critical design with coal-fired radiant furnaces and reheating. Kendal's turbines are of the tandem compound reaction type. The two chimneys are 275 m, high structure, each having three internal brick flues, and their foundations rest on weathered bush-veld granite. With a height of 165 m and a base diameter of 165 m each, the cooling towers are the largest in the world. Each shell required 16 800 m³ of concrete and 1 170 tons of reinforced steel to construct.
Kendal is currently the 22nd largest coal-fired power station in the world and largest power station of any kind in Africa.
Power generation
Power generation is done by six 686 MW units for a total installed capacity of 4,116 MW. Design efficiency at rated turbine MCR: 35.30%
Environmental problems
In 2009, Kendal was the 10th most polluting power plant in the world.
Following a period of non-compliance of all six generation units at Kendal in 2018 and 2019, the Department of Environment, Forestry and fishery issued a Compliance Notice to Eskom on 10 December 2019, compelling operation of two units to cease, and ordered corrective measures to be undertaken in compliance with the Kendal's Atmospheric Emissions License (AEL). On 27 November 2020, Eskom was served with a summons for supplying misleading information to an Air Quality Officer. This followed an internal investigation and report prepared by Eskom Audit and Forensic (A&F) into air quality compliance and reporting, initiated by Eskom CEO Andre de Ruyter on 17 May 2020 following investigations and articles by EE Business Intelligence on these matters.
See also
Eskom
Fossil-fuel power plant
List of power stations in South Africa
References
External links
Kendal Power Station on the Eskom-Website
Energy infrastructure completed in 1993
Coal-fired power stations in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Mpumalanga
Economy of Mpumalanga
20th-century architecture in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal%20Power%20Station |
The 16th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
Winners
The 1966 winners, the fourteenth recipients of the awards, were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:
English division
Short story
First Prize: Lilia Pablo Amansec, “Loverboy”
Second Prize: Kerima Polotan Tuvera, “A Various Season”
Third Prize: Fr. Rodolfo Villanueva, “A Gift of Tongues”
Poetry
First Prize: Emmanuel Torres, “Angels and Fugitives”
Second Prize: Valdemar Olaguer, “A Collection of Poems”
Third Prize: Manuel Viray, “After this Exile”
One-act play
First Prize: Jesus T. Peralta, “The Sign of the Sea Gulls”
Second Prize: Wilfrido D. Nolledo, “Flores Para Los Muertos”
Third Prize: Mar V. Puatu, “O Lamb ... Poor Lamb”
Filipino division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Wilfredo Pa. Virtusio, “Bilanggo”
Second Prize: Pedro S. Dandan, “Ang Anino ng Kanyang Ama”
Third Prize: Jeremias Victor Lacanieta, “Ang Dalaw”
Tula
First Prize: Cresenciano C. Marquez Jr., “Ebolusyon”
Second Prize: Vict. Dela Cruz, “Logos”
Third Prize: Rogelio Mangahas, “Tinig Mula sa Kung Saan”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Bernardo Del Rosario Jr., “Itim ang Kulay ng Paruparo”
Second Prize: Rogelio Sicat, “Mga Kaluluwang Naghahanap”
Third Prize: Benjamin P. Pascual, “Anino ng Kahapon”
References
External links
Palanca Awards
1966 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20Palanca%20Awards |
The 17th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1967 winners, the seventeenth recipients of the awards, were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:
English Division
Short Story
First Prize: Gregorio C. Brillantes, “The Fires of the Sun, The Crystalline Sky”
Second Prize: Gilda Cordero-Fernando, “Early in Our Lord”
Third Prize: Tita Lacambra Ayala, “Everything”
Poetry
First Prize: Edith L. Tiempo, “The Tracks of Babylon and Others”
Second Prize: Marra Pl. Lanot, “Sheaves of Things Burning”
Third Prize: Epifanio San Juan Jr., “The Exorcism”
One-Act Play
First Prize: Nestor Torre Jr., “And a Happy Birthday”
Second Prize: Jesus T. Peralta, “Voices of Laughter”
Third Prize: Nestor Torre Jr., “Apparitions”
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Efren R. Abueg, “Ang Kamatayan ni Tiyo Samuel”
Second Prize: Domingo Landicho, “Talulot sa Pagas na Lupa”
Third Prize: Epifanio San Juan Jr., “Masaya ang Alitaptap sa Labi ng Kabibi”
Tula
First Prize: Federico Licsi Espino Jr., “Toreng Bato ... Kastilyong Pawid at Bagwis ng Guniguni”
Second Prize: Bienvenido Ramos, “Iba't Ibang Tula”
Third Prize: Ruben Vega, “O Sanggol na Hari”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Fernando L. Samonte, “Gabi at Araw”
Second Prize: Benjamin P. Pascual, “Isang Araw ng Paghuhukom”
Third Prize: Levy Balgos Dela Cruz, “Isang Kundiman”
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
1967 literary awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20Palanca%20Awards |
Michael Andrew Jace (born July 13, 1962) is an American convicted murderer and former character actor, best known for his role as Los Angeles Police Officer Julien Lowe in the FX drama The Shield. He also played Andre Tibbs, an ex-convict mover accused of murder, in an episode of Cold Case.
On May 20, 2014, Jace was arrested after he fatally shot his wife, April Jace. A jury subsequently convicted him of second-degree murder on May 31, 2016, and on June 10, 2016, sentenced him to 40 years to life in prison.
Career
Jace began his professional acting career in 1992, appearing in an episode of Law & Order. In 1994, he appeared in several TV shows, including Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and films including Clear and Present Danger and Forrest Gump, where he portrayed the leader of the Black Panthers.
Jace's other film appearances include Strange Days, playing a bodyguard to a corrupt record executive; The Replacements, playing a prison inmate-turned-football player; The Great White Hype, playing antagonist Marvin Shabazz; Boogie Nights, playing Jerome; The Fan, playing an arrogant ticket scalper; and Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes remake, playing Major Frank Santos.
Jace's TV appearances include the 1995 HBO TV movie Tyson (as boxer Mitch Green), Cold Case, and the 1999 Fox Family Channel TV movie Michael Jordan: An American Hero (as Jordan).
In 2002, Jace was cast as Officer Julien Lowe on FX's hit show The Shield. He was part of the main cast and appeared in 88 episodes through all seven seasons.
After his role on The Shield, Jace appeared, uncredited, in the film State of Play with Russell Crowe. From 2009 to 2013, he had a small recurring role on the television series Southland.
Murder conviction
Jace was arrested by the Los Angeles Police Department on the evening of May 19, 2014, at his Hyde Park, South Los Angeles home, following a domestic violence report as well as Jace's own 9-1-1 call, in which he stated, "I shot my wife." When police arrived, they found Jace's wife, April, dead from gunshot wounds. After being questioned by police regarding his wife's death, Jace confessed to the shooting. Based on interviews, it was determined that he shot his wife out of envy.
On May 20, 2014, Jace was arrested on suspicion of murder. On May 22, 2014, he was formally charged with murder by the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office. On May 31, 2016, Jace was found guilty of second-degree murder. Notably, the LAPD was able to crack the password-protected security on April's iPhone 5c. On June 10, 2016, he was sentenced to 40 years to life in prison. He is incarcerated at the Corcoran State Prison.
Filmography
References
External links
Biography on Star Pulse
1962 births
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American criminals
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from New Jersey
Male actors from New Jersey
People convicted of murder by California
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
Actors from Paterson, New Jersey
Uxoricides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jace |
The 41st Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1991 winners were divided into thirteen categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, short story for children, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play, plus the Dulang Pantelebisyon, open only for the Filipino Division:
English Division
Short Story
First Prize: Jessica Zafra, “Portents”
Second Prize: Alfred A. Yuson, “The Music Child”
Third Prize: Ma. Luisa A. Igloria, “All Possible Pasts and Future”
Short Story for Children
First Prize: Ma. Elena Paterno-Locsin, “The Blanket”
Second Prize: Edgardo B. Maranan, “The Jink, the Dolphin, and the Deep Sea Mystery”
Ma. Elena Paterno-Locsin, “Francisco”
Third Prize: Ramon Sunico, “Blue, Red, Yello”
Edgardo B. Maranan, “The Fifth Element”
Ametta Suarez-Taguchi, “Tito Jose's Legacy”
Poetry
First Prize: Arnold Molina Azurin, “Dogodog and Other Poems Bypassed by the Northerlies”
Second Prize: Merlie Alunan, “Poems of a Season”
Third Prize: Ma. Fatima V. Lim, “From the Hothouse”
Franklin Cimatu, “Living in the Movies”
Essay
First Prize: Arnold Molina Azurin, “Unravelling the Knots of Ethnicity”
Second Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., “Killing Time in Little Earth”
Third Prize: Anthony L. Tan, “Intimations of Mortality”
One-Act Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: Jessie B. Garcia, “A Footnote to History”
Dean Francis Alfar, “Short Time”
Felix A. Clemente, “The Nuptial Initiation”
Third Prize: No Winner
Full-Length Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: No Winner
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
Honorable Mention: Lav Indico Diaz, “Ang Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Nano”
Fernando Villarca Cao, “Isang Hindi Malilimutang Tanghali sa Buhay ng mga Ginoo at Ginang ng Bitukang Manok”
Reynaldo A. Duque, “Marino”
Pat V. Villafuerte, “Si Ato sa Sangmagdamagang Pagtatakas sa Kawalang Malay”
Lorenzo Tabin, “Tatlong Bakas ng Paa”
Maikling Kwentong Pambata
First Prize: Natasha Vizcarra, “Ang Pintor ni Garu”
Second Prize: Edgardo B. Maranan, “Ang Ambahan ni Ambo”
Third Prize: Reynaldo A. Duque, “Salidum-Ay”
Tula
First Prize: Franklin Cimatu, “Desparacido/Desaparadico”
Second Prize: JJ Alvarez Dela Rosa, “Hari ang Ari”
Roberto Ofanda Umil, “Mga Tula sa Pagpapalit ng Tadhana”
Third Prize: No Winner
Honorable Mention: Michael M. Coroza, “Putol”
Sanaysay
First Prize: Glecy C. Atienza, “Ang Pagdadalaga ng mga Batang Taludtod”
Second Prize: Roland Tolentino, “Ang Mito ng Pagkalalaki ni Richard Gomez”
Third Prize: Omer Oscar Almenario, “Talaarawan ng Isang Galang Peryodista”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: Ramon C. Jocson, “Sa Pusod ng Yungib”
Third Prize: Reuel Molina Aguila, “Open 25-hours a Day”
Honorable Mention: Rodolfo R. Lana Jr., “Eksodo”
Jose Bernard Capino, “Hindi Tungkol sa Mga Bayani”
Dulang Ganap ang Haba
First Prize: Wilfred S. Victoria, “Baclaran”
Second Prize: Manuel R. Buising, “Kung Paano Balatan ang Talop na Bunga”
Third Prize: Carlos Dela Paz Jr., “Poon”
Dulang Pantelebisyon
First Honorable Mention: Ronald S. Marcelo, “Kapanahon”
Segundo D. Matias Jr., "Loida: Taxi Driver"
Second Honorable Mention: Diosdado Anzures Jr., “Ang Halamanan sa Paso”
Melchor Salandanan Ventura, “Isang Bukas Para Kay Junjun”
Third Honorable Mention: Rolando S. Salvana, “Jayvee's Brother”
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
Palanca Awards, 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Palanca%20Awards |
The Orion String Quartet is a string quartet formed in 1987. It is the quartet-in-residence of New York's Mannes College The New School for Music. The members are Todd and Daniel Phillips, brothers who alternate on first and second violin, violist Steven Tenenbom and cellist Timothy Eddy. Members of the quartet teach at the Curtis Institute of Music, Mannes, Juilliard, Queens College, and the Bard College Conservatory of Music.
External links
Orion String Quartet Website
Musical groups established in 1987
American instrumental musical groups
American string quartets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20String%20Quartet |
The New York International Fringe Festival, or FringeNYC, was a fringe theater festival and one of the largest multi-arts events in North America. It took place over the course of a few weeks in October, spread on more than 20 stages across several neighborhoods in downtown Manhattan, notably the Lower East Side, the East Village, and Greenwich Village. Most of the venues were centered on the FringeHUB. Yearly attendance topped 75,000 people.
Festival
Unlike most Fringe festivals, FringeNYC uses a jury-based selection process. Around 200 shows, out of a much larger pool of applicants, are selected for inclusion each year. However, in 2018 the Festival reduced the number of shows.
The festival was founded in 1997 by Aaron Beall, John Clancy, Jonathan Harris (also known as Ezra Buzzington), and (current Artistic Director) Elena K. Holy, and is produced by The Present Company.
Notable shows that premiered at FringeNYC include Urinetown, Dog Sees God, the musical adaptation of Debbie Does Dallas, and the American English-language premiere of The Black Rider. Other feature shows included Charlie Victor Romeo, which premiered at New York Lower East Side theatre Collective:Unconscious.
FringeNYC includes many component events, such as FringeU (educational events), FringeART (art events), FringeAL FRESCO (free outdoor performances), and FringeJR (children's events).
At the conclusion of the festival out of 200 shows, around 20 shows are selected to participate in the FringeNYC Encore Series which runs for an additional two weeks in September.
The festival went on hiatus in 2017 to revise its format and develop ambitious long-term plans. It ran in the fall of 2018 and 2019 with fewer performances and smaller venues and included performances in the outer boroughs. After the 2019 festival, there was no further activity. The website was taken down in May 2021.
See also
FRIGID New York
References
External links
NYCFringeGuide.com
Further reading
Article about 4 fringe festivals in New York City
Fringe
Fringe festivals in the United States
Performance art in New York City
Festivals established in 1997
1997 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20International%20Fringe%20Festival |
Marvão () is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2020 was 2,972 (and dropping at a rate of around one inhabitant per week), in an area of 154.90 km2. The present Mayor is Luís Vitorino, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is September 8.
Perched on a quartzite crag of the Serra de São Mamede, Marvão's name is derived from an 8th-century Muwallad rebel, named Ibn Marwan. Ibn Marwan, who constructed the Castle of Marvão - likely on the site of an earlier Roman watchtower - as a power base when establishing an independent statelet ("emirate", duchy) - covering much of modern-day Portugal - during the Emirate of Cordoba (884-931 CE). The castle and walled village were further fortified through the centuries, notably under Sancho II of Portugal (13th century) and Denis of Portugal.
The village has generated significant tourist interest in recent years. It was included in the #1 New York Times bestselling book, 1000 Places to see Before you Die. Nobel Prize-winning author José Saramago wrote of the village, "From Marvão one can see the entire land ... It is understandable that from this place, high up in the keep at Marvão Castle, visitors may respectfully murmur, 'How great is the world'."
In the 1950s, author Huldine V. Beamish wrote of Marvão, "There is an atmosphere about the district (of Marvão) that is very ancient. At times you have the same peculiar feelings as those evoked by Stonehenge and that amazing druid monument at Callernish in the Isle of Lewis. Picking your way along the steep stony pathways, you would not be at all surprised to meet a Phoenician trader or Roman Soldier. It would be the most natural thing in the world."
An annual international classical music festival, under the artistic direction of German conductor Christoph Poppen, was launched in Marvão in July 2014. The village also hosts an international film festival, Periferías, in August each year. Other annual festivals in Marvão include 'Al-Mossassa'- a celebration of the town's Moorish past, held jointly with the Spanish city of Badajoz (also founded by Ibn Marwan) - in early October, plus a major Chestnut Festival in early November.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
Beirã
Santa Maria de Marvão
Santo António das Areias
São Salvador da Aramenha
History
Commanding views across the Tagus basin and Serra de Estrela to the north, the fortified rock of Marvão has been a site of significant strategic importance since the earliest human settlements.
Today, lying on the 'raia' that divides Portugal and Spain, Marvão has consistently stood on a frontier zone between peoples: Celtici, Vettones and Lusitani (4th-2nd century BCE); Lusitanians and the Romans of Hispania Ulterior (2nd-1st century BCE); migratory Suevi, Alans, Vandals and Visigoths (5th-7th century CE); conquering moors and Visigoths (8th century); muwallad rebels and the Cordoban emirate (9th-10th century); Portuguese nation-builders and Moors (12th-13th century); Templars and Hospitallers (12th-14th century); Portuguese and Castilians (12th century-present day); Liberals and Absolutists (19th century); the fascist regimes of Salazar and Franco (20th century).
Marvão's natural assets have contributed to the 'uniqueness' of this remote village as perceived by visitors today: (i) as nigh-impregnable 'eagle's nest' fortress - perched high on a granite crag, and bordered on the south and west by the Sever river; (ii) as vital lookout-point towards the Alcántara Bridge ( away), a wide stretch of the Tagus basin and the Serra de Estrela; (iii) as a gateway to Portugal from Spain via the Porta da Espada ('Sword Gate') mountain pass of the Serra de São Mamede.
Prehistory
The earliest dolmens in southern Portugal date from c. 4800 BCE, and this culture lasted into the Bronze Age (2000 BCE) and beyond into the Iron Age. In and around Marvão, there exists a high concentration of dolmens, rock-hewn tombs, passage mounds and megaliths, dated to the 3rd millennium BCE.
Together with the Sever-valley sites around the nearby towns of Castelo de Vide and Valencia de Alcântara (in Spain), these form one of the densest clusters of megalithic sites in Europe. Among the 200+ neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age monuments within a range of Marvão is the 7.15m high Menhir of Meada (the largest on the Iberian peninsula), oriented to be visible from the northernmost promontory of Marvão's rock (possibly based on an alignment with the lunar calendar).
Other notable sites are the Coureleiros complex of dolmens near Castelo de Vide, the Vidais dolmen (Castelo Velho) of Santo Antonio das Areias and the Las Lanchas dolmen complex of Valencia de Alcântara.
Archaeological finds from this era include substantial grave goods, for example anthropomorphic idol plaques, arrowheads and axes, and jewellery. A database of idol plaques - the Engraved Stone Plaque Registry and Inquiry Tool - lists 16 plaques found in Marvão, 14 in Castelo de Vide, and 28 in Valencia de Alcântara.
It is speculative to comment on the population of Marvão at this time. Many carved tombs and burial chambers dot the granite boulders of the landscape around Marvão, suggesting small-scale farming settlements, and some cultural emphasis on burial rites and the afterlife. Excavations of dolmens (e.g. the Cavalinhas dolmen) reveal foetal-position buried skeletons, and grave goods including weaponry (axes, arrowheads), jewellery (necklaces), ceramics and stone idols. Cave art and engravings in the Tagus valley ( north of Marvão: 40,000 items) point to a developed culture based on prehistoric norms of agriculture, hunting and transhumance.
Further, ideograms - notably, repetitions of spirals - point to both abstract ideas, religious observance, and some astronomical knowledge of lunar and solar cycles. Decorative objects - rock crystal arrowheads, floral- and zig-zagged patterned stones (pedras de raio) and ceramics, deity sculptures - also suggest the development of local systems of craftsmanship, hierarchy, magic and celebration. Recent studies of idol plaques have speculated that they depict some kind of owl deity, with their engravings acting as a means to identify the individual buried by clan, marriage and lineage.
Pre-Roman era: Lusitani and Celtici
The Iberian peninsula saw migrations of Celtic tribes from central Europe during the 6th–4th century BCE. The site of modern-day Marvão would have stood on the northern periphery of the territory of the Celtici tribe, which stretched from the Tagus to Guadiana rivers, and beyond to the Algarve and today's Huelva province in Andalucia. The area falls within the northernmost limits of the Tartessian paleohispanic language and culture, centred on Huelva in Spain, in decay throughout this period as Celticisation took place. Tartessians were the creators of the Southwestern script, one of the earliest written languages in Europe. A renowned gold hoard from the Tartessian period, the Tesoro de Aliseda was discovered in nearby Aliseda (Cáceres province), while a gold bracelet discovered in nearby São Julião (Portalegre) - sold at auction in 2013 - suggests that local tribes were relatively wealthy. The migration of the Celtici is considered part of a third or fourth wave of Celts in the 4th century BCE: this migration occurred across modern-day Aragon and into modern-day Extremadura and Alentejo, displacing the proto-Celt Lusitanians who dominated the lands north of the Tagus, and skirting the Vettones lands that stretched from Zamora to Castelo Branco.
So in the three centuries prior to Roman conquest (3rd–1st century BCE), Marvão stood at a junction of the Celtici, Lusitani, and Vettones tribes, and its dominant strategic position offered line-of-sight long into the territories of all three tribes. A locally found head of a pig-like sculpture from the Verraco (Portuguese: berrão) culture of the Vettones is displayed in Marvão's museum.
Given their strategic location, the Serra de São Mamede and Spain's Sierra de San Pedro – in particular the dominant escarpments of Marvão on the northernmost tip and Alburquerque on the southernmost tip - are likely to have played a role in conflicts between Celtiberians and Romans. While Marvão lies north of the territories of Carthaginian Iberia – which by 218 BCE reached across Southern Iberia up to the river Guadiana, the area is likely to have been crossed during the 230s and 220–218 BCE during Carthaginian slave-raiding and mercenary-recruitment campaigns focused on the Tagus valley (e.g. Hamilcar Barca's Tagus encampment at Cartaxo) and along what later became Ruta de la Plata: Iberian manpower was to play a role in the Punic Wars.
In the 2nd century BCE, Roman might asserted itself following the Punic Wars, yet progress was slow in these border regions. A series of bloody revolts and wars (195–135 BCE) pitted the Lusitanians and Vettones - most notably under the guerrilla fighter and hero Viriatus – against the expansionist Roman colonisers of Hispania Ulterior. While nominally the area was under Roman control from the early 130s BCE, for a century an unstable war zone spread from the Serra de Estrela-Tagus basin (seen from Marvão) and the Extremaduran plains between Alburquerque and the Sierra de Aracena.
Some speculation has focused on whether 'choças', the traditional circular-floorplan barns with broom-thatched roofs – found throughout Marvão, most dating from the post-medieval period - are a vernacular survivor from these Celtic times. The 'choças' of Marvão follow the rudimentary pattern of roundhouses found throughout Celtic settlements in Europe. Similarly, a number of corbelled circular drystone shelters, with a false cupola (Portuguese: chafurdão) in Marvão reflect similar Iron Age structures across Southern Europe (e.g. the Spanish bombo and Croatian trim) associated with the terracing and clearance of rocky land for farming. The Vettones culture was renowned for its cattle-rearing and Verraco (Portuguese: berrão) pig-like sculptures: porco preto rearing remains dominant in local agriculture and cuisine.
The Roman era: Ammaia
After considerable resistance from Lusitanian tribes in the 2nd-1st century BCE, the Romans gained a tentative foothold over the areas south of the Tagus and north of the Sierra Morena during the 130s BCE. While early encampments had been made in Cáceres from 139 BCE (Castra Servilia) and in Almourol (in the Tagus valley) from 138 BCE, Roman progress was only made in fits and starts. Lusitanian rebellions - notably the Sertorian War (80-72 BCE) - hampered progress, with effective Roman rule being achieved in the area under Julius Caesar's campaigns in 61-60 BCE. Throughout this period, the terrain of the Serra de São Mamede is likely to have served as ideal base for guerrilla warfare, ambushes and smuggling. Lusitania only became a fully-fledged province under Augustus in 27 BCE, with the pax Romana heralding five centuries of strong urban development across southwest Iberia.
In Marvão, gradual consolidation of Roman power led to the establishment of a substantial Roman town in the 1st century CE: Ammaia. Occupying up to 25 hectares, and with a population exceeding modern-day Marvão (5000-6000 inhabitants), Ammaia occupied the site of the present-day parish of São Salvador da Aramenha. The town flourished between the 1st century BCE and the collapse of the Roman empire in the 5th century CE.
Ammaia's location on the river Sever was a waypoint on west–east trading routes, linking towns such as Scallabis (Santarém), Eboracum (Évora), Olisipo (Lisbon) and Miróbriga (Santiago de Cacém) to the provincial capital Emerita Augusta (present-day Mérida) via Norba Caesarina (Cáceres). The mountain of Marvão would also have served as a watchtower providing line-of-sight to the vitally-important Roman bridge at Alcántara. Local agricultural production (olives, wine, figs, cattle) was supplemented by horse-breeding, pottery, and mining activity - notably rock crystal and quartz from veins on the Marvão mountain, together with open cast gold mining on the Tagus to the north. Roman Ammaia saw the development of improved irrigation and terracing across the Marvão mountain. Chestnut cultivation - replacing the local dominance of oak - is likely to have been introduced at this time. Much of the terracing and ancient watercourses on the Marvão mountain date from this era.
Limited excavations at Ammaia in the past two decades - albeit covering a mere of the town's area - have revealed a successful, expanding provincial town that included running water, a forum, baths, a bridge over the river Sever (near today's 'Ponte Velha'), and monumental gates (one gate was removed to Castelo de Vide in the 18th century, yet sadly dynamited in 1890). The Alto Alentejo region, meanwhile, was criss-crossed with efficient Roman roads, providing wider links to the Empire. Fine wares found at Ammaia suggest that the local Ammaia nobility had access to luxury glassware and jewellery, while archaeology has revealed that marble for the forum was imported from across the Empire. The high quality, for example, of the 'Mosaico das Musas' - from a Roman villa in nearby Monforte (4th century BCE) - points to the abundant riches to be made as an Alentejo landowner in the Roman era. Sadly, many artifacts from Ammaia - in particular a series of marble sculptures - were removed during the 19th and 20th centuries, notably by the Anglo-Portuguese Robinson family. These items are now in collections such as those of the British Museum.
The post-Roman era: decline of Ammaia, Alans, Suevi and the Visigoths
During the 5th-7th century, the invasion of Roman Iberia by a succession of tribes from Central Europe - the Vandals, Suevi, Alans and Visigoths - left an indelible mark on Marvão and Lusitania as a whole. Hispano-Roman urban centres across Iberia suffered two centuries of instability, violence and depopulation, and many towns fell into ruin. Ammaia was no exception.
Historic documentation for the invasion of towns around Mérida province is poor, yet these were clearly difficult times for Ammaia. It is likely that the years 409-411 were catastrophic. Following the invasion of Spain in September or October 409, invading tribes used extreme violence in conquering the cities of Roman Spain. A quotation from Hydatius - albeit about Spain in general - gives an idea of the last days of Ammaia: 'As the barbarians ran wild through Spain with the evil of pestilence raging as well, the tyrannical tax collector seized the wealth and goods stored in the cities and the soldiers devoured them. A famine ran riot, so dire that driven by hunger humans devoured human flesh: mothers too feasted on the bodies of their own children whom they had killed and cooked themselves... And thus with the four plagues of sword, famine, pestilence and wild beasts raging everywhere, the annunciation foretold by the Lord through his prophets was fulfilled'.
In Marvão, the once-thriving Roman town of Ammaia fell into ruin. Its 4th-century population of 6,000 people had represented about 0.1% of the Iberian population (6 million). Yet it would be described merely as 'ruins' in the 8th century CE. Why the decay? Fortified rural farmsteads and hilltop fortresses provided safe havens in times of conflict. It is likely that any Roman watchtower fortification on Marvão's rock would have been extended in this period. Ammaia's role as horse station and key link in the road network declined as east–west trade plummeted. The Visigothic capital was in Toledo, on the river Tagus: this favoured river transport of goods to-and-from Santarem and Lisbon. Ammaia's decline in this period can be contrasted with the buoyant Visigothic development of Idanha-a-Velha on the north of the Tagus.
The borders between tribes were in continuous flux, with Suevi (strongholds in Galicia and Braga) fighting the Alans and Visigoths. Five centuries of incumbent Hispano-Roman urban culture gave way to interaction with the nomadic, pastoralist lifestyles of tribes such as the Alans (dominant in much of former Lusitania after the Battle of Mérida). Roman imperial law-and-order succumbed to the looser hierarchies - based on blood and tribal allegiances - of the invaders from the north. War, slave-raids, banditry, religious intolerance, apartheid - the Visigoths applied a 'no mixing' policy for much of their rule - all led to economic decline across Iberia.
While little can be seen today in Marvão of this period, tradition states that the large herding dogs of Iberia were introduced by the Alans: (Portuguese mastiffs can be seen guarding livestock in fields around Marvão, while the bulky Alano Espãnol was used in Spanish bullfights).
The Islamic era: invasion, the Ibn Marwán rebellion, the Badajoz taifa, Christian reconquest
Invasion: Land of the Berbers and Western Thugūr
The Muslim invasion of al-Andalus in 711 is likely to have reached the area around Marvão during the Spring campaign of Abd al-Aziz in 714 CE (when Coimbra and Santarém were also captured). The invasion would herald five centuries of Islamic rule, until Marvão was captured by the Portuguese nation-builder Afonso I of Portugal in the 1160s.
It is believed that during unstable decades from 711 to 756 in al-Andalus, power struggles between Arab and Berber factions, together with newly converted Visigoths (muwalladi), led to a division of territory: richer agricultural lands in the Guadalquivir basin fell under Arab control, and mountainous areas such as the Serra de São Mamede were generally held by Berber clansmen. Arab sources refer to the area north of the Guadiana as Bi:lad al-Barbar or Lands of the Berbers. Following the chaotic decades of invasion, by the later 8th century CE Marvão would have formed part of the Western thughūr ('march' i.e. buffer area or boundary zone) ruled by a marcher lord, or ka'id from the old Lusitanian capital of Mérida. One of three marches, this was known as the Lower March (al-Tagr al-Adna) or Distant March (al-Tagr al-Aqsa). The Lower March - the territorial division known as Xenxir - gained a reputation for the rebelliousness and reluctance of its inhabitants to comply with governance from Cordoba, with Mérida being a seething hive of discontent, revolution and tax-refuseniks. Feuds between clansmen covered a wide area across the former Lusitania province, reaching Christian lands in the north.
Ibn Marwán: Marvão's role as stronghold for the Banu Marwan wilāya
Perhaps the most important vestige of the Islamic era is the name of the village itself: Marvão is derived from the name of Ibn Marwán, a Muwallad chieftain - and reputed founder of the Spanish city of Badajoz - who rebelled against the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756-929 CE). The village is mentioned as such in the 10th century by the historian Ibn Hayyan, quoting a lost original source by Isa ibn Ahmad ar-Razi, as the 'Jabal (rock) of Ammaia, known today as Ammaia of Ibn Maruán'.
Historical sources do not explain the precise role of Marvão castle itself within the 50-year statelet, or wilāya - established from 884 to 930 - controlled by Ibn Marwán, his son, grandson and great-grandson from Badajoz. While the territory of the Banu Marwan was extensive, covering much of modern-day Portugal and Extremadura, its autonomy within the Cordoban Emirate was precarious. It seems that the impenetrable fortification at Marvão acted as a deterrent to the Emirs in Córdoba. Sources quote a threat from Ibn Marwan, shortly after establishing his statelet in Badajoz 884, to 'destroy the new city' (i.e. Badajoz), and 'return to my Mountain' if Cordoban armies advance against him.
Thus Marvão - 'my mountain' - became a piece of propaganda-in-stone for Ibn Marwán. With the Marwán dynasty possessing siege-ready castles such as this, and also engaged in realpolitik with the Asturian kings in times of conflict (a key ally being Alfonso III of Asturias), there was little to be gained for the Emirate from bringing this particular rebellious marcher-state into the fold. Fortresses such as those at Marvão would now deter any spring offensives against the Banu Marwan from the Emirate in Córdoba. These offensives by the Emirate were common against another rebellious Muwalladi, notably those against Umar Ibn Hafsun, based in Bobastro near Ronda. However, the relative peace and endurance of the Banu Marwan's statelet - 46 years - testifies to the impregnability of its castles: any Emirate offensive in the São Mamede would be a bloodbath.
During its latter years, the Banu Marwan's statelet faced a major threat from reconquista-focused Christian kings from emergent states in the north. While Marvão is likely to have not been attacked in the raids of the king of León Ordoño II in 913 (which ransacked Evora to the south), it is likely to have suffered during raids during Ordoño II´s campaign to sack Mérida in 913.
Marvão under the Cordoban Caliphate
The threat of conquest from León, together with a rapid-fire series of Cordoban successes against other Muwallad rebels in the 910s-920s under Abd ar-Rahman III, is likely to have contributed to the eventual surrender of the Marwan clan to the Cordoban Caliphate in 930. Under the Caliphate (929-1031 CE), Marvão again fell under the auspices of the territorial district, or kūrah (Spanish: Cora) of Mérida, which comprised much of modern-day Portugal north of the Algarve, and comprised the Lower March (or buffer zone) bordering the Christian north.
Prior to obtaining surrender from Ibn Marvan's great-grandson, in 929 CE, the Umayyad ruler Abd-al-Rahman III had proclaimed himself Caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba. The Umayyad Caliphate heralded a century of economic boom, maturity in governmental structures, and cultural splendour in al-Andalus, which collapsed only in the year 1008 (finally dissolving in 1031). The São Mamede mountains around Marvão are likely to have benefited during the 10th-11th century alongside the rest of al-Andalus: population increased as hamlets (aldeias) of smallholdings expanded from villas (although, in Marvão, never reaching the levels of Roman Ammaia); new shepherding pathways (karrales) criss-crossed Roman roads (calçadas), providing the dense network of mountain pathways seen today; irrigation technology and land-terracing improved, notably using gravity-flow water chutes (as-sāqiya); new crops (e.g. the doñegal fig, mulberry for silk production, citrus trees) and farming knowledge enabled more summer harvests and diversification away from the traditional vine, olive, cork oak and fig; Jewish and Christian communities were allowed considerable freedoms; some immigration occurred, with increases in the numbers of Berbers and Slavs (saqaliba, from central Europe - a notable Slav, Sabur, would be the first ruler of the taifa of Badajoz), deemed caliphate 'loyalists'. Martial traditions were kept alive by recruitment of youths to fight in summer campaigns (aceifas) against the Christian north.
Marvão under the Badajoz taifa and the Aftasids
From 1009 CE, the Cordoban Caliphate fragmented into smaller statelets, or taifas, each ruled by an emir. In 1013, Marvão fell within the new taifa of Badajoz (1013-1094), the largest taifa of al-Andalus, which stretched across Extremadura and modern-day Portugal to Lisbon and the Atlantic coast. Initially ruled by a Slav, Sabur, from the 1020s the taifa was ruled by the Aftasid dynasty, a Berber clan, with a notable emir being Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Al-Muzaffar (1045-1068).
The 11th century was to prove far less stable than the 'golden age' of Umayyad al-Andalus in the 10th century. As powerbase-fortress, Marvão is likely to have played a role in civil wars among internal factions in the Badajoz taifa during the 1020-1040s. Notably, the short-lived Taifa of Lisbon (1022-1045) was to challenge Aftasid dominance in Badajoz along the traditional land trade routes linking the Tagus through the São Mamede sierra (Santarem-Caceres). The Lisbon taifa was eventually reincorporated into the taifa of Badajoz in 1045 under Al-Muzaffar.
Such in-fighting was matched by external wars. Given its location and long line-of-sight into the Tagus basin, Marvão represented an important strategic base in the continual Muslim-Christian warring along the Lower March. In 1055, a large stretch of Moorish territory south of the Mondego river fell to the kingdom of León and Castile, led by king Ferdinand the Great (1015-1065). Coimbra would follow in 1064, and, under Ferdinand's son Alfonso VI, the vital city of Toledo in 1085. Such military successes enabled the Christian kings to exact onerous tributes, or parias, from the taifas in the south from 1055 onwards. Further, summer raiding campaigns from both Christian and Moorish forces effectively meant that the regions between the Douro river and Tagus were under continual threat - the lands south of the Douro and to the north of the Tagus became a depopulated 'buffer zone' between Christian and Moor. In 1063, a major razzia by Ferdinand sacked towns across the Seville and Badajoz taifas, and the São Mamede mountains lay en route. To make matters worse, the taifa of Badajoz was also fighting a war on its southern front: the taifa of Seville, under the poet-emirs Al-Mutamid and Al-Mutatid - was eating into territories in the Algarve . Thus throughout this period, Marvão and its neighbouring towns would have experienced the many tribulations of a martial state: the payment of taxes for wars and the paria protection money; the recruitment of its sons for battle; the billeting of any marching armies; occasional skirmishes during summer raiding campaigns; and the splitting of families during civil war.
Meanwhile, León and Castile were able to profit from the in-fighting. The Christian reconquista was moving southwards. Thus Marvão - as under Ibn Marwan - took up its deterrent role as a frontier fortress to project power beyond the court at Badajoz. Muslim domination in the region seemed on the back foot until the Battle of Sagrajas (near Badajoz, south of Marvão) in 1086. In the face of the Christian threat, the taifa emirs jointly called for assistance from Almoravid Africa under Yusuf ibn Tashfin. This crucial battle would re-establish Islamic dominance in the São Mamede for a further 70 years. The Battle of Sagrajas saw a crushing defeat of Castilian and Aragonese forces. However, for the forces of the Badajoz taifa - no doubt including fighters from Marvão - the battle of Sagrajas was a pyrrhic victory. The camp of their emir, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, was sacked early on the morning of the battle, with many soldiers lost. The military strength of the Badajoz taifa was now much-weakened, and the Christians took advantage of this: as part of the paria tribute, the lower Tagus cities of Lisbon and Santarem were ceded in 1093 to Alfonso VI, as the Badajoz taifa attempted to defend itself from Almoravid dynasty. This effort would fail: the emir would be killed by Almoravids a year later.
The final generations of Islamic rule in Marvão: Almoravids, Almohads, reconquest
In the 1090s the Almoravids effectively annexed the taifas of al-Andalus: al-Andalus became a colony of the Almoravid empire administered from Marrakesh. In 1094, Lisbon was recaptured from Leon and Castile, and the taifa of Badajoz was toppled. The protection money (paria) sent to the Christian kingdoms was stopped. The Tagus valley now became the key dividing line between Christian and Moor: Marvão would become an outpost on the north-western frontier of an empire that stretched all the way to Mauritania.
The Almoravids are described as austere, battle-ready jihadists - who contrasted greatly with the luxury-accustomed poet-emirs of the taifa era. They were not merely interested in defending the realm, but made frequent incursions into Christian territories. The period has been described as one of 'an illiterate military caste controlling, but apart from, the native society'. It is likely that, alongside the rest of al-Andalus, Marvão experienced a number of key features of Almoravid rule: the introduction of illiterate Berber fighters from the Maghreb; drafting of its youth for military campaigns against the Christians (notably against Coimbra and Leiria) and Zaragoza taifa; a rise in religious fundamentalism; increased suppression of, and intolerance towards, Christian and Jewish communities, including forced conversion to Islam; religious cleansing (many Andalusi Christians were removed to Morocco).
Almoravid rule was not to last. They faced revolts at home in Morocco from a rival fundamentalist sect, the Almohads. Their tenuous hold on south west al-Andalus (the former Badajoz taifa and the Al-Garb) showed upon the death of the second Almoravid emir Al in Yusuf in 1143. An Algarve-centred rebellion by a Sufi sect, the al-Muridin - aided by Almohad arms - destabilised the region and set up a number of 'second taifa kingdoms' in Silves, Mértola and Tavira in the south. As well as being on the front line against the Christians, the São Mamede mountains are likely to have been on the northern edges of troop movements by the al-Muridin leader, Ibn Qasi and Almohad forces, against Almoravid centres of government (from 1146 to 1151). Indeed, collaboration and intrigue between Ibn Qasi, the Almohads, and a new Christian power - the fledgling Portugal, under Alfonso I of Portugal - is likely to have weakened the defensibility of the entire Tagus basin.
By the 1150s, Almohad rule was in the ascendancy over the Almoravids across al-Andalus. Yet Almohad rule in south-west Iberia would be short-lived: their embrace of holy war was matched by a new Christian fundamentalism in the north, which saw the reconquest as a crusade. The fledgling state of Portugal curried favour with the military orders - the Templars and the Hospitallers in particular - and, through its blood connections with the house of Burgundy, gained support from fortune-seeking crusaders from across the Pyrenees. During the 1140s, Alfonso I (Afonso Henriques) was able to capture Santarem (1147) and Lisbon (the latter with the help of English, Flemish and Rhinelander crusaders). Besides Alfonso I's actions in the Tagus valley, a particular destabilising factor in the Alto Alentejo and Extremadure were the exploits of the colourful 'Portuguese El Cid', Geraldo Sem Pavor (Gerald the Fearless). His private-army, 'commando-style' conquests of Almohad towns - such as Evora (1164), Cáceres (1164), Trujillo (1164), Juromenha (1165) - were so successful that they brought him into conflict with the King of León, Ferdinand II of León. While Marvão is not listed among Geraldo's many attacks on fortresses in this region, his and Alfonso I's encroachment on Leonese reconquest targets led Ferdinand II to campaign in the immediate vicinity of the São Mamede. Thus Ferdinand II conquered the vital Tagus crossing at Alcántara in 1165, and this campaign would ultimately define the western limits of Portuguese reconquest, establish the river Sever east of Marvão as a key section of the Portuguese-Spanish border.
In the midst of complex conflicts and territorial grabs between Almohads, Alfonso I, Ferdinand II and Geraldo Sem Pavor, after nearly 500 years of Islamic rule, Marvão fell to Alfonso I during military campaigns in 1166. This conquest was by no means definitive. In 1190, a major Almohad counter-offensive launched from Morocco under Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur retook Marvão, during a campaign against the Templar stronghold of Tomar which would recapture for the Moors much of the Algarve and the Alentejo as far as the castle at Alcácer do Sal. Further, a famous victory for the Almohads in the Guadiana valley at Alarcos, in 1195, re-established Muslim control over many lands south of the Tagus (including Trujillo and Talavera). It is likely that Marvão at this point saw similar reinforcement of its fortifications, as seen at Cáceres and Trujillo. For the following thirty years, Marvão remained on the margins of a battlezone that would ultimately determine the location of today's Portuguese-Spanish border.
The Kingdom of Portugal, the plantation of settlers, Templars and Hospitallers
Following its conquest by Alfonso I in the 1160s, and its brief recapture by Almohads in the 1190s, Marvão's situation remained fragile around the start of the 13th century: it was listed among Portuguese territories only in the termo of Castelo Branco in 1214. Marvão was a recently conquered outpost, that needed to be fully integrated into Portugal, and which stood on the edge of territories conquered by an expansionist Kingdom of León. The process of Portuguesification began under the reigns of kings Sancho I and Alfonso II. Yet it was the famous Christian victory over the Almohads at Navas de Tolosa (near Jaén) in 1212 - leaving 100,000 Moors dead - that would effectively secure this area of south-western Iberia, and establish a lasting peace. The São Mamede mountains and Guadiana valleys now became a bridgehead from which the reconquista could make strong inroads into Almohad territory in the Southern Alentejo, Algarve, Southern Extremadura and north-west Andalusia.
Marvão's role as fortress now became more important not as a Christian or Moorish outpost-against-the-infidel, but as a territorial marker for the young - and by no means militarily strong - state of Portugal against the competing Christian Kingdom of León. In 1226, Marvão was among the earliest towns on the eastern border to receive from Sancho II of Portugal its foral (i.e. royal charter, allowing the town to regulate its administration, borders and privileges).
Another aspect of 13th century statecraft that would bolster the area's 'Portugalidade' (Portuguese identity) would be the settlement of planted Christian colonists from the north (Galicia, the Minho), southern France and Flanders in territories around Marvão. This was done with royal approval, and with the intermediation of the Templars and Hospitallers. The resettlement of barren areas depopulated by centuries of warfare and bloodshed - or simply abandoned by fleeing Berber refugees - was vital to sustain the new Portuguese kingdom. Many of these settlers were Galicians, and the name of the hamlet of Galegos in Marvão is likely to refer to its 13th–14th century settlers. Other nearby settlements took names from southern France: in the nearby Templar-controlled village of Nisa (Nice), we find hamlets named Tolosa (Toulouse), Montalvão (Montauban) and Arez (Arles) to denote the origins of their settlers.
Perhaps the most important development for Marvão at this time was the donation of borderlands to the military orders. The Templars, strong allies of Alfonso I, had during the 12th century been given lands north of the Tagus, including their headquarters at Tomar, and Castelo Branco, and given broad responsibility to secure the river passage on the river. In 1199, Sancho I of Portugal awarded lands to the north of Marvão (the Herdade da Açafa). These extended across the present-day districts of Castelo de Vide and Nisa and into territories near Valencia de Alcántara that now lie in Spain. In 1232, Sancho II of Portugal donated further extensive domains south of the Tagus around Marvão and Portalegre to the Knights Hospitaller, along with the duty to fortify the frontier and help in its repopulation. The Hospitallers would dominate the administration of the region for two centuries, moving their Portuguese headquarters from Leça in Northern Portugal to nearby Crato in 1340. Much of the architecture to be admired today in Marvão can be attributed to the guiding hand of the Hospitallers in extending the castle and village in the 13th-15th centuries. Hospitaller (Maltese) crosses can be seen on houses throughout Marvão's walled village, including the door of the church that is the Municipal Museum.
Marvão´s castle: an archetype of medieval castle-building
As with other 11th-13th-century castles, the early medieval improvements and development of Marvão castle reflect the innovations brought back by crusading orders from the near east (notably the highly influential Hospitaller castle in Syria, the Krak des Chevaliers). The medieval castle seen in Marvão today mostly post-dates the year 1299, and features numerous characteristic features of a crusader-era castle: a tall central keep with raised entrance on the first floor; a series of lower, outlying turrets (some semi-circular); high-placed arrow-slits; open spaces to aid the sheltering and assembly of villagers and troops; a well, and huge rain-collecting cistern to supply water to both keep and the wider castle in the event of siege; bent entrances (both on the village and castle gates) to slow down invaders in the event of breached gates; a series of narrow killing zones (notably, in the triple gate on the village-side of the castle); extensive crenellated battlements and curtain walls that enhanced the natural defences provided by the escarpments of Marvão's rock.
Dom Dinis (King Denis) and Afonso IV
The 13th century saw considerable instability across western Iberia, intensifying the need for a clearly demarcated, strongly defended border. Under the King Denis (1261-1325), Marvão benefited from the king's focus on bolstering Portugal's border with the neighbouring Kingdom of Castile. King Denis's border pact with Ferdinand IV of Castile (1297) was followed by considerable investment in a chain of Portuguese castles along the border, with Marvão castle being considerably extended from 1299 onwards using Hospitaller expertise. On the Castilian side of the border, castles were likewise reinforced at nearby Valencia de Alcántara and Mayorga, the Order of Alcántara being a Castilian counterpart to the Hospitaller's role in Portugal.
A civil war in the Kingdom of Castile from 1296 to 1301 - which saw the Kingdom of León briefly break away from Castile - brought risk of contagion into Portugal's eastern frontier. Another major conflict occurred from 1319 to 1326: King Denis's bastard son, Afonso Sanches, lord of nearby Alburquerque was made mayordomo (akin to prime minister) of Portugal, and was nominated preferred heir, by King Denis. Sanches's castle in Alburquerque was clearly visible from Marvão, and his wife's family held nearby lands in La Codosera, making the 'raia' area a power base for Sanches. A civil war (1319-1326) where Denis's legitimate son, the future Afonso IV, rebelled against his father Kind Denis, meant that Marvão and other fortresses on the border would see action ahead of the Battle of Alvalade.
18th Century
During the Fantastic War, an attempted Spanish and French invasion of Portugal in late 1762, a Spanish force of 4–5,000 attempted to take Marvão with a frontal attack. An Anglo Portuguese garrison under Captain Thomas Browne defeated the Spaniards who fled with heavy loss, contributing to Spain asking for a truce in November.
Demographics
Marvão's population is subject to a combination of ageing, declining birthrate and rural exodus. Since the 1990s, the municipality has been losing just under one inhabitant per week.
Notable people
Maria Leal da Costa (born 1964 in Évora) a Portuguese sculptor; since 1999 has a studio in Marvão, where she lives and works
Misc.
In 2014 an undescribed species of robberfly was collected from the area around Marvão, and named after this region: Paraphamartania marvaoensis'' Mortelmans, Tomasovic & Nagy, 2014.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
13 Photos
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District
Portugal–Spain border crossings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv%C3%A3o |
The 42nd Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1992 winners were divided into thirteen categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, short story for children, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play, plus the Dulang Pantelebisyon, open only for the Filipino Division:
English Division
Short Story
First Prize: Charlson Ong, “The Trouble in Beijing”
Second Prize: Vicente Garcia Groyon, “On Cursed Ground”
Third Prize: Edgardo B. Maranan, “Cogon”
Short Story for Children
First Prize: Amado Lacuesta Jr., ”Lost”
Second Prize: Marivi Soliven, “Chun”
Third Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, “The Zimbragatzes of the Planet Zing”
Poetry
First prize: Merlie Alunan, “Dream of the Blue Gypsy”
Second prize: Ma. Fatima V. Lim, “Crossing the Snow Bridge”
Third prize: Fidelito Cortes, “Santa Claus and Venus at the Mall”
Essay
First Prize: Edgardo B. Maranan, “Island and Hinterland”
Second Prize: Claudio Leones, “The Press: Nobody's Perfect”
Third Prize: Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo, “An Old Fashioned Woman”
One-Act Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: Crispin Ramos Jr., “Blind Alleys”
Honorable Mention: Rene O. Villanueva, “She Devil”
Full-Length Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: No Winner
Honorable Mention: Rainerio George Ramos, “The Jagged Edge of Being”
Filipino Division
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Henry Nadong, “Gaya ng Dati”
Second Prize: Evelyn Estrella-Sebastian, “Si Regina at Ako”
Third Prize: Ariel Valerio, “Ang Mga Martir”
Maikling Kwentong Pambata
First Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, “Nemo, Ang Batang Papel”
Second Prize: Luna Sicat-Cleto, “Alakdan”
Third Prize: Jose A. Bragado, “Meek... Meeek...”
Tula
First Prize: Mike L. Bigornia, “Bestiyaryo at iba pang Prosang Itim”
Second Prize: Victor Emmanuel Nadera Jr., "Labinglima Lamang"
Third Prize: Romulo P. Baquiran Jr., “Makiling Suite at iba pang Tula”
Ma. Jovita Zarate, “Sa Pagbabalangkas ng mga Gunita”
Sanaysay
First Prize: Reuel Molina Aguila, “How I Spent My Summer Vacation O Kung Papaano Ko Ipaliliwanag”
Second Prize: Eli Rueda Guieb III, “Sa Panahon ng Pagpapaliban at Pagpipinid”
Third Prize: Cesar Aljama, “Kumpisal ng Isang Nag-aatubiling Mag-sulat”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Abel Molina, “Daigdig Dinaig ng Makamundong Pananalig”
Emelita Regis, “Dalawang Mukha ng Kagubatan”
Second Prize: Mars D. Cavestany Jr., “Isang Dulang Romantiko sa Modernong Panahon”
Lakangiting Garcia, “Juan Bautista”
Third Prize: Rodolfo R. Lana Jr., “Churchill”
Ramon C. Jocson, “I.C.U.”
Dulang Ganap ang Haba
First Prize: Josephine Barrios, “Damas de Noche”
Second Prize: Rodolfo C. Vera, “Kung Paano Ko Pinatay si Diana Ross”
Third Prize: Rolando S. Salvana, “Jerry at Richie Twin Peaks”
Rodolfo C. Vera, “Kapitan Popong: Ang Pakikipagsapalaran ng Isang Batang Bayani”
Dulang Pantelebisyon
First Prize: Elsa M. Coscolluela, “After Long Silence”
Ronaldo C. Tumbokon, “Walang Lunas”
Second Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, “One More Chance”
Third Prize: Rolando S. Salvana, “A Tree to Cut Down”
Rolando F. Santos, “Edukasyong Kalye”
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
Palanca Awards, 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Palanca%20Awards |
The 43rd Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1993 winners were divided into fifteen categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] novel, short story, short story for children, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play, plus the Dulang Pantelebisyon, open only for the Filipino Division:
English Division
Novel
Grand Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Killing Time in a Warm Place
Antonio R. Enriquez, Subanons
Short Story
First Prize: Jaime An Lim, “The Axolatl Colony”
Second Prize: Myra L. Go, “Molde Perdido”
Third Prize: Mig Alvarez Enriquez, “Blood on the Moon”
Short Story for Children
First Prize: Leoncio P. Deriada, “The Man Who Hated Birds”
Second Prize: Jaime An Lim, “The Boy and the Tree of Time”
Marivi Soliven, “The Pillow Cat”
Third Prize: Victorino Manalo, “Little Bird, Little Fish and the Elephant”
Erlinda Acacio Flores, “The Bamboo Who Wanted to Become a Christmas Tree”
Poetry
First Prize: Anthony L. Tan, “Poems for Muddas”
Second Prize: Elsa M. Coscolluela, “In Time Passing and Other Poems”
Third Prize: Marne Kilates, “Excerpt from the Unfinished Life”
Essay
First Prize: Ma. Luisa A. Igloria, “Undoing Secrets”
Second Prize: Victorino Manalo, “Listening to My Father”
Third Prize: Jessica Zafra, “Bad Boy, Robin, Baad, Baad Boy”
One-Act Play
First Prize: Corinna Esperanza A. Nuqui, “Paper Anniversary”
Second Prize: Edelisa C. Cruz, “And There Was Light”
Third Prize: Ruby Senatin, “A Jewel for Two”
Full-Length Play
First Prize: Elsa M. Coscolluela, “The Comfort of Women”
Second Prize: Anton Juan Jr., “Death in the Form of A Rose”
Third Prize: Rolando S. Tinio, “Besame Mucho, Love Me Forever”
Filipino Division
Nobela
Grand Prize: Domingo G. Landicho, Bulaklak ng Maynila
Buenaventura S. Medina Jr., Moog
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Mayette Bayuga, “Rosal”
Second Prize: Marco A.V. Lopez, “Kamusta na Bok?”
Third Prize: Honorio Bartolome De Dios, “Lihim sa Tag-araw”
Froilan Sempio Medina, “Wala sa Sarili”
Maikling Kwentong Pambata
First Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, “Kuwento ni Malinis”
Second Prize: Augie D. Rivera Jr., “Si Burnay, ang Batang Palayok”
Third Prize: Adora Balmes, “Ang Paglalakbay ni Butirik, ang Dyip na Masungit”
Tula
First Prize: Roberto T. Añonuevo, “Pangunungkan at iba pang Saliksik”
Second Prize: Nicolas B. Pichay, “Ang Lunes na Mahirap Bunuin”
Third Prize: Fidel Rillo Jr., ”Ilang Pagtutuwid sa Paraan ng Pagtawid”
Sanaysay
First Prize: Reuel Molina Aguila, “May Katulong sa Aking Sopas”
Second Prize: Glecy C. Atienza, “Soledad: Ang Mga Babae sa Kanilang Pag-iisa”
Third Prize: Cesar Aljama, “Paano ba Umuwi Sa Sariling Bayan”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: Ramon C. Jocson and Fernando Villarca Cao, “Kristo Tagala”
Third Prize: Allan L. Palileo, “Madumi”
Dulang Ganap ang Haba
First Prize: Lito Casaje, “Separasyon”
Second Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., “Aninag, Anino”
Third Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., “Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog”
Ramon C. Jocson, “Ang Ninoy ni Ninay”
Dulang Pantelebisyon
First Prize: Rolando S. Tinio, “Ang Kuwento ni A”
Second Prize: Rolando F. Santos, “Magnanakaw”
Third Prize: Mes De Guzman, “Karatula”
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
Palanca Awards, 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Palanca%20Awards |
The 46th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
Ma. Luisa A. Igloria was this year's Palanca Hall of Fame awardee. Igloria clinched her fifth first prize for “Translations in the Wilderness: The Politics and Aesthetics of Subduing Colonial Spaces” under the Essay category. The said award is given to writers who have won five (5) first places in any category.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1996 winners were divided into sixteen categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] novel, short story, short story for children, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play, plus the Dulang Pantelebisyon and Dulang Pampelikula, open only for the Filipino Division:
English Division
Novel
Grand Prize: Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo, Recuerdo
Short Story
First Prize: Carlos Ojeda Aureus, “The Late Comer”
Second Prize: Antonio Jocson, “Memory of Walking”
Third Prize: Carmelo Juino, S.J., “The Fairy Prinsoid”
Short Story for Children
First Prize: Lakambini A. Sitoy, “Pure Magic”
Second Prize: Lina B. Diaz de Rivera, “The Gem”
Third Prize: Angelo Rodriguez Lacuesta, “The Daughter of the Wind”
Poetry
First Prize: Ramil Digal Gulle, “Twenty-fifth Fly”
Second Prize: Ruel S. De Vera, “Something Like Remembrance”
Third Prize: Conchitina Cruz, “Second Skin”
Essay
First Prize: Ma. Luisa A. Igloria, “Translations in the Wilderness: The Politics and Aesthetics of Subduing Colonial Spaces”
Second Prize: Jose Wendell Capili, “Short Circuit: Expariate Themes in Philippine Poetry in English”
Third Prize: Joselito Zulueta, “The Irish Bard”
One-Act Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: Glenn Sevilla Mas, “The Feline Curse”
Full-Length Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: No Winner
Filipino Division
Nobela
Grand Prize: Edmund Coronel, Malaybay
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Levy Balgos Dela Cruz, “Pag-uugat, Pagpapakpak”
Second Prize: Eli Rueda Guieb III, “Kasal”
Third Prize: Jimmuel C. Naval, “Miss Jones”
Maikling Kwentong Pambata
First Prize: Renato Vibiesca, “Ang Tsinelas ni Inoy”
Second Prize: Ma. Corazon Paulina Remegio, “Tuldok”
Third Prize: Rebecca T. Añonuevo, “Ang Mahiyaing Manok”
Tula
First Prize: Roberto T. Añonuevo, “Lupain ng Kapangyarihan”
Second Prize: Rebecca T. Añonuevo, “Bago ang Babae”
Third Prize: Luna Sicat-Cleto, “Bago Mo Ako Ipalaot”
Sanaysay
First Prize: Buenaventura S. Medina Jr., “Tadhana at Talinhaga”
Second Prize: Ma. Stella Valdez, “Nang Binihag ng Titik ang Bibig”
Third Prize: Josephine Barrios, “Pagsusuri at Pagkabighani sa mga Nobela ng Pag-ibig”
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Jose Victor Z. Torres, “Huling Panauhin”
Second Prize: Jose Jay B. Cruz, “Ang Mahabang Patlang ay Isang Malaking Katanungan”
Third Prize: Mervin C. Salazar, “Lipad, Narda, Lipad”
Dulang Ganap ang Haba
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: Rodolfo C. Vera, “Balanggiga”
Third Prize: Jose Bernard Capino, “Los Indios Bravos”
Dulang Pantelebisyon
First Prize: Rodolfo R. Lana Jr., “Sa Daigdig ng mga Taksil”
Second Prize: Rolando F. Santos, “Closing Time”
Third Prize: Ma. Clarissa Estuar, “Sa Bingit ng Bagong Buhay”
Dulang Pampelikula
First Prize: Rodolfo R. Lana Jr., "Mga Bangka sa Tag-araw"
Second Prize: No Winner
Third Prize: No Winner
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
Palanca Awards, 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Palanca%20Awards |
Nisa () is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,450, in an area of 575.68 km2.
The present Mayor is Maria Idalina Alves Trindade (PS - Partido Socialista). The municipal holiday is Easter Monday.
In addition, it lends its name to one of the most famous Portuguese sheep cheeses (Certificate of Protected Origin or D.O.P.).
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes (freguesias):
Alpalhão
Arez e Amieira do Tejo
Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora da Graça e São Simão
Montalvão
Santana
São Matias
Tolosa
Notable people
Álvaro Semedo (ca.1585 - 1658) a Portuguese Jesuit priest and missionary in China.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
Photos from Nisa
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisa%2C%20Portugal |
The Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (Spanish transcription Omar Iban Al-Jattab) is a mosque in Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia. It is the third largest mosque in Latin America. It is locally known as "La Mezquita" ("The Mosque"), simply because it is the only mosque in the region. Along with the Dar Alarkan School, they are the centers for the Islamic faith and culture in the region. The mosque was constructed on 17 September 1997, and named after the second caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab. It was designed by the Iranian architect Ali Namazi and built by the civil engineer Oswaldo Vizcaino Fontalvo who used Italian marble for its construction. It can easily accommodate over 1,000 people.
Interior
At the entrance there is a large open hall decorated with framed Arabic calligraphy. Further on, there is another hall, larger than the first, used by men for prayer. This is also where they meet in order to end periods of fasting. The ceiling of this room has decorative engravings. Facing Mecca, there is a place for the women to pray, elevated and overlooking the men's hall. The minaret dominates the upper parts of the structure.
Below the great stairs exiting the mosque there is a room for undertaking of the deceased before their remains are taken to the local Muslim cemetery.
See also
List of mosques in the Americas
Lists of mosques
Islam in Colombia
References
External links
La mezquita de Maicao (Colombia) cumple diez años, 16 September 2007
Cumple Diez Años de Fundada la Mezquite de Maicao, Corazón de los Musulmanes Guajiros, 19 Sep. 2007
Foto Panoramio
1997 establishments in Colombia
Mosques completed in 1997
Mosques in Colombia
Buildings and structures in La Guajira Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%20of%20Omar%20Ibn%20Al-Khattab |
The Far Rockaway Branch is an electrified rail line and service owned and operated by the Long Island Rail Road in the U.S. state of New York. The branch begins at Valley Interlocking, just east of Valley Stream station. From Valley Stream, the line heads south and southwest through southwestern Nassau County, ending at Far Rockaway in Queens, thus reentering New York City. LIRR maps and schedules indicate that the Far Rockaway Branch service continues west along the Atlantic Branch to Jamaica. This two-track branch provides all day service in both directions to Grand Central Madison and Penn Station, both in Midtown Manhattan
History
Opening
The South Side Railroad (SSRLI) built the branch in 1869 under a subsidiary called the Far Rockaway Branch Railroad. While constructing it in summer 1869, the company installed about 700 feet (200 m) of tracks across William B. McManus's farmland near Lawrence. However, the transaction had not been completed, and McManus and some friends tore up the track the next night; after a legal battle, the company paid McManus. The same year, the South Side established a subsidiary named the Hempstead and Rockaway Railroad (H&R) designed to connect the line to the up-and-coming Southern Hempstead Branch. The H&R was dissolved in 1871.
Expansion
Due to the success of the branch, the South Side built the 200-foot (60 m) South Side Pavilion, a restaurant on the beach at what is today Beach 30th Street. With an additional subsidiary known as the Rockaway Railway (1871-1872; Not to be confused with the Rockaway Village Railroad), the line was extended west to the Seaside House (Beach 103rd Street) in 1872 and Neptune House (Beach 116th Street) in 1875. The Far Rockaway Branch, along with the rest of the South Side Railroad, was acquired by the Long Island Rail Road in 1876.
Two stations on the branch were built as Arverne, both of which were built by Remington Vernam. The first of which was in 1888 at Gaston Avenue (Beach 67th Street). It had a large tower, was shaped like a Victorian hotel and had a connection to the Ocean Electric Railway, as did much of the Rockaway Beach and Far Rockaway branches. Due to a quarrel between the LIRR and Vernam, another Arverne Station was built at Straiton Avenue in 1892. From then on, the original Arverne station was known as Arverne-Gaston Avenue to distinguish it from the Arverne-Straiton Avenue.
In 1908, the line between Cedarhurst and Far Rockaway was triple-tracked. During the early 1940s, the right-of-way was relocated from a ground-level routing to a concrete trestle. The ROW crossed Mott Avenue in Far Rockaway and returned to ground level, passing over Nameoke Street, continuing to Gibson Station and ascending back on a trestle to Valley Stream.
End of Jamaica Bay service
Until 1950 trains from Penn Station could leave the Main Line at Whitepot Junction () and head south past the Atlantic Branch connection at Woodhaven Junction () to the Hammels Wye at , turning right there to Rockaway Park or left to Valley Stream and Jamaica and maybe on to Penn Station. Frequent fires and maintenance problems, notably a May 23, 1950 fire between Broad Channel and The Raunt, led the LIRR to abandon the Queens portion of the route on October 3, 1955, which was acquired by the city to become the IND Rockaway Line, with service provided by the A train. Most Queens stations along the former Far Rockaway and Rockaway Beach Branches reopened as subway stations on June 28, 1956, the exception being Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station, which was split between the NYCTA and LIRR on January 16, 1958.
Recent changes
Between the late 1960s and 1990s, various stations along the Far Rockaway Branch were given high-level platforms in order to accommodate modern M1, M3, and M7 railcars.
The Far Rockaway Branch has the distinction of containing the oldest surviving railroad station on Long Island, and the only existing building constructed by an LIRR predecessor, specifically Hewlett. In 2003, the LIRR closed that station replacing it with a new one diagonally across the railroad crossing on Franklin Avenue; however, the original SSRLI Depot has remained intact.
Stations
West of , most trips go on to terminate at Grand Central or , while some late night trains terminate at Jamaica. Stations past Far Rockaway were abandoned in 1955, though many of them were reopened as subway stations on the IND Rockaway Line in 1956. The location of the former Atlantic Park station is uncertain.
References
Vincent F. Seyfried, The Long Island Rail Road: A Comprehensive History, Part One: South Side R.R. of L.I., 1961
External links
MTA Long Island Rail Road
NYCSubway.org Far Rockaway Line
Far Rockaway Line; December 11, 1905 (Arrt's Arrchives)
Far Rockaway Branch (The LIRR Today)
Long Island Rail Road branches
Transportation in Nassau County, New York
Transportation in Queens, New York
Railroad lines in Rockaway, Queens
1869 establishments in New York (state)
Railway lines opened in 1869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20Rockaway%20Branch |
Frederick Feirstein (1940-2020) was a New Formalist and New Narrative poet, playwright and psychoanalyst.
He published nine books of poetry, had twelve plays produced, and published numerous psychoanalytic and literary essays.
His ninth book of poems, Dark Energy, was published in 2013 as the first book in the Grolier Series of Established Poets.
He was a training analyst at the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis and maintained a private practice.
Feirstein was a Guggenheim Fellow in poetry. He received the Rockefeller Foundation's OADR Award for his musical drama The Children's Revolt.
References
External links
Contributor note at Ploughshares
Official website of Fred Feirstein Psychoanalyst/Poet/Playwright
Professional Psychoanalyst Website
2020 deaths
American male poets
1940 births
Formalist poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Feirstein |
Antonio Mario La Pergola (13 November 1931 – 19 July 2007) was an Italian jurist, Advocate General and later Judge of the European Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg, President of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.
Biography
University career
La Pergola always used his legal expertise, and the experience he has acquired in various public service posts, in the cause of European integration. He wrote extensively on issues in this field, and was professor of constitutional and public law at Padua University, and subsequently at the University of Bologna and Rome ("La Sapienza"). He was also visiting professor at foreign Universities, [including University College (Dublin), Johns Hopkins, University of Texas (Austin), University of California (Los Angeles), Harvard University (Boston), Externado de Colombia (Bogotà)], had honorary degrees conferred on him (Universidad Complutense and Universidad Carlos Tercero in Madrid, Lisbon and Bucharest), was made honorary professor (Johns Hopkins, Salamanca, Externado de Colombia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, the Universidad Nacional de La Plata and the Universidad del Litoral de Belgrano in Argentina), and received other forms of international recognition (International Rome-Brasília prize) for his contribution in respect of, among other things, the legal problems of supra-national integration.
Institutional offices
La Pergola was director of the Institute of regional studies at the National Research Centre; member of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (1976-1978); a judge at the Constitutional Court, acting as rapporteur for significant judgments in the field of relations between Community law and domestic law (1978-1986), then President of that Court (1986-1987); Minister for coordinating Community policies (1987-1989), and sponsor of the law on fulfilment of the obligations resulting from Italy’s membership of the European Communities (1986-1989); Member of the European Parliament and Chairman of the Committees on scientific research and culture (1989-1994). As Advocate-General and judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1994-2006), he has been able to deal with a very broad range of issues concerning compliance with and interpretation of the Treaties establishing the Communities and the Union, and the relevant secondary legislation.
In the Council of Europe and other international fora, he was a member of a number of expert bodies looking into studying legal matters (Badinter Commission for the establishment of the Court of Arbitration and Conciliation; the Kissinger and Carrington Commission of constitutional mediators dealing with the end of apartheid in South Africa; the Committee of Wise Persons on the restructuring of the Council of Europe).
From 1990 he chaired the Council of Europe Commission on Democracy through Law, known as the Venice Commission, which has assisted all countries in central and eastern Europe on their path to democratic transition and today comprises all European states and many non-European states.
La Pergola was president of the Italian Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
External links
1931 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Italian jurists
Academic staff of the University of Padua
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
Harvard University staff
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Advocates General of the European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice judges
Council of Europe people
Italian judges of international courts and tribunals
Italian officials of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Mario%20La%20Pergola |
Douwe Durk Breimer (born 24 November 1943 in Oudemirdum, Netherlands) is a Dutch pharmacologist and was both rector magnificus and president of the Executive Board of Leiden University, The Netherlands.
Breimer studied pharmacology at the University of Groningen (1962–1970) and obtained his Ph.D. from the Catholic University of Nijmegen. In 1975, he was appointed professor of pharmacology at Leiden University. His research focusses on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism. Breimer co-authored over 500 scientific papers and supervised more than 50 Ph.D. students.
Breimer holds honorary doctorates from Ghent University, Uppsala University (1992), Semmelweis University (Budapest), the University of Navarra (Pamplona), Hoshi University (Tokyo), the University of London and the Université de Montréal.
In 1987 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was elected a member of Academia Europaea in 1992.
He has received the Host-Madsen medal of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), the Scheele prize of the Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fluckiger medal of the German Pharmaceutical Society.
References
External links
Professor Breimer at Leiden University
1943 births
Living people
Dutch pharmacologists
Academic staff of Leiden University
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Gaasterlân-Sleat
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
Rectors of universities in the Netherlands
University of Groningen alumni
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douwe%20Breimer |
The Tabernacle is a centre for the performing arts in Machynlleth, Powys, Wales. It is located in a former Wesleyan chapel, which was converted in the mid-1980s and opened in 1986. Since then the Museum of Modern Art has grown up alongside it, with six exhibition spaces.
The Tabernacle' Auditorium seats 350 people and regularly hosts chamber and choral music, drama, lectures and conferences. It also has translation booths, a grand piano, recording facilities and a cinema screen. There is a bar in the foyer. There are music teaching rooms and an art studio in Ty Llyfnant. The Green Room doubles as a Language Laboratory where Lifelong learning classes are held.
The Machynlleth Festival takes place in the Auditorium in late August every year.
Since acquiring accreditation from the Museums, Archives and Libraries Division of the Welsh Government in 2016, the Trust owning the Tabernacle is now known as "MOMA Machynlleth".
See also
Machynlleth Festival
Hallstatt Lecture
MOMA, Wales
Further reading
Michael Fraser: Graham Arnold: A Retrospective/ Ol Syllu (Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 1992)
Icons in Oil: Portraits from the Lambert Collection (Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 1993)
Eric Rowan & Carolyn Stewart: An Elusive Tradition: Art and Society in Wales, 1870–1950 (University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2002)
D. Huw Owen: Capeli Cymru (Y Lolfa, Talybont, 2005)
External links
Official Webpage
Theatres in Wales
Chapels in Powys
Methodist churches in Wales
Former Methodist churches in the United Kingdom
Event venues established in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tabernacle%2C%20Machynlleth |
Ponte de Sor () is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 16,722, in an area of 839.71 km2.
The present Mayor is Hugo Hilário, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Easter Monday.
Economy
The economy of the municipality is based in agriculture, services and light industries ranging from food to aviation like the British-based company L3 Commercial Training Solutions (L3CTS). However, the main industry is the cork industry, being Ponte de Sor one of the main producing areas of raw and transformed cork worldwide.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes (freguesias):
Foros de Arrão
Galveias
Longomel
Montargil
Ponte de Sor, Tramaga e Vale de Açor
Notable people
Vitória Pais Freire de Andrade (1883–1930) an active Portuguese feminist who also campaigned against bullfighting in Portugal.
José Luís Peixoto (born 1974) a Portuguese author, poet and playwright.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District
People from Ponte de Sor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte%20de%20Sor |
The autostrada A1, officially named Amber Highway () in Poland is a north–south motorway that runs through central Poland, from Gdańsk (on the Baltic Sea) through Łódź and the Upper Silesian Industry Area (to the west of Katowice) to the Polish-Czech border in Gorzyczki/Věřňovice, where it is connected with the Czech motorway D1. Its total length is . Except for its southernmost section, A1 is a part of European route E75.
The motorway was constructed between 2005 and 2022. The section from Gdańsk to Toruń is tolled (see Tolls).
History of construction
The construction of the A1 motorway has been a highly politicized issue in Poland, as it is perceived to be an economically vital road that would connect the country's major ports on the Baltic coast with both central and southern Poland. One short fragment (17 km) was constructed in years 1978 – 1989, one of the first motorway stretches built under communist regime. Since 1989 various governments and political parties have supported an accelerated construction schedule for this motorway, without results.
After many delays, caused mainly by lack of funding, construction started in 2005. The main part of the motorway was constructed in years 2005 – 2014: about 395 km (70% of the route's length) have been built within this period. By July 2016 (when a delayed Łódź bypass section was finished), the route has been completed except for those sections where the old national road 1 had already been a dual carriageway, allowing for a significantly lower priority of constructing a motorway on this remaining stretch compared to construction of other highways.
The section from Częstochowa to Pyrzowice was constructed in years 2016 – 2020. The remaining section from Tuszyn to Częstochowa was constructed in years 2019 – 2022, which also included an upgrade of the 17 km long pre-1989 stretch.
Gdańsk to Stryków
This section was built in stages between 2005 and 2014. First, a section was opened on 22 December 2007, near Gdańsk, extending the S6 bypass expressway, and a remaining opened on 17 October 2008. The 62 km extension of the motorway to Toruń opened on 14 October 2011. In November 2012 a long section from Kowal to Łódź Północ interchange in Stryków was opened, followed by extension from Toruń to Włocławek in December 2013. Missing Włocławek-Kowal section was completed in April 2014.
Stryków to Pyrzowice
The oldest section of this segment, a stretch as the Piotrków Trybunalski bypass, was built between 1978 and 1989. This was one of the very few stretches of motorway built in Poland under the Communist regime. In addition, the section from Częstochowa to Piotrków Trybunalski was built in the 1970s as a dual carriageway road on a motorway alignment. However, it lacked motorway interchanges, and instead had standard intersections with no grade separation, regulated by traffic lights.
On 22 January 2009 a contract was signed for the construction of the section from Stryków (junction with motorway A2) to Pyrzowice. Under the terms of the contract, the segment from Stryków to Częstochowa () was to be finished by May 2012, while the remaining segment from Częstochowa to Pyrzowice () was to be finished by January 2014 (60 months after the signing of the contract). The motorway was to be built within a Private-Public Partnership framework by company Autostrada Południe. The contract included the rebuilding of an already existing stretch of A1 motorway (opened in 1989) as well as the upgrade of the existing dual-carriageway road between Piotrków Trybunalski and Częstochowa. On 23 January 2010 the contract was cancelled as the company was not able to secure financing. It carried out the design project of the motorway however, which according to the Polish government was to make it possible for construction to begin in 2010 by new contractors, and be finished by 2012. However, the design project turned out to be full of flaws and needed to be redone.
The section from Łódź Północ interchange to Tuszyn interchange was opened in 2016. The section from Pyrzowice to Częstochowa began construction in 2016, and was finished in 2020. Reconstruction of the remaining dual-carriageway stretch from Częstochowa to Piotrków Trybunalski began in 2019 and finished in 2022.
Pyrzowice to border with Czech Republic
At the southern end of the motorway, construction of a section from Gliwice-Sośnica to Bełk, part of the southernmost section from the junction with the A4 motorway at Sośnica district of Gliwice to the Czech border, began on 26 March 2007 and was completed in December 2009. The remainder of the long section from A4 to the border was opened in different stages from 2009 till 2014. Construction of the section from Pyrzowice to Gliwice-Sośnica began in 2009 and was fully completed by June 2012. The section from Pyrzowice to Piekary Śląskie has quickly deteriorated into very poor condition due to the materials used for its foundation, and is planned to be repaired.
On 15 December 2009 the Polish government announced the cancelling of the contract for building the Świerklany - Gorzyczki (Czech border) section, citing the unacceptably slow pace of construction by Alpine Bau GmbH. The government solicited new bids for this section in April 2010 and the bid was won by the same company that lost the original contract, and construction resumed in October 2010. The original plan was for the road to be ready in the Summer of 2010, and according to the new contract it was to be ready in April 2012, in time for Euro 2012 championships. Alpine Bau GmbH abandoned their second effort to finish this section in May 2013. It was finally opened in May 2014.
Sections of the motorway
Exit list
See also
Highways in Poland
European route E75
References
External links
Official website of Gdańsk-Toruń section operator
Official page for construction project A1 Kowal-Stryków
Official page for construction project A1 Stryków-Tuszyn
Official page for construction project A1 Pyrzowice-Gliwice Sośnica
Official page for construction project A1 Rząsawa - Blachownia
Official page for construction project A1 Blachownia-Zawodzie
Official page for construction project A1 Zawodzie - Woźniki
Official page for construction project A1 Woźniki - Pyrzowice
Motorways in Poland
Proposed roads in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1%20autostrada%20%28Poland%29 |
The Machynlleth Festival is an annual music festival that takes place in the auditorium of The Tabernacle, Machynlleth, Wales in late August. During the week eminent performers take part in events ranging from recitals for children to jazz.
Events
The festival begins with a sing-along of sacred hymns, the Cymanfa Ganu. Special features include the Hallstatt Lecture on some aspect of Celtic culture.
The Glyndŵr Award for an Outstanding Contribution to the Arts in Wales is given during the festival.
Performers
Performers in the first three Machynlleth Festivals included tenor Paul Agnew (1987), oboist Nicholas Daniel (1988), soprano Elizabeth Vaughan (1988), actor Leonard Fenton (1988 and 1989), saxophonist Don Rendell (1989) and bass-baritone Bryn Terfel (1989). Among the Festival performers in the next few years were: Alan Skidmore, tenor saxophonist, 1990; Bernard Roberts, pianist, and Kit and The Widow, 1991; and Robin Williamson of the Incredible String Band, 1992.
The 1994 Festival, the last to contain four events per day for eight days, featured musicologist John Amis, violinist Tasmin Little, soprano Joan Rodgers, clarinettist Emma Johnson and pianist Joshua Rifkin. In 1995 the Festival was reduced for reasons of economy to two events each day, more or less the pattern of the first Festival. Performers included broadcaster Richard Baker and mezzo-soprano Sarah Walker.
Jazz singer George Melly and trombonist Christian Lindberg were amongst the highlights of 1996.
References
External links
The Tabernacle Website
Music festivals in Wales
Music festivals established in 1987
Folk festivals in Wales
Classical music festivals in the United Kingdom
1987 establishments in Wales
Summer events in Wales
Tourist attractions in Powys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machynlleth%20Festival |
Toledo Propulsion Systems (previously called Toledo Transmission Operations, TTO, and Powertrain Toledo) is a 2.8 million square feet; 151 acres General Motors transmission factory in Toledo, Ohio.
The plant manufactures and assembles GM’s six-speed, eight-speed and ten-speed rear-wheel-drive and nine-speed front-wheel-drive transmissions that are used in a variety of Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac vehicles. Hourly employees are represented by UAW Local 14.
History
Toledo Propulsion Systems was founded in 1916, and produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four and six wheel drive trucks for the military throughout World War II. Today, Toledo Propulsion Systems is North America’s most productive rear-wheel drive transmission plant. Toledo has been ranked No. 1 in the Harbour Report nine of the past twelve years. The rear-wheel drive transmissions built in Toledo are shipped to GM’s assembly plants in Arlington, Texas; Bowling Green, KY; Ft. Wayne, Ind.; Flint, Mich.; Wentzville, Mo. and Oshawa, Ontario. The front-wheel drive transmissions are shipped to Fairfax, Kan.; Lordstown, Ohio; Oshawa, Ontario and soon, Lake Orion, Mich.
Toledo Propulsion Systems began as a Warner Gear plant that was purchased in October 1916 located at 900 W Central Ave Toledo. Toledo has primarily built truck and passenger transmissions throughout its history. The Central Avenue plant continued operations throughout WWII building truck transfer cases and transmissions until a new 414,000 square-foot facility on Alexis Road was acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. The original Central Avenue facility ceased operations in 1957 when its equipment was transferred to another Chevrolet facility in Muncie, Indiana and the employees moved to the new Alexis Road facility. Since 1956 the current facility has been expanded several times and by 1970 was a 1,034,656 square-foot facility producing the Turbo Hydramatic 3 speed automatic transmission employing over 4000 people. In 1982 the Toledo facility began production of the 700R4 which would later be known as the 4L60E transmission and would produce almost 38,000,000 units before its end of production in 2007 making way for new 6L80 and 6T40 transmission production.
Investments
GM has invested more than $1 billion in the plant since 2011.
Investments include:
$204 million (2011) – 8-speed (8RWD) transmission program
$83 million (2011) – 6-speed (GF6) transmission enhancement
$55.7 million (2013) – increased capacity and tooling for all-new 8-speed (8RWD) and existing 6-speed transmission programs
$30.6 million (2013) – increased 6-speed (GF6) capacity and tooling
$667.6 million (2016) – 9-speed (GF9) and 10-speed (AB1V) transmission programs
$39 million (2020) – upgrade and enhance the production of 8-speed rear-wheel-drive transmission
$75 million (2021) – increased capacity of HD full-size truck 10-speed transmission
Products
Current Products:
Toledo Transmission Operations provides transmissions to 10 GM facilities within North America (US and Canada).
RWD 6-speed (6L50/6L80/6L90) – Full-size trucks, G Van (2008)
RWD 8-speed (8L45/8L90) – Camaro, full-size trucks, mid-size trucks (2013)
RWD 10-speed (AB1V 10L1000) – Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD (2019)
FWD 9-speed (GF9 9T65) – Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave (2018)
Past Products:
Turboglide (1957-1961)
Corvair Powerglide (1960-1969)
THM350 (1969-82)
700R4 (1982-90)
4L60 (1990-93)
4L60-E (1993-2007)
4L65-E
GF6 6T30/40/45 (2011-2019)
Product Applications
Hydra-matic 6L80 Rear-Wheel-Drive 6-Speed
Chevrolet: Corvette, Camaro, Silverado HD, Tahoe, Suburban, Express.
GMC: Sierra HD, Yukon, Yukon XL, Savana.
Cadillac: Escalade
Global Front-Wheel-Drive 6-Speed 6T40
Chevrolet: Cruze, Malibu, Equinox, Sonic.
Buick: Regal, LaCrosse, Verano.
Awards
Harbour ReportTM Award winner.
1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2009
Chairman’s Honors Award for Harbour Report TM performance
PMQH Best of the Best.
1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2009
GMPT Toledo Achieves Landfill Free Status
2008
2012: Silver level award for encouraging environmental excellence from the Ohio EPA
2013: Energy Star Challenge for Industry award from the EPA
2014:
MVP2 Award (Most Valuable Pollution Prevention) from the National Pollution Prevention Roundtable
Built-In Quality Level IV Award (GM Internal)
2015:
Gold Level Award for Encouraging Environmental Excellence from the Ohio EPA
Wildlife at Work Gold Level Certification from the Wildlife Habitat Council
2016:
ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Certification (since 2000)
Energy Star Challenge for Industry Achiever Award from the U.S. EPA
2017: Gold Level Award for Encouraging Environmental Excellence from the Ohio EPA
2018: Platinum Level for Encouraging Environmental Excellence by the Ohio EPA
Employee Information
Hourly: 1,544
Salary: 205
Total: 1749
Union Local: UAW Local 14
See also
List of GM factories
References
External links
Map:
UAW Local 14 Homepage
GM Homepage
Chevrolet Homepage
Buick Homepage
GMC Homepage
Cadillac Homepage
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Ohio
Economy of Toledo, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Toledo, Ohio
1916 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%20Transmission |
Dominican Church is the name of a number of churches belonging to the Dominicans. Notable examples include:
Dominican Church, Vienna, Austria
Dominican Church, Krems an der Donau, Austria
Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius, Lithuania
Dominican Church, Lviv, Ukraine
Chiesa dei Domenicani, Bolzano, Italy
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Košice, Slovakia, commonly known as the Dominican Church. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican%20Church |
Urchin was a web statistics analysis program that was developed by Urchin Software Corporation. Urchin analyzed web server log file content and displayed the traffic information on that website based upon the log data. Sales of Urchin products ended on March 28, 2012.
Urchin software could be run in two different data collection modes: log file analyzer or hybrid. As a log file analyzer, Urchin processed web server log files in a variety of log file formats. Custom file formats could also be defined. As a hybrid, Urchin combined page tags with log file data to eradicate the limitations of each data collection method in isolation. The result was more accurate web visitor data.
Urchin became one of the more popular solutions for website traffic analysis, particularly with ISPs and web hosting providers. This was largely due to its scalability in performance and its pricing model.
Urchin Software Corp. was acquired by Google in April 2005, forming Google Analytics. In April 2008, Google released Urchin 6. In February 2009, Google released Urchin 6.5, integrating AdWords. Urchin 7 was released in September 2010 and included 64-bit support, a new UI, and event tracking, among other features.
See also
UTM parameters
List of web analytics software
References
External links
Google software
Web analytics
Discontinued Google services
Web log analysis software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchin%20%28software%29 |
John of Viktring (, , ; 12 November 1347) was a late medieval chronicler and political advisor to Duke Henry of Carinthia.
Life
Nothing is known of John's early life; of aristocratic birth, he possibly was of Lorraine descendance from the area of Metz. Having received a thorough spiritual education, he was elected abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Viktring in Carinthia on 15 February 1312. His high-mindedness and distinction opened him the doors to the Carinthian nobility and administration. John served as a chaplain and confidential secretary to the Meinhardiner duke Henry of Carinthia; in 1330, he accompanied King John of Bohemia on his campaign from Tyrolean Innsbruck across the Brenner Pass to Trent, presumably at the behest of the Carinthian duke.
Upon the Henry's death in 1335, John journeyed to the Austrian city of Linz at the request of Henry's daughter, Countess Margaret of Tyrol, in order to defend her claims to her father's estates before the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV. Though Margaret could rely on her marriage with Prince John Henry of Luxembourg, the mission ultimately failed when the two Habsburg dukes, Albert II of Austria and his brother Otto the Merry, took possession of the contested Carinthian lands in her stead. The Austrian dukes thereby also became the lords of Viktring Abbey, they too learned to value the abbot's abilities and consulted him in all important government matters. John frequently stayed at their residence in Vienna as a confidential secretary until 1341, when he withdrew to the quiet of his Carinthian monastery to write a history of his own time. He also appeared as chaplain of Patriarch Bertram of Aquileia.
Work
His chronicle, which he titled Liber certarum historiarum ("Book of certain histories"), has come down to us in various forms. In its original form, as preserved in a manuscript at the Bavarian State Library in Munich, it is a history of the Austrian and Carinthian lands from the accession of the last Babenberg duke Frederick II the Warlike in 1230 until 1341, dedicated to the Habsburg duke Albert II. The information on the earlier period was based on the rhyming chronicle of the medieval historian Ottokar from Gaal and the works by Martin of Opava, while the rest was written from data which he himself had collected during his many travels.
In 1342, he enlarged the book into a chronicle of the Holy Roman Empire, which began with the year 1217. He rewrote it again in 1343, this time beginning with the Carolingian period. This revised work has only reached us through a later compilation, the so-called Chronicon Anonymi Leobiensis. John ranks among the most important chroniclers of the late Middle Ages. He was a very learned man and well acquainted with the Latin and Greek poets. His narrative is lucid, and his judgments on the events of his own time show great impartiality. He is influenced by Otto of Freising (d. 1158), and condemns in his chronicle the anti-Roman policy of Emperor Louis.
References
Fedor Schneider, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, rer. Germ. 36, two volumes, 1909/10;
Urban Bassi, Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung Johanns von Viktring, 1997; Neue Deutsche Biographie
1347 deaths
Austrian diplomats
Austrian abbots
Carinthia (state)
Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire
14th-century historians from the Holy Roman Empire
Cistercians
German diplomats
German abbots
Politicians from Klagenfurt
Year of birth uncertain
1270 births
14th-century German writers
14th-century writers in Latin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Viktring |
Fighter Squadron 33 (VF-33) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. Originally established on 11 October 1948 it was disestablished on 1 October 1993. It was the second U.S. Navy squadron to be designated VF-33.
VF-33 History
Korean War
The squadron was originally equipped with the Chance-Vought F4U-4 Corsair. It was assigned to Carrier Air Group Three (CVG-3) and made two deployments on the aircraft carrier . The first was to the Mediterranean Sea in mid-1950 quickly followed by a combat deployment to Korea from September 1950 to February 1951. For its action in the Korean War VF-33 earned the Navy Unit Citation. The squadron called themselves the "Tarsiers", after a fierce primate. The squadron affectionately called their tarsier "Minky".
Jet transition
Following its deployment to Korea VF-33 returned to the U.S. East Coast and transitioned to the F9F-6 Cougar. The squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Group Six (CVG-6) and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard the in 1954. After this tour the Tarsiers again transitioned to the FJ-3 Fury and made three deployments in 1956 and 1957 to the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, this time aboard the carriers , USS Leyte, and . Aboard Intrepid VF-33 took part in the NATO exercise Operation Strikeback.
In 1958 VF-33 transitioned to the supersonic F-11 Tiger and was renamed Astronauts. As part of CVG-6 VF-33 made two tours to the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Intrepid.
In early 1961 the squadron changed already to its fourth jet fighter in seven years, the F8U-1E Crusader, and changed its name back to Tarsiers. VF-33 took its F8U-1E (F-8B) again aboard Intrepid to the Mediterranean in 1961-62 and was then equipped with the F8U-2NE (F-8E) version. The squadron was then deployed aboard the , to the Mediterranean Sea in August 1962. However, Enterprise was recalled in October to reinforce the naval blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1963 Enterprise and CVW-6 were again deployed to the United States Sixth Fleet, before taking part in Operation Sea Orbit in 1964. This was the around-the-world cruise of the United States Navy's Task Force One, consisting of USS Enterprise, , and . This all-nuclear-powered unit steamed 56,606 km (30,565 nm) unrefuelled around the world for sixty-five days.
In 1964 the unit transitioned to the F-4 Phantom II and would fly the Phantom for the next seventeen years alongside its sister squadron VF-102. The first VF-33 Phantom was the F-4B, which they flew until 1967 at which time they moved up to the F-4J which featured better radar, higher thrust engines, slatted tailplanes, extra fuel cells and a larger main wheels to handle the increased weight. Between 1965 and 1968 Carrier Air Wing Six made the shakedown cruise and three deployments aboard the .
Vietnam operations
VF-33 deployed to the Vietnam War on board USS America from 10 April to 16 December 1968. During their time in the theatre VF-33 would drop over three million pounds of ordnance, flying 4000 combat hours over a period of 5 months. On 4 June F-4J #155554 was hit by antiaircraft fire, the pilot LT Eric Brice was killed in action, body not recovered, while the Radar Intercept Officer ejected successfully and was rescued. On 18 June F-4J #155546 was hit by a SAM-2, both crewmen ejected successfully and were rescued. On 10 July a squadron aircraft downed a Vietnam People's Air Force MiG-21, the first air-to-air kill by an East Coast Fighter Squadron over North Vietnam. On 24 July F-4J #155551 was hit by anti-aircraft fire, both crewmen ejected successfully and were rescued.
Middle East crises
After their return, VF-33 was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven, and made eight deployments aboard the to the Mediterranean between 1969 and 1981.
In September 1970 Independence, , and were deployed to the Middle East in case of any crisis evolving after the death of the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. A real crisis finally evolved in 1973 when Israel took heavy losses during the Yom Kippur War. To support Israel the U.S. initiated Operation Nickel Grass, which was an overt strategic airlift operation conducted by the United States to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel. Military Airlift Command shipped 22,325 tons of tanks, artillery, ammunition, and supplies in C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft between 12 October and 14 November 1973. The USAF planes only flew over international waters and were escorted by U.S. Navy fighters over the Mediterranean, provided by CVW-1 (on John F. Kennedy), CVW-6 (on ) and CVW-7. The carriers operated about every 500 km, Independence operating as the easternmost carrier off Crete. The carriers also served as refueling stops for A-4E Skyhawk fighters, which were taken from U.S. Navy stocks to replace the losses of the Israeli Air Force.
VF-33 won several awards including the CNO Safety Award in 1969 and 1970 and during the 1975–1976 cruise they won the Golden Tailhook Award as the Navy recognised their skill at carrier landing. In February 1979 VF-33 had flown three years without accident. In early 1979 VF-33 also operated from the during that carrier's shakedown cruise.
Tomcat transition
In 1981 VF-33 transitioned to the F-14A Tomcat along with VF-102 and joined Carrier Air Wing One assigned to USS America. Until 1992 VF-33 made twelve deployments with CVW-1 aboard the America to the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Their first deployment was a grueling North Atlantic NATO deployment (Northern Wedding) between August and October 1982. VF-33 has used stars as part of their tail markings since the Crusader days and settled on a large star for their latter F-4 tenure and as the main symbol on the Tomcat. In 1987, they abandoned "Minky" and changed their name from Tarsiers to Starfighters, which was their radio callsign. The new patch featured a large star with a head-on view of a Tomcat. On 20 August 1985 VF-33 was the first squadron to complete 50 missile firings without a single failure.
Gulf of Sidra operations
In March 1986 VF-33 would bring their F-14s into a combat environment for the first time on board USS America with Carrier Air Wing 1 as they took part in Operation Attain Document in the Mediterranean Sea alongside the Saratoga and . VF-33 engaged two Libyan MiG-25s with intent on shooting down the F-14s, but the Tomcats outmaneuvered the Libyans and ended behind the Libyan fighters, but the pilots did not have permission to open fire. Along with VF-102 they provided air cover during the operation as the carrier group moved into the Gulf of Sidra, which was claimed by Libya to be the Line of Death. Libya claimed its territorial waters extended across the entire Gulf of Sidra as opposed to the internationally recognised limit of 12 miles, and because of this claim, any airplane or ship within these waters was alleged to be in Libyan territory and liable to attack. US carriers occasionally challenged this assertion resulting in the first VF-41 Tomcat engagements with Libyan fighters in August 1981.
On 15 April 1986, after a terrorist attack on disco hall La Belle in Berlin, killing two American servicemen and a Turkish woman, President Ronald Reagan ordered airstrikes, called Operation El Dorado Canyon, against targets in Libya. F-111 bombers based at RAF Lakenheath and RAF Upper Heyford in the United Kingdom attacked targets in Tripoli while U.S. Navy A-6 Intruders from America and Coral Sea attacked targets in Benghazi. Navy and United States Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornets and Navy A-7’s attacked surface-to-air missile sites with AGM-88 HARM missiles. F-14 squadrons deployed in the Mediterranean, including VF-33, flew cover for the strike force. In 1986, VF-33 flew 895 continuous sorties without an abort.
In 1987 VF-33 made a short cruise on board the Navy’s newest carrier, the . After workups in 1988, VF-33 deployed on board America to the North Atlantic in February 1989, and again for a six-month Med-IO cruise from May through November. In February 1990 VF-33 made a two and a half month transit from San Diego to Philadelphia Naval Shipyard aboard providing fighter protection as the carrier made the journey around the southern tip of South America. VF-33 took part in several joint "Gringo-Gaucho" Exercises with South American nations during the transit.
Desert Storm operations
When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, four aircraft carriers were deployed to the region to provide carrier based air support for Operation Desert Shield. As the deadline for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait approached in January 1991, Theodore Roosevelt and America deployed to the region via the Suez Canal. VF-33 deployed with USS America arriving just as Operation Desert Storm commenced. America flew sorties alongside John F. Kennedy and Saratoga in the Red Sea before moving to the Persian Gulf to join USS Midway, and Theodore Roosevelt. VF-33 and VF-102 were the only Tomcat squadrons to fly missions from both the Red Sea and Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm.
Disestablishment
In 1993 a VF-33 airframe became the first F-14 to log 5,000 flight hours. When the Navy decided to assign only a single TARPS Tomcat squadron per carrier air wing after the end of the Cold War, VF-33 was not TARPS capable and despite the squadron's success in Desert Storm, it was disestablished on 1 October 1993. However, the tradition of VF-33 lives on through a very active alumni group that hosts a website and periodic reunions.
Gallery
See also
History of the United States Navy
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
Dale Snodgrass
References
External links
VF-33 History
Combat history of the F-14 - Operations Against Libya
VF-33 Reunion Website
List of USN aces of WW II
WWII USN Squadron patches and badges
Strike fighter squadrons of the United States Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-33 |
The Lwów Ghetto (; ) was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) in the territory of Nazi-administered General Government in German-occupied Poland.
The ghetto, set up in the second half of 1941, was liquidated in June 1943; all its inhabitants who survived prior killings were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp.
Background
Lviv (Polish: Lwów) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted just over 50 percent of the population, with Jews at 32 percent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 percent (49,747). On 28 September 1939, after the joint Soviet-German invasion, the USSR and Germany signed the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty, which assigned about 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lviv was then annexed to the Soviet Union. At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city; the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland in late 1939. All along the German-Soviet front, the Soviet secret police (the NKVD) engaged in mass murder of prisoners, in what later became known as the NKVD prisoner massacres. According to estimates by contemporary historians, the number of victims in Western Ukraine was probably between 10,000 and 40,000, with at least two-thirds of them ethnic Ukrainians.
German invasion and pogroms
Lviv was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in the early hours of 30 June 1941. That day, Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the NKVD's victims from the three local jails. During the morning of 30 June, an ad hoc Ukrainian People's Militia was formed in the city. It included OUN activists who had moved in from Kraków with the Germans, OUN members who lived in Lviv, and former Soviet policemen—who had either decided to switch sides or who were OUN members that had infiltrated the Soviet police. A full-blown pogrom began on the next day, 1 July. Jews were taken from their apartments, made to clean streets on their hands and knees, or perform rituals that identified them with Communism. Jews continued to be brought to the three prisons, first to exhume the bodies and then to be killed. Sub-units of Einsatzgruppe C arrived on 2 July, at which point violence escalated further. The SS death squad conducted a series of mass-murder operations which continued for the next few days.
A second pogrom took place in the last days of July 1941 and was named the "Petlura Days" after the assassinated Ukrainian leader and pogromist Symon Petliura. This pogrom was organized by the Nazis, but carried out by the Ukrainians, as a prologue to the total annihilation of the Jewish population of Lwów. Somewhere in the neighborhood of between 5,000–7,000 Jews were brutally beaten and more than 2,000 murdered in this massacre. In addition, some 3,000 persons, mostly Jews, were executed in the municipal stadium by the German military.
The ghetto
Following the Nazi takeover, SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Katzmann became the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of Lwów. On his orders the ghetto called Jüdischer Wohnbezirk was established on 8 November 1941 in the northern part of the city. Some 80,000 Jews were ordered to move there by 15 December 1941 and all Poles and Ukrainians to move out. Zamarstynów (now Zamarstyniv) neighborhood was designated to form the Jewish quarter. Before the beginning of World War II it was one of the poorest suburbs of Lwów. German police also began a series of "selections" in an operation called "Action under the bridge" - 5,000 elderly and sick Jews were shot as they crossed under the rail bridge on Pełtewna Street (called bridge of death by the Jews) moving slowly toward the gate. Eventually, between 110,000 and 120,000 Jews were forced into the new ghetto. The living conditions there were extremely poor, coupled with severe overcrowding. For example, food rations allocated to the Jews were estimated to equal only 10% of the German and 50% of the Ukrainian or Polish rations.
The Germans established a Jewish police force called the Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst Lemberg wearing dark blue Polish police uniforms from before World War II, but with the Polish insignia replaced by a Magen David and the new letters J.O.L. in various positions on their uniform. They were given rubber truncheons. Their ranks numbered from 500 to 750 policemen. The Jewish police force answered to the Jewish National city council known as the Judenrat, which in turn answered to the Gestapo.
Deportations
The Lemberg Ghetto was one of the first to have Jews transported to the death camps as part of Aktion Reinhard. Between 16 March and 1 April 1942, approximately 15,000 Jews were taken to the Kleparów railway station and deported to the Belzec extermination camp. Following these initial deportations, and death by disease and random shootings, around 86,000 Jews officially remained in the ghetto, though there were many more not recorded. During this period, many Jews were also forced to work for the Wehrmacht and the ghetto's German administration, especially in the nearby Janowska labor camp. On 24–25 June 1942, 2,000 Jews were taken to the labor camp; only 120 were used for forced labor, and all of the others were shot.
Between 10 and 31 August 1942, the "Great Aktion" was carried out, where between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews were rounded up, gathered at transit point placed in Janowska camp and then deported to Belzec. Many who were not deported, including local orphans and hospital inpatients, were shot. On 1 September 1942 the Gestapo hanged the head of Lwów’s Judenrat and members of the ghetto's Jewish police force on balconies of Judenrat's building at Łokietka street and Hermana street corner. Around 65,000 Jews remained while winter approached with no heating or sanitation, leading to an outbreak of typhus.
Between 5 and 7 January 1943, another 15,000-20,000 Jews, including the last members of the Judenrat, were shot outside of the town on the orders of Fritz Katzmann. After this aktion in January 1943 Judenrat was dissolved, that what remained of the ghetto was renamed Judenlager Lemberg (Jewish Camp Lwów), thus formally redesigned as labor camp with about 12,000 legal Jews, able to work in the German war industry and several thousands illegal Jews (mainly women, children and elderly) hiding in it.
At the beginning of June 1943 Germans decided to end the existence of the Jewish quarter and its inhabitants. As Nazis entered the ghetto they met some sporadic acts of armed resistance, facing grenades and Molotov cocktails. The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators lost 9 killed and 20 wounded. However, most of the Jews were trying to hide themselves in earlier prepared hideouts (so called bunkers). In effect many buildings were suffused with gasoline and burned in order to "flush out" Jews from their hiding places. Some Jews managed to escape or to conceal themselves in the sewer system.
By the time that the Soviet Red Army entered Lwów on 26 July 1944, only a few hundred Jews remained in the city. The number varies from 200 to 900 (823 according to data of Jewish Provisional Committee in Lwów, from 1945).
Among its notable inhabitants was Chaim Widawski, who disseminated news about the war picked up with an illegal radio. Polish Olympic football player Leon Sperling was shot to death by the Nazis in the ghetto in December 1941. Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal was one of the best-known Jewish inhabitants of Lemberg Ghetto to survive the war (as his memoirs The Executioners Among Us indicate, he was saved from execution by a Ukrainian policeman), though he was later transported to a concentration camp, rather than remaining in the ghetto.
Some local gentiles attempted to aid and shelter the Jews. Kazimiera Nazarewicz, a Polish nanny hired by a Jewish family, sheltered their daughter throughout the war, and delivered aid to her parents who were imprisoned in the ghetto. After the war, Nazarewicz became one of the recipients of the Righteous Among the Nations title. Leopold Socha and Stefan Wróblewski, laborers maintaining the municipal sewage system, organized in their shelters for 21 one Jews who survived the ghetto's liquidation; 10 of them survived the war. Socha, Wróblewski and their wives received the Righteous titles after the war. Another Righteous, Miroslav Kravchuk, with the help of some acquaintances, shelter his Jewish ex-wife, and some of their other family members and acquaintances. Kravchuk survived 6-month imprisonment by Gestapo following their arrest of him under the suspicion of him helping Jews.
See also
In Darkness 2011 historical drama by David F. Shamoon and Agnieszka Holland
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
The Holocaust in Poland
World War II casualties of Poland
Notes
References
A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. The documentary includes 60 historical pictures. 1932-1944, Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine)
Aharon Weiss, Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol. 3, pp. 928–931. Map, photos
Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) - online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian
Further reading
Marek Herman, From the Alps to the Red Sea. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers and Beit Lohamei Haghetaot, 1985. pp. 14–60
Dawid Kahane, Lvov Ghetto Diary. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990. (Published in Hebrew as Yoman getto Lvov, Jerusalem:Yad Vashem, 1978)
Dr Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich, Nr 4, Łódź 1945
Weiss, Jakob, The Lemberg Mosaic. New York : Alderbrook Press, 2010.
Chiger, Krystyna, The Girl in the Green sweater: A life in Holocaust's Shadow, Macmillan, 2010.
Leon Weliczker Wells, The Janowska Road (original publication Macmillan, 1963). Amazon: Halo Pr, 1999.
External links
US Holocaust Museum information on Lviv
Database of names from the Lviv Ghetto
History of Lviv
Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland
1941 establishments in Ukraine
1943 disestablishments in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w%20Ghetto |
Livonia Transmission is a Ford Motor Company transmission factory in Livonia, Michigan. It is located at 36200 Plymouth Road. The plant sits on 182 acres and totals 3.3 million square feet of enclosed floorspace, making it the largest transmission plant in North America.
Products
Ford 6R Transmission
Ford 10R Transmission
Ford 8f Transmission
See also
List of Ford factories
External links
Map:
Ford factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Livonia, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia%20Transmission |
The Grail Movement is an organization which originated in Germany in the late 1940s, inspired by the work of the self-proclaimed Messiah Oskar Ernst Bernhardt (also known by his pen name Abd-ru-shin), principally In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message. Abd-ru-shin did not establish the organization; the Movement as it exists today was formally organized by followers.
The Grail Movement is a new spiritual movement dedicated to the dissemination and spread of the work In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message by Abd-ru-shin. Most members reside in 16 countries across Europe, primarily Germany and France, with the Grail Movement reporting hundreds of members in Britain and in the USA. It can also be found in Canada, Brazil, and is currently established in 22 African countries such as Nigeria, Zaire (DR Congo) and Côte d'Ivoire, as well as in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Ecuador amongst others.
Worldwide, there are approximately 10,000 members of the Grail Movement. A declaration of the personal commitment to adhere to the principles of the Grail Message can be made by a request for the "Sealing", a Grail Act (ceremony) that takes place during one of three annual Grail Festivals. This, however, is a personal decision on the part of the individual and leads neither to commitment to an organization nor to formal links with other adherents.
Background
The Grail Movement had its beginnings when Oskar Ernst Bernhardt took up residence in Vomperberg, Tyrol (Austria) in 1928 in order to focus on the writing of his major work "In the Light of Truth" - The Grail Message (as Abd Ru Shin), which was then followed by other works.
The establishment of the Grail Settlement on Vomperberg came about when groups of readers of The Grail Message, wishing to live and work in his immediate vicinity, took up residence there. The Settlement developed gradually; adding residences, work, and administration buildings, then a small hall with seating for about 300 people. This hall was used by Abd-ru-shin for Sunday Hours of Worship and for the three annual Grail Festivals, Easter Festival etc., to which adherents of the Grail Message also journeyed.
This development was interrupted in 1938 when the Nazi regime annexed Austria and expropriated the Grail Settlement. Abd-ru-shin was arrested on the first day of the annexation and taken to Innsbruck prison. All residents were expelled so that the Settlement could be used as a Nazi training camp. Abd-ru-shin was eventually released but kept under house arrest and surveillance until he died in 1941 in Kipsdorf, Germany.
It was not until late in 1945 when the Allies returned the Settlement to his widow Maria Bernhardt that new development began. During this time, the term "Grail Movement" was in common use, as a group designation for adherents of the Grail Message. Over the years, national Grail Movements have formed in many countries, some of which, (e.g., Canada, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Congo (Zaire), and Nigeria) have built their own Halls of Worship although Abd-ru-shin had explicitly stated in his writings that he had not come to establish a new religion.
Publications
Grail Movement books
In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message, Vol. 1 (Paperback). Abd-ru-shin, Grail Foundation Press, 1998,
The Ten Commandments of God and The Lord's Prayer, Abd-ru-shin, Grail Foundation Press,1995,
Knowledge for the World of Tomorrow, Herbert Vollmann, Grail Message Foundation, Germany, 1975,
What Lies Behind It...?, Herbert Vollmann, Grail Message Foundation, 1977,
Concerning Grail Activities, Herbert Vollmann, Grail Acres Publishing Co Ltd, 1998,
From the Heart of Africa, Irmingard Bernhardt, Grail Message Foundation, Grail Acres Publishing Co Ltd, 1981,
References
Bibliography
Kurt Hutten: Seher - Grübler - Enthusiasten. 1997, , S. 531–549
Helmut Obst: Apostel und Propheten der Neuzeit – Gründer christlicher Religionsgemeinschaften des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. 4., stark erweiterte und aktualisierte Auflage. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000,
Andreas Plagge: "Bernhardt, Oskar Ernst". In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 22, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, , Sp. 120–122, .
Georg Schmid: Kirchen, Sekten, Religionen. 2003, , S. 219–221
Lothar Gassmann: Zukunft, Zeit, Zeichen. Aufruf zur Wachsamkaeit, Verlag für Reformatorische Erneurung, Kaiserstr.78, D-42329 Wuppertal, 103 Seiten, .
Patrick Diemling: Neuoffenbarungen Religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf Texte und Medien des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2012, .
External links
The Grail Foundation
The Grail Message
The International Grail Movement
Westchester Investment Advisor Bilked Fellow Church Members: SEC
1940s in Austria
Apocalyptic groups
Christian new religious movements
New religious movements
Reincarnation
Self-declared messiahs
Social movements in Austria
Spiritual organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grail%20Movement |
Pat O'Shea (22 January 1931 – 3 May 2007) was an Irish children's fiction writer. She was born in Galway and was the youngest of five children. Her first novel was the best-selling The Hounds of the Morrigan, which took 13 years to complete. It was finally published in 1985 by Oxford University Press, translated into five languages, and is still considered a classic of children's literature.
Biography
O'Shea (née Patricia Mary Shiels) was born in the Bohermore area of Galway and attended Presentation National School and the Convent of Mercy Secondary School. She was the youngest of five children. Her mother died when O'Shea was a small child, and she and the other children were brought up by her older sister.
At 16 she followed her siblings to England and decided to stay there, getting a job in a bookshop in Manchester. She began to write theatre plays and received a bursary in 1967 from the British Art Council.
Her writing for the theatre was supported by David Scase, director of the Library Theatre, Manchester, and his successor Tony Colegate, and four of her one-act plays were produced by the Library Theatre. Her play The King's Ears was commissioned by BBC Northern Ireland. In 1971 she worked on a sketch comedy show for Granada Television called Flat Earth, but this was not successful.
In 1969 she had begun to write short stories and poetry, as well as a comic novel (unpublished). By the early 1970s she began writing The Hounds of the Morrigan to please herself and family and friends, with little expectation of getting it published. It took O'Shea ten years to complete her novel. By 1985, it had already been translated into several languages.
In poor health by the time of that novel's first sudden success, she completed only a few chapters of the unpublished sequel in the subsequent decades, although her obituary in The Guardian calls these "brilliant".
In 1988 O'Shea published a second children's book, Finn Mac Cool and the Small Men of Deeds, through the publisher Holiday. It was a retelling of folklore tales, illustrated by Stephen Lavis. In 1987 Horn Book Magazine included it in their annual list of notable children's books, giving it a Horn Book Fanfare Best books of the year award.
In 1999 she published her third (and final) book, The Magic Bottle (Scholastic). It was also illustrated by Lavis.
She married JJ (Jack) O'Shea in 1953, but they separated in 1962. They had one son, Jim. Pat O'Shea died in Manchester in 2007, at age 76.
Published books
References
External links
1931 births
2007 deaths
Irish children's writers
Irish women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20O%27Shea%20%28author%29 |
German immigration to Puerto Rico began in the early part of the 19th century and continued to increase when German businessmen immigrated and established themselves with their families on the island.
However, it was the economic and political situation in Europe during the early 19th century plus the fact that the Spanish Crown re-issued the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) which now allowed Europeans who were not of Spanish origin to immigrate to the island that contributed the most to the immigration of hundreds of German families to Puerto Rico in search of a better life.
Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United State under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War, and the U.S. established military bases there.
Many soldiers of German-American background stationed in the island upon encountering Puerto Ricans of German ancestry quickly made social contact with them. Not surprisingly, many of them stayed on the island and married into local families that had been established for decades since their own arrival from Germany.
With the passage of the Jones Act of 1917 Puerto Ricans could be conscripted to serve in the Armed Forces of the United States. As a result, Puerto Ricans fought in Germany during World War II and have served in U.S. military installations in said country since then.
Many of these soldiers married German women who eventually moved to the island with their families. Puerto Ricans of German descent have distinguished themselves in different fields, among them the fields of science, business and the military.
Early German immigration
According to Professor Úrsula Schmidt-Acosta, German immigrants arrived in Puerto Rico from Curaçao and Austria during the early 19th century. Many of these early German immigrants established warehouses and businesses in the coastal towns of Fajardo, Arroyo, Ponce, Mayagüez, Cabo Rojo and Aguadilla. One of the reasons that these businessmen established themselves in the island was that Germany depended mostly on Great Britain for such products as coffee, sugar and tobacco. By establishing businesses dedicated to the exportation and importation of these and other goods, Germany no longer had to pay the high tariffs which the British charged them. Not all of the immigrants were businessmen; some were teachers, farmers and skilled laborers.
Situation in 19th century Europe
Economic situation
Many economic and political changes occurred in Europe during the latter part of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, changes which affected the lives of millions of people. One of these changes came about with the advent of the Second Industrial Revolution. Many people who worked the farmlands abandoned their homes and moved to the larger, industrialized cities with the hope of finding better paying jobs. Those who continued to work in the agricultural sector suffered the consequences of the widespread crop failures which came about as the result of long periods of drought and disease, the cholera epidemic and a general deterioration of economic conditions. Starvation and unemployment were on the rise.
Political situation
Europe also faced a series of revolutionary movements known as the European Revolutions of 1848 which erupted in Sicily and then were further triggered by the French Revolution of 1848. Soon the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states erupted, leading to the Frankfurt Parliament. Ultimately, the rather non-violent "revolutions" failed. Disappointed, many Germans immigrated to the Americas and Puerto Rico, dubbed the Forty-Eighters. The majority of these came from Alsace-Lorraine, Baden, Hesse, Rheinland and Württemberg.
Spanish Royal Decree of Graces
The Spanish Crown had lost most of its possessions in the Americas. Its two remaining colonies were Cuba and Puerto Rico, who were demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements. The Spanish Crown issued the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) which was promulgated on August 10, 1815, with the intention of attracting European settlers who were not of Spanish origin to the islands. The Spanish government, believing that the independence movements would lose their popularity, granted land and gave "Letters of Domicile" to German, Corsican, Irish, and French settlers who swore loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. After a period of five years, settlers were granted a "Letter of Naturalization" that made them Spanish subjects.
Religious influence
In the early 19th century, German immigrants introduced the "Christmas tree" to the Americas. The custom of adorning Christmas trees in Puerto Rico began in the city of Bayamón in 1866 when Dr. Agustín Stahl adorned a Christmas tree in his backyard. The people of Bayamón baptized his tree "El Árbol de Navidad del Doctor Stahl" (Dr. Stahl's Christmas tree).
In 1870, the Spanish Courts passed the "Acta de Culto Condicionado" (Conditional Cult Act), a law granting the right of religious freedom to all those who wished to worship another religion other than the Catholic religion.
The Anglican Church, the Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad, was founded by German and English immigrants in Ponce in 1872. Among the original founders was G. V. Wiecher, who wrote to the Anglican Bishop of Antigua, W. W. Jackson, requesting a Spanish-speaking priest for their church. The church, which is located on Calle Marina (Marina Street) was the first non-Roman Catholic Church established in the Spanish Colonies and is currently an operating parish, as well as a tourist attraction. Albert and Betty Ostrom began training Puerto Ricans for pastoral service in the Lutheran Church of Puerto Rico from 1905 to 1931.
The Mennonite Church, which began with the Anabaptists in the German and Dutch-speaking parts of central Europe in the 16th century, also established congregations in Puerto Rico. The first Mennonite congregation in Puerto Rico, named Bethany (Betania) Mennonite Church, was founded in 1946 in Coamo, Puerto Rico. The first meetinghouse was a tabernacle-type church, built in 1946 and pastored by Paul Lauver. It was replaced in 1949 and by 1958 had 111 members. In 1957, a church was built in Cayey, Puerto Rico, called the Guavate Mennonite Church, replacing a smaller structure of the Guavate Mennonite Church which was founded in 1954 and destroyed in 1956.
There is a Mennonite School in Summit Hill and a Mennonite Church in San Juan. In the town of Aibonito, the Puerto Rican Mennonites established their first hospital and conference center. As of 1986 the conference had 893 members in 16 congregations with churches in Ponce and Bayamón.
German cuisine
In recent years, two commercial establishments in Puerto Rico became gathering places for Puerto Rico's German community, the more than half-century old Zipperle's Restaurant in San Juan, and the Casa Bavaria restaurant located in the central mountain range (Cordillera Central) in Morovis, visited in 2008 by President Bill Clinton. Puerto Rican-German cuisine can also be found in Heidelberg Haus German Restaurant in Río Grande and Carolina and at Das Alpen Cafe, in the town of Rincón.
Influence on the economy
The descendants of the first Spanish settlers owned most of the land in the coastal areas. Most prominently, Mallorcans, Galicians and Basques from the Iberian Peninsula settled in these areas. However, many well-to-do German immigrants also settled in this coastal area where they quickly established successful businesses in the coastal towns of Fajardo, Arroyo, Ponce, Mayagüez, Cabo Rojo, Quebradillas, Rincón, Arecibo and Aguadilla.
Other German immigrants who arrived in Puerto Rico to claim the free land that the Spanish government offered under the terms of the Spanish Royal Decree settled in the central mountainous areas of the island in towns such as Adjuntas, Aibonito, Lares, Utuado, San Sebastián and Ciales, among others where their descendants are today.
Many of these interior-island German settlers made their fortunes cultivating large agricultural enterprises in this sector and in some cases became owners of sugar cane and tobacco plantations. Others dedicated themselves to the fishing export industry in certain parts of Europe, such as Scandinavia. Among these German settlers in Puerto Rico was Johann Kifenhover, who in 1832 established a school in San Juan while other German settlers, such as Adolfo Rauschenplatt, founded sugarcane export businesses...
In 1915, a German immigrant named Walter Tischer married Carmen Vargas Alayón and opened a ballet school in San Juan which still exists today. Other German-founded businesses in Puerto Rico included Mullenhoff & Korber, Frite, Lundt & Co., Max Meyer & Co., Feddersen Willenk & Co., Korber Group Inc.
and many others. One of Puerto Rico's largest advertising agencies was founded by the descendants of William Korber.
Unlike their countrymen who settled in the United States or in much larger South American colonial outposts in Brazil and Argentina in often isolated and close-knit communities, the German immigrants arriving in Puerto Rico moved quickly to marry into the most prosperous and upper-class families who were already the successful entrepreneurial class on the island. These descendants of earlier European immigrants (typically of Peninsular and Maritime Spanish Provinces, French, Dutch, Basque and Irish ancestry) helped the German immigrants adapt quickly to the language and customs of the island, thereby integrating themselves into the society of their new homeland.
20th century
On December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. The former Spanish military bases were transferred to the United States and many of the American soldiers of German-American descent (and other European-Americans) stationed on the island easily established social contacts and very frequently married into middle class and upper-class families and established their homes there.
With the passage of the Jones Act of 1917 Puerto Ricans were required to serve in the Armed Forces of the United States. As a result, Puerto Ricans fought in Germany during World War II as members of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment and continued to serve in Germany as members of the regular Army after the war on military bases throughout Germany.
Many of these Puerto Rican soldiers became fluent in German while stationed there and very frequently married German women who, as in the case of Dr. Úrsula Acosta, eventually moved to the island with their Puerto Rican husbands. Dr. Úrsula Acosta was a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. As a member of the Puerto Rican Genealogy Society, she has studied and written many works on genealogy and the German influence in Puerto Rico. Among her works are the following:
Familias de Cabo Rojo, 1983 (with David Enrique Cuesta Camacho);
Cabo Rojo: Notas para su historia (with Antonio "Mao" Ramos Ramírez de Arellano);
New Voices of Old: Five Centuries of Puerto Rican Cultural History, 1987;
Cofresí y Ducoudray: Dos hombres al margen de la historia, 1991.
By the beginning of the 20th century, many of the descendants of these earlier German settlers had become successful and prominent businessmen, philanthropists, educators/academicians, international entrepreneurs, and scientists and were among the pioneers of Puerto Rico's television and mass media and journalism industries of today.
German influence in Puerto Rican and popular culture
Besides having distinguished careers in agriculture and the military, Puerto Ricans of German descent have made many other contributions to the Puerto Rican way of life. Their contributions can be found, but are not limited to, the fields of education, commerce, politics, science and entertainment.
Puerto Rican politics has been influenced by the contributions of politicians such as Federico Degetau, Erwin Kiess, Henry Neumann, Kimberly "Kimmie" Raschke, Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez, and the President of the Puerto Rican Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz. Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff, relative of the late Germán Rieckehoff, president of the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee, was the President of the New York City chapter of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party in the 1930s.
Puerto Rican scientist Dr. Agustín Stahl worked in the fields of ethnology, botany and zoology. Dr. Sixto González Edick was named Director of the Arecibo Observatory, the world's largest single dish radio telescope.
Two brothers from the Riefkohl family had distinguished military careers. They were Frederick Lois and Rudolph W. Riefkohl. Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl, U.S. Navy, was the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the United States Naval Academy and in World War I he also became the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Navy Cross. His brother, Colonel Rudolph W. Riefkohl, U.S. Army, played an instrumental role in helping the people of Poland overcome the 1919 typhus epidemic. Major General Luis R. Estéves Völckers, U.S. Army, became the first Puerto Rican and Hispanic to graduate from the United States Military Academy in 1915. Estéves Völckers also organized the Puerto Rican National Guard. Colonel Virgil R. Miller, U.S. Army, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team (RCT), a unit which was composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II. He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division, in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France. Rear Admiral George E. Mayer, U.S. Navy, was the first Hispanic Commander of the Naval Safety Center. He led an international naval exercise known as Baltic Operations (BALTOPS) 2003 from his flagship, the USS Vella Gulf (CG-72). It was the first time in the thirty-one year history of BALTOPS that the exercise included combined ground troops from Russia, Poland, Denmark and the United States.
German Consular Presence in Puerto Rico
The Federal Republic of Germany maintains an official presence in Puerto Rico through the appointment of an Honorary Consul, who falls under the jurisdiction of the German Consul General in Miami. The current Honorary Consul, installed in a 2010 ceremony attended by Puerto Rico Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock and the Consul General, is Eric Stubbe.
Surnames of the first German families in Puerto Rico
The German element in Puerto Rico is very much in evidence and German surnames such as Herger and Rieckehoff are common in the island. The following are the surnames of the first German families to settle in Puerto Rico:
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
German Confederation
References
External links
German Genealogy: Germans in the United States of America
German influence in Puerto Rico
Royal Decree of Graces / Real Cedula
German Caribbean
Puerto Rico
Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
European Puerto Rican
19th century in Germany
Immigration to Puerto Rico
Social history of Puerto Rico
20th century in Puerto Rico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20immigration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico |
Jeffrey Jackson Bell is an American writer and producer best known for his work on television. He began his career writing for The X-Files, where he stayed for three seasons, then became a writer/director/producer on Angel, becoming its showrunner for the final two seasons.
He served as executive producer on the pilot episode for the V remake, his first project in a 2009-10 deal with Warner Bros. Television. From 2013 until 2020, Bell served as a co-showrunner and writer of the Marvel Television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Personal life
Bell was born in Indiana, studied design and photography at the University of Cincinnati, then moved to California, receiving MFA from the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television in 1990. His 20-minute MFA thesis film, Radio Inside, was adapted into a feature film of the same name starring Elisabeth Shue and William McNamara and released in 1994.
Bell is a visiting assistant professor for the UCLA Producers Program.
Episodes written
The following is a partial list of television episodes written by Bell.
The X-Files
6.08 "The Rain King" (writer)
6.16 "Alpha" (writer)
7.06 "The Goldberg Variation" (writer)
7.09 "Signs & Wonders" (writer)
8.10 "Salvage" (writer)
Angel
3.02 "That Vision Thing" (writer)
3.06 "Billy" (co-writer)
3.08 "Quickening" (writer)
3.14 "Couplet" (co-writer)
3.17 "Forgiving" (writer)
3.20 "A New World" (writer)
4.04 "Slouching Toward Bethlehem" (writer)
4.08 "Habeas Corpses" (writer)
4.12 "Calvary" (co-writer)
4.16 "Players" (co-writer)
4.19 "The Magic Bullet" (writer/director)
5.06 "The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco" (writer/director)
5.22 "Not Fade Away" (co-writer/director)
Alias
4.04 "Ice" (writer/director)
4.12 "The Orphan" (co-writer)
4.20 "The Descent" (writer/director)
5.06 "Solo" (writer/director)
Day Break
1.08 "What If He's Not Alone?" (writer)
1.12 "What If She's the Key?" (writer)
Harper's Island
1.02 "Crackle" (writer)
1.07 "Thrack, Splat, Sizzle" (writer)
1.12 "Sigh" (writer)
Spartacus: War of the Damned
3.09 "The Dead and the Dying" (writer)
The Protector
1.01 "Pilot" (writer)
1.04 "Spoons" (writer)
1.13 "Safe" (writer)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
1.02 "0-8-4" (writer)
1.04 "Eye Spy" (writer)
1.14 "T.A.H.I.T.I." (writer)
1.21 "Ragtag" (writer)
2.10 "What They Become" (writer)
2.21 "S.O.S. Part 1" (writer)
3.10 "Maveth" (writer)
4.06 "The Good Samaritan" (writer)
4.22 "World's End" (writer)
5.12 "The Real Deal" (co-writer)
6.08 "Collision Course (Part I)" (co-writer)
7.12 "The End Is at Hand" (writer)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male television writers
Living people
People from Indiana
University of Cincinnati alumni
UCLA Film School alumni
Screenwriters from Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Bell |
The sphenoid sinus is a paired paranasal sinus occurring within the body of the sphenoid bone. It represents one pair of the four paired paranasal sinuses. The pair of sphenoid sinuses are separated in the middle by a septum of sphenoid sinuses. Each sphenoid sinus communicates with the nasal cavity via the opening of sphenoidal sinus. The two sphenoid sinuses vary in size and shape, and are usually asymmetrical.
Anatomy
On average, a sphenoid sinus measures 2.2 cm vertical height, 2 cm in transverse breadth; and 2.2 cm antero-posterior depth.
Each spehoid sinus is contained within the body of sphenoid bone, being situated just inferior to the sella turcica. The two sphenoid sinuses are separated medially by the septum of sphenoidal sinuses (which is usually asymmetrical).
An opening of sphenoidal sinus forms a passage between each sphenoidal sinus, and the nasal cavity. Posteriorly, an opening of sphenoidal sinus opens into the sphenoidal sinus by an aperture high on the anterior wall the sinus; anteriorly, an opening of sphenoidal sinus opens into the roof of the nasal cavity via an aperture on the posterior wall of the sphenoethmoidal recess (occurring just superior the choana).
Innervation
The mucous membrane receives sensory innervation from the posterior ethmoidal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)), and branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2).
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve that synapsed at the pterygopalatine ganglion control mucus secretion.
Anatomical relations
Proximal structures include: the optic canal and optic nerve, internal carotid artery, cavernous sinus, trigeminal nerve, pituitary gland, and the anterior ethmoidal cells.
Anatomical variation
The sphenoid sinuses vary in size and shape, and, owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum of sphenoid sinuses, are rarely symmetrical.
When exceptionally large, the sphenoid sinuses may extend into the roots of the pterygoid processes or greater wings of sphenoid bone, and may invade the basilar part of the occipital bone.
The septum of the sphenoidal sinuses may be partially or completely absent. Additional incomplete septa may also be present.
Development
The sphenoidal sinuses are minute at birth; their main development takes place after puberty.
Clinical significance
The spehnoid sinuses cannot be palpated during an extraoral examination.
A potential complication of sphenoidal sinusitis is cavernous sinus thrombosis.
If a fast-growing tumor erodes the floor of the sphenoidal sinus, the vidian nerve could be in danger. If the tumor spreads laterally, the cavernous sinus and all its constituent nerves could be in danger.
An endonasal surgical procedure called a sphenoidotomy may be carried out to enlarge the sphenoid sinus, usually in order to drain it.
Transsphenoidal surgery
Because only thin shelves of bone separate the sphenoidal sinuses from the nasal cavities below and hypophyseal fossa above, the pituitary gland can be surgically approached through the roof of the nasal cavities by first passing through the anterioinferior aspect of the sphenoid bone and into the sinuses, followed by entry through the top of the sphenoid bone into the hypophyseal fossa.
References
External links
()
Bones of the head and neck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid%20sinus |
Steven S. DeKnight (born October 28, 1965) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for being the creator, head writer, and executive producer of the Starz series Spartacus, including Spartacus: Blood and Sand, Spartacus: Gods of the Arena, Spartacus: Vengeance, and Spartacus: War of the Damned, as well as developing Jupiter's Legacy for Netflix.
Career
DeKnight previously worked on Smallville, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Angel. He also wrote "Swell", a story in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight comic series, and served as a consulting producer on Joss Whedon's television series Dollhouse.
In May 2014, DeKnight was reported to be taking over showrunning duties for the first season on the Netflix exclusive television series Daredevil from Drew Goddard, after Goddard's departure due to scheduling conflicts with directing Sinister Six. He was later replaced by Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez to serve as co-showrunners for the second season of the series.
In 2015, DeKnight joined the Transformers Cinematic Universe franchise's writers room, where Paramount Pictures hired multiple noted screenwriters to flesh out the future of the film series. He directed the science fiction sequel Pacific Rim: Uprising. The original film's director, Guillermo del Toro, remained on the film in the role of producer.
On July 17, 2018, it was announced that DeKnight would be credited as a show-runner and executive producer alongside Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Dan McDermott in the Netflix superhero series, Jupiter's Legacy. On September 16, 2019, it was confirmed that DeKnight departed the series as a showrunner over creative differences in the midst of the production for the first season.
On April 15, 2019, DeKnight joined a host of other writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American television directors
American male television writers
American television writers
Film directors from New Jersey
Living people
People from Millville, New Jersey
1965 births
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Television producers from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20S.%20DeKnight |
March 30, 2006 (Thursday)
Cricket: Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2005–06
First Test at Colombo SSC: Sri Lanka 185 (Dilshan 69) and 448/5 dec. (Sangakkara 185, Jayawardene 85, Tharanga 72) drew with Pakistan 176 (Imran Farhat 69) and 337/4 (Shoaib Malik 148). Two-Test series tied 0–0; the Second Test begins Monday in Kandy. First Test scorecard
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Cup – Quarter finals, first leg.
Sevilla 4–1 Zenit St. Petersburg
Levski Sofia 1–3 Schalke 04
Schalke score 3 in the second half to recover against 10-man Levski.
Rapid Bucharest 1–1 Steaua Bucharest
The first half of the Romanian capital's Derby ends in a draw.
FC Basel 2–0 Middlesbrough (UEFA.com)
March 29, 2006 (Wednesday)
Cricket – West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2005–06:
Third Test: The Third and final Test between New Zealand and West Indies at Napier ends in a draw. Only 79 overs were possible on the first two days before rain washed out the match. New Zealand won the three-Test series 2–0. 3rd Test scorecard
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League – Quarter finals, first leg.
Internazionale 2–1 Villarreal
Lyon 0–0 A.C. Milan (UEFA.com)
March 28, 2006 (Tuesday)
Cricket:
Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06
Second Test: Australia defeats South Africa in Durban to win the three-Test series after its victory the week before in Cape Town. The Third Test commences in Johannesburg on Friday.
Score: Australia 369 (Ponting 103, Hussey 75) and 307/4 dec. (Ponting 116, Hayden 102) defeated South Africa 267 (Kallis 114, Lee 5/69) and 297 (Warne 6/86) by 112 runs. Australia leads three-Test series 2–0. Scorecard
2005–06 Australian cricket season
Queensland defeats Victoria by an innings and 354 runs to secure the Pura Cup. Queensland scored 6/900 declared – the eleventh highest score in first-class cricket – to win Australia's domestic four-day cricket competition. Queensland's innings included two double centuries (Maher 223, Watson 201 retired) and two centuries (Perren 173, Love 169). Complete scorecard.
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League – Quarter finals, first leg.
Benfica 0–0 Barcelona
Arsenal 2–0 Juventus (UEFA.com)
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regional Finals
Cleveland Region: (1) North Carolina 75, (2) Tennessee 63
Bridgeport Region: (1) Duke 63, (2) UConn 61 (OT)
March 27, 2006 (Monday)
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regional Finals
Albuquerque Region: (2) Maryland 75, (5) Utah 65 (OT)
San Antonio Region: (1) LSU 62, (3) Stanford 59
March 26, 2006 (Sunday)
Auto racing
Paul Dana, 30, is killed in an accident with fellow driver Ed Carpenter during the practice session for the Toyota Indy 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Team owner Bobby Rahal pulled the other two cars he had entered – driven by Danica Patrick and Buddy Rice — after learning of Dana's death. The race went off as scheduled, with defending series champion Dan Wheldon narrowly defeating Hélio Castroneves to win the race.
NASCAR NEXTEL Cup: Kurt Busch drives the Miller Lite No. 2 Dodge Charger to his first win with Penske Motorsports in the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway.
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regional semi-finals
Cleveland Region
(2) Tennessee 76, (3) Rutgers 69
(1) North Carolina 70, (4) Purdue 68
Bridgeport Region
(1) Duke 86, (4) Michigan State61
(2) UConn 77, (3) Georgia 75
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Regional finals
Washington, D.C. Region: (11) George Mason 86, (1) UConn 84 (OT). The Patriots become the first mid-major school to make the Final Four since 1979, when both Penn and a Larry Bird-led Indiana State made it.
Minneapolis Region: (3) Florida 75, (1) Villanova 62. For the first time since the 1980 Final Four, and the second time since the tournament was seeded beginning in 1979, no No. 1 seeded teams made the Final Four.
Cricket: Brett Lee becomes the 12th Australian to take 200 wickets in Test cricket. ABC Sport (Australia)
Golf: Canadian Stephen Ames takes the 2006 Players Championship with a score of 14 under par, six strokes ahead of second-place Retief Goosen of South Africa. Ames will receive $1.44 million, 10 years' exemption for PGA Tour events and an invitation to the four major championships as a reward. In 2007, the event will move to May (May 10 – 13) in the month between The Masters and the U.S. Open. (ESPN)
Ice hockey
The Alberta Golden Bears win their record 12th University Cup 3–2 over the Lakehead Thunderwolves. (TSN)
Wisconsin defeats Minnesota 3–0 to win the NCAA Women's Ice Hockey Championship on the Gophers' home ice.
March 25, 2006 (Saturday)
Figure skating: American teenager Kimmie Meissner outskates the favorites (including fellow American Sasha Cohen) and wins the ISU World Figure Skating Ladies' Championship in Calgary, Alberta.
Association football
English Football League Championship – Reading F.C. earn promotion to the English Premier League
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regional semi-finals
San Antonio Region
(1) LSU 66, (4) DePaul 56
(3) Stanford 88, (2) Oklahoma 74
Albuquerque Region
(2) Maryland 82, (3) Baylor 63
(5) Utah 57, (8) Boston College 54
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Regional finals
Atlanta Region: (4) LSU 70, (2) Texas 60 (OT)
Oakland Region: (2) UCLA 50, (1) Memphis 45
March 24, 2006 (Friday)
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Regional semi-finals
Minneapolis Region
(1) Villanova 60, (4) Boston College 59 (OT)
(3) Florida 57, (7) Georgetown 53
Washington, D.C. Regional
(11) George Mason 63, (7) Wichita State 55
(1) UConn 98, (5) Washington 92 (OT)
March 23, 2006 (Thursday)
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Regional semi-finals
Atlanta Region
(4) LSU 62, (1) Duke 54
(2) Texas 74, (6) West Virginia 71
Oakland Region
(1) Memphis 80, (13) Bradley 64
(2) UCLA 73, (3) Gonzaga 71
March 22, 2006 (Wednesday)
Cricket:
England in India 2006:
Third Test at Mumbai:England 400 (Andrew Strauss 128, Shanthakumaran Sreesanth 4/70) and 191 (Andrew Flintoff 50, Anil Kumble 4/49) beat India 279 (Mahendra Singh Dhoni 64, James Anderson 4/40) and 100 (Shaun Udal 4/14) by 212 runs. The three match series is drawn 1–1. Flintoff, England's stand-in captain, is named Man of the Match and Man of the Series.
March 21, 2006 (Tuesday)
NFL
In a three-way trade, the New York Jets traded DE John Abraham to the Atlanta Falcons for the 29th overall pick in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, which was acquired from the Denver Broncos for the 15th overall pick that same round.
Adam Vinatieri signed with the Indianapolis Colts. The former New England Patriots kicker, who won Super Bowl XXXVI and XXXVIII with last-second field goals will replace Mike Vanderjagt.
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Second round
Bridgeport Region
At Trenton, New Jersey:
(3) Georgia 73, (11) Hartford 54
At Norfolk, Virginia:
(1) Duke 85, (8) Southern California 51
At University Park, Pennsylvania:
(2) UConn 79, (7) Virginia Tech 56
Cleveland Region
At Norfolk:
(2) Tennessee 66, (7) George Washington 53
At Trenton:
(3) Rutgers 82, (11) TCU 48
At West Lafayette, Indiana:
(4) Purdue 61, (5) UCLA 54
Albuquerque Region
At West Lafayette:
(8) Boston College 79, (1) Ohio State 69
At University Park:
(2) Maryland 81, (7) St. John's 74
March 20, 2006 (Monday)
World Baseball Classic: Japan beats Cuba 10–6, to win the first World Baseball Classic at Petco Park in San Diego. Pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka was named Most Valuable Player.
Cricket:
West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2005–06:
Second Test at Wellington: West Indies 192 (Morton 63, Franklin 5/53) and 215 (Gayle 68) lose to New Zealand 372 (Fleming 97, Fulton 75, Astle 65, Edwards 5/65) and 36/0 by ten wickets. New Zealand leads three-Test series 2–0. Cricinfo scorecard
American football: Paul Tagliabue, who has served as the commissioner of the NFL since 1987, will retire in July.
Auto racing: Pole sitter Kasey Kahne won the rain-delayed NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Golden Corral 500. Bill Lester, the first African-American to qualify for a top level NASCAR race since Willy T. Ribbs two decades earlier, finished in 38th place, three laps behind.
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Second round
Bridgeport Region
At Rosemont, Illinois:
(4) Michigan State 67, (5) Kentucky 63
Cleveland Region
At Nashville:
(1) North Carolina 89, (8) Vanderbilt 70
San Antonio Region
At Denver:
(2) Oklahoma 86, (7) BYU 70
(3) Stanford 86, (6) Florida State 70
At Nashville
(1) LSU 72, (8) Washington 49
At Rosemont:
(4) DePaul 71, (12) Tulsa 67
Albuquerque Region
At Tucson, Arizona:
(3) Baylor 87, (11) New Mexico 67
(5) Utah 86, (4) Arizona State 65
March 19, 2006 (Sunday)
The 2006 Winter Paralympics in Turin, Italy, conclude with Russia leading all countries with 33 total medals.
Auto racing
NASCAR: The NEXTEL Cup Golden Corral 500 was postponed due to rain and will be raced Monday at 11 am US EST (1600 UTC).
Formula One: Giancarlo Fisichella of Italy won the Malaysian Grand Prix.
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, First round
Bridgeport Region
At Trenton, New Jersey:
(11) Hartford 64, (6) Temple 58
(3) Georgia 75, (14) Marist 60
At Norfolk, Virginia:
(1) Duke 96, (16) Southern 27: The Jaguars set an all-time record low score for an NCAA Women's Tournament game.
(8) Southern California 67, (9) South Florida 65
At University Park, Pennsylvania:
(7) Virginia Tech 82, (10) Missouri 57
(2) UConn 77, (15) Coppin State 54
Cleveland Region
At Norfolk:
(2) Tennessee 102, (15) Army 54: The Lady Vols' Candace Parker dunked twice in this game, the first time in NCAA Women's Championship history that has happened.
(7) George Washington 87, (10) Old Domintion 72
At West Lafayette, Indiana:
(4) Purdue 73, (13) Missouri State 52
(5) UCLA 74, (12) Bowling Green 61
At Trenton:
(3) Rutgers 63, (14) Dartmouth 58
(11) TCU 68, (6) Texas A&M 65
Albuquerque Region
At University Park:
(7) St. John's 78, (10) Cal 68
(2) Maryland 95, (15) Sacred Heart 54
At West Lafayette:
(8) Boston College 78, (9) Notre Dame 61
(1) Ohio State 68, (16) Oakland (MI) 45
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Second round
Oakland Region
At Auburn Hills, Michigan:
(13) Bradley 72, (5) Pitt 66
At Dallas:
(1) Memphis 72, (9) Bucknell 56
Atlanta Region
At Auburn Hills:
(6) West Virginia 67, (14) Northwestern State 54
At Dallas:
(2) Texas 75, (10) NC State 54
Washington, D.C. Region
At Dayton, Ohio:
(11) George Mason 65, (3) North Carolina 60
At Philadelphia:
(1) UConn 87, (8) Kentucky 83
Minneapolis Region
At Dayton:
(7) Georgetown 70, (2) Ohio State 52
At Philadelphia:
(1) Villanova 82, (8) Arizona 78.
March 18, 2006 (Saturday)
Cricket:
Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06:
First Test at Newlands, Cape Town – South Africa 205 (Clark 5/55) and 197 (Clark 4/34) loses to Australia 308 (Hayden 94, Ponting 74, Symonds 55) and 95/3 (Ntini 3/28) by seven wickets. Australia leads three-Test series 1–0. Scorecard
World Baseball Classic Semi Finals
Cuba 3, Dominican Republic 1
Japan 6, South Korea 0
Rugby union: 2006 Six Nations Championship
Italy 10 – 13 Scotland
Wales 16 – 21 France
England 24 – 28 Ireland
France win their third Six Nations title in five years, but had to struggle to overcome Wales; they then had to wait for the England-Ireland match to take place to confirm their championship – Ireland could have taken the title if they'd beaten England by 34 clear points. Ireland settle for the Triple Crown, defeating England with a last-minute try.
2006 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, First round
Bridgeport Region
At Rosemont, Illinois:
(4) Michigan State 65, (13) Milwaukee 46
(5) Kentucky 69, (12) Chattanooga 59
San Antonio Region
At Nashville:
(9) Washington 73, (8) Minnesota 69
(1) LSU 72, (16) Florida Atlantic 48
At Rosemont:
(4) DePaul 68, (13) Liberty 43
(12) Tulsa 71, (5) NC State 61
At Denver:
(2) Oklahoma 78, (15) Pepperdine 66
(7) BYU 67, (10) Iowa 62
(6) Florida State 80, (11) Louisiana Tech 71
(3) Stanford 72, (14) Southeast Missouri State 45
Cleveland Region
At Nashville:
(1) North Carolina 75, (16) UC Riverside 51
(8) Vanderbilt 76, (9) Louisville 69
Albuquerque Region
At Tucson, Arizona:
(5) Utah 76, (12) Middle Tennessee 71
(4) Arizona State 80, (13) Stephen F. Austin 61
(3) Baylor 74, (14) Northern Arizona 56
(11) New Mexico 83, (6) Florida 59
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Second round:
Atlanta Region
At Greensboro, North Carolina:
(1) Duke 74, (8) George Washington 61
At Jacksonville, Florida:
(4) LSU 58, (12) Texas A&M 57
Minneapolis Region
At Jacksonville:
(3) Florida 82, (11) Milwaukee 60
At Salt Lake City:
(4) Boston College 69, (12) Montana 56
Washington, D.C. Region
At Greensboro:
(7) Wichita State 80, (2) Tennessee 73
At San Diego:
(5) Washington 67, (4) Illinois 64
Oakland Region
At San Diego:
(10) Alabama vs. (2) UCLA,
At Salt Lake City:
(3) Gonzaga 90, (6) Indiana 80
Boxing: Hasim Rahman and James Toney battle to a twelve-round draw (tie) in a fight for the WBC's Heavyweight title.
March 17, 2006 (Friday)
Commonwealth Games Rugby Sevens
Final: New Zealand beat England 29–21
Bronze medal playoff: Fiji beat Australia 24–17
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, First round:
Minneapolis Region
At Dayton, Ohio:
(2) Ohio State 70, (15) Davidson 62
(7) Georgetown 54, (10) Northern Iowa 49
At Philadelphia:
(9) Arizona 94 (8) Wisconsin 75
(1) Villanova 58, (16) Monmouth 45
Atlanta Region
At Auburn Hills, Michigan:
(14) Northwestern State 64, (3) Iowa 63
(6) West Virginia 64, (11) Southern Illinois 46
At Dallas:
(10) NC State 57, (7) Cal 52
(2) Texas 60, (15) Penn 52
Oakland Region
At Dallas:
(9) Bucknell 59, (8) Arkansas 55
(1) Memphis 94, (16) Oral Roberts 78
At Auburn Hills:
(5) Pitt 79, (12) Kent State 64
(13) Bradley 76, (4) Kansas 73
Washington, D.C. Region
At Dayton:
(11) George Mason 75 (6) Michigan State 65
(3) North Carolina 69, (14) Murray State 65
At Philadelphia:
(1) UConn 72, (16) Albany 59
(8) Kentucky 69, (9) UAB 64
March 16, 2006 (Thursday)
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Cup – Round of 16, second leg, progressing teams shown in bold.
Strasbourg 2–2 FC Basel
Real Betis 0–3 Steaua Bucharest
Schalke 04 3–0 Palermo
Zenit St. Petersburg 1–1 Marseille
Levski Sofia 2–1 Udinese (UEFA.com)
World Baseball Classic, Second round
Pool 1:
Mexico defeats USA, 2–1.
Japan advances to the semifinals on a tiebreaker with the USA and Mexico.
2006 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, First round:
Washington, D.C. Region
At Greensboro, North Carolina:
(7) Wichita State 86, (10) Seton Hall 66
(2) Tennessee 63, (15) Winthrop 61
At San Diego:
(4) Illinois 78, (13) Air Force 69
(5) Washington 75, (12) Utah State 61
Minneapolis Region
At Jacksonville, Florida:
(11) Milwaukee 82, (6) Oklahoma 74
(3) Florida 76, (14) South Alabama 50
At Salt Lake City:
(4) Boston College 88, (13) Pacific 76 (2 OT)
(12) Montana 87, (5) Nevada 79
Atlanta Region
At Greensboro:
(8) George Washington 88, (9) UNC-Wilmington 85 (OT)
(1) Duke 70, (16) Southern 54
At Jacksonville:
(4) LSU 80, (13) Iona 64
(12) Texas A&M 66, (5) Syracuse 58
Oakland Region
At San Diego:
(10) Alabama 90, (7) Marquette 85
(2) UCLA 78, (15) Belmont 44
At Salt Lake City:
(3) Gonzaga 79, (14) Xavier (OH) 75
(6) Indiana 87, (11) San Diego State 83
NOTE: Games in San Diego were delayed by an hour due to a bomb threat inside Cox Arena.
March 15, 2006 (Wednesday)
Commonwealth Games, 2006 kicks off at Melbourne, Australia.
World Baseball Classic, Second round
Pool 1:
South Korea defeats Japan, 2–1.
Korea advances to the semifinals.
Pool 2:
Cuba defeats Puerto Rico 4–3.
Cuba will play the Dominican Republic in the semifinals.
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Cup – Round of 16, second leg, progressing teams shown in bold.
Hamburg 3–1 Rapid Bucharest
Aggregate score 3–3. Rapid win on away goals.
Sevilla 2–0 Lille
Aggregate score 2–1.
Roma 2–1 Middlesbrough
Aggregate score 2–2. Middlesbrough win on away goals.
Dogsled racing: Musher Jeff King wins XXXIV Iditarod and becomes one of five four-time champions. At 50 years of age, he is also the oldest musher to win the race. The race covered more than 1,049 mi (1,600+ km) from Anchorage, across the United States state of Alaska.
Cross-country skiing: Norwegian skier Marit Bjørgen wins the final sprint race of the season in Changchun, P.R. China to win the women's sprint World Cup overall. With one race to go in the overall World Cup, Bjørgen leads ahead of Canadian Beckie Scott. (Aftenposten)
March 14, 2006 (Tuesday)
World Baseball Classic, Second round
Pool 1:
Japan defeats Mexico, 6–1.
Pool 2:
Dominican Republic defeats Venezuela, 2–1.
The Dominicans, who give up only one hit to Venezuela, advance to the semifinals.
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League – Round of 16, second leg. Progressing team shown in bold.
Internazionale 1–0 Ajax (UEFA.com)
College basketball: 2006 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament: play-in game
Monmouth 71, Hampton 49: The Hawks will play Villanova in Philadelphia Friday (March 17) at approximately 3 pm US EST (2000 UTC). The win gives the NEC their first NCAA tournament win ever.
March 13, 2006 (Monday)
World Baseball Classic, Second round
Pool 1:
South Korea defeats USA, 7–3.
Pool 2:
Dominican Republic defeats Cuba, 7–3.
Venezuela defeats Puerto Rico, 6–0.
College Basketball
John Chaney retires after 24 years as head coach of Temple University's men's basketball team; Dan Leibovitz will serve as interim acting head coach.
North Carolina, Duke, Ohio State and LSU are named the top seeds for the NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament.
Cricket:
English cricket team in India in 2005–06
India defeats England by nine wickets in the Second Test at Mohali, Chandigarh. India leads the three-Test series 1–0.
West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2005–06
New Zealand defeats West Indies by 27 runs in the First Test in Auckland. New Zealand leads the three-Test series 1–0.
March 12, 2006 (Sunday)
Dogsled racing: musher Jeff King is the first to reach Unalakleet in the Iditarod XXXIV, and wins the Gold Coast Award. The Inuit town of Unalakleet is the first checkpoint on the Norton Sound of the Bering Sea.
World Baseball Classic, Second round:
Pool 1:
USA defeats Japan, 4–3.
South Korea defeats Mexico, 2–1.
Pool 2:
Cuba defeats Venezuela, 7–2.
Puerto Rico defeats Dominican Republic, 7–1.
Auto racing:
Formula One: Defending champion Fernando Alonso defeats seven-time F1 champion Michael Schumacher to win the season-opening Bahrain Grand Prix.
A1 Grand Prix: France wins the World Cup of Motorsport by finishing second in the sprint race in Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, California.
NASCAR: NEXTEL Cup: Matt Kenseth led the most laps, but Jimmie Johnson passed him in the last 300 yards under the green-white-checkers to win the UAW-DaimlerChrysler 400 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Cricket – one-day international: Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06:
South Africa defeats Australia by one wicket in Johannesburg.
Australia compiled a world-record score of 434–4 from 50 overs, Ricky Ponting top-scoring with 164 off 105 balls. South Africa responded with 438–9, breaking Australia's record to win the match with one ball to spare. Herschelle Gibbs top-scored for South Africa with 175 off 111 balls, while Australian fast-bowler Mick Lewis (113–0 from 10 overs) became the first bowler to concede over 100 runs in a ten-over bowling spell. The match has been named as one of the all-time great one day game. Scorecard
See full article Australia in South Africa, 5th ODI, 2006.
Rugby union: 2006 Six Nations Championship:
France 31 – 6 England
France trounce a hapless England side, and have the championship in their sights. (BBC)
College basketball:
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
ACC: (3) Duke 78, (11) Boston College 76
SEC: (16) Florida 49, South Carolina 47
Southland: Northwestern State 95, Sam Houston State 87
Big 12: (17) Kansas 80, (8) Texas 68
Big Ten: (20) Iowa 67, (7) Ohio State 60
Duke, UConn, Memphis and Villanova were named the top seeds for the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The play-in game will be played by Hampton and Monmouth on Tuesday, March 14.
Biathlon:
Russia's second team of Anna Bogaliy-Titovets, Sergei Tchepikov, Irina Malgina and Nikolay Krouglov won the second World Championships in mixed relay at Pokljuka, Slovenia in strong winds. The four Russians were nearly a minute ahead of silver medalist team Norway, while bronze medalists France were a further minute adrift. (SI.com)
Snowboard:
Swedish Olympic competitor Jonatan Johansson suffers a fatal accident during training for a FIS World Cup boarder cross race at Lake Placid, New York. (SI.com)
March 11, 2006 (Saturday)
Cricket:
Test cricket – Sri Lankan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06:
Sri Lanka defeats Bangladesh by ten wickets in Bogra.
This match was notable for Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan taking his 600th Test wicket.
Rugby union: 2006 Six Nations Championship:
Wales 18 – 18 Italy
Italy win their first-ever Six Nations point away from home, while Wales leave the Millennium Stadium to a chorus of boos.
Ireland 15 – 9 Scotland
The last-ever Six Nations match at Lansdowne Road before the stadium is redeveloped sees an old-fashioned tryless game in pouring rain. Ireland's five penalties are scored by Ronan O'Gara, while Scotland's three penalties are scored by Chris Paterson.
College basketball:
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
America East: Albany 80, Vermont 67
Conference USA: (5) Memphis 57, (24) UAB 46
Atlantic 10: Xavier 62, Saint Joseph's 61
MEAC: Hampton 60, Delaware State 56
Pac-10: (13) UCLA 71, Cal 52
MAC: Kent State 71, Toledo 66
Big East: Syracuse 65, (15) Pittsburgh 61
SWAC: Southern 57, Arkansas–Pine Bluff 44
WAC: (21) Nevada 70, Utah State 63 (OT)
Mountain West: San Diego State 69, Wyoming 64 (OT)
Big West: Pacific 78, Long Beach State 70
Alpine skiing:
Benjamin Raich of Austria clinch the overall World Cup with four races to go after finishing fourth in the slalom race in Shiga Kogen, Japan. Michael Walchhofer lies second, 477 points adrift. (BBC)
Croatian Janica Kostelić wins the slalom World Cup after a second place in the race at Levi, Finland, though with a 254-point lead before the last four races in Åre she will have to take more points before she can be certain of the overall trophy. (BBC)
Cross country skiing:
Tobias Angerer of Germany clinched the overall men's World Cup title despite finishing 40th in the 50 km freestyle race in Holmenkollen, Norway, over nine minutes behind Swedish winner Anders Södergren. It is the third successive time a German wins the World Cup. (ZDF.de)
March 10, 2006 (Friday)
Dogsled racing: Musher Paul Gebhardt is the first to reach Ruby in Iditarod XXXIV, and wins the First to the Yukon Award. Ruby is the first checkpoint on the Yukon River.
Rugby union: Round 5 of the Super 14.
Chiefs 19–25 Crusaders in Hamilton. The Chiefs received one bonus point for finishing within 7 points of the winning score.
The Crusaders got an early lead, thanks to a Dan Carter try. However, the Chiefs kept in touch for the whole half and managed to take the lead in the final minute of the first half with Sitiveni Sivivatu scoring under the posts. The Crusaders managed to regain the lead in the second half and held on to the win in the dying moments.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool B
Mexico defeats Canada 9–1.
United States defeats South Africa, 17–0 in five innings.
Mexico and the United States advance to the second round.
Pool C
Cuba defeats Netherlands 11–2; Cuba and Puerto Rico advance to round two
Netherlands defeats Panama 10–0 in seven innings
Pool D: Venezuela defeats Australia 2–0; Venezuela and Dominican Republic advance to round two
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Patriot League: Bucknell 74, Holy Cross 59
March 9, 2006 (Thursday)
Dogsled racing: Musher Doug Swingley is the first to reach Cripple in Iditarod XXXIV, and wins the Dorothy Page Halfway Award. Cripple is the official halfway point of the race on even-numbered years, when the race takes the northern route.
Football:
2005–06 UEFA Cup – Round of 16, first leg.
Rapid Bucharest 2–0 Hamburg
FC Basel 2–0 Strasbourg
Middlesbrough 1–0 Roma
Steaua Bucharest 0–0 Real Betis
Palermo 1–0 Schalke 04
Marseille 0–1 Zenit St. Petersburg
Udinese 0–0 Levski Sofia
Lille 1–0 Sevilla (UEFA.com)
Major League Soccer: The Austrian beverage company Red Bull purchases the MetroStars franchise from Anschutz Entertainment Group, and renames the team New York Red Bulls.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool B: Mexico defeats South Africa 10–4.
Pool C: Puerto Rico defeats Netherlands 8–3.
Pool D
Venezuela defeats Italy 6–0.
Dominican Republic defeats Italy, 8–3.
March 8, 2006 (Wednesday)
Dogsled racing: Musher Doug Swingley is the first to reach McGrath in Iditarod XXXIV, and wins the Spirit of Alaska Award.
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League – Round of 16, second leg. Progressing teams shown in bold.
A.C. Milan 4–1 Bayern Munich
Liverpool 0–2 Benfica
Arsenal 0–0 Real Madrid
Lyon 4–0 PSV
The final fixture, Internazionale v Ajax will take place on Tuesday March 14,.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool B
Canada defeats South Africa 11–8.
Canada defeats the United States 8–6.
Pool C
Puerto Rico defeats Panama 2–1
Cuba defeats Panama 8–6 after 11 innings
Pool D: Italy defeats Australia 10–0
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Northeast Conference: Monmouth 49, Fairleigh Dickinson 48
Big Sky Conference: Montana 73, Northern Arizona 60
NBA:
Los Angeles Lakers 113, NO/OKC Hornets 107: In the first major sporting event in New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina, a sellout crowd at the New Orleans Arena sees Kobe Bryant score 40 points to lead the Lakers to the win.
March 7, 2006 (Tuesday)
Football: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League – Round of 16, second leg. Progressing teams shown in bold.
FC Barcelona 1–1 Chelsea
Villarreal 1–1 Rangers
Juventus 2–1 Werder Bremen
Villarreal and Juventus win on away goals.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool D: Dominican Republic defeats Venezuela 11–5
Pool B: United States defeats Mexico 2–0
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Mid-Continent Conference: Oral Roberts 85, Chicago State 72
Horizon League: Milwaukee 87, Butler 71
Sun Belt Conference: South Alabama 95, Western Kentucky 70
March 6, 2006 (Monday)
Baseball: Hall of Famer Kirby Puckett dies at age 45 in a Phoenix hospital the day after suffering a stroke.
Major League Soccer: After controversy over their original chosen nickname being potentially offensive to Hispanics, the Houston 1836 Football Club rename themselves to the Houston Dynamo. The team unveiled their new name and logo (with the same colors of orange, black and white) on the 170th anniversary of the end of the Battle of the Alamo.
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Colonial Athletic Association: UNC-Wilmington 78, Hofstra 67
MAAC: Iona 80, Saint Peter's 61
West Coast Conference: (4) Gonzaga 68, Loyola Marymount 67
March 5, 2006 (Sunday)
Dogsled racing: The Iditarod XXXIV restarts in Willow. This marks the beginning of the competitive portion of the race.
NCAA Men's College Basketball
(4) Villanova 92, Syracuse 82: In the first advance sellout for basketball ever at the Carrier Dome, Allan Ray scores 28 points and Randy Foye adds 21 for the Wildcats to spoil Gerry McNamara's last regular-season game. McNamara led all scorers with 29.
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Davidson 80, Chattanooga 55: The Wildcats exorcised the demons of last season, in which they went 16–0 in the Southern Conference but lost in the conference tournament, by crushing the Mocs.
Southern Illinois 59, Bradley 46: The Salukis eased to the Missouri Valley Conference title.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool A: South Korea defeats Japan 3–2, both advance to round two
Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder Kirby Puckett, a superstar of the Minnesota Twins from 1984 to 1995, suffers a stroke in his Scottsdale, Arizona home.
Association football: Sydney FC defeats the Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in the inaugural A-League Grand Final to become 2005–06 Champions. (Fox Sports)
March 4, 2006 (Saturday)
Dogsled racing: The ceremonial start the Iditarod XXXIV begins in Anchorage, Alaska. Eighty-three mushers and their teams of dogs are competing. The race runs more than 1,049 mi (1,600+ km) to Nome, across the United States state of Alaska.
Baseball: World Baseball Classic
Pool A
Japan defeats Chinese Taipei 14–3
South Korea defeats China 10–1
Rugby union: Super 14, Round 4
Waratahs 31–16 Sharks in Sydney
The Waratahs scored three tries to one, missing several opportunities in the final 10 minutes to get a fourth for a bonus point.
Crusaders 39–10 Blues in Christchurch.
The Blues led the Crusaders at half-time 10–9, despite having Joe Rokocoko sin-binned shortly before the interval. However the Crusaders performed well in the second half, keeping the Blues tryless, with Richie McCaw scoring 2 tries in a win over their biggest rivals.
Stormers 15–30 Highlanders in Cape Town.
The Highlanders won their second game in a row in South Africa, with wing Roy Kinikinilau scoring twice in the first half. TVZN
Cheetahs 27–25 Hurricanes in Bloemfontein
Super 14 newcomers the Cheetahs upset the Hurricanes, whose three previous matches all resulted in bonus point wins.
Cricket: West Indies in New Zealand
Match five in the five match series, New Zealand led the series 4–0 (before match).
The West Indies defeat New Zealand by 3 wickets with 2 balls to spare. New Zealand win series 4–1.
New Zealand won the toss, electing to bat, with Scott Styris scoring 90 and Dwayne Smith taking 5–45, New Zealand ending all out on 233. Good opening bowling spells from Kyle Mills and Shane Bond restricted the West Indies to just 10–1 off 10 overs. After that, every batsmen made contributions and the West Indies got home in a tight match to avoid a whitewash.
NCAA Men's College Basketball
(15) North Carolina 83, (1) Duke 76: The Tar Heels took control with an 11–0 run midway through the second half, and held on to spoil the Blue Devils' Senior Night at Cameron Indoor Stadium. Tyler Hansbrough led the Heels with 27 points; JJ Redick and Shelden Williams had 18 apiece for Duke.
Conference championship games (winners, in bold, advance to the NCAA tournament):
Belmont 74, Lipscomb 69 (OT): The Bruins won the latest incarnation of the Battle of the Boulevard, though not in Nashville, to earn the Atlantic Sun Conference title and their first NCAA berth ever.
Winthrop 51, Coastal Carolina 50: Craig Bradshaw's basket with 9.1 seconds left gave the Eagles the Big South Conference title.
Murray State 74, Samford 57: The Racers eased to the Ohio Valley Conference title.
Boxing:
Miguel Cotto defeats Gianluca Branco by an eighth-round technical knockout, to retain his WBO world Jr. Welterweight title in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. AOL.com
Joe Calzaghe unifies his WBO world Super Middleweight title with the IBF one by defeating Jeff Lacy by a unanimous twelve rounds decision in Manchester, England. AOL.com
March 3, 2006 (Friday)
Cricket: Australia in South Africa
Match two in the five match ODI series.
South Africa defeat Australia by 196 runs.
South Africa made 289/7 off their 50 overs, with Herschelle Gibbs top scoring with 66. In reply, Australia crumbled without Ricky Ponting or Andrew Symonds, both unavailable for the match, making just 93 runs. Makhaya Ntini picked up 6–22 off 9.3 overs, his best figures in an ODI.
Baseball: The inaugural World Baseball Classic begins.
Pool A
Japan defeats China 18–2 (invoking the mercy rule)
South Korea defeats Chinese Taipei 2–0
Rugby union: Super 14, Round 4
Chiefs 35–17 Reds in Hamilton
The Chiefs got off to a good start in their home opener with a try in the first ten minutes. The Reds fought back, but the Chiefs ran away with the game in the second half, with Stephen Donald scoring 20 points. The Chiefs picked up a bonus point with four tries.
Brumbies 28–7 Cats in Canberra.
The Brumbies had their first win at home this season, scoring 3 tries in their win. However, the Brumbies missed out on a bonus point, kicking the ball away twice in injury time. The loss was the Cats second in a row.
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Penn becomes the first team to clinch a berth to this year's NCAA tournament. Their 57–55 win over Yale, combined with a 61–46 Brown defeat of Princeton, gives the Quakers the Ivy League title with two games to play. Penn qualifies as regular-season champion, as the Ivy League is the only Division I conference that does not conduct a postseason tournament.
March 2, 2006 (Thursday)
NFL Football: As a result of the labor negotiations stalemate between the NFL Players and the owners, the league extends the start of the Free Agency period for a few days.
NCAA Men's College Basketball
UAB 80, (3) Memphis 74: The Blazers deny the Tigers an unbeaten Conference USA campaign, holding them scoreless for more than 8 minutes near the end of the game. This was the first road loss of the season for the Tigers.
Squash: One day after regaining the World No. 1 ranking, Jonathon Power announced his retirement from professional squash.
March 1, 2006 (Wednesday)
Cricket
West Indies in New Zealand
Match 4 in the 5 match One Day International series.
New Zealand defeat the West Indies by 91 runs in Napier. New Zealand go up 4–0.
New Zealand continued their fine form this series, with Lou Vincent scoring 102 in the Black Caps 324–6 off 50 overs. In reply, the inability to create and maintain partnerships cost the West Indies any chance at winning, with only Runako Morton scoring more the fifty, going on to make 110 not out. The West Indies will be hoping the arrival of Brian Lara can inspire them to avoid a whitewash in the final match in Auckland. cricinfo
NCAA Men's College Basketball
Florida State 79, (1) Duke 74: Despite 30 points from JJ Redick and 20 from Shelden Williams, the Blue Devils go down to their first ACC defeat of the season in Tallahassee.
Football results: Friendly internationals. With exactly 100 days to the start of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, managers try to finalise their squads:
Switzerland 3 – Scotland 1 (Reuters).
Northern Ireland 1 – Estonia 0 (Reuters).
England 2 – Uruguay 1 (Reuters).
Wales 0 – Paraguay 0 (Reuters).
Republic of Ireland 3 – Sweden 0
Russia 0 – Brazil 1
Italy 4 – Germany 1
France 1 – Slovakia 2
Netherlands 1 – Ecuador 0
Portugal 3 – Saudi Arabia 0
Spain 3 – Ivory Coast 2
Poland 0 – United States 1
Belgium 2 – Luxembourg 0 Match abandoned after 64 minutes due to a snowstorm.
Macedonia 0 – Bulgaria 1
Israel 0 – Denmark 2
Croatia 3 – Argentina 2
In a dramatic match, Croatia's Ivan Klasnić scored in the 3rd minute, but was canceled thirty seconds later by a Carlos Tevez goal, and two minutes later Lionel Messi gave Argentina the lead. Darijo Srna equalised late in the second half and Dario Šimić scored an injury time header to give victory to Croatia. (Fox Sports Australia)
Iran 3 – Costa Rica 2 (Soccerway), (Guardian)
References
03 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%202006%20in%20sports |
Drew Z. Greenberg is an American television producer and writer best known for working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Smallville, The O.C., Dexter, Warehouse 13, Arrow and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. He has also written some comic books, like Green Arrow and Buffy the Vampire Slayer comics.
Personal life
Greenberg is openly gay, and is proud to work homosexual characters into his scripts. "I’ve never written an original pilot script that didn’t have at least one gay character in it, even if I was the only one who knew that character was going to be gay. Sure, telling stories about gays and lesbians has been a priority for me."
In 2022, Greenberg joined current and past Disney employees who criticized Bob Chapek for refusing to criticize anti-LGBT legislation that was passed in Florida.
Career
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"Smashed" (November 20, 2001)
"Older and Far Away" (February 12, 2002)
"Entropy" (April 30, 2002)
"Him" (November 5, 2002)
"The Killer in Me" (February 4, 2003)
"Empty Places" (April 29, 2003)
Firefly
"Safe" (October 18, 2002)
Smallville
"Slumber" (October 22, 2003)
"Hereafter" (February 4, 2004)
"Truth" (April 21, 2004)
The O.C.
"The Family Ties" (January 6, 2005)
"The Second Chance" (February 3, 2005)
Dexter
"Let's Give the Boy a Hand" (October 22, 2006)
"Truth Be Told" (December 10, 2006)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
"The Hidden Enemy" (February 6, 2009)
"Lightsaber Lost" (January 22, 2010)
"Duchess of Mandalore" (February 12, 2010)
"Senate Murders" (March 12, 2010)
"Lethal Trackdown" (April 30, 2010)
Warehouse 13
"Claudia" (July 28, 2009)
"For the Team" (August 17, 2010)
"Where and When" (September 7, 2010)
"Trials" (July 18, 2011)
"Stand" (October 3, 2011)
"There's Always a Downside" (August 13, 2012)
"The Living and the Dead" (April 29, 2013)
"The Truth Hurts" (July 8, 2013)
Arrow
"Salvation" (March 27, 2013)
"Darkness on the Edge of Town" (May 8, 2013)
"League of Assassins" (November 6, 2013)
"State v. Queen" (November 20, 2013)
"Tremors" (January 29, 2014)
"Deathstroke" (April 2, 2014)
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
"Face My Enemy" (October 14, 2014)
"Who You Really Are" (March 10, 2015)
"The Dirty Half Dozen" (April 28, 2015)
"Among Us Hide..." (November 3, 2015)
"Watchdogs" (March 29, 2016) (co-writer)
"Absolution" (May 17, 2016)
"Meet the New Boss" (September 27, 2016)
"Wake Up" (January 24, 2017)
"A Life Earned" (December 15, 2017)
"All the Comforts of Home" (March 2, 2018)
"The Force of Gravity" (May 11, 2018)
"Leap" (July 19, 2019)
"As I Have Always Been" (July 22, 2020)
See also
Mutant Enemy Productions
References
External links
American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20Z.%20Greenberg |
Meredyth (Mere) Smith is an American television script-writer who wrote a number of episodes of the series Angel. She was also the executive story editor and script coordinator for 66 episodes from 1999 to 2003.
More recently, she wrote the episodes "Heroes of the Republic" and "Deus Impeditio Esuritori Nullus" for the HBO series Rome, as well as episodes of Burn Notice and The Nine Lives of Chloe King.
Smith attended Brown University, at which she contributed often to its theatre productions. She is originally from Houston, Texas.
Angel episodes
2.04 "Untouched"
2.11 "Redefinition"
2.12 "Blood Money"
2.20 "Over the Rainbow"
3.05 "Fredless"
3.11 "Birthday"
3.15 "Loyalty"
4.02 "Ground State"
4.09 "Long Day's Journey"
4.12 "Calvary"
4.15 "Orpheus"
External links
Evil Gal Productions
Television producers from Texas
American women television producers
American television writers
Brown University alumni
Living people
Writers from Houston
American women television writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Screenwriters from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere%20Smith |
Virgil Howe (23 September 1975 – 11 September 2017) was a British musician best known for his work as a member of Little Barrie. He was the son of Steve Howe, guitarist and long-time member of Yes.
Career
Born in London, Virgil Howe was the second son of guitarist Steve Howe. He played on several of his father's projects: he performed on keys, alongside his half-brother Dylan Howe on drums, for the Steve Howe solo albums The Grand Scheme of Things (1993) and Spectrum (2005). He was in Steve Howe's Remedy band, who released an album Elements (2003), toured the UK and then released a live DVD. He wrote and performed on a piece on his father's 2011 release Time. He also plays drums on 11 tracks of Steve Howe's Anthology 2: Groups and Collaborations that were largely recorded in the 1980s. Under the name The Verge, Virgil Howe produced the Yes Remixes album, released 2003.
Howe was in The Dirty Feel, with Kerim 'Kez' Gunes (bass, vocals) and Nick Hirsch (guitar, vocals; died 2012). A debut single, "Get Down and Love In", had a limited UK release in 2004. They were signed to DirtE. In 2005, the band took part in MTV's A-Cut amateur band competition. In 2005, Howe formed a related band The Killer Meters with again Gunes on bass and Hirsch on guitar, with Karime Kendra (vocals), Henry Broadbent (keyboards) and Stephen Wilcock (saxophone). They released a tribute album to The Meters and then signed to Breaking Bread records in 2008, releasing an original album.
Howe also worked for a period with psychedelic group Amorphous Androgynous, fronted by Garry Cobain of The Future Sound of London.
Howe produced under his own name, having previously produced under the name "Sparo", under which he released the album Sparo Worlds. He also played DJ sets in London, and a regular radio show for Soho Radio.
In 2008, Howe joined band Little Barrie as a drummer. Between 2009 and October 2010 the band wrote and recorded their third album King of the Waves, working again with Edwyn Collins, Seb Lewsley at the controls and Shawn Lee mixing. Chris Potter mastered the album. The first single off King of the Waves was "Surf Hell". This track was featured as the theme tune to the 2011 Channel 4 series Sirens and an advert for Rimmel "scandal eyes" mascara; it was also playable on the multi-platform video game "Rocksmith". The album was released in the UK on 27 June 2011 and in the US on 28 February 2012. After touring with Charles Bradley in Spain, Little Barrie was invited onto his North American Tour in early 2012. The band went on to do the theme music for the TV series Better Call Saul.
Howe worked as a session musician on the Pet Shop Boys album Fundamental and for Demis Roussos.
Nexus, released 17 November 2017 on InsideOut, is a joint album by Virgil & Steve Howe. Steve described the album: "Most of the credit goes to Virgil on this; it's Virgil's bed and melodies but I've come in to add a little bit more."
Personal life
Howe married fashion model Jen Dawson in 2007 and they had a daughter in September 2012. They separated in 2015. Howe died unexpectedly of a heart attack in September 2017 at the age of 41, shortly before Little Barrie were scheduled to embark on a tour for their fourth album, Death Express.
Discography
Main projects
The Verge/Yes: Yes Remixes, 2003
Virgil Howe: "Someday", 2009 (single)
Virgil Howe & Malcolm Catto: "B-Boy Bounce", 2010 (single)
Virgil Howe & Mark Claydon: "The Claydon Break", 2011 (single)
Virgil Howe & Shawn Lee: "Electronic Brain Break", 2011 (single)
Virgil & Steve Howe: Nexus, 2017
Virgil & Steve Howe: Lunar Mist, 2022
The Dirty Feel
"Get Down and Love In", 2004 (single)
Talk in the City (EP)
As Sparo
Geniac
Sparo Worlds (mix CD)
"Astroscience" (single)
"The Falling" (single)
The Killer Meters
A Tribute to the Meters, 2005
"Dance Move Shake!", 2008 (single)
"Freak" (single)
Breakin' Out!
"Rainbow of Love", 2017 (single)
Little Barrie
King of the Waves, 2010
"Surf Hell", 2011 (single)
"How Come", 2011 (single)
Shadow, 2013
"Fuzz Bomb", 2014 (single)
"I.5.C.A.", 2016 (single)
Death Express, 2017
"Produkt", 2017 (single)
Also appear on:
Better Call Saul—Original Television Soundtrack: Season 1, 2015
Steve Howe
The Grand Scheme of Things, 1993
Spectrum, 2005
Elements, 2003
Remedy Live, 2002 (DVD)
Time, 2011
Anthology, 2015 (compiling previously released material)
Anthology 2: Groups & Collaborations, 2017 (plays on 11 previously unreleased tracks)
Nexus, 2017
Homebrew 7, 2021
Production
Kitsuné Maison Compilation 15, 2013
Remixes
Marc Hype & Jim Dunloop: "Al Naafiysh: The Remixes", 2010 (single)
Syd Arthur: A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble, 2014
Sessions
Pet Shop Boys: Fundamental, 2006
Mareva Galenter: Happy Fiu, 2008
Demis Roussos: Demis, 2009
References
External links
Little Barrie
The Dirty Feel
1975 births
2017 deaths
English rock drummers
British male drummers
Musicians from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil%20Howe |
In molecular biology, G-quadruplex secondary structures (G4) are formed in nucleic acids by sequences that are rich in guanine. They are helical in shape and contain guanine tetrads that can form from one, two or four strands. The unimolecular forms often occur naturally near the ends of the chromosomes, better known as the telomeric regions, and in transcriptional regulatory regions of multiple genes, both in microbes and across vertebrates including oncogenes in humans. Four guanine bases can associate through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to form a square planar structure called a guanine tetrad (G-tetrad or G-quartet), and two or more guanine tetrads (from G-tracts, continuous runs of guanine) can stack on top of each other to form a G-quadruplex.
The placement and bonding to form G-quadruplexes is not random and serve very unusual functional purposes. The quadruplex structure is further stabilized by the presence of a cation, especially potassium, which sits in a central channel between each pair of tetrads. They can be formed of DNA, RNA, LNA, and PNA, and may be intramolecular, bimolecular, or tetramolecular. Depending on the direction of the strands or parts of a strand that form the tetrads, structures may be described as parallel or antiparallel. G-quadruplex structures can be computationally predicted from DNA or RNA sequence motifs, but their actual structures can be quite varied within and between the motifs, which can number over 100,000 per genome. Their activities in basic genetic processes are an active area of research in telomere, gene regulation, and functional genomics research.
History
The identification of structures with a high guanine association became apparent in the early 1960s, through the identification of gel-like substances associated with guanines. More specifically, this research detailed the four-stranded DNA structures with a high association of guanines, which was later identified in eukaryotic telomeric regions of DNA in the 1980s. The importance of discovering G-quadruplex structure was described through the statement, “If G-quadruplexes form so readily in vitro, Nature will have found a way of using them in vivo” - Aaron Klug, Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry (1982). Interest in in vivo function of G-quadruplexes surged after large scale genome-wide analysis showed the prevalence of potential G-quadruplex (pG4)-forming sequences within gene promoters of human, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat - presented in the First International G-quadruplex Meeting held in April 2007 in Louisville, Kentucky. In 2006, the prevalence of G-quadruplexes within gene promoters of several bacterial genomes was reported predicting G-quadruplex-mediated gene regulation. With the abundance of G-quadruplexes in vivo, these structures hold a biologically relevant role through interactions with the promoter regions of oncogenes and the telomeric regions of DNA strands. Current research consists of identifying the biological function of these G-Quadruplex structures for specific oncogenes and discovering effective therapeutic treatments for cancer based on interactions with G-quadruplexes. Early evidence for the formation of G-quadruplexes in vivo in cells was established by isolating them from cells, and later by the observation that specific DNA helicases could be identified where small molecules specific for these DNA structures accumulated in cells.
Topology
The length of the nucleic acid sequences involved in tetrad formation determines how the quadruplex folds. Short sequences, consisting of only a single contiguous run of three or more guanine bases, require four individual strands to form a quadruplex. Such a quadruplex is described as tetramolecular, reflecting the requirement of four separate strands. The term G4 DNA was originally reserved for these tetramolecular structures that might play a role in meiosis. However, as currently used in molecular biology, the term G4 can mean G-quadruplexes of any molecularity. Longer sequences, which contain two contiguous runs of three or more guanine bases, where the guanine regions are separated by one or more bases, only require two such sequences to provide enough guanine bases to form a quadruplex. These structures, formed from two separate G-rich strands, are termed bimolecular quadruplexes. Finally, sequences which contain four distinct runs of guanine bases can form stable quadruplex structures by themselves, and a quadruplex formed entirely from a single strand is called an intramolecular quadruplex.
Depending on how the individual runs of guanine bases are arranged in a bimolecular or intramolecular quadruplex, a quadruplex can adopt one of a number of topologies with varying loop configurations. If all strands of DNA proceed in the same direction, the quadruplex is termed parallel. For intramolecular quadruplexes, this means that any loop regions present must be of the propeller type, positioned to the sides of the quadruplex. If one or more of the runs of guanine bases has a 5’-3’ direction opposite to the other runs of guanine bases, the quadruplex is said to have adopted an antiparallel topology. The loops joining runs of guanine bases in intramolecular antiparallel quadruplexes are either diagonal, joining two diagonally opposite runs of guanine bases, or lateral (edgewise) type loops, joining two adjacent runs of guanine base pairs.
In quadruplexes formed from double-stranded DNA, possible interstrand topologies have also been discussed
.
Interstrand quadruplexes contain guanines that originate from both strands of dsDNA.
Structure and functional role in genome
Following sequencing of the human genome, many guanine-rich sequences that had the potential to form quadruplexes were discovered. Depending on cell type and cell cycle, mediating factors such as DNA-binding proteins on chromatin, composed of DNA tightly wound around histone proteins, and other environmental conditions and stresses affect the dynamic formation of quadruplexes. For instance, quantitative assessments of the thermodynamics of molecular crowding indicate that the antiparallel g-quadruplex is stabilized by molecular crowding. This effect seems to be mediated by alteration of the hydration of the DNA and its effect on Hoogsteen base pair bonding. These quadruplexes seemed to readily occur at the ends of chromosome. In addition, the propensity of g-quadruplex formation during transcription in RNA sequences with the potential to form mutually exclusive hairpin or G-quadruplex structures depends heavily on the position of the hairpin-forming sequence.
Because repair enzymes would naturally recognize ends of linear chromosomes as damaged DNA and would process them as such to harmful effect for the cell, clear signaling and tight regulation is needed at the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomeres function to provide this signaling. Telomeres, rich in guanine and with a propensity to form g-quadruplexes, are located at the terminal ends of chromosomes and help maintain genome integrity by protecting these vulnerable terminal ends from instability.
These telomeric regions are characterized by long regions of double-stranded CCCTAA:TTAGGG repeats. The repeats end with a 3’ protrusion of between 10 and 50 single-stranded TTAGGG repeats. The heterodimeric complex ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase adds TTAGGG repeats at the 3’ end of DNA strands. At these 3’ end protrusions, the G-rich overhang can form secondary structures such as G-quadruplexes if the overhang is longer than four TTAGGG repeats. The presence of these structures prevent telomere elongation by the telomerase complex.
Telomeric quadruplexes
Telomeric repeats in a variety of organisms have been shown to form these quadruplex structures in vitro, and subsequently they have also been shown to form in vivo. The human telomeric repeat (which is the same for all vertebrates) consists of many repeats of the sequenced (TTAGGG), and the quadruplexes formed by this structure can be in bead-like structures of 5 nm to 8 nm in size and have been well studied by NMR, TEM and X-ray crystal structure determination. The formation of these quadruplexes in telomeres has been shown to decrease the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which is responsible for maintaining length of telomeres and is involved in around 85% of all cancers. This is an active target of drug discovery, including telomestatin.
Non-telomeric quadruplexes
Quadruplexes are present in locations other than at the telomere. Analysis of human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat genomes showed enormous number of potential G-quadruplex (pG4)-forming sequences in non-telomeric regions. A large number of the non-telomeric G-quadruplexes were found within gene promoters, and were conserved across the species. Similarly, large number of G-quadruplexes were found in the E. coli and hundreds of other microbial genomes. Here also, like vertebrates G-quadruplexes were enriched within gene promoters. In addition, there was found more than one-billion-year conserved G-quadruplex locus in plants and algae, in gene encoding large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Although these studies predicted G-quadruplex-mediated gene regulation, it is unlikely that all pG4s would form in vivo. The proto-oncogene c-myc forms a quadruplex in a nuclease hypersensitive region critical for gene activity. Other genes shown to form G-quadruplexes in their promoter regions include the chicken β-globin gene, human ubiquitin-ligase RFP2, and the proto-oncogenes c-kit, bcl-2, VEGF, H-ras and N-ras.
Genome-wide surveys based on a quadruplex folding rule have been performed, which have identified 376,000 Putative Quadruplex Sequences (PQS) in the human genome, although not all of these probably form in vivo. A similar studies have identified putative G-quadruplexes in prokaryotes, namely the bacterium E. coli. There are several possible models for how quadruplexes could influence gene activity, either by upregulation or downregulation. One model is shown below, with G-quadruplex formation in or near a promoter blocking transcription of the gene, and hence de-activating it. In another model, quadruplex formed at the non-coding DNA strand helps to maintain an open conformation of the coding DNA strand and enhance an expression of the respective gene.
Function
It has been suggested that quadruplex formation plays a role in immunoglobulin heavy chain switching. As cells have evolved mechanisms for resolving (i.e., unwinding) quadruplexes that form. Quadruplex formation may be potentially damaging for a cell; the helicases WRN and Bloom syndrome protein have a high affinity for resolving DNA G-quadruplexes. The DEAH/RHA helicase, DHX36, has also been identified as a key G-quadruplex resolvase. In 2009, a metastasis suppressor protein NM23H2 (also known as NME2) was found to directly interact with G-quadruplex in the promoter of the c-myc gene, and transcriptionally regulate c-myc. More recently, NM23H2 was reported to interact with G-quadruplex in the promoter of the human telomerase (hTERT) gene and regulate hTERT expression In 2019, the telomere-binding-factor-2 (TRF2 or TERF2) was shown to bind to thousands of non-telomeric G-quadruplexes in the human genome by TRF2 ChIP-seq. There are many studies that implicate quadruplexes in both positive and negative transcriptional regulation, including epigenetic regulation of genes like hTERT. Function of G-quadruplexes have also been reported in allowing programmed recombination of immunologlobin heavy genes and the pilin antigenic variation system of the pathogenic Neisseria. The roles of quadruplex structure in translation control are not as well explored. The direct visualization of G-quadruplex structures in human cells as well as the co-crystal structure of an RNA helicase bound to a G-quadruplex have provided important confirmations of their relevance to cell biology. The potential positive and negative roles of quadruplexes in telomere replication and function remains controversial. T-loops and G-quadruplexes are described as the two tertiary DNA structures that protect telomere ends and regulate telomere length.
Genome Regulation through formation of G-quadruplex structures
Many of the genome regulatory processes have been linked to the formation of G-quadruplex structures, attributable to the huge role it plays in DNA repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites also known as AP sites. A new technique to map AP sites has been developed known as AP-seq which utilizes a biotin-labeled aldehyde-reactive probe (ARP) to tag certain regions of the genome where AP site damage occurrence has been significant. Another genome-wide mapping sequencing method known as ChIP-sequencing, was utilized to map both; damage in AP sites, and the enzyme responsible for its repair, AP endonuclease 1 (APE1). Both of these genome-wide mapping sequencing methods, ChIP-sequencing and ARP, have indicated that AP site damage occurrence is nonrandom. AP site damage was also more prevalent in certain regions of the genome that contain specific active promoter and enhancer markers, some of which were linked to regions responsible for lung adenocarcinoma and colon cancer. AP site damage was found to be predominant in PQS regions of the genome, where formation of G-quadruplex structures is regulated and promoted by the DNA repair process, base excision repair (BER). Base excision repair processes in cells have been proved to be reduced with aging as its components in the mitochondria begin to decline, which can lead to the formation of many diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These G-quadruplex structures are said to be formed in the promoter regions of DNA through superhelicity, which favors the unwinding of the double helical structure of DNA and in turn loops the strands to form G-quadruplex structures in guanine rich regions. The BER pathway is signalled when it indicates an oxidative DNA base damage, where structures like, 8-Oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), APE1 and G-quadruplex play a huge role in its repair. These enzymes participate in BER to repair certain DNA lesions such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which forms under oxidative stress to guanine bases.
Role of Endogenous Oxidized DNA Base Damage on G4 formation
Guanine (G) bases in G-quadruplex have the lowest redox potential causing it to be more susceptible to the formation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), an endogenous oxidized DNA base damage in the genome. Due to Guanine having a lower electron reduction potential than the other nucleotides bases,8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), is a known major product of DNA oxidation. Its concentration is used as a measurement of oxidative stress within a cell. When DNA undergoes oxidative damage, a possible structural change in guanine, after ionizing radiation, gives rise to an enol form, 8-OH-Gua. This oxidative product is formed through a tautomeric shift from the original damage guanine, 8-oxo-Gua, and represents DNA damage that causes changes in the structure. This form allows for the base excision repair (BER) enzyme OGG1 to bind and remove the oxidative damage with the help of APE1, resulting in an AP site. Moreover, an AP site is a location in DNA that has neither a purine or a pyrimidine base due to DNA damage, they are the most prevalent type of endogenous DNA damage in cells. AP sites can be generated spontaneously or after the cleavage of modified bases, like 8-OH-Gua. The generation of an AP site enables the melting of the duplex DNA to unmask the PQS, adopting a G-quadruplex fold. With the use of genome-wide ChIP-sequencing analyses, cell-based assays, and in vitro biochemical analyses, a connection has been made between oxidized DNA base-derived AP sites, and the formation of the G-quadruplex.
DNA Oxidation Contribution to Diseases
Furthermore, the concentration of 8-oxo-dG is a known biomarker of oxidative stress within a cell, and excessive amount of oxidative stress has been linked to carcinogenesis and other diseases. When produced, 8-oxo-dG, has the ability to inactivate OGG1, thus preventing the repair of DNA damage caused by the oxidation of guanine. The possible inactivation allows for un-repaired DNA damages to gather in non-replicating cells, like muscle, and can cause aging as well. Moreover, oxidative DNA damage like 8-oxo-dG contributes to carcinogenesis through the modulation of gene expression, or the induction of mutations. On the condition that 8-oxo-dG is repaired by BER, parts of the repair protein is left behind which can lead to epigenetic alterations, or the modulation of gene expression. Upon insertion of 8-oxo-dG into thymidine kinase gene of humans, it was determine that if 8-oxo-dG was left unchecked and not repaired by BER, it can lead to frequent mutations and eventually carcinogenesis.
APE1 role in Gene Regulation
AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an enzyme responsible for the promotion and the formation of G-quadruplex structures. APE1 is mainly in charge of repairing damage caused to AP sites through the BER pathway. APE1 is considered to be very crucial as AP site damage is known to be the most recurring type of endogenous damage to DNA. The oxidation of certain purine bases, like guanine, forms oxidized nucleotides that impairs DNA function by mismatching nucleotides in the sequences. This is more common in PQS sequences which form oxidized structures, such as 8-oxoguanine. Once the cell is aware of oxidative stress and damage, it recruits OGG1 to the site, whose main function is to initiate the BER pathway. OGG1 does so by cleaving the oxidized base and thus creating an AP site, primarily through the process of negative superhelicity. This AP site then signals cells to engage APE1 binding, which binds to the open duplex region. The binding of APE1 then plays an important role by stabilizing the formation of G-quadruplex structures in that region. This promotes formation of G-quadruplex structures by the folding of the stand. This looping process brings four bases in close proximity that will be held together by Hoogsteen base pairing. After this stage the APE1 gets acetylated by multiple lysine residues on the chromatin, forming acetylated APE1 (AcAPE1). AcAPE1 is very crucial to the BER pathway as it acts as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor, functioning to load transcription factors (TF) into the site of damage allowing it to regulate the gene expression. AcAPE1 is also very important since it allows APE1 to bind for longer periods of time by delay of its dissociation from the sequence, allowing the repair process to be more efficient. Deacetylation of AcAPE1 is the driving force behind the loading of these TFs, where APE1 dissociates from the G-quadruplex structures. When a study downregulated the presence of APE1 and AcAPE1 in the cell, the formation of G-quadruplex structures was inhibited, which proves the importance of APE1 for the formation of these structures. However, not all G-quadruplex structures require APE1 for formation, in fact some of them formed greater G-quadruplex structures in its absence. Therefore, we can conclude that APE1 has two important roles in genome regulation- Stabilizing the formation of g-quadruplex structures and loading the transcriptional factors onto the AP site
Cancer
Telomeres
G-quadruplex forming sequences are prevalent in eukaryotic cells, especially in telomeres, 5` untranslated strands, and translocation hot spots. G-quadruplexes can inhibit normal cell function, and in healthy cells, are easily and readily unwound by helicase. However, in cancer cells that have mutated helicase these complexes cannot be unwound and leads to potential damage of the cell. This causes replication of damaged and cancerous cells. For therapeutic advances, stabilizing the G-quadruplexes of cancerous cells can inhibit cell growth and replication leading to the cell's death.
Promoter Regions
Along with the association of G-quadruplexes in telomeric regions of DNA, G-quadruplex structures have been identified in various human proto-oncogene promoter regions. The structures most present in the promoter regions of these oncogenes tend to be parallel-stranded G-quadruplex DNA structures. Some of these oncogenes include c-KIT, PDGF-A, c-Myc and VEGF, showing the importance of this secondary structure in cancer growth and development. While the formation of G-quadruplex structure vary to some extent for the different promoter regions of oncogenes, the consistent stabilization of these structures have been found in cancer development. Current therapeutic research actively focuses on targeting this stabilization of G-quadruplex structures to arrest unregulated cell growth and division.
One particular gene region, the c-myc pathway, plays an integral role in the regulation of a protein product, c-Myc. With this product, the c-Myc protein functions in the processes of apoptosis and cell growth or development and as a transcriptional control on human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Interaction of c-Myc promoter G-quadruplex with NM23H2 was shown to regulate c-Myc in cancer cells in 2009
Regulation of c-myc through Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is also directly regulated through promoter G-quadruplex by interaction with the transcription factor NM23H2 where epigenetic modifications were dependent on NM23H2-G-quadruplex association. Recently, hTERT epigenetic regulation reported to be mediated through interaction of hTERT promoter G-quadruplex with the telomeric factor TRF2.
Another gene pathway deals with the VEGF gene, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, which remains involved in the process of angiogenesis or the formation of new blood vessels. The formation of an intramolecular G-quadruplex structure has been shown through studies on the polypurine tract of the promoter region of the VEGF gene. Through recent research on the role of G-quadruplex function in vivo, the stabilization of G-quadruplex structures was shown to regulate VEGF gene transcription, with inhibition of transcription factors in this pathway. The intramolecular G-quadruplex structures are formed mostly through the abundant guanine sequence in the promoter region of this specific pathway. The cyclin-dependent cell cycle checkpoint kinase inhibitor-1 CDKN1A (also known as p21) gene harbours promoter G-quadruplex. Interaction of this G-quadruplex with TRF2 (also known as TERF2) resulted in epigenetic regulation of p21, which was tested using the G-quadruplex-binding ligand 360A.
Hypoxia inducible factor 1ɑ, HIF-1ɑ, remains involved in cancer signaling through its binding to Hypoxia Response Element, HRE, in the presence of hypoxia to begin the process of angiogenesis. Through recent research into this specific gene pathway, the polypurine and polypyrimidine region allows for the transcription of this specific gene and the formation of an intramolecular G-quadruplex structure. However, more research is necessary to determine whether the formation of G-quadruplex regulates the expression of this gene in a positive or negative manner.
The c-kit oncogene deals with a pathway that encodes an RTK, which was shown to have elevated expression levels in certain types of cancer. The rich guanine sequence of this promoter region has shown the ability to form a variety of quadruplexes. Current research on this pathway is focusing on discovering the biological function of this specific quadruplex formation on the c-kit pathway, while this quadruplex sequence has been noticed in various species.
The RET oncogene functions in the transcription of kinase which has been abundant in certain types of cancer. The guanine rich sequence in the promoter region for this pathway exudes a necessity for baseline transcription of this receptor tyrosine kinase. In certain types of cancers, the RET protein has shown increased expression levels. The research on this pathway suggested the formation of a G-quadruplex in the promoter region and an applicable target for therapeutic treatments.
Another oncogene pathway involving PDGF-A, platelet-derived growth factor, involves the process of wound healing and function as mitogenic growth factors for cells. High levels of expression of PDGF have been associated with increased cell growth and cancer. The presence of a guanine-rich sequence in the promoter region of PDGF-A has exhibited the ability to form intramolecular parallel G-quadruplex structures and remains suggested to play a role in transcriptional regulation of PDGF-A. However, research has also identified the presence of G-quadruplex structures within this region due to the interaction of TMPyP4 with this promoter sequence.
Therapeutics
Telomeres are generally made up of G-quadruplexes and remain important targets for therapeutic research and discoveries. These complexes have a high affinity for porphyrin rings which makes them effective anticancer agents. However, TMPyP4 has been limited for used due to its non-selectivity toward cancer cell telomeres and normal double stranded DNA (dsDNA). To address this issue analog of TMPyP4, it was synthesized known as 5Me which targets only G quadruplex DNA which inhibits cancer growth more effectively than TMPyP4.
Ligand design and development remains an important field of research into therapeutic reagents due to the abundance of G-quadruplexes and their multiple conformational differences. One type of ligand involving a Quindoline derivative, SYUIQ-05, utilizes the stabilization of G-quadruplexes in promoter regions to inhibit the production of both the c-Myc protein product and the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). This main pathway of targeting this region results in the lack of telomerase elongation, leading to arrested cell development. Further research remains necessary for the discovery of a single gene target to minimize unwanted reactivity with more efficient antitumor activity.
Ligands which bind quadruplexes
One way of inducing or stabilizing G-quadruplex formation is to introduce a molecule which can bind to the G-quadruplex structure. A number of ligands, which can be both small molecules and proteins, can bind to the G-quadruplex. These ligands can be naturally occurring or synthetic. This has become an increasingly large field of research in genetics, biochemistry, and pharmacology.
Cationic porphyrins have been shown to bind intercalatively with G-quadruplexes, as well as the molecule telomestatin.
The binding of ligands to G-quadruplexes is vital for anti-cancer pursuits because G-quadruplexes are found typically at translocation hot spots. MM41, a ligand that binds selectively for a quadruplex on the BCL-2 promoter, is shaped with a central core and 4 side chains branching sterically out. The shape of the ligand is vital because it closely matches the quadruplex which has stacked quartets and the loops of nucleic acids holding it together. When bound, MM41's central chromophore is situated on top of the 3’ terminal G-quartet and the side chains of the ligand associate to the loops of the quadruplex. The quartet and the chromophore are bound with a π-π bond while the side chains and loops are not bound but are in close proximity. What makes this binding strong is the fluidity in the position of the loops to better associate with the ligand side chains.
TMPyP4, a cationic porphyrin, is a more well known G4 binding ligand that helps to repress c-Myc. The way in which TMPyP4 binds to G4's is similar to MM41, with the ring stacking onto the external G-quartet and side chains associating to the loops of G4's.
When designing ligands to be bound to G-quadruplexes, the ligands have a higher affinity for parallel folded G-quadruplexes. It has been found that ligands with smaller side chains bind better to the quadruplex because smaller ligands have more concentrated electron density. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonds of ligands with smaller side chains are shorter and therefore stronger. Ligands with mobile side chains, ones that are able to rotate around its center chromophore, associate more strongly to G-quadruplexes because conformation of the G4 loops and the ligand side chains can align.
Quadruplex prediction techniques
Identifying and predicting sequences which have the capacity to form quadruplexes is an important tool in further understanding their role. Generally, a simple pattern match is used for searching for possible intrastrand quadruplex forming sequences: d(G3+N1-7G3+N1-7G3+N1-7G3+), where N is any nucleotide base (including guanine). This rule has been widely used in on-line algorithms. Although the rule effectively identifies sites of G-quadruplex formation, it also identifies a subset of the imperfect homopurine mirror repeats capable of triplex formation and C-strand i-motif formation. Moreover, these sequences also have the capacity to form slipped and foldback structures that are implicit intermediates in the formation of both quadruplex and triplex DNA structures. In one study, it was found that the observed number per base pair (i.e. the frequency) of these motifs has increased rapidly in the eumetazoa for which complete genomic sequences are available. This suggests that the sequences may be under positive selection enabled by the evolution of systems capable of suppressing non-B structure formation.
More recently, advanced web-based toolboxes for identifying G-quadruplex forming sequences were developed, including user-friendly and open access version of G4Hunter based on sliding window approach or G4RNA Screener based on machine learning algorithm.
Methods for studying G-quadruplexes
A number of experimental methods have been developed to identify G-quadruplexes. These methods can be broadly defined into two classes: biophysical and biochemical methods.
Biochemical methods
Biochemical techniques were employed to interrogate G-quadruplex formation in a longer sequence context. In the DNA polymerase stop assay, the formation of a G-quadruplex in a DNA template can act as a roadblock and cause polymerase stalling, which halts the primer extension. The dimethyl sulfate (DMS) followed by the piperidine cleavage assay is based on the fact that the formation of a G-quadruplex will prohibit the N7 guanine methylation caused by DMS, leading to a protection pattern observed at the DNA G-quadruplex region after piperidine cleavage.
Biophysical methods
The topology of the G-quadruplex structure can be determined by monitoring the positive or negative circular dichroism (CD) signals at specific wavelengths. Parallel G-quadruplexes have negative and positive CD signals at 240 and 262 nm, respectively, whereas antiparallel G-quadruplexes place these signals at 262 and 295 nm, respectively. To verify G-quadruplex formation, one should also perform the CD experiments under non-G-quadruplex stabilizing (Li+) and G-quadruplex stabilizing conditions (such as K+ or with G-quadruplex ligands), and scan toward the far-UV region (180–230 nm). Likewise, the thermostability of the G-quadruplex structure can be identified by observing the UV signal at 295 nm. Upon G-quadruplex melting, the UV absorbance at 295 nm decreases, leading to a hypochromic shift that is a distinctive feature of G-quadruplex structure. Another approach for detection of G-quadruplexes includes nanopore-based methods. Firstly, it was shown that biological nanopores can detect G-quadruplexes based on size exclusion and specific interaction of G-quadruplex and protein nanocavity. The novel approach combines solid-state nanopores and DNA nanotechnology for label-free detection of G-quadruplexes, for their mapping on dsDNA, and for monitoring G-quadruplex formation.
Role in neurological disorders
G-quadruplexes have been implicated in neurological disorders through two main mechanisms. The first is through expansions of G-repeats within genes that lead to the formation of G-quadruplex structures that directly cause disease, as is the case with the C9orf72 gene and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The second mechanism is through mutations that affect the expression of G-quadruplex binding proteins, as seen in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) gene and Fragile X Syndrome.
The C9orf72 gene codes for the protein C9orf72 which is found throughout the brain in neuronal cytoplasm and at presynaptic terminals. Mutations of the C9orf72 gene have been linked to the development of FTD and ALS. These two diseases have a causal relationship to GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats within the 1st intron of C9orf72 gene. Normal individuals typically have around 2 to 8 G4C2 repeats, but individuals with FTD or ALS have from 500 to several thousand G4C2 repeats. The transcribed RNA of these repeats have been shown to form stable G-quadruplexes, with evidence showing that the G4C2 repeats in DNA have the ability to form mixed parallel-antiparallel G-quadruplex structures as well. These RNA transcripts containing G4C2 repeats were shown to bind and separate a wide variety of proteins, including nucleolin. Nucleolin is involved in the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes within the nucleus, and separation of nucleolin by the mutated RNA transcripts impairs nucleolar function and ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a widely expressed protein coded by the FMR1 gene that binds to G-quadruplex secondary structures in neurons and is involved in synaptic plasticity. FMRP acts as a negative regulator of translation, and its binding stabilizes G-quadruplex structures in mRNA transcripts, inhibiting ribosome elongation of mRNA in the neuron's dendrite and controlling the timing of the transcript's expression. Mutations of this gene can cause the development of Fragile X Syndrome, autism, and other neurological disorders. Specifically, Fragile X Syndrome is caused by an increase from 50 to over 200 CGG repeats within exon 13 of the FMR1 gene. This repeat expansion promotes DNA methylation and other epigenetic heterochromatin modifications of FMR1 that prevent the transcription of the gene, leading to pathological low levels of FMRP.
Therapeutic approaches
Antisense-mediated interventions and small-molecule ligands are common strategies used to target neurological diseases linked to G-quadruplex expansion repeats. Therefore, these techniques are especially advantageous for targeting neurological diseases that have a gain-of-function mechanism, which is when the altered gene product has a new function or new expression of a gene; this has been detected in the C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72).
Antisense therapy is the process by which synthesized strands of nucleic acids are used to bind directly and specifically to the mRNA produced by a certain gene, which will inactivate it. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are commonly used to target C9orf72 RNA of the G-quadruplex GGGGCC expansion repeat region, which has lowered the toxicity in cellular models of C9orf72. ASOs have previously been used to restore normal phenotypes in other neurological diseases that have gain-of-function mechanisms, the only difference is that it was used in the absence of G-quadruplex expansion repeat regions.
The G-quadruplex decoy strategy is another promising approach for targeting cancer cells by exploiting the unique structural features of the G-quadruplex. The strategy involves designing synthetic oligonucleotides that mimic the G-quadruplex structure and compete with the endogenous G-quadruplexes for binding to transcription factors. These decoys are typically composed of a G-rich sequence that can form a stable G-quadruplex structure and a short linker region that can be modified to optimize their properties. When introduced to cancer cells the decoy can intercept associated transcription factors and bind them leading to the regulation of gene expression. Decoys have been successfully demonstrated to inhibit oncogenic KRAS in SCID mice leading to reduced tumour growth and increased median survival time.
Another commonly used technique is the utilization of small-molecule ligands. These can be used to target G-quadruplex regions that cause neurological disorders. Approximately 1,000 various G-quadruplex ligands exist in which they are able to interact via their aromatic rings; this allows the small-molecule ligands to stack on the planar terminal tetrads within the G-quadruplex regions. A disadvantage of using small-molecule ligands as a therapeutic technique is that specificity is difficult to manage due to the variability of G-quadruplexes in their primary sequences, orientation, thermodynamic stability, and nucleic acid strand stoichiometry. As of now, no single small-molecule ligand has been able to be perfectly specific for a single G-quadruplex sequence. However, a cationic porphyrin known as TMPyP4 is able to bind to the C9orf72 GGGGCC repeat region, which causes the G-quadruplex repeat region to unfold and lose its interactions with proteins causing it to lose its functionality. Small-molecule ligands, composed primarily of lead, can target GGGGCC repeat regions as well and ultimately decreased both repeat-associated non-ATG translation and RNA foci in neuron cells derived from patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This provides evidence that small-molecule ligands are an effective and efficient process to target GGGGCC regions, and that specificity for small-molecule ligand binding is a feasible goal for the scientific community.
Metal complexes have a number of features that make them particularly suitable as G4 DNA binders and therefore as potential drugs. While the metal plays largely a structural role in most G4 binders, there are also examples where it interacts directly with G4s by electrostatic interactions or direct coordination with nucleobases.
References
Further reading
External links
Quadruplex websites
Nanopore and Aptamer Biosensor group{NAB group}
G-Quadruplex World – a website to discuss publications and other information of interest to those working in the field of G-quadruplexes
Greglist – a database listing potential G-quadruplex regulated genes
Database on Quadruplex information: QuadBase from IGIB
GRSDB- a database of G-quadruplexes near RNA processing sites.
GRS_UTRdb - a database of G-quadruplexes in the UTRs.
G-quadruplex Resource Site
non-B Motif Search Tool at non-B DB- a web server to predict G-quadruplex forming motifs and other non-B DNA forming motifs from users' DNA sequences.
Tools to predict G-quadruplex motifs
QGRS Mapper: a web-based application for predicting G-quadruplexes in nucleotide sequences and NCBI genes from Bagga's group.
Quadfinder: Tool for Prediction and Analysis of G Quadruplex Motifs in DNA/RNA Sequences from Maiti's group, IGIB, Delhi, India
G4Hunter from Mergny's group but user need to run the code in R.
pqsfinder: an exhaustive and imperfection-tolerant search tool for potential quadruplex-forming sequences in R.
pqsfinder: online search tool using the latest R/Bioconductor package
DNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex |
Livonia Engine was a General Motors engine factory in Livonia, Michigan. It is located at 12200 Middlebelt Rd and opened in 1971. The plant closed in June 2010.
Products
GM Premium V engine
References
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Livonia, Michigan
1971 establishments in Michigan
2010 disestablishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia%20Engine |
George Ritchie Hodgson (October 12, 1893 – May 1, 1983) was a Canadian competition swimmer of the early 20th century, and considered by many to be the greatest swimmer in Canadian history. Hodgson won the two longer freestyle swimming gold medals at the 1912 Olympics, the only categories in which he competed. He also competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Personal life
George Hodgson was born in 1893 in Montreal, Quebec. He matriculated at McGill University in 1912, competing in swimming and water polo for the school. While there, he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in applied science in 1916. He was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1955, the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1968, into the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996, and died in Montreal in 1983.
Several members of George Hodgson's extended family were also involved in Canadian sports. His uncles Billy and Archie Hodgson were prominent athletes with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association in the 1880s and 1890s, playing both ice hockey and lacrosse with the organisation. Archie Hodgson was a member of the first Stanley Cup winning team in 1893, the same year George Hodgson was born.
International career
George Hodgson, Canada's only Olympic gold medal winner in swimming until 1984, did not stay in competition very long. He won two gold medals at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, with times of 5:24.4s in the 400-metre and 22:00.0s in the 1500-metre freestyle. He had already set a world record of 22:23.0 in the first round of the race. He was eighteen at the time and retired immediately after one of the great races of all time. His unprecedented success was widely attributed to his innovation of the trudgen stroke, a hybrid between the front crawl and sidestroke.
It was for the 1500 meter Olympic championship and Hodgson broke world and Olympic records for 1000 yards and meters, and 1 mile in addition to the prescribed 1500 meter race distance. His Olympic record at 400 meters stood until 1924 when Johnny Weissmuller broke it at Amsterdam. He was Canada's lone swimmer in 1912.
World War I Service
During World War I Hodgson served as a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). He was appointed Probationer Flight Sub-Lieutenant, Ottawa on 18 January 1916, and was stationed at Chingford, then Felixstowe from 16 June 1916, where he carried out anti-submarine patrols, flying Felixstowe F2A flying boats. He was promoted to Flight Lieutenant on 30 June 1917. On 1 June 1918 he was posted to Southeast Area (service no. R 184192), and then from 18 August 1918 was pilot of Porte Baby 9810 (large flying boat) at Lerwick, Shetland, while serving at Houton Seaplane Station, Orkney. On 2 October 1918 he was posted to No.210 Training Depot Station and to Shorncliffe on 10 January 1919. He moved to the unemployed list on 22 January 1919.
Decorations
During the war Hodgson received a number of decorations:
Board of Trade Silver Medal for Gallantry in Saving Life at Sea, awarded on the recommendation of the President of the Board of Trade, announced in The Aeroplane, 27 March 1918; with F/Lt James Lindsay Gordon, Leading Mechanic (E) Sydney Francis Anderson, and Wireless Telegraphist (A.M.II) Bertram Harley Millichamp, ‘in recognition of their services in rescuing two men from an upturned float in the North Sea on May 29th last.’ Award effective 29 May 1917; presented at Buckingham Palace, 4 September 1918.
Mention in Despatches, London Gazette 1 October 1917. (As Flight Lieutenant George Ritchie Hodgson, RNAS). for patrol duties in home waters.
Air Force Cross, London Gazette 2 November 1918. (As Capt. George Ritchie Hodgson, RAF).
Records
Olympic records
1912 gold (400 m freestyle)
1912 gold (1500 m freestyle)
Fastest freestyle mile in the 1911 Festival of Empire Games (now the Commonwealth Games)
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
World record progression 1500 metres freestyle
References
External links
– Honor Swimmer profile at International Swimming Hall of Fame
George Hodgson Class of 1916 – Athlete profile at McGill University's Hall of Fame
1893 births
1956 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian male freestyle swimmers
World record setters in swimming
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers from Montreal
Swimmers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
McGill Redbirds and Martlets players
Recipients of the Sea Gallantry Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Hodgson |
Dolby TrueHD is a lossless, multi-channel audio codec developed by Dolby Laboratories for home video, used principally in Blu-ray Disc and compatible hardware. Dolby TrueHD, along with Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) and Dolby AC-4, is one of the intended successors to the Dolby Digital (AC-3) lossy surround format. Dolby TrueHD competes with DTS's DTS-HD Master Audio (DTS-HD MA), another lossless surround sound codec.
The Dolby TrueHD specification provides for up to 16 discrete audio channels, each with a sampling rate of up to 192 kHz and sample depth of up to 24 bits. Dolby's compression mechanism for TrueHD is Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP); prior to Dolby TrueHD, MLP was used for the DVD-Audio format, although the two formats' respective implementations of MLP are not mutually compatible. A Dolby TrueHD audio stream varies in bitrate, as does any other losslessly compressed audio format.
Like its predecessor, Dolby TrueHD's bitstream carries program metadata, or non-audio information that a decoder uses to modify its interpretation of the audio data. Dolby TrueHD metadata may include, for example, audio normalization or dynamic range compression. In addition, Dolby Atmos, a multi-dimensional surround format encoded using Dolby TrueHD, can embed more advanced metadata to spatially place sound objects in an Atmos-compatible speaker system.
Blu-ray Disc
In the Blu-ray Disc specification, Dolby TrueHD tracks may carry up to 8 discrete audio channels (7.1 surround) of 24-bit audio at 96 kHz, or up to 6 channels (5.1 surround) at 192 kHz. The maximum bitrate of an audio stream including metadata is 18 Mbit/s (instantaneous, since it is variable bitrate), and a TrueHD frame is either 1/1200 seconds long (for 48000 Hz, 96000 Hz or 192000 Hz) or 1/1102.5 seconds long (for 44100 Hz, 88200 Hz or 176400 Hz). Uncompressed (LPCM) it can be >35 Mbit/s. Any Blu-ray player or AV receiver that can decode TrueHD can also mix a multi-channel TrueHD track into any smaller amount of channels for final playback (for example, a 7.1 track to a 5.1 output, or a 5.1 track to a stereo output) by merging discrete channels' signals (except the low-frequency effects channel, the ".1," in a stereo mixdown, which is discarded due to its sound not playing back well without a dedicated subwoofer).
Dolby TrueHD is an optional codec, which means that Blu-ray hardware may decode it, but also may not (for example, inexpensive or early players, Blu-ray computer software, or pre–Blu-ray AV receivers). Consequently, all Blu-rays that include Dolby TrueHD audio also include a fail-safe track of Dolby Digital (AC-3), a mandatory codec. Unlike the competing DTS-HD Master Audio, which encodes its primary (optional) track in terms of differences from the companion mandatory track, a Dolby TrueHD-equipped Blu-ray's primary and companion tracks are redundant; the Dolby TrueHD bitstream has no data in common with the AC-3 bitstream, but AC-3 is used to construct E-AC3 stream. Similarly to DTS-HD MA, however, Dolby TrueHD's dual tracks are opaque to the user; a Blu-ray player loaded with a Dolby TrueHD disc will automatically fall back to AC-3 if it cannot decode or pass through the lossless bitstream, with no explicit selection required (or offered).
Dolby TrueHD's prominence relative to DTS-HD MA began to decline around 2010. It has experienced a mild resurgence as the encoding used for Dolby Atmos audio (especially in Ultra HD Blu-ray titles), but DTS-HD MA is still more common on titles with non-Atmos lossless audio. Regardless, publishers such as Paramount Home Entertainment and Funimation still use Dolby TrueHD for their releases.
Transport
Audio encoded using Dolby TrueHD may be transported to A/V receivers in one of three ways depending on player and/or receiver support:
Over 6 or 8 RCA connectors as analog audio, using the player's internal decoder and digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Over HDMI 1.1 (or higher) connections as 6 or 8-channel linear PCM, using the player's decoder and the AV receiver's DAC.
Over HDMI 1.3 (or higher) connections as the original Dolby TrueHD bitstream encapsulated in MAT (Metadata-Enhanced Audio Transport) frames, with decoding and DAC both done by the AV receiver. This is the transport mode mandated by Dolby Atmos.
Because S/PDIF does not have sufficient bandwidth to carry a TrueHD bitstream, or more than two channels of PCM audio, using S/PDIF requires either falling back to a disc's Dolby Digital track or mixing the TrueHD track down to stereo.
References
External links
Official website
Blu-ray Disc
Dolby Laboratories
HD DVD
Lossless audio codecs
Surround sound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby%20TrueHD |
Warren Transmission was a General Motors automotive factory in Warren, Michigan that manufactured propulsion transmissions. It was located at 23500 Mound Road and opened in 1941 as a Navy ordnance plant, built and operated by the Hudson Motor Car Company, predecessor of American Motors Corporation.
As of 2006, the factory employed 1,200 people. The company announced on June 1, 2006 that it would spend $332 million to expand production at Warren. On April 5, 2010 GM announced it was adding 100 jobs to the Warren Transmission plant.
On May 31, 2017, Warren Transmission announced that the second shift would be eliminated starting June 26, 2017. On November 26, 2018, GM announced that the plant would be closed in 2019.
On March 20, 2020 GM announced that they would be producing face masks for to help protect workers in essential services across the country amidst the COVID-19 outbreak at the former Warren Transmission factory. On March 27, 2020, GM began production with first deliveries on April 8, 2020.
In December of 2021, GM would sell the property to Northpoint Development for an undisclosed price. In January 2022, it was announced that the plant would be demolished and redeveloped.
Products
4T65-E Front wheel drive Hydra-Matic transmissions (Ended production Dec. 23, 2010)
6T70/6T75 Front Wheel Drive/All Wheel Drive Hydra-Matic transmissions (Used by the Chevrolet Impala and Cadillac XTS)
References
External links
1941 establishments in Michigan
Warren, Michigan
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Macomb County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Transmission |
"Look Back in Anger" is a song written by English artists David Bowie and Brian Eno for the album Lodger (1979). It concerns "a tatty 'Angel of Death'", and features a guitar solo by Carlos Alomar.
RCA Records was unsure if America was ready for the sexual androgyny of "Boys Keep Swinging", the lead-off single from Lodger in most territories, and "Look Back in Anger" was issued instead. The B-side was another track from Lodger called "Repetition", a story of domestic violence. The single failed to chart.
Beyond the shared title, the song has nothing to do with the John Osborne play Look Back in Anger. Bowie performed the song on his 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour (it is the opening number on the Serious Moonlight film) and reworked it in the mid-1990s as a heavy rock song for the Outside, Earthling, Heathen tours.
Critical reception
"Look Back in Anger" has a mixed reputation among Bowie commentators. NME critics Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray described it as "probably the low point" of the album, while Nicholas Pegg considers it "one of Lodger's dramatic highlights" and Chris O'Leary has called it "one of Bowie's strongest songs of the late Seventies".
Track listing
"Look Back in Anger" (David Bowie, Brian Eno) – 3:08
"Repetition" (Bowie) – 2:59
Personnel
Producers:
Tony Visconti
David Bowie
Musicians:
David Bowie: vocals, guitar
Dennis Davis: drums
George Murray: bass
Carlos Alomar: guitar
Sean Mayes: piano
Brian Eno: synthesizer, horse trumpet, Eroica horn
Tony Visconti: backing vocals
Music video
David Mallet directed a music video for the song, featuring Bowie in an artist's studio. The scenario was based on the conclusion of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray, as a self-portrait of the protagonist grows more handsome while he himself physically decays.
Other releases
"Look Back in Anger" has appeared on the following compilations: Chameleon (Australia/New Zealand 1979), Christiane F. soundtrack (1981), Golden Years (1983), Sound + Vision (1989), The Singles Collection (1993), The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 (1998), and The Platinum Collection (2005/2006).
A concert performance recorded on 12 September 1983 may be heard on the live album Serious Moonlight (Live '83), which was part of the 2018 box set Loving the Alien (1983-1988) and was released separately the following year. The filmed performance appears on the concert video Serious Moonlight.
In summer 1988 Bowie recorded a "new, brutal version of the song" with Reeves Gabrels on lead guitar, Kevin Armstrong on rhythm guitar, and Erdal Kizilcay on bass and drums; it was the first arrangement Bowie and Gabrels collaborated on, taking place shortly before the formation of the band Tin Machine. The recording was issued as a bonus track on the Rykodisc release of Lodger in 1991.
Bowie subsequently performed the song on several of his later tours, including the 1995 Outside Tour, the 1997 Earthling Tour, and his 2002 Heathen Tour. Live versions from the 1995 tour were included on Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) and No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) (both released in 2020).
References
David Bowie songs
1979 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Songs written by Brian Eno
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Music videos directed by David Mallet (director) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look%20Back%20in%20Anger%20%28song%29 |
Graftonite is an iron(II), manganese, calcium phosphate mineral with the chemical formula . It forms lamellar to granular translucent brown to red-brown to pink monoclinic prismatic crystals. It has a vitreous luster with a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 3.67 to 3.7.
It was first described from its type locality of Melvin Mountain in the town of Grafton, in Grafton County, New Hampshire.
References
Mindat with location data
Webmineral data
Iron(II) minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Calcium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftonite |
Haemorrhage is a Spanish goregrind band from Madrid.
History
The band formed in 1990 as Devourment and began its life as a trio, with Jose on bass and vocals, Luisma on guitar, and Emilio on drums, though this only lasted until the summer of 1991, when Emilio left the band. The group soon reformed, this time as duo, with Luisma again playing the role of guitarist and Jose taking over as drummer, with both performing vocals, and released their first demo as Haemorrhage: Grotesque Embryopathology. Near the end of 1993, Lugubrious and Ramon joined the band as vocalist and bassist, respectively. Between 1994 and 1995, Haemorrhage recorded a seven song promo tape, which was sent to Morbid Records and resulted in a two-album contract, welcomed guitarist Ana, and recorded their first release, Emetic Cult. However, Jose left in the following year due to personal issues and was replaced by Rojas. After releasing five studio albums on Morbid Records the band signed to Relapse Records which put out their albums Hospital Carnage and We are the Gore.
Influences and live shows
Haemorrhage are, like many goregrind bands, heavily influenced by Carcass, yet still have an identity all their own.
Live shows typically feature band members sporting surgeon's outfits and vocalist Lugubrious covered in blood, which is common in the goregrind scene. Artwork is almost exclusively done by guitarist Luisma.
Current members
Luisma - guitar, vocals (1990–)
Lugubrious - vocals (1993–)
Ana - guitar (1994–)
Ramon - bass, vocals (1994–)
Osckar Bravo - drums (2019–)
Former members
Jose - bass, vocals (1990–1991) drums (1991–1996, 2011–2014, 2019)
Emilio - drums (1990–1991)
Rojas - drums (1996–2011)
David - drums (2014-2016)
Erik Raya - drums (2016-2019)
Discography
Studio albums
Emetic Cult (1995)
Grume (1997)
Anatomical Inferno (1998)
Morgue Sweet Home (2002)
Apology for Pathology (2006)
Hospital Carnage (2011)
We Are the Gore (2017)
Demos, singles and EPs
Grotesque Embryopathology Demo (1992)
Obnoxious Split with Christ Denied (1994)
Split with Exhumed (1995)
Split with Damnable (1996)
Grind Over Europe ’96 Split with Clotted Symmetric Sexual Organ/Dead Infection (1996)
The Cadaverous Carnival Split with Denak (1998)
Surgery for the Dead Split with Groinchurn (1998)
Split with Ingrowing (1999)
Rotten to the Gore Split with Embolism/Suffocate/Obliterate (2000)
Scalpel, Scissors, and Other Forensic Instruments (2000)
Loathesongs (2000)
Do You Still Believe in Hell? Split with Gonkulator (2001)
Dawn in the Rotting Czech Split with Mastic Scum (2001)
Live in the Morgue Split with Depression (2001)
Split with WTN (2002)
Dementia Rex split with Impaled (2003)
Live to Dissect Split with Terrorism (2004)
Feasting on Purulence Split with Nunslaughter (2005)
Furtive Dissection split with Embalming Theatre (2006)
Chainsaw Necrotomy split with Dead (2008)
In Gore we trust split with Dead Infection (2009)
Morgue Metal split with Disgorge (2011)
Hospital Thieves" split with Gruesome Stuff Relish (2011)
Punk Carnage EP (2012)
Feasting on Maryland (2013)
Obnoxious EP (2014)
To Serve - To Protect... To Kill - To Dissect / Great Grinds Drink Alike Split with Rompeprop (2016)
Fallen In Gore Split with Hemdale and Meat Spreader (2018)
External links
Official Haemorrhage website
Official Haemorrhage Myspace profile
Haemorrhage Interview at Diabolical Conquest Webzine
Morbid Records
Haemorrhage endorser presentation by a german instrument builder
Goregrind musical groups
Spanish musical quintets
Spanish death metal musical groups
Spanish heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemorrhage%20%28band%29 |
Altenglan is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel-Altenglan. Altenglan is a recognized tourism community. Also, named after the municipality is the Altenglan Formation, a lithostratigraphic entity, and by extension, so is Altenglanerpeton, a microsaur whose fossil remains were found therein.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in the uplands in the Western Palatinate on the river Glan, which is the village's namesake, at an elevation in the valley of some 200 m above sea level, although the elevations within municipal limits reach almost 400 m (Bistersberg 387 m on the Glan's left bank; Kalmet 390 m on the Glan's right bank), and on the slopes of the Potzberg within the formerly self-administering municipality of Mühlbach almost 500 m. Altenglan lies roughly 5 km northeast of the district seat and nearest town, Kusel, and 25 km northwest of Kaiserslautern. In Altenglan, the Kuselbach and the Reichenbach empty into the Glan. The dale here forms a broad bowl, although the pattern is broken somewhat by the two streams that meet the Glan here, one from each side. Part of the Potzberg massif lies within Altenglan as does part of the long Remigiusberg ridge, although these hills' summits all lie outside the municipality's boundaries. The municipality has an area of 1 362 ha, of which 237 ha is wooded.
Neighbouring municipalities
Altenglan borders in the north on the municipality of Bedesbach, in the northeast on the municipality of Welchweiler, in the east on the municipality of Bosenbach, in the southeast on the municipality of Föckelberg, in the south on the municipalities of Rutsweiler am Glan and Theisbergstegen, in the southwest on the municipality of Rammelsbach, in the west on the town of Kusel and the municipality of Blaubach and in the northwest on the municipality of Erdesbach. Altenglan also meets the municipalities of Elzweiler and Haschbach am Remigiusberg at single points in the east and south respectively.
Constituent communities
Altenglan's Ortsteile are Altenglan, Mühlbach am Glan and Patersbach.
Municipality’s layout
The original settlement of Altenglan stretched along the higher parts of the left banks of both the Glan and the Kuselbach, along today's Glanstraße from the graveyard with the old church to the T-junction formed by today's Bahnhofstraße. This can clearly be seen in a stock book compiled in the mid-18th century. Other settlements on Bahnhofstraße had also already arisen by the 18th century. The last house before the bridge was the one that is now the rectory, and across the bridge (known as the Pfarrbrücke – “Parochial Bridge” – or the Schmiedebrücke – “Smithy Bridge”) stood a smith's workshop. Likewise already standing by the 18th century were houses in the area of today's Ringstraße, which the stock book describes as a gemeiner Weg – “common way”. Thus, a big triangle stretching back from the forks of the Glan and Kuselbach was settled at the time when the original cadastral survey was done in 1848. The settlement began to spread out in the 19th century towards Eckstraße and Tränkstraße, towards Neuwiesenstraße and today's Schulstraße. In the early 20th century, houses were built on Kuseler Straße. Altenglan station was built in 1868 along with the railway line between Kusel and Landstuhl. New, bigger residential areas arose after the Second World War west of Bahnhofstraße (Bildstock, Am Köpfchen, Gartenstraße) and to the side of Kuseler Straße (Alte Straße, Am Heiligen Spiegel, An den Rödwiesen). A new rectory was built in 1934 on Kuseler Straße, after the old one had been sold. The town hall, in its original form, the then municipality had built after the Second World War. Expansions took place after the founding of the Verbandsgemeinde. Most of the shops, supermarkets, banks and inns stand on the main street along with Austraße, and on Glanstraße, while the school with its gymnasium and event hall and the Verbandsgemeinde administration building (town hall) stand on Schulstraße. Adjoining the school (Gustav-Schäffner-Schule, a Regionale Schule) is a sporting ground. The sport and leisure swimming pool lies east of the village off the main road going towards Bosenbach. The mediaeval church stands in the middle of the graveyard in the village's northeast at the end of Glanstraße and across Kuseler Straße.
As a very old village, Altenglan has a relatively large municipal area, great swathes of which were opened up to development after the Second World War. The biggest tract of woodland is the Bruderwald, a typical mixed forest once owned by the Remigiusberg Monastery. Besides cropraising and livestock breeding, the municipality also worked at winegrowing to a limited extent in the time before the Second World War.
History
Antiquity
The Altenglan area was settled as early as the last period in the New Stone Age and on into Gallo-Roman times, bearing witness to which are archaeological finds. Since the name Glan is of Celtic origin, it could be that the centre was settled continuously up to the Frankish takeover of the land. From Roman times, too, traces have been preserved, such as a sculpture of a woman, the so-called “Venus of Glan”, which has since disappeared.
Middle Ages
The name Gleni appears along with the name Cosla (Kusel) in the historical work from the Archbishopric of Reims compiled by the early mediaeval historical writer Flodoard. According to the greater Remigiustestament, which is included in this work, the so-called Remigiusland with Kusel and Altenglan had supposedly already been bequeathed by King Clovis to Saint Remigius as a donation. This forgery was made possibly with the object of reinforcing the claim to Reims holdings in what is today the Western Palatinate through a reference to the famous bishop Remigius. It is highly likely that King Childebert II transferred the Remigiusland with the villages of Cosla and Gleni to Bishop Giles about 590. On these grounds, the municipality celebrated its 1,400-year jubilee in 1989. Altenglan surely exercised an important midpoint function in the Remigiusland.
In the time that followed, Altenglan's history corresponded with the Remigiusland’s. In 1112, the Remigiusland was taken over as a Vogtei by the Counts of Veldenz. In 1444, it passed as a Vogtei to the Dukes Palatine Zweibrücken, which bought the region – a Vogtei was only a protective function – in 1552. In connection with the Remigiusland, Altenglan was also mentioned in one of Louis the German’s documents, which was issued in 865, although it is only known today from a 13th-century copy. The name’s first mention in an original document, one bearing witness to an exchange of holdings by the Bishop of Worms, dates from 992.
According to Prüm Abbey’s directory of holdings, the Prümer Urbar, this abbey in the Eifel owned near a place called Glan a major holding. It is disputed today whether this meant the village of Altenglan. It is likewise disputed whether a knight named Straßenraub lived in Altenglan or indeed in Neuenglan, believed to have been the same place as today’s Hundheim. Straßenraub’s actual family name, however, was Hettenberg. Since it is known that the noble family Hettenberg had holdings at Altenglan, it is at least possible that Straßenraub lived here.
The first Schultheiß, Dylen (Till), was named in 1388. As well, a 1364 document, in which Count Heinrich I of Veldenz set forth the conditions for the support of his son, also named Heinrich, and his wife Lauretta, Altenglan was mentioned as an Amt seat along with Brücken near Ulmet. It can be assumed that Altenglan had had this administrative function since the founding of the County of Veldenz in the earlier half of the 12th century. In 1410, the two Ämter were merged, and the new seat was Pilsbach, a place on the Glan’s right bank that was later swallowed up by Ulmet. Altenglan thereby lost its central function, which it had likely had since the Early Middle Ages.
Modern times
Johannes Hoffmann’s 1588 description of Altenglan may be exaggerated, but it nevertheless gives today’s reader a little glance at the village’s original importance. Hoffmann described the village of Alten-Glan as “quite an old place” that had been built, like Trier and some other towns, more by “heathens” than anyone else, and these heathens had apparently built Altenglan into a “very great town”, girding it each side of the river Glan with ringwalls, so that the river flowed through the middle of the town.
Altenglan's first known municipal charter dates from 1567, and was renewed in 1581. At the time of the 1609 ecclesiastical Visitation, there were 37 families in the village. As a result of the Plague, the population shrank greatly even before the Thirty Years' War broke out. According to the Huberweistum, a 1630 Weistum (a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times), there were then only 30 families still living in the village. That same year, Imperial troops plundered Altenglan. As in the whole swathe of countryside around Kusel, especially because of the wartime events of 1635, very few people in Altenglan survived this frightful war, and almost all the houses had been destroyed. For a long time, it was not even worth the trouble of holding church services in the church. Even after the population had built itself back up somewhat through newcomers to the village, there was more war, this time King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. About 1680, Altenglan was said to be “burnt”. Nevertheless, during the 18th century, the population once again rose quickly by both migration to the village and natural growth, and according to the 1742 stock book, there were once more 47 houses in the village.
In the time of the French Revolution, French Revolutionary troops plundered Altenglan (1794), but otherwise left it unscathed. The village now belonged to the Department of Sarre, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld, the Canton of Kusel and the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Ulmet.
Recent times
After the formation of the Bavarian Rheinkreis, as the Palatinate was known after the Congress of Vienna awarded it to Bavaria, Altenglan remained in the Canton of Kusel, but now formed the seat of its own Bürgermeisterei (“mayoralty”) to which Patersbach also belonged (which is now a constituent community of Altenglan). The original 1845 cadastral survey shows 85 houses. In the time of industrialization, cloth weavers from Kusel began walking their cloth in Altenglan. The Schleip machine factory set up a wire drawing works. Beginning in 1870, the hard-stone quarrying industry expanded. Along with those who earned their livelihood at agriculture, the number of workers at quarries and factories rose steadily. In 1890, a workers’ association was founded. The workforce held fast to its political outlook even after Adolf Hitler’s 1933 seizure of power, with 15% of the voters locally voting against Hitler at the November 1933 Reichstag elections at a time when voters throughout the Third Reich were voting 99% yes (the ballots offered no alternative to Hitler, the Nazis and their sympathizers).
Towards the end of the Second World War, Altenglan had to suffer steady Allied bombings, and villagers were killed. On 9 March 1945, American troops marched in. Post-war times brought a new territorial arrangement and Altenglan was grouped into newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Bürgermeisterei of Altenglan was kept for the time being, within the district of Kusel. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate in 1968, The village of Altenglan became an Ortsteil of a new municipality that likewise bore the name Altenglan, but also included Patersbach and Mühlbach besides. The original plan had called for Bedesbach to be part of this municipality, too, but the residents there successfully fought a campaign to keep themselves out of it. At the same time, Altenglan became the seat of a Verbandsgemeinde in 1972 to which all together 16 Ortsgemeinden belong.
Population development
In 1609, there were 37 families living in Altenglan and thus, the village had roughly 100 inhabitants. There was a drop in population, however, even before the Thirty Years' War, likely due to the Plague and other epidemics, and there were only 30 families living in Altenglan by 1630. Fewer than ten villagers survived the Thirty Years’ War, but repopulation came with newcomers, although this was interrupted, and perhaps even reversed, by King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. There was an upswing in numbers early in the 18th century. At the time when the 1749 stock book was compiled, some 50 families lived in Altenglan and thereby some 200 inhabitants. In the next one hundred years, the population doubled. By 1835, according to the original cadastral survey (dates for this vary because the survey took a long time to complete), there were some 400 people in Altenglan.
The following table shows population development over the centuries for Altenglan, with some figures broken down by religious denomination:
Municipality’s name
The oldest form of the municipality's name, Gleni, appears in the history of the Archbishopric of Reims by the mediaeval historical writer Flodoard, in a forgery of Archbishop Remigius's will no less, likely put together by Archbishop of Reims Hinkmar. This form of the name also crops up in one of Louis the German's documents from 865 or 866. Gleni is a Celtic word for flowing body of water. The name, therefore, refers to the river that flows by the village. The modern form Altenglan leads to the supposition that there must once have been another village elsewhere on the Glan, founded later, with the name Neuenglan (alt and neu are German for “old” and “new” respectively), which writer M. Dolch identifies as the village now called Hundheim. Other older forms of the name Altenglan are as follows: Aldenglane (992), Glene (1124), Glana (1138), Glannam (1154), Glayna (1342), Alden Glane (1364), Alttenglahn (1629).
Religion
As early as the Early Middle Ages, it is likely that Altenglan was an ecclesiastical hub for the area between Rammelsbach and Erdesbach. It is, however, unknown when the parish acquired its first church. The Altenglan church had its first documentary mention in 1252, and in 1290 a village priest named Nikolaus was mentioned. Altenglan was also long regarded as the residence of the mediaeval Glan chapter. Only one archpriest of the Glan chapter, though, is known to have had his seat in Altenglan. His name was Jakob von Glayn, who was mentioned in 1365. It is assumed that the designation Glankapitel (“Glan chapter”) referred to the whole Glan region and not to the archpriest's seat in particular.
At the time of the introduction of the Reformation in 1537, the militant clergyman Nikolaus Dieburg was in office. He set about defending himself against the change, not only carrying out his ecclesiastical duties but also farming his glebe and taking the vineyards into the church's care. In 1558, the first ecclesiastical Visitation since the Reformation's introduction was undertaken, while others were now undertaken at seven-year intervals thereafter. Because so few people survived the Thirty Years' War, there was no resident clergyman in Altenglan for 111 years, until 1746, and consequently no church services, either. Towards the end of this era, though, the parish had the church renovated, preserving for the time being an old Romanesque steeple. In 1747, at what was then the edge of the village, a rectory was built on the Kuselbach; this is nowadays the Autohaus Lotter – a car dealership. In 1805, the Romanesque steeple had to be torn down because it had fallen into such disrepair. It was replaced with the roofed tower that still stands today. In 1860 or 1861, the church got new bells and in 1873, it had an organ for the first time. In 1934, the old rectory was sold and a new one was built on Kuseler Straße. In 1952, the church once again got new bells and in 1962 once again a new organ.
Catholic Christians once again settled in Altenglan beginning in the late 17th century, albeit in small numbers. Their religious needs were fulfilled by the Catholic church of the town of Kusel at first, but since about 1954, the church of Rammelsbach has been responsible for that.
A small Jewish community was established in the late 18th century. By the time that Hitler's Nazis began persecuting Jews in 1933, however, there were no longer any Jews in Altenglan. There never was a synagogue.
The Protestant parish of Altenglan is a merger of two parishes, one Altenglan and the affiliated centres of Bedesbach, Patersbach and Friedelhausen, together with the other, Mühlbach am Glan. The greater parish tends a flock of roughly 3,200, with 2,400 in Altenglan and 800 in Mühlbach.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
“BL” is a voters’ group.
Mayor
Altenglan's mayor is Yvonne Draudt-Awe. The two outlying centres each have representation on council through an Ortsvorsteher. For Patersbach, this is Harry Schwarz, and for Mühlbach, Diana Schmitt.
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Tierced in mantle dexter azure Saint Remigius proper vested and mitred argent garnished Or bearing in his dexter hand a book gules garnished of the second and in his sinister hand a bishop's staff of the third, over his dexter shoulder a dove displayed reversed wings inverted proper, sinister argent a lion rampant of the first armed, langued and crowned of the third, in base gules the letter V surmounted by the letter V reversed, both of the third.
Alternatively, “the letter V reversed” might be called “the letter lambda”.
Saint Remigius on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the Bishopric of Reims. A disputed version of the local history from the 9th and 10th century, however, holds that King Clovis I, the Frankish Kingdom's founder, after his 496 victory over the Alamanni, donated the so-called Remigiusland, including Kusel and Altenglan, to Saint Remigius himself, the Bishop of Reims, rather than simply to the abbey that Remigius oversaw. The dove symbolizes Clovis's baptism. The Veldenz lion on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the County of Veldenz and later to the Duchy of Zweibrücken. The charge in base stems from the old Ulmet court seal, which was also once used to seal documents from Altenglan. However, another source identifies the charge as the letters A and V (although the crossbar seems to be missing from the A), supposedly standing for “Altenglan” and the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Altenglan (main centre)
Kuseler Straße 2 – Protestant parish church; Baroque aisleless church with hipped roof, marked 1720, essentially older, ridge turret 1806; Romanesque sculpture fragment; thorough renovation 1956, architect Hans-Georg Fiebiger, Kaiserslautern; at the graveyard: warriors’ memorial 1914-1918, dying warriors, 1927 by A. Bernd, Kaiserslautern
Bahnhofstraße 2 – Late Baroque house, marked 1785; lengthy building with half-hipped roof; characterizes village's appearance
Eisenbahnstraße 3 – railway station; spacious reception building, one-floor goods shed with loading ramp, 1862/1868
Eisenbahnstraße 8/10 – administrative and residential buildings of the post; two-floor winged buildings, one-floor garage wing, 1925, architects Heinrich Müller and colleagues
Friedelhauser Straße 11 – former administrative building of the Basalt Aktiengesellschaft, Linz am Rhein; Baroque Revival building with hipped roof, 1921/1922, architects Heinrich Mattar and Eduard Scheler, Cologne; in the back shed and stable buildings
Glanstraße 30 – former town hall; sandstone-framed building with half-hipped roof, 1856/57, conversion 1896; characterizes square's appearance
Mühlbach
Moorstraße 13 – Protestant church; quarrystone aisleless church with belltower, Swiss chalet style, 1933/1934, architect Government Master Builder Stahl, Landau
Near Genickelstraße 4 – former smithy; one-floor timber-frame building, partly solid, pitched-roof addition, whetstone, earlier half of the 18th century
Mühlweg 3, Mühlbacher Mühle (monumental zone) – group of buildings from the former gristmill; seven-axis sandstone-framed plastered building, expansion 1892 and oilmill (1858), barn complex (after 1845) and the millstream diverted from the Glan
Streitmühle 1 – former Seylsche Mühle (mill); Late Baroque sandstone-framed plastered building, latter half of the 18th century; weir complex; commercial buildings: shed and servants’ house, towards 1859, livestock barn and storehouse not as old; one-arched stone bridge, 1854, architect Johann Schmeisser, Kusel
Water fountain, south of the village near Moorstraße – fountain facility, sandstone and cast iron, 1846, architect Karl Klee
Patersbach
Hauptstraße 24 – sandstone-framed Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), 1864
Near Zum Horst 6 – former smithy, plastered building with gabled, partial skillion roof, possibly about 1865; technical equipment
Fockenmühle 2 – Fockenmühle (mill); former oilmill and gristmill; three-floor single-peak complex, essentially from the 18th century, marked 1864 and 1871 (conversions), floors added in 1922 and 1938, livestock barn 1871; technical equipment from the 1930s, millrace built leading underground and course of the Glan beginning at the mill's weir complex
Altenglan is the starting and ending point of the Draisinenstrecke (railway upon which visitors can ride draisines). The outlying centre of Mühlbach lies at the foot of the Potzberg, on whose summit stands the Potzbergturm (tower); a game park can also be found here. From Altenglan's main centre, a pleasant hike can be taken up the Remigiusberg (mountain) to the old provost's residence.
Regular events
Glaner Kerb, or dialectally the (Alten-)Glaner Kerwe, the yearly church consecration festival held on the third weekend in August since 1876
Feuerwehrfest (“Fire Brigade Festival”), held every other year on the third weekend in September
Herzdriggermarkt (market), held on the first weekend in June
Weihnachtsmarkt (“Christmas Market”), held during the second week in Advent
Clubs
The Altenglaner Carneval-Verein (Carnival club) distinguishes itself each year with ambitious “Carnival sessions”. The Katastrophenorchester (“Catastrophe Orchestra”), a joke musical ensemble, is known far and wide. Other clubs include the following:
Gewerbeverein Altenglan (commercial association)
German Red Cross local chapter
Sportverein Altenglan (sport club)
Sportfischerverein Mittleres Glantal (angling)
DLRG local chapter
Imkerverein Altenglan (beekeeping)
Gesangverein Liederkranz Altenglan (singing club)
Economy and infrastructure
Economic structure
For many years, Altenglan was a village characterized by agriculture, but with certain administrative functions. Today, agriculture plays only a subordinate role. Industrial operations arose as early as the time after the Thirty Years' War, when chalk deposits within the municipal area were worked. This was, however, given up after the Second World War. In 1835, the Altenglan mill was taken over by clothmakers from Kusel, who built it into a walking mill. The wire-drawing mill, too, was established by entrepreneurs from Kusel. The wireworks is now out of business, and the building itself has since been torn down. In 1872, the municipality reached an agreement with the railway for the use of the quarry to mine ballast and crushed stone in Altenglan for railway and road building. Beginning in 1952, industries located in Altenglan, among them Mainmetall and a concrete works.
Established businesses
The biggest industrial concern in Altenglan is the firm Main Metall, which has a foundry in Altenglan that manufactures alloys of outstanding quality that are further processed for building machines, special vehicle axles, for instance.
Two big food markets, several other shops and inns, an optician’s shop, a pharmacy, five physicians’ practices, several workshops, carpentry shops, a varnisher and a scrapyard are all located in Altenglan.
Currently, the commercial-industrial park named “Im Brühl” is being opened up, and the fire brigade has already located there. The location's favourability towards transport is one reason why the park has been steadily developing. Among others, a carpentry business and a metal construction business have opened for business there.
Transport
Because two major brooks empty into the Glan here, Altenglan has always been a transport hub, lying as it does in or near several valleys. In Altenglan, Bundesstraße 423 ends at Bundesstraße 420, along which the Kusel interchange on Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier) can be reached ten kilometres to the southwest. Bundesstraße 420 itself leaves the Glan valley here and leads to Kusel and Neunkirchen in the Saarland. Bundesstraße 423 leads through the middle Glan valley by way of Homburg and Zweibrücken to the French border near Sarreguemines. Another road leads through the Reichenbach valley to Kaiserslautern.
Serving nearby Altenglan is Altenglan station on the Landstuhl–Kusel railway. There are hourly trains at this station throughout the day, namely Regionalbahn service RB 67 between Kaiserslautern and Kusel, named Glantalbahn after a former railway line that shared a stretch of its tracks with the Landstuhl–Kusel railway.
Verbandsgemeinde institutions
Available among Verbandsgemeinde institutions are a Regionale Schule, a heated swimming pool for sport and leisure, the Verbandsgemeinde administration and public works and the fire brigade.
Education
The first efforts on the municipality's part to set up a school were undertaken even before the Thirty Years' War. These efforts, though, were forever foundering for lack of any rooms designed for school classes and, perhaps worse, for lack of anybody who could work as a teacher. Only in 1694 – several decades after the Thirty Years' War – did schooling at last begin in Altenglan, although an actual schoolhouse was not dedicated until 1740. It stood at the end of the village, just outside the graveyard. While surrounding villages had only winter schools (schools geared towards agricultural communities’ practical needs, held in the winter, when farm families had a bit more time to spare), Altenglan's school had year-round classes, and so children from those outlying villages came to school in Altenglan in the warmer months. In the course of the 19th century, the school acquired a third class. On the site of the old schoolhouse, a new, bigger building arose in 1828. Only after the Second World War, however, could a fourth class be added. Beginning in 1962, children from several neighbouring villages once again attended classes in Altenglan when attempts to set up a central school had been carried to fruition. The 1969 school reform split Grundschule (primary school) and Hauptschule. All children from Hauptschulen in the Verbandsgemeinde were gathered together in the 18 classes at the new school building. A central primary school came into being at Rammelsbach. The Altenglan Hauptschule introduced the 10th school year early and today has the status of a Regionale Schule. As for adult education, Altenglan has a location of the Kreisvolkshochschule Kusel.
There are also two kindergartens in Altenglan, the Protestantische Kindergarten in Altenglan and the municipal kindergarten in Mühlbach.
Firefighting
Located in Altenglan is the Verbandsgemeinde firefighting base. Altenglan's volunteer fire brigade has existed since 1880 and thus celebrated its 125th anniversary in September 2005. The youth fire brigade has existed since 1980 and hence celebrated its 25th anniversary in the same year. From here, all deployments, even ones handled by other local brigades, are backed up by the deployment centre at the Altenglan fire station. Each year, the Altenglan fire brigade handles more than 100 deployments. The number of firefighters, however, is shrinking steadily, as it is in other Verbandsgemeinden, leading thus far to the closure of three local fire stations in the Verbandsgemeinde of Altenglan.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Heinrich Müller (1892–1968), architect of the Postbauschule
Rainer Hamm (1943– ), criminal defence lawyer and professor of criminal law.
Jörg Matheis (1970– ), author
Further reading
E. Schworm, K.-E. Seitz, L. Seitz: Altenglan - Geschichte eines alten Dorfes; Hg. OG Altenglan, 1990
Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinland-Pfalz, Band 16: KREIS KUSEL, bearbeitet von Christian Schüler-Beigang, herausgegeben im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Kultur, Jugend, Familie und Frauen vom Landesamt für Denkmalpflege; Worms, Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999, S. 36f;
References
External links
Verbandsgemeinde of Altenglan homepage with information about the Ortsgemeinde of Altenglan
Mühlbach am Glan (outlying centre of Altenglan) homepage
Brief portrait of Altenglan with film at SWR Fernsehen
Kusel (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenglan |
Apollo Junior High School is a secondary school in Richardson, Texas. It is part of the Richardson Independent School District.
Apollo is one of two intermediate schools that feed L.V. Berkner High School. Founded in 1977, Apollo educates students in grades 7-8.
Its approximate annual enrollment is 800 students, nearly twice that of the Texas state average for middle schools. The student-teacher ratio is 16.5:1.
Accomplishments
The Apollo Junior High Band is the only band in the history of Texas to win the Texas Music Educators Association Honor Band Competition for three consecutive years of eligibility.
In 1998 and 2000, teachers at the school were the recipients of the Edyth May Sliffe Award for excellence in mathematics.
The Apollo Junior High Symphony Orchestra received straight 1's when they played at UIL which took place in UNT's Performing Arts Center. The 1st Violins, Violas and Harpist received awards for their outstanding performance as well. The orchestra is led by Mrs. Thornton and Mrs. Cies.
Notable alumni
Jensen Ackles, television actor and fashion model (1993)
References
External links
Richardson Independent School District
Apollo Junior High PTA Website
Apollo Band Website
Apollo Junior High School profile provided by schooltree.org
Apollo Junior High School facts provided by RISD
Educational institutions established in 1977
Public middle schools in Texas
Richardson, Texas
1977 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%20Junior%20High%20School |
"Return of the King" is the ninth episode of the first season of the animated television series The Boondocks. It originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim on January 15, 2006. The episode's name was taken from The Lord of the Rings volume The Return of the King. It won a Peabody Award in 2006.
Plot
The episode begins with two epigraphs:
Huey Freeman narrates an alternate version of history in which Martin Luther King Jr. survived his assassination attempt on April 4, 1968, but fell into a 32-year coma. Awakening in October 2000, he experiences a resurgence of popularity and signs a deal to write his autobiography. He shows up to vote for the 2000 U.S. presidential election, but is "turned away due to voting irregularity".
A biopic based on King's life is released shortly after the September 11 attacks, and becomes a box office flop as a result. During an appearance on Politically Incorrect, King states that the teachings of his Christian faith require him to "turn the other cheek," even with respect to enemies such as al-Qaeda. His commentary draws severe scorn from major news outlets and the White House, and his popularity plummets.
During a book signing in Woodcrest attended by no one, Huey and Robert Freeman meet King. Robert had participated in the Montgomery bus boycott, but has harbored a long-standing grudge against Rosa Parks because she received all the attention for refusing to give up her seat when Robert was sitting next to her, too, neither arrested nor acknowledged the same way Parks was. Huey and Robert offer to let King stay with them while he is in town. Following an uneasy family dinner with King, Tom DuBois, and Uncle Ruckus as guests, Huey and King watch television together and King bemoans the state of black popular culture. Huey tells him that the deterioration occurred because the culture was waiting for King or another strong leader to emerge.
The next day, Huey persuades King to try and reach out to the public again, this time by starting a political party. King tries to explain its principles on a talk show, only to be repeatedly cut off by the host until Huey throws a chair at him. Huey and King next decide to spread the word by going door to door, but King hires an event promotions firm to publicize a planning meeting for the party without telling Huey. The meeting becomes a raucous event, filled with dozens of young black attendees and performers behaving as though they are at a nightclub. Shocked and disgusted by the crowd's poor behavior, King launches into a furious tirade that stuns them into silence. He sharply castigates them for falling victim to the worst stereotypes about their race after the Civil Rights Movement did so much to give them the opportunity to better themselves, and ends by announcing his plans to relocate to Canada.
King thanks Huey for trying to help, tells him to do all he can, and leaves. It is the last time that Huey sees him alive. Word of King's speech begins to spread, sparking a national uprising among black citizens that profoundly affects their culture. The front page of a November 2020 newspaper shows that King has died in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the age of 91, and that Oprah Winfrey has just been elected President of the United States.
Huey's final comment is "It's fun to dream," indicating that the entire episode has been his imagining of how history might have unfolded if King had not died in 1968.
Controversy
"Return of the King" was the most controversial episode of The Boondocks's first season. The episode received criticism from Al Sharpton for depicting Martin Luther King Jr. using the term "nigga." He demanded an apology from Aaron McGruder and Cartoon Network, stating "Cartoon Network must apologize and also commit to pulling episodes that desecrate black historic figures. We are totally offended by the continuous use of the n-word in McGruder's show."
Cartoon Network replied by releasing a statement saying, "We think Aaron McGruder came up with a thought-provoking way of not only showing Dr. King's bravery but also of reminding us of what he stood and fought for, and why even today, it is important for all of us to remember that and to continue to take action." McGruder himself responded to Sharpton's criticism in The Boondocks comic strip, by having the characters ridicule the activist's choice to attack a cartoon over other, more relevant issues. The characters in the strip never specify the cartoon to which they are alluding.
The incident was also referenced on the show, in the episode "The Block is Hot." While Huey listens to an internet radio station, the broadcaster mentions Sharpton: "Folks, this heat will not let up, it is hot! Speaking about hot, Al Sharpton is hot right now. Havin' a big ole protest. Seems his anger again has something to do with... I think it's a cartoon this time..."
See also
List of The Boondocks characters
References
The Boondocks (TV series) episodes
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Cultural depictions of Martin Luther King Jr.
2006 American television episodes
2006 controversies in the United States
2000 United States presidential election in popular culture
2020 United States presidential election in popular culture
Animation controversies in television
Race-related controversies in animation
Race-related controversies in television
Television controversies in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20of%20the%20King%20%28The%20Boondocks%29 |
Marr is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Marr may also refer to:
Marr (surname)
Businesses
Marr (automobile) (1903–1904), an American automobile company
Marr & Holman, an American architectural firm
Marr and Colton, an American pipe organ company
Places
Marr, South Yorkshire, England
Marr College, a school in Troon, South Ayrshire, Scotland
Marr Residence, a historic site in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Birrarung Marr, Melbourne, an inner-city park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Other uses
Marr baronets, a British title
Marr Prize, a computer vision award
Marr–Hildreth algorithm, a digital image edge detection method
Marr, or Marrette, a twist-on wire connector
The Andrew Marr Show, a British television series
Minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR), a project finance concept
See also
Mar (disambiguation)
Marre, a commune in Meuse, Grand Est, France
Marre (surname)
MARRS, a recording collective
Mars (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Glan-Münchweiler is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Oberes Glantal.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in a hollow in the Glan valley in the uplands in the Western Palatinate, with peaks such as the Galgenberg, the Klopfberg, the Eckertsberg and the Wingertsberg. On the Glan’s right bank, at the foot of the Hochwald (“High Forest”) lies the outlying centre of Bettenhausen. The bottom of the dale has an elevation of 215 m above sea level. The highest elevation within municipal limits lies in the Eichenwald (“Oak Forest”) at 388 m above sea level. Glan-Münchweiler lies roughly 8 km southeast of Kusel and 25 km west of Kaiserslautern. The municipal area measures 464 ha, of which 112 ha is wooded.
Neighbouring municipalities
Glan-Münchweiler borders in the north on the municipality of Rehweiler, in the east on the municipality of Niedermohr, in the south on the municipality of Nanzdietschweiler, in the southwest on the municipality of Börsborn, in the west on the municipality of Henschtal and in the northwest on the municipality of Quirnbach.
Constituent communities
Glan-Münchweiler’s Ortsteile are Glan-Münchweiler (main centre) and Bettenhausen.
Municipality’s layout
On the terrace that juts out from the western slope into the Glan valley, monks from Hornbach Abbey established an estate in the 8th century for clearing and farming the surrounding countryside. The village core that arose here with its estate and church was fortified on the downstream side in 1344, as witnessed by “civic building”. After the Thirty Years' War, Glan-Münchweiler’s built-up area spread westwards towards what is today Marktstraße (“Market Street”). Ringstraße and Hauptstraße (“Main Street”) soon formed a residential quadrangle through which ran only one street from the village core, Kirchstraße (“Church Street”). With the opening of the building zone in the cadastral area known as “Teich” (“Pond”), the built-up area began to spread northwards in 1953 towards the slopes of the Fronberg and Galgenberg, stopping only at the ridge in many places. With the graveyard’s expansion in 1970, even Friedhofstraße (“Graveyard Street”) and the area below were opened up. The Autobahn, also finished in 1970, touches Glan-Münchweiler just at the southwest, tightly hemming the village’s development in. Only the sporting ground with its two football pitches and athletic complex could be laid out to the highway’s west. The supply road built for the Autobahn’s construction was developed after the Second World War and is now called Embachstraße. The forester’s house built in 1914 on the road leading out of Glan-Münchweiler towards Quirnbach served after the war as a kindergarten owned by the Catholic Church, although it is now under private ownership. At the turn of the millennium, Glan-Münchweiler had 27 streets and 358 houses.
History
Antiquity
The village’s beginnings and first settlers lie in the time before the Christian Era. Archaeological finds of stone hatchets within Glan-Münchweiler’s limits bear witness to settlers in the New Stone Age. The barrow fields in the Eicherwald give clues as to a certain continuity in settlement in the Iron Age. Glan-Münchweiler lies at the crossroads of some old roads. Many finds from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD show that the place was settled in Roman times. A trove of coins unearthed in 1976 in what is now the village core, along with further clues, point to a fire in 351 or 352.
Middle Ages
After the Frankish takeover of the land, the Glan-Münchweiler area passed in about the middle of the 8th century through donation into Hornbach Abbey’s ownership. About this time, the Hornbach monks established an estate (after which the municipality is named; see Municipality’s name below) for clearing and farming the land, and also built a church, some remnants of which were found in today’s church’s foundations. The Hornbach Monastery pledged the “Münchweiler Tal” (dale) in the time that followed to the Raugraves of Neuenbaumburg and Altenbaumburg. Thus, secular lords became the fiefholders in this area. In 1383, the fief passed to the Lords of Breitenborn, and shortly thereafter to the Burgmann family of Mauchenheim. Sir Georg von der Leyen wed Eva Mauchenheimer in 1468, thus beginning the long lordship of the Counts of Leyen in the “Münchweiler Tal”, which lasted until 1801. Glan-Münchweiler acquired the status of Unteramt together with the villages of Steinbach, Haschbach, Nanzweiler, Dietschweiler, Börsborn and Gries. The seat of the Oberamt was Blieskastel. The highest lord in the land remained, however, the Dukes Palatine Zweibrücken, who exercised the blanket lordship over the Hornbach Monastery. Over the centuries, this led to disputes over questions of authority. There were usually two Schultheißen, one appointed by the Counts of Leyen and the other by the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. The first Schultheiß appointed by the Counts of Leyen in 1490 was named Andreas Stemmler, while the first one appointed by the Duchy was named Johann Jakob Röhrich.
Modern times
The ecclesiastical, legal and social convulsions in the time of the Reformation brought new antagonisms and disputes into the “Münchweiler Tal”. The Dukes of Zweibrücken, as rightful successors to the Hornbach Monastery, were Reformed, whereas the Counts of Leyen had chosen to remain Catholic. Administration and use of landholds were forever a cause of disagreement and feuding. During the Thirty Years' War, Glan-Münchweiler was largely destroyed and plundered by Croatian mercenaries. In 1621, Glan-Münchweiler was stricken with a frightful outbreak of the Plague, which claimed most of the lives in the village. Indeed, two villages in the “Münchweiler Tal” – Reichertsweiler and Fröschweiler – died right out in the epidemic.
Recent times
The French Revolution brought the hitherto prevailing lordship arrangements to an end. Imperial Countess Marianne von der Leyen, during her flight before the French Revolutionary troops, sought shelter for a week at the Evangelical rectory. The County of Leyen was dissolved in 1801; likewise liquidated was the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. The Palatinate was now French. Münchweiler became the seat of a mairie (“mayoralty”), belonging to which were also the villages of Steinbach, Haschbach, Nanzweiler and Dietschweiler. The village now lay in the Canton of Waldmohr, the Arrondissement of Saarbrücken and the Department of Sarre. After the Palatinate’s cession to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816, Glan-Münchweiler was administered by the Landcommissariat of Homburg. In 1920, after the First World War, the Saar passed to France. The Canton of Waldmohr, which belonged to the Bezirksamt of Homburg, and along with it the Bürgermeisterei (“Mayoralty”) of Glan-Münchweiler, was grouped into the Kusel district. In preparation for the Battle of France in the Second World War, the Organisation Todt built a Führer Headquarters in Glan-Münchweiler, called “Waldwiese” (“Glade”). It was, however, never used as such. Since then, the complex has been completely dismantled. Considerable changes arose from the 1969-1972 administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate. On 7 June 1969, the hitherto self-administering municipality of Bettenhausen was split away from the Kaiserslautern district, grouped into the Kusel district and merged with Glan-Münchweiler to form the new municipality of Glan-Münchweiler, which itself became the seat of a newly created Verbandsgemeinde in 1972, to which also belong Börsborn, Herschweiler-Pettersheim, Hüffler, Wahnwegen, Krottelbach, Langenbach, Quirnbach, Henschtal, Steinbach am Glan, Nanzdietschweiler, Rehweiler and Matzenbach. Glan-Münchweiler retains this form to this day.
Population development
Of the just under 300 inhabitants in Glan-Münchweiler in 1610, only six “subjects/families” were left when the Thirty Years' War ended. In 1725 it was reported that there were shoemakers, shopkeepers, weavers and nailers who had joined together in guilds. By introducing cotton spinning as a cottage industry, opportunities to earn income were improved. Approval for trial digging for coal and other minerals was first granted in 1764. Glan-Münchweiler’s population figures rose in the 18th and 19th centuries, but only slowly. Quicker growth came only after the First World War.
The following table shows population development over the centuries for Glan-Münchweiler:
Municipality’s name
Sources differ on the date of first documentary mention and the name’s original form. According to Hans Weber, writing at regionalgeschichte.net, Glan-Münchweiler had its first documentary mention in 1333 as Monichwilari, derived from the Latin Monachorum Villa (“the monks’ estate”). Other names that the village has had over the ages are Monchwilre (1415), Monchwiller (1564), Münchweiler am Glan (1730), Glan-Münchweiler (as of 1885).
Nevertheless, according to the Verbandsgemeinde website and authors Wilhelm Volkert and Richard Bauer, Glan-Münchweiler had its first documentary mention as Mönchweiler in 1019. Mönch is still the German word for “monk” today (this is a reference to the monks’ estate); Weiler means “hamlet”, or originally “homestead”. In 1330, the slightly different spelling of Münchweiler was used, and then in 1867, the village was known as Münchweiler am Glan. Finally, in 1885, the village settled on the name Glan-Münchweiler, which it still bears today.
The sources at least agree that Bettenhausen had its first documentary mention in 1393 but they differ as to whether the original name was Bottenhusen (Weber) or Bottenhausen (Volkert et al.). Weber furthermore puts forth the notion that the village was likely named after a man named Botto; so the name Bettenhausen would mean “at Botto’s house”.
The name of the river Glan is of Celtic origin and means “fishing water” or “clean water”.
Religion
About 820, some monks took over the Frankish estate that had been here and built the first, Romanesque chapel, which was consecrated to Saint Pirmin, for it had been he who had founded their monastery at Hornbach. In the early 13th century, the great Gothic church arose, whose quire and vestry still exist today. Its lovely windows and graceful vault ribs make it a jewel among churches. In 1771, the church’s nave was renovated, leading to the discovery of three Viergöttersteine that had been used as part of the foundation (a Viergötterstein is a sculpted stone of monumental size designed to support a Jupiter Column; its German name means “four-god stone” in reference to the godly images carved into each of its four sides). They, of course, point to a Roman origin for Glan-Münchweiler. Further renovations to the church were undertaken in 1853-1854 and 1958. Until the Reformation, Glan-Münchweiler and its parish lay under the Hornbach Monastery’s overlordship. The abbot had patronage rights at the church. It was he who named and paid the priest and he gathered tithes from each family, as was customary. After the Reformation, the Hornbach Monastery was dissolved. The Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken had been the ones who had introduced the Reformation. The first Lutheran pastor is known to have been in the village as of 1555. A rectory was built in 1599. In 1737, this was torn down and a new one was built on the same spot. This still stands today and is still the Protestant rectory. Along with the Haus Lehné, it is one of Glan-Münchweiler’s oldest buildings. There is one thing that characterizes the local ecclesiastical history in a somewhat unusual way. It arose from the longstanding dispute over who had authority in the “Münchweiler Tal”, with both the Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken and the Counts of Leyen vying for supremacy. It turned into a struggle between Protestants and Catholics over who held the post of parish priest (or pastor, as the case may be) and who got to use church property and income. In 1684, the Catholics were granted the right to share the church. During the upheavals arising from French King Louis XIV’s Politique des Réunions, a further improvement in the Catholics’ favour arrived on the scene. A 1786 agreement awarded the Protestants two thirds and the Catholics one third of the church’s property. With this compromise, the two denominations for the most part lived together in peace. The simultaneum at the church lasted until 1902. The Catholic community then built its own church and received from the Protestants an indemnity of 8,000 marks.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Glan-Münchweiler’s mayor is Karl-Michael Grimm (SPD).
Coat of arms
The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Gules in base an inescutcheon azure a pale argent, issuant from behind which Saint Pirmin of the third vested, mitred and crined Or holding in his dexter hand a book of the field and in his sinister hand an abbot’s staff, the crook to sinister, of the fourth.
The human charge in the arms, Saint Pirmin, is a reference to the village’s founding by monks from the Hornbach Monastery, which Pirmin founded. The inescutcheon azure a pale argent (that is, blue with a vertical silver stripe) is a reference to the village’s former allegiance to the House of Leyen, whose counts held the fief in Glan-Münchweiler from 1486 to 1794, and who bore such arms. In its current form, the arms match a court seal from 1564.
Bettenhausen, too, once bore its own arms, for it was once a self-administering municipality. Its arms might be described thus: Per fess argent a demilion azure armed and langued Or and azure a pale of the first. The lion is a reference to the village’s former allegiance to the County of Veldenz, the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken and Electoral Palatinate. The lower half of the arms is the old Leyen arms.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Glan-Münchweiler (main centre)
Saint Pirmin’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Pirminus), Ringstraße 29 – two-naved Romanesque Revival sandstone block building, belltower, 1900–1902, architect Wilhelm Schulte I
Hauptstraße 16 – Protestant parish church; mediaeval rectangular quire, flanking quire tower, vestry addition in the 15th century, Baroque aisleless church, 1771 while maintaining surrounding walls, architect Philipp Heinrich Hellermann, Zweibrücken; Stumm organ from 1865; Roman spolia and sarcophagi
Beethovenstraße 4 – Protestant rectory; Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) with half-hipped roof, marked 1737, commercial wing 1777
Hauptstraße 2 – mill on the Glan; stately building with half-hipped roof, 1812, architect Peter Bell, Kusel; joining wing with waterwheels, part of the old mill building, 1938, later given extra floor and expanded
At Hauptstraße 13 – sandstone gateway arch, marked 1754
Hauptstraße 21 – so-called Alte Apotheke (“Old Apothecary”); house, sandstone-framed plastered building, 1862
Ringstraße 42 – former forestry office building; villalike building with hipped roof, one-floor side wing and staircase, marked 1914, architect Bruno Seyfarth, Kaiserslautern; characterizes village’s appearance
Schulstraße 1 – former school; cube with teaching-room wing and one-floor entrance and lavatory building, pitched roofs, Bauhaus style, 1932, architect Bruno Seyfarth, Kaiserslautern; characterizes village’s appearance
Bettenhausen
Bettenhausen 31 – Rüb estate complex; corner complex, essentially from the 18th century, expansion into three-sided estate in the 19th century; house with wooden gallery and half-hipped roof, marked 1751, two commercial wings, 1882/1886, shed, servants’ house; characterizes village’s appearance
Bettenhausen 33 – stately Quereinhaus, 1835; together with Rüb estate complex characterizes village’s appearance
Regular events
The traditional kermis (church consecration festival) is held on the second weekend in July. Year’s end is characterized by many club festivals and ends with a communal Christmas market.
Clubs
Participating in Glan-Münchweiler’s cultural and social life are many clubs and organizations. Foremost among these would be the “Liederkranz” singing club, founded in 1876, and the gymnastic and sport club from 1922, each with its various departments and many activities. As a pastime, nine-pin bowling has long been popular; the oldest of the many clubs has existed since 1910. In the field of culture, events staged by the folk high school at the Glantalschule (school) can be named. Moreover, the Verbandsgemeinde organizes its own concerts under the name “Kultur live”. The churches and the ecclesiastical clubs also enrich the offerings of events. The bank branches in Glan-Münchweiler also offer many exhibitions.
Economy and infrastructure
Economic structure
In the small territory held by the Counts of Leyen, the most important economic endeavour was until the early 19th century agriculture. Since the Middle Ages, though, there had been other occupations in Glan-Münchweiler having to do with administration, transport and trade. In the original 1845 cadastral survey, 36 farming businesses and 45 people who ran other kinds of businesses were listed. Improvements to economic circumstances and the building of the railway in 1868 brought along with them a measure of upward mobility among the villagers. There was a great expansion in trades, among them dealers in livestock, fruit, fertilizer, agricultural machinery, fat and coal as well as brewers and tanners. The Volksbank was founded in 1875, and the Raiffeisenbank in 1891. The only major firm in Glan-Münchweiler is Gebrüder Hanz (“Gebrüder” = “Brothers”), which is in the construction business (road and underground construction), and was founded in 1940. The most important commuting destinations are Kaiserslautern and Homburg.
Education
The first schools in the “Münchweiler Tal” were established after the Reformation. The pastor was also the schoolteacher, holding classes at either the church or the rectory. The schoolteachers and schoolmasters are known from records beginning in 1580. They were paid very meanly from church coffers for their teaching at winter school (a school geared towards an agricultural community’s practical needs, held in the winter, when farm families had a bit more time to spare) from early November to late February. They were craftsmen, mainly coopers, tailors or blacksmiths. The teacher’s workshop or some other wanting room would be where classes were held. Considerable improvements to schooling conditions were wrought by the 1710 building of the Protestant parish schoolhouse. By 1772, this had grown far too small and was torn down, only to be replaced with a new, bigger one. At this time, Glan-Münchweiler had 60 Evangelical and 30 Catholic schoolchildren. The earliest Catholic school is attested from 1686. Particularly worthy of mention in Glan-Münchweiler’s paedagogical life is that two related “teacher families” characterized teaching at the Evangelical school in an uninterrupted sequence of schoolteachers spanning two hundred years, the families Börstler and Kiefer. The new political order in 1818 (the Palatinate had recently been awarded to the Kingdom of Bavaria by the Congress of Vienna) brought schooling decisive changes. School became compulsory and year-round. In 1831, a new Evangelical schoolhouse was built, and so was a Catholic one. Both are still standing, on what is now Beethovenstraße, but both are now private houses. Both were used as schools, though, for 100 years, until the new shared school building was completed in 1932. For the disparate village schools in the “Münchweiler Tal”, the eventual building of a combination primary school-Hauptschule in 1975 on the Galgenberg was an important advance. Beginning in the 2000-2001 school year, the Hauptschule was run as part of the Regionalschule, thereby offering all students a nearby opportunity for education. The district folk high school and the district music school maintain branch locations in Glan-Münchweiler. The Evangelical parish sponsors a three-class kindergarten. A new building is being planned.
Transport
Serving Glan-Münchweiler is Glan-Münchweiler station on the Landstuhl–Kusel railway. There are hourly trains at this station throughout the day, namely Regionalbahn service RB 67 between Kaiserslautern and Kusel, named Glantalbahn after a former railway line that shared a stretch of its tracks with the Landstuhl–Kusel railway, including the former junction at Glan-Münchweiler. It also lies on the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier); the interchange is also called Glan-Münchweiler.
In the area where Glan-Münchweiler today lies, two long-distance roads crossed each other even as far back as Roman times. The building of the railway line between Landstuhl and Kusel in 1868 and of the one between Glan-Münchweiler and Homburg contributed considerably to improvements in transport links. Meeting here are Bundesstraße 423 from Homburg to Altenglan and two highways to Miesau and Landstuhl. The connection to the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier) right near the village in 1970 was a further upgrade towards being a transport hub. Nevertheless, the Autobahn and other highways, the railway and the river Glan have served as dividers and limits, greatly thwarting the village’s expansion, but there is now, given the favourable location with regard to transport and the high quality of living, a long and growing demand for building land.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Johann Christian Boerstler (b. 1752 in Glan-Münchweiler; d. about 1820 in Maryland)
Boerstler was one of the best known personalities from the families Kiefer and Boerstler, who were related by marriage, and who for almost 200 years worked as teachers in the “Münchweiler Tal”. Besides his profession, Boerstler busied himself with naturopathy. He was freedom-loving and criticized exploitation by the authorities. In 1784, he emigrated to the United States and there successfully worked as “Dr. Boersteler”. Parts of his journals have been published.
Armin Reichel (b. 31 January 1958 in Glan-Münchweiler)
A footballer.
Johann Ludwig Daniel Weber (b. 1775 in Glan-Münchweiler; d. 20 August 1854 in Glan-Münchweiler)
Weber was a mill owner and the mayor of Glan-Münchweiler. During the French Revolutionary troops’ occupation, the Bannmühle (mill) was transferred into his ownership. He furthered trade and the ideas of freedom in Glan-Münchweiler. The number of businesses rose sharply. Successors of the Weber clan from Glan-Münchweiler are today the owners of the Karlsberg brewery in Homburg (branded as Karlsbräu outside Germany to avoid confusion with the Danish brewer Carlsberg).
Famous people associated with the municipality
Otto Feick (b. 1880 in Reichweiler; d. 1959 in Schönau an der Brend)
Feick was the inventor of the Rhönrad and grew up in Glan-Münchweiler. Owing to his passive resistance to the Occupation of the Rhineland, the French removed him from the Palatinate. Up to 1925, he was developing the said gymnastic device, which he called the “Rhönrad” after his new home, the Rhön Mountains (Rad means “wheel”). By exhibiting it at the 1936 Summer Olympics, Feick made the Rhönrad world-famous. Wheel gymnastics is a sport now pursued in many countries. In Feick’s honour, the municipality has placed a Rhönrad as a monument in the middle of the roundabout on Bundesstraße 423 in the outlying centre of Bettenhausen.
Paul Nägle (b. 1907 in Wiesbaden; d. 1967 in Glan-Münchweiler)
Nägle worked as a pastor in Münsterappel and from 1950 to 1967 in Glan-Münchweiler. In many presentations, a comprehensive two-volume parish history and many publications he concerned himself intensively with both ecclesiastical and local history.
Axel A. Weber (b. 1957 in Kusel)
Weber is the former President of Deutsche Bundesbank; he spent most of his youth in Glan-Münchweiler. His parents still live there.
References
External links
Glan-Münchweiler in the collective municipality’s webpages
Kusel (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan-M%C3%BCnchweiler |
The Copa del Rey de Balonmano (English: King's Cup of Handball) is an annual cup competition for Spanish handball teams. Organized by the Liga ASOBAL. It was originally known as the Copa del Generalísimo and was renamed Copa de SM El Rey in 1975. It was the first nationwide handball competition played in Spain, and was first played for in 1957.
Winners by year
Winners by titles
2 titles: Selección de Balonmano de Madrid, Teka Cantabria, Bidasoa Irún, San Antonio and Valladolid.
1 title: Arrahona, Selección de Balonmano de Guipúzcoa, Selección de Balonmano de Barcelona, Marcol, Alzira Avidesa and Ademar León.
External links
Spanish Beach Handball Community
Recurring sporting events established in 1957
1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa%20del%20Rey%20de%20Balonmano |
Hillsborough Community College (HCC) is a public community college in Hillsborough County, Florida. It is part of the Florida College System.
History
HCC was one of the last community colleges to be created in Florida, founded in 1968. Only Pasco–Hernando State College, out of the 28-school Florida community college system, was founded later.
In January 2008 the school opened its first residence hall, Hawk's Landing, named after the school mascot. This marks HCC as one of the few community colleges with its own residence hall.
Campus
The college has five campuses located throughout the county. Locations include: Brandon, Dale Mabry, Plant City, Ybor City, and South Shore (on the south shore of Tampa Bay in Ruskin); with the Dale Mabry campus being the largest. There are also instructional centers at MacDill Air Force Base (South Tampa/aligned with the Plant City Campus) and at the Regent (Riverview) aligned with the Brandon Campus. Administrative offices and headquarters are located on Davis Islands, near downtown Tampa. HCC has over 80 campus clubs, groups and organizations available.
Academics
HCC has grown to include over 43,000 students. In 2010, HCC ranked 8th in the state and 20th in the nation in total number of associate degrees produced. HCC houses the Honors Institute.
Athletics
HCC participates in the Suncoast Conference within Division I of NJCAA Region VIII within the Florida State College Activities Association (FSCAA). Sports include men's baseball and basketball, and women's basketball, softball, tennis and volleyball. The school's nickname is the Hawks. The school's competitions are broadcast on both the school's athletic site and the school radio station WMNF 88.5 HD4. Basketball is played at the Dale Mabry campus.
Notable people
Alumni
Geoffrey Giuliano, radio personality and biographer of the Beatles
Colton Gordon (born 1998), baseball pitcher
Garry Hancock, baseball outfielder who played for the Indians and the Rangers in 1974.
Hulk Hogan (Terry Bollea), professional wrestler
Othello Hunter (born 1986), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Robert Mosebach (born 1984), baseball player who has played for the Expos and the Phillies.
Jeffrey Webb, former FIFA vice president
Chad Zerbe (born 1972), baseball player who played for the Dodgers in 1991.
Faculty
Percival Davis, author, a young earth creationist, and activist in the intelligent design movement. Retired, former professor of Life Science.
References
External links
Education in Tampa, Florida
Universities and colleges established in 1968
Florida College System
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges in Hillsborough County, Florida
1968 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough%20Community%20College |
Tingvallagymnasiet (Tingvalla upper secondary school) is an upper secondary school in Karlstad, Sweden, offering education programmes both in the social and natural sciences.
History
Construction of the school started after Karlstad was granted its Royal charter in 1584, and it was most likely to have been completed in 1586, then as a two-story wooden building. As all other Swedish educational facilities it was then dedicated to the teachings of the church. Following the great fire of 1752, the school was relocated to its current position at the East side of the town's main square.
Following the construction of the main building in stone, several new additions have been made, integrating the school premises with several blocks in central Karlstad.
Notable alumni
Fredrik August Dahlgren
Tage Erlander
Anders Fryxell
Gustaf Fröding
References
External links
Karlstad Municipality homepage – Tingvalla
Gymnasiums (school) in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingvallagymnasiet |
Neha Ahuja (born September 27, 1981) is an Indian alpine skier who represented India in the 2006 Winter Olympics held in Torino, Italy. Ahuja was also the flag bearer in the opening and closing ceremonies. She has achieved several milestones in skiing for India. She is the first Indian woman to have qualified for the Winter Olympics. She is also the first woman to qualify for both the slalom and giant slalom events in the Olympics. Ahuja was one of four Indians competing at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She placed 51st in the slalom (SL) and 42nd in the giant slalom (GS) events. Her older sister Shefali Ahuja represented India in the 3rd Winter Asian games held in Harbin, China, and her younger sister Swati Ahuja participated in the fourth season of MTV Roadies.
Early life
Ahuja was born in New Delhi to Anita Ahuja (née Wadhwa) and Comdt. S.P. Ahuja, an officer in the Indian Border Security Force (BSF). Ahuja's father was also the director of winter sports in Gulmarg and was the principal of the Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering. At the age of four, Ahuja and her family moved to Kashmir due to her father’s posting, and that was when she first learnt to ski.
In 1994, she participated in a two-week training camp under Otto Santner and Peter Santner at the Thayer Racing Club, Kaprun, Austria, which encouraged her to continue her career as a skier. Soon after, she began training under Kazuo Sato in order to participate in the 1996 Junior Asian Winter Games being held in Japan. At the age of 16, Ahuja moved to Vail, Colorado and trained at the Vail Mountain School for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. After sustaining a knee injury that year while training, she could not perform physical activity for six months. As a result, she could not participate in the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics. A year later, however, she competed in the Winter Asian Games (2003).
She then trained under Dietmar Thoni at the Bartsch Race Academy, Pitztal, Austria for the 2006 Winter Olympics.
In 1999, she graduated from Air Force Bal Bharti, and in 2003, she graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder. Additionally, she was a competitive swimmer and swam at the Delhi state level. She was also a national level diver.
Personal life
Ahuja has two sons. She currently works as a Strategy Consultant at a major firm. She now plays tennis and skis recreationally.
Alpine skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic results
References
External links
Tahoe.com news story
1981 births
Living people
Indian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for India
Sportswomen from Delhi
Alpine skiers at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Alpine skiers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
21st-century Indian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha%20Ahuja |
Gumbel or Gumble is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bryant Gumbel (born 1948), American television sportscaster, brother of Greg
David Heinz Gumbel (1906–1992), Israeli designer and silversmith
Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966), German mathematician, pacifist and anti-Nazi campaigner
creator of Gumbel distribution
Greg Gumbel (born 1946), American television sportscaster, brother of Bryant
Nicky Gumbel (born 1955), Anglican priest and author
Thomas Gumble (died 1676), English biographer
Wilhelm Theodor Gumbel (1812–1858), German bryologist
Wilhelm von Gumbel (1823–1898), German geologist
Fictional
Barney Gumble, a fictional character from The Simpsons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbel |
Free is the second studio album by American progressive rock band OSI, released by InsideOut Music on April 21, 2006.
Guitarist Jim Matheos and keyboardist and vocalist Kevin Moore decided to work on a follow-up to Office of Strategic Influence after the two found they both had holes in their schedules. Drummer Mike Portnoy returned as a session musician rather than a full band member. Joey Vera replaced Sean Malone on bass guitar.
Free was met with generally positive critical reception. Critics noted that the album was different from its predecessor, focusing more on Moore's keyboards than Matheos' guitars. Portnoy's drumming received praise; Moore's vocals received mixed reactions. A remix EP titled re:free was released on October 24, 2006, featuring remixes of three tracks from Free.
Background
After the first OSI album, Office of Strategic Influence, was released in 2003, Jim Matheos and Kevin Moore returned to their respective projects. Matheos released the album FWX and toured with Fates Warning. Moore moved from Costa Rica to Istanbul, Turkey. In 2004, he released the third Chroma Key album, Graveyard Mountain Home, and wrote the soundtrack (released as Ghost Book) to the Turkish horror film Okul. Matheos and Moore both had holes in their schedules, so decided to work on a second OSI album.
The writing and recording process were largely the same as that for the first OSI album. Matheos would send Moore guitar, keyboard and programming parts; Moore would then "chop them up and stuff". Matheos considers the writing process for OSI as more collaborative than writing for his other band, Fates Warning: "With Fates I write songs and we don't really change a whole lot from my final version to the version that goes on the record," he said. "With Kevin it's much more collaborative in that I come up with a song idea and it can change completely from my original idea to the final product on the record."
Matheos originally intended the first OSI album as a "project" which would never produce a second album. For Free, Matheos and Moore wanted to use a different musician lineup to focus OSI on primarily being Matheos and Moore. They did not want to give the impression that the guests on the first album were part of the band. Matheos stated that the music on Free was "focused less on the progressive elements or the metal elements that were on the first record. We thought we could do something just a little more groove oriented." Matheos and Moore had both worked with bassist Joey Vera in the past and considered him "perfect" for the album. Moore was pleased with Vera's bass parts: Vera sent them to Moore in a state such that they required very little editing or enhancement for the final mix of the album.
Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy was listed as a full member of OSI on the first album, but found working on the first album to be a difficult experience. Moore noted that Portnoy "wasn't used to having other people have strong ideas about what the drum parts should be". For Free, Portnoy contributed drum tracks as a session musician, agreeing to "take [Matheos and Moore's] ideas and do the best he could with playing", according to Moore. Portnoy's drum parts were recorded at Carriage House Studios in Stamford, Connecticut from November 18 to 20, 2005.
Composition
Moore stated that he and Matheos had an idea of what style of music to write for Free as they "both have similar feelings about what worked on the first album". He considered the album as "more focused" than its predecessor. He noted that Free continued "the mood of some of the songs of the first album and the melodies and mixing up some of the heavy stuff with the programming. As opposed to the instrumental, straight ahead, progressive stuff we did". He attributed the band's sound to the "very different" ideas he and Matheos' had.
Moore described the lyrics on the album as "just whatever is going on in my head... I try to development from a stream of consciousness to something that makes sense". He said the lyrics primarily spoke of relationships, "our way of trying to keep them, the resulting problems and that kind of thing". Moore cited Roger Waters and Peter Gabriel as influences on his vocal style, "Those guys don't have the best voices either, but they pull it off then I figured I could do it too," he said. He noted that musically his progressive influences "will always be there" because they influenced all his music, but could not name any other influences as "[he listens] to so much stuff it just gets lost".
Moore doubletracked his vocals, but apart from occasional use of delay did not use any effects on his vocals. He used an Elektron Monomachine and a Minimoog Voyager with computer software to produce the keyboard sounds on the album. Matheos detuned his guitars to C# and sometimes B instead of using a seven-string guitar because he prefers the sound of a detuned guitar: "To me, they sound totally different if you have those nice loose, floppy strings," he said. "It's a real bitch to keep them in tune, stopping every couple measures, retuning and punching back in. Especially for [a] song that's in B, or even C# is a problem sometimes, especially if you're doing a lot of fast moving around or high up on the neck. It's a pain in the ass, but I really like that sound. I don't think I would ever go to a 7-string."
The bonus track OSIdea 9 features audio clips of former chess world champion Robert 'Bobby' Fischer's rambling interview with a radio station after his arrest in Japan, in which he asserts that the U.S. government will torture and murder him once extradited back to the country.
Release and promotion
Free was released by InsideOut Music on April 24, 2006.
Matheos and Moore were keen to tour the US and Europe in the fall of 2006. In a 2009 interview, Moore reflected that "we tried to get together [to tour], but it just didn't happen".
The special edition of the album contained six extra songs: two were songs that didn't make it to the final album, but Matheos noted "were interesting nonetheless"; two tracks were songs Moore had written for Radio For Peace International. Another track was a demo of "When You're Ready", a track from Office of Strategic Influence. An EP entitled re:free was released on October 24, 2006. InsideOut Music released a CD version of the EP and Burning Shed released a vinyl version. The EP features the tracks "Go" (remixed by Console), "Kicking" and "Home Was Good" (both remixed by Moore) and a multimedia track of "Free".
Reception
Critical reception for Free was generally positive. Blogcritics praised the album as "a masterful evolution of the sound of two fabulous musicians", describing it as "a magnificent symbiosis of metal and experimental electronica." Jake Rosenberg of Transcending the Mundane stated that on Office of Strategic Influence, "it sounded like they were experimenting with different approaches, but never really established the OSI sound". He lauded Free for "[sounding] like the work of a mature and confident band". Adrien Begrand of PopMatters regarded Free as "a challenge to fans of both Fates Warning and Dream Theater, and one that will surprise those who think this is just another slice of flashy prog metal bombast."
Reviewers commented on the differences between Free and Office of Strategic Influence. Rosenberg described Free as "heavier, darker, more experimental and a lot more consistent" than the first album. Stewart Mason of AllMusic described the album as "downright commercial in a way that none of the duo's previous projects have been". He regarded the album as less like the "standard-issue epic metal" of the first album and more like "Evanescence's gothy metal-pop crossed with late-era Radiohead's fondness for electronic interference". He considered the songwriting as "catchy enough that it's not unthinkable that unadventurous rock radio programmers could take a shine to the title track or 'Go'", although noted that "Fates Warning and Dream Theater fans might be less impressed". Rosenberg considers Free as musically "a more progressive version of Nine Inch Nails. Instead of creating their darkness with angst and depression, OSI creates their darkness with sheer indifference." Begrand compared the album to Head Control System, "in that it tends to stray from the typical metal template in an attempt at something a little more electronic influenced". Although not considering Free to be as "enthralling" as Head Control System, he noted that the album "still has its moments".
Critics noted that there was a greater focus on Moore's keyboards than Matheos' guitar riffs. Blogcritics said that "Free focuses a lot on the keyboards and programming of Kevin Moore", although Matheos' "heavy guitar riffs, while not as frequent on this disc, have an even harder edge. They have an energy, and urgency, and serious metal crunch to them that will make any rocker sit up and pay attention." Chad Bower of About.com noted that Free "isn't one of those metal albums that hypes you up and makes you want to break stuff. It's one where you have to sit back, throw on the headphones, and appreciate the complexity and musicianship." Olav Björnsen of Prog4you.com stated that "layers upon layers of electronic sounds, that fill out the soundscapes of the songs, create nuances and subtle moods as well as walls of sound and tension." He said that Matheos used acoustic and electric guitars "to fill out the soundscapes even more, and is at the most effective when playing the acoustic guitar, giving life and warmth to songs that would have been a bit cold sounding without that input."
Bower described Moore's "laid back and relaxed" vocals as "[fitting] in perfectly with the atmospheric style music". Blogcritics praised Moore's vocals as being "in such stark contrast to the music that it serves to heighten the tension of the songs". Björnsen considered Moore's vocals as "an important asset" to the album: "He isn't a good vocalist when it comes to singing voice or range, but utilizes his talk-like singing effectively, binding together eleven quite different sounding songs." Rosenberg considered Moore's vocals and lyrics as "the thing that stands out the most", comparing him to Roger Waters. Mason dismissed Moore's vocals, describing them as "unfortunately reminiscent of any number of faceless alternative rock singers". Begrand criticized Moore's "monotonous droning" as "tiresome".
Mike Portnoy's drumming received praise. "Mike Portnoy continues to amaze with his adaptability, playing perfectly with just about whatever style of music," Blogcritics noted. Björnsen commended Portnoy's performance, noting that "He delivers driving rhythms when appropriate, and has a more laid back approach when necessary". Batmaz praised Portnoy for "displaying admirable restraint": "Free is perhaps his most minimalistic side, because of the thick atmosphere on the album, but at any rate, his performance his spectacular". Blogcritics praised Vera's bass parts as "[adding] extra strength and depth to the rhythm section."
Batmaz regarded "All Gone Now" as "arguably the best song", describing it as being "built upon a strong foundation of atmosphere and dynamics. Constantly shifting between mad riffage and daunting synth passages, this song features some of the finest melodies Kevin Moore has written since Awake. His synth melodies simply soar to high levels while Matheos' playing contrasts the eerie mood of the piece." Björnsen dismissed "Our Town" as "filler".
Track listing
Special edition bonus disc
Re:free track listing
Personnel
Jim Matheos - guitars, keyboards and programming
Kevin Moore - vocals, keyboards and programming
Mike Portnoy - acoustic drums
Joey Vera - bass on tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7
Bige Akdeniz - guitar and vocals on "Old War"
References
2006 albums
OSI (band) albums
Inside Out Music albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20%28OSI%20album%29 |
The Uri Rotstock is a mountain on the territory of Isenthal, Uri, Switzerland and part of the Uri Alps.
In literature
In Alan Dean Foster's 1984 science-fiction novel The I Inside, the great supercomputer known as The Colligatarch, the de facto ruler of the world, is located inside Uri Rotstock.
References
External links
Uri-Rotstock on Hikr
Uri-Rotstock on Summitpost
Mountains of the Alps
Bernese Alps
Mountains of the canton of Uri
Mountains of Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri%20Rotstock |
The Hallstatt Lecture is an hour-long lecture in any European language on some aspect of ancient and modern Celtic culture. It is given at The Tabernacle, Machynlleth in Wales at lunchtime on the Wednesday of each Machynlleth Festival.
Past lecturers
1991 Professor J. E. Caerwyn Williams
1992 Morfydd Owen
1993 Emeritus Professor Dafydd Jenkins
1994 Frank Delaney
1995 Unknown
1996 John Meirion Morris
1997 Gwynn ap Gwilym
1998 Graham and Ann Arnold
1999 Trevor Fishlock
2000 Murray Chapman
2001 Dr Marion Loffler
2002 Simon Jenkins
2003 Professor Alistair Crawford
2004 Dr Damian Walford Davies
2005 Derec Llwyd Morgan
Further reading
Gwynn ap Gwilym: Our Cousins' Verse: connections between some Welsh and Irish poets in the early twentieth century (Hallstatt Lecture). Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 1997
Trevor Fishlock: Invitation to a Mystery (Hallstatt Lecture). Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 1999
External links
The Machynlleth Festival
British lecture series
Annual events in Wales
1991 establishments in Wales
Recurring events established in 1991
Celtic culture
Education in Powys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt%20Lecture |
Belmonte () is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 6,859, in an area of 118.76 km2.
History
Belmonte is the birthplace of Pedro Álvares Cabral, the navigator who discovered the land of Vera Cruz, now known as Brazil. Located in the Church of Santa Maria is the iconic statue of Nossa Senhora da Esperança (Our Lady of Hope), which Cabral took with him on his voyage. Until 1834, the statue was held by the Monastery of Nossa Senhora da Esperança. The former religious facility has been adapted for use as a modern boutique hotel.
The singer Zeca Afonso lived in Belmonte for part of his childhood, between 1938 and 1940. He lived with his uncle, the mayor of the town, whilst his parents, José Nepomuceno Afonso dos Santos, a magistrate, and Maria das Dores Dantas Cerqueira, a primary school teacher, were living and working in Mozambique.
Belmonte is home to the last remaining community of marranos in Portugal (known as the Belmonte Jews). They officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s and opened a synagogue in 1996.
In 2003, the American Sephardi Federation founded the Belmonte Project, designated to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the community, which now numbers 160–180. They opened a Jewish Museum of Belmonte () on 17 April 2005. In the summer of 2006, the American Sephardi Federation ceased to have the Belmonte Project under its auspices.
Geography
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
Belmonte e Colmeal da Torre
Caria
Inguias
Maçaínhas
Notable people
Pedro Álvares Cabral (ca.1467 – ca.1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and discovered Brazil.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
, Spring 2003
Photos from Belmonte
After 500 Years in Hiding, Jews Bring Prosperity to Iberian Town
Historic Jewish communities in Europe
Jewish Portuguese history
Populated places in Castelo Branco District
Municipalities of Castelo Branco District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmonte%2C%20Portugal |
Theatres des Vampires is an Italian gothic metal band, mostly noted for the predominant theme of vampirism within their lyrics. The band's early material was credited as melodic black metal or symphonic black metal, but the group completely abandoned all black metal influence by the mid-2000s. Theatres des Vampires have released eleven full-length albums.
History and background
Theatres des Vampires was formed in 1994 by Alessandro "Lord Vampyr" Nunziati, after leaving VII Arcano due to stylistic differences. Problems with the initial Theatres des Vampires line-up meant that the first full-length studio album, Vampyrìsme, Nècrophilie, Nècrosadisme, Nècrophagie (1996) was recorded single-handedly by Nunziati.
By 1999 the band had a stable line-up, and recorded The Vampire Chronicles, the promotion for which saw Theatres des Vampires employing movie effects to create spectacular live shows. The band's members expressed a fascination with vampires and anything connected to them, earning themselves and their music the title "vampiric metal" from their contemporaries. The band created an image of vampirism in their stage performance and within the lyrical themes and atmospheres of their music, which contributed heavily to the gaining of their fanbase.
The third album Bloody Lunatic Asylum, was released in 2001 with live work including dates with Iron Maiden, Children of Bodom and In Flames amongst others.
The band has produced ten albums in ten years with the English label Plastic Head, and has gained more recognition within the metal scene in Europe, South America and Russia, partially because of the band's participation in various festivals around the world. These include Vampyria III in London in 1999, Gods of Metal in Italy in 2000, Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig in 2003 and 2006, Gotham in London in 2004, and Female Voices Festival in Wieze, Belgium in 2006.
In 2003, the band toured with Christian Death throughout Europe, and recorded an album with Valor of Christian Death and Gian Pyres of Cradle of Filth as special guests.
Since 2004, Sonya Scarlet has remained the solo vocalist and front of the band, replacing her previous role as backing vocals.
Scarlet sometimes cuts herself with razors at performances, freely letting fans drink her blood. In 2005 several English clubs forbade her performing the display of bloodletting, because it violates English laws against the incitement to commit suicide.
On 28 November 2005, Aural Music released the album Pleasure and Pain. European distributors bought the album and it was published with permission in Europe, South America, the US, Russia, and Japan.
On 19 March 2007, they released the double CD Desire of Damnation, with live songs from The Addiction Tour 2006 and some new studio songs and remixes.
Guitarist Robert Cufaro ("Morgoth") left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Stephan Benfante.
In May 2008, Aural Music released the album Anima Noir.
On 14 January 2011, Aural Music released the album Moonlight Waltz.
Moonlight Waltz was the ninth studio album. A music video for the song Carmilla was filmed on August 28 and 29, directed by David Bracci, who worked on most of Dario Argento's films in the past decade, and has also directed the Lilith Mater Inferorum music video.
On 14 October 2016, the band released its tenth studio album, Candyland, via Scarlet Records, with a guest appearance by Fernando Ribeiro, Portuguese gothic metal band Moonspell's vocalist.
Musical style
Theatres des Vampires is noted for the vast spectrum of styles they have encompassed during their career. At the beginning of their career Theatres des Vampires were widely regarded as melodic black metal. On their 1999 album, The Vampire Chronicles they began to introduce a more gothic approach to their music. Along with Moonspell and Cradle of Filth, Theatres des Vampires is often regarded as one of the pioneers in combining gothic and black metal. Over time the black metal influences decreased, being dropped completely on the 2004 studio album Nightbreed of Macabria, which is symphonic/gothic metal. The 2008 album, Anima Noir saw the biggest change in the band's style with the introduction of electronic sounds. This album can be regarded as gothic/industrial metal. Their 2011 album Moonlight Waltz took a turn in the symphonic direction, utilising a full orchestra, resulting in the most bombastic sound seen up until that point.
Line-up
Current line-up
Zimon Lijoi – bass (1997–present)
Gabriel Valerio – drums (1997–present)
Sonya Scarlet – female/backing vocals (1999–2004), lead vocals (2004–present)
Flavio Gianello - guitars (2017–present)
Former members
Fabian Varesi – keyboards (1997–2016, 2019)
"Agaharet" (Enrico De Dominicis) – drums (1994–1996)
"Incubus" (Alessandro Pallotta) – guitars (1999–2002)
"Strigoi" – guitars (1999–2001)
"Mortifer" – guitars (2001)
"Justine" (Anna Consuelo Cerichelli) – female, backing vocals (1999–2002)
"Lord Vampyr" – guitars (1994–1998), vocals (1994–2004)
"Count Morgoth" (Roberto Cufaro) – keyboards (1994–1996), guitars (2002–2006)
Stephan Benfante - guitars (2006–2016)
Giorgio Ferrante – guitars (2016–2017)
Timeline
Discography
Full-length albums
Vampyrìsme, Nècrophilie, Nècrosadisme, Nècrophagie (1996)
The Vampire Chronicles (1999)
Bloody Lunatic Asylum (2001)
Suicide Vampire (2002)
Vampyrìsme... (2003)
Nightbreed of Macabria (2004)
Pleasure and Pain (2005)
Anima Noir (2008)
Moonlight Waltz (2011)
Candyland (2016)
In Nomine Sanguinis (2021)
Other releases
Nosferatu, eine Simphonie des Gravens (demo, 1995)
Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 (EP, 2001)
The Blackend Collection (boxed set, 2004)
The Addiction Tour 2006 (live DVD, 2006)
Desire of Damnation (Double CD live&remixes compilation, 2007)
Moonlight Waltz Tour 2011 (Live CD and DVD, 2012)
Movie soundtracks
The Edge of Darkness (DVD, 2004)
Mornau the Vampire (DVD, 2006)
The Vampires of Bloody Island (Theatrical, 2009. DVD, 2010)
The Cult of Lamia (TBA, 2012)
References
External links
Official site
Official Facebook Page
Italian gothic metal musical groups
Italian black metal musical groups
Symphonic black metal musical groups
Vampires in music
Musical groups established in 1994
Scarlet Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatres%20des%20Vampires |
Breast Men is a 1997 American, semibiographical, dark drama film; it was written by John Stockwell and directed by Lawrence O'Neil for HBO.
Plot
Dr. Kevin Saunders (played by David Schwimmer) and Dr. William Larson (played by Chris Cooper) pioneer the usage of silicone breast implants. Larson comes up with the idea of the breast implant. Saunders tries to dissuade them, but eventually comes around. Saunders and Larson gain immense financial success as cosmetic breast augmentation surgeries rise in acceptance and frequency in American culture, but follow different life paths thereafter: Dr. Saunders becoming a narcissist interested in developing and implanting the exaggeratedly larger-sized types of implants popular with a mostly erotic dancer and female porn-star clientele, often having sex and doing drugs with them. Doctor Larson, Saunders's former mentor and business partner, is portrayed as continuing to pursue a more serious, clinical approach (e.g., reconstructive breast surgeries for female breast cancer survivors, etc.). Complications arise with the implants and the doctors are sued, leading to their fall from grace. Larson dies in his home of a heart attack and Saunders's Corvette crashes into a Mack truck, killing him.
Historical accuracy
The film very loosely tracks the history of the real-life breast implant phenomenon, from its radical introduction through its incredible popularity, through the controversial link of its silicone base to various types of illnesses and cancers (culminating in the Food and Drug Administration's moratorium on use of silicone in breast implants, leading the industry to use saline implants, instead). The story is interspersed with interview snippets of women from the 1970s who underwent breast augmentations with varying degrees of success, including their likes and dislikes about them. The interviews are marked by the fact that they show only the interviewees' nude breasts and torso.
In reality, silicone implants were developed by Texas-based plastic surgeons Drs. Frank Gerow and Thomas Cronin.
Production
Much of the filming was done in Galveston, Texas, and includes numerous interior and exterior shots of historic Star Drug, a drug store and soda fountain with a distinctive vintage ceramic Coca-Cola sign displayed over its front door. Star Drug burned in 1998 but has since been rebuilt. Limited footage is shown, as well, of the University of Texas Medical Branch campus.
Cast
David Schwimmer as Dr. Kevin Saunders
Chris Cooper as Dr. William Larson
Emily Procter as Laura Pierson
Matt Frewer as Gerald Krzemien
Terry O'Quinn as Hersch Lawyer
Kathleen Wilhoite as Timmie Jean Lindsey
John Stockwell as Robert Renaud
Lisa Marie as Vanessa
Louise Fletcher as Mrs. Saunders
Michael Cavanaugh as Harry
Michael Chieffo as Dave
Leigh-Allyn Baker as Implant Removal Patient
Fred Willard as Talk Show Host
Lyle Lovett as Research Scientist
Rena Riffel as Swimming Pool Girl
Tim Payovich as David Schwimmer's Buttocks
Reception
The film was released to mixed reviews.
References
External links
1997 television films
1997 films
1997 comedy-drama films
HBO Films films
Galveston, Texas
1990s English-language films
Films scored by Dennis McCarthy
Films shot in Houston
Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Medical-themed films
American comedy-drama television films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast%20Men |
Verjnuarmu was a heavy metal band from Finland singing in the Savo dialect of the Finnish language.
Performing in a dialect is rare in the Finnish heavy metal scene. Sometimes their style is dubbed as "Savo metal". According to Viitakemies, former guitarist of the band, their greatest influences musically are death metal, traditional heavy metal, and traditional folk music.
Their full-length debut album, Muanpiällinen helevetti, was released in 2006 under Universal Music Finland. In 2008, the band signed to the Finnish metal label Dynamic Arts Records and released their second album, Ruatokansan uamunkoetto.
in August 2018 the band announced the death of their drummer, Musta Savo, and that the band would quit also.
Members
Puijon Perkele (lead vocals)
Tervapiru (guitar)
Woema (bass)
Musta Savo (drums and death grunts)
Discography
Studio albums
Muanpiällinen helevetti (CD, Universal, 2006)
Ruatokansan uamunkoetto (CD, Dynamic Arts, 2008)
Lohuton (CD, Osasto-A, 2010)
Pimmeyvven ruhtinas (CD, Osasto-A 2012)
1808 (CD, Independent 2015)
Demos
Verjnuarmu (demo, 2002)
Verta, woemoo ja viitakkeita (demo, 2002)
Laalavat jouset (demo, 2004)
Singles
Kurjuuvven valssi (single, 2005)
Itkuvirsj (single, 2006)
Kuvajaenen (digital single, 2010)
Turja (digital single, 2010)
Lentävä kalakukko (digital single, 2012)
External links
Verjnuarmu - official MySpace
Official site
Universal Music Finland
Verjnuarmu at mikseri.net
Verjnuarmu @ Dynamic Arts Records
References
Finnish melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verjnuarmu |
Tuy Hòa () is the capital city of Phú Yên Province in South-Central Vietnam. The city has a total area of and a population of 202,030 (in 2012). The city is located approximately midway between Nha Trang and Qui Nhơn. The city is formulated mainly from alluvial of the downstream of Đà Rằng River. There are two mountains in the center of the city: Chóp Chài Mountain and Nhạn Mountain. There is a Champa Temple on the top of Nhạn Mountain.
Climate
Tuy Hòa has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: As).
Infrastructure
Transportation
By air
The city is served by Đông Tác Airport which lies south of Tuy Hòa.
By land
Tuy Hòa Railway Station is a stop on the North-South Railway. National Route 1 runs through the city, providing road connections to Hanoi in the north and Ho Chi Minh City in the south.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Phú Yên province
Districts of Phú Yên province
Cities in Vietnam
Provincial capitals in Vietnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%20H%C3%B2a |
Schönenberg-Kübelberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Oberes Glantal, and is its seat. The municipality was formed on 7 June 1969 in the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate out of the former municipalities and outlying centres of Schönenberg, Kübelberg, Schmittweiler and Sand. The centres have melded together since then and now stand as an economic hub for the southern Kusel district. By population, Schönenberg-Kübelberg is the Kusel district's biggest municipality. It is also a state-recognized tourism community.
Geography
Location
The municipality of Schönenberg-Kübelberg lies in the Western Palatinate near the boundary with the Saarland some 15 km south of Kusel, and 10 km northeast of Homburg. The two Ortsteile lie at the edge of the Landstuhler Bruch (a hollow). Kübelberg on the long mountain ridge south of the Klingbach runs seamlessly into Schönenberg to the east, while Schönenberg also melds without a break with the outlying centre of Sand. Within the municipality, the land rises from 241 m above sea level at the edge of the brook up to 264 m near the church in Kübelberg. Outside the built-up area, the highest elevations in the municipal area reach some 300 m above sea level in the Steinwald and Peterswald (forests).
Neighbouring municipalities
Schönenberg-Kübelberg borders in the north on the municipality of Brücken, in the northeast on the municipality of Gries, in the east on the municipality of Bruchmühlbach-Miesau, in the south on the municipality of Waldmohr, in the west on the municipality of Dunzweiler and in the northwest on the municipality of Dittweiler.
Constituent communities
Schönenberg-Kübelberg's Ortsteile are Schönenberg, Kübelberg, Schmittweiler and Sand. Also belonging to Schönenberg-Kübelberg are the outlying homesteads of Heidhof, Elmerthof and Klingenmühle.
Municipality’s layout
In each of the two biggest centres, the old village core can still be made out today. For Kübelberg this lies in the area of the Catholic church, west of Bundesstraße 423, and for Schönenberg east of this thoroughfare on the road branching off towards Sand. South of this road stand the village hall, which houses both the municipal and Verbandsgemeinde administration, and the Evangelical church. What were once two linear villages (by some definitions, "thorpes") have grown together, along with the outlying centre of Sand, and have also spread in every direction, southwards, particularly to the railway line, in the east end also over the railway. The central school building with a Realschule and a Hauptschule stands north of the village in the Kohlbach valley. The primary school, which is still used today, stands on Pestalozzistraße (named after an educator, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi) in Kübelberg. Near the railway line south of Schönenberg spreads a major sporting facility.
History
Antiquity
By prehistoric times, the area that is now Schönenberg-Kübelberg was already settled, as witnessed by archaeological finds within the municipal area and in neighbouring ones. A heavily damaged stone axe was found within municipal limits, and is now kept at Speyer. Several groups of barrows dating from the Iron Age are to be found in the Peterswald, south of the village. Noteworthy are two finds that were unearthed and described as early as the 19th century, a fibula and a bronze armring. Actual Roman finds have not been found within Schönenberg-Kübelberg's municipal limits, but quite a few artefacts have been unearthed in the surrounding area.
Middle Ages
In 956, Kübelberg had its first documentary mention as Cheuilunbahc, while Schönenberg had its first documentary mention in 1419. All the centres that today make up Schönenberg-Kübelberg once lay within the (originally free) Imperial Domain (Reichsland) around the Castle Lautern, which during the 10th century was for a while held by the Bishopric of Worms. It is, however, unclear whether all these centres had already arisen at the time when this area held the status of Imperial Domain. It is certain that the Amt seat was there, namely Kübelberg, and the village of Sand was there, too. Kübelberg lay next to a castle that served as the seat of an Amt within the Imperial Domain. It is likely that this castle vanished before the Middle Ages were over. In some houses on Schmittweiler Straße in Kübelberg, sparse remnants of the castle can still be made out. In the 13th century the castle belonged to the ring of fortifications in the broad area surrounding Castle Kaiserslautern. The area, now known as the Court of Kübelberg (Gericht Kübelberg), was repeatedly pledged by the Empire beginning in 1312 to various lordships, lastly to the Counts of Sponheim, under whose lordship it passed to Electoral Palatinate in 1437, which itself had already taken over the Amt of Kaiserslautern as an Imperial pledge as early as 1375. The Court of Kübelberg thus now belonged within the Electoral Palatinate to the Oberamt of Kaiserslautern. The village of Schönenberg shared this turn of events within the Amt (or Court) of Kübelberg, although there may have been the odd divergence; these, however, are not always verifiable. For instance, after the first documentary mention in 1419, the Junker of Breidenborn, as lords of the neighbouring Amt of Münchweiler, counted the Schultheiß Heinecze von Schonenberg among their subjects. In a further Breidenbach document from the 15th century, other names of inhabitants of Schönenberg were mentioned. Schönenberg must therefore have belonged, at least for a time, to the Amt of Münchweiler, and must thus also have been held by the Hornbach Monastery. A 1456 Weistum (cognate with English wisdom, this was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times) from the Court of Kübelberg has been preserved as a faithful copy.
Modern times
A further preserved Weistum comes from the year 1554. Even in the description of the Ämter of Zweibrücken and Kirkel by Tilemann Stella, a Renaissance-era academic, Kübelberg is mentioned, as Kibelnberg. In 1600, the Electoral Palatinate forest superintendent Velmann described the whole area of the Court of Kübelberg, also mentioning subjects’ names in his writing, which began with a description of Schönenberg's municipal area. All the municipal area's particularities were noted, including the five ponds, which all belonged to the subjects. Following this was a description of Kübelberg's municipal area, noting its three ponds, although these ones belonged to the "heirs". During the Thirty Years' War, the villages of the Amt of Kübelberg, too, suffered serious hardship and misery. In 1635, during the siege of the Amt town of Kaiserslautern, Imperial troops, in many cases Croats, marched through the land, plundering, robbing and murdering. The villagers fled into the woods or sought shelter in small towns that belonged to Electoral Palatinate, like Wolfstein. The land was depopulated both by war and by the Plague. According to local historian Ernst Christmann, a whole swath of land including the villages of Kübelberg, Schönenberg, Sand, Elschbach and Schmittweiler lay for decades desolate. Slowly, the population figures built themselves back up with villagers who had been driven out returning to their homes, and also with others migrating to the area, although French King Louis XIV's wars brought the people further havoc. Only with the Treaty of Ryswick, which put an end to the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession), did a lasting peace set in. French migrants may well have been arriving even during the wars with the French, but at this time, it was mainly migrants from Switzerland. The population grew so quickly that emigration, mostly to the Americas, began to grow, too. In 1744, Schönenberg once again got a market, after the former Kübelberg Market had been put to an end by the Thirty Years' War. In 1779, a territorial swap resulted in a new political arrangement when Electoral Palatinate agreed to exchange its Amt of Kübelberg with twelve villages (Kübelberg, Schönenberg, Sand, Brücken, Ohmbach, Schmittweiler, Dittweiler, Frohnhofen, Altenkirchen, Ober-Miesau, Nieder-Miesau and Elschbach) and six mills for the villages of Duchroth and Oberhausen and part of the village of Niederkirchen in the Odenbach valley, all of which had hitherto belonged to the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken. From this time there also survives a description of the villages in the Amt. The short Zweibrücken interlude lasted until the outbreak of the French Revolution, during which the Amt of Kübelberg was transferred from the Oberamt of Kaiserslautern into the Oberamt of Homburg. The duke who ruled at that time, Charles II August, who had had himself a fairytale castle built in Homburg, was said to be the very model of a princely despot. He awarded himself the title "Admiral" and had a ship built – on the Neuwoog (a pond) in the Peterswald, now part of Schönenberg-Kübelberg. After little time, this ship ran aground and rotted. The Duke also forbade his subjects the use of the Peterswald so that he could use it as his hunting ground. For their part, the subjects registered their displeasure at this by chasing away any lordly lumberjacks that they found.
Recent times
The first French Revolutionary troops showed up in the area in 1793. France annexed the Rhine’s left bank in 1801. Schönenberg became the seat of a mairie ("mayoralty") to which also belonged the villages of Brücken, Gries, Kübelberg, Sand and Schmittweiler. Schönenberg and Kübelberg both lay in the Canton of Waldmohr in the Arrondissement of Saarbrücken and the Department of Sarre. In 1814, the French withdrew from the Rhine's left bank. After a transitional period, the Bavarian Rheinkreis – an exclave of the Kingdom of Bavaria – was founded in 1816. This was later called the Rheinpfalz ("Rhenish Palatinate"). The administrative entities that had come into being during French Revolutionary and later Napoleonic times were retained and Schönenberg became the seat of a Bürgermeisterei ("mayoralty") in the Canton of Waldmohr in the Landkommissariat of Homburg, although the seat actually shifted from place to place over the next century, according to where the mayor lived. After the First World War, the victorious powers grouped the Bezirksamt of Homburg into the autonomous Saar area, but not the Canton of Waldmohr, to which Schönenberg and Kübelberg both belonged. This stayed with the newly formed Free State of Bavaria – the Kaiser had been overthrown and so had the Bavarian king – and thereby with Weimar Germany. The canton belonged to the Bezirksamt of Kusel with an administrative branch of its own, which it retained until 1940, whereafter the Canton of Waldmohr was administered directly from Kusel. In 1969, Schönenberg, Kübelberg, Sand and Schmittweiler merged to form a new municipality with the name Schönenberg-Kübelberg. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Schönenberg-Kübelberg became the seat of a Verbandsgemeinde in 1971.
Population development
In both villages, Schönenberg and Kübelberg, the villagers originally earned their livelihoods mainly at agriculture, although alongside farmers there were also craftsmen and peat cutters. From the 19th century onwards, a general shift began in which farming fed ever fewer people directly and many farmers’ sons sought work in industry. Unlike many other villages, which offered only a few job opportunities, Schönenberg-Kübelberg today has developed considerable industry of its own. Nevertheless, many members of the workforce must commute elsewhere, to industrial works in Kaiserslautern and mines in the Saarland, or to smaller centres such as Landstuhl or Homburg. After the Second World War, many jobs arose in connection with the stationing of United States Armed Forces at Ramstein Air Base and the Miesau Army Depot. This development brought about a sharp rise in the population. With respect to religion, among Schönenberg's and Kübelberg's mainly Christian inhabitants, roughly 60% are Catholic and the other 40% Evangelical, with the Catholic share of the population having grown slightly over the last two centuries. There was once also a small Jewish community, but their share of the population was not very great. As a result of foreign families and asylum seekers settling in the municipality, a considerable Muslim community has sprung up. As early as 2000, some 16% of the population did not belong to any of the mainstream Christian denominations.
The following tables show population development over the centuries for both Schönenberg and Kübelberg up to 1961, and then for the merged municipality of Schönenberg-Kübelberg:
Schönenberg
Kübelberg
Schönenberg-Kübelberg
Municipality’s name
Schönenberg first appeared in a document in 1419 as Schonenberg, and Kübelberg first appeared in a document in 956 as Cheuilunbahc. Other names that the two centres have borne are as follows:
For Schönenberg: Schollemberg and Schowemberg (1737), Schönberg (1564), Schönnbergk (1592), Schönenberg (1797)
For Kübelberg: Kebelinbach (1018), Keyfelberch (1263), Kebelinburg (1291), Kobelnberg (1291), in castro Keulnberg (1297), Kebelinberg (1304), Kebelnberg (1305 and 1310)
The meaning of the name Schönenberg is not hard to discern. It comes from the German words schön ("lovely") and Berg ("mountain"), and thus it means a settlement at a lovely mountain. The meaning of the name Kübelberg, on the other hand, is not quite as transparent. Although it literally means "tub mountain" (which explains the canting charge in the civic coat of arms), writers Dolch and Greule think that the name may be linked to the old German waterway name Cheuilun. Furthermore, in the Ortsteil of Kübelberg once stood a mediaeval motte-and-bailey castle, the Burg Kübelberg, and it is believed that this caused a shift in the placename ending from —bach to —berg. The first part of Kübelberg's name changed steadily over time before settling on its current form about 1600.
Vanished villages
Mentioned in the historical record is a place named Wunnenberg, at which it is likely another castle stood. This was known as Wonnenberg, Wonnenburg, Winnenberg or Winnenburg. The actual 1358 document mentioning it says "Wunnenberg, gelegen bei Keblinberg" ("Wunnenberg, lying near Keblinberg"). A certain correspondence in meaning can be seen between schön ("lovely") and Wonne ("blissfulness" or "delight"). It may well therefore be that this Wunnenberg and Schönenberg were one and the same. There was also a place in the Peterswald that could be regarded as the seed that gave rise to today's Schönenberg-Kübelberg. It was called Neunkirchen, and it was mentioned in a document as early as 937 as a donation to the Bishopric of Worms. It was then mentioned several times in the 10th century, and again in the 15th century, before cropping up in a 16th-century record as an abandoned estate in the Peterswald.
Religion
As mentioned above, in 937, even before Kübelberg's first documentary mention, the now vanished village of Neunkirchen (then called Niunchiricha), which lay right near today's Schönenberg-Kübelberg, appeared in the historical record as a donation to the Bishopric of Worms, perhaps as a country church outside any built-up area. It cannot be ruled out that this church was already consecrated to Saint Valentine. During the Middle Ages, Kübelberg was not only the seat of an Amt and a court, but also the hub of a parish whose boundaries changed over time. By no means was the parish coextensive with the court region. The Reformation came to both Schönenberg and Kübelberg, and on the basis of the traditional rule of cuius regio, eius religio, all inhabitants of Electoral Palatinate were obliged to convert to the new belief. In the Reformation's early years, both Lutheranism and the Reformed church were trying to become the predominant belief; in the end, the latter gained the upper hand locally. Any ecclesiastical victory between Protestant denominations, however, was quite moot, for the two villages mostly died out in the Thirty Years' War, and the church in Kübelberg was destroyed. Thereafter, what predominated was religious freedom, and believers from any Christian denomination were welcome to settle in the villages. The pattern of postwar settlement, though, was not the same in both villages: more Protestants settled in Schönenberg, whereas more Catholics settled in Kübelberg. During King Louis XIV's wars in the Palatinate, the French also promoted the settlement of Catholics, and in general, during the 18th century, the Electors of the Palatinate ever more strongly advocated in favour of Catholicism. The results can still be seen today with about 60% of the two villages’ combined population being Catholic and the other 40% being Evangelical. Saint Valentine's Church (Kirche St. Valentin) in Kübelberg goes back to a mediaeval building, parts of whose tower are still preserved. In 1702, the new Catholic church was built with support from the Order of Malta, who then held rights in Kübelberg. The new church was attended by all Catholics living in the surrounding area. It was repeatedly remodelled and acquired a new organ in 1841 built by the Stumm organ-building family. In 1963, the church was extensively expanded, whereby the old nave became the chancel, and on the south side, a great, modern hall church arose. The Evangelical Christians at first had no central church. The Reformed community was bigger, and they attended church services in Miesau. The Lutherans had a small church in Brücken at their disposal. After the unification of the Reformed and Lutheran faiths in the Palatine Union of 1818, the Evangelical Christians from Kübelberg orientated themselves towards Waldmohr, while the ones from Schönenberg stayed with the parish of Miesau. Only in 1954 was the parish of Schönenberg, which still exists now, established, and to this belong the villages of Kübelberg, Sand and Schmittweiler (the whole municipality, in other words). Schönenberg has had an Evangelical church since 1935, which at first was a converted tollhouse. The Evangelical church that stands in Kübelberg was built in 1971 and acquired a belltower in 1986. Today, the Catholics in both the municipality's main centres belong to the Catholic deaconry of Homburg and the Evangelicals belong to the Evangelical deaconry of Homburg.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
"FWG" is a voters’ group.
Mayor
Schönenberg-Kübelberg's mayor is Thomas Wolf (CDU).
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Azure a bend sinister wavy argent charged with a cross pattée in pale sable, in dexter chief a daisy proper and in sinister base a tub, handle to sinister, Or hooped of the second.
The bend sinister wavy (slanted wavy stripe) refers to the municipality's wealth of water at the edge of the Landstuhler Bruch. The daisy stands for Schönenberg and the tub (Kübel in German, thus making this a canting charge) stands for Kübelberg. The arms have been borne since 1975 when they were approved by the Regierungsbezirk administration. Before this time, Schönenberg and Kübelberg each bore their own arms. Schönenberg's were azure three tubs one and two, handles to dexter argent hooped Or (a reference to the Court of Kübelberg), while Kübelberg's were gules a pile throughout between two tubs Or and charged with a wall and a tower embattled of the same masoned sable on a field lozengy argent and azure. Before amalgamation, the centres of Sand and Schmittweiler bore no arms.
Town partnerships
Schönenberg-Kübelberg fosters partnerships with the following places:
Szabadszállás, Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Kübelberg
Saint Valentine’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Valentinus), Kirchengasse 5 – Baroque aisleless church, 1702–1709, marked 1790, tower raised 1826; Stumm organ from 1841, expansion-conversion 1963
Kirchengasse 1–6 (monumental zone) – distinctive village square appearance around the Catholic church with the former Catholic schoolhouse (no. 3), the former nurses’ residence (no. 4), rectory (no. 6), wayside cross and a small Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street; no. 1)
Near Saarbrücker Straße 71 – warriors’ memorial 1914-1918 and 1939-1945, 1935 by Richard Menges, Kaiserslautern, expansion 1956
Sand
Miesauer Straße 39 – one-floor Quereinhaus with knee wall, 1898, in the righthand corner stable and shed
Schmittweiler
Höcherbergstraße 2 – former school; sandstone-framed plastered building, 1879 architect possibly Regional Building Director (Bezirksbauschaffner) Rottmüller, Homburg; characterizes village's appearance
Höcherbergstraße 5 – Quereinhaus, dwelling wing with knee wall about 1780, commercial wing, partly timber-frame, between 1806 and 1842
Lindenstraße 2 – stately Quereinhaus, marked 1844, in the righthand corner a pigsty; characterizes village's appearance
Lindenstraße 16 – Quereinhaus with half-hipped roof, marked 1839
Schönenberg
Bahnhofstraße 48/52 (monumental zone) – railway station with side buildings (pissoir and storage building) and railway hotel; railway station (no. 52) sandstone-block building, 1903/1904, spire light after 1920; railway hotel: sandstone-framed building with half-hipped roof, 1908
Glanstraße 50 – dwelling wing of a former Quereinhaus, partly timber-frame (plastered), 18th century, wooden gallery and enclosure possibly from the latter half of the 19th century; characterizes street's appearance
Regular events
Schönenberg-Kübelberg has old customs such as the Carnival parade (Faschingsumzug) at Shrovetide, the St. Martin's Day children's parade and its own ways of celebrating kermises, as well as newer customs such as Halloween, among others. The best known event is the Easter Market (Ostermarkt) that the people of Schönenberg have been holding since 1744 on the second Sunday before Easter. The Johannisfest is a regional folk festival held on the second Sunday before the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (24 June). The Schönenberger Kerwe (kermis), called the Bartholomäusfest ("Saint Bartholomew’s Festival") falls on the first Sunday before Saint Bartholomew's Day (24 August). There are an Oktoberfest on the first weekend in October and a Christmas Market on the third day of Advent. The Seefest ("Lake Festival") in July, meanwhile, is gaining in importance. The people of Kübelberg celebrate their church consecration festival on the first Sunday in September. There are other festivals in the outlying centres of Sand and Schmittweiler.
Clubs
Schönenberg-Kübelberg is blessed with a vast array of clubs. The following ones are registered with the authorities:
Angelsportverein (angling)
Brieftaubenzüchterverein (carrier pigeon raising)
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (political party)
CDU Gemeindeverband (CDU municipal organization)
CDU-Ortsverein (CDU local association)
China-Kampfkunst (martial arts)
Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (German Red Cross)
Elisabethenverein
Evangelischer Kirchenchor (Evangelical church choir)
Evangelischer Krankenpflegeverein Schönenberg-Gries (nursing)
Evangelische Christusgemeinde ("Community of Christ")
FFW Schönenberg-Kübelberg (volunteer fire brigade)
Fördergemeinschaft der Realschule (Realschule promotional association)
Förderkreis KJGF
Förderverein TuS Schönenberg (sport club promotional association)
Förderverein für Jugendarbeit in der evangelischen Kirchengemeinde (promotional association for youth work in the Evangelical church community)FWG "bürgernah" (voters’ group)Gesangverein 1899 Frohsinn (singing club)Gesangverein Liederkranz 1921 Kübelberg (singing club)Gesangverein Liederkranz Schmittweiler (singing club)Gewerbeverein (homeowners’, flatowners’ and landowners’ association)Heimatliebe SchönenbergIG Bergbau und Energie Schönenberg-Kübelberg (trade union)Junge UnionJugendfeuerwehr (youth fire brigade)Karate-Dojo (martial arts)Katholische Frauengemeinschaft (Catholic women’s association)Katholische Junge Gemeinde (Catholic youth association)Katholische Kirchengemeinde Kübelberg (Kübelberg Catholic church community)Katholischer Kirchenchor (Catholic church choir)Katholisches Bildungswerk (Catholic education works)Kleintierzuchtverein (small-animal raising)Kolpingfamilie (Kolping family)Komitee Erhaltung Glanbahn (railway preservation society)Kulturhistorischer Verein "Gericht Kübelberg" (cultural history)Landfrauenverein Sand (countrywomen’s club)Männergesangverein 1899 Sand (men’s singing club)Modellbahnfreunde Schönenberg-Kübelberg (model railways)Obst- und Gartenbauverein (fruit and vegetable growing)Pensionärsverein Kübelberg (pensioners’ club)Pensionärsverein Schmittweiler (pensioners’ club)Pensionärsverein Schönenberg/Sand (pensioners’ club)Pfälzerwaldverein (hiking)Pfälzischer Bauern- und Winzerschaft (farmers’ and winegrowers’ association)Pfarrkapelle Kübelberg (orchestra)Pferdefreunde Kübelberg (horses)Schachverein VG Schönenberg (chess)Schiffsmodellbauclub (ship model building)Schützenbruderschaft Schönenberg (shooting)SPD Ortsverein Schönenberg (political party)Sportverein 1920 Kübelberg (sport club)Sportverein 1920 Sand (sport club)Sportverein 1928 Schmittweiler (sport club)Tennisclub 78TTraberclub TTC Sand 1962Turnverein 1970 (gymnastic club)TuS 1890 Schönenberg (sport club)VdK Ortsverband Schönenberg-Kübelberg (advocacy and help for those with handicaps)Verbandsgemeindefeuerwehr (Verbandsgemeinde fire brigade)Verein Partnerschaft überwindet Grenzen ("Partnership Overcomes Borders")Verein der Vogelfreunde (birds)Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (German Shepherds)Vereinsunion SandEconomy and infrastructure
Economic structure
Owing to its central location in the south of Kusel district, Schönenberg-Kübelberg has grown into a local supply and service centre. There are several hypermarkets and discount stores as well as many one-line businesses filling household and craft needs, a car dealership with workshops, a big motor vehicle scrapping and salvaging business, craft businesses in building and architectural engineering, a construction company, a building supply wholesaler, bank branches and professionals such as lawyers and physicians.
In both Schönenberg and Kübelberg, the villagers earned their livelihoods mainly from agriculture, although there were also craftsmen and peat cutters. Beginning in the 19th century, there was a gradual shift that led to agriculture directly feeding ever fewer people, and many farm boys seeking work in industry. Unlike many other villages, which offer very little in the way of job opportunities, Schönenberg-Kübelberg has developed considerable industry of its own. Nevertheless, many working people must commute to work, to the industrial operations in Kaiserslautern and to the mines in the Saarland, even to smaller centres like Landstuhl and Homburg. After the Second World War, many jobs became available in the course of the stationing of US Forces at Ramstein Air Base and Miesau Army Depot. This development spurred a strong upswing in the population.
Education
In the course of the Reformation, the Electors promoted schooling. As early as 1510, a schoolteacher is believed to have taught classes in Kübelberg, even though the village did not yet have any schoolhouse. In 1615, the Reformed pastor Nicolaus reported to the Oberamt of Kaiserslautern: "At Kübelberg is a schoolmaster, Petrus Matzenbach. Has a salary from the Collector of 30 Rhenish guilders … also seven malter of corn. … This schoolmaster is hardworking, good at his calling …". During the Thirty Years' War (which began only three years after Pastor Nicolaus’s report), schooling fell by the wayside, and it only began again once many children began growing up in the families that came to settle the village after the war. In Schönenberg and Kübelberg, schooling took different directions in each village. Kübelberg, as a new Catholic parish, established in the early 18th century a Catholic school, though the schoolteacher had to wait a long time for his monetary and material emoluments, since according to the rules, there was still supposed to be a Protestant schoolteacher. The Catholic school also sought out Catholic children from the neighbouring villages, mainly from Schönenberg. The building of the Catholic schoolhouse in Kübelberg about 1705 was financed by the pastor himself. Until then, school was taught at private houses or at the rectory. In 1754, the Schultheiß reported to the Oberamt that the Catholic schoolmaster in Kübelberg had to teach 60 children and received 10 Malter of corn and 25 guilders each year, lived in a small, not well-built house and had at his disposal a little garden. About the children’s behaviour there was no complaint. Given the steady population growth, the available schoolhouse soon was no longer big enough for the village. In 1797, the people of Kübelberg got a new schoolhouse for all the area’s Catholic children. In this building, which would later become the convent, school was taught until 1910. In 1848, the municipality bought up the inn to convert it into a school, too. The number of Catholic children rose more quickly than the number of Evangelical children, and thus Schönenberg soon found itself having to make an equalization payment to Kübelberg. The year 1965 marked the last time that a school for Kübelberg alone stood on Pestalozzistraße in Kübelberg. Since the establishment of the Schulzentrum Süd, this building has served as a primary school for the whole, merged municipality of Schönenberg-Kübelberg. The Protestant children, mainly those from Schönenberg, at first attended school in neighbouring Miesau. Only about 1730 did the municipality of Schönenberg build a schoolhouse for the Reformed and Lutheran children. It was expanded in 1802. In 1821, a new Evangelical schoolhouse was built in Schönenberg, though after a few decades, it was no longer up to the task at hand. Thus, a new one was built in 1910, although great population growth also quickly made this one too small, particularly as Schönenberg introduced Christian community school. So, with the Second World War looming, Schönenberg began to build yet another schoolhouse, but this was left unfinished until after the war, whereupon it was built into a private house. For a while, the district maintained an agricultural vocational school near the Schönenberg schoolhouse in the time after the war. In 1972, there was a thorough reform of schooling. All schoolchildren from all four of Schönenberg-Kübelberg’s centres now attend a single primary school, which has no local peculiarities, nor denominational affiliations. From 1979 to 1982, the Schulzentrum Süd ("School Centre South") was built for all the Hauptschule students of the Verbandsgemeinde (Erich-Kästner-Schule). Also housed at this complex is a Realschule. The primary school pupils from the whole municipality are now taught at the schoolhouse on Pestalozzistraße. The nearest Gymnasium is in Homburg (not even in the same state), while special schools can be found in Kusel and Brücken. Nearby universities are in Homburg (Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine), Kaiserslautern (Kaiserslautern University of Technology), Trier (University of Trier) and Saarbrücken (Saarland University).
Transport
Schönenberg-Kübelberg is linked by Bundesstraße 423 (Mandelbachtal - Altenglan) to the national road network. Some 5 km to the south runs the Autobahn A 6 (Saarbrücken–Mannheim) with an interchange at Waldmohr, while roughly 13 km to the northeast runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier) with an interchange at Kusel. The former railway station on the Glan Valley Railway (Glantalbahn) in the municipality itself has been abandoned. Homburg and the even nearer Bruchmühlbach-Miesau have stations on the Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway (Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn). Public passenger transport is provided by bus routes that radiate from the municipality in almost every direction.
Famous people
Famous people associated with the municipality
Albert Buchheit (b. 1862 in Contwig; d. 1933 in Kirchmohr)
A Catholic priest, Buchheit was a well known church historian and author of the book Die säkularisierten Kirchengüter der Pfalz'' ("The Secularized Church Properties of the Palatinate"). After 1920, he was also the pastor in Kübelberg.
Josef Hanß (b. 1871 in Steinwenden; d. 1957 in Landau)
A Catholic priest and author of religious writings, Hanß was a co-founder of the Sacred Heart Monastery (Herz-Jesu-Kloster) in the Schöntal near Neustadt an der Weinstraße. After he was ordained in 1894 he was chaplain in Kübelberg.
Emil Nesseler (b. 1891 in Lauterecken; d. 1952 in Ludwigshafen)
A schoolteacher and manager of the Palatine Teachers’ Association, Nesseler was an author of regional historical literature, particularly dealing with the Ludwigshafen area. He was also the city archivist in Ludwigshafen and designed maps as instructional materials. After 1920, he was also a schoolteacher in Schönenberg.
Peter Josef Ohmer (b. 1881; d. 1968 in Bad Bergzabern)
A Catholic priest and author of regional historical writings, Ohmer was active in the municipality of Hatzenbühl in many ways, and became an honorary citizen there. About 1904, he was chaplain in Kübelberg.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Kusel (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nenberg-K%C3%BCbelberg |
Dewi Griffiths (born 16 August 1931) is a BBC radio host and former Welsh television producer. He joined BBC Wales from the Royal Air Force where he became a producer of TV sports programmes, notably rugby union broadcasts. After his retirement, he hosted the nostalgia record programme A String of Pearls on BBC Radio Wales.
References
Living people
British television producers
Women television producers
Welsh radio presenters
BBC Radio Wales presenters
Welsh women radio presenters
1931 births
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi%20Griffiths |
Becoming the Archetype is an American heavy metal band formed in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1999. They have released six albums on Solid State Records. Dichotomy, which was released in November 2008, sold around 2,300 copies in the United States in its first week of release, according to Nielsen Soundscan. The CD debuted at No. 18 on the Top New Artist Albums (Heatseekers) chart, which lists the best-selling albums by new and developing artists, defined as those who have never appeared in the top 100 of the Billboard 200. The band was part of the new wave of American heavy metal. After 2012's I Am, the band went on an indefinite hiatus. In 2022, however, the band reunited with the lineup of Jason Wisdom, Seth Hecox, and Brent “Duck” Duckett.
History
The band formed in 1999 with two vocalists, including Jason Wisdom, guitarists Jon Star and Sean Cunningham, bassist Wes Gaither, and drummer Brent "Duck" Duckett under the moniker Nonexistent Failure.
The band's second vocalist left the band before they recorded a demo. The band recorded their first demo in 2001, before joining Solid State Records, the band changed their name to The Remnant and released an independent self-titled album.
The band was approached by the members of Demon Hunter at Cornerstone Festival in 2004, who told the band to change their name, as there was punk band named The Remnants.
The band changed to Becoming the Archetype. Wisdom claims that he came up with the name.
In December 2004, the band signed with Solid State and released their first nationwide album, Terminate Damnation, a banger named after a song by Christian death metal band Mortification, mixed by Tue Madsen. The album blended elements of progressive metal, death metal and metalcore.
In 2006, the band's longtime lead guitarist, and one of the primary songwriters Jon Star decided to leave the band for personal reasons, but on good terms.
The band's first tour of 2006 was a 24-date run in Europe with The Chariot and Shaped by Fate with lead guitar replacement, Alex Kenis from progressive death metal group, Aletheian. In July 2006, original guitarist Sean Cunningham left the band for his last semester in college and to pursue a full-time career. Determined to press on, in the fall of 2006, the band went back into the studio with producer Andreas Magnusson (The Agony Scene, Scarlet, The Black Dahlia Murder, Calico System, Twelve Tribes); The Physics of Fire, was released May 2007. The band promoted the album on "The Trilogy of Hairs" (Bring Your Own Beard, Peel Your Wig Back, Born With a Mustache) tour. The bearded skull artwork for the Bring Your Own Beard has been dubbed "Clifton", named after Aletheian/Solamors drummer Clifton Travis Turner, and is BTA's mascot, according to Jason Wisdom. Also, Brent Duckett took an indefinite break from the band in late 2007 for personal reasons.
In 2008, there were some important personnel changes. Alex Kenis left and was replaced by the band's former lead guitarist, Jon Star. In the spring of 2008 The band wrote the material for its 3rd studio album and recorded the project with stand-in drummer Brandon Lopez (Broken Flesh) in Summer '08 with producer Devin Townsend (Strapping Young Lad). In November 2008, the band released Dichotomy. The album's concept was inspired by the Space Trilogy by C.S. Lewis and uses the same themes of biology vs technology, and man vs machine. The sixth song on the album, "Ransom" is, for instance, named after the main character of the trilogy.
On October 31, 2008, Brent "Duck" Duckett returned. The band was featured in the 2008 Nov/Dec issue of HM Magazine and tour support also followed. In October 2009, the band released a new single titled "Necrotizing Fasciitis". The single was packaged with a Necrotizing Fasciitis-themed shirt. "Clifton", the bearded skull, returned on the single's artwork.
In 2010, Becoming the Archetype's lead guitarist Jon Star left the band once again and was replaced with guitarist Daniel Gailey.
Becoming the Archetype’s fourth album, Celestial Completion, was recorded in Glow in the Dark studios, in Atlanta, Georgia with Matt Goldman (Underoath, The Chariot, Vanna) as producer, from October to November 2010. It included many new concepts, such as trombone by Dennis Culp of Five Iron Frenzy and sitars and tablas. The band released a single, "The Magnetic Sky" on February 14, 2011, in order to promote the album. Then, beginning on Friday, March 18, one new song from Celestial Completion was released per day until the album's release, on March 29, as a part of the "12 days of BTA." A video for The Magnetic Sky premiered at MetalSucks.net on the same day of the album's release. Guitarist Seth Hecox did an interview discussing the lyrical themes of "The Magnetic Sky".
In late November, after playing "over 80 shows in 12 different countries in just an 8 month span," with bands such as Creations and The Tug Fork River Band, and writing, recording, and releasing the single Oh Holy Night, the band announced that Jason Wisdom and Brent Duckett were leaving the band. It was also announced that Chris McCane would be the band's new lead vocalist and they had found a new drummer (later announced on their Facebook as Michael McClellan). Seth Hecox and lead guitarist Daniel Gailey were in the process of writing songs for the next album.
In April 2012 the band announced they would enter the studio with producer Shane Frisby (Bury Your Dead, The Ghost Inside, Corpus Christi) from May 21 through June 18 to record their fifth full-length album for Solid State Records. The band added bassist Codey Watkins, formerly of the Chattanooga, TN based hardcore band In This Hour, to the lineup, announced via Facebook. Drummer Michael McClellan left shortly before going into the studio and was replaced by Chris Heaton, formerly of the Knoxville, TN based hardcore band Dear Lovely. Their album I Am was released September 18, 2012.
Around 2015, guitarist Dan Gailey stated that the band was talking on new material, and when asked by the interviewers about if the lineup was the same as the I Am lineup, his answer was "No". Gailey joined Phinehas in 2014 and then Fit for a King in 2018.
On June 24, 2022, the band announced their return from their hiatus and announced their new album, Children of the Great Extinction, which was released on August 26 through Solid State. The album is the first to feature Wisdom and Duckett alongside Hecox since Celestial Completion. The album also features guitar cameos by former band members Alex Kenis and Daniel Gailey (currently of Fit for a King), as well as guest vocals by Ryan Clark of Demon Hunter.
The band performed at the 2023 Furnace Fest along with Norma Jean, Anberlin, Project 86, Throwdown and Hatebreed. The festival was their first major live show in over a decade.
Etymology and Christianity
The members are professed Christians, and the band takes its name from Genesis 1:26: "God said, 'Let us make man in our image.'" Since Jesus Christ was the only person to ever be sinless, He was the archetype of humanity; the band's name reflects this belief. In a 2008 interview with The Full Armor of God Broadcast, Jason Wisdom summed up the band's philosophy, stating "If we are not making a difference for the Lord, then we are just out there making noise!"
Band members
Current members
Jason Wisdom (Solamors, Death Therapy) – lead vocals (1999–2011, 2022–present), bass (2003–2011, 2022–present)
Brent "Duck" Duckett – drums (1999–2008, 2008–2011, 2022–present)
Seth Andrew Hecox (Anchors) – rhythm guitar, keyboards, clean vocals (2004–2013, 2022–present)
Former members
Jon Star – lead guitar (1999–2006, 2008–2010)
Martin Cunningham - rhythm and lead guitar (2011–2012)
Wes Gaither – bass (1999–2003)
Jacob Franklin – rhythm guitar (2001–2004) (ex-Irreversible)
Alex "Dracula" Kenis (formerly of Synoptic Rise, Aletheian, Solamors) – lead guitar, clean vocals (2006–2008)
Sean Cunningham - rhythm guitar (1999-2006), lead guitar (2001-2006)
Brandon Lopez (Broken Flesh, formerly of An Unearthly Child, and Vangough) – drums (2008)
Daniel Gailey – lead guitar, backing vocals (Thaddeus, Phinehas, Fit for a King) (2010–2013)
Chris McCane - lead vocals (ex-Thaddeus) (2011–2013)
Codey Watkins (ex-In This Hour) - bass (2012–2013)
Chris Heaton (ex-Dear Lovely) - drums, percussion (2012–2013)
Touring musicians
Abishai Collingsworth (The Overseer, Wolves at the Gate, Project 86) - drums (2011)
Chris McCane - vocals (2011)
Bradley Riggs (The Overseer) - bass (2011)
Michael McClellan ('68) - drums (2011–2012)
Nate Washburn (My Epic) - guitars (2022- present)
Session musicians
Ryan Clark - Vocals (2005, 2008, 2022)
Devin Townsend - Vocals (2008)
Suzanne Richter - soprano vocals (2008)
Dennis Culp (of Five Iron Frenzy) - trombone (2011)
Nathan O'Brien – trombone (2011)
Kim Stice – violin (2011)
Sean Patrick Murphy – sitar, tambura, tablas (2011)
Ivey Norton Spears - vocals (2011)
Nate Washburn- guitars (2022)
Timeline
Discography
As Nonexistent Failure
Demos
In Loving Memory of Everything... I Never Had (2002)
As the Remnant
Demos
Death, Destruction, and Mayhem (2003)
Studio albums
The Remnant (2004, self-released)
As Becoming the Archetype
Studio albums
EPs
Celestial Progression (2012; Solid State)
Singles
"Necrotizing Fasciitis" (non-album digital single, 2009, Solid State)
"O Holy Night" (non-album digital single, 2011, Solid State)
"The Time Bender" (I Am, 2012, Solid State Records)
"The Lost Colony" (Children of the Great Extinction, 2022, Solid State Records)
Music videos
"Endure" (The Physics Of Fire) – 2007
"The Magnetic Sky" (Celestial Completion) – 2011
"Breathing Light" (Celestial Completion) – 2011
"The Time Bender" (I Am) - 2012
References
External links
American death metal musical groups
American Christian metal musical groups
Heavy metal musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Metalcore musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups established in 1999
American progressive metal musical groups
Solid State Records artists
American technical death metal musical groups
Century Media Records artists
American musical quintets
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups reestablished in 2022
Musical groups disestablished in 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becoming%20the%20Archetype |
The Pompton Lakes School District is a comprehensive public school district that serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade from Pompton Lakes, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,755 students and 138.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "FG", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Students from Riverdale (in Morris County) attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Riverdale School District.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Lenox School with 352 students in grades K-5
Mike McCarthy, principal
Lincoln School with 331 students in grades PreK-5
Louis Shadiack, principal
Middle school
Lakeside Middle School with 384 students in grades 6-8
Jake Herninko, principal
High school
Pompton Lakes High School with 679 students in grades 9-12
Vincent S. Przybylinski Jr., principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Paul Amoroso, superintendent
Angela Spasevski, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. The Riverdale district appoints a tenth member to represent its interests on the Pompton Lakes board of education.
References
External links
Pompton Lakes School District
Pompton Lakes School District, National Center for Education Statistics
Pompton Lakes, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group FG
School districts in Passaic County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompton%20Lakes%20School%20District |
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