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Sir Kenneth Leslie Newman (15 August 1926 – 4 February 2017) was a senior British police officer. He was Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) from 1976 to 1980, and Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1982 to 1987. He is best known for initiating a major reform and restructure of the Metropolitan Police during his tenure as Commissioner and for seeing the RUC replace the British Army as the dominant security force in Northern Ireland during his tenure as Chief Constable.
Early life and career
Newman was born on 15 August 1926 in Sussex and joined the Royal Air Force in 1942. After basic training, Newman trained to be a wireless operator at No. 1 Radio School RAF when he was nicknamed "Jankers" but he did not complete the course and remustered to become a Mechanical Transport Driver. Completing his training, Newman served for two years with the RAF Far East Air Force.
Career
Life in the Met
On his return to England, he promptly joined the Palestine Police Force in the British Mandate of Palestine, where he served as a uniformed officer before being seconded to the Palestine Special Branch as a detective. When the Palestine Police were disbanded in 1948, the Metropolitan Police sent several recruitment officers from London to convince interested officers to transfer to the Met – Newman signed up and returned to London shortly afterwards where he was stationed at Bow Street.
Newman rose up the ranks quickly: promoted to Sergeant in 1953; a Detective Inspector with the Vice Squad; Chief Inspector at Southwark in 1963 and Superintendent and Chief Superintendent at Gerald Road from 1965. Noted by his colleagues and superiors as a high-flyer, Newman had developed several important initiatives including a traffic warden scheme and, having been present and having taken a very active role on the 'front line' during the riot, reviewing police public order tactics during the major anti-Vietnam War demonstration outside the US Embassy in Grosvenor Square, which had taken place on 17 March 1968.
After undertaking external studies at the University of London, Newman received a Bachelor of Laws with Honours in 1971, and was promoted to Commander, serving in various capacities at New Scotland Yard.
Northern Ireland
In 1973, Newman applied for the position of Deputy Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Northern Ireland, and was promoted to Chief Constable in May 1976. Using his experience in public order policing, and his penchant for reform, Newman was instrumental in transforming the RUC from a "poor cousin" of the British Army in the region, to a streamlined and effective, police force. He introduced the policy of Ulsterisation. Newman was knighted in the 1978 New Year Honours after his work with the RUC.
Bramshill
Newman was recalled to England in 1980, and served for three years as Her Majesty's Inspector of Constabulary and Commandant of the Police Staff College, Bramshill, where he once again honed his skills in public order policing and management reform.
Commissioner
Newman's appointment as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in 1982 came at a time when the Met was under intense public and media scrutiny. Newman subsequently initiated one of the most major reform campaigns the Met had ever undertaken.
Among his initiatives were:
expanding the controversial Special Patrol Group into the Territorial Support Group by merging it with the District Support Units
the establishment of "Area-based policing", divesting the centralised officers and resources of New Scotland Yard into eight geographical areas
publishing Principles of Policing to replace the traditional Standing Orders, with the assistance of the new MPS Policy Committee, changing the fundamental guidelines for policing in London for the first time in 150 years
Newman spoke out against the prevalence of Freemasonry in the police, although a police Freemason's Lodge, the Manor of St James, was set up and flourished shortly after his comments. He retired in 1987, his reforms paving the way for his successor, Sir Peter Imbert, to implement further reforms known as the PLUS Programme. He took directorships with Control Risks, Automated Security Holdings and the Automobile Association.
Death
Sir Kenneth Newman died on 4 February 2017 at the age of 90. He was survived by his wife Eileen (née Freeman), their son, Laurence, daughter, Melanie, and three grandsons.
Honours
References
Sources
1926 births
2017 deaths
Royal Air Force airmen
Military personnel from Sussex
Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Chief Constables of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
Knights Bachelor
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
English recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Alumni of the University of London
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine people of World War II
Inspectors of Constabulary
Commanders of the Order of St John | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Newman |
Lidia Ravera (born 6 February 1951 in Turin, Piedmont) is an Italian writer, journalist, essayist and screenwriter.
Ravera has been a regular contributor to the italian edition of Cosmopolitan. Her most popular novel, Porci con le ali ("Winged Pigs"), dealt with the disillusionment of her generation with the ideals of the late 1960s. In 1977 Ravera wrote a film adaptation of the book.
She'a an atheist.
Bibliography
Porci con le ali (1976, with )
Ammazzare il tempo (1978)
Bambino mio (1979)
Bagna i fiori e aspettami (1986)
Per funghi (1987)
Se dico perdo l'America (1988)
Voi grandi (1990)
Tempi supplementari (1990)
Due volte vent'anni (1992)
In quale nascondiglio del cuore: lettera a un figlio adolescente (1993)
Il paese di Eseap (1994)
Sorelle ("Sisters", 1994)
I compiti delle vacanze (1997)
Nessuno al suo posto (1998)
Maledetta gioventù (1999)
Né giovani né vecchi (2000)
Un lungo inverno fiorito e altre storie (2001)
Il paese all'incontrario (2002)
La festa è finita (2002)
Il freddo dentro (2003)
In fondo, a sinistra... (2005)
Screenplays
Porci con le ali (1977)
Maschio Femmina Fiore Frutto (1979)
Oggetti smarriti (1980)
Adamo ed Eva, la prima storia d'amore (1982)
Pathos - un sapore di paura (1987)
Fair Game (1988)
32 dicembre (1988)
Amori in corso (1989)
Due madri per Rocco (1994)
Dopo la tempesta (1995)
Due volte vent'anni (1995)
Un nero per casa (1998)
Il Dolce Rumore Della Vita (1999)
Una vita in gioco (TV series)
Una vita in gioco 2. Dopo la tempesta (TV series)
Theater
Comprami! (2012, with Marco Fusi)
Nuda proprietà (2014).
References
External links
Official website
"Lidia Ravera", scrittoriperunanno RAI
1951 births
Living people
Writers from Turin
Italian women journalists
Italian women writers
Italian screenwriters
Italian atheists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia%20Ravera |
Langwarrin Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club based in Langwarrin South, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1964, the club competes in National Premier Leagues Victoria 2.
History
Langwarrin Soccer Club was formed by local Dutch Australians in 1964 as an alternative to Australian rules football in the region. The initial name of the club was The Langwarrin All Stars. The side played its first games at the local primary school, and soon moved to the site of the Frankston golf driving range on Cranbourne Road. The first game was against Melbourne who beat the young All Stars 20–1.
In 1968 the club moved to its current home on Barretts Road. The land was donated to the club by Wally Lawton and became known as Lawton Park. The first senior team at Langwarrin was formed in 1968.
In 1981, Langwarrin entered the Victorian Provisional League One. In 1991, works were completed on the new clubrooms at Lawton Reserve. In 1994 the grounds were relaid.
In 1999 Gus Macleod was appointed as senior head coach of the club, a position he would go on to hold for 20 seasons.
Langwarrin was promoted to the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 competition after taking out the State League Division 1 South-East championship title in 2017. In 2018, the club's first season in the National Premier Leagues league system, Langy finished in 8th place in the 10-team NPL2 East competition.
In August 2018, after iconic coach Gus Macleod resigned from his role, the club announced that Scott Miller would coach the team for the 2019 season. Miller brought in a number of high-profile players for the 2019 season, including former Oakleigh Cannons midfielder Wayne Wallace, Damir Stoilovic, David Stirton, Roddy Covarrubias, Jamie Cumming, Jordan Templin and Fraser Maclaren.
Current squad
League Standings
Honours
Team
State League 1
Champions(1) 2017
State League 2
Champions(1) 2004
Runners Up (3) 2001,2002,2003
State League 3
Champions(1) 2000
State League 4
Champions(1) 1999
Individual
State League 1 South-East Golden Boot
2016 - Caleb Nicholes
References
External links
Langwarrin Official Website
Football Federation Victoria Official website
Association football clubs established in 1964
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian State League teams
1964 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Frankston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwarrin%20SC |
Francis Flute is a character in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. His occupation is a bellows-mender. He is forced to play the female role of Thisbe in "Pyramus and Thisbe", a play-within-the-play which is performed for Theseus' marriage celebration.
In the play Flute (Thisbe) speaks through the wall (played by Tom Snout) to Pyramus (Nick Bottom).
Flute is a young, excited actor who is disappointed when he finds he is meant to play a woman (Thisbe) in their interlude before the duke and the duchess. He generally is portrayed using a falsetto voice. He is an unsure actor who asks many questions.
Flute is often portrayed as the lowest in status of the Mechanicals, but his performance at the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta arguably wins them favour at the court of the duke and duchess.
Flute's name, like that of the other mechanicals, is metonymical and derives from his craft: "Flute" references a church organ, an instrument prominently featuring the bellows a bellows-mender might be called upon to repair.
In Jean-Louis and Jules Supervielle's French adaptation, Le Songe d'une nuit d'été (1959), Flute is renamed to , where Georges Neveux's 1945 adaptation used the English names.
On the Elizabethan stage, the role of Flute and the other Mechanicals was intended to be doubled with Titania's four fairy escorts: Moth (also spelled Mote), Mustardseed, Cobweb, and Peaseblossom.
References
Sources
See also
Mechanical (character)
Fictional artisans
Fictional actors
Male Shakespearean characters
Characters in A Midsummer Night's Dream
Literary characters introduced in 1596
Fictional Greek people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Flute |
St Luke's Church is in the village of Goostrey, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Congleton. Its benefice is combined with that of St Peter, Swettenham.
History
The parish of Goostrey is first mentioned in the Domesday Book and a church or chapel was present by 1244. By 1617 a timber-framed chapel was present on the site which consisted of a nave and a chancel with a south aisle belonging to the Booths of Twemlow. In 1667 another south aisle was constructed for Edmund Jodrell and this was enlarged in 1711. In 1792 this chapel was demolished and the present church built between 1792 and 1796.
Parish of Goostrey
The ecclesiastical parish of Goostrey includes not only the civil parish of that name, but also that of Twemlow, named after the burial mounds or 'lows' found in this part of Cheshire, indicating that people lived here over four thousand years ago. The first documented mention of Goostrey is in the Domesday Book (1086), when most of the parish was held by William Fitz Nigel, Baron of Halton, and by Hugh de Mara, another follower of the Earl of Chester. They gave much land in Goostrey to endow the new abbey of Saint Werburgh in Chester, and later land in the parish was given to help endow the Vale Royal Abbey, near Northwich.
The medieval history of the parish is recorded in grants and agreements which regulated the relations between the abbey at Chester and their local tenants. Occasionally these documents give an insight into the personal lives of the period. For example, in 1286 Honde Merlun broke into the church at Goostrey and took away all the ornaments; or when five brothers of William Eaton of Blackden were slain together and buried in the chapelyard in 1385.
St Luke's Church
St Luke's Church, a Church of England church, was built before 1220, but it was not until 1350 that the mother church of Sandbach allowed burials here. The parishioners of Goostrey frequently found the way to Sandbach impassable because of floods and must have rejoiced when the five mile (8 km) journey across the Rivers Dane and Croco was no longer necessary. The old church was timber framed, as Marton still is today, but all that remains from the Middle Ages of that church is the 15th-century font.
Three of the bells rang in the old building; the oldest was cast in 1606, the next recast in 1705, when the work cost £5, and the third a little later. Of the other three, two were given in 1869 by Anna Maria Toler in memory of Mrs Thomas Hilditch, and the third is modern, dated 1912. The present ring consists of six bells, two of which were cast in 1869 at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry by Mears & Stainbank, and the rest are by James Barwell, dated 1913. The organ was built in 1876 by Wadsworth.
Some of the communion plates are 18th-century, and in 1719 a silver paten was given by Miss Dorothy Jodrell. It was made in London in 1715 by Samuel Wastell. A chalice and flagon, towards which Randle Armstrong gave £20 in 1759, were made in that year by Fuller White of London. There is a modern paten, dated 1902, made in London, and there is a modern chalice given in memory of Sarah Elizabeth Knowles, made in Sheffield and dated 1931.
Parish records
The parish registers, which are well preserved, date back to 1561. They contain a few interesting notes, such as one in 1661 when Marie Worthington, the wife of the minister of Goostrey, died, and after the entry is written the word 'scould' in a different ink. Another note among the next year's burials tells that Mr Whishall 'married five wives,' and later, in 1674, when James Dean married Margaret Hall, we read that she was his third wife 'all within the year'. At the back of the volume, among a list of notices relating to collections made in the chapelry, are documented donations sent to towns like Ripon in Yorkshire or Bridgnorth in Shropshire, as well as one contribution sent to Hugh Evans 'having his house and his household goods burnt in the county of Salop'. The registers also document how everyone agreed to the appointment of Mr Henry Newcome as minister on 7 October 1648, and it seems that even into the 18th century the inhabitants had some say in which clergyman was given the living of Goostrey, even though the final decision must have rested then as now with the vicar of Sandbach. Mr Newcome was a strict puritan, and forbade two of his most prominent parishioners from coming to Holy Communion for their frequent drinking. He left after eighteen months to become Rector of Gawsworth.
The Churchwarden's Accounts are preserved from 1638 and explain the economics of parish life in other days. For example, in 1661, the font could be releaded for thirteen shillings, or a clock bought for two pounds three shillings and nine pence in 1658. Some things seem very cheap, as when the royal arms were painted and erected for two pounds three shillings and eight pence, and some very expensive, as when the book containing the new Communion Service of 1662, was purchased at a cost of twelve shillings, at a time when a labourer's weekly wage would not be much above half a crown. Sometimes information about the bill is scarce, as when the church was restored in 1711 at a cost of forty six pounds. Other account examples include 5000 bricks for two pounds five shillings in 1750.
Construction
In 1792 it was decided to build, at a cost of £1,700, a new church to the design of the village bricksetter, as the old timber church was very cold. No doubt the continual repairing and the alterations when new aisles were added to accommodate the gentry had made a thorough rebuilding necessary, but the 18th century was no respector of ancient buildings. However, they did leave the old yew tree.
In 1876 the church was restored and the interior re-furnished. It seems likely that the pulpit, lectern and sanctuary panelling were put in then. A new organ was given and a console in 1947 when the pipes were moved to the gallery. In 1961 a new altar was given and other furniture for the chancel which was rearranged to give more space between the choir pews.
The stained glass, which may aptly be called post-Raphaelite, dates from about 1876; the east window being given in memory of Egerton Leigh, the second of that name to live at Jodrell Hall, the south west window being in memory of Mary Susan Armitstead, the young wife of William George, vicar of Goostrey from 1860 to 1907. They married in 1865; she died in 1868.
Churchyard
There are two listed buildings in the churchyard: a sundial dated 1798 with a gnomon dated 1999, and a table tomb near the east end of the church. There is also a war memorial near the churchyard gate.
The churchyard also contains the war grave of a Canadian soldier of World War I.
Schools
Across from the church is Goostrey Primary School. The earliest reference to a school is in 1640 when it was repaired. It was then next to the north wall of the churchyard where the old vicarage now stands, in a house which was also used as the court house for Goostrey Manor. This appears to have been pulled down in 1703. It may be then that the pupils moved across to the old school house, which is one of the oldest buildings in the village. In 1856 the main part of the present buildings were erected when the old days of a schoolmaster who was also the parish clerk came to an end. The last of these schoolmasters, Jonathan Harding (1781–1862), is buried by the west end of the church; he had held his office for fifty two years. In 1977 the building of a new infants' department across the main road was undertaken. With this the old connection of church and school has been severed.
People of Goostrey
John Hulse, incumbent in the village from 1735 to 1754, left money to Cambridge University to found a professorial chair, which is still known by his name. Some families have achieved parochial renown by their memorials in church. The Kinseys whose last male representative died in 1814, acquired land here about 1380 by marrying one of the heiresses of the last Goostrey. The Armitsteads, who provided four vicars of Goostrey, three successively from 1859 to 1923, came from Horton in Ribblesdale in the middle of the 18th century Lawrence, whose memorial is on the north wall, purchased the Hermitage and Cranage estates. The Baskervyles whose memorials are in the north east corner of the chancel were squires of nearby Withington Hall from 1266 until 1954 when John Baskerville Glegg was buried at the east end of the church with his ancestors. On the south wall we read of the Booth family who lived at Twemlow Hall. The Booths originated from Barton near Manchester and were a family of note in the North West by the 15th century. Through marriage with a Venables heiress they acquired Dunham Massey and later a cadet branch by marriage with a Knutsford heiress obtained part of Twemlow whilst the other Knutsford heiress married a Jodrell from Yeardsley who obtained the other part. A Jodrell heiress in 1778 married Egerton Leigh of West Hall, High Legh, and in 1863 their grandson Colonel Egerton Leigh bought the other of the Twemlow Manor estate from the Booths. Leigh family sold most of their Jodrell and surrounding estates in 1924.
Today most of the land here is owned by the families who farm it, though at the north east corner of Goostrey, Manchester University owns land where their radio telescope, Jodrell Bank, overlooks a collection of Neolithic barrows.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire East
Listed buildings in Goostrey
References
External links
Goostrey Village Website
Photographs by Craig Thornber
History of Cheshire
Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
Neoclassical architecture in Cheshire
Churches completed in 1796
Diocese of Chester
1796 establishments in England
Neoclassical church buildings in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Luke%27s%20Church%2C%20Goostrey |
Married Life (in Hebrew: Hayey Nisu'im חיי נישואים) is a novel written in Hebrew between 1927-1928 by Jewish novelist and poet David Vogel. The novel was first published in three sections between 1929–1931, and later on in a new edition in 1986.
Plot summary
Set in Vienna in the 1920s, Married Life is an urban novel, in which that city had witnessed defeat in the First World War and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire, and plays a central role as the setting it is based in.
The social decay and presentiments of an ominous future mirror the pathological relationship between Rudolf Gurdweill, a poor Jewish intellectual and Dorothea "Thea" von Takow, an Austrian baroness who takes pleasure in humiliating him at every turn. The relationship is portrayed in telling detail as the couple descends till nightmarish depths of cruelty and masochism, eventually ending in Thea's sexual betrayal of Gurdweill and her murder at his own hands.
References
Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature
1931 novels
1986 novels
Israeli novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married%20Life%20%28novel%29 |
Western Suburbs Soccer Club is an association football club based in the suburb of Sunshine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The club was formed in 1965 and currently competes in the Victorian State League Division 2 North-West. Western Suburbs have participated in the Victorian Premier League on two occasions.
History
Western Suburbs SC was formed in the Western Suburbs of Melbourne, Sunshine in 1965 by local Greek immigrants. Since then the club has become home to many Greeks that live around the area, who enjoy the social club at Western Suburbs SC.
Western Suburbs SC has participated in the Victorian State League six times, and Victorian Premier League twice. Western Suburbs highest finish in the Victorian State League was 1st, while the highest finish in the Victorian Premier League was 9th. The longest stay in the Victorian State Leagues was 5 seasons, between 1984 and 1988. Western Suburbs have consistently stayed in the top divisions in Melbourne.
In 2015, on their 60th anniversary Western Suburbs won the Victorian State League Division 1 North-West championship.
In 2018, Suburbs were relegated from State League 1 North-West, finishing the season in bottom place.
Former Coaches
Les Scheinflug - Australian Assistant Coach at the 1974 World Cup and also Senior Coach of Australia in 1981-1984, 1990 & 1994. Now retired.
Vlado Vanis - Coached many Australian teams including the Melbourne Knights, Heidelberg United & Preston Lions.
Michael Chatzitrifonos - Coached Western Suburbs in a tremendous season in the VPL in 2007.
Kon Pappas - Coached Western Suburbs during the 2008 season in the VPL.
Ange Postecoglou - Started his coaching career at Suburbs in 1994. Regarded as one of the best Australian coaches.
Former players
Ange Postecoglou
Victor Cristaldo
Adrian Zahra
Lorenz Kindtner
Iswadi Idris
Germain Bationo
Titles
Victorian State Division 2 Champions 1972
Victorian State Division 1 Champions 1979
Victorian State Division 1 Champions 1983
Victorian State Division 1 Champions 2006
Hellenic Cup Champions 2012
Victorian State Division 1 Champions 2015
Current squad
Stelios Tzanoudakis (C)
Luka Runje
Marc Dezic
Louis Paolozza
Phil Lloyd (VC)
Thomas Sudevski
Pano Avramidis
Ivan Lulic
Yiannis Tzanoudakis
Mathew Sanders
Cam Bunn
Reng Tung
George Fakos
Oliver Paolozza
Savvas Thalalaios
Josh Holt
Daniel Cassar
Gianluca Romano
Marcus Tasevski
Guy Runje
Coaches
Sam Papadopoulos
Jose Mansila
References
External links
Official Website
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian State League teams
Greek-Australian culture in Melbourne
Association football clubs established in 1965
1965 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Brimbank | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Suburbs%20SC |
The Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1998 (No. 19) was a law of Ireland which revised Dáil constituencies in light of the 1996 census. It took effect on the dissolution of the 28th Dáil on 25 April 2002 and a general election for the 29th Dáil on the revised constituencies took place on 17 May 2002.
In September 1997, the Minister for the Environment and Local Government established an independent Constituency Commission under terms of the Electoral Act 1997. This was the first commission established on a statutory basis, with its terms of reference defined in the legislation. The commission was chaired by Richard Johnson, judge of the High Court, and delivered its report in March 1998. The Act implemented the recommendations of the report and repealed the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1995, which had defined constituencies since the 1997 general election.
It was repealed by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2005, which created a new schedule of constituencies first used at the 2007 general election for the 30th Dáil held on 24 May 2007.
Constituencies for the 29th Dáil
Explanation of columns
Created: The year of the election when a constituency of the same name was last created.
Seats: The number of TDs elected from the constituency under the Act.
Change: Change in the number of seats since the last distribution of seats (which took effect in 1997).
Summary of changes
This list summarises changes in representation. It does not address revisions to the boundaries of constituencies.
References
Electoral 1998
1998 in Irish law
Acts of the Oireachtas of the 1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20%28Amendment%29%20%28No.%202%29%20Act%201998 |
Goostrey Primary School is a 4–11 mixed community primary school in Goostrey, Cheshire, England.
Across from St Luke's Church is Goostrey Primary School which was originally a Church of England school.
The earliest reference to a school in the church records is in 1640 when it was repaired. It was then next to the north wall of the churchyard where the old vicarage now stands, in a house which was also used as the court house for Goostrey Manor. This appears to have been pulled down in 1703. It may be then that the pupils moved across to the old school house, which is one of the oldest buildings in the village.
In 1856 the main part of the present buildings were erected when the old days of a schoolmaster who was also the parish clerk came to an end. The last of these schoolmasters, Jonathon Harding, is buried by the west end of the church; he had held his office for fifty six years. Another chapter was opened in 1977, with the building of a new infants' department across the main road. With this the old connection of church and school has been severed.
References
External links
Primary schools in the Borough of Cheshire East
Community schools in the Borough of Cheshire East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goostrey%20Primary%20School |
India: From Midnight to the Millennium is a book written by Shashi Tharoor in 1997. It discusses a wide range of topics like caste, democracy in India, Indira Gandhi, the partition of India, and its transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy.
Shashi Tharoor argues compellingly that India stands at the intersection of the most significant questions facing the world at the end of the twentieth century. If democracy leads to inefficient political infighting, should it be sacrificed in the interest of economic well-being? Does religious fundamentalism provide a way for countries in the developing world to assert their identity in the face of western hegemony, or is there a case for pluralism and diversity amid cultural and religious traditions? Does the entry of Western consumer goods threaten a country's economic self-sufficiency, and is protectionism the only guarantee of independence? The answers to such questions will determine what kind of world the next century will bring, and since Indians will soon account for a sixth of the world's population, their choices will have repercussions throughout the globe.
References
1997 non-fiction books
Books about politics of India
Books by Shashi Tharoor
Historiography of India
20th-century Indian books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%3A%20From%20Midnight%20to%20the%20Millennium |
RAM Records is an independent record label established in 1992 by Andy C with the help of his friend Ant Miles. It specialises in drum and bass.
The label and business is run by Andy C and business partner Scott Bourne (Red One). Ram Records is known for its label activities, the music it releases, and the artists it has signed over the years. Moving Fusion's Turbulence was instrumental in moving RAM forward in the early 2000s and was the number one voted-for track in drum and bass at the Mercury Music Prize in 2000. As well as Ram's musical output, the label is also known for its club nights, the most famous of which started at the London nightclub 'The End', and lasted 11 years until the club's closure in December 2008. Moving on from The End to super-club Matter in February 2009, Ram's attendees tripled from 1000 to over 3000 people within 2 months and lasted until Matter's closure in June 2010. Ram's new home is Fabric nightclub in Farringdon, London.
In 2002 RAM launched a sister label called Frequency, and in 2012 a new label called PROGRAM was launched, specialising in different flavours of drum and bass compared to the signature sounds of RAM. The first PROGRAM release was "Firethorn / Pandorum" by Frankee.
Some RAM signees have found chart success. Andy C, Chase & Status, René LaVice, Sub Focus and Wilkinson have all released singles through RAM which entered the UK Singles Chart.
Artists
References
External links
Discography at rolldabeats
British record labels
Record labels established in 1992
Drum and bass record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM%20Records |
Otohime (乙姫) is the princess of the Dragon Palace in the Japanese folktale Urashima Tarō.
Otohime may also refer to:
People
Otohime Ryugu, a character in Okami-san and Her Seven Companions
Otohime, a goddess the anime series Lilpri
Otohime, a character in the 2009 anime series Muromi-san
Mutsumi Otohime, a character from the manga series Love Hina by Ken Akamatsu
, the second daughter of Minamoto no Yoritomo, nicknamed Otohime (乙姫).
, concubine or daughter of Emperor Ingyō.
Other
Otohime (音姫, lit. "Sound Princess"), a Japanese brand name for a flushing toilet sound simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otohime%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Canadian Silver Maple Leaf is a silver bullion coin that is issued annually by the Government of Canada since 1988. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint.
The Silver Maple Leaf is legal tender. The face value is 5 Canadian dollars. The market value of the metal varies, depending on the spot price of silver. The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide. The standard version has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.10 grams).
The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse and reverse display, respectively, the profile of Elizabeth II and the Canadian Maple Leaf. In 2014, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark.
Information
The Silver Maple Leaf is issued annually by the Government of Canada. Introduced in 1988 by the Royal Canadian Mint, there have been three subsequent standard editions and several special editions.
The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse displays the profile of Elizabeth II. There have been three subsequent versions of the Queen's profile:
1988–1989: Portrait by Arnold Machin.
1990–2003: Portrait by Dora de Pédery-Hunt.
Since 2004: Portrait by Susanna Blunt.
The Silver Maple Leaf's reverse displays the Canadian Maple Leaf. This design has remained unchanged since 1988. In 2014, however, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark. Also the obverse was affected by this.
The phrases CANADA and FINE SILVER 1 OZ ARGENT PUR are universal elements.
Granted a face value of 5 Canadian dollars, the Silver Maple Leaf has status as legal tender. It has also a market value that depends on the spot price of silver and that normally exceeds the nominal face value. With few exceptions and alike similar international bullion coins, the Silver Maple Leaf has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.10 grams). The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide.
Samples of the Silver Maple Leaf often carry a blemish that has a milky-white appearance, called a milk spot. This happens when a cleaning detergent is left on the coin when it goes into the annealing furnace.. This issue was addressed in 2018 with the RCM introduction of "MINTSHIELD" surface protection technology to prevent milk spots.
The Silver Maple Leaf was originally packaged in Mylar. Since 2009, due to increasing demand, it is packaged in semi-transparent tubes with a yellow lid bearing the RCM logo. Some special editions have tubes with an orange, red, blue, dark blue or grey lid. Each tube contains 25 coins. Furthermore, there exist boxes that contain 20 tubes each.
Mintage (all uncirculated bulk coins)
The issue from the year 2000 was sold as an uncirculated bulk coin yet bears the Fireworks privy mark on it.
It is re-listed in the special privy mark section below but is still essentially part of the standard bullion series.
Special editions
Special editions may, in this article, be divided into the following subcategories:
Commemorative editions
Editions with special privy marks
Fractional editions
Editions with nature-related themes
Coloured and hologram editions
In 1998, marking the 10th anniversary of the Silver Maple Leaf series, a single-issue 10-ounce version was produced. The Silver Maple Leaf (SML), a staple of pure silver bullion, was only produced in 1oz coins. It was only for the commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the SML, that a reverse proof 10oz Silver Maple Leaf was struck. Unfortunately, due to price ($200, silver spot ~$6) and lack of interest, the planned 30,000 10oz SMLs were not sold out, and more than half were taken back for melting. Their cases were also recycled for one of the 2004 2oz bimetallic coins that the RCM issued. This is also the reason that some of the silver COAs will number above 14,000, though only around 13,000 of the coins survived.
In 1999, many Silver Maple Leaf coins were issued with a privy mark to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the RCM Maple Leaf Program. In the following year, the coins featured a privy mark with fireworks and the number 2000. Another Silver Maple Leaf version was issued to commemorate the millennium. The coins were double-dated 1999 and 2000.
Some of the privy-marked Silver Maple Leaf versions were available only in Europe. In 2005, the Liberation of the Netherlands triple privy silver Maple Leaf—the rarest of all Silver Maple Leaf coins—was struck by the Royal Canadian Mint for the Royal Dutch Mint. The first coin produced by the facility, graded SP70 on the Sheldon scale, was to be presented to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
In 2005, The Royal Canadian Mint issued The North America LEGACY of LIBERTY pure silver commemorative coin set, with two coins dated 2004 and two coin dated 2005. Also included in the set was the first poppy colourized quarter (2005), a Royal Canadian Legion symbol of remembrance, hope, and sacrifice. Three 1oz pure silver maple leaf coins with privy marks were made: Victory Europe Day - May 8, 1945 (2005), Victory Japan Day - September 2, 1945 (2005) and D-Day - June 6th 1944 (2004), with only 4200 sets being minted.
There are also special edition R.C.M. coins called the 'Maple Leaf Forever' series, with there being three maple leaf symbols on the reverse. The mint has minted 100,000 of this design in 1/2 oz .9999 fine silver coins and 200 strikes of the same design in a large 60mm diameter .9999 fine gold coin. Many other Royal Canadian Mint coins feature maple leaf symbols, such as the $20 for $20 series, the 'Piedfort Maple' series, the 5 oz silver 25th anniversary coins, 1 oz silver 25th anniversary coins with gold guild clad (an identical coin is minted in 1 oz of .9995 fine platinum) and fractional 25th anniversary coins in silver and gold. There are also the 1 kg $250 coins 2011–2015 with mintage numbers 999, 1200, 600, 600, 500 respectively.
2 other series noted by argent pur signa include the SML edge lettering 20 coins which includes:
2013 Bald Eagle- 7,500
- Bald Eagle #1 - Portrait of Power
- Bald Eagle #2 - Lifelong Mates
- Bald Eagle #3 - Deadly Predator
- Bald Eagle #4 - Mother Protecting Baby Eaglets
2014 Bison Bull – Complete 7,500
- Bison Bull #1 - Buffalo Proof
- Bison Bull #2 - Bull and His Mate
- Bison Bull #3 - The Fight
- Bison Bull #4 - Family At Rest
2014 White-Tailed Deer - 7,500
- White-Tailed Deer #1 - Portrait of a 10-Point Buck
- White-Tailed Deer #2 - Challenge for Power - Two Bucks Fighting
- White-Tailed Deer #3 - Mates Leaping Over a Fallen Pine Log
- White-Tailed Deer #4 - A Doe and Her Fawns
2015 Sportfish of North America - 6500
- Largemouth Bass Game Trophy Fish $20
- Northern Pike Game Trophy Fish $20 Pure
- Walleye Game Trophy Fish $20 Pure Silver
- Rainbow Trout Trophy Fish $20 Pure Silver
2015-2016 Great Grizzly Bear - 6500
- Canada 2015 Great Grizzly Bear #1 - The Catch
- Canada 2015 Great Grizzly Bear #2 - Togetherness
- Canada 2015 Great Grizzly Bear #3 - Family
- Canada 2016 Great Grizzly Bear #4 - The Battle for Dominance
2014 $20 The Seven Sacred Teachings: SML argent pur mintage 7,000
-1- Love eagle
-2- Respect bison or buffalo
-3- Courage Grizzly bear
-4- Honest Raven
-5- Wisdom Beaver and Poplar Tree
-6- Humility Wolf
-7- Truth Turtle
Commemorative editions
Anniversaries
Editions with special privy marks
Anniversaries and commemorations (1 oz CAD$5 coins)
Zodiac series (1998–2009)
Zodiac series (2012–)
Fabulous series
Sets
Editions with nature-related themes
Fine silver fractional four-coin sets
Canadian Wildlife Series
Birds of Prey Series
Predator Series
Canadian Arctic Series 1½ oz
Other Silver Maple Leaf coins
Hologram Silver Maple Leaf
Olympic Maple Leaf
See also
American Silver Eagle
Australian Silver Kangaroo
Silver Britannia
Canadian Gold Maple Leaf
Big Maple Leaf
Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf
Silver as an investment
References
External links
Royal Canadian Mint's Official Website
Royal Canadian Mint Act
Five-base-unit coins
Silver Maple Leaf
Silver bullion coins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Silver%20Maple%20Leaf |
Neely Jo Jenkins (born June 21, 1974) is a musician from Omaha, Nebraska best known for being a singer in the band Tilly and the Wall. She was also a member of the band Park Ave. with Tilly and the Wall bandmate Jamie Pressnall, (then Jamie Williams). Previously, Jenkins sang "Contrast and Compare" and "Pull My Hair" with Bright Eyes on the album Letting Off the Happiness, and "Feb. 15th" on A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995-1997.
Album appearances
Bright Eyes - A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995-1997 (1998 · Saddle Creek)
Bright Eyes - Letting off the Happiness (1998 · Saddle Creek)
Park Ave. - When Jamie Went to London...We Broke Up (1999 · Team Love)
Tilly and the Wall - Wild Like Children (2004 · Team Love)
Summerbirds in the Cellar - With the Hands of the Hunter it All Becomes Dead (2005 · Slow January Records)
Tilly and the Wall - Bottoms of Barrels (2006 · Team Love)
Coyote Bones - Gentlemen On The Rocks (2007 · Team Love)
Flowers Forever - Flowers Forever (2008 · Team Love)
Son, Ambulance - Someone Else's Déjà Vu (2008, Saddle Creek Records)
Tilly and the Wall - o (2008 · Team Love)
Tilly and the Wall - Heavy Mood (2012 · Team Love)
See also
Derek Pressnall
Jamie Pressnall
Kianna Alarid
Nick White
Tilly and the Wall
References
External links
Tilly and the Wall official website
Team Love Records
Neely's Yoga website
Living people
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Team Love Records artists
American indie pop musicians
1974 births
Tilly and the Wall members
Park Ave. members
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neely%20Jenkins |
Avnei Eitan () is an Israeli settlement organized as a moshav in the southern Golan Heights, located at an elevation of above sea level. Located to the east of the Sea of Galilee, it falls under the municipal jurisdiction of Golan Regional Council. In it had a population of . It is part of the Hapoel HaMizrachi movement.
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the Golan Heights illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.
History
Part of the families lived temporarily in the nearby settlement Nov, and later Avnei Eitan was founded in 1978. The settlement is named after six war victims including 3 soldiers that were killed in the Yom Kippur War, and a woman that deceased from a serious illness.
In December 1991, members of the moshav left the settlement and moved to live three kilometers east of it, near the ceasefire line fence between Israel and Syria. The moshav, which belongs to the Hapoel HaMizrachi movement, was shut down in protest of foreclosures on property and money carried out by the banks. Members that left the moshav burned tires at the entrance to the settlement and later confronted IDF officers, who demanded that they evacuate the place because they posed a security risk. Police forces, under the command of the Golan Heights Police Chief, back then Superintendent Shimon Koren, also arrived at the scene and addressed the strikers with a similar demand. At the same time, the police prevented roadblocks and major traffic routes in the Golan Heights. The Golan Heights police arrested four moshav members for questioning.
Geography
The nearby stream, Nahal El Al (Hebrew) or Wadi Dafila (Arabic) is a popular hiking destination and contains the Black Waterfall, named for its black basalt rock and located closest to Avnei Eitan, and the White Waterfall, named for its white limestone rock.
Details
Avnei Eitan is an Orthodox Jewish agricultural community in Gush Hispin, a bloc of religious communities in the southern Golan Heights. The moshav receives municipal services from the Golan Regional Council.
About 130 families live in Avnei Eitan, including families evicted from Gush Katif, mainly from Netzer Hazani and Kfar Darom.
The community has hosted the Mechinat Avnei Eitan pre-military yeshiva, also known as the "Leadership Yeshiva Academy," attended mainly by English-speaking overseas students. Many graduates of the school serve in elite units in the Israel Defense Forces.
See also
Israeli-occupied territories
References
Moshavim
Golan Regional Council
Religious Israeli settlements
Populated places in Northern District (Israel)
Populated places established in 1978
1978 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avnei%20Eitan |
Melanie Horsnell is an Australian singer-songwriter.
The song "Sometimes" was featured in the Canadian TV program Flashpoint, being used in the Season 3 premiere episode titled "Unconditional Love".
She has the distinction of being the only Australian to be featured in Flashpoint during its entire series run, the majority of artists featured on the program being from Canada or the USA.
Musical career
Horsnell first picked up a guitar at the age of five, learning the classical and flamenco styles of play, and began busking at Manly Beach at the age of ten. By her late teens, she still had not really thought of continuing her music career – she had her heart set on managing Woolworths – until she won a spot on The Northern Composure CD and national songwriting competitions. From there she headed to London for a year, busking on a daily basis and working on her songwriting skills.
Back home, Horsnell began her residency at the Excelsior Hotel in Glebe in 2000 and became regarded as one driving forces behind Sydney's blossoming "NuFolk" movement. Over the years at the Excelsior, she performed with some artists including Paul Greene, Andy Clockwise, Bertie Blackman, peregrine, Tim Ireland and Wesley Carr, while at the same time played host to many emerging artists, most notably Laura Imbruglia. Her residency continued for 4 years, but there were larger things afoot for the young songstress.
In 2001, Horsnell independently released her first EP, Don't Know What to Say, followed the next year her second EP Magic Mirror (produced by Garth Porter), which was soon picked up by radio across the country and led to her signing with Shock Publishing worldwide. Soon after, Horsnell was approached to write songs for popular children's show The Saddle Club and to score the soundtrack for the film Love in the First Degree.
In 2003, Horsnell began work on her debut album, The Adventures of..., again with Garth Porter behind the desk. Its first single "Birds" earned her high rotation on the Triple J network.
In 2004, she signed to Rounder records in Europe, after a demo of The Adventures of... found its way into the hands of Bert Pijpers of Rounder Records. The Adventures Of... was released in The Netherlands, Germany and the UK – in February 2005, the album was released in rest of Europe. Horsnell even did a crash course in French to record the French version of the beatlesque pop gem "I Just Want Some Love" which helped The Adventures Of… wind up as feature album on national radio in France that year. Having made no less than four tours of Europe over the years, she also played to a packed house at The Esplanade in Singapore in early 2005.
Her Australian fans were satisfied when they finally saw the release of her album The Adventures of... in September 2005 through Inflatable Girlfriend Records/MGM. Horsnell has also managed many Australian tours, often with her band "the Inflatable Girlfriends" (ironically made up of male musicians), as support for The Frames, Josh Pyke, Bernard Fanning (Powderfinger), Lou Rhodes (Lamb) and Jason Mraz.
She has supplied vocals for several songs used in television commercials, including McHappy Day, Johnnie Walker, Huggies, Women's Weekly, Bonds (company) and National Grid plc (in the United States). In addition, Horsnell and Elliot Wheeler came together in the side project "Forever Thursday", with Horsnell as the lead singer on the song "How Can It Be", music for a J.C. Penney advertisement shown during the 2007 Oscars.
In 2008 Horsnell went back into the studio with producer Paul Mckercher (Augie March, Magic Dirt, Little Birdy, Eskimo Joe) to lay down 12 new tracks for her album Complicated Sweetheart. The first single from the album features a track "Mary Mary" and two bonus songs, "Christmas in the suburbs" and The Saints song "Massacre", and was released in July 2008. "Mary Mary" received immediate airplay on National Youth Broadcaster Radio Triple J and also FBi Radio, RRR and a number of other stations.
The Cloud Appreciation Society, released in 2013, shares heartbreaking songs of small town love and loss, glows with an acoustic stripped-back sound, and is intermingled with Horsnell's quintessential starry-eyed voice, lyrics to die for and a delicate but timeless presence, which has made her so adored on the scene.
In 2017, Horsnell went on a six-week European tour with Blue Mountains-based singer-songwriter Steve Appel (also known as King Curly); their collaborative album, The World Has A Gentle Soul, was released in 2018.
Personal life
Horsnell, a Wiradjuri woman, is the mother of two daughters. She currently lives in the tiny town of Candelo, New South Wales.
Discography
Solo albums
The Adventures Of – 2004 (UK), 2005 (AUS)
Complicated Sweetheart – 2008
The Cloud Appreciation Society – 2013
dans la mer aussi il y a des étoiles – 2014
Quatre Chemins – 2015
Songs To Sing on a Saturday Night – 2016
Collaborative album
The World Has A Gentle Soul (Melanie Horsnell & Steve Appel) – 2018
EPs
Don't Know What To Say – 2001
Magic Mirror – 2002
Birds – 2004
Kiss You Again – 2007
Mary Mary – 2008
Music video
How Can It Be (Forever Thursday) – 2007
References
External links
Melanie Horsnell on Myspace
Forever Thursday on Myspace
Australian buskers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from New South Wales
Wiradjuri people
Australian women singer-songwriters
Australian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Horsnell |
The Kingdom of Pajang or Sultanate of Pajang (كسلطانن ڤاجڠ ;1586–1568) was a short-lived Muslim state in Java. It was established by Hadiwijaya or Jaka Tingkir, Lord of Boyolali, after a civil war and was a successor to Sultanate of Demak. Hadiwijaya claimed to be a descendant of Brawijaya V, the last king of the Majapahit empire, and Trenggana, the sultan of Demak.
Pajang is based in Central Java as a continuation of the Demak Sultanate. The palace complex at this time only remains in the form of the boundaries of its foundations which are on the border of - Surakarta and , Kartasura, Sukoharjo.
In the last battle against the last claimant of Demak, the vicious Arya Penangsang, Jaka Tingkir commissioned his greatest vassal, Ki Ageng Pamanahan, and his son, Sutawijaya, to destroy Arya Penangsang's army. The two managed to defeat and kill Arya Penangsang and were thus awarded a fief in a forest called Alas Mentaok, now Kotagede, on which they founded their base for the future capital of Mataram Kingdom.
Legend says King Hadiwijaya was so fond of Sutawijaya, he adopted him as the playmate of his heir, Prince Banawa. Hadiwijaya's rule was supposed to be succeeded by this weak-minded heir, but a rebellion by a vassal named Ario Pangiri forced the prince to seek asylum from his childhood friend Sutawijaya.
Pledged to help, Sutawijaya gathered his army and defeated Ario Pangiri and seized the Pajang Palace. Prince Banawa then submitted his crown to Sutawijaya and thus ended the Kingdom of Pajang in 1586, when Sutawijaya founded the greatest Islamic kingdom in Java: Mataram Sultanate.
Origin
The name of the land of Pajang has been known since the time of the Majapahit Empire. According to Nagarakretagama, written in 1365, at that time the younger sister of Hayam Wuruk (the king of Majapahit at that time) whose real name was Dyah Nertaja served as the ruler of Pajang, had the title Bhatara i Pajang, or abbreviated as Bhre Pajang. Dyah Nertaja is the mother of Wikramawardhana (the heir of Majapahit at the time).
Based on the babad scripts, the country is called the forerunner of Pajang. The legendary folklore mentions that Pengging was an ancient kingdom that was once led by Prabu Anglingdriya, the arch enemy of Prabu Baka, the king of Prambanan. This story is with the fairy tale of the founding of the Prambanan Temple.
When Majapahit was led by (the last king written in the babad texts), that name Pengging reappeared. It is said that 's daughter, Retno Ayu Pembayun, was kidnapped by Menak Daliputih, the king of Blambangan, the son of Menak Jingga. A hero named Jaka Sengara appears who manages to seize the princess and kill the kidnapper.
For his services, Jaka Sengara was appointed by as the Pengging regent (bupati) and married Retno Ayu Pembayun. He then was given the title Andayaningrat.
Early history
The Kingdom of Panjang is seen as the first kingdom that emerged in the interior of Java after the collapse of the Muslim kingdom in the Pasisir, or the northern coastal region of Java.
According to the babad scripts, Andayaningrat died at the hands of during the war between the Majapahit Empire and the Demak Sultanate. He was later replaced by his son, whose name was Raden Kebo Kenanga, with the title Ki Ageng Pengging. Since then Pengging has been the subordinate area of the Demak Kingdom.
Several years later Ki Ageng Pengging was sentenced to death because he was accused of trying to rebel against the Demak Sultanate. His son, who had the title Jaka Tingkir, when he was an adult, actually served Demak.
Jaka Tingkir's brilliant achievements in the army made him appointed as Trenggana's son-in-law, and became the regent (bupati) of Pajang with the title Hadiwijaya. The Pajang area at that time covered the Pengging area (now roughly covering Boyolali and Klaten), Tingkir (the Salatiga area), Butuh, and its surroundings.
After the death of Trenggana in 1546, then took the throne. However, Sultan Prawata was killed by his cousin, Arya Penangsang, the regent (bupati) of Jipang in 1547. After that, Arya Penangsang tried to kill Hadiwijaya but failed.
With the support of Ratu Kalinyamat (the regent (bupati) of Jepara and daughter of Trenggana), Hadiwijaya and his followers succeeded in defeating Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya then seized the throne of Demak and founded the Kingdom of Pajang.
See also
The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)
List of monarchs of Java
Further reading
Pigeaud, T.G.T. and De Graaf, H.J. (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500-1700. Brill.
Ricklefs, M.C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
External links
A look on former Capital of Mataram
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Islamic states in Indonesia
Former sultanates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Pajang |
FRR may refer to:
Organizations
Sport
Forza Rossa Racing, a Romanian racing team
Furniture Row Racing, an American racing team
Romanian Rugby Federation (Romanian: )
Other organizations
Falls Road Railroad, in New York, United States
Federația Română de Radioamatorism, an amateur radio organization in Romania
Fresh Air (airline), a Nigerian airline
Pensions Reserve Fund (France) (French: )
Other uses
Flight Readiness Review, in the US military acquisition life cycle
Forgiveness Rock Record, an album by Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene
Free Radical Research, a peer-reviewed academic journal
Front Royal–Warren County Airport, in Virginia, United States
FRRouting, a network routing software suite
North Frisian language (ISO 639 language code frr)
Pays de la Loire, France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRR |
Jamming in dance culture is a kind of informal show-off during a social dance party. Dancers clear a circle (jam circle or dance circle) and dancers or dance couples take turns showing their best tricks while the remaining dancers cheer the jammers on. While some jam circles are staged, most form organically and spontaneously when the energy and mood is right.
Jam circles
The term originated during the swing era of dancing, probably borrowed or appeared in parallel with the expression "jam session" in music. Scenes with jamming may be seen in movies and musicals, such as Hellzapoppin. At the same time, this kind of dance behavior is not unusual in folk dances in various cultures all over the world and is often included in scenic performances when a group dance is interweaved with several solos. In Lindy hop, it is common for jam circles to take place on or around special occasions such as birthdays or weddings. In these cases, the person(s) being celebrated will usually stay in the circle for the duration of the jam and, rather than dance one song with one partner, will dance one song but swap partners many times throughout.
For Flamenco dancing, the circle is called a juerga.
Cypher circles
Specific to the bboying culture, cypher circles hold the similar concepts as jam circles. When one or two bboys/bgirls get together to dance, it is known as jamming. But when enough bboys/bgirls get together to make a circle where one can break in, it is known as "cyphering". Cyphering takes place at nearly every bboying jam that takes place. It is a way to show one's experience, the flavor they put into their style, and in some cases, specifically to "burn" or "smoke" another breaker.
Dance circles
A variant of the 'show case' style jam circles is a circle where dancers within the circle swap partners from the outside. Less "showy" than a jam circle, these jams are to commemorate an occasion for the person(s) in the circle. Another way to consider the difference is that while the jam circles showcase ability, the dance circles here showcase dancers. For example, this kind of jam circle may be organized when a dancer from the local dance community celebrates a birthday, or is moving away. Other occasions for these jams include a welcome dance for new members and/or visitors. Many of these circles are a planned portion of the evening.
The dancers of honor stay in the circle the whole time while other dancers from outside the circle cut in 'on the fly'. Dancers "break in", or "steal", their way into the middle by breaking the connection of the dancers and inserting themselves such that the person of honor continues dancing without missing a beat. Some scenes do this in an organized fashion (such as a line), however, many do so without rules. Such birthday jams are common in swing dance and hustle communities in the United States but not unusual in salsa or tango. While nerve-wracking for beginning dancers the jams do help to meet the local crowd.
Dance off
This form of jamming often occurs during prom, high school or college dance parties. What happens is that during the dances, the dancers would form a circle, and often, one by one, the dancers, individually or by a group, would come into the circle and display their dancing abilities. The style of dancing is popular amongst hip hop dancers.
Charleston jams
This variant of jam circle typically does not involve much of an audience. While a few competitions have staged Charleston jams and competitions, almost always they happen on their own when a few dancers start doing solo Charleston next to each other. Eventually the dancers form a circle and dance solo charleston while watching each other. These jams occur frequently at most Lindy Hop events.
See also
Jack and Jill (dance)
Mixer (dance)
Roda (dancing)
References
Dance culture
Social dance
20th-century dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamming%20%28dance%29 |
State League 1 is a semi-professional association football league in Victoria, Australia. Sitting at level 4 of the Victorian league system, below the three NPL Victoria divisions, it forms part of the fifth tier of the overall Australian league system. It is the highest-ranked of the five State Leagues.
The league consists of two geographic divisions, North-West and South-East, comprising 12 teams each. The champions of each division are promoted to NPL 3; the two bottom-placed teams in each division are replaced with the champions and runners-up of the corresponding State League 2 divisions.
The competition is administered by Football Victoria, the governing body of the sport in the state.
History
The league was founded in 1925 as Division 2 it has had many name changes such as Metropolitan League 1, and Victorian League Division 1. It was only known as State League Division 1 since 1991. Prior to the 2014 season, the league was the second highest in the Victoria. In the 2012 season, Pascoe Vale and Port Melbourne Sharks were promoted to the Victorian Premier League, while Whittlesea Ranges, Dandenong City and Springvale White Eagles were relegated. In the 2013 season, Heidelberg United was promoted back to the Victorian Premier League after being relegated to Victorian State League Division 1 in 2012.
Format
The champions and runners-up of State League Division 1 are promoted to the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 for the 2014 season only. The top two teams of the Victorian State League Division 2 South-East and North-West, the third tier in Victoria and the fourth nationally, are promoted to Victorian State League Division 1 the next season and the bottom two teams the State League Division 1 are relegated. In 2016 FFV announced that there would be relegation and promotion to be introduced in the 2017 season with the champions of State League Division 1 North-West and South-East being promoted and the bottom 2 placed team of NPL3 Victoria being relegated to State League Division 1 North-West and South-East .
Clubs
The following 24 clubs from 2 conferences of 12 who are competing in the Victorian State League Division 1 during the 2024 season.
State League Division 1 North-West
State League Division 1 South-East
Past winners
This is the list of past winners for State League Division 1, also called the Metropolitan League Division 1 and Victorian League Division 1.
Legend
N: North
NW: North-West
S: South
SE: South-East
Records
Most points in a season: 75, Westvale (1998)
Fewest points in a season: -1, Melton Reds (1998)
Fewest points while winning the title: 18, Navy (1941)
Most points without winning the title: 62, Moorabbin City (1997)
Most goals scored in a single season: 110, Moreland FC (1952)
Most goals conceded in a single season: 174, Melton Reds (1998)
Most titles: 5, Heidelberg United
Most consecutive titles: 2, Nobels (1936–1937); Melbourne Knights (1961–1962); Mornington (2015–2016); Altona Magic (2016-2017)
Notes
References
External links
Football Federation Victoria Official website
1
Professional sports leagues in Australia
fifth level football leagues in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20State%20League%201 |
The Pakistan Penal Code (; ), abbreviated as PPC, is a penal code for all offences charged in Pakistan. It was originally prepared by Lord Macaulay with a great consultation in 1860 on the behalf of the Government of India as the Indian Penal Code. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Pakistan inherited the same code and subsequently after several amendments by different governments, in Pakistan it is now a mixture of Islamic and English Law. Presently, the Pakistan Penal Code is still in effect and can be amended by the Parliament of Pakistan.
History
The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission and it was chaired by Lord Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England freed from superfluities, technicalities and local peculiarities. Suggestions were also derived from the French Penal Code and from Livingstone's Code of Louisiana. The draft underwent a very careful revision at the hands of Sir Barnes Peacock, Chief Justice, and puisne Judges of the Calcutta Supreme Court who were members of the Legislative Council, and it was passed into law in 1860. Macaulay did not survive to see the Penal Code's enactment.
Though it is principally the work of a man who had hardly held a brief, and whose time was devoted to politics and literature, it was universally acknowledged to be a monument of codification and an everlasting memorial to the high juristic attainments of its distinguished author. For example, even cyber crimes can be punished under the code.
Jurisdiction
Section 1.
Title and extent of operation of the Code. This Act shall be called the Pakistan Penal Code, and shall take effect throughout Pakistan.
Section 4
The provisions of this Code apply also to any offence committed by:-
(1) any citizen of Pakistan or any person in the service of Pakistan in any place without and beyond Pakistan;
(4) any person on any ship or aircraft registered in Pakistan wherever it may be.
Explanation: In this section the word "offence" includes every act committed outside Pakistan which, if committed in Pakistan, would be punishable under this Code. Extension of Code to extraterritorial offences.
Punishments
Section 53.
The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are:
First, Qisas ("retribution");
Second, Diyat;
Third, Arsh− (Pre-specified Compensation);
Fourth, Daman (Compensation determined by court to be paid by the offender to the victim for causing hurt not liable to Arsh);
Fifth, Ta'zir (punishment, usually corporal, that can be administered at the discretion of a judge)
Sixth, Death;
Seventh, Imprisonment for life;
Eighth, Imprisonment which is of two descriptions, namely:--
Rigorous (i.e., with hard labour);
Simple;
Ninth, Forfeiture of property;
Tenth, Fine
First five punishments are added by amendments and are considered Islamic Punishments, and very few have been sentenced to these punishments so far. Anyone who is sentenced to the first five punishments can appeal to the Federal Shariat court.
See also
Section 420
Court system of Pakistan
Blasphemy law in Pakistan
Copyright protection in Pakistan
Gay rights in Pakistan
Hudood Ordinance
Women related laws in Pakistan
References
External links
Full text of the Pakistan Penal Code – up-to-date with all amendments – Pakistani.org
Pakistan Penal Code 1860 – pakistancode.gov.pk
Pakistani legislation
Government documents of Pakistan
Criminal codes
1947 establishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Penal%20Code |
Ram Records (Royal Audio Music) was an American, Shreveport, Louisiana, based record label, founded in 1955 by Mira Ann Smith (1924–1989). The label recorded regional rhythm and blues, rockabilly, blues and country music artists. Ram's pressings were made by RCA. Ram also issued recordings on the Clif Records and K Records labels. The label later moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Ram recorded most of its music in the mid-1950s to early 1960s, but due to a tight budget, many of their recordings remained unreleased for decades. In 1994, Ace Records released a CD set of Ram recordings, including many which had never been issued. In 2018, the Academy Award-winning movie, Green Book, featured six songs from the Ram label.
Royal Audio Music Recording Company
Founder
Mira Ann Smith was a guitarist, pianist, and songwriter. She was also a fan of the Louisiana Hayride, a popular radio show broadcast out of Shreveport, Louisiana. She observed that many artists performing on the Hayride needed a place to record their music and saw the opportunity to open her own recording studio. In 1955, at the age of 29, Smith opened Royal Audio Music (Ram) Recording Co., located at 2439 Lakeshore Drive in Shreveport, Louisiana. Ram was the first commercial music studio in Shreveport, and Smith was one of the first women to own her own record company. Smith toured Louisiana and east Texas, seeking out skilled musicians to record in her studio. She crossed genre and racial boundaries and found artists who performed a variety of styles including rockabilly, R&B, swamp pop, and country. In 1960, the studio moved to Greenwood Drive (in Shreveport), and included a built-in echo unit and separate vocal booths.
RAM Records
In 1955, a short time after opening the studio, Smith started her own record label, Ram Records. Smith discovered that RCA made custom pressings for independent record labels and decided to use their services. In 1956, Ram released its first record titled, "You Never Mention My Name" / "Just For a While." Smith wrote both songs, and they were performed by country singer, Carol Williams. This release was also the first recording for 16-year-old steel guitar player, James Burton, who accompanied her.
In 1956, Ram recorded their first rockabilly release, "You Won't Know Why 'Til I'm Gone" / "Wilson's Blues No 1" by James Wilson and his band, The Jimmie Cats. Billboard gave the song a positive review
Linda Brannon was Ram Records' first big-selling artist. In 1958, at age 17, she recorded the single, "Wherever You Are" / "Just Another Lie" (RAM #1478). Demand for the album was too great for the small Ram studio to handle, so Smith leased it out to Chess Records (Chess Records #1720) for distribution. Billboard reviewed the album and gave it a three star rating. "Just Another Lie" (written by Ernest Suarez) was later recorded by Brenda Lee (Decca #7-38269/Brunswick #LAT 8376) and Jackie DeShannon (Dot Records 45-15928).
Margaret Lewis (Warwick) recorded many songs with the Ram label, including her song, "Honey (I Miss You Too)" which charted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles Chart on June 29, 1968. Lewis later became Smith's songwriting partner. Smith and Lewis wrote more than 20 songs for Jeannie C. Riley and over 100 songs in total. Many of their songs made it to the Billboard Top 10 and together they won six BMI Awards. Lewis later married Mira Smith's cousin, Alton Warwick.
Other RAM artists:
Roy "Boogie Boy" Perkins, (a.k.a. Ernest Suarez) was a songwriter and musician who wrote "Just Another Lie" and many other songs for RAM artists.
Bobby Page and The Riff Raffs recorded many songs in the Ram studio. The band included singer Bobby Page (a.k.a. Elwood Dugas), singer/pianist Roy "Boogie Boy" Perkins, tenor saxophonist Jimmy "Scatman" Patin, and saxophonist Harry Simoneaux. Many of their songs remained in the Ram vault and were not released until 1994. The band's songs have been played on several TV shows and feature films. Their song, "I Love My Baby" is played in the Academy Award-winning movie, Green Book (2018).
The Lonesome Drifter (a.k.a. Thomas Johnson)
Endom Spires (a.k.a. Buddy Sepaugh)
June Bug Bailey
Sonny ("Golden Boy") Williamson II,
Larry Bamburg (a.k.a. Larry Lincoln)
Charlotte Ray Hunter
Billy Sanford
Leon Post
Elgie Brown
Clif Records
In 1957, Smith partnered with Cliff Hagin and added Clif Records as a subsidiary record label. Clif's first success was with T.V. Slim (Oscar Wills) and his song "Flatfoot Sam" (Clif #103), written by his wife, Clara Wills. Slim had connections with Leonard Chess and was able to get Checker Records to distribute the song across the nation (Checker #870). Billboard gave the song a 77 rating. "Flatfoot Sam" has since been recorded by Tommy Blake (Sun Records #278), Paul Gayten (Argo Records #5277), Mickey Murray (SSS International #755), and Brian Setzer (for his 2005 album Rockabilly Riot! Volume 1: A Tribute to Sun Records (Surfdog Records #44068-2)). In 1959, the Clif label released the songs "Hot Tamales and Bar-B-Que" by Chico Chism and his Jetanairs.
K Records
K Records was another Ram subsidiary record label, named after Smith's sister, Katherine. The Lonesome Drifter (Thomas Johnson) and his single "Eager Boy" / "Tear Drop Valley" (1958) is considered one of the more significant recordings from this label.
Studio struggles
In an almost exclusively male business, Smith often found it difficult to find distribution and promotion services. Her cousin, Alton Warwick, was interviewed in 1994 and commented that he believed being a woman hindered her success, because people did not always take her seriously, especially with issues like financing. Due to her tight budget, she only promoted a few singles each year and was often forced to leave quality songs in the vault. Many of Ram's recordings remained unreleased for decades.
Studio closure
When the Louisiana Hayride closed on August 27, 1960, the Shreveport music scene had already faded significantly. As a result, the Ram label was struggling. A few years later, Smith closed the studio and moved to Nashville to focus on songwriting with Lewis. They became partners and continued to own Ram Records. After Smith's death the, by now, Margaret Lewis-Warwick, and her husband Alton Warwick, continued to own and operate Ram Records from Shreveport, Louisiana. They own all trademarks, licensing and catalog.
Catalog release
In 1994, five years after Smith's death from leukemia in 1989, the London-based Ace Records, a British reissue label, released a six CD box set which included many previously unreleased songs from the Ram catalog. Ray Topping assembled the collection. The Ace release received many mentions in the press including in Billboard. In September and October 1994, NPR's Alex Chadwick ran a four part story on the Ram studio and record label.
References
Record labels established in 1955
Rhythm and blues record labels
Blues record labels
American country music record labels
Companies based in Shreveport, Louisiana
1955 establishments in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20Records%20%28US%29 |
UniversityBus Limited, trading as Uno, (formerly UniversityBus) is a bus operator owned and operated by the University of Hertfordshire, serving members of the general public, and also its own students and staff. The service was set up in 1992, growing out of a shuttle service previously operated for students at Wall Hall College located near Watford connecting them to the other campuses of the university and the Polytechnic (Hatfield) before that.
It provides student transport to the university from local areas as well as improving east–west travel across Hertfordshire and has opened up new links from North London. Services have expanded as the university has closed outlying sites at Watford and Hertford and developed the new de Havilland Campus on the site of the former Hatfield Aerodrome, Hatfield. Other developments on this site, including business premises for companies such as Veolia, DHL and EE Limited have also provided passengers. Uno also operate urban bus networks in St Albans and Northampton, as well as a network of routes between Milton Keynes and Bedford for Cranfield University.
History
Uno was set up as an 'arm's length' company by the University of Hertfordshire in 1992. It has its own Board of Directors and is expected to run on a fully commercial basis.
In 2005 it was re-branded Uno and the buses were repainted pink and purple, a departure from the previous grey and white livery. According to the university's student newspaper Universe, the reason for the re-branding "is to have a name that reflects the wider market the buses serve in the community, basically not just for the inhabitants of the University of Hertfordshire".
Shortly after purchasing the St Albans operations of Centrebus in 2008, Uno helped to found a voluntary partnership of local authorities, the university and the bus and rail operators serving the city with the aim of co-ordinating and improving public transport across St Albans. The partnership uses powers under the most recent Transport Act as a Quality Network Partnership but is known publicly as 'Network St Albans'. Uno is currently the second largest bus operator in Hertfordshire.
On 20 April 2009, Uno recast many of its services to integrate a number of the former Centrebus routes. Further changes took place on 28 September 2009, following the opening of the new University of Hertfordshire Forum. These changes included improvements to late evening services and the extension of operating hours until as late as 3:30am for a select few routes. The main timetable change each year takes place in September to coincide with the start of the school, college and university academic year.
In September 2012, Uno commenced operating in Northampton, initially taking over routes 18 and 19, both of which serve The University of Northampton. A third service, route 21, began operating in 2013, covering some of Northampton's eastern district and serving Northampton College.
In September 2013, Uno began operating a small network of routes between Milton Keynes, Bedford and Flitwick for Cranfield University.
On 25 July 2015, Uno became a contracted Transport for London operator when it commenced operating route 383.
In November 2016, Uno's Northampton operations were shortlisted for the Top Independent Operator award in the national UK Bus Awards; they finished as a finalist.
In November 2018, Uno were shortlisted for several awards in the UK Bus Awards and won two - Marketing Initiative of the Year for The Comet routes 614 and 644 and Leadership & Inspiration for the MD, Jim Thorpe.
Previous route changes
In March 2008, Uno purchased Centrebus's St Albans garage, taking over all Centrebus routes operating from there, including the S St Albans City route network, PB1 (a Potters Bar local route), various routes connecting St Albans with outlying towns and housing estates and a number of schools services provided under contract to Hertfordshire County Council.
In April 2009, several former Centrebus services were integrated into the main network (mainly as services 620 and 621) while one further route (304) provided under contract to Hertfordshire County Council was transferred to Arriva Herts & Essex.
In March 2010, a number of the routes around Hatfield and Welwyn Garden City, that only ran a couple of times a day or on one day a week, were lost to Sullivan Buses. The evening 620 service contract was also lost to Arriva Shires & Essex. The 694 service, introduced in September 2009 as a park and ride service between College Lane and Stanborough Lakes in WGC, was axed completely.
In September 2011, changes were made to routes 607, 610, 615, 625, 635, 658, 659 (frequency changes/new services); route 700 (reduction in service as result of 625/635 changes; routes 602, 603, 622, 634, 636 and 712 (general timing changes) and withdrawal of route 641, with assurances that the peak hour connection would be kept on the route 341.
However, in January 2012, the peak hour connection was lost from 341, along with shortening of some early and late journeys on the 602, 603, 620, 621, 622, 625, 635, 658 and PB1 services; the withdrawal of routes 604 and 634 outside of peak; and changing all evening 644 buses to run via Barnet via route 614).
In March 2015, Uno took the 797 Greenline route that previously operated from Stevenage to London Victoria (Green Line Coach Station) on, operating a shortened version of the route between London and Hatfield, on weekdays. The service was withdrawn the following year.
Garages and buses
Uno operates from a garage purpose built in 2003 at Gypsy Moth Avenue, Hatfield Business Park. Following the takeover of Centrebus' St Albans operations, Uno continued to operate them from the St Albans garage. However, this was subsequently closed and operations consolidated into Hatfield.
As a result of winning the Northampton University contracts a depot has opened at the Park Campus of the university by September 2012. This closed with the redevelopment of the university site and the depot moved to Riverside Industrial Estate. A similar arrangement also operates at Cranfield University following initiation of services between Milton Keynes and Bedford in September 2013.
In September 2017 Uno launched a fleet of six brand-new, high specification buses on the 614/644 routes between Hatfield and North London, rebranded by the company as The Comet. The new buses are Enviro400 City double deckers, made by Alexander Dennis.
At the end of May 2018, Uno started operating six brand-new single decker buses made by MCV (MCV Bus and Coach) on Volvo's B8RLE chassis. The buses were branded 'Dragonfly', in reference to Hatfield's aircraft heritage, and allocated to route 610 (Luton - Hatfield - Potters Bar - Cockfosters). The buses feature WiFi, USB charging sockets, on-board stop announcements and an innovative sofa at the front.
In February 2019, further investment by the company saw a fleet of 8 buses launched under the 'Tigermoth' brand for the 653 route - each bus named after the first eight female pilots from the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) - Joan Hughes, Margaret Cunnison, Mona Friedlander, Rosemary Rees, Marion Wilberforce, Margaret Fairweather, Gabrielle Patterson, and Winifred Crossley Fair - who were based at Hatfield in the Second World War.
Ticketing
The company participates in various county-wide ticketing schemes where appropriate, such as Plusbus (discounted combined rail and bus tickets), Intalink Explorer (a ticket allowing unlimited travel around Hertfordshire), and discounted travel for children with a Hertfordshire SaverCard.
Ticket machines on non-TFL services are supplied by Ticketer.
The company have their own mobile ticketing app, which allows passengers to buy their ticket before they travel and pay with credit or debit cards.
References
External links
Company website
Transport in Hertfordshire
Bus operators in Hertfordshire
University and college bus systems
London bus operators
Transport in St Albans
Transport in Watford
1992 establishments in England
Companies based in Welwyn Hatfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno%20%28bus%20company%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1956 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,209,200.
Increase since 31 December 1955: 44,400 (2.05%).
Males per 100 females: 101.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC.
Government
The 31st New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland.
Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland.
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake.
Minister of Finance – Jack Watts.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tom Macdonald.
Attorney-General – Jack Marshall.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Luxford, followed by Thomas Ashby
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister, followed by Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright
Events
8 March: Opo the friendly Dolphin dies in the Hokianga.
13 March – After 26 years playing international cricket the New Zealand wins its first ever test victory against the West Indies at Eden Park.
New Zealand troops are sent to Malaya.
Roxburgh Dam is opened.
Temperzone manufacturing is founded.
Arts and literature
See 1956 in art, 1956 in literature
Music
See: 1956 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1956 film awards, 1956 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1956 films
Sport
Athletics
Albert Richards wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:31:46 in Christchurch.
Chess
The 63rd National Chess Championship was held in Dunedin, and was won by F.A. Foulds of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Thunder
Auckland Trotting Cup – Unite
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.
Men's singles champion – G.G. Littlejohn (Hutt Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – L.J. Hughes, E.H. Ravenwood (skip) (North-East Valley Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – P.C.F. Barrat, C.E. Tomlinson, L.J. Buckingham, Robbie Robson (skip) (Mangakino Bowling Club)
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
New Zealand did not participate in the 1956 Winter Olympics.
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Stop Out (Lower Hutt) who beat Shamrock (soccer) of Christchurch 4–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Onehunga
Bay of Plenty: Rangers
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Napier Athletic
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Marlborough: Blenheim B
Nelson: Settlers
Northland: Kamo Swifts
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Huntly Thistle
Wairarapa: No competition
Wanganui: Technical College Old Boys
Wellington: Stop Out
Births
3 January: Judith Tizard, politician
6 January: Stephen Cox, cyclist
16 January: Mark Burton, politician
4 February: Gerry Brownlee, politician
16 February: Vincent Ward, film director
1 March: Mark Todd, equestrian eventer
3 March: John F. Reid, cricketer
13 April: Peter 'Possum' Bourne, rally driver
17 April: Jaynie Parkhouse, freestyle swimmer
26 April: Tinks Pottinger, equestrian eventer
8 May: Richard Wilson, soccer player
10 May: Chris Kuggeleijn, cricket player and coach
23 May: Mark Shaw, rugby union footballer and selector
18 August: Andrew Bennie, equestrian eventer
29 September: Jenny Morris, singer
8 November: Richard Curtis, screenwriter
23 November: Bruce Edgar, cricketer
12 December: Barry Pickering, soccer player
16 December: Rodney Hide, politician
Chris Finlayson, politician
James Belich, historian
(in Paris, France) Christopher Marshall, composer
Douglas Wright, dancer and choreographer
Deaths
17 April: Sir Alexander Young, politician.
22 May: John Christopher Rolleston, politician.
29 May: Charlie Seeling, rugby footballer.
17 June: Charles Boswell, politician.
19 June: Bernard Martin, politician.
12 September: George Gillett, rugby player.
21 November: Jim Thorn, labour leader and politician.
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1957 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,262,800.
Increase since 31 December 1956: 53,600 (2.43%).
Males per 100 females: 101.1.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC followed by The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.
Government
The 31st New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland and later Keith Holyoake. The general election saw the Labour Party win by a narrow two-seat margin.
Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland then Keith Holyoake then Walter Nash
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake then Jack Marshall then Jerry Skinner
Minister of Finance – Jack Watts then Arnold Nordmeyer
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tom Macdonald then Walter Nash
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour) until 12 December, then Keith Holyoake (National).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Thomas Ashby, then Keith Buttle
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright
Events
20 January: Scott Base, New Zealand's main presence in Antarctica, is established by Sir Edmund Hillary.
24 May: the last Empire Day is commemorated.
September: Former Member of Parliament and New Zealand ambassador to the United States Leslie Munro is appointed President of the United Nations General Assembly for its twelfth session, lasting until September 1958
Arts and literature
See 1957 in art, 1957 in literature
Music
See: 1957 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1957 film awards, 1957 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1957 films
Sport
Athletics
Edwin Rye wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:44:56 in Napier.
Chess
The 64th National Chess Championship was held in Wellington. The title was shared by A. Feneridis of Wellington and J.R. Phillips of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Lookaway
Auckland Trotting Cup – Highland Air
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.
Men's singles champion – James Pirret (Tuakau Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – H. Franks, L. Franks (skip) (Balmoral Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – F.M. Murray, W.W. Wearne, A.N. Callaghan, Ron Buchan (skip) (Tui Park Bowling Club)
Rugby union
The All Blacks played two Test matches against Australia, retaining the Bledisloe Cup:
25 May, Sydney Cricket Ground: New Zealand 25 – 11 Australia
1 June, Exhibition Ground, Brisbane: New Zealand 22 – 9 Australia
Soccer
The national men's team was host to two visiting club sides:
22 June, Wellington: NZ 1 – 1 Eastern Athletic
24 June, Auckland: NZ 2 – 1 Eastern Athletic
27 June, Auckland: NZ 1 – 7 FK Austria
3 August, Wellington: NZ 1 – 7 FK Austria
The Chatham Cup is won by Seatoun who beat Technical Old Boys 3–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Bay of Plenty: Rangers
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Hastings Wanderers
Manawatu: Ohakea
Marlborough: Blenheim Rangers
Nelson: Athletic
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: King Edward Technical College OB
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Hotspurs
Taranaki: City
Waikato: Huntly Thistle
Wairarapa: Masterton Athletic
Wanganui: New Settlers
Wellington: Seatoun AFC
Births
3 January – Dave Dobbyn, singer, songwriter
28 February – Ian Smith, cricketer
2 March – Stu Gillespie, cricketer
19 April – Wayne Smith, rugby player and coach
30 April – Tony Rogers, middle-distance runner
30 May – Allison Roe, athlete
20 June – Chester Borrows, politician (died 2023)
24 June – Elizabeth Fuller, children's book illustrator
26 June – Michael Laws, broadcaster, writer and politician
27 July – Barbara Moore, long-distance runner
28 July – David Shearer, humanitarian worker and politician, was Leader of the Opposition (2011–2013)
11 August – Ruth Dyson, politician
31 August (in Kenya) – Luke Hurley, singer/songwriter
20 September – Michael Hurst, actor
10 October – Rod Donald, environmentalist and politician, co-leader of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (1995–2005) (died 2005)
29 November – Glenys Quick, long-distance runner
13 December – Buck Shelford, rugby player
Richard Adams, violinist.
George Bertrand, who became Georgina Beyer, transgender politician.
Howard Broad, Commissioner of Police
Deaths
2 January: William Aitchison, politician.
19 January: Thomas Brash, dairy industry leader and Presbyterian Church moderator.
21 January: Maurice Brownlie, rugby union player.
18 February: Walter James Bolton, last person executed in New Zealand.
2 April: Catherine Stewart, politician.
3 May: Daisy Osborn, artist.
17 September: Anton Bernhardt Julius Lemmer, music school director and conductor.
26 September: Thomas Ashby, serving mayor of Auckland.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1957 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1957
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Mikk Mikiver (4 September 1937 – 9 January 2006) was a prominent Estonian stage and film actor and theater director.
Biography
Mikiver was born in Tallinn, Estonia. He graduated from the State Conservatory of Tallinn in 1961. He then went on to appear in many Estonian films and was a highly regarded dramatic actor. In addition to stage and film, Mikiver was also a prodigious television actor. While never retiring from acting, Mikiver gradually became more interested in theater direction and was for many years the principal director of the Estonian Drama Theatre and the Estonian Youth Theater.
In addition to Estonian language films, Mikiver also appeared in Russian, Swedish, Polish and Finnish productions.
For his notable achievements, the Estonian government awarded Mikiver the Order of the White Star, 4th Class, as well as the National Lifetime Achievement award. Mikiver was also a patron of the Tallinn Children's Hospital Foundation. He died at the age of 68 on 9 January 2006.
Mikk Mikiver was the older brother of actor Tõnu Mikiver and was married to actress Carmen Mikiver from 1989 until his death. Between 1971 and 1983 he was married to actress Ada Lundver.
Selected filmography
Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (1975)
"Hukkunud Alpinisti" hotell (1979)
Karge meri (1981)
The End of Eternity (1987)
The 13th Apostle (1988)
Entrance to the Labyrinth (1989)
Friends, Comrades (1990)
Rahu tänav'' (1991)
References
External links
Culture Estonia
Eesti Päevaleht: Suri Mikk Mikiver. 9 January 2006
1937 births
2006 deaths
Male actors from Tallinn
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Estonian male film actors
Estonian male stage actors
Soviet male actors
20th-century Estonian male actors
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
Academic staff of the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
People's Artists of the USSR
People's Artists of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Honoured Artists of the Estonian SSR
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Estonian SSR State Prize
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class
Burials at Metsakalmistu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikk%20Mikiver |
The following lists events that happened during 1958 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,316,000.
Increase since 31 December 1957: 53,200 (2.35%).
Males per 100 females: 101.3.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.
Government
The 32nd New Zealand Parliament commenced. In power was the newly elected Labour government led by Walter Nash.
Speaker of the House – Robert Macfarlane.
Prime Minister – Walter Nash.
Deputy Prime Minister – Jerry Skinner.
Minister of Finance – Arnold Nordmeyer.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Walter Nash.
Attorney-General – Rex Mason.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Keith Holyoake (National).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Keith Buttle
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert Macfarlane then George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright
Events
26 June – 'Black Budget', raising taxes on tobacco, alcohol and petrol, passed by second Labour government.
June – New Zealand's first supermarket, Foodtown, opens at Ōtāhuhu.
3 September – Brian Barratt-Boyes performs New Zealand's first open heart surgery at Auckland's Green Lane Hospital.
29 September – The emergency number 111 for fire, police and ambulance is introduced; initially only in Masterton and Carterton.
19 October - A march of over six thousand people is held in Paraparaumu to mark the construction of the Our Lady of Lourdes statue.
United States base for Operation Deep Freeze is established at Christchurch Airport.
The Wairakei Power Station is commissioned. It is New Zealand's first geothermal power station, and only the second large-scale geothermal power station in the world.
Arts and literature
The Robert Burns Fellowship is established to honour the bicentenary of the poet's birth.
See 1958 in art, 1958 in literature, Robert Burns Fellowship, :Category:1958 books
Music
See: 1958 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1958 film awards, 1958 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1958 films
Sport
Athletics
Ray Puckett wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:37:28 in Lower Hutt.
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 65th National Chess Championship was held in Christchurch, and was won by J.R. Phillips of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – False Step
Auckland Trotting Cup – Macklin
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Christchurch.
Men's singles champion – Phil Skoglund (Northern Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – C.J. Rogers, James Pirret (skip) (Tuakau Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – W.H. Woods, L.G. Donaldson, A. Connew, Pete Skoglund (skip) (Carlton Bowling Club)
Rugby union
The All Blacks played three Test matches against the touring Australian side, retaining the Bledisloe Cup:
23 August, Athletic Park (Wellington), Wellington: New Zealand 25 – 3 Australia
6 September, Lancaster Park, Christchurch: New Zealand 3 – 6 Australia
20 September, Epsom Showgrounds, Auckland: New Zealand 17 – 8 Australia
Soccer
The national men's team played seven matches including five internationals:
16 August, Wellington: NZ 2 – 3 Australia
23 August, Auckland: NZ 2 – 2 Australia
26 August, Hamilton: NZ 3 – 0 Waikato XI
31 August, Nouméa: NZ 2 – 1 New Caledonia
7 September, Nouméa: NZ 5 – 1 New Caledonia
14 September, Nouméa: NZ 2 – 1 New Caledonia
18 September, Auckland: NZ 1 – 1 Auckland
The Chatham Cup was won by Seatoun for the second consecutive year. They beat Christchurch city 7–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Onehunga
Bay of Plenty: Rangers
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Napier Athletic
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Marlborough: Spartans
Nelson: Settlers
Northland: Marlin Rovers
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: City
Waikato: Hamilton Technical OB
Wairarapa: Masterton Athletic
Wanganui: Wanganui Athletic
Wellington: Seatoun AFC
Births
1 January: Lesley Murdoch, cricketer
7 February: Simon Upton, politician
30 March: Peter Ellis, convicted for child abuse
15 April: John Bracewell, cricket player and coach
16 May (in the U.S.A.): Thomas "Tab" Baldwin, basketball coach
27 May: Neil Finn, singer, songwriter
14 September: Jeff Crowe, cricketer
27 September: Mitch Shirra, motorcycle speedway rider
17 November:
Frank van Hattum, soccer player
Glenn Dods, soccer player
23 November: Martin Snedden, cricketer and sports administrator
30 November: Barry Cooper, cricketer
2 December: Roger Sowry, politician
A J Hackett, extreme sports entrepreneur
(in Zambia): Vicky Jones, children's author
Pio Terei, actor, singer and comedian
Jools and Lynda Topp (the Topp Twins), entertainers
Jane Wrightson, chief censor
:Category:1958 births
Deaths
12 March – Bill Barnard, politician, 10th Speaker of the House of Representatives
1 June – Fred Baker, soldier
2 June – Robert William Smith, politician
17 July – William Taverner, MP and mayor of Dunedin
27 July – William Montgomery Jr., politician
9 October – Merton Hodge, playwright
25 October – James Chapman-Taylor, architect
:Category:1958 deaths
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1959 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,359,700.
Increase since 31 December 1958: 43,700 (1.89%).
Males per 100 females: 101.0.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.
Government
The 32nd New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the Labour government led by Walter Nash.
Speaker of the House – Robert Macfarlane
Prime Minister – Walter Nash
Deputy Prime Minister – Jerry Skinner.
Minister of Finance – Arnold Nordmeyer.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Walter Nash.
Attorney-General – Rex Mason.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Keith Holyoake (National).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Keith Buttle then Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite then Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright then Stuart Sidey
Events
30 May: The Auckland Harbour Bridge is opened.
24 November: The coastal trader MV Holmglen sinks near Timaru with the loss of 15 lives.
Arts and literature
Ian Cross wins the first Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1959 in art, 1959 in literature
Music
See: 1959 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1959 film awards, 1959 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1959 films
Sport
Athletics
Ray Puckett wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:27:28.2 on 7 March in Palmerston North.
Chess
The 66th National Chess Championship was held in Hamilton. The title was shared between F.A. Foulds and B.C. Menzies, both of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – False Step (2nd win)
Auckland Trotting Cup – Scottish Command
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.
Men's singles champion – W.R. Fleming Sr (Tuakau Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – G. Bradley, H.J. Thompson (skip) (Whitiora Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – T. Sunde, C. Hill, A. Sunde, M.A. Marinovich (skip) (Oratia Bowling Club)
Rugby union
The British Lions team toured New Zealand, losing the Test series 3–1. They also lost two of their 21 provincial games, to Canterbury and Otago.
18 July, Carisbrook, Dunedin: New Zealand 18 – 17 British Isles
15 August, Athletic Park, Wellington: New Zealand 11 – 8 British Isles
29 August, Lancaster Park, Christchurch: New Zealand 22 – 8 British Isles
19 September, Eden Park, Auckland: New Zealand 6 – 9 British Isles
Soccer
The national men's team played one match against a visiting Costa Rican club side:
6 June, Auckland: NZ 3 – 2 Deportivo Saprissa
The Chatham Cup was won by Dunedin team Northern who beat North Shore United 3–2 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: North Shore United
Bay of Plenty: Kahukura
Buller: Denniston Hotspurs
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Napier Athletic
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Rangers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Rovers
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Hamilton Technical OB
Wairarapa: Douglas Villa
Wanganui: New Settlers
Wellington: Northern
Births
13 April: Justin Boyle , cricketer.
8 May: Ingrid Jagersma, cricketer.
9 May: Andrew Jones , cricketer.
16 May: Greg Johnston, rower.
26 May: Brett Austin , breaststroke swimmer.
28 May: Eric Verdonk, rower.
17 June: Vivienne Gapes, skier.
20 August: David Howard, poet.
4 September: Robbie Deans , rugby player and coach.
14 September: Brendon Bracewell , cricketer.
27 September: Mark Inglis , mountaineer.
3 November: Vaughan Brown , cricketer.
12 December: George Keys, rower.
Bianca van Rangelrooy , artist.
Harry Sinclair , actor, filmmaker and musician.
Deaths
23 February: Gordon Wilson, Government architect.
8 April: Sir Bill Jordan, politician and diplomat.
8 June: George Dash, politician
7 November: Archie Fisher, painter.
8 November: Walter William Massey, MP and politician
6 December (in Scotland): Edward Hunter a.k.a. Billy Banjo, trade unionist, politician and writer.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%20in%20New%20Zealand |
So Fine is the fifth studio album (and sixth overall) by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in 1975. It consists of a collection of covers of 1950s and 1960s rock, country and rockabilly songs.
Track listing
Side one
"Oh, Lonesome Me" (Don Gibson) – 2:49
"My Baby Left Me" (Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup) – 2:51
"Wake Up Little Susie" (Felice and Boudleaux Bryant) – 2:02
"I'm Movin' On" (Hank Snow) – 3:45
"Hello Mary Lou" (Gene Pitney) – 2:17
"Hey Good Lookin'" (Hank Williams) – 2:35
Side two
"Splish Splash" (Bobby Darin, Murray the K) – 2:20
"A Lover's Question" (Brook Benton, Jimmy Williams) – 3:21
"You Never Can Tell" (Chuck Berry) – 3:14
"I Like It Like That" (Chris Kenner) – 3:06
"So Fine" (Johnny Otis) – 2:37
"Honky Tonk – Part II" (Billy Butler, Bill Doggett, Clifford Scott, Shep Shepherd) – 2:41
Personnel
Kenny Loggins – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica, banjo
Jim Messina – vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, dobro, mandolin
Loggins and Messina band
Merel Bregante – drums
Jon Clarke – flute, saxophone
Vince Denham – saxophone
Richard Greene – violin
Larry Sims – bass guitar, backing vocals
Don Roberts – saxophone, flute
Sidemen
Michel Rubini – piano
Milt Holland – percussion
Steve Forman – percussion
Production
Producer: Jim Messina
Engineer: Alex Kazanegras
2nd engineer: Jim Messina
Recordist: Corey Bailey
Recording technician: Lew Schatzer
Road managers: Jim Recor, David Cieslak
Personal management: Schiffman & Larson
Equipment managers: Carl Moritz, Steve Semonell
Photography: Jim McCrary, Reid Miles
Design: Ron Coro, Nancy Donald
Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)
References
Loggins and Messina albums
1975 albums
Covers albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician)
Columbia Records albums
Albums with cover art by Reid Miles
Albums recorded in a home studio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20Fine%20%28Loggins%20and%20Messina%20album%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1900 in New Zealand.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Queen Victoria
Governor – The Earl of Ranfurly GCMG
Government and law
The 14th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was
Speaker of the House – Sir Maurice O'Rorke
Prime Minister – Richard Seddon
Minister of Finance – Richard Seddon
Chief Justice – Sir Robert Stout
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – William Russell (Independent).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – David Goldie
Mayor of Wellington – John Aitken
Mayor of Christchurch – Charles Louisson, William Reece
Mayor of Dunedin – Robert Chisholm
Events
15 January: The New Zealand Mounted Rifles rout a Boer assault at Slingersfontein, South Africa.
9 February: Opening of the Wanganui Opera House by premier Richard Seddon.
15 February: New Zealand troops are part of the relief of Kimberley, South Africa.
3 May: Holy Cross College, Mosgiel (Roman Catholic seminary) established.
May: Phosphate discovered on Nauru – mining begins later in the year.
May–June: Tour of Pacific islands by Prime Minister Richard Seddon. Tonga, Niue, Fiji and the Cook Islands are visited.
28 September: The New Zealand Government votes to incorporate the Cook Islands into New Zealand.
October: The number of European electorates in the New Zealand Parliament is increased to 76.
23 October: The country's first electric tram service begins, between Roslyn and Maori Hill in Dunedin.
Unknown date
Māori Lands Administration Act passed.
George Hemmings brings the first motor car into the South Island.
The General Assembly Library (part of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings) is built.
18 people die in a boating tragedy on the Motu River.
Arts and literature
See 1900 in art, 1900 in literature, :Category:1900 books
Music
See: 1900 in music
Film
Alfred Henry Whitehouse's The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War – the oldest known surviving New Zealand film – premieres.
Sport
Athletics
National champions (Men):
100 yards – G. Smith (Auckland)
250 yards – G. Smith (Auckland)
440 yards – W Strickland (Hawke's Bay)
880 yards – J Lynskey (Canterbury)
1 mile – W Simpson (Canterbury)
3 miles – W Simpson (Canterbury)
120 yards hurdles – G. Smith (Auckland)
440 yards hurdles – G. Smith (Auckland)
Long jump – Te Rangi Hīroa (Otago)
High jump – C Laurie (Auckland)
Pole vault – C Laurie (Auckland)
Shot put – W Madill (Auckland)
Hammer throw – W Madill (Auckland)
Badminton
The first club is formed, in Auckland, but soon goes into recess. (see also 1927)
Chess
National Champion: W.E. Mason of Wellington.
Cricket
See 1900–01 New Zealand cricket season
A tour of New Zealand by Australia's Melbourne Cricket Club included seven matches, of which the visitors won six with one match drawn.
Six provincial matches were played during the 1899–1900 domestic season, all of them over two or three days, with wins by Otago over Hawke's Bay and Canterbury, by Wellington and Auckland over Otago, and by Canterbury and Auckland over Wellington.
Scores were uniformly low by modern standards, mostly below 200, with only two centuries scored and only one team total of over 300 runs: the highest team total was 464 by Wellington against Otago, with centuries by F A Midlane (149) and C A Richardson (113), and the best bowling figures were A D Downes' 7–43 for Otago against Canterbury.
Golf
The 8th National Amateur Championships were held in Otago
Men: Arthur Duncan (Wellington) – 2nd title
Women: K Rattray (Otago) – 3rd title
Horse racing
Harness racing
Auckland Trotting Cup: Cob
Thoroughbred racing
New Zealand Cup winner: Fulmen Ideal
New Zealand Derby winner: Renown
Auckland Cup winner: Blue Jacket
Wellington Cup winner: Djin Djin
Top New Zealand stakes earner: Advance
Leading flat jockey: C Jenkins (50 wins)
Polo
Savile Cup winners: Oroua (A Strang, J Strang, W Strang, O Robinson)
Rowing
Men's national champions (coxed fours): Picton
Men's national champions (coxless pairs): Wellington
Men's national champions (double sculls): Canterbury
Men's national champions (single sculls): T Spencer (Wellington)
Rugby union
Provincial club rugby champions include: City (Auckland); Westport (Buller); Christchurch (Canterbury); Pirates (Hawke's Bay); Levin (Horowhenua); Awarua (Marlborough); Alhambra (Otago); Gisborne (Poverty Bay); Hawera (Taranaki); Kaierau (Wanganui); Melrose (Wellington); winners of Bush, Nelson, and Wairarapa club competitions unknown.
see also :Category:Rugby union in New Zealand
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – no competition
Soccer
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Grafton AFC (Auckland)
Otago: Roslyn Dunedin
Wellington: Diamond Wellington
Swimming
National champions (men):
100 yards freestyle – G.A. Tyler
220 yards freestyle – G.A. Tyler
440 yards freestyle – G.A. Tyler
Tennis
New Zealand championships:
Men's singles: J Hooper
Women's singles: K Nunneley
Men's doubles: C Cox/J Collins
Women's doubles: K Nunneley/E Harman
References: Romanos, J. (2001) New Zealand Sporting Records and Lists. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett.
Births
4 January: Lance Richdale, ornithologist
19 January: Jerry Skinner, politician, deputy Prime Minister (in Australia)
4 February: Kazimierz Wodzicki
13 March: Quentin Donald
25 March: Lewis Harris
4 May: Archibald McIndoe, plastic surgeon
8 May: Lancelot William McCaskill
17 May: Robert Macfarlane
3 June: James Anderson McPherson
9 June: Norman Hargrave Taylor
4 July: Rudall Hayward, filmmaker
27 July (as Nina Betts): Nina Byron, silent film actress, dancer.
10 August: Arthur Porritt
11 August: Alexander Astor
1 September: Frederick McDowall
7 September: Nora Sipos
17 September: Hedwig Weitzel
22 September: Henry Ah Kew
23 September: Alwyn Warren
14 October: Eddie McLeod, cricketer
19 October: Edwin Coubray
21 October: Quentin Pope
3 November (in Durham, England): Roger Blunt, cricketer
5 November: Esther James
12 November: Stanley Graham
23 November: Keith Buttle, mayor of Auckland
27 November: Gordon Wilson
Deaths
date unknown: Te Rangitahau
3 February: Elizabeth Pulman
3 March: Arthur Halcombe
12 March: James McDonald, politician
15 March: William Crowther, Mayor of Auckland, politician
22 March: Carl Gustav Schmitt
May: Hirawanu Tapu
26 May: George Henry Frederick Ulrich
27 May: Ebenezer Hamlin, politician
20 July (in England): Andrew Russell; farmer, politician and soldier
28 September: Topi Patuki
4 October: William Skey
8 November: Charles O'Neill
20 or 29 December (approximately, in Rome): Thomas Broham
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1900 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1900
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Robb Nansel is a musician and president of Saddle Creek Records. He is also credited as a member of Commander Venus and Bright Eyes.
Nansel met Mike Mogis while at school at the University of Nebraska Lincoln.
In 2007, Nansel opened The Slow Down with partner Jason Kulbel, a 470 capacity venue in the North Downtown area of Omaha, NE.
Album Appearances
Bright Eyes - Letting off the Happiness (1998 · Saddle Creek)
References
External links
Saddle Creek Records
Lazy-i Interview: August 2001
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Saddle Creek Records artists
Commander Venus members
Bright Eyes (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb%20Nansel |
Acquaviva Collecroce (also called Živavoda Kruč or, usually, just Kruč) is a small town and comune in the province of Campobasso, in the Molise region of southern Italy, between the Biferno and Trigno rivers.
Like the smaller towns of Montemitro and San Felice del Molise, Acquaviva Collecroce is home to a community of Molisian Croats, most of whom speak a particular Croatian dialect (known as simply na-našo or naš jezik, meaning "our language") as well as Italian. There are differences in the dialects of the three towns, but they all descend from the Shtokavian-Ikavian dialect of Dalmatia. The language is considered an endangered diaspora language.
Acquaviva is known for the cultivation of small, dark, zerniza figs, as well as fennel and white celery.
History
In the 12th century, Acquaviva was a base for the Knights of Malta.
Though there is evidence of an earlier Slavic settlement in 1297, it is believed that the current inhabitants are not their descendants, but rather come from later migrations in the 15th and 16th centuries. These migrations may have been caused by Ottoman incursions into the Balkans.
Numerous inhabitants emigrated in two flows during the 20th century, and population is currently still decreasing (there were some 2,500 inhabitants in 1951, compared to the c. 730 of 2007). The first emigration took place between, roughly, 1900–1920, the emigres heading towards the United States and Argentina. The second major flow took place in the 1950s, chiefly to Australia.
Culture
Every 1 May, the town celebrates the Festa del Maja by parading a puppet (the pagliara maja) as a good omen for the harvest
See also
Molise Croats
Santa Maria Ester
References
External links
Official website
UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages and dialects: Europe
The coat of arms of Acquaviva Collecroce
Acquaviva Online
Cities and towns in Molise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaviva%20Collecroce |
The following lists events that happened during 1901 in New Zealand.
Population
A New Zealand census was held in March 1901. The population was given as 815,862, consisting of 43,112 Māori, 31 Moriori, and 772,719 others. – an increase in the non-Māori population of 9.86% over the previous census in 1896.
The figures for the 1901 census revealed that the North Island's population had exceeded the South Island's for the first time since the Central Otago Gold Rush of 1861 – the two islands (plus their associated minor offshore islands) had populations of 390,579 and 382,140 respectively. Only 40% of the country's population was based in urban centres, and only two of these centres, Auckland and Dunedin, had populations of over 25,000.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Victoria (until 22 January), succeeded by Edward VII
Governor – The Earl of Ranfurly GCMG
Government
The 14th New Zealand Parliament continued. In government was the Liberal Party.
Speaker of the House – Maurice O'Rorke (Liberal)
Premier / Prime Minister – Richard Seddon
Minister of Finance – Richard Seddon
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – William Russell, (Independent) until 3 July, then vacant.
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Logan Campbell
Mayor of Wellington – John Aitken
Mayor of Christchurch – William Reece then Arthur Rhodes
Mayor of Dunedin – Robert Chisholm then George Denniston
Events
28 January – Captain William James Hardham became the first New Zealand-born winner of the Victoria Cross as a result of action in the South African War (Boer War).
2 February – a day of mourning acknowledging the death of Queen Victoria brings the nation to a standstill.
Union of the Synod of Otago and Southland with the Northern Presbyterian Church to form the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand.
A second visit to New Zealand by members of the Royal Family: the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall (later to become George V and Queen Mary).
The New Zealand red ensign became the official flag for merchant vessels.
Founding of the New Zealand Socialist Party.
New Zealand rejects the proposal to become a state in the Commonwealth of Australia
Richard Seddon adopts the term Prime Minister rather than Premier.
Arts and literature
See 1901 in art, 1901 in literature
Music
See: 1901 in music
Sport
Chess
National Champion: D. Forsyth of Dunedin.
Golf
The 9th National Amateur Championships were held in Auckland
Men: Arthur Duncan (Wellington) – 3rd title
Women: E.S. Gillies
Horse racing
Harness racing
Auckland Trotting Cup: Thorndean
Rugby
The Earl of Ranfurly announced his intention to present a cup to the NZRFU, without stipulating what form of competition it should be awarded for.
A New Zealand representative team won both test matches against a touring team from New South Wales.
Soccer
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Grafton AFC (Auckland)
Otago: Roslyn Dunedin
Wellington: Wellington Swifts
Births
7 February: Arnold Nordmeyer, politician.
26 February: Leslie Munro, diplomat.
25 March: Raymond Firth, ethnologist.
10 April: Robert Aitken, physician and university administrator.
17 May: Robert Macfarlane, politician.
19 May: William Stevenson, industrialist and philanthropist.
13 June: John Cawte Beaglehole, historian and biographer.
15 June: Dove-Myer Robinson, long-serving mayor of Auckland.
5 July: Len Lye, sculptor, filmmaker, writer.
24 December: Nola Luxford, silent film actress.
Deaths
14 February: Edward Stafford. politician and 3rd Premier of New Zealand.
17 April Loughlin O'Brien, politician.
15 July: Frederic Carrington, surveyor and politician.
6 August (in Scotland): John McKenzie, politician
2 September:
Charles Brown, politician
Benjamin Crisp, carrier and temperance reformer
27 September: Matthew Holmes, politician
5 December Francis Rich, politician and farmer.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%20in%20New%20Zealand |
John Vernon Taylor (11 September 191430 January 2001) was an English bishop and theologian who was the Bishop of Winchester from 1974 to 1985.
Education and family
Taylor was born in Cambridge – while his father (John) was Vice Principal at Ridley Hall – and educated at St Lawrence College (where his father was headteacher). He read English at Trinity College, Cambridge, then read theology and trained for the ministry at St Catherine's Society and Wycliffe Hall (where his father was principal) at Oxford, and the Institute of Education.
His father was later Bishop of Sodor and Man; his mother was Margaret Irene née Garrett. Taylor married Margaret (Peggy) Wright on 5 October 1940, and they had three children.
Priestly ministry
He was ordained in the Church of England: made a deacon by Arthur Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London, at St Paul's Cathedral on 18 December 1938, and ordained priest by Guy Smith, Bishop of Willesden, at St Paul's on Michaelmas (29 September) the following year. He spent five years engaged in Christian ministry in England, (from 1938 to 1940 as a curate at All Souls, Langham Place, and then from 1940 to 1943 as curate in St Helen's the Diocese of Liverpool). He then felt drawn to overseas missionary work; unable to do so immediately because of wartime travel restrictions, he obtained a teaching qualification at London University.
In 1945, with the ending of World War II, he moved to Mukono, Uganda, as a missionary working in theological education. He returned to England in 1954 and worked for the International Missionary Council. In 1959 he became Africa Secretary of the Church Missionary Society, and in 1963 he succeeded Max Warren as its General Secretary, remaining in post until 1974.
Episcopal ministry
His nomination to the See of Winchester was announced 14 August 1974, he was elected and confirmed that winter, consecrated a bishop by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey on 31 January, and installed at Winchester Cathedral on 8 February 1975. He then served as Bishop of Winchester until his retirement on 28 February 1985, succeeding Falkner Allison, an old-fashioned Evangelical much-loved by all parties within the diocese. He was the first priest to be consecrated directly to the See of Winchester since William Day in 1595, and was respected throughout the diocese and beyond mainly by liberals and modernists, but failed to gain the trust of Anglo-Catholics. A product of Wycliffe Hall, with connections with All Souls, Langham Place, he was nevertheless a liberal evangelical rather than a conservative one. When first consecrated, he initially caused some amusement by refusing to wear a mitre and ordering that it be carried in front of him on a cushion in processions. After that one occasion he reverted to custom and wore it.
Bibliography
The most notable of his books were The Go-Between God (1972) and The Christlike God (1992), both of which remain in print. Enough is enough (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our planet.
The Primal Vision: Christian Presence amid African Religion (London: SCM 1963; New Edition, SCM Classics 2001)
The Go-Between God: The Holy Spirit and the Christian Mission (London: SCM 1972; New Edition, SCM Classics 2002).
For All the World (1966)
Enough is enough (London: SCM: 1975)
The Growth of the Church in Buganda: An Attempt at Understanding (1980)
Weep Not for Me: Meditations on the Cross and the Resurrection (1986)
The Christlike God (London: SCM 1992).
Bishops on the Bible: Eight Bishops on the Role and Relevance of the Bible Today (1994)
A matter of life and death (London: SCM 1986)
Kingdom Come (1989)
A Christmas Sequence and Other Poems (1989)
Posthumous collections:
The Easter God and his Easter People (2003)
The Incarnate God (2006)
Biographical:
Poet, Priest and Prophet by David Wood.
Notes
References
External links
Obituaries:
https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,434565,00.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20071011083605/http://archive.thisisdorset.net/2001/02/08/104848.html
Christian Mission with John V. Taylor:
https://web.archive.org/web/20041118014037/http://www.geocities.com/ccom_ctbi/CCOM_documents/waterloo_seminar_dwood_mission_with_jvt.htm
English Anglican theologians
Anglican writers
Bishops of Winchester
20th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Alumni of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate
1914 births
2001 deaths
English male non-fiction writers
20th-century English male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28bishop%20of%20Winchester%29 |
The foot–pound–second system (FPS system) is a system of units built on three fundamental units: the foot for length, the (avoirdupois) pound for either mass or force (see below), and the second for time.
Variants
Collectively, the variants of the FPS system were the most common system in technical publications in English until the middle of the 20th century.
Errors can be avoided and translation between the systems facilitated by labelling all physical quantities consistently with their units. Especially in the context of the FPS system this is sometimes known as the Stroud system after William Stroud, who popularized it.
Pound as mass unit
When the pound is used as a unit of mass, the core of the coherent system is similar and functionally equivalent to the corresponding subsets of the International System of Units (SI), using metre, kilogram and second (MKS), and the earlier centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). This system is often called the Absolute English System.
In this sub-system, the unit of force is a derived unit known as the poundal.
The international standard symbol for the pound as unit of mass rather than force is lb.
Everett (1861) proposed the metric dyne and erg as the units of force and energy in the FPS system.
Latimer Clark's (1891) "Dictionary of Measures" contains celo (acceleration), vel or velo (velocity) and pulse (momentum) as proposed names for FPS absolute units.
Pound as force unit
The technical or gravitational FPS system or British gravitational system is a coherent variant of the FPS system that is most common among engineers in the United States. It takes the pound-force as a fundamental unit of force instead of the pound as a fundamental unit of mass.
In this sub-system, the unit of mass is a derived unit known as the slug.
In the context of the gravitational FPS system, the pound-force (lbf) is sometimes referred to as the pound (lb).
Pound-force as force unit and pound-mass as mass unit
Another variant of the FPS system uses both the pound-mass and the pound-force, but neither the slug nor the poundal. The resulting system is sometimes also known as the English engineering system. Despite its name, the system is based on United States customary units of measure; it is not used in England.
Other units
Molar units
The unit of substance in the FPS system is the pound-mole (lb-mol) = . Until the SI decided to adopt the gram-mole, the mole was directly derived from the mass unit as (mass unit)/(atomic mass unit). The unit (lbf⋅s2/ft)-mol also appears in a former definition of the atmosphere.
Electromagnetic units
The electrostatic and electromagnetic systems are derived from units of length and force, mainly. As such, these are ready extensions of any system of containing length, mass, time. Stephen Dresner gives the derived electrostatic and electromagnetic units in both the foot–pound–second and foot–slug–second systems. In practice, these are most associated with the centimetre–gram–second system. The 1929 "International Critical Tables" gives in the symbols and systems fpse = FPS electrostatic system and fpsm = FPS electromagnetic system. Under the conversions for charge, the following are given. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 1979 (Edition 60), also lists fpse and fpsm as standard abbreviations.
Electromagnetic FPS (EMU, stat-)
1 fpsm unit = 117.581866 cgsm unit (Biot-second)
Electrostatic FPS (ESU, ab-)
1 fpse unit = 3583.8953 cgse unit (Franklin)
1 fpse unit = 1.1954588×10−6 abs coulomb
Units of light
The candle and the foot-candle were the first defined units of light, defined in the Metropolitan Gas Act (1860). The foot-candle is the intensity of light at one foot from a standard candle. The units were internationally recognized in 1881, and adopted into the metric system.
Conversions
Together with the fact that the term "weight" is used for the gravitational force in some technical contexts (physics, engineering) and for mass in others (commerce, law), and that the distinction often does not matter in practice, the coexistence of variants of the FPS system causes confusion over the nature of the unit "pound". Its relation to international metric units is expressed in kilograms, not newtons, though, and in earlier times it was defined by means of a mass prototype to be compared with a two-pan balance which is agnostic of local gravitational differences.
In July 1959, the various national foot and avoirdupois pound standards were replaced by the international foot of precisely and the international pound of precisely , making conversion between the systems a matter of simple arithmetic. The conversion for the poundal is given by 1 pdl = 1 lb·ft/s2 = (precisely).
To convert between the absolute and gravitational FPS systems one needs to fix the standard acceleration g which relates the pound to the pound-force.
While g strictly depends on one's location on the Earth surface, since 1901 in most contexts it is fixed conventionally at precisely g0 = ≈ .
See also
Metre–tonne–second system of units (MTS)
FFF system
References
Systems of units
Imperial units
Customary units of measurement in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second%20system |
Anna Choy (born 11 October 1978 in Hong Kong) is an Australian actress and presenter. She attended Fort Street High School in Petersham, Sydney. She also attended Boronia Park Public School in Gladesville, New South Wales, Australia.
She started her career appearing in small roles on television (she played Rose in Cassidy, a two-part mini series for television and starred as Kumiko in Escape from Jupiter and Return to Jupiter), but soon landed a break in 2000 co-hosting morning children's show The Big Breakfast, which was later rescheduled and retitled The Big Arvo. She left the show in 2004 and became a reporter for Beyond Tomorrow in 2005. Choy presented the SBS documentary Change My Race in 2013. She was a weather reporter for Sky News Australia between 2016 and 2017.
Choy served as an Australia Day ambassador between 2001 and 2006. In 2005 and 2006 she also served as a judge for the Chinese Community Service Awards.
Filmography
Escape from Jupiter (1994)
Return to Jupiter (1997)
Scorched: The Complete Story (2008)
Little Black Dress (2009)
References
External links
Official site
Australian television actresses
Australian television presenters
Australian women television presenters
1978 births
Australian people of Chinese descent
Hong Kong emigrants to Australia
Living people
People educated at Fort Street High School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Choy |
Mkrtich Khrimian (classical ; 4 April 182029 October 1907) was an Armenian Apostolic Church leader, educator, and publisher who served as Catholicos of All Armenians from 1893 to 1907. During this period he was known as Mkrtich I of Van (Մկրտիչ Ա Վանեցի, Mkrtich A Vanetsi).
A native of Van, one of the largest cities in Turkish (Western) Armenia, Khrimian became a celibate priest (vardapet) in 1854 after the death of his wife and daughter. In the 1850s and 1860s he served as the abbot of two important monasteries in Turkish Armenia: Varagavank near Van and Surb Karapet Monastery near Mush. During this period he established schools and journals in both monasteries. He served as Patriarch of Constantinople—the most influential figure within the Ottoman Armenian community—from 1869 to 1873 and resigned due to pressure from the Ottoman government which saw him as a threat. He was the head of the Armenian delegation at the 1878 Congress of Berlin. Returning from Europe, he encouraged Armenian peasants to follow the example of Christian Balkan peoples by launching an armed struggle for autonomy or independence from the Ottoman Turks.
Between 1879 and 1885 he served as prelate of Van, after which he was forced into exile to Jerusalem. He was elected as head of the Armenian Church in 1892, however, he was enthroned more than a year later and served in that position until his death. He opposed the Russian government's attempt to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church in 1903, which was later canceled in part due to his efforts. Khrimian further endorsed the liberation movement of the Armenian revolutionaries.
He is a towering figure in modern Armenian history and has been affectionately called Khrimian Hayrik (hayrik is diminutive for "father"). A well-known defender of Armenian interests and aspirations, his progressive activities are seen as having laid the groundwork for the rise of Armenian nationalism and the consequent national liberation movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Early life, education, and travels
Khrimian was born in the Aygestan (Aikesdan) quarter of Van. His father, a weaver, died when Mkrtich was a child and he was brought up by his uncle, Khachatur, a merchant. The root of his last name, Khrim, is the Armenian language term for Crimea, suggests a link his family had with the peninsula. He received informal education at parochial schools of Lim and Ktuts islands in Lake Van and Varagavank, where he studied classical Armenian, history, and ecclesiastical literature. Upon returning to Van in 1842, he embarked on a journey across the region and made a pilgrimage to Etchmiadzin, the center of the Armenian Church. Khrimian wished to continue his education at a European university, but this desire was never realized. He lived in Constantinople from 1844 to 1846 where he made connections with Armenian intellectuals.
Returning to Van in 1846, he married Mariam Sevikian. In 1847 he crossed to Persia and the Russian Caucasus, where he visited the Ararat plain, Shirak, and Nakhichevan. He lived in Alexandropol (Gyumri) for six months. In 1848 once again moved to Constantinople via Tiflis, Batumi, and Trabzon. From 1848 to 1850 he taught at an all-girl school in Constantinople's Khasgiugh (Hasköy) quarter. In 1851 he traveled to Cilicia where he was sent to report on the state of Armenian schools. By traveling and living in various Armenian-populated provinces, he acquired an intimate knowledge of the problems and aspirations of ordinary Armenians. He was upset with the apathy the upper and middle classes of the Armenian community of Constantinople showed towards provincial Armenians.
Returning to Van in 1853, he found himself with no immediate family left; his wife, daughter, and mother had died. He thereafter decided to devote himself to a life in the Armenian Apostolic Church. In 1854, at age 34, Khirimian was ordained as vardapet (celibate priest) at the Aghtamar Cathedral in Lake Van. In 1855 he was appointed abbot of the Holy Cross Church in Scutari (Üsküdar), near Constantinople. Khrimian began production of the periodical Artsvi Vaspurakan ("Eagle of Vaspurakan") at a publishing house located next to his Scutari church.
Van, Mush, and Constantinople
Monasteries of Varag and Surb Karapet
Khrimian returned to Van in 1857 and established the Zharangavorats School at Varagavank monastery. He founded a publishing house at the monastery, through which he resumed the publication of Artsvi Vaspurakan in 1859. Its publication continued until 1864.
In 1862 he was appointed abbot of the Surb Karapet Monastery near Mush, which meant he was also the prelate of Taron. He revitalized the monastery and transformed it into a flourishing center. He founded a school there and a journal, called Artsvik Tarono ("Eaglet of Taron"). He succeeded in convincing the wali (governor) of the Erzurum Vilayet to lower taxes for Armenians.
Patriarch of Constantinople
On 20 October 1868, Khrimian was ordained as a bishop in Etchmiadzin. On 4 September 1869 he was elected as the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, who was the de facto leader of the Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire in both religious and secular matters. According to Ali Tekkoyun, a Turkish scholar of religion, his election indicated that the Amira (wealthiest) class and the imperial authorities lost power over the Armenians as went against their interests. He cleared the patriarchate's debt and sought to increase the provincial representation in the Armenian National Assembly. As the de facto political leader of the Christian Armenian millet in the eyes of the Sublime Porte, he prepared a detailed report documenting instances of oppression, persecution, and miscarriage of justice in the Armenian provinces and presented the document to the Sublime Porte. Khrimian used the position to advance the interests and conditions of the poor and oppressed provincial Armenians.
The Khrimian report, officially titled First Report on Provincial Oppressions needs to be understood in the context of the Tanzimat reforms (1839, 1856). Aimed at centralizing the administration and improving the tax base of the government, the reforms had not been effectively implemented in the more peripheral parts of the Empire, among them the Anatolian provinces. As a consequence, the local populations often suffered from double taxation, both from the central government and from the part of local tribal leaders who had access to tax farming rights, most of them Kurdish notables. Issues explicitly mentioned in Khrimian's report include: violence committed by tax farmers against the local population, forced conversions to Islam and other crimes committed out of religious fanaticism, over-taxation, and neglect of tax farmer duties, leading to harvest losses. The report also made several suggestions on how to address the above-mentioned problems: In particular, the Kurdish tribesmen were supposed to be disarmed and taught an agricultural lifestyle. Moreover, the report asked for the creation of an effective police force, with Armenians being allowed to serve at all levels, and for transparent communication of the Sublime Porte's orders.
His outspokenness about the issues facing the Armenian population annoyed not only the Ottoman authorities but some of the Armenian wealthy elite as well. According to Gerard Libaridian, the promotion of rights of provincial Armenians "made him an enemy of many influential Armenians in Istanbul." He was compelled to resign by the Ottoman government in 1873. Armayis Vartooguian wrote in 1896 that Khrimian "could have held the post of Patriarch of Constantinople for life had he not been driven to resign by the intrigues of the Turkish Government, which disliked him very much because of his zeal for the well-being of his flock."
Following his resignation, Khrimian dedicated his time to literary pursuits.
Berlin Congress
In the aftermath of the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War, Khrimian led the Armenian delegation at the Congress of Berlin. The delegation's mission was to present a memorandum to the great powers concerning the implementation of reforms in the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The delegation's main goal was to secure substantial reforms in the Armenian provinces that would be supervised by European powers—which meant Russia in reality, as its troops where stationed in parts of Armenia. Armenians hoped that Russian pressure (and threat of intervention) would force the Ottoman government to improve conditions in the Armenian provinces. The Armenian delegation furthermore demanded some form of autonomy for the Armenian provinces, similar to the Maronite autonomy in Mount Lebanon, but did not advocate breakup of the Ottoman Empire or annexation of the Armenian provinces into Russia.
The Treaty of Berlin, which was signed on 13 July 1878, is considered a failure of the Armenian mission to the congress by historians. It failed to force the Ottoman government to implement real reforms. Panossian writes that all the Armenian delegation received were "toothless promises." In the congress, Khrimian witnessed the Christian Balkan peoples (Serbs, Montenegrins, and Bulgarians) achieving independence or some degree of autonomy.
After returning to Constantinople, Khrimian delivered a series of speeches "which secured him a place in the radicalisation of Armenian thinking, and the clear and forceful articulation of demands based on nationalist principles." He gave a well-known sermon in which he called for the armament of the Armenians in order to fight for an independent Armenia. He told his flock that "Armenia, in contrast with the Christian states of the Balkans, did not win autonomy from the Porte because no Armenian blood had been shed in the cause of freedom." Famous for its allegories, the sermon is considered to have initiated the Armenian revolutionary movement.
In the sermon, he "used an analogy of a ladle and dish with the sword and freedom in explaining the Balkan countries' struggle for freedom during the Congress. For him, the freedom of Armenia was only possible through the use of armed force." In particular, he stated: "There, where guns talk and swords make noise, what significance do appeals and petitions have?" He added:
Prelate of Van and exile
After his return from Europe, Khrimian was appointed Prelate of Van in 1879. He opened new schools, including the first agricultural school in Armenian lands. In the 1880s he supported the Armenian secret societies devoted to the cause of national liberation, such as Sev khach ("Սև խաչ", Black cross) of Van and Pashtpan hayrenyats ("Պաշտպան հայրենյաց", Defender of the Fatherland). The Ottoman government, which looked unfavorably on his activities, suspended him in 1885 and sent him to Constantinople, where he could be controlled by the authorities.
Following the 15 July 1890 Kum Kapu demonstration, four representatives of the Armenian National Assembly (Khrimian, Garegin Srvandztiants, Matthew Izmirlian, Grigoris Aleatjian) presented a report criticizing the Ottoman government for the treatment of the Armenian peasantry. In December 1890, he was exiled to Jerusalem "under pretense of being on a pilgrimage." He lived in the St. James monastery in the city's Armenian Quarter.
Catholicos
On 5 May 1892, an election held at Etchmiadzin unanimously elected Khrimian to the position of Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church. According to Vartooguian, "Khrimian's popularity was so overwhelming that any one opposing him would be recognized by the nation as a traitor. Khrimian was recognized as the standard of patriotism, and whoever sought the best interests of the nation could not but favor his election." Vartooguian adds that the Russian imperial government was displeased with his election as they sought to incorporate the Armenian Church under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church in an attempt to Russify the Armenian population.
Khrimian, aged 72, was not initially allowed to travel to Etchmiadzin by Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Over a year later, after the Russian emperor's request was he granted permission to travel, but only if he did not set foot in Turkey. According to Hacikyan et al., the Ottomans feared "excessive manifestations of jubilations by the Armenians." The Ottoman government forbade Khrimian from traveling to Echmiadzin through their territory, and so he was required to travel via Jaffa, Alexandria, Trieste, Vienna, Odessa, Sevastopol, Batumi, and then Tiflis. Some 17 months after his election, he was enthroned as Catholicos on 26 September 1893. His Ottoman citizenship was revoked and he became a Russian subject.
In 1895, he traveled to Saint Petersburg to meet the Russian Tsar Nicholas II to request the implementation of reforms in the Ottoman Empire's Armenian provinces. During the Hamidian massacres of 1894–96, Khrimian provided material assistance to the Armenian refugees. Among his other accomplishments were the renovations of numerous ancient monasteries and churches.
In June 1903, the Russian government issued an edict to close down Armenian schools and confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church, including the treasures of Etchmiadzin. The act had the primary purpose of accelerating the process of Russification of the Armenian people and church.
Khrimian collaborated with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun) to organize mass demonstrations against the edict. According to the historian Rouben Paul Adalian, it was a combination of Dashnaktsutyun's popular resistance and Khrimian's personal defiance that resulted in the edict being canceled in 1905.
He consecrated the new churches of two provincial towns, Goris ( and Gavar, () in 1903 and 1905, respectively.
In 1907, Khrimian clarified the relations between the patriarch of Constantinople and emphasized the primacy of the see of Echmiadzin. In September of that year he sent a letter to Nicholas II in which he called upon the Russian government to prevent the violence then facing the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population.
Views and ideological influence
Progressivism
In the 1860s and 1870s, Khrimian was, along with Harutiun Svadjian, one of the major liberal Armenian activists in the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, liberals like Grigor Artsruni, Mikael Nalbandian, and Stepanos Nazarian were active in the Russian Empire. Arra Avakian described him as a "very progressive educator." American feminist Alice Stone Blackwell wrote in 1917: "All his views were progressive" and praised his promotion of female education: "He was a strong advocate of education for girls, and in one of his books, The Family of Paradise, he argues against the prevailing Oriental idea that husbands have a right to rule over their wives by force." Derderian also noted his "belief in the importance of educating women" and his encouragement of "participation of women in spreading enlightenment principles." Another author stated that he made "voluminous contribution to progressive Armenian intellectualism." Vartooguian, writing in 1896, suggested that Khrimian "was a conservative in matters of the Church."
Nationalism
Razmik Panossian writes that Khrimian had a powerful influence on Armenian nationalism. According to Panossian, he is the "single most important nineteenth century figure to have entered Armenian consciousness as the bearer of the radical message of national liberation". According to Tekkoyun, "Khrimian was a prominent figure in the formation of the Armenian nationalism." H. F. B. Lynch, who visited Etchmiadzin in 1893, wrote about Khrimian in his book on Armenia: "With him religion and patriotism are almost interchangeable terms." In the words of Adalian, Khrimian is "revered for his patriotic fervor and staunch defense of Armenian national interests." Another author described him as a "major spokesman for Armenian nationalist aspirations on the international stage." According to Tekkoyun, Khrimian "always advocated the awareness of laymen with nationalistic and patriotic ideas, which was possible only through the medium of journals and literature." Khrimian particularly emphasized the use of vernacular language in his writings.
Khrimian's view of Armenian nationalism as a cultural reawakening transformed into nationalism as an armed revolutionary movement in response to the repressive regime of Ottoman and Russian government as well as European policies towards Armenia. Khrimian explicitly endorsed the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) in an 1896 letter to the Armenians of Van, in which he wrote:
Before this the church had maintained a distance from the Armenian revolutionary groups as the latter saw the former as a conservative institution. It was Khrimian who welcomed revolutionary activism, especially by the Dashnaktsutyun, the most influential Armenian party. According to Panossian, Khrimian thus radicalised, to a certain degree, the Armenian Church and as such secularised in its vision of the Armenian nation.
Death and legacy
Khrimian died on 29 October 1907. He was buried, like many of his predecessors, at the courtyard of Etchmiadzin Cathedral. Sculptor Sergey Merkurov made his death mask.
Khrimian was revered by Armenians during his lifetime. He was called Hayrik (diminutive for "father") since his time as abbot of Surb Karapet Monastery near Mush in the early 1860s. Sarkis Atamian claims that "[n]o man, perhaps, in Armenian history, has come to symbolize the kind, wise, paternalistic leader of his flock as did Khrimian who was given the title Hairig (little father) in affection by his people." Jack Kalpakian describes Khrimian as "second only to the mythical Haik as the nation's father figure." Khrimian largely focused his efforts on the common people rather than the Armenian elite and is thus considered a "hero of the common people." Catholicos Vazgen I (r. 1955–94) called Khrimian the "greatest revolutionary [of the Armenian peasantry]".
Panossian writes that Khrimian was committed throughout his life to the betterment of the conditions of provincial Armenian and of Armenian rights in general. Khrimian has been described as "one of the few truly great figures in the history of the Armenian Church" and "one of the most famous and beloved national-religious figures of his time." Another author called him "the most beloved Armenian patriarch of modern times." Patricia Cholakian wrote of him: "a man of great personal holiness, had been among the first to inspire the persecuted Armenians to a love of learning and a sense of pride in their heritage." The prominent linguist Hrachia Acharian called him a true Christian, a true patriot, and a true popular man.
The Missionary Herald wrote in 1891 about Khrimian: "a man to whom all the Armenian nation look up to with great respect. He has labored honestly and earnestly for good of his nation." Alice Stone Blackwell wrote of him in 1917 as "the grandest figure in modern Armenian history" and added that "He was deeply loved and venerated for his wisdom and saintliness." Prominent Armenian poet Avetik Isahakyan wrote in a 1945 article: "The Armenian people will not forget him. The more time passes, the brighter his memory will become. He will look at the Armenian people from the depth of centuries and speak with a familiar language about her cherished aspirations and immortal goals."
Khrimian is the subject of paintings of several prominent Armenian artists, such as Ivan Aivazovsky, Yeghishe Tadevosyan, and Vardges Sureniants. Armenian-American composer Alan Hovhaness wrote a concerto titled Khrimian Hairig in October 1944. In his own words, "The music was inspired by a portrait of the heroic priest Khrimian Hairig, who led the Armenian people through many persecutions." The composition was first commercially recorded in 1995 by the Manhattan Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Richard Auldon Clark. A school in Yerevan, Armenia's capital, founded by Khrimian in 1906 and renamed for the 26 Baku Commissars during the Soviet period, was renamed after him in 1989.
Publications
Khrimian authored essays and books. His most notable works are the following:
1850: Հրաւիրակ Արարատեան, Hravirak Araratian (Convoker to Ararat): "a verse essay in classical Armenian in which he assumes the role of guide and leads a group of youths though the history and geography of the ancestral homeland, extolling its ancient glories and exquisite beauty in an attempt to instill a love and passion for the mother country in the young generation"
1851: Հրաւիրակ երկրին աւետեաց, Hravirak yerkrin avetiatz (Convoker to the Promised Land): "a similar verse essay published after a trip to the Holy Land in which he leads youths on a tour of the holy sites, teaching them the essence of Christianity as they go."
1876: Խաչի ճառը, Khachi char (Discourse on the Cross)
1876: Ժամանակ եւ խորհուրդ իւր, Zhamanak yev khorhurd yur (Time and its mystery)
1876: Դրախտի ընտանիք, Drakhti entanik (The family of paradise)
1878: Սիրաք եւ Սամուէլ, Sirak yev Samuel: "a treatise on child education"
1894: Պապիկ եւ թոռնիկ, Papik yev tornik (Grandfather and grandson): Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. consider it his best work.
1900: Թագաւորաց ժողով, Tagavorats zhoghov (The meeting of kings)
1901: Վերջալոյսի ձայներ, Verjaluysi dzayner (Sounds of twilight): a collection of poetry
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Khrimian at ArmenianHouse.org
1820 births
1907 deaths
19th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops
20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops
Armenian Apostolic Christians
Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
Catholicoi of Armenia
19th-century Armenian poets
20th-century Armenian poets
Armenian male writers
Armenian essayists
Armenian educators
Armenian theologians
Armenian nationalists
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
People from Van, Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkrtich%20Khrimian |
Paul Carell was the post-war pen name of Paul Karl Schmidt (2 November 1911 – 20 June 1997) who was a writer and German propagandist. During the Nazi era, Schmidt served as the chief press spokesman for Joachim von Ribbentrop's Foreign Ministry. In this capacity during World War II, he maintained close ties with the Wehrmacht, while he served in the Allgemeine-SS (General SS). One of his specialities was the "Jewish question". After the war, Carell became a successful author whose books romanticized and whitewashed the Wehrmacht. Some may disagree with this view, arguing that nowhere in Carrell's two-volume work on the Russo-German War, is there any mention of glorifying Hitler or Nazism. In fact, Carrell/Schmidt criticises Hitler many times throughout.
Career before and during World War II
Born in Kelbra, Paul Karl Schmidt became a member of the Nazi Party in 1931 and a member of the SS in 1938. He graduated from university in 1934, and became an assistant at the Institute of Psychology of the University of Kiel in Germany. He held several positions in the Nazi Student Association.
In the SS, Schmidt was promoted to the rank of Obersturmbannführer in 1940. During the same year, he became the chief press spokesman for foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. In this position, he was responsible for the German Foreign Ministry's news and press division.
Schmidt chaired the daily press conferences of the ministry, and was thus one of the most important and influential propagandists for Nazism during World War II. Recent studies confirm that his influence was at least on the same level as that of Otto Dietrich (Reichspressechef of Adolf Hitler) and of Hans Fritzsche (Pressechef of the Reichspropagandaministerium). Schmidt was also responsible for the German propaganda magazine Signal, which was published in several languages to tell the German side of the story in neutral and occupied countries during the war.
Schmidt justified the Holocaust through his propaganda efforts. In May 1944, he gave advice on how to justify the deportation and murder of Hungarian Jews, to counter the potential accusation of mass murder:
Schmidt was arrested on 6 May 1945 and interned for 30 months. It was left open for a long time whether he would appear as one of those indicted, or as a witness for the prosecution, during the war crimes trials. During the Ministries Trial, part of the Nuremberg Trials, he finally appeared as a witness for the prosecution, and portrayed himself as a fighter for democratic freedom of the press.
Post-war
After World War II, Schmidt became a writer. Aided by the network of 'old comrades' working in the publishing industry, he was able to secure assignments. Starting in the 1950s, he wrote for the popular magazine Kristall. He first used the pseudonym Paul Karell, and later Paul Carell.
He worked as a freelance author under various noms de plume for newspapers such as Die Welt and Die Zeit (as P. C. Holm, among others). He also wrote for the magazines Norddeutsche Rundschau and Der Spiegel, and published some accounts of war stories for Der Landser, a West German pulp magazine featuring stories predominantly set during World War II. He was seen as an influential adviser to the German Axel Springer AG, where he wrote speeches for Axel Springer.
From 1965 to 1971 the Office of the State Prosecutor of Verden in Germany investigated him for murder. But the investigation, which some claim should have clarified his role in the genocide of Hungarian Jews, ended without an indictment. Schmidt never had to face a trial for his activities during the war.
In 1992 Carell claimed that even after the Battle of Stalingrad there was a possibility for Germany to win the war. In his view, it was primarily the command of Adolf Hitler that led to the defeat. The leadership of the Wehrmacht and very competent commanders such as Erich von Manstein could have achieved victory if not for Hitler's interference. Carell also claimed that the invasion of the Soviet Union was a preemptive attack to forestall an invasion of Germany by the Red Army.
Writing career
The success of his books Hitler Moves East (Unternehmen Barbarossa) and Scorched Earth (Verbrannte Erde) made Carell a leading post-war chronicler of the German side of World War II on the Eastern Front. His book Die Gefangenen (1980), dealing with German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, was published by Ullstein-Verlag. These books generally had a positive media reception; Die Welt wrote, for example: "Helps to reduce the dislike between Germans and Russians (...) qualified as an historian." Or the : "Someone for whom the seriousness of the source and the value of documentation are more important than going for cheap thrills – that is Paul Carell!" Carell also wrote about Rommel and about the Allied invasion of Normandy.
In his books, Carell portrays the Wehrmacht as heroes fighting for a lost cause. Carell presents, according to his critics, a post-war revisionist message, first popularized by leading Wehrmacht generals:
The German soldier fought a clean war imposed on him by an evil dictator (there is no mention of the war of aggression and annihilation, which the war in the East really was).
The Waffen-SS appear as soldiers just like all the rest.
In the end, the overwhelming material and human resources of the enemy defeat the Germans.
Critics point out that Carell's works emphasize the German army's professionalism, sacrifice and positive encounters with civilians, and his books also suggest that the Wehrmacht freed the Russians from their Communist tyrants and restored their religious community.
Critics also suggest that in Carell's works the army thus operated in a world distinct from the political sphere, and the culprits for any calamities that befell the Russian people rule this political sphere, namely the Nazi and the Communist parties. The thrust of this argument thus confirmed the high moral position of the German officer, perpetuating the myth of the "clean Wehrmacht". Carell's themes of anti-Communism also appealed to the U.S. public and garnered Carell repeat reprints.
Bibliography
Stalingrad: The Defeat of the German 6th Army. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1993
Hitler's War on Russia, volume 2 Scorched Earth. London: Harrap, 1970
Hitler Moves East: 1941-1943. New York: Little, Brown, 1964
Invasion! They're Coming!. New York: Dutton, 1963
Foxes of the Desert. New York: Bantam, 1960
References
Citations
Bibliography
(German) Christian Plöger: Von Ribbentrop zu Springer. Zu Leben und Wirken von Paul Karl Schmidt alias Paul Carell. Marburg 2009, (= doctoral thesis Universität Münster 2009)
Wigbert Benz: Paul Carell. Ribbentrops Pressechef Paul Karl Schmidt vor und nach 1945. Berlin 2005.
Peter Longerich: Propagandisten im Krieg. Die Presseabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes unter Ribbentrop. München 1987 (ausführlich über Schmidts Tätigkeit im AA - nicht eingesehen)
External links
Biographie bei Shoa.de
Book Review on Shoa.de
Discussion and Documentation of Schmidt/Carell's role relating to deportation and murder of Hungarian Jews
1911 births
1997 deaths
University of Kiel alumni
People from Mansfeld-Südharz
German newspaper journalists
Nazi Party politicians
SS-Obersturmbannführer
Nazi propagandists
German non-fiction writers
People from the Province of Saxony
German male non-fiction writers
Bild people
Die Welt people
20th-century non-fiction writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Carell |
Freiburg can refer to:
Freiburg im Breisgau, a large city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), an institution of higher learning founded in 1457 in Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg (district), a former district in Baden-Württemberg which was merged into the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in 1973
Freiburg (region), an administrative district in Baden-Württemberg
Freiburg, Lower Saxony, a municipality in the district of Stade in Lower Saxony whose full name is Freiburg an der Elbe
Fribourg, a Swiss city, whose German name is Freiburg im Üechtland
Canton of Fribourg
Świebodzice, a Polish city, whose German name is Freiburg in Schlesien
Nova Friburgo ("New Fribourg" in English), a Brazilian town named for the Swiss canton
Fraiburgo, a southern Brazilian town that is related to Freiburg im Breisgau
SC Freiburg, a German football club in the Bundesliga
Freiburger FC, a German football club
See also
Freiberg (disambiguation)
Freyburg (disambiguation)
Fryeburg, Maine
Friberg
Fribourg (disambiguation)
Freiburger (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg%20%28disambiguation%29 |
, more commonly known by her stage name , is a Japanese singer, dancer and actress. Born in Tokyo, she started work as a singer from a young age. In 2007, Natsuki announced her engagement to percussionist Nobu Saitō, with their marriage taking place in Spring 2008.
Natsuki has participated in musical theatre, including that of Yukio Ninagawa. She provided the voice of Yubaba in Spirited Away, played the young witch's mother in the Japanese TV remake of Bewitched and has twice been nominated for a Japanese Academy Award. Natsuki played the character Big Mama in the Japanese version of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and has also acted in television dramas, such as the 2005 series Nobuta o Produce, playing the Vice Principal, Katharine.
Filmography
Film
Otoko wa Tsurai yo series:
Tora-san, My Uncle (1989)
Tora-san Takes a Vacation (1990)
Tora-san Confesses (1991)
Tora-San Makes Excuses (1992)
Tora-san to the Rescue (1995)
Tora-san, Wish You Were Here (2019)
Onimasa (1982)
Legend of the Eight Samurai (1983)
Fireflies in the North (1984)
Jittemai (1986)
Death Powder (1986)
The Hunted (1995)
Samurai Fiction (1998)
Spirited Away (2001), Yubaba (voice)
Shōjo (2001)
Ping Pong (2002)
Okusama wa Majo (2004)
Sugar and Spice (2006)
Sakuran (2007)
Girl in the Sunny Place (2013)
Isle of Dogs (2018), Auntie (voice)
Ikiru Machi (2018)
Vision (2018)
Over the Sky (2020), Mori Obaa-chan (voice)
Angry Rice Wives (2021), Taki
Yudo: The Way of the Bath (2023)
From the End of the World (2023)
See Hear Love (2023), Tae Izumimoto
Television
G-Men '75 (1979–80)
Yoshitsune (2005)
Carnation (2011)
Montage (2016)
Meet Me After School (2018)
Okaeri Mone (2021)
I Will Be Your Bloom (2022) – Yuki Hanamaki
Video games
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (Big Mama) (2008)
Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (Katherine Marlowe) (2011)
Japanese dub
Live-action
The Devil Wears Prada (2010 NTV edition) (Miranda Priestly (Meryl Streep))
Feud (Joan Crawford (Jessica Lange))
The West Wing (seasons 1–4) (C.J. Cregg (Allison Janney))
Animation
Ballerina (Régine Le Haut)
Moana (Tala)
References
External links
Natsuki Mari Official homepage
List of roles on allcinema.net
Actresses from Tokyo
Asadora lead actors
Living people
1952 births
Japanese dancers
Japanese female dancers
Japanese film actresses
Japanese television actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Singers from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Natsuki |
A Yule log or bûche de Noël () is a traditional Christmas cake, often served as a dessert near Christmas, especially in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Vietnam, and Quebec, Canada.
Variants are also served in the United States, United Kingdom, Cambodia, Scandinavia, Portugal, and Spain.
Made of sponge cake, to resemble a miniature actual Yule log, it is a form of sweet roulade.
The cake emerged in the 19th century, probably in France, before spreading to other countries. It is traditionally made from a genoise, generally baked in a large, shallow Swiss roll pan, iced, rolled to form a cylinder, and iced again on the outside. The most common combination is basic yellow sponge cake and chocolate buttercream, though many variations that include chocolate cake, ganache, and icings flavored with espresso or liqueurs exist.
Yule logs are often served with one end cut off and set atop the cake, or protruding from its side to resemble a chopped off branch. A bark-like texture is often produced by dragging a fork through the icing, and powdered sugar sprinkled to resemble snow. Other cake decorations may include actual tree branches, fresh berries, and mushrooms made of meringue or marzipan.
The name bûche de Noël originally referred to the Yule log itself, and was transferred to the dessert after the custom had fallen out of popular use. References to it as bûche de Noël or, in English, Yule Log, can be found from at least the Edwardian era (for example, F. Vine, Saleable Shop Goods (1898 and later).
Gallery
See also
Christmas cake
List of desserts
Nut roll
Pionono
Swiss roll
References
Citations
General references
"la Bûche de Noël" in: Le Calendrier Traditionnel, Voici: la France de ce mois, vol. 2, no. 17–21, Voici Press (1941).
Albert Goursaud, Maurice Robert, La société rurale traditionnelle en Limousin: ethnographie, pp. 471, 474
Claude Seignolle, Traditions populaires de Provence, pp. 84-87
Arnold van Gennep, Manuel de folklore français contemporain, pt. 2, Du berceau à la tombe (1946)
External links
Buche de Noel (via foodtimeline.org)
Belgian cuisine
Chocolate desserts
Christmas in Canada
French cakes
Chocolate-covered foods
Sponge cakes
Swiss cuisine
Culinary Heritage of Switzerland
Yule
Christmas cakes
World cuisine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule%20log%20%28cake%29 |
Claude Ribbe (born 13 October 1954) is a French writer, activist and filmmaker.
Early life and education
Ribbe was born in Paris and is alumnus of the Ecole normale superieure.
Career
Ribbe has specialised in the history of colonialism in the Caribbean. He has also been active in promoting civil rights in France for people of ethnic African and Caribbean origin.
Through his books and films, he has supported the recognition of figures such as Eugene Bullard, Chevalier de Saint-George, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, who was the first black man to be promoted to general in the French Army in 1793.
In his book Le Crime de Napoleon (2005), Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe. He said this was a model for Hitler's holocaust nearly 140 years later.
Books
Le Cri du Centaure (2001)
Alexandre Dumas, le dragon de la Reine (2002)
L'Expedition (2003)
Le chevalier de Saint-George (2004)
Une Saison en Irak (2005)
Le Crime de Napoleon (2005)
Les Nègres de la République (2007)
Le Nègre vous emmerde (2008)
Le Diable Noir (2008)
Mémoires du Chevalier de Saint-George (2010)
Eugene Bullard (2012)
Une autre histoire (2016)
Films
Le Diable Noir (2009)
The Legendary Chevalier de Saint-George (2011)
Eugene Bullard (2013)
References
École Normale Supérieure alumni
1954 births
French people of Guadeloupean descent
Living people
French male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Ribbe |
is a Japanese stage and film actor, and one of the original Tokyo Sunshine Boys, a theatrical troupe that lasted from 1983 to about 1994. He is currently seen in television dramas and onstage in Japan.
Biography
Aijima Kazuyuki was born November 30, 1961 in Saitama, Japan. He joined Mitani Koki's Tokyo Sunshine Boys theatrical troupe in 1983, which grew in popularity until its movie debut with the parody of Reginald Rose's 12 Angry Men, a comedy called 12 Gentle Japanese released in 1991. Aijima was one of the few Tokyo Sunshine Boys to pass the movie auditions to star in their own film - in fact he stole the lead. Most of them never made it into the film.
Aijima is specially trained in Kendo and can play a number of musical instruments as well.
Filmography
Film
12 Gentle Japanese (1991)
Suite Dreams (2006)
A Ghost of a Chance (2011)
Library Wars: The Last Mission (2015)
Three Nobunagas (2019), Sena Nobuteru
Shrieking in the Rain (2021)
In Her Room (2023)
Television
Furuhata Ninzaburō (1996)
Shomuni (1998–2003)
Kasouken no Onna (1999)
Hero (2001)
Fugo Keiji (2005)
Hana Moyu (2015)
The Hippocratic Oath (2016)
Naotora: The Lady Warlord (2017)
Yell (2020)
Karei-naru Ichizoku (2021)
The 13 Lords of the Shogun (2022), Unkei
Theatre
My Fair Lady - Colonel Hugh Pickering (2018)
References
External links
Japanese male actors
Actors from Saitama Prefecture
Living people
People from Saitama Prefecture
People from Saitama (city)
Rikkyo University alumni
1961 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyuki%20Aijima |
The Battle of Waterberg (Battle of Ohamakari) took place on August 11, 1904 at the Waterberg, German South West Africa (modern day Namibia), and was the decisive battle in the German campaign against the Herero.
Armies
The German Imperial Forces were under the command of Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha and numbered just over 1,500. They were armed with 1,625 modern rifles, 30 artillery pieces and 14 machine guns.
The Herero were under the command of Samuel Maharero and – in expectation of peace negotiations – had assembled some 3,500-6,000 warriors along with their families. The total number of Hereros in the area is estimated at 25,000 to 50,000. Some of them were armed with traditional close combat weapons called kirri.
Preparations for battle
From the opening of the Herero Revolt in January 1904 until June 11, 1904, the German military efforts had been directed by colonial Governor Colonel Theodor Leutwein. Leutwein combined a policy of military pressure with communication with the Herero to negotiate a settlement to the hostilities. The Germans achieved moderate military success in a series of skirmishes before cornering the Herero at the Waterberg Plateau. However, the Kaiserreich replaced Leutwein with Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha, expecting Trotha to end the revolt with a decisive military victory.
The Waterberg Plateau where the Herero concentrated lay 100 km east of the railhead source of German supplies, so Trotha spent nearly three months (June, July, and part of August) transporting troops and supplies by ox-drawn carts to the site of the expected battle. In the meantime, the Herero, estimated around 60,000 men, women, and children, with an equal number of cattle, drew on meager grass and water supplies while awaiting overtures from the Germans.
Battle
Execution of Trotha’s battle plan began on August 11, 1904, after a careful buildup of troops and supplies. The German commander intended part of his force to squeeze the Herero south of the Plateau with columns from the east and west while two more columns would seal off the escape route to the south and southeast. The commander of the southeastern blocking column, however, failed to maneuver his troops into position in a timely fashion, and to communicate that fact to Trotha. Meanwhile, the western advancing column did not stop at the appointed line and pressed the Herero through the unclosed gap created by the failure of the southeastern troops. The bulk of the Herero and their cattle escaped eastward into the Omaheke Desert.
The Waterberg military station was occupied by Herero mounted infantry and irregular guerrilla forces. These Herero forces were quickly defeated by colonial forces using breech-loading artillery and 14 Maxim belt-fed machine guns at the Battle of Waterberg on August 11, but the survivors escaped into the desert. Trotha and his staff were unprepared for their failure to decisively defeat the Herero. At the end of an attenuated supply line and occupying ground thoroughly foraged by the Herero, the Germans could not immediately pursue. While signaling to Berlin a complete victory and subsequent pursuit, Trotha began to move his force westward toward the railroad.
The Germans had won a tactical victory by driving the Herero from Waterberg, but had failed in their intentions to end the Herero Revolt with a decisive battle. Trotha soon thereafter ordered the pursuit of the Herero eastward into the desert, intending to prevent Herero reorganization by depriving them of pastureland and watering holes. This campaign caused most of the deaths of Herero people during the Revolt, and resulted in the notorious extermination order of October 2, 1904.
The aftermath
On 2 October, von Trotha issued the infamous extermination order: "Any Herero found within the German borders with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot".
While most Herero escaped the battle, their retreat led to the near extinction of their people in an act of genocide. Many of the refugee Hereros died of thirst and exhaustion during their trek through the desert. German patrols later found skeletons around holes 8–16 m (25–50 ft) deep dug in a vain attempt to find water. Tens of thousands of the Herero died of thirst, starvation, or disease. Those who attempted surrender were summarily shot. After Trotha's extermination order was countermanded by Berlin, captured survivors were sent to a concentration camp at Shark Island.
Despite extensive German patrols and a large bounty offered for his capture, Samuel Maharero and about 1,000 of his men managed to cross the Kalahari into the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The British offered the Hereros asylum under the condition that they would not continue their revolt on British soil.
The site of the battle is today located within Waterberg Plateau Park. A military graveyard exists where the German soldiers who perished in the Battle of Waterberg are buried.
References
External links
Isabel V. Hull, Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany, Cornell University Press, 2006. On Google Reader.
Battles involving Germany
German colonial empire
Herero Wars
Conflicts involving the German Empire
Military history of Namibia
1904 in German South West Africa
Herero and Namaqua genocide
August 1904 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Waterberg |
Ballyrashane () is a small village and civil parish outside Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The civil parish of Ballyrashane covers areas of County Antrim (in the historic barony of Dunluce Lower), as well as County Londonderry (in the historic barony of North East Liberties of Coleraine). It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district.
It is well known for its creamery, Ballyrashane Creamery, which processes milk, butter and cheese for shops and supermarkets all over Ireland and Europe.
Ballyrashane Flute Band recently celebrated their 100th year (2008). They are a traditional "First Flute" marching band, and are known locally as "The White Army" due to their distinctive uniform.
There are two churches in Ballyrashane - the Presbyterian, and St John's Church of Ireland
Civil parish of Ballyrashane
Townlands
The civil parish contains the following townlands:
A
Articrunaght North, Articrunaght South
B
Ballindreen Irish, Ballindreen Scotch, Ballynag Lower, Ballynag Upper, Ballyrock Irish, Ballyrock Scotch, Ballyvelton Lower, Ballyvelton Upper, Ballyversall, Ballywatt East, Ballywatt Leggs, Ballywatt West
C
Carnglass Beg, Carnglass More, Cloyfin South
G
Glebe, Gorticloghan
I
Island Effrick North, Island Effrick South
K
Kilmoyle, Kirkistown, Knocknakeeragh
L
Lisnagalt, Lisnarick, Lisnisk, Liswatty Lower, Liswatty Upper
O
Oldtown, Outhill
R
Revallagh North, Revallagh South, Risk
See also
List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland
List of civil parishes of County Antrim
List of civil parishes of County Londonderry
References
Villages in County Londonderry
Causeway Coast and Glens district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyrashane |
Dalecarlian (dalmål in Swedish) is a group of East and West Scandinavian languages, and their respective dialects spoken in Dalarna County, Sweden. Some Dalecarlian varieties can be regarded as part of the Swedish dialect group in Gästrikland, Uppland, and northern and eastern Västmanland. Others represent a variety characteristic of a midpoint between West and East Nordic, unlike the Swedish language. They also show some similarities with the dialects of the other counties bordering Dalarna. In the northernmost part of the county (i.e., the originally Norwegian parishes of Särna and Idre), a characteristic dialect reminiscent of eastern Norwegian is spoken. One usually distinguishes between the Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects, which are spoken in south-eastern Dalarna, and . Dalecarlian dialects are traditionally regarded as part of the Svealand dialect group.
Some Dalecarlian dialects takes up an intermediate position between East Nordic (Swedish–Danish) and West Nordic (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese). Kroonen cites a number of features that Elfdalian (a dalecarlian language) in particular shares with West Nordic, and writes: "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish."
In everyday speech, many with Dalecarlian often also refer to regionally coloured Standard Swedish from Dalarna, that is, a lexically and morphologically "national" Swedish with characteristic Dalarna intonation and prosody. In linguistics, one distinguishes between regionally coloured national languages and genuine dialects, and Dalecarlian is used exclusively for dialects in the latter sense.
Geographical distribution
Varieties of Dalecarlian are generally classified geographically:
Ovansiljan, north of the Siljan lake: sockens Ore, Orsa, Våmhus, Älvdalen (Elfdalian), Mora, Venjan, Sollerön.
Nedansiljan, south of the Siljan lake: sockens Boda, Rättvik, Bjursås, Ål, Siljansnäs, Leksand, Gagnef.
Upper Västerdalarna: sockens Lima, Transtrand.
Lower Västerdalarna: sockens Malung, Äppelbo, Järna, Nås, Floda, the parishes of Mockfjärd in Gagnefs socken.
Floda and Mockfjärd can be considered a separate group.
Dalecarlian proper (especially in Älvdalen, Mora and Orsa, to some extent also in Ore, Rättvik and Leksand), as well as western Dalecarlian varieties are markedly different from Swedish, and are considered to be distinct language varieties by linguists, despite their lack of recognition as such. Elfdalian is the one of the Dalecarlian languages that best kept their older features. It attracted interest from researchers early on, as it is labeled a dialect by the Swedish authorities despite that it developed independently from Swedish or Old Swedish. In many ways, it is very archaic. In other ways, it has distinguished itself from the ancient language and developed special features that are rare in other languages. A characteristic of the varieties are a pronunciation split in a number of easily distinguishable local dialects, which often only cover a single village or even part of a village.
For strangers, Dalecarlian varieties are virtually incomprehensible without special studies. However, this does not apply to the same extent with the Rättvik and Leksand dialects. They are more easily understood and can be considered to form a transitional stage between the Dalecarlian languages, and a dialect of Swedish with Dalecarlian remnants. Such transition tongues are also the tongues of Ål, Bjursås and Gagnef. The Gagnef dialect approaches the western Dalecarlian varieties, which to some extent can also be regarded as transitional dialects, but which in many respects take on a more independent position, especially in the upper parishes. They may show similarities with neighbouring Norwegian dialects.
There is a quite large difference between Gagnef and the Stora Tuna dialect, which belongs to the Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects, a relatively uniform and fairly normal Swedish dialect complex that covers the entire southern Dalarna (Stora Kopparberg, Hedemora and Västerbergslagen). The most unique within this complex are the dialects of Svärdsjö and western Bergslagen, which are approaching Hälsingemål and Western Dalecarlian proper, respectively (via Grangärde and Floda). Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects are also spoken in the northern part of Västmanland. The Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects are quite closely connected with the neighbouring Svealand Swedish, perhaps most with the dialects of eastern Västmanland.
Phonology
As with most dialects in northern and central Sweden, the Dalecarlian dialects have a supradental heavy-r and a cachuminal (with the tip of the tongue towards the trough) have thick-l. However, superdental numbers are more limited than usual, for example, rs often becomes ss (for example, Dalecarlian koss, Swedish kors, English cross), rn in southern Dalarna becomes r (for example, Dalecarlian bar, Swedish barn, English child, Dalecarlian björ, Swedish björn, English bear, up to and including Rättvik, Leksand and Västerdalarna). In Dalecarlian proper is often nn, and rt, rd preserved without assimilation (from Gagnef northwards). l is not usually cachuminal after i and e, except in Dalecarlian proper, which in the case of l has gone its own way and can even partially use cachuminal l at the beginning of words, for example låta.
Dalecarlian has, in the usual way, lost -n and, as a rule, -t in unstressed endings, for example, Dalecarlian sola or sole, Swedish solen, English sun, Dalecarlian gâtu, Swedish gatan, English street, Dalecarlian biti, Swedish bitit, English bitten. Like other Upper Swedish dialects, they often have i in endings for the national languages e, for example Dalecarlian funnin, Swedish funnen, English found, Dalecarlian muli, Swedish mulet, English cloudy, Dalecarlian härvil, Swedish härvel, English härvel (winding yarn on), has g-sounds, not j, in rg and lg, for example Dalecarlian and Swedish varg, English wolf, long vowel in front of m in many words, where the national language has short, for example Dalecarlian tima, Swedish timme, English hour, Dalecarlian töm, Swedish tom, English empty. jhas not disappeared without trace after k, g in words such as Dalecarlian äntja, Swedish änka, English widow, Dalecarlian bryddja, Swedish brygga, English bridge. As in the northern Swedes and in the northern dialects, g, k have also been softened to tj, (d) j, for example Dalecarlian sättjin or sättjen, Swedish säcken, English bag, Dalecarlian botja or botje Swedish boken, English book, Dalecarlian nyttjil, Swedish nyckel, English key. These traits characterise all Dalecarlian dialects.
Characteristic of the vocal system in especially Upper Dalarna, with the exception of Dalecarlian proper, is the use of open and end a, which is used in a completely different way than in the national language: the open can occur as far and the closed as short, for example hara hare with open a in first, end in second syllable, katt, bakka, vagn with end, skabb, kalv with open a; open å sound (o) is often replaced by a sound between å and ö; The u sound has a sound similar to the Norwegian u; ä and e are well separated; the low-pitched vocals often have a sound of ä. Among the most interesting features of the dialects in Älvdalen, Mora and Orsa is that they still largely retain the nasal vocal sounds that were previously found in all Nordic dialects. Furthermore, it is noticed that the long i, y, u diphthongs, usually to ai, åy, au, for example Dalecarlian ais, Swedish is English ice, Dalecarlian knåyta, Swedish knyta, English tie, Dalecarlian aute, Swedish ute, English out. v has the Old Norse pronunciation w (like w in English)[3], l is usually omitted in front of g, k, p, v, for example, Dalecarlian kåv, Swedish kalf, English calf, Dalecarlian fok and such Swedish folk, English people. h is omitted, for example, Dalecarlian and, Swedish and English hand (in the Älvdals-, Orsa- and Mora dialects, as well as in Rättvik and parts of Leksand). In the same way, many words have been added as h:n such as häven, hälsklig, hägde. These features have the common Dalecarlian in common with the older Uppland dialects.
A pair of ancient Nordic diphthongs remain in the western Dalecarlian dialects in Lima and Transtrand. The diphthong au, which in the Swedish state has pronounced ö, has in these areas a slightly changed form, ôu, for example dôu (Swedish död, English death). The ancient Swedish diphthongs ei and öy (which in Swedish became e and ö respectively) have been pronounced äi, for example skäi (Swedish sked, English Spoon) and here (Swedish hö, English hay), respectively.
References
Notes
Sources
Adolf Noreen "Dalmålet. I. Inledning till dalmålet. II. Ordlista öfver dalmålet i Ofvansiljans fögderi" ur Svenska landsmålen IV, Stockholm 1881 + 1882
Carl Säve "Dalmålet" 1903
Lars Levander "Dalmålet: beskrivning och historia I-II", Uppsala 1925-28
Bengt Pamp, "Svenska dialekter", Lund 1978
Further reading
External links
Listen to Dalecarlian
Leksandsmål – Sanfrid Blomquist (choose "äldre man", older man)
Map of different variants of Dalecarlian (PDF, from an article about Elfdalian)
Dalarna: Dalarnas folkspråk, runeberg.org
North Germanic languages
Dalarna
Swedish dialects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian%20language |
Stig von Bahr (born 26 June 1939) is a Swedish jurist and former judge at the European Court of Justice.
Stig von Bahr has worked with the Justitieombudsman (Parliamentary Ombudsman) and in the Swedish Cabinet Office and the Ministries inter alia as assistant under-secretary in the Ministry of Finance. He was appointed Judge in the Administrative Court of Appeal (kammarrätt) of Gothenburg in 1981 and Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court (Regeringsrätten) in 1985. He has collaborated on a large number of official reports, mainly on the subject of tax legislation and accounting. He has been inter alia chairman of the Committee on Inflation-Adjusted Taxation of Income, chairman of the accounting committee and special rapporteur for the Committee on Rules for Taxation of Private Company Owners. He has also been chairman of the Accounting Standards Board and member of the board of the National Courts Administration as well as of the board of the Financial Supervisory Authority. He has published a large number of articles, mainly on the subject of tax legislation. Stig von Bahr was appointed judge of the European Court of Justice on 7 October 2000.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
1939 births
Living people
Justices of the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden
European Court of Justice judges
21st-century Swedish judges
Swedish judges of international courts and tribunals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig%20von%20Bahr |
Abu al-Walid al-Dahdouh (Arabic: أبو الوليد الدحدوح) (died 1 March 2006) was a senior leader of the Palestinian militant group Islamic Jihad and a commander of the group's military wing, the Al-Quds Brigades. He was killed by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City on 1 March 2006 as he drove past the Palestinian finance ministry. The attack took place hours after militants fired a rocket towards the Israeli coastal town of Ashkelon.
References
Year of birth missing
Palestinian militants
2006 deaths
Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20al-Walid%20al-Dahdouh |
Candelaria Pérez (1810 – 28 March 1870) was a Chilean soldier who served in the War of the Confederation (1836–39) against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. She took up a rifle and fought alongside the troops she served with. She was considered the hero of the Battle of Yungay, during which she led an assault against the entrenched Confederate troops. She was given official recognition and the rank of sergeant after the battle.
She was made a commissioned officer before she left the army in 1840, with the rank of Alférez (translated as ensign).
References
1810 births
1870 deaths
Chilean Army officers
Chilean Army enlisted personnel
Chilean women
People of the War of the Confederation
Military personnel from Santiago
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in war in South America
19th-century Chilean military personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelaria%20P%C3%A9rez |
"I'll Be Back" is a song written by John Lennon, with some collaboration from Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney). It was recorded by the English rock band the Beatles for the soundtrack album to their film A Hard Day's Night (1964) but not used in the film. This song was not released in North America until Beatles '65 five months later.
Structure
According to musicologist Ian MacDonald, Lennon created the song based on the chords of Del Shannon's "Runaway" which had been a UK hit in April 1961. Author Bill Harry also wrote: "He just reworked the chords of the Shannon number and came up with a completely different song".
With its poignant lyric and flamenco style acoustic guitars "I'll Be Back" possesses a tragic air and is eccentric in structure. Unusually for a pop song it oscillates between major and minor keys, appears to have two different bridges, and lacks a chorus. The fade-out ending also arrives unexpectedly, being a half stanza premature.
The metric structure also is unusual. The verse is in 6-measure phrases in time. The first and third bridges have a four-measure phrase in followed by a phrase with 2 measures of and one of ; the second bridge has a 4-measure phrase followed by 5 measures of and one of .
Producer George Martin preferred to open and close Beatles albums using dominant material stating: "Another principle of mine when assembling an album was always to go out on a side strongly, placing the weaker material towards the end but then going out with a bang". Ian MacDonald points out however: "Fading away in tonal ambiguity at the end of A Hard Day’s Night, it was a surprisingly downbeat farewell and a token of coming maturity". Music journalist Robert Sandall wrote in Mojo magazine: "'I'll Be Back' was the early Beatles at their most prophetic. This grasp of how to colour arrangements in darker or more muted tones foreshadowed an inner journey they eventually undertook in three albums' time, on Rubber Soul".
Recording
The Beatles recorded "I'll Be Back" in 16 takes on 1 June 1964. The first nine were of the rhythm track, and the last seven were overdubs of the lead and harmony vocals, and an acoustic guitar overdub.
The Anthology 1 CD includes take two of "I'll Be Back", performed in time. The recording broke down when Lennon fumbled over the words in the bridge, complaining on the take that "it's too hard to sing." The subsequent take, also included on Anthology, was performed in the time used in the final take.
Personnel
John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, bass
George Harrison – harmony vocal, classical acoustic guitar, acoustic guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Personnel per Walter Everett
Charts
Notable cover versions
The Chicago-based band the Buckinghams released a version of this song in 1967 peaking #1 in the Philippines, according to Billboard magazine.
Cliff Richard covered the song on his 1967 album Don't Stop Me Now!
The Dutch band Golden Earring covered the song as "I'll Be Back Again" on their 1995 album Love Sweat.
Shawn Colvin recorded a version of the song as a bonus track on her 2004 Polaroids: A Greatest Hits Collection album.
New York folk-rock act Gemini Fog covered the song on their 2022 album Kinetic Sleeper.
Notes
References
External links
The Beatles songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Songs published by Northern Songs
1964 songs
British folk rock songs
Songs written for films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Be%20Back%20%28song%29 |
"Lady Jane" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. Written by the group's songwriting duo of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, the song was initially included on the band's 1966 album Aftermath.
The song showcases Brian Jones' instrumental incorporation of baroque rock as it was beginning to be introduced. In the US, the song was released as the B-side of the "Mother's Little Helper" single on 2 July 1966, and peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
History
Composition
The song was written at a milestone in the Rolling Stones' recording career that saw Jagger and Richards emerge as the group's chief songwriters. On the band's previous album, Out of Our Heads, the duo shared writing credits on just three tracks. On Aftermath, however, the two were credited together on every track, making it the first album to be composed solely of original band material. It was also during this period that Brian Jones, despite losing control of the band's output, was integrating different instruments into the group's repertoire. Joe S. Harrington has noted that the Beatles' harpsichord-like sound on the song "In My Life", in 1965, opened considerations for Jones to include baroque rock instrumentals. The Rolling Stones has already used a harpsichord in the song "Play With Fire" from early 1965 as the B-side to "The Last Time". This was recorded months before the Beatles recorded "In My Life". Apparently, the Stones were already considering baroque rock instruments.
"Lady Jane" was written and composed by Jagger in early 1966 after reading the then controversial 1928 book Lady Chatterley's Lover, which uses the term "Lady Jane" to mean female genitalia. According to Jagger, "the names [in the song] are historical, but it was really unconscious that they should fit together from the same period." At the time, it was widely thought that an inspiration for the song was Jane Ormsby-Gore, daughter of David Ormsby-Gore, the former British ambassador in Washington, who later married Michael Rainey, founder of the Hung on You boutique in Chelsea that was frequented by the Stones. Its most influential development was by Jones, no longer the principal musical force for the band, searching for methods to improve upon their musical textures. He expressed intrigue in incorporating culturally diverse instruments into the band's music, investigating the sitar, koto, marimba, and testing electronics. In the press Jones talked about applying the Appalachian dulcimer into compositions, although he seemed uncertain of the instrument, saying "It's an old English instrument used at the beginning of the century". According to Keith Richards, the dulcimer was brought to his attention when Jones began listening to recordings of folk musician Richard Fariña. Exactly when Jones discovered Farina and his use of the dulcimer is open to speculation. The influence of these recordings would manifest itself in Aftermath, where Jones performed with the dulcimer on two tracks, "I Am Waiting" and, more distinctively, "Lady Jane". This later contributed to Jones' status as a pioneer in world music, and effectively shifted the band from blues rock to a versatile pop group.
Recording
The master recording of "Lady Jane" was recorded from 6 to 9 March 1966, at RCA Studios in Los Angeles, with sound engineer Dave Hassinger guiding the band through the process (despite Andrew Loog Oldham being credited as producer). Mark Brend has indicated that the influence of Fariña's dulcimer playing can be clearly heard in Jones's recurring counter-melody to a call and response with Jagger's vocals. Jones plays the instrument in the traditional style, placed on his knees, fretted with a biter and plucked with a quill. In addition to the striking dulcimer motif, "Lady Jane" is also highlighted by Jack Nitzsche's harpsichord accompaniment halfway through the song. "Lady Jane" also exhibits influences of author Geoffrey Chaucer, particularly in Jagger's vocal delivery and diction. To Richards, "Lady Jane is very Elizabethan. There are a few places in England where people still speak that way, Chaucer English". The vocal melody is set in the subtonic range, rather than the conventional major seventh scale degree, which presents a Renaissance-style modal. Although stylistically the two songs have little in common, the modality connects the Eastern melody and harmonies of "Lady Jane" to "Paint It Black".
Release
In the US, "Lady Jane" was released as the B-side of "Mother's Little Helper." "Lady Jane" reached number 24 on Billboards Hot 100 singles chart, while "Mother's Little Helper" reached number eight, making the release one of the few singles with both songs becoming hits in the US.
Critical reception
Cash Box described the song as a "tender, inventively melodic pledge of devotion." San Francisco Examiner music critic Ralph Gleason called "Lady Jane" a "remarkable switch, a take-off on a 17th century formal dance...with imaginative musical effects."
Personnel
According to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon:
The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger vocals
Keith Richards acoustic guitar
Brian Jones dulcimer
Bill Wyman bass
Charlie Watts xylophone
Additional musicians
Jack Nitzsche harpsichord
Charts
Covers
David Garrick released a version in 1966, which reached No. 28 in the UK, and No. 6 in the Netherlands.
Rotary Connection's 1968 album Rotary Connection includes a cover featuring Minnie Riperton's vocals.
A cover by Norwegian band the Mojo Blues reached No. 7 in Norway during the summer of 1966.
References
Sources
1966 songs
Songs written by Jagger–Richards
The Rolling Stones songs
Baroque pop songs
1966 singles
London Records singles
Song recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham
Jane Seymour
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
1960s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Jane%20%28song%29 |
Neil Young in Berlin is a live video by Neil Young, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, and recorded in October 1982 during the European Tour for his album Trans. It includes the song "After Berlin" written especially for that concert and only performed once.
It was first issued on VHS and later on LaserDisc and DVD.
Reception
Writing for Allmusic, critic William Ruhlman called the video "a good summary of Young's career, from "Cinnamon Girl" to the then-current Trans."
Track listing
All songs written by Neil Young.
"Cinnamon Girl"
"Computer Age"
"Little Thing Called Love"
"Old Man"
"The Needle and the Damage Done"
"After the Gold Rush"
"Transformer Man"
"Sample and Hold"
"Like a Hurricane"
"Hey Hey My My"
"After Berlin"
On the DVD, "Like a Hurricane" is omitted in the track list on the back cover, but is still present on the disc.
Personnel
Neil Young – vocal, guitar
Ralph Molina – drums
Nils Lofgren – guitar
Bruce Palmer – bass
Ben Keith – pedal steel, lap steel, keyboards
Joe Lala – percussion
Joel Bernstein – Synthesizer
Larry Cragg – banjo
References
External links
Concert films
Neil Young live albums
1986 video albums
1986 live albums
Live video albums
Rhino Records live albums
Rhino Records video albums
Films directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Young%20in%20Berlin |
Snetterton is a village and civil parish in Norfolk, England. The village is about east-northeast of Thetford and southwest of Norwich. The civil parish has an area of . The 2011 Census recorded a parish population of 201 people living in 74 households.
The parish is in Breckland District.
History
The earliest known surviving record of the place-name is in the Domesday Book of 1086, which records it as Snentretuna. It is derived from Old English, meaning "Snytra's enclosure".
The earliest part of the Church of England parish church of All Saints is the 13th-century chancel, which has a double piscina. The west tower is 14th-century, as is the bowl of the baptismal font. In the 15th century the nave was rebuilt and the north aisle and south porch were built.
The north porch was added in the 19th century. The church was restored in 1852, when the nave and chancel roofs were rebuilt and a Gothic Revival chancel screen was installed. All Saints' is a Grade I listed building.
Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, formerly RAF Snetterton Heath, is partly in the parish and partly in the adjoining civil parish of Quidenham.
References
Further reading
External links
Snetterton Parish Council
Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk
Breckland District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snetterton |
Savant is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, depicted as a member of the Birds of Prey and the Suicide Squad.
The character made his cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe film The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Michael Rooker.
Fictional character biography
Brian Durlin, better known as Savant, is the spoiled heir to an enormous fortune. Savant had moved to Gotham City to become a self-styled vigilante. However, after Batman discouraged his involvement in vigilantism because of his lack of care to protect others, he turned his own formidable computer skills into a profitable blackmailing business. Savant was joined in this by an ex-Russian KGB agent named Creote.
Savant later kidnapped Black Canary in hopes to get the real identity of Batman from Oracle. However, he was soon defeated by her team. Oracle then made the decision to attempt to rehabilitate him, mainly in order to keep his data files on hundreds of real villains. Like his namesake, he is a genius; however, due to a chemical imbalance he exhibits a non-linear memory and seems to be quite forgetful. Savant has also exhibited feelings for Oracle, probably rooted in his envy of her computer skills.
Savant went on, under Oracle's control, to clean up a Gotham neighborhood. However his unique methods led Oracle to regret her decision. Savant and Creote then joined forces with Huntress to take over the Gotham mafia by placing Huntress as capo.
As part of a plan by Calculator to get to Oracle, Savant was kidnapped and tortured by agents of the Secret Society of Super Villains. His non-linear memory helped him to resist the interrogation, making it appear to last only a few hours rather than the days it had really been. He was rescued by the Birds of Prey and out of anger pushed the villain Black Spider out of a window. Spider survived, meaning the Birds did not have to arrest Savant for murder, though he did end his association with Oracle.
He and Creote turn up alongside dozens of former Birds of Prey and friends of Barbara to confront Spy Smasher.
He is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell free card from the Secret Six.
Savant is seemingly attacked and murdered by The White Canary. After a failed attempt to keep him alive, a grieving Creote blames Oracle for this and shoots himself. It later turns out that they both faked their deaths. They later appear in Oracle's base and abduct her, planning for her to reveal her secret identity to the world. They take Oracle to the top of the Gotham Dam, where Savant reveals that his distorted sense of time means that his torture at the hands of the Secret Society feels like it only happened five minutes ago and that he has been in constant mental agony for two years. He then reveals that the true purpose of bringing Oracle out to the dam was to have her witness his suicide and attempts to throw himself off the dam, but Oracle leaps from her chair and stops him, convincing Creote to help pull them up despite his promise to let Savant die. She then explains to a confused Savant that Creote is in love with him. Creote later admits his feelings to Savant, who to his surprise reciprocates.
Savant and Creote were offered positions in the Birds of Prey by Oracle yet again, Savant on technical staff, Creote as a bodyguard. Recently, Savant has appeared in a meeting with the Calculator to have faked his breakdown to infiltrate Oracle's operation. However, it is later apparent in a meeting with Oracle and Batman that he is a double agent for the Birds of Prey, to feed Calculator information that would ultimately allow the Birds to successfully fake the death of Oracle. The brief encounter with Batman revealed that neither of them has forgotten their previous hostility towards the other.
In September 2011, DC Comics rebooted the continuity of its fictional universe in an initiative known as The New 52. In this new timeline, Savant is reintroduced as a member of Amanda Waller's new Suicide Squad. As part of an effort to weed out the weak link in the group, the candidates are tortured, with Savant eventually cracking under the pressure and betraying the group. He is dragged away and seemingly killed, but his fate is left uncertain.
Powers and abilities
Savant possesses genius-level intellect and is an expert at martial arts, computer operation, and multilingualism. However, he also exhibits non-linear memory due to a neuro-chemical imbalance, which causes his recollection of events to occur out of order and leaves him with a distorted sense of time. While this has allowed him to resist an interrogation attempt, making it appear to last hours instead of days for him, he was left believing it happened five minutes prior and was in constant agony for two years afterward.
In other media
Savant appears in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Michael Rooker. This version is a war veteran who was convicted of blackmail. He is recruited into a detachment of the eponymous team to, unknowingly, distract the Corto Maltesean military while a separate detachment infiltrates the country undetected to destroy a local research facility called Jötunheim and its secretive Project Starfish. In the process, his PTSD flares up after witnessing most of his team get killed in the ensuing battle and attempts to flee, leading to the team's coordinator Amanda Waller to executing him via an explosive device implanted in his skull.
References
Comics characters introduced in 2003
Characters created by Gail Simone
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
DC Comics LGBT supervillains
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics martial artists
Fictional characters with memory disorders
Fictional blackmailers
Fictional bisexual men
Fictional hackers
Russian superheroes
Suicide Squad members
Vigilante characters in comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant%20%28DC%20Comics%29 |
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio (March 1, 1927–April 28, 2015) was a Philippine Air Force major general.
Career
Piccio entered the Philippine Air Force Flying School in 1949 and graduated in 1951. Commissioned as second lieutenant in the reserve force, he was assigned as flight commander and instructor at Fernando Air Base in Lipa. A year later, he transferred to Basa Air Base in Floridablanca where he transitioned in the P-51 Mustang. In 1954, he completed the Squadron Officers Course at the Air Force Officer School. He was promoted to first lieutenant on December 2, 1954, and integrated into the regular force on 29 December 1955. He was promoted to captain on 7 April 1956. He was appointed Division Commander of the 3rd Air Division in 1978 and promoted to brigadier general on 11 July 1979. On 16 July 1980, he was designated as the commanding officer of the Aviation Security Command and in 1981 became the vice-commander of the Philippine Air Force in concurrent capacity. In the same year, he was appointed president of Military Commission Number 5. After a year, on April 5, 1982, he became commanding general of the Philippine Air Force. On May 2 of the same year he was promoted to major general.
Piccio was responsible for issuing in 1985 a directive banning taxpayer-subsidized Philippine Air Force personnel from traveling or gaining employment abroad “without presidential clearance or authority”.
People Power Revolution
Piccio was noted as having been the commander of the Philippine Air Force during the 1986 People Power Revolution. During the revolution, he lost effective control over the air force after the defection of a number of elite helicopter pilots, led by Col. Antonio Sotelo, from the 15th Strike Wing. These pilots, in turn, provided air cover for the rebel forces under Defense Minister Juan Ponce-Enrile and Philippine Constabulary Chief Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos
The loss of the elite air-force pilots, analysts and historians say, was key to the eventual success of the four-day civilian-backed nonviolent revolution that toppled the Marcos administration. For his loyalty to the formal chain of command under Chief of Staff Fabián Ver, Piccio was branded as a "stooge".
Personal life
Piccio was born in Iloilo City to a family from the Karay-a town of Dueñas. He grew up in Maasin, another Karay-a town. He later married Nena Hernández of Belison, Antique and with her had seven children: Vincent Bernard, Elizabeth Mary, Philip Gregory “Dobol P”, Bernard, Robert Ephrem, Christopher and Paul Anthony. He had 7 grandchildren including: Alexandra Piccio, Christopher "C. J." Piccio, Roberto Piccio, Paula Piccio, Ariana Castrence, and Julian “Ian” Castrence. He died on April 28, 2015, in Belison.
References
1927 births
Filipino people of Jewish descent
Filipino people of Italian descent
Vicente 02
Karay-a people
People from Iloilo
Philippine Air Force generals
People of the People Power Revolution
Mayors of places in Antique (province)
2015 deaths
Deaths from dementia in the Philippines
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Piccio%20Jr. |
Chanel College () is a Catholic boys' secondary school in Coolock, Dublin, Ireland. The Principal is Dara Gill. The college has approximately 600 pupils.
History
The school opened in 1955 with 12 pupils in the first year. It was the year after the canonisation of Saint Peter Chanel (one of the early Marists and the first to be canonised) and so the college was named in his honour. The main part of the school was built in the late sixties. Chanel was the third school to be opened by the Marist Fathers in Ireland, coming after CUS in 1867, and St Mary's College, Dundalk in 1861.
Community involvement
Chanel College has been involved in Civic Link since 2001. In the first year, they were linked to St. Joseph's High School, Derry. Subsequently, they were linked to Knockbreda High School, Belfast and Ballycastle High School, County Antrim. They are currently linked with Keithryan High School, County Antrim.
Chanel joined the National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship programme in 2006.
Sports facilities
In 2012, Chanel transferred some of its sports fields to neighbouring Parnells GAA club, who built a new sports complex on the site consisting of several floodlit all-weather pitches, training facilities, and a social centre. Chanel has the use of these facilities. It subsequently sold much of its campus to developers, who have built private housing on the approach to the school.
Notable past pupils
Terence Flanagan, Dublin City Councillor and former TD for Dublin North East (2007-2016)
Patrick Joseph McGrath, Bishop of San Jose, California (1999-2009)
Alex White, former TD for Dublin South
G. V. Wright, former senator and TD
References
External links
Official website
Coolock
Secondary schools in Dublin (city)
Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1955
1955 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel%20College%2C%20Dublin |
are a told about in Kōyama, Kimotsuki District, Kagoshima Prefecture (now Kimotsuki). They are also called or .
Summary
According to the , jointly authored by the locally born educator Nomura Denshi and the folkloricist Kunio Yanagita, at evening time, a cloth-like object about 1 in area (about in length and in width) would flutter around attacking people.
They are said to wrap around people's necks and cover people's faces and suffocate people to death, and in other tales it is said that wrapped cloths would spin around and around and quickly come flying, wrap around people's bodies, and take them away to the skies.
There is a story where one man hurrying to his home at night when a white cloth came and wrapped around his neck, and when he cut it with his (short sword), the cloth disappeared, and remaining on his hands was some blood.
In regions where they are said to appear and disappear, there seemed to be a custom where children were warned that if they play too late, that " would come."
Also, it is said that in Kimotsuki, there are shrines (the for example) where are said to frequently appear, and it was believed that when children pass in front of the shrine, an flying above in the skies would attack the last child in line, so children would go run ahead and cut through.
In the classical , the , there is a shaped like a cloth with arms and legs. The folklorist hypothesizes that this is the origin of .
Recent sightings
According to a report from the yōkai researcher , in recent years there have been many eyewitness reports of flying cloth-shaped objects thought to be .
In Kagoshima Prefecture where this legend is told, white cloth-like objects flying in low altitude have been witnessed. In Fukuoka Prefecture, also in Kyushu, there have been reports of extremely speedy flying alongside trains witnessed by passengers.
Outside Kyushu, there have been witness reports in Higashi-Kōenji Station and Ogikubo, Tokyo. In Higashi-Kōenji, a woman walking her dog witnessed a cloth flying in the skies and followed it for a while.
In Shizuoka Prefecture, elementary school kids were said to have seen a transparent sheet-like object flutter around, and the entire object was like a rectangle, but it became thin on one end, like a tail.
In 2004, in Hyōgo Prefecture, a UFO filming society captured footage of an unidentified cloth-shaped object flying in the skies above Mount Rokkō and it is said to be extremely large, at .
While filming , the actor Shirō Sano witnessed an flying above, said to have a long white shape.
Also, in the eastern Japan earthquake, there have been many reports of something closely resembling an , and there have been many videos confirmed to show a white cloth-like object flying in the air.
True identity
are thought to appear in the evening, but the general view is that this is because in the past, parents needed to do farmwork for the entire day including at this time and therefore could not keep an eye on their children, so the tales of were told to children to warn them of the dangers of playing too late. Also, in the lands where the legend is told, there is a custom of raising a cotton flag during burials for the purpose of mourning, so it is inferred that some of these would be blown by the wind and fly in the air and thus be connected to the legends of the .
In the Japanese television series there was an experiment performed in which a piece of cloth about long was set up and moved in the darkness, and the average length reported by the people who saw it was , with the longest being . The program suggested that when a white or bright objects move in the darkness, a positive afterimage optical illusion would leave a trail due to movement, causing soaring things in the forests at night such as to be seen as longer than they actually are, and thus mistaken as .
In fiction
There are no depictions of ittan momen in classical yōkai emaki, so these yōkai was once relatively unknown, but they have become more widely known since appearing in Mizuki Shigeru's manga GeGeGe no Kitarō. This manga depicted them as speaking a Kyushu dialect, having good-natured personalities, and having a unique look while flying, which raised their fame and popularity despite their original legend of attacking people. In Mizuki's depictions these yōkai are depicted as a cloth with two eyes and two arms, so now they are commonly perceived to be pieces of cloth with two eyes in yōkai depictions, but Mizuki's depictions are original inventions and the ones in actual legend and in the previous witness reports have no eyes or arms and are instead simply flying objects that resembled cloth. In Mizuki's birthplace, Sakaiminato, Tottori Prefecture, they ranked number 1 in the "First Yōkai Popularity Poll" held by the tourism association.
In Kamen Rider Hibiki they appeared as enemy characters and they were based on the original legend with some extra original twists on their appearance and personality.
In 2007, the local historian of Kagoshima Prefecture, Takenoi Satoshi, started creating kamishibai of ittan momen so that such legends that are gradually being forgotten can be remembered by the children.
In the 2020 anime adaptation of the In/Spectre ("Kyokō Suiri") novels, an ittan momen drawn in the Mizuki style, flies out from under the skirt of the female protagonist Kotoko.
Similar yōkai
The following are yōkai considered to be similar to ittan momen. The musasabi would through the air along forest streets at night and cling to people's faces in surprise, so it is theorized that they are thought to a yōkai like this.
Fusuma ("bedding")
A yōkai told to frequently appear and disappear on Sado Island in the Edo Period. It was a yōkai that looked like a large furoshiki, and they would come flying out of nowhere at roads at night and cover the heads of pedestrians. They cannot be cut with blades of any sharpness, but they can be bit apart with teeth that have been blackened at least once. It is said that because of this, there was a custom for males to blacken their teeth.
Futon kabuse (literally, "cover with futon")
Saku-shima, Aichi Prefecture. In the writings of the folkloricist Kunio Yanagita, it is only written that "they'd float along and flying in with a whoosh, covering and suffocating to death," so there are not many legends about it and not much is known, but it is interpreted to be a futon-shaped object that come flying in and covering people's faces and suffocating them to death.
In popular culture
In the anime/manga series Inu x Boku SS, one of the characters, Renshō Sorinozuka, is an Ittan-momen.
In the tokusatsu franchise Super Sentai, the Ittan-momen was seen as a basis of a monster in series installments themed after Japanese culture:
In Kakuranger (1994), one of the Youkai Army Corps members the Kakurangers fought was an Ittan-momen. It appeared in the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers toyline as "Calcifire".
In Shinkenger (2009), one of the Ayakashi, named Urawadachi, served as the basis of the Ittan-momen within the series. He was not adapted into Power Rangers Samurai.
In Ninninger (2015), one of the Youkai the Ninningers fought was an Ittan-momen, with elements borrowed from a carpet and a magician. It was later adapted into Power Rangers Ninja Steel as Abrakadanger who appears in his self-titled episode.
In The Legend of Korra in the Avatar series, the two waring spirits, Raava and Vaatu that are based on Yin and Yang, may have had their designs inspired from Ittan-momen.
In Yo-kai Watch, the Ittan-momen appears as a cloth-strip Yo-kai and is called So-Sorree in the English dub. Anyone inspirited by So-Sorree can become mischievous and then give insincere apologies. So-Sorree can evolve into Bowminos (a domino-shaped Yo-kai who makes anyone it inspirits give sincere apologies) and can be fused with Merican Flower to become Ittan-Sorry.
In GeGeGe no Kitarō, a recurring yōkai character named Ittan Momen (Rollo Cloth in English translations) appears as an anthropomorphic cloth with the ability to fly. He is among Kitaro's core group of friends.
Notes
References
Further reading
Tsukumogami
Textiles in folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittan-momen |
Chanel College may refer to several schools named for Peter Chanel:
Chanel College (Gladstone), in Gladstone, Queensland, Australia
Chanel College (Dublin), in Coolock, Dublin, Ireland
Chanel College (Geelong), in Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Chanel College, Masterton, in Masterton, New Zealand
Chanel College, Moamoa, in Moamoa, Samoa
See also
St Peter Chanel School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel%20College |
Tactics (stylized as tactics) is a Japanese manga series written as a collaboration between Sakura Kinoshita and Kazuko Higashiyama. It was serialized in Comic Blade Masamune. Kinoshita supplied the character "Kantarou", and Higashiyama supplied the character "Haruka". While the manga was previously licensed for released in English in paperback by both ADV Manga and Tokyopop, the manga was only available in English in digital format on JManga for two years before it was no longer accessible.
The animation studio Studio Deen adapted the Tactics manga into a 25-episode anime series, which ran on Japanese television from October 5, 2004, to March 29, 2005. The English dub of the anime was distributed by Manga Entertainment in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Tactics resumed serialization on January 18, 2018 as a web manga on Pixiv.
Plot
Set in Japan during the Taishō period (in the anime, the manga is set during the late Meiji period), Tactics is the story of Kantarou Ichinomiya, a young man with the ability to see youkai and other mythical beasts. When he was a child, this ability resulted in him being ostracized by humans. His youkai friends told him that in order to be stronger, he must find the oni-eating tengu. The young Kantarou then vows to find it and name it. By naming one, a human becomes master and the name contract is only broken if the master chooses. As Kantarou grows up, he finds a career as a folklorist and a part-time exorcist, alongside his youkai friend Youko. An assignment leads Kantarou to a mountain where a shrine marks the place where the tengu had been sealed away. Calling upon the tengu by the name Haruka, Kantarou breaks the seal and becomes Haruka's master. As time goes on, Kantarou, Youko, and Haruka develop a close friendship. However, this relationship is threatened by Haruka's returning memories and his yearning to know more about his past.
Characters
Kantarou is a young folklorist and part-time exorcist with an ability to see youkai. Kantarou is highly intelligent and is quite sneaky and manipulative. He is able to trick others into doing what he wants and anticipate their reactions. This trait has resulted in him being called a tactician by Haruka, hence the title of the series. Despite this, Kantarou has a good heart and feels deeply for youkai. Although it is customary for an exorcist to kill youkai, Kantarou chooses to reason with them and sees his line of work as a way to help them. His attitude has been criticized by both Haruka and Sugino, as they feel it may endanger him.
Haruka is an oni-eating tengu, the strongest of all youkai. Kantarou, having named him, became his master and friend. Haruka has the ability to control lightning. Occasionally, such as when he is attacking oni, Haruka can transfigure into his true youkai form. His nails grow sharper and longer, his fangs grow longer, and his eyes constrict. Usually, he appears as a tall, dark-haired man with black wings that he can either hide or reveal. Haruka is troubled by his lack of memories, inability to eat youkai, and loss of power, which starts to affect his sense of self. Haruka's name under his previous master, an onmyōdō practitioner, was Rin. As Rin, he did not have a good relationship with his master, and it is hinted that she took advantage of his subservient status for sexual purposes.
Youko is a female kitsune youkai whom Kantarou named. At the beginning of Tactics, Youko had already been living with Kantarou. She is loud and impulsive, and often loses her temper towards Kantaoru. Youko has the ability to make her fox ears appear and disappear at will, and can turn into her fox form if she wishes. Youko is shown to be deeply concerned about the household expenses and pesters Kantarou about finishing his book manuscripts. Before joining Kantarou, Youko was initially a lonely youkai who deceived travellers into thinking she was a member of their family. Youko pretends to be Kantarou's wife, but Kantarou soon reveals her to be a youkai, and invites her to join his household.
Suzu is a rich teenage girl who constantly helps Katarou on his cases. She first met him in episode 1 and after that usually hangs out in his house. Suzu is often addressed as "Suzu-chan" and she maintains a very close relationship with Youko. She has a crush on Haruka, but often treats Kantarou harshly. Her character was created for the anime, but she has appeared in several of the manga's omake since.
Sugino is a white tengu and the "god" of Sugino Village. As such, he is often called Sugino-sama. Unlike a black tengu, who is born a tengu, a white tengu is originally a powerful, overly-proud human priest or monk who changed into a tengu. Before Kantarou, Sugino had attempted to break Haruka's seal, but failed. Sugino has a great amount of dislike for the human race, having been a human himself. Sugino is married to Muu-chan, a small, green youkai. Upon being asked how they would reproduce, Sugino states that their relationship is platonic. Prior to meeting Muu-chan, Sugino was a cruel character who earned the nickname of 'violent tengu'. His cruelty caused him to be lonely and hate his immortality.
Muu-chan is a small, green youkai who is married to Sugino and only says 'Muu'. Muu-chan has the ability to vacuum up demons and spells using its mouth.
A handsome young wealthy nobleman, main opponent of series. He is the leader of the government's Demon Extermination Squad. He wants to make Kantarou cancel his name contract with Haruka so Haruka will get his memories back and become the "real" demon eating tengu he wishes to defeat. He hates that Kantarou was able to unseal the demon-eating tengu but he himself could not. He wields Minamoto's Legendary sword. His allies are Watanabe and Ibaragi.
Media
Manga
The manga was first released in North America by ADV Manga in 2004. Afterwards, the US license was transferred to Tokyopop, who released 8 volumes before they shut down their American branch. Volumes 1–12 were available on JManga until its closure in May 2013.
Volume list
Anime
Tactics originally aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from October 5, 2004, to March 29, 2005. The series consists of 25 episodes. The series was directed by Hiroshi Watanabe and was produced by Studio Deen. Tactics was licensed for English release and distributed by Manga Entertainment.
In the United States, it was featured on the Ani-Monday program from January 7, 2008, to April 21, 2008, on the Sci Fi Channel. The opening theme for Tactics was Secret World and the ending theme was . Both were sung by Miki Akiyama.
Anime production staff
Director: Hiroshi Watanabe
Series composition: Kenichi Kanemaki
Dubbing director: Kazuhiko Inoue
Script: Kanemaki Kenichi
Screenplay: Hiroyuki Kawasaki, Katsuhiko Takayama, Masashi Kubota, Masashi Suzuki
Storyboard: Chiaki Ima, Hiroshi Watanabe, Masashi Kojima, Mitsuko Oyake, Shinpei Miyashita
Episode director: Chiaki Ima, Hiroshi Watanabe, Shigeru Ueda
Music: Kei Haneoka
Character design: Mariko Oka
Art director: Michiyo Akutsu
Chief animation director: Mariko Oka
Animation director: Minefumi Harada, Miyako Tsuji, Youichi Ishikawa, Yukiko Ban
Director of Photography: Akio Abe
Music
A CD for season 1 of the Tactics anime was released on June 27, 2006
Opening Theme
"Secret World"
Lyrics by: Yuriko Mori
Composition by: Kazuya Nishioka
Arrangement by: Kazuya Nishioka
Performed by: Miki Akiyama
Ending Theme
Lyrics by: Yuriko Mori
Composition by: Kazuya Nishioka
Arrangement by: Kazuya Nishioka
Performed by: Miki Akiyama
Light Novels
Three official light novels exist, all written by Nanami Nari, with the approval of Sakura Kinoshita and Kazuko Higashiyama. They have remained unlocalized, and do not possess English titles. They are published by Mag Garden Novels, a subsidiary of Mag Garden.
小説 tactics［天狗祭嫁取伝説異聞］（本文：七海鳴）
小説 tactics 第2巻［巷説妖狐残夢奇譚］（本文：七海鳴）
小説 tactics 第3巻［鬼種異界流離咒歌］（本文：七海鳴）
References
Further reading
External links
Official Tactics Manga Website
Tactics @ FrontierWorks
TV-Tokyo's Official Tactics Anime Website
2001 manga
2004 anime television series debuts
ADV Manga
Exorcism in anime and manga
IG Port franchises
Japanese mythology in anime and manga
Mag Garden manga
Occult detective anime and manga
Odex
Shōjo manga
Shōnen manga
Studio Deen
TV Tokyo original programming
Tokyopop titles
Works about tengu
Yōkai in anime and manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics%20%28manga%29 |
The Moonshine Conspiracy is a collective of surfers and artists who share a certain retro sensibility. The Conspiracy was begun in 1998 by Emmett Malloy, his cousins the Malloy brothers (surfers Chris Malloy, Keith, and Dan); and former pro-surfer and musician Jack Johnson in Ventura, California. Moonshine released four films. They made a total of six.
Later, they developed a record label company, The Moonshine Conspiracy Records, to release soundtracks for Woodshed Films (owned by Jack Johnson and others). After releasing Johnson's On and On through Universal Records, the label was renamed as Brushfire Records. It was named in part after Johnson's Enjoy Records album debut.
Moonshine Festival
Held in Laguna Beach, California, the Moonshine Festival was an art, music, and film event related to surfing and named for the Malloy-led Moonshine Conspiracy. Jack Johnson, Will Oldham, the Shins, and others, such as surfer-musician Donavon Frankenreiter performed there.
Films
Thicker than Water (1999, Jack Johnson)
The Seedling (1999, Thomas Campbell)
September Sessions (2000, Jack Johnson)
Shelter (2001)
Sprout (2004, Thomas Campbell)
A Brokedown Melody (2004, Chris Malloy)
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Woodshed Films Official Website (formerly themoonshineconspiracy.com)
American record labels
Record labels disestablished in 2002
Surf culture
Surfing organizations
Surfing in the United States
Surfing in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Moonshine%20Conspiracy |
is a private non-sectarian higher education institution located in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded by Dr. Shigeyoshi Matsumae.
It was accredited under Japan's old educational system in 1946 and under the new system in 1950. In 2008, Tokai University, Kyushu Tokai University, and Hokkaido Tokai University were consolidated and reorganized into Tokai University. Its Chinese character name is the same as Tunghai University in Taiwan.
History
The Bosei Seminar was founded at Musashino to realize Dr. Shigeyoshi Matsumae's concept of education to the public.
Dr. Matsumae founded the establishing entity of the university, or the Tokai University Educational System, in 1942. The university went through phases under the Japan's old educational systems, and reorganized schools accordingly roughly upon three stages for four times.
Training institutions for engineers and industrial schools
Foundation for Telecommunications Engineering School (14 October 1937 - 21 September 1944) operated three schools for telecommunications (21 October 1937 - 21 September 1945), which were renamed firstly to Polytechnic School (21 September 1945 - March 1947) then to Tokai Higher Telecommunications Engineering School (March 1947 - March 1965).
Old technical college
Under the College Law of 27 March 1903
Before the end of World War II, technical colleges were governed under the College Law of 27 March 1903 , and the Foundation for National Defense Science and Technology Institute (8 December 1942 - 15 August 1945) operated Radio Wave Technology Development Institute (1 February 1944 - 15 August 1945), Radio Science College (18 April 1944 - 15 August 1945). In 1943 Dr. Matsumae opened the Aerial Science College (8 April 1943 - 15 August 1945), an antecedent of Tokai University in Miho, Shizuoka, Japan.
After 1945
Under Kyūsei daigaku system - the former Education Law of 6 December 1918
Foundation for National Defense Science and Technology Institute was renamed to Tokai Gakuen Foundation (15 August 1945 - May 1, 1946) under Kyūsei daigaku system, and merged three educational establishments into Tokai College (15 August 1945 - 20 October 1945) which was renamed to Tokai Science College (20 October 1945 - March 1950).
Before the Shinsei daigaku system went into effect in 1947, the Foundation was reformed to Tokai University Foundation (1 May 1946 - 7 March 1951) under former Education Law of 6 December 1918, which operated former Tokai University (1 May 1946 - 1 April 1950) where students finished university education in three years.
Under Shinsei daigaku system - the Education Law of 31 March 1947
School systems in Japan was reformed in March 1947, when colleges and universities regulated under the former law of education were reformed to four-years-system educational institutions.
Tokai University Educational System
The Tokai University Educational System is one of the largest general education and research institutions in Japan. Today, Tokai University holds its headquarters in Yoyogi, Tokyo, with eight campuses all over Japan at Sapporo, Takanawa and Yoyogi in Tokyo, Hiratsuka and Isehara in Kanagawa, Shizuoka, with Kumamoto and Aso in Kumamoto; 21 schools and faculties make up approximately 80 departments, majors, and programs. With its graduate school offering 21 courses, the total student enrollment for both undergraduate and graduate is approximately 30,000 including 775 international students as of 2017. There are 1,653 faculty members with the ratio of students per a faculty member below 30.
Undergraduate schools
Overseas field training is popular among students as they can receive language training overseas, and classes are incorporated into the curriculum for Asian Studies, European and American Studies as well as Nordic Studies. Students from other Faculty can also take courses.
School of Cultural and Social Studies
Established in April 2018.
Admission: 450
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Creative Writing; Asian Studies; European and American Studies; Media Studies; Nordic Studies
School of Letters
The university holds a collection of 6,000 archaeological artifacts of Ancient Egypt and Near East based on donation in 2010 by the family of late Professor Hachishi Suzuki, and those Ancient Egyptian papyrus documents were offered for restoration and preservation workshops during 2013 to 2015 as an international civilization project by the Research Organization. Students deciphered and published the study results for the International Projects Concerning Civilization.
Admission: 930
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: American Civilization; Asian Civilization; Creative Writing; European Civilization; English Culture and Communications; History; Japanese Literature; Media Studies; Nordic Studies; Psychological and Sociological Studies.
School of Political Science and Economics
Offers courses to prepare for civil service examination, as well as internship program co-hosted by public offices.
Admission: 450
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Economics; Business Administration; Political Science.
School of Law
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors:
School of Humanities and Culture
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Arts; Human Development; International Studies.
School of Physical Education
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Competitive Sports; Judo and Kendo; Physical Education; Physical Recreation; Sport & Leisure Management.
School of Science
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Chemistry; Mathematical Sciences; Mathematics; Physics.
School of Information Science and Technology
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Applied Computer Engineering; Human and Information Science.
School of Engineering
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus
Majors: Aeronautics and Astronautics; Applied Biochemistry; Applied Chemistry; Architecture and Building Engineering; Biomedical Engineering; Civil Engineering; Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering; Nuclear Engineering; Optical and Imaging Science and Technology; Precision Engineering; Prime Mover Engineering.
School of Tourism
Admission:
Location: Shōnan campus (freshmen); Yoyogi campus (sophomore and up)
Majors: 観光学科
School of Information and Telecommunication Engineering
Admission:
Location: Takanawa campus
Majors: Communication and Network Engineering; Embedded Technology; Information Media Technology; Management Systems Engineering.
School of Marine Science and Technology
Admission:
Location: Shimizu campus
Majors: Applied Biological Science; Environmental and Societal Affairs; Fisheries; Marine and Earth Science; Marine Biology; Marine Civil Engineering; Marine Mineral Resources; Marine Science; Maritime Civilizations; Navigation; Navigation and Ocean Engineering.
School of Medicine
Admission:
Location: Isehara campus
Majors: 医学科 看護学科※1
School of Health Sciences
The School of Health Sciences is merged into the School of Medicine since April 2018.
Admission: 160
Location: Isehara campus
Majors: Nursing; Social Work.; 任用資格; :w:ja:スクールカウンセラー#スクールソーシャルワーカー
School of Business Studies
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors: Business Management.
School of Business Administration
Admission:
Location: Kumamoto campus
Majors: Business Administration; Tourism Management
School of Industrial Engineering
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors: Environment Conservation Sciences; Electronics and Intelligent Systems Engineering
School of Industrial and Welfare Engineering
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors: Production Engineering; Information Engineering; Architecture and Civil Engineering.
School of Agriculture
Admission:
Location: Aso campus※2（熊本）
Majors: he応用植物科学科／応用動物科学科／バイオサイエンス学科
School of International Cultural Relations
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors:
School of Biological Science and Engineering
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors:
School of Biological Engineering
Admission:
Location: campus
Majors:
Other courses
Japanese Language Course for International Students
Shipboard Training Course
Tokai Cool Japan
Graduate schools
Master's degree programs
Agriculture; Arts; Economics; Engineering; Health Sciences; Human Environmental Studies; Industrial Engineering; Information and Telecommunication Engineering; Law; Letters; Medicine; Physical Education; Political Science; Oceanography; Regional Development Studies; Science; Science and Engineering.
Doctoral degree programs
Bioscience; Earth and Environmental Science; Economics; Letters; Medicine; Political Science; Science and Technology.
Professional graduate school
Tokai Law School
Facilities
Campuses
Yoyogi Campus with University headquarters
Address: 2-28-4 Tomigaya, Shibuya, Tokyo
Nearest station: Yoyogi-hachiman Station on Odakyu Odawara Line, or Yoyogi-koen Station on Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line.
Aso Campus
Address: Kawayou, Minamiaso-mura, Aso-gun, Kumamoto Prefecture
Nearest station:
Shonan Campus
Address: 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture
Nearest station: 15 mininutes on foot from Tōkaidaigaku-mae Station of Odakyu Odawara Line
Isehara Campus
Address: Boseidai, Isehara City, Kanagawa Prefecture
Nearest station: Isehara Station on Odakyu Odawara Line
Kumamoto Campus
Address:9-1-1 Toroku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture
Nearest station:
Sapporo Campus
Prefecture
Address: 1-1-1 Minamisawa 5-jō, Sapporo City, Hokkaidō
Nearest station:
Shimizu Campus
Address: 3-20-1 Shimizu-orido, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture
Nearest station: Shimizu Station on JR Tōkaidō Line
Takanawa Campus
Address:2-3-23 Takanawa, Minato, Tokyo
Nearest station:
Overseas offices
Hawaii US: Tokai University Pacific Center A.K.A. Hawaii Tokai International College (HTIC)
Denmark: Tokai University European Center
Austria: Tokai University Vienna Office (Former The Matsumae Budocenter)
Russia: Tokai University Russia Office (Vladivostok), In Far Eastern Federal University
South Korea: Seoul office, In Hanyang University
Thailand:
Tokai University Asian Office at KMITL
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL)
Hospitals affiliated to the School of Medicine
Tokai University Hospital
Highly emergency medical care center
Tokai University Ōiso Hospital
Tokai University Tokyo Hospital
Tokai University Hachiōji Hospital
Others
"Bosei-maru", the marine research vessel
Achievements
Industry-academia-government collaboration
As Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has been encouraging joint ventures among the industry sector, academia and government functions, between 1994 and 2004, Tokai University applied 519 patents compared to Nihon University (390), Waseda University (358), Tokyo Institute of Technology (338) and 324 cases for Nagoya University. By 2004, Tokyo University as a national institute lead 1,361 joint ventures, Waseda University lead 683 as the top private institute against 278 by Tokai University ranking at the 15th place, whereas Tokai University was commissioned 211 projects (12th) while Tokyo University attracted 818 at the top.
Le Mans 24 Hours
A student team at Tōkai University fielded a car for the Le Mans 24 Hours race in 2008. This was the first time that a university team attempted to enter the race.
The team entered a Courage-Oreca LC70-YGK numbered 22 in the LMP1 class. It completed 185 laps (just under half that of the race winner), retiring due to a gearbox problem, and was not classified.
TOKAI UNIVERSITY Le Mans Project
It has been confirmed that they will race in the Asian Le Mans Series in November 2009. The team raced at the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai and will race again at the 2011 6 Hours of Zhuhai, both races are part of the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup.
Global Green Challenge
The Tokai Challenger is a solar car. The Tokai Challenger has become the winner of the 2009 World Solar Challenge, a race for solar cars across Australia. The car was designed and tested in collaboration with students from Tokai University and several Japanese companies in the automotive industry.
The Tokai Challenger covered the 3,021 kilometers off in 29 hours 49 minutes and it took an average speed of 100.54 kilometers per hour.
Scholarships
Athletes
Sport scholarship
Foreign students
Foreign student scholarship
Foreign student special scholarship
MATSUMAE Shigeyoshi Foreign student scholarship
General
Emergency scholarship (For those with family support)
General entrance examination top performer scholarship
International exchange scholarship
Labor scholarship (Service in a university)
MATSUMAE Shigeyoshi Commemoration Fund
Faculty scholarship
Self-study scholarship
Establishment commemoration paper scholarship
Graduate school students
Graduate school scholarship
Medical/Health science department students
Medical department scholarship
SATO Kanezō scholarship loan (Department of Medical & Health science Student)
BOSEI scholarship (Department student of Health science of nursing)
Private sponsors
KAWAKAMI Masuo & UCHIDA Shoyu scholarship
SATO Kanezō Research training scholarship
TOKAI University Supporters' association scholarship
Public relations
The Tokyo 12 Universities
The university is a member of the Tokyo 12 Universities, a joint public relations body for those headquartered in Tokyo, formed in 1964. It consists of Aoyama Gakuin University, Chuo University, Hosei University, Keio University, Kokugakuin University, Meiji University, Nihon University, Rikkyo University, Senshu University, Sophia University, and Waseda University.
Collaborative administration for university facilities
The Research and Promotion Division administers Technical Collaborative Management Office to promote aggressive research activities by the faculty and student of the university, as well as to share university facilities with private companies and regions, aiming to return resources to society.
Advanced physical property evaluation facility
chemical equipment analysis room - analysis equipment/facilities shared for inorganic, organic and biochemical systems.
Affiliated institutions
Archive, memorial halls and museums
Bōsei Academic and Archive Center - Archive
Matsumae Commemoration Hall - on Shonan campus
Museum of the School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University - an aquarium and dynosaurium in one facility, Miho, Shizuoka
Shigeyoshi Matsumae Memorial Hall () - on Kumamoto campus
Boarding school
Tokai University Boarding School in Denmark (now closed)
Extension centers
Bōsei gakujuku - classes offered to children and adults on the original site of at Musashino
Regional Collaboration Center - programs on Shonan, Takanawa and Kumamoto campuses with off campus offerings co-hosted by the city of Sagamihara
Publishing
Tokai University Press
Tokai Newspress - a campus newspaper with its website
Tokai Sports - weblog for students' sports activities, discontinued January 2018
Research institutes and research centers
Creative Science and Technology Research Organization
Civilization Laboratory
Ocean Research Laboratory
Integrated Medicinal Laboratory
Advanced Life Science Institute
Educational Development Research Center
Sports Medical Science Institute
Agricultural Research Institute
Okinawa Area Studies Center
Research Institute for Science and Technology
Information Technology Center
Space Information Center
Integrated Social Science Institute
Peace Strategy International Research Institute
Micro / Nano Research and Development Center
Life Sciences Institute at the Junior College
Integrated Nursing Research Facility at Medical Technology Junior College
Tourism and Culture Research Institute at Fukuoka Junior College
Welfare facilities
Ginreiso - cottage for mountaineering/ski in Jōzankei area
Tsumagoi Training Center - Sports and lecture facilities with accommodation, open to the public, Gumma prefecture
Yamanakako Seminar House - near Lake Yamanaka
Miho Training Center - a hotel with lecture rooms, open to the public
Matsumae Hall () - on Shonan campus
International Friendship Hall - in the vicinity of Shonan campus, Hadano
International House - on Sapporo campus
International Hall - students' hall for international students on Shonan campus
Notable alumni
Mashu Baker - Japanese judoka
Nana Eikura - actress, model
Ryunosuke Haga - Japanese judoka
Tatsunori Hara - manager of the Yomiuri Giants
Eikō Harada - president of McDonald's Japan
Kosei Inoue - Japanese judoka
Toru Kamikawa - international football referee
Radomir Kovačević - Serbian-Yugoslav judoka, coach, and bronze medalist at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Yuya Kubo - pitcher for the Yomiuri Giants
Michael Leitch - Rugby Union Player
Kazuo Sawa - video game music composer and musician
Riki Nakaya - Japanese judoka
Takuya Nakayama - basketball player
Satoko Okudera - screenwriter
Akinori Otsuka - pitcher for the Texas Rangers
Kenji Sakaguchi - actor
Kunihiro Shimizu - Japan national volleyball player
Kenjiro Shinozuka - rally driver
Shingo Suetsugu
Naohisa Takato - Japanese judoka
Kazuaki Tasaka - Japanese football player
Maki Tsukada
Naoki Eiga - Japanese kendoka
Toshihide Wakamatsu - actor
Yasuhiro Yamashita - undefeated Japanese judoka
Taishi Onodera - Japanese volleyball player
Notes
References
External links
Private universities and colleges in Japan
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
Universities and colleges in Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese junior colleges
American football in Japan
1942 establishments in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1942
Universities and colleges in Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai%20University |
Casual Gods is the second album by American musician Jerry Harrison, released in January 1988 by Sire Records in the U.S. and Fontana Records in the UK and Europe. His third album, Walk on Water, would also bear the Casual Gods name as a proxy for the band.
The track "Man with a Gun" was featured in the 1988 film Two Moon Junction, and the instrumental version of the same song was used in the 1986 Jonathan Demme film Something Wild. The track "Cherokee Chief" first appeared on the 1987 Sire Records promotional sampler Just Say Yes. The single "Rev It Up" peaked at No. 7 on the U.S. Album Rock Tracks chart. The album cover features a photograph of the Serra Pelada gold mine by Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado.
Track listing
All tracks were written by Jerry Harrison, except where indicated.
"Rev It Up" (Jerry Harrison, John Sieger, Ernie Brooks) – 4:17
"Song of Angels" – 3:35
"Man with a Gun" – 4:35
"Let It Come Down" – 4:52
"Cherokee Chief" (Harrison, Brooks) – 4:30
"A Perfect Lie" (Harrison, Arthur Russell, Brooks) – 4:25
"Are You Running?" (Harrison, Brooks, Monique Dayan) – 4:20
"Breakdown in the Passing Lane" – 4:37
"A.K.A. Love" (Harrison, Brooks) – 4:10
"We're Always Talking" (Harrison, Brooks) – 4:40
"Bobby" (Harrison, Brooks) – 4:03
"Bobby" (Extended Mix) (Harrison, Brooks) – 6:58
The extended mix of "Bobby" did not appear on the LP or cassette versions of the album, but was featured as the B-side of the "Rev It Up" 7-inch single. "Breakdown in the Passing Lane" was not on the original U.S. LP release.
Personnel
Jerry Harrison – guitar, keyboards, vocals
Additional musicians
Alex Weir – guitars (tracks 1–10), bass guitar (tracks 2–3, 5, 8–10)
Chris Spedding – guitars (tracks 1, 5)
Robbie McIntosh – guitars (tracks 5–6)
Rick Jaeger – drums (tracks 1, 5–12)
David Van Tieghem – drums (track 2), percussion (tracks 4–5)
Yogi Horton – drums (track 3)
Bernie Worrell – keyboards; bass synthesizer (track 6)
Jim Liban – horns; harmonica (track 8)
Dickie Landry – horns; saxophone (track 6)
Arlene Holmes – background vocals (tracks 1, 2–4, 7)
Lovelace Richmond – background vocals (tracks 2–4)
Arthur Russell – background vocals (track 6)
Joyce Bowden – background vocals (track 6)
Monique Dayan – background vocals (track 5)
Ernie Brooks – background vocals (track 8)
Technical
Jerry Harrison – producer
Ernie Brooks – assistant producer
Sebastião Salgado – photography
David Vartanian – engineer (tracks 1–8, 10–12), overdub engineer; mixing (track 11)
Jay Mark – engineer (track 9), mixing (tracks 6, 8)
David Avidor – overdub recording
Robin Laine – overdub recording
Eric "E.T." Thorngren – overdub recording; mixing (tracks 2–3, 5, 10)
John "Tokes" Potoker – overdub recording; mixing (tracks 1, 4, 7, 9, 12); additional engineering (track 6)
J.C. Convertino – overdub recording
Don Peterkofsky – studio assistant
Nick Delro – studio assistant
Tony Masciarotte – studio assistant
Mark Roule – studio assistant
Fernando Kral – studio assistant
Stan Katayama – studio assistant
Tom Vercillo – studio assistant
Bob Brackman – studio assistant
Jack Skinner – mastering
M&Co. – album art design
Charts
References
External links
Album review
1988 albums
Sire Records albums
Jerry Harrison albums
Albums produced by Jerry Harrison
Fontana Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual%20Gods |
Heather McElhatton is a writer and producer for Public Radio International. McElhatton produced the literary series Talking Volumes from 2001 to 2006. From 2005 to 2007 she hosted the live variety show Stage Sessions for Minnesota Public Radio at the Fitzgerald Theater in St Paul, Minnesota. The show combined storytelling, spoken word, music and featured guests including Sebastian Junger, Ann Bancroft, Kevin Kling, Bill Holm and Robert Bly.
Biography
McElhatton was born in Chicago, Illinois.
MCElhatton studied at the University of London and SACI in Florence, Italy, and earned her MFA in creative writing from Warren Wilson College in Asheville, North Carolina.
McElhatton has published several short stories, including Red Shoes in Alabama and the Whore Who Wore Them which was nominated for a Pushcart Prize in 2001.
McElhatton appeared on a televised episode of This American Life in a segment called "Peezilla", where she recaptured her experience on a school bus when she was a little girl.
Her debut novel, Pretty Little Mistakes, was a choose your own adventure style book for adults published by HarperCollins in May 2007. Her second book, "Jennifer Johnson is Sick of Being Single", was released by HarperCollins in May 2009. Her fourth book is Jennifer Johnson is Sick of Being Married.
Million Little Mistakes, a sequel to Pretty Little Mistakes, in which the reader decides how to spend $22 million in lottery winnings, was released in 2010.
References
External links
Heather McElhatton official site
American radio personalities
Writers from Minnesota
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20McElhatton |
Anderson Park may refer to:
Australia
Anderson Park, Neutral Bay, New South Wales
Anderson Park, Townsville, Queensland
New Zealand
Anderson Park, Invercargill
United States
Anderson Park (New Jersey) in Montclair, New Jersey
Anderson River Park in Anderson, California
Anderson Park (Redmond, Washington)
Cal Anderson Park in Seattle, Washington
See also
Anderson .Paak (born 1986), an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Park |
Natalie Anne Barr (born 19 March 1968) is an Australian television presenter, journalist, and news presenter.
Barr is currently co-host of the Seven Network's breakfast television program Sunrise alongside Matt Shirvington. She was previously the news presenter on Sunrise.
Career
In July 2008, Barr began presenting Seven Early News alongside Mark Beretta at 5.30am, which leads into Sunrise where she is still the news presenter. Natalie also occasionally fills-in on Seven News Sydney.
Barr was a front-runner to co-host Sunday Night, a new current affairs show, however Chris Bath was appointed co-host with Mike Munro.
Barr made a guest appearance on Home and Away 16 April 2018, appearing as herself reporting that missing girl Ava Gilbert.
In June 2020, it was announced Barr will host Sunrise with David Koch and Samantha Armytage on Monday and Friday respectively, after Armytage requested a reduced workload. However, due to dwindling ratings, Barr returned to presenting the news five days a week. In January 2021, Barr again became the permanent Friday co-presenter, this time with Matt Doran.
On 14 March 2021, Barr was appointed co-host of Sunrise after Samantha Armytage’s resignation.
Personal life
Barr was born in Bunbury, Western Australia and is married to Andrew (a television commercial editor). They have two sons.
References
External links
Sunrise
EntertainOZ celebrity speakers
1968 births
Living people
Seven News presenters
Australian television journalists
Journalists from Sydney
People from Bunbury, Western Australia
Curtin University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Barr |
Alfred "Aki" Schmidt (5 September 1935 – 11 November 2016) was a German football player and manager.
Schmidt played as attacking midfielder for Borussia Dortmund from 1956 to 1968, winning the German Cup in 1965 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966. In total, he played for Dortmund 276 times, scoring 67 times.
He played for the Germany national football team 25 times between 1957 and 1964 and was a member of the team that finished fourth at the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden.
Schmit was manager of Kickers Offenbach between 1970 and 1971, winning the DFB-Pokal in 1970.
Until his death, he served as the fan correspondent of Borussia Dortmund.
Honours
Club
Borussia Dortmund
German football championship: 1957, 1963
DFB-Pokal: 1964–65
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1965–66
Managerial
Kickers Offenbach
DFB-Pokal: 1969–70
References
External links
1935 births
2016 deaths
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
German football managers
Borussia Dortmund players
Bundesliga players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Kickers Offenbach managers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Dortmund
West German men's footballers
West German football managers
Sportspeople from the Province of Westphalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki%20Schmidt |
Chrismon is a German Lutheran magazine appearing monthly as a supplement to the weekly journal Die Zeit and the daily newspapers Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Nordrhein-Westfalen, and as an ePaper in FAZ Kiosk) Altmark Zeitung, Die Welt, Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten, Hannoversche Allgemeine, Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger/Kölnische Rundschau, Kreiszeitung (Syke), Leipziger Volkszeitung, Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung, Neue Presse, General-Anzeiger, Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung, Rheinische Post (Teilauflage), Welt am Sonntag (nur Norddeutschland), Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (gelegentlich, Teilauflage) und Westfälischer Anzeiger. About 1.5 million copies are distributed monthly. It was founded in 2000 under the Name "Chrisma", (from 2002 "Chrismon") and arose from the Deutsches Allgemeines Sonntagsblatt. It is owned by the Evangelical Church in Germany.
Publishers are Annette Kurschus, Praeses (or in German Präses) of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), and Anna-Nicole Heinrich (born 1996), the current praeses of the synod of the Evangelical Church in Germany.
References
External links
Official site
2002 establishments in Germany
Lutheran magazines
German-language magazines
Magazines established in 2002
Magazines published in Hamburg
Monthly magazines published in Germany
Newspaper supplements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrismon%20%28magazine%29 |
Chinese ceramics show a continuous development since pre-dynastic times and are one of the most significant forms of Chinese art and ceramics globally. The first pottery was made during the Palaeolithic era. Chinese ceramics range from construction materials such as bricks and tiles, to hand-built pottery vessels fired in bonfires or kilns, to the sophisticated Chinese porcelain wares made for the imperial court and for export. Porcelain was a Chinese invention and is so identified with China that it is still called "china" in everyday English usage.
Most later Chinese ceramics, even of the finest quality, were made on an industrial scale, thus few names of individual potters were recorded. Many of the most important kiln workshops were owned by or reserved for the emperor, and large quantities of Chinese export porcelain were exported as diplomatic gifts or for trade from an early date, initially to East Asia and the Islamic world, and then from around the 16th century to Europe. Chinese ceramics have had an enormous influence on other ceramic traditions in these areas.
Increasingly over their long history, Chinese ceramics can be classified between those made for the imperial court to use or distribute, those made for a discriminating Chinese market, and those for popular Chinese markets or for export. Some types of wares were also made only or mainly for special uses such as burial in tombs, or for use on altars.
Terminology and categories
The earliest Chinese pottery was earthenware, which continued in production for utilitarian uses throughout Chinese history, but was increasingly less used for fine wares. Stoneware, fired at higher temperatures, and naturally impervious to water, was developed very early and continued to be used for fine pottery in many areas at most periods; the tea bowls in Jian ware and Jizhou ware made during the Song dynasty are examples.
Porcelain, on a Western definition, is "a collective term comprising all ceramic ware that is white and translucent, no matter what ingredients are used to make it or to what use it is put". The Chinese tradition recognizes two primary categories of ceramics: high-fired ( ) and low-fired ( ), so doing without stoneware, which in Chinese tradition is mostly grouped with (and translated as) porcelain. Terms such as "" or "near-porcelain" may be used for stonewares with porcelain-like characteristics. The Erya defined porcelain () as "fine, compact pottery ()".
Chinese pottery can also be classified as being either northern or southern. China comprises two separate and geologically different land masses, brought together by continental drift and forming a junction that lies between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, sometimes known as the Nanshan-Qinling divide. The contrasting geology of the north and south led to differences in the raw materials available for making ceramics; in particular the north lacks petunse or "porcelain stone", needed for porcelain on the strict definition. Ware-types can be from very widespread kiln-sites in either north or south China, but the two can nearly always be distinguished, and influences across this divide may affect shape and decoration, but will be based on very different clay bodies, with fundamental effects. The kiln types were also different, and in the north the fuel was usually coal, as opposed to wood in the south, which often affects the wares. Southern materials have high silica, low alumina and high potassium oxide, the reverse of northern materials in each case. The northern materials are often very suitable for stoneware, while in the south there are also areas highly suitable for porcelain.
Materials
Chinese porcelain is mainly made by a combination of the following materials:
Kaolin – essential ingredient composed largely of the clay mineral kaolinite.
Porcelain stone – decomposed micaceous or feldspar rocks, historically also known as petunse.
Feldspar
Quartz
Technical developments
In the context of Chinese ceramics, the term porcelain lacks a universally accepted definition (see above). This in turn has led to confusion about when the first Chinese porcelain was made. Claims have been made for the late Eastern Han dynasty (100–200 AD), the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), the Six Dynasties period (220–589 AD), and the Tang dynasty (618–906 AD).
Kiln technology has always been a key factor in the development of Chinese pottery. The Chinese developed effective kilns capable of firing at around before 2000 BC. These were updraft kilns, often built below ground. Two main types of kiln were developed by about 200 AD and remained in use until modern times. These are the dragon kiln of hilly southern China, usually fuelled by wood, long and thin and running up a slope, and the horseshoe-shaped mantou kiln of the north Chinese plains, smaller and more compact. Both could reliably produce the temperatures of up to or more needed for porcelain. In the late Ming, the egg-shaped kiln (zhenyao) was developed at Jingdezhen, but mainly used there. This was something of a compromise between the other types, and offered locations in the firing chamber with a range of firing conditions.
History
Important specific types of pottery, many coming from more than one period, are dealt with individually in sections lower down.
Early wares
Pottery dating from 20,000 years ago was found at the Xianrendong Cave site in Jiangxi province, making it among the earliest pottery yet found. Another reported find is from 17,000 to 18,000 years ago in the Yuchanyan Cave in southern China.
By the Middle and Late Neolithic (about 5000 to 1500 BCE) most of the larger archaeological cultures in China were farmers producing a variety of attractive and often large vessels, often boldly painted, or decorated by cutting or impressing. Decoration is abstract or of stylized animals – fish are a speciality at the river settlement of Banpo. The distinctive Majiayao pottery, with orange bodies and black paint, is characterised by fine paste textures, thin walls, and polished surfaces; the almost complete lack of defects in excavated pots suggests a high level of quality control during production. The Majiayao and other phases of the Yangshao culture are well-represented in Western museums; by the Banshan phase purple was used in slip-painting alongside black. During the 4th millennium the potter's wheel seems to scholars of Chinese ceramics to have been a Chinese invention, though several regions to the West also claim the honour. Previously coil-forming was used for large vessels.
Finds of vessels are mostly in burials; sometimes they hold the remains. By 4100–2600 BCE in the Dawenkou culture shapes later familiar from Chinese ritual bronzes begin to appear. One exceptional ritual site, Niuheliang in the far north, produced numerous human figurines, some about half life-size.
Han dynasty, 206 BC – 220 AD
On some Chinese definitions, the first porcelain was made in Zhejiang province during the Eastern Han dynasty. Shards recovered from archaeological Eastern Han kiln sites estimated firing temperature ranged from . As far back as 1000 BC, the so-called "porcelaneous wares" or "proto-porcelain wares" were made using at least some kaolin fired at high temperatures. The dividing line between the two and true porcelain wares is not a clear one. Archaeological finds have pushed the dates to as early as the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD).
The late Han years saw the early development of the peculiar art form of hunping, or "soul jar": a funerary jar whose top was decorated by a sculptural composition. This type of vessel became widespread during the following Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Six Dynasties.
The tomb figures that were to recur in the Tang were popular across society, but with more emphasis than later on model houses and farm animals. Green-glazed pottery, using lead-glazed earthenware in part of the later sancai formula, was used for some of these, though not for wares for use, as the raw lead made the glaze poisonous.
Sui and Tang dynasties, 581–907 AD
During the Sui and Tang dynasties (608 to 907 AD), a wide range of ceramics, low-fired and high-fired, were produced. These included the last significant fine earthenwares to be produced in China, mostly lead-glazed sancai (three-colour) wares. Many of the well-known lively Tang dynasty tomb figures, which were only made to be placed in elite tombs close to the capital in the north, are in sancai, while others are unpainted or were painted over a slip; the paint has now often fallen off. The sancai vessels too may have been mainly for tombs, which is where they are all found; the glaze was less toxic than in the Han, but perhaps still to be avoided for use at the dining table.
In the south, the wares from the Changsha Tongguan Kiln Site in Tongguan are significant for their first regular use of underglaze painting; examples have been found in many places in the Islamic world. However, their production tailed off as underglaze painting remained a minor technique for several centuries.
Yue ware was the leading high-fired, lime-glazed celadon of the period, and was of very sophisticated design, patronized by the court. This was also the case with the northern porcelains of kilns in the provinces of Henan and Hebei, which for the first time met the Western and Eastern definition of porcelain, being both pure white and translucent. The white Xing ware and green Yue ware were considered the finest ceramics of north and south China respectively. One of the first mentions of porcelain by a foreigner was in the Chain of Chronicles, written by the Arab traveler and merchant Suleiman in 851 AD during the Tang dynasty who recorded that:
Liao, Song, Western Xia and Jin dynasties, 907–1276
The pottery of the Song dynasty has retained enormous prestige in Chinese tradition, especially that of what later became known as the "Five Great Kilns". The artistic emphasis of Song pottery was on subtle glaze effects and graceful shapes; other decoration, where there was any, was mostly in shallow relief. Initially this was carved with a knife, but later moulds were used, with a loss of artistic quality. Painting was mostly used in the popular Cizhou ware. "What is clear is that in the Song Dynasty which tended to uphold the esthetics of conventional Confucianism, underglaze blue was not at all popular; Confucian esthetics emphasized simplicity, and the underglaze blue designs were judged to be too ornamental."
Green ware or celadons were popular, both in China and in export markets, which became increasingly important during the period. Yue ware was succeeded by Northern Celadon and then in the south Longquan celadon. White and black wares were also important, especially in Cizhou ware, and there were polychrome types, but the finer types of ceramics, for the court and the literati, remained monochrome, relying on glaze effects and shape. A wide variety of styles evolved in various areas, and those that were successful were imitated in other areas. Important kiln sites and stoneware styles included Ru, Jun, Southern Song Guan or official ware, Jian and Jizhou. Whitish porcelain continued to be improved, and included the continuation of Ding ware and the arrival of the qingbai which would replace it.
The Liao, Xia and Jin were founded by non-literate, often nomadic people who conquered parts of China. Pottery production continued under their rule, but their own artistic traditions merged to some extent with the Chinese, producing characteristic new styles.
The fine pottery of all these regions was mainly high-fired, with some earthenware produced because of its lower cost and more colourful glazes. Some of the clay used was what is called kaolinite in the West. In some cases stoneware was preferred for its darker colour or better working qualities. Potteries used the local clay, and when that was dark or coarse and they wanted a fine white body, they covered the clay with white slip before applying glaze.
Yuan dynasty, 1271–1368
The Mongol Yuan dynasty enforced the movement of artists of all sorts around the Mongol Empire, which in ceramics brought a major stylistic and technical influence from the Islamic world in the form of blue and white porcelain, with underglaze painting in cobalt. This has been described as the "last great innovation in ceramic technology". Decoration by underglaze painted patterns had long been a feature of Chinese pottery, especially in the popular Cizhou ware (mostly using black over slip), but was perhaps regarded as rather vulgar by the court and the literati class, and the finest ceramics were monochrome, using an understated aesthetic with perfect shapes and subtle glaze effects, often over shallow decoration carved or moulded into the surface.
This was a great contrast to the bright colours and complicated designs developed under the Yuan, whose organization was mostly based on Islamic art, especially metalwork, although the animal and vegetable motifs remained based on Chinese tradition. These were initially mainly made for export, but became acceptable at court, and to buyers of fine ceramics internally. Export markets readily accepted the style, which has continued to be produced ever since, both in China and around the world.
Because of this, improvements in water transportation and the re-unification under Mongol rule, pottery production started to concentrate near deposits of kaolin, such as Jingdezhen, which gradually became the pre-eminent centre for producing porcelain in a variety of styles, a position it has held ever since. The scale of production greatly increased, and the scale and organization of the kilns became industrialized, with ownership by commercial syndicates, much division of labour, and other typical features of mass production. Some other types of pottery, especially Longquan celadon and Cizhou ware, continued to flourish.
Ming dynasty, 1368–1644
The Ming dynasty saw an extraordinary period of innovation in ceramic manufacture. Kilns investigated new techniques in design and shapes, showing a predilection for colour and painted design, and an openness to foreign forms. The Yongle Emperor (1402–24) was especially curious about other countries (as evidenced by his support of the eunuch Zheng He's extended exploration of the Indian Ocean), and enjoyed unusual shapes, many inspired by Islamic metalwork. During the Xuande period (1426–35), a technical refinement was introduced in the preparation of the cobalt used for underglaze blue decoration.
Prior to this the cobalt had been brilliant in colour, but with a tendency to bleed in firing; by adding manganese the colour was duller, but the line crisper. Xuande porcelain is now considered among the finest of all Ming output. Enamelled decoration (such as the one at left) was perfected under the Chenghua Emperor (1464–87), and greatly prized by later collectors. Indeed, by the late 16th century, Chenghua and Xuande era works – especially wine cups – had grown so much in popularity, that their prices nearly matched genuine antique wares of the Song dynasty or even older. This esteem for relatively recent ceramics excited much scorn on the part of literati scholars (such as Wen Zhenheng, Tu Long, and Gao Lian, who is cited below); these men fancied themselves arbiters of taste and found the painted aesthetic 'vulgar.'
In addition to these decorative innovations, the late Ming dynasty underwent a dramatic shift towards a market economy, exporting porcelain around the world on an unprecedented scale. Thus aside from supplying porcelain for domestic use, the kilns at Jingdezhen became the main production centre for large-scale porcelain exports to Europe starting with the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572–1620). By this time, kaolin and pottery stone were mixed in about equal proportions. Kaolin produced wares of great strength when added to the paste; it also enhanced the whiteness of the body—a trait that became a much sought after property, especially when form blue-and-white wares grew in popularity. Pottery stone could be fired at a lower temperature () than paste mixed with kaolin, which required . These sorts of variations were important to keep in mind because the large southern egg-shaped kiln varied greatly in temperature. Near the firebox it was hottest; near the chimney, at the opposite end of the kiln, it was cooler.
Qing dynasty, 1644–1911
The lengthy civil wars marking the transition from Ming to Qing caused a breakdown in the Imperial kilns system, forcing the managers to find new markets. The Transitional porcelain of about 1620 to the 1680s saw a new style in painting, mostly in blue and white, with new subject-matter of landscapes and figures painted very freely, borrowing from other media. The later part of the period saw Europe joining the existing export markets.
The Qing dynasty produced very varied porcelain styles, developing many of the innovations of the Ming. The most notable area of continuing innovation was in the increasing range of colours available, mostly in overglaze enamels. A very significant trade in Chinese export porcelain with the West developed. Court taste was highly eclectic, still favouring monochrome wares, which now used a wide range of bright glaze colours. Special glazing effects were highly regarded; new ones were developed and classic Song wares imitated with great skill. But the court now accepted wares with painted scenes in both blue and white and the new bright polychrome palettes. Technical standards at Jingdezhen were remarkably high, though falling somewhat by the middle of the 19th century.
Decoration, and sometimes shapes, became increasingly over-elaborate and fussy, and generally the Ming period is regarded as the greater; indeed in China this was the case at the time. By the 18th century the tradition had ceased to innovate in any radical way, and the vitality of painting declines.
Primary source material on Qing dynasty porcelain is available from both foreign residents and domestic authors. Two letters written by Père François Xavier d'Entrecolles, a Jesuit missionary and industrial spy who lived and worked in Jingdezhen in the early 18th century, described in detail manufacturing of porcelain in the city. In his first letter dated 1712, d'Entrecolles described the way in which pottery stones were crushed, refined and formed into little white bricks, known in Chinese as petuntse. He then went on to describe the refining of china clay kaolin along with the developmental stages of glazing and firing. He explained his motives:
In 1743, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, Tang Ying, the imperial supervisor in the city produced a memoir entitled Twenty Illustrations of the Manufacture of Porcelain. The original illustrations have been lost, but the text is still accessible.
Types of Chinese pottery
Tang burial wares
Sancai means "three-colours": green, yellow and a creamy white, all in lead-based glazes. In fact some other colours could be used, including cobalt blue. In the West, Tang sancai wares were sometimes referred to as egg-and-spinach.
Sancai wares were northern wares made using white and buff-firing secondary kaolins and fire clays. At kiln sites located at Tongchuan, Neiqiu County in Hebei and Gongyi in Henan, the clays used for burial wares were similar to those used by Tang potters. The burial wares were fired at a lower temperature than contemporaneous whitewares. Tang dynasty tomb figures, such as the well-known representations of camels and horses, were cast in sections, in moulds with the parts luted together using clay slip. They were either painted in sancai or merely coated in white slip, often with paint added over the glaze, which has now mostly been lost. In some cases, a degree of individuality was imparted to the assembled figurines by hand-carving.
Greenwares or celadon wares
The major group of celadon wares is named for its glaze, which uses iron oxide to give a broad spectrum of colours centred on a jade or olive green, but covering browns, cream and light blues. This is a similar range to that of jade, always the most prestigious material in Chinese art, and the broad resemblance accounts for much of the attractiveness of celadon to the Chinese. Celadons are plain or decorated in relief, which may be carved, inscribed or moulded. Sometimes taken by the imperial court, celadons had a more regular market with the scholarly and middle classes, and were also exported in enormous quantities. Important types are: Yue ware, Yaozhou ware and the wider Northern Celadons, Ru ware, Guan ware, and finally Longquan celadon.
Jian ware
Jian Zhan blackwares, mainly comprising tea wares, were made at kilns located in Jianyang, Fujian province. They reached the peak of their popularity during the Song dynasty. The wares were made using locally won, iron-rich clays and fired in an oxidising atmosphere at temperatures in the region of . The glaze was made using clay similar to that used for forming the body, except fluxed with wood-ash. At high temperatures the molten glaze separate to produce a pattern called "hare's fur". When Jian wares were set tilted for firing, drips run down the side, creating evidence of liquid glaze pooling.
Jian tea wares of the Song dynasty were also greatly appreciated and copied in Japan, where they were known as tenmoku wares.
Jizhou ware
Jizhou ware was stoneware, mostly used for tea drinking. It was famous for glaze effects, including a "tortoiseshell" glaze, and the use of real leaves as glaze resists; the leaf burnt away during firing, leaving its outlines in the glaze.
Ding ware
Ding (Wade–Giles: Ting) ware was produced in Ding County, Hebei Province. Already in production when the Song emperors came to power in 940, Ding ware was the finest porcelain produced in northern China at the time, and was the first to enter the palace for official imperial use. Its paste is white, generally covered with an almost transparent glaze that dripped and collected in "tears", (though some Ding ware was glazed a monochrome black or brown, white was the much more common type). Overall, the Ding aesthetic relied more on its elegant shape than ostentatious decoration; designs were understated, either incised or stamped into the clay prior to glazing. Due to the way the dishes were stacked in the kiln, the edged remained unglazed, and had to be rimmed in metal such as gold or silver when used as tableware. Some hundred years later, a Southern Song dynasty writer commented that it was this defect that led to its demise as favoured imperial ware. Since the Song government lost access to these northern kilns when they fled south, it has been argued that Qingbai ware (see below) was viewed as a replacement for Ding.
Although not as highly ranked as Ru ware, the late Ming dynasty connoisseur Gao Lian awards Ding ware a brief mention in his volume Eight Discourses on the Art of Living. Classified under his sixth discourse, the section on "pure enjoyment of cultured idleness", Master Gao said: "The best sort has marks on it like tear-stains… Great skill and ingenuity is displayed in selecting the forms of the vessels."
Ru ware
Like Ding ware, Ru ware (Wade–Giles: ju) was produced in North China for imperial use. The Ru kilns were near the Northern Song capital at Kaifeng. In similar fashion to Longquan celadons, Ru pieces have small amounts of iron oxide in their glaze that oxidize and turn greenish when fired in a reducing atmosphere. Ru wares range in colour—from nearly white to a deep robin's egg—and often are covered with reddish-brown crackles. The crackles, or "crazing", are caused when the glaze cools and contracts faster than the body, thus having to stretch and ultimately to split, (as seen in the detail at right; see also ). The art historian James Watt comments that the Song dynasty was the first period that viewed crazing as a merit rather than a defect. Moreover, as time went on, the bodies got thinner and thinner, while glazes got thicker, until by the end of the Southern Song the 'green-glaze' was thicker than the body, making it extremely 'fleshy' rather than 'bony,' to use the traditional analogy (see section on Guan ware, below). Too, the glaze tends to drip and pool slightly, leaving it thinner at the top, where the clay peeps through.
As with Ding ware, the Song imperial court lost access to the Ru kilns after it fled Kaifeng when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty conquered northern China, and settled at Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) in the south. There, the Emperor Gaozong founded the Guan yao ('official kilns') right outside the new capital in order to produce imitations of Ru ware. However, posterity has remembered Ru ware as something unmatched by later attempts; Master Gao says, "Compared with Guan yao, the above were of finer substance and more brilliant luster."
Jun ware
Jun (Wade–Giles: chün) ware was a third style of porcelain used at the Northern Song court. Characterized by a thicker body than Ding or Ru ware, Jun is covered with a turquoise and purple glaze, so thick and viscous looking that appears to melting off the golden-brown body. Not only are Jun vessels more thickly potted, their shape is much more robust than the fine Jun pieces, yet both types were appreciated at the court of Emperor Huizong. Jun production was centred at Jun-tai in Yuzhou, Henan Province.
Guan ware
Guan (Wade–Giles: kuan) ware, literally means "official" ware; so certain Ru, Jun, and even Ding are Guan in the broad sense of being produced for the court. Usually the term in English only applies to that produced by an official, imperially run kiln, which did not start until the Southern Song dynasty fled from the advancing Jin dynasty and settled at Lin'an. During this period walls become very thin, with glaze thicker than the wall. The clay in the foothills around Lin'an was a brownish colour, and the glaze very viscous.
Ge ware
Ge (Wade–Giles: ko), literally "big-brother" ware, due to a legend of two brothers working in Longquan, one made the typical celadon style ceramics, the elder made ge ware, produced in his private kiln. Ming dynasty commentator Gao Lian writes that the ge kiln took its clay from the same site as Guan ware, accounting for the difficulty in distinguishing one from the other (though Gao thinks "Ge is distinctly inferior" to Guan). Overall, Ge remains somewhat elusive, but basically comprises two types—one with a 'warm rice-yellow glaze and two sets of crackles, a more prominent set of darker colour interspersed with a finer set of reddish lines' (called chin-ssu t'ieh-hsien or 'golden floss and iron threads', which can just faintly be detected on this bowl). The other Ge ware is much like Guan ware, with grayish glaze and one set of crackles. Once thought to have only been manufactured alongside Longquan celadon, per its legendary founding, Ge is now believed to have also been produced at Jingdezhen.
While similar to Guan ware, Ge typically has a grayish-blue glaze that is fully opaque with an almost matte finish. Its crackle pattern is exaggerated, often standing out in bold black. Though still shrouded in mystery, many specialists believe that Ge ware did not develop until the very late Southern Song dynasty or even the Yuan dynasty. In any case, enthusiasm for it persisted throughout the Ming dynasty; Wen Zhenheng preferred it to all other types of porcelain, in particular for brush washers and water droppers (although he preferred jade brush washers to porcelain, Guan and Ge were the best ceramic ones, especially if they have scalloped rims). Differences between later Ming imitations of Song/Yuan Ge include: Ming versions substitute a white porcelain body; they tend to be produced in a range of new shapes, for example those for the scholar's studio; glazes tend to be thinner and more lustrous; and slip is applied to the rim and base to simulate the "brown mouth and iron foot" of Guan ware.
Qingbai wares
Qingbai wares (also called 'yingqing') were made at Jingdezhen and at many other southern kilns from the time of the Northern Song dynasty until they were eclipsed in the 14th century by underglaze-decorated blue and white wares. Qingbai in Chinese literally means "clear blue-white". The qingbai glaze is a porcelain glaze, so-called because it was made using pottery stone. The qingbai glaze is clear, but contains iron in small amounts. When applied over a white porcelain body the glaze produces a greenish-blue colour that gives the glaze its name. Some have incised or moulded decorations.
The Song dynasty qingbai bowl illustrated was likely made at the Jingdezhen village of Hutian, which was also the site of the imperial kilns established in 1004. The bowl has incised decoration, possibly representing clouds or the reflection of clouds in the water. The body is white, translucent and has the texture of very-fine sugar, indicating that it was made using crushed and refined pottery stone instead of pottery stone and kaolin. The glaze and the body of the bowl would have been fired together, in a saggar in a large wood-burning dragon kiln, typical of southern kilns in the period.
Though many Song and Yuan dynasty qingbai bowls were fired upside down in special segmented saggars, a technique first developed at the Ding kilns in Hebei province. The rims of such wares were left unglazed but were often bound with bands of silver, copper or lead.
One remarkable example of qingbai porcelain is the so-called Fonthill Vase, described in a guide for Fonthill Abbey published in 1823 as "an oriental china bottle, superbly mounted, said to be the earliest known specimen of porcelain introduced into Europe".
The vase was made at Jingdezhen, probably around 1300 and was probably sent as a present to Pope Benedict XII by one of the last Yuan emperors of China, in 1338. The mounts referred to in the 1823 description were of enamelled silver-gilt and were added to the vase in Europe in 1381. An 18th-century water colour of the vase complete with its mounts exists, but the mounts themselves were removed and lost in the 19th century. The vase is now in the National Museum of Ireland. It is often held that qingbai wares were not subject to the higher standards and regulations of the other porcelain wares, since they were made for everyday use. They were mass-produced, and received little attention from scholars and antiquarians. The Fonthill Vase, given by a Chinese emperor to a pope, might appear to cast at least some doubt on this view.
Blue and white wares
Following in the tradition of earlier qingbai porcelains, blue and white wares are glazed using a transparent porcelain glaze. The blue decoration is painted onto the body of the porcelain before glazing, using very finely ground cobalt oxide mixed with water. After the decoration has been applied the pieces are glazed and fired.
It is believed that underglaze blue and white porcelain was first made in the Tang dynasty. Only three complete pieces of Tang blue and white porcelain are known to exist (in Singapore from the Indonesian Belitung shipwreck), but shards dating to the 8th or 9th century have been unearthed at Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province. It has been suggested that the shards originated from a kiln in the province of Henan. In 1957, excavations at the site of a pagoda in Zhejiang province uncovered a Northern Song bowl decorated with underglaze blue and further fragments have since been discovered at the same site. In 1970 a small fragment of a blue and white bowl, again dated to the 11th century, was also excavated in the province of Zhejiang.
In 1975, shards decorated with underglaze blue were excavated at a kiln site in Jiangxi and, in the same year, an underglaze blue and white urn was excavated from a tomb dated to 1319, in the province of Jiangsu. It is of interest to note that a Yuan funerary urn decorated with underglaze blue and underglaze red and dated 1338 is still in the Chinese taste, even though by this time the large-scale production of blue and white porcelain in the Yuan dynasty, Mongol taste had started its influence at Jingdezhen.
Starting early in the 14th century, blue and white porcelain rapidly became the main product of Jingdezhen, reaching the height of its technical excellence during the later years of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) and continuing in present times to be an important product of the city.
The tea caddy illustrated shows many of the characteristics of blue and white porcelain produced during the Kangxi period. The translucent body showing through the clear glaze is of great whiteness and the cobalt decoration, applied in many layers, has a fine blue hue. The decoration, a sage in a landscape of lakes and mountains with blazed rocks is typical of the period. The piece would have been fired in a saggar (a lidded ceramic box intended to protect the piece from kiln debris, smoke and cinders during firing) in a reducing atmosphere in a wood-burning egg-shaped kiln, at a temperature approaching .
Distinctive blue-and-white porcelain was exported to Japan, where it is known as Tenkei blue-and-white ware or ko sometsukei. This ware is thought to have been especially ordered by tea masters for Japanese ceremony.
Blanc de Chine
Blanc de Chine is a type of white porcelain made at Dehua in Fujian province. It has been produced from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) to the present day. Large quantities arrived in Europe as Chinese Export Porcelain in the early 18th century and it was copied at Meissen and elsewhere.
The area along the Fujian coast was traditionally one of the main ceramic exporting centres. Over 180 kiln sites have been identified extending in historical range from the Song dynasty to the present.
From the Ming dynasty, porcelain objects were manufactured that achieved a fusion of glaze and body traditionally referred to as "ivory white" and "milk white". The special characteristic of Dehua porcelain is the very small amount of iron oxide in it, allowing it to be fired in an oxidising atmosphere to a warm white or pale ivory colour. (Wood, 2007)
The porcelain body is not very plastic but vessel forms have been made from it. Donnelly, (1969, pp.xi-xii) lists the following types of product: figures, boxes, vases and jars, cups and bowls, fishes, lamps, cup-stands, censers and flowerpots, animals, brush holders, wine and teapots, Buddhist and Taoist figures, secular figures and puppets. There was a large output of figures, especially religious figures, e.g. Guanyin, Maitreya, Lohan and Ta-mo figures.
The numerous Dehua porcelain factories today make figures and tableware in modern styles. During the Cultural Revolution "Dehua artisans applied their very best skills to produce immaculate statuettes of Mao Zedong and the Communist leaders. Portraits of the stars of the new proletarian opera in their most famous roles were produced on a truly massive scale." Mao Zedong figures later fell out of favour but have been revived for foreign collectors.
Notable artists in blanc de Chine, such as the late Ming period He Chaozong, signed their creations with their seals. Wares include crisply modeled figures, cups, bowls and joss stick-holders.
Many of the best examples of blanc de Chine are found in Japan where the white variety was termed hakugorai or "Korean white", a term often found in tea ceremony circles. The British Museum in London has a large number of blanc de Chine pieces, having received as a gift in 1980 the entire collection of P.J. Donnelly.
Painted colours
Chinese court taste long favoured monochrome wares, and although the Yuan dynasty saw blue and white porcelain accepted by the court, more fully polychrome styles took much longer to be accepted. Initially blue from cobalt was almost the only pigment that could withstand the high temperature of a porcelain firing without discolouring, but gradually (mostly during the Ming period) others were found, or the extra cost of a second firing at a lower temperature to fix overglaze enamels was accepted. Copper-reds could produce highly effective results underglaze, but at the cost of an extremely high proportion of greyish rejects, some of which remain in circulation, and thousands more of which have been found when kiln waste-heaps have been excavated. Eventually underglaze blue and overglaze red became the usual way of achieving the same result.
Overglaze painting, usually called "enamels", was widely used in the popular Cizhou ware stonewares, and was sometimes experimented with by kilns producing for the court, but not until the 15th century, under the Ming, was the doucai technique used for imperial wares. This combined underglaze blue outlines with overglaze enamels in further colours. The wucai technique was a similar combination, with underglaze blue used more widely for highlights.
Two-colour wares, using underglaze blue and an overglaze colour, usually red, also produced very fine results. A number of different other methods using coloured glazes were tried, often with images lightly incised into the body. The fahua technique outlined areas of coloured decoration with raised trails of slip, and the subtle "secret" (an hua) technique decorated using very light incisions that could hardly be seen. As the range of glaze colours expanded, the taste for monochrome wares, now in the new strong colours, returned, and with it a number of special glazing effects were developed, including the return of crackle and spotty effects made by blowing powdered pigment onto the piece.
Classification by colour, the groups
The next development saw a group of 'families', or palettes of enamel colours used on Chinese porcelain. These are commonly known by their French names of , based on the dominant element in each colour palette are terms used to classify. A large proportion of these were export wares but some were made for the Imperial court.
Famille verte (, Kangxi wucai, also , susancai, ‘three colours on a plain [unglazed or thinly glazed] body’), adopted in the Kangxi period (1661–1722), uses green and iron red with other overglaze colours. It developed from the wucai (, "five colours") style.
'Famille jaune is a variation using enamels on a yellow ground (), often painted on the biscuit.
Famille noire (, modi susancai) is another subtype of , but it uses a black ground. Many and pieces were "clobbered" with the yellow or black added in the 19th century.
Famille rose (known in Chinese as fencai ( or ruancai ( / ), 'soft colours' or 'pale colours'), Yangcai (), lit. 'foreign colours'), and falangcai (, lit. 'enamel colours'), was introduced late in the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722), possibly around 1720. It used mainly pink or purple and remained popular throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries, also being widely adopted by European factories. enamel ware allows a greater range of colour and tone than was previously possible, enabling the depiction of more complex images.
Stoneware
Pottery classified as stoneware in the West is usually regarded as porcelain in Chinese terms, where a stoneware group is not recognised, and so the definition of porcelain is rather different, covering all vitrified high-fired wares. Terms such as "" and "near-porcelain" are often used to reflect this, and cover wares that in Western terms lie on the border of stoneware and porcelain. High-fired stonewares were numerous from very early on, and included many high-prestige wares, including those for imperial use, as well as great quantities of everyday utilitarian pots. Usually they achieved their reputation by their glazes. Most of the celadon group, including Longquan celadons, especially earlier ones, can be classified as stoneware, and all classic Jian wares and Jizhou wares.
By contrast, the Yixing clay teapots and cups made from Yixing clay from Jiangsu province are usually left unglazed, and not washed after use, as the clay is believed to improve the taste of the tea, especially after it acquires a patina from long use. There are in fact a number of different clays, giving a range of colours. The pots are unusual in that they are often signed by their potters, which is very rare in China, perhaps because they were associated with the literati culture, of which Jiangsu was a stronghold. The earliest datable example is from a burial of 1533 in Nanjing. Elaborately decorated examples, often with a rectangular body, were exported to Europe from the 18th century, and these and pots for local use often had poems inscribed on them. As well as teaware and desk objects such as brush-rests, fruit and other natural shapes were modelled as ornaments. Production continues today, generally using simpler shapes.
The ceramics industry under the Ming
Imperial and private kilns
The very first imperial kiln was established in the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu. Before that, there were no systematic regulations on the state-demanded porcelain production. The law stated that, if the quantity of ceramics demanded was big, potters would be conscripted and worked in the imperial kilns in Nanjing; if the quantity was small, the ceramics could be produced in private kilns in Raozhou. In either case, officials from the imperial centre were sent to supervise the production. The officials were responsible for making budgets, ensuring quality, and sending products back to the imperial court. Different rules on styles and sizes of the ceramics were put forward by the imperial court and must be strictly followed in the kilns. After 1403, imperial kilns were built, and carried out the imperial porcelain production on a large scale.
During the mid-Ming period, the demand for porcelain increased, the temporarily assigned officials were not able to handle the project. In the Xuande Period, the imperial factory in Jingdezhen was established. The factory was divided into dormitories and pavilions on the north, official offices, and prisons on the east and workshops on the west. There were wells, wood sheds, temples and lounges for potters. The imperial factory in Jingdezhen was not a mere production site but also included government administrative offices.
The imperial factory was divided into twenty-three departments, with each taking charge of different aspects of ceramics production. The work was subdivided by type and assigned to different departments like department of large vessels, small vessels, painting, carving, calligraphy, rope making and general carpentry. This subdividing of the work so that a single piece of a vessel could pass through several hands led to potters not signing pieces as they did in the private kilns. The division of labour also ensured a uniform style and size in the ceramics.
The number of imperial kilns varies during the Ming period. There were fewer than ten imperial factories in the fifteenth century, then the number increased to 58, later again to 62 and then decreased to 18.
Imperial orders demanded both individuality in the design of porcelain while also demanding large quantities of it. Understandably, these demands came from different sectors of the court that expected particular designs. For example, yellow and green products decorated with mythical flying creatures were specifically requested by the Directorate for Palace Delicacies. The need for both individual design and mass production was a recipe for exhausting demands on porcelain kilns. Many were forced to outsource their production to private kilns in order to meet court quotas. Those who managed the production at imperial factories understood the need for outsourcing as an answer to scalability. Outsourcing must have required a keen sense in picking private kilns that would deliver quality and quantity. Without cooperation and transparency between colleagues of different kilns, the satisfaction of the imperial court was in jeopardy.
In the late Ming period, the corvée system in ceramics reformed with the strong influence of commercialization. Under the new system, a person would not be conscripted to work if he paid a certain amount of money. Many good potters thus left the imperial kilns and worked in the private ones where the pay was better. The late Ming period witnessed a drastic decline in the quality of pieces from the imperial kilns and a rise of private kilns.
The private kilns existed in the early Ming dynasty and their production constituted a part of the tax income of the government. Apart from making ceramics for people's everyday life, private kilns also accepted orders from the imperial court. However, making and selling imperial style ceramics in private kilns was strictly forbidden.
During the late Ming period, private kilns rose as imperial kilns declined. Many famous workers escaped from the overworked and underpaid environment in the imperial kilns to private ones. Private kilns were more involved in commercials than the imperial kilns did. In the late Ming period, several private kilns won great popularity among the literati, who were enthusiastic about the antique style porcelain. Examples were the Cui kiln (), Zhou kiln (), and Hu kiln (). Ceramics in the late Ming dynasty was produced in high quality and quantity, making Jingdezhen one of the earliest commercial centres in the world.
Competition in the porcelain industry erupted following the failure of the corvée system. With government control at a low, investors could invest in many means of production, especially in handicraft industries. In Jingdezhen, over 70 percent of the 100,000 families occupying the 6.5 square kilometre town were involved in the porcelain industry.
The economic resurgence brought on by the porcelain industry carried along its own ramifications. There existed two sides of the porcelain industry which are described as jiating shougongye (, "family-run industry") and zuofang shougongye (, "entrepreneurial industry"). Family-run industries reveal the ruthless and inhumane side of the porcelain industry as seen in the story of Yang Shi in “An Injustice Caused by a Slight Dispute Over One Penny”. The story vividly describes a scene of domestic violence as a result of the wife, Yang Shi, purchasing a drink worth a penny to soothe her aching stomach. This story sums up the drama within family-run industries as a result of the cut-throat approach to profits. Especially within work involving relatives or immediate family, one's own self worth and concept will be diminished in the face of success for the business.
The cut-throat mentality served to blur the family hierarchy within family-run industries to some degree. Porcelain production required both the construction of pots as well as the decorations done after. Within a family-run pottery industry, the women took on this decorating role which helped to increase their value to the family. Men and women had to work harmoniously to produce good quality work and ultimately this spread throughout the porcelain industry.
Life as a potter
In the early Ming dynasty, the population could be divided into three categories: military, craftsmen, and peasants. Within the craftsmen system, most of the craftsmen were from the previous dynasty, the Yuan dynasty; others were prisoners or unemployed people. Craftsmen households members had to work throughout their lifetime, and their status was hereditary. There were two subcategories within the craftsmen system: military craftsmen, who were specialized in producing weapons; the ordinary craftsmen, who worked in various other industries. Potters belonged to the latter subcategory.
In the early Ming period, whenever the court demanded ceramics, labor would be conscripted by the court in different ways. Usually, there were different types of workers in the imperial kilns. Most of the potters were selected from the craftsman households by the local government and served in the imperial kilns for three months in every four years for free; in other cases, workers were recruited from counties near the imperial kilns and paid regularly. Usually the recruited workers were assigned to different departments.
The imperial factory was divided into twenty-three departments, with each department having managers and workers. The number of managers was usually less than five, and the number of workers was usually about ten to twenty.
Making porcelain was not easy. More than half the firings of every kiln resulted in spoilt pieces and were thrown away in the neighborhood of Jingdezhen, resulting in a huge dump of porcelain fragments that still exist today. When the kiln was in action, it was important to control the fire, which ideally should produce a constant temperature. The proper choice, preparation, colouring, firing, and the slip should be made on every stage of the production. The regulations on the potters working in the imperial kiln were severe. Potters were punished for delaying, smuggling, producing inferior goods, and other misconducts.
Overworked and underpaid, many potters refused or fled from being conscripted into the imperial kilns. By the time of Xuande period, the number of potters escaping from the corvee was about five thousand; in the first year of Jingtai, the number reached about thirty thousand. There was also a great discrepancy in the number of workers in different departments. Sometimes private kiln workers from the corresponding departments would serve as temporary workers in the imperial kilns. To regulate the potters, the government reformed the policy so that the potters would not have to work in the imperial kilns if they pay certain amount of money per month. The new law implied that the potters were no longer tied to the state government. Unable to stand the hard law and the heavy work, many talented workers found their new positions in the private kilns. The imperial kilns suffered from the lost in talented potters and labors, and the quality of the porcelain declined dramatically.
Starting from the ninth year of Jiajing, a new policy was carried out. The government prepared their own materials, utilized the private kilns to make porcelain, and paid the private kilns based on the number of porcelain produced. However, the state was usually not able to pay the amount required.
Post-production
The industrialization of Chinese porcelain during the Ming dynasty was not possible without a post-production system that honored scalability as well as scarcity. Individual retail sales were important to kilns but wholesale orders were of even higher importance. In reality, wholesale orders were the backbone of porcelain economics. Without these orders that required months to a year of work to complete, demand would have definitely been lacking.
Merchants entered provinces with little knowledge of how porcelain trade was conducted. They relied on brokers to introduce them to reliable kilns and ultimately negotiate prices. Once established, merchants took on negotiating matters. In particular, brokers helped alleviate risk for many kilns by analyzing the integrity of buyers. Due to the guild-esque nature between brokers and kiln owners, guilty knowledge of the buyer's secrets was common talk. If a buyer was deemed as unreliable, word spread throughout the province of such news. Potters claimed the license to know who the bad buyers were. This dangerous knowledge had the ability to ruin a buyer's reputation but on the contrary contributed to the success of kilns.
In observing court orders, porcelain was required for culinary, religious, and display purposes. Since porcelain was often used once and thrown away by the court, imperial orders were at a continuous flow in porcelain factories. Demand was often too high for kilns to meet which hints at the necessity for scalability.
From their respective kilns, fine porcelain was distributed over sea and land to Southeast Asia, Japan and the Middle East. The magnitude of foreign trade can be understood in a record showing over sixteen million pieces circulating through a Dutch East India Company. The land transportation showed the intensity of labor in the porcelain industry. Dozens of carts sent from Mongolia, Manchuria, Persia and Arabic countries were loaded in the Ming capital full of porcelain and other Chinese goods. Some carts reached thirty feet in height which must have required extreme attention to avoid broken porcelain. Due to the hollowness of porcelain vases, they were filled with soil and beans. The growth of the bean roots helped porcelain withstand further pressure during transportation. In order to effectively transport large amounts of porcelain, as much space in carts must have been used indicated by the thirty foot high carts. Knowing the risk that came with placing fragile porcelain next to and on top of one another, handlers of the porcelain mitigated that risk through the soil and bean method.
Like the silk industry, the porcelain industry claimed merit for its mass-producing capabilities. Potters from lower economic backgrounds stuck true to their repetitive methods mostly due to the high risk in attempting new and not tested methods. Trying new techniques could result in the loss of an entire month's worth of work so for these potters, changing their method was not a luxury they could afford. These potters were found in peasant societies outside of Jingdezhen and highlight the particular code that limited their imaginative potential. For potters within Jingdezhen, the code that governed the way their products were created was greatly influenced by international markets. These markets inspired creativity and innovation as seen in how “Jingdezhen and other pottery centres produced ceramic versions of reliquaries, alms bowls, oil lamps, and stem-cups” The difference in code did not necessarily contribute to a hierarchical division but rather a diversification in the personality behind Chinese porcelain.
Foreign trade was not always beneficial for potters because the further away that products had to go from the source (Ex: Jingdezhen) the more vulnerable cargo became. In examining a report of a Spanish voyage, about a fifth of a Chinese ship crew were killed when met by a Spanish voyager of the name Juan de Salcedo. The two ships that were raided held many Chinese valuables including porcelain and most likely were used to trade off the coast of Midoro. Overall, international markets offered great potential for potters seeking greater wealth but unfortunately came with a vulnerability to crime.
Trade on an international scale required organization between chiefs and potters. Throughout the Southeast Asian trading ports, chiefs had the power to set port fees as well as control interactions between elite merchants and foreign traders. By possessing the license to impose fees, chiefs were able to profit on almost every transaction within their respective markets and it serves to boost their brilliance in constructing such a diverse market. Potters of luxury porcelain would have to work under the rules set by the chiefs and thus their relationship constructed a hierarchy.
Fakes and reproductions
Chinese potters have a long tradition of borrowing design and decorative features from earlier wares. Whilst ceramics with features thus borrowed might sometimes pose problems of provenance, they would not generally be regarded as either reproductions or fakes. However, fakes and reproductions have also been made at many times during the long history of Chinese ceramics and continue to be made today in ever-increasing numbers.
In addition, the reign marks of earlier emperors (typically from the Ming) were often put on Qing wares, which scholars are often inclined to treat as a mark of respect or aspiration rather than an attempt to deceive, although they clearly did often mislead contemporaries, and confuse understanding.
Imitations and reproductions of Song dynasty Longquan celadon wares were made at Jingdezhen in the early 18th century, but outright fakes were also made using special clay that were artificially aged by boiling in meat broth, refiring and storage in sewers. Père d'Entrecolles records that by this means the wares could be passed off as being hundreds of years old.
In the late 19th century, fakes of Kangxi-period famille noire wares were made that were convincing enough to deceive the experts of the day. Many such pieces may still be seen in museums today, as many pieces of genuine Kangxi porcelain were given additional overglaze decoration in the late nineteenth century with famille noire enamels (a process known as "clobbering"). A body of modern expert opinion holds that porcelain decorated with famille noire enamels was not made at all during the Kangxi period, though this view is disputed.
A fashion for Kangxi period (1661 to 1722) blue and white wares grew to large proportions in Europe during the later years of the 19th century and triggered the production at Jingdezhen of large quantities of porcelain wares that strike a resemblance to ceramics of earlier periods. Such blue and white wares were not fakes or even convincing reproductions, even though some pieces carried four-character Kangxi reign-marks that continue to cause confusion to this day. Kangxi reign-marks in the form shown in the illustration occur only on wares made towards the end of the 19th century or later, without exception.
Authentication
The most widely known test is the thermoluminescence test, or TL test, which is used on some types of ceramic to estimate, roughly, the date of last firing. Thermoluminescence dating is carried out on small samples of pottery drilled or cut from the body of a piece, which can be risky and disfiguring. For this reason, the test is rarely used for dating finely potted, high-fired ceramics. TL testing cannot be used at all on some types of ceramics, particularly high-fired porcelain.
Gallery
Early wares
Han (202 BC to 220 AD)
Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui (220 to 618)
Tang (618 to 906 AD)
Song (960 to 1279 AD)
Yuan (1279 to 1368 AD)
Ming (1368 to 1644 AD)
Qing (1644 to 1912 AD)
See also
Canton porcelain (Jingdezhen porcelain decorated at Canton for export to the West)
China painting
Dangyangyu Kiln
Tiger Cave Kiln (site of much of Southern Song official celadon ware)
Vietnamese ceramics
Martaban (Chinese stoneware highly valued in the precolonial maritime trade of island Southeast Asia)
Notes
References
Ayers, J. and Bingling, Y., (2002) Blanc de Chine: Divine Images in Porcelain, China Institute, New York
Clunas, Craig. Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991 and Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004.
Harrison-Hall, J. (2001), Ming Ceramics in the British Museum, British Museum, London
Jenyns, Soame, Ming Pottery and Porcelain, Faber and Faber, 1953
Kerr, Rose, Needham, Joseph, Wood, Nigel (2004). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5, Part XII: Ceramic Technology. Cambridge University Press.
Lion-Goldschmidt, Daisy. Ming Porcelain. Translated by Katherine Watson. New York: Rizzoli, 1978
Medley, Margaret, The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon,
Pierson, Stacey, (1996). Earth, Fire and Water: Chinese Ceramic Technology. Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, University of London. .
Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
Valenstein, S. (1998). A handbook of Chinese ceramics, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Wood, Nigel. (2007), Chinese Glazes: Their Chemistry, Origins and Re-creation, A & C Black, London, and University of Pennsylvania Press, USA
Further reading
Ayers, J and Kerr, R., (2000), Blanc de Chine Porcelain from Dehua, Art Media Resources Ltd.
Brook, Timothy. The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998. .
Donnelly, P.J. (1969), Blanc de Chine, Faber and Faber, London
Fong, Wen C, and James C.Y. Watt. Possessing the Past: Treasures from the National Palace Museum Taipei. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.
Gao, Lian. "The Tsun Sheng Pa Chien, AD 1591, by Kao Lien." Translated by Arthur Waley. Yearbook of Oriental Art and Culture, 1, (1924–25).
Kotz, Suzanne (ed.) (1989) Imperial Taste. Chinese Ceramics from the Percival David Foundation. Chronicle Books, San Francisco. .
Li, Chu-tsing and James C.Y. Watt, eds. The Chinese scholar's studio: artistic life in the late Ming period. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
Li, He, (1996). Chinese Ceramics. The New Standard Guide. Thames and Hudson, London. .
Li, He and Michael Knight. Power and Glory: Court Art of China's Ming Dynasty. San Francisco: Asian Art Museum, 2008.
Moujian, S., (1986) An Encyclopedia of Chinese Art, p. 292.
Chinese pottery
History of ceramics
Chinese pottery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20ceramics |
The cuisine of Philadelphia was shaped largely by the city's mixture of ethnicities, available foodstuffs and history. Certain foods have become associated with the city.
Invented in Philadelphia in the 1930s, the cheesesteak is the most well known, and soft pretzels have long been a major part of Philadelphia culture.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the creation of two Philadelphia landmarks offering an array of food options, the Reading Terminal Market and the Italian Market. After a dismal restaurant scene during the post-war era of the 20th century, the 1970s brought a restaurant renaissance that has continued into the 21st century.
Many foods and drinks associated with Philadelphia can also commonly be linked with Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine and Italian-American cuisine.
Innovations
Philadelphia's large immigrant population has contributed to a large mixture of tastes to mingle and develop. Many types of foods have been created in or near Philadelphia or have strong associations with the city. In the 20th century, Philadelphia's foods included cheesesteak, stromboli, hoagie, soft pretzel, water ice and soda.
The cheesesteak is a sandwich traditionally made with sliced beef and melted cheese on an Italian roll. In the 1930s, the phenomenon as a steak sandwich began when hot dog vendor brothers Pat Olivieri and Harry Olivieri put grilled beef on a hot dog bun and gave it to a taxi driver. Later, after Pat and Harry had started selling the sandwich on Italian rolls, the cheesesteak was affixed in the local culture when one of their cooks put melted cheese on the sandwich.
Originally, the cheese was melted in a separate container to accommodate their large clientele who followed kosher rules, thereby not mixing dairy and meat. Today, cheese choices in Philadelphia eateries are virtually limited to American, Provolone, or Cheez Whiz. The latter is especially popular in those places that prominently carry it.
The hoagie is another sandwich that is said to have been invented in Philadelphia, undoubtedly of origin in Italian-American cuisine. It has been asserted that Italians working at the World War I era shipyard in Philadelphia, known as Hog Island where emergency shipping was produced for the war effort, introduced the sandwich, by putting various sliced meats, cheeses, and lettuce between two slices of Italian bread. This became known as the "Hog Island" sandwich; hence, the "hoagie".
Declared the official sandwich of Philadelphia in 1992, the hoagie is a sandwich made of meat and cheese with lettuce, tomatoes, and onions on an Italian roll.
Another Italian roll sandwich popularized in Philadelphia by Italian immigrants is the roast pork Italian, or Italian roast pork sandwich, a variation of the Italian street food dish known as porchetta. The sandwich consists of sliced roast pork with broccoli rabe or spinach and provolone cheese.
Philadelphia Pepper Pot, a soup of tripe, meat, and vegetables, is claimed to have been created during the American Revolutionary War and named after the home city of its creator.
Snapper soup, a thick brown turtle soup served with sherry, is a Philadelphia delicacy, generally found in area bars and seafood restaurants. In many places, it is served with oyster crackers (such as OTC Crackers, OTC being an abbreviation for "Original Trenton Cracker") and horseradish.
The snack item commonly associated with Philadelphia, but not invented there, is the soft pretzel. The soft pretzel dates back to 7th-century France and was brought over to the Philadelphia area by the Pennsylvania Dutch. Pretzels were sold in Philadelphia by numerous vendors on street corners. Federal Pretzel Baking Company defined the soft pretzel for most Philadelphians during the 1900s by first applying mass production and distribution to a distinctive baked flavored family recipe.
Another snack associated with Philadelphia is Irish potato candy. The candies have a coconut cream inside (generally made from some blend of coconut, confectioner's sugar, vanilla, and cream or cream cheese) and are rolled in cinnamon on the outside, resulting in an appearance reminiscent of small potatoes. The treats are about the size of a large marble and are especially popular around St. Patrick's Day.
Oh Ryan's of Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, claims to be the largest distributor of Irish Potatoes, shipping about 80,000 pounds to major chains and smaller candy stores, mostly in the Philadelphia area.
Water ice, known as Italian ice in other Northeastern US cities, is similarly associated with Philadelphia, and was brought to Philadelphia by Italian immigrants. Water ice likely derives from semi-frozen desserts originating in Italy, specifically granita, and has been described as a "variation on the more broadly-accepted Italian ice." Certain stands like South Philadelphia's "Pop's" or "Italiano's" became popular for their “water ice”, and Philadelphia water ice was later franchised into new markets with the spread of "Rita's Water Ice".
Philadelphia has its own regional variant of hot dog known as the Texas Tommy, originating right outside Philadelphia in Pottstown, Pennsylvania before spreading throughout the Delaware Valley region and South Jersey. The Texas Tommy hot dog is defined by its use of cheese (usually cheddar cheese) and bacon as toppings.
Some variations of the Texas Tommy use other forms of cheese, replacing the cheddar with the Cheez-Whiz found on cheesesteaks. The bacon and cheese are often wrapped around the hot dog, and the hot dog may be cooked using a variety of methods, such as deep frying, barbecuing, or grilling. Condiments such as mustard, ketchup, or relish may be used in addition to the bacon and cheese.
Chili is also sometimes added to the Texas Tommy, making the dish resemble more closely a Texas Wiener or chili dog with bacon and cheese.
Some types of soda that rose to popularity in Philadelphia include Hires Root Beer, Franks Beverages' unique Black Cherry Wishniak or Vanilla Cream, and Levis Champ Cherry.
Restaurants and markets
In early Philadelphia history the city's eating scene was dominated by taverns. By 1752, Philadelphia had 120 licensed taverns and numerous illegal taverns. The taverns ranged for all types of people and class from illegal grog shops on the waterfront that sailors frequented to the upper class taverns that members of the city government enjoyed.
Taverns such as the London Coffee House, the Blue Anchor, Tun Tavern and John Biddle's Indian King were regular meeting places for the political and business leaders of the city. The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th-century building located at 138 South 2nd Street and is part of the Independence National Historical Park. The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.
McGillin's Olde Ale House, located on Drury Street in Center City, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city, and has become a well-known place for celebrity-spotting.
Popular restaurants during the early 19th century included the United States Hotel and Parkinson's on Chestnut Street and Joseph Head Mansion's House on Spruce Street. One of the most significant restaurateurs and caterers at this time was M. Latouche, an expert in French cuisine, whose restaurant offered expensive food and a choice wine.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the large number of Italian immigrants in South Philadelphia led to the creation of the Italian Market. The market, which runs along part of south 9th Street, includes numerous types of food vendors along with other shops.
Another market, the Reading Terminal Market, opened in 1892. Created to replace the markets displaced by the construction of the Reading Terminal on Market Street in Center City, Reading Terminal Market has over 80 merchants and is a popular tourist attraction. In 1902, Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart opened the first automat in the U.S. at 818 Chestnut Street, now a retail store. The original Automat is now part of the Smithsonian Institution.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the restaurant scene was in decline. The city saw a large emigration into the suburbs, and fine dining could be found mainly in private clubs and dinner parties. But as the city started to rebound in the 1970s, Philadelphia saw a restaurant renaissance. For instance, in 1970 Georges Perrier and Peter Von Starck founded the French restaurant Le Panetiere. After a year, the two split, with Von Starck taking the Panetiere name to a different location. Perrier opened Le Bec-Fin at 13th & Spruce Street, then later at 1523 Walnut Street, which quickly became one of Philadelphia's most renowned restaurants. Another popular example is H.A Winston & Co., which evolved into a chain of restaurants located throughout the region.
The years following saw many new fine dining places open, including Four Seasons' Fountain Restaurant in 1983. Along with the up-scale restaurants, numerous ethnic and fast-food restaurants opened throughout the city.
The 1970s also saw the rise of street vendors. The vendors, building off the well-established tradition of chestnut and pretzel vendors, began selling numerous foods, especially hot dogs, cheesesteaks, and breakfast sandwiches. By taking up sidewalk space and possibly business, the vendors annoyed established stores which eventually led to numerous legal battles over ordinances which placed restrictions on vendors. The issue was surrounded by race and class overtones, but vendors have since become commonplace and even nationally renowned for serving quality food.
A wide variety of eateries now thrive in Philadelphia. The city has a growing reputation for culinary excellence, and many of the city's chefs have been honored with nominations for James Beard Awards.
Prolific local restaurateurs like Stephen Starr's STARR Restaurants and Iron Chef Jose Garces's Garces Restaurant Group operate restaurants that coexist with small chef-owned BYOBs. Major dining locations include Rittenhouse Square, Old City, Chinatown, Manayunk, East Passyunk Avenue and Fishtown.
A variety of cuisine popular with Philadelphians today include Italian, Mediterranean, Chinese, Japanese, steakhouses, French, gastropub fare, tapas, diners, delis, and pizzerias.
In September 2006, a smoking ban went into effect for Philadelphia bars and restaurants. The ban, which exempts private clubs, hotels, specialty smoking shops, and waiver-eligible bars that serve little food, had a troubled start and went unenforced until January 2007.
Just a month later Philadelphia City Council passed a ban on trans fat in restaurants, effective September 2, 2007. Other health reforms have been introduced by the Get Healthy Philly Initiative.
Other foods with Philadelphia historical roots
Cheese sauce—gooey, orange, dairy condiment carried by many street vendors. In general, Philadelphians often add cheese sauce to inexpensive food items, such as French fries and pretzels. The vast majority of cheese sauce served on Philadelphia foods is the national brand Cheez Whiz.
Funnel cake—associated with the Pennsylvania Dutch, made by pouring batter into hot cooking oil in a circular pattern and deep frying the overlapping mass until golden-brown; extremely popular in the Philadelphia area.
German butter cake—very rich type of pound cake with a buttery, pudding-like center, not to be confused with the traditional butter cake or the St. Louis version. Also called Philadelphia Butter Cake.
Good & Plenty—popular licorice pastille candy created in 1893.
Herr's—Philadelphia-area snack brand, noted for potato chips and other snack foods
Peanut Chews—popular candy produced in Philadelphia since 1917
Pork roll—although developed and mostly produced in Trenton (on the border between the Philadelphia and New York spheres of influence) and mostly associated with New Jersey culinary traditions, pork roll is widely available in the Philadelphia area and well-incorporated into Philadelphian cuisine.
Roast pork sandwich—usually served on an Italian roll and often with broccoli rabe instead of spinach and most traditionally with sharp provolone; a staple of South Philadelphia cuisine.
Scrapple—processed meat loaf made of pork scraps and trimmings combined with cornmeal and flour, is a Pennsylvanian breakfast food.
Soda—in the early 19th century, Dr. Philip Syng Physick and John Hart of Philadelphia invented carbonated water in an attempt to simulate water from natural springs. In 1807, Philadelphian pharmacist Townsend Speakman sold fruit juice and carbonated water, inventing the first soft drink. In 1875, Charles Elmer Hires invented root beer by mixing sarsaparilla, sassafras, wild cherry, wintergreen, ginger, and alcohol. He sold it at his drug store in Philadelphia.
Whoopie pie—also associated with the Pennsylvania Dutch, it is made of two round mound-shaped pieces of chocolate cake, or sometimes pumpkin or gingerbread cake, with a sweet, creamy filling or frosting sandwiched between them. Also popular in New England.
Spiced wafers—type of cookie traditionally sold in the autumn.
Stromboli—reported to have originated in 1950 in Essington, just outside Philadelphia. It is a type of turnover made with Italian bread dough filled with various kinds of cheese, Italian charcuterie or vegetables. Panzarotti is a trademark for a type of deep-fried stromboli, particularly associated with Philadelphia's South Jersey suburbs.
Tastykake—most well-known snack brand native to Philadelphia. Since 1914, the Tasty Baking Company has provided the region with its line of pre-packaged baked goods; best-known varieties include Krimpets, cupcakes, Kandy Kakes (wafer-sized chocolate and peanut butter cakes), and Tasty Pies.
Tomato pie—essentially a cheeseless pizza two-feet by three-feet in size, with extra oregano. Tomato pie is normally served cold or at room temperature. It is more often found in the Northeast section of Philadelphia and at bakeries in South Philadelphia with variations found in Trenton, New Jersey and other suburban localities.
Texas Tommy—grilled, split hot dog with bacon and cheese; a common hot dog dish in Philadelphia.
Water ice—a version of Italian ice that is popular in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley. It is sold to order at specific shops and pre-packaged in grocery stores.
Alcoholic beverages
Beer was brewed by English colonial inhabitants of Philadelphia since the city's founding in 1682, and later by German immigrants that settled the city's countryside. Because of this, the city is strongly identified with both English-style beer (particularly porter, a variety that was virtually synonymous with Philadelphia during the American Revolutionary period) and German-style beer (such as lager), which eclipsed the English style near the end of the 19th century.
In the industry's heyday before Prohibition, more than 90 breweries operated in city limits, with another 100 located in the greater metropolitan area. A neighborhood in the city is still called Brewerytown, owing to the concentration of breweries in the area during this time. The last of the city's most successful brewers, such as the Henry F. Ortlieb Brewing Company and the Christian Schmidt Brewing Company, shut down in the 1980s.
The beer most associated with Philadelphia is Yuengling lager, brewed in nearby Pottsville, Pennsylvania and often referred to as simply "Lager" by Philadelphians and people in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey.
Recently, however, a number of highly regarded micro-breweries and brewpubs appeared in and around the city in the 1990s and 2000s, such as Victory, Yards and PBC, reviving the city's dormant brewing industry. (For more information, see Breweries in Philadelphia.) In 2011, Philadelphia was ranked as one of the 14 best beer cities in the world by Frommer's, and the city's annual beer week is among its most popular food-centric civic events.
Other notable Delaware Valley microbreweries and brewpubs include Iron Hill Breweries and the award-winning Sly Fox Brewery.
The distillation of spirits in Philadelphia has a long history, but the industry has sat idle for several decades.
One of the largest manufacturing complexes in the city, spanning 40 acres, was owned by Publicker Industries, which produced chemicals, industrial alcohols and spirits in South Philadelphia. Its Continental Distilling Company arm produced Old Hickory bourbon, Inver House Scotch and Skol vodka, among many other liquors, before the company abandoned the site in 1986.
The oldest producer of cordials and liqueurs in the U.S., Charles Jacquin et Cie, remains in operation in the city's Kensington neighborhood; the company is best known for its Pravda vodka, Jacquin's family of liqueurs and Original Bartenders Cocktails brand, well as its introduction of Chambord (sold to Brown-Forman in 2006), Creme Yvette, St-Germain and Domaine de Canton to the U.S. market.
More recently, Philadelphia Distilling opened in 2005 in the city's Fishtown neighborhood; it is the first craft distillery to open in Pennsylvania since before Prohibition, and produces Bluecoat American Dry Gin, Vieux Carré Absinthe Supérieure, Penn 1681 vodka, XXX Shine corn whiskey and The Bay, a vodka seasoned with Chesapeake Bay seasoning.
See also
Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
Cuisine of New Jersey
Cuisine of Allentown, Pennsylvania
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine%20of%20Philadelphia |
The Munster Schools Senior Cup or Munster Senior Cup is the under-age rugby union competition for schools affiliated to the Munster Branch of the IRFU. The trophy is named after Garrett Fitzgerald former CBC coach, Munster coach and Munster CEO.
The inaugural Munster Schools Senior Cup took place in 1909 and, since then, Cork city's two all-boys schools have been to the fore as the only rugby playing schools in the city. Presentation Brothers College have won 31 titles, likewise Christian Brothers College have won 31 titles. Rockwell College (26) were once the team to beat in the competition, holding the record for most wins until the 1980s. However, Rockwell have only won the cup five times since.
Limerick CBS (4) won Limerick's first trophies in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by Crescent College Comprehensive (12) which contributed three in the 1940s and 1950s, whilst St. Munchin's (5) won their first in 1968. Mungret College, merged into CCC in 1974, also took the trophy once in 1941. In addition Ardscoil Rís, and St. Enda's have all competed in finals. The most recent winners are PBC, who overcame a strong CBC team 24-0.
The competition's final generally takes place every year around St. Patrick's day, and alternates between being played in Thomond Park or Musgrave Park, unless there are two teams from one city playing; in that case, the game shall take place in that city.
Standing
Schools rugby is seen by the IRFU as one of the two channels for players to learn their rugby and advance to senior levels.
Many players that have taken part in (and won) the Senior cup have gone on to represent Munster and Ireland. Former winners of the Cup include:, Ronan O'Gara (PBC), Peter Stringer (PBC), Simon Zebo (PBC), Peter O'Mahony (PBC), David Wallace (CCC), Donnacha Ryan (St. Munchin's), Conor Murray (St. Munchin's), Keith Earls (St. Munchin's), Jerry Flannery (St. Munchin's) and Paul O'Connell (Ardscoil Rís) also played Senior Cup rugby for their respective schools.
Winners
Honours
1900s
1909 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1910s
1910 Rockwell College
1911 Rockwell College
1912 Rockwell College
1913 Christian Brothers College
1914 Rockwell College
1915 Rockwell College
1916 Christian Brothers College
1917 Rockwell College
1918 Presentation Brothers College
1919 Christian Brothers College
1920s
1920 Presentation Brothers College
1921 The Abbey, Tipperary
1922 Christian Brothers College
1923 Competition cancelled as only one school entered
1924 Christian Brothers College
1925 Christian Brothers College
1926 Limerick CBS
1927 Presentation Brothers College
1928 Rockwell College
1929 Rockwell College
1930s
1930 Rockwell College beat Presentation Brothers College
1931 Limerick CBS
1932 Presentation Brothers College
1933 Limerick CBS
1934 Limerick CBS ??
1935 Presentation Brothers College, Cork??
1936 Christian Brothers College
1937 Rockwell College beat Presentation Brothers College
1938 Presentation Brothers College, Cobh beat Presentation Brothers College
1939 Presentation Brothers College
1940s
1940 Rockwell College beat Presentation Brothers College
1941 Mungret College
1942 Rockwell College
1943 Christian Brothers College
1944 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1945 Presentation Brothers College
1946 Presentation Brothers College
1947 Crescent College beat Presentation Brothers College
1948 Presentation Brothers College
1949 Crescent College beat Rockwell College
1950s
1950 Rockwell College beat Mungret College
1951 Crescent College beat St. Munchin's
1952 Presentation Brothers College
1953 Presentation Brothers College
1954 Christian Brothers College, Cork beat Rockwell College
1955 Rockwell College
1956 Christian Brothers College
1957 Presentation Brothers College beat Crescent College
1958 Presentation Brothers College
1959 Rockwell College
1960s
1960 Rockwell College beat Presentation Brothers College
1961 Rockwell College beat Christian Brothers College
1962 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1963 Crescent College
1964 Rockwell College beat Christian Brothers College
1965 Presentation Brothers College beat Crescent College
1966 Presentation Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1967 Rockwell College
1968 St. Munchin's beat Rockwell College
1969 Presentation Brothers College
1970s
1970 Rockwell College beat Glenstal
1971 Christian Brothers College beat St. Munchin's
1972 Christian Brothers College beat St. Munchin's
1973 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1974 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1975 Presentation Brothers College beat Rockwell College
1976 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1977 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1978 Presentation Brothers College beat Christian Brothers College
1979 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1980s
1980 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1981 Presentation Brothers College beat Christian Brothers College
1982 St. Munchin's beat Presentation Brothers College
1983 Crescent College beat Presentation Brothers College, Cork
1984 Christian Brothers College beat Crescent College
1985 Rockwell College beat Christian Brothers College
1986 Crescent College beat Christian Brothers College
1987 Presentation Brothers College beat St. Enda's
1988 Christian Brothers College beat St. Enda's
1989 Crescent College beat Christian Brothers College 12-9
1990s
1990 Crescent College beat Rockwell College
1991 Presentation Brothers College beat Rockwell College 4 - 0
1992 Presentation Brothers College beat St. Munchin's 14 - 3
1993 Presentation Brothers College beat St. Munchin's
1994 Crescent College beat Presentation Brothers College
1995 Presentation Brothers College beat Crescent College 14 - 7
1996 Presentation Brothers College beat Ardscoil Rís
1997 Christian Brothers College beat St. Munchin's
1998 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College
1999 Christian Brothers College beat St. Munchin's
2000s
2000 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College 25–18
2001 Rockwell College beat St. Munchin's 17 - 5
2002 St. Munchin's beat Presentation Brothers College 20–19
2003 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College 11–8
2004 St. Munchin's beat Presentation Brothers College 11–10
2005 Presentation Brothers College beat Christian Brothers College 6–3
2006 St. Munchin's beat Presentation Brothers College 7–3
2007 Presentation Brothers College beat Christian Brothers College 13–3
2008 Castletroy College beat Christian Brothers College 21–15
2009 Christian Brothers College beat Rockwell College 33–19
2010s
2010 Presentation Brothers College beat Rockwell College 22–10
2011 Rockwell College beat Presentation Brothers College 9–3
2012 Rockwell College beat St. Munchin's 6–5
2013 Crescent College Comprehensive beat Rockwell College 27–5
2014 Crescent College Comprehensive beat Ardscoil Rís 21–7
2015 Rockwell College beat Ardscoil Rís 23–13
2016 Christian Brothers College beat Crescent College Comprehensive 9–8
2017 Presentation Brothers College beat Glenstal Abbey 11–3
2018 Glenstal Abbey beat Christian Brothers College 18–17
2019 Christian Brothers College beat Presentation Brothers College 5–3
2020s
2020 Presentation Brothers College and Christian Brothers College (Final scratched and title shared due to COVID-19 pandemic)
2021 Competition cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022 Crescent College Comprehensive beat Presentation Brothers College 26–5
2023 Presentation Brothers College beat Christians Brothers College 24-0
See also
Munster Rugby
Munster Schools Junior Cup
Connacht Schools Senior Cup
Leinster Schools Senior Cup
Ulster Schools Senior Cup
Ireland national schoolboy rugby union team
References
External links
Munster Rugby official site
High school rugby union competitions in Ireland
Rugby union competitions in Munster
1909 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster%20Schools%20Rugby%20Senior%20Cup |
Parliamentary Ombudsman (, , , , ) is the name of the principal ombudsman institutions in Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (where the term justice ombudsman – or JO – is also used). In each case, the terms refer both to the office of the parliamentary ombudsman and to an individual ombudsman.
Sweden
The Riksdag has had an ombudsman institution since 1809. At that time Sweden was ruled by the king and therefore the Riksdag of the Estates, which then represented the Four Estates, considered that some institution that was independent of the executive was needed in order to ensure that laws and statutes were observed. For this reason it appointed a parliamentary ombudsman and still continues to do so. The first ombudsman was appointed in 1810, and the parliamentary ombudsmen still follow the basic principles that have applied since then.
Jurisdiction
A complaint to the JO () – or parliamentary ombudsman (), which is the official name of the institution – can be made by anybody who feels that an individual has been treated wrongly or unjustly by a public authority or an official employed by the civil service or local government. A person need not be a Swedish citizen or have reached a certain age to be able to lodge a complaint.
However, the institution has no jurisdiction over the actions of members of the Riksdag, the Government or individual cabinet ministers, the Chancellor of Justice or members of county or municipal councils. Nor do newspapers, radio and television broadcasts, trade unions, banks, insurance companies, doctors in private practice, lawyers et al. come within the ambit of the ombudsmen. Other supervisory agencies exist for these areas, such as the Swedish Press Council (), the Financial Supervisory Authority (), the National Board of Health and Welfare () and the Swedish Bar Association ().
An ombudsman is an individual elected by the Riksdag to ensure that courts of law and other agencies as well as the public officials they employ (and also anyone else whose work involves the exercise of public authority) comply with laws and statutes and fulfil their obligations in all other respects. An ombudsman is elected for a four-year period and can be re-elected. Although there is no formal requirement for an ombudsman to be a jurist, in practice all but the first have had legal training.
In 1941 the stipulation that only men could be elected as ombudsmen was rescinded; since then, five women have been elected to the office. Today there are four ombudsmen, two women and two men. Each ombudsman has her or his own area of responsibility (supervisory area). One of the ombudsmen has the title of chief parliamentary ombudsman and is responsible for administration, deciding, for instance, which areas of responsibility are to be allocated to the other ombudsmen. However, the ombudsman cannot intervene in another ombudsman's inquiry or adjudication in any case within their ambit. Each ombudsman has a direct individual responsibility to the Riksdag for their actions. The Annual Report—which is one of the official publications of the Swedish Riksdag—is submitted to the Standing Committee on the Constitution, which then draws up its own written report and notifies the Riksdag.
The ombudsmen's inquiries (supervision) are based on complaints from the general public, cases initiated by the ombudsmen themselves and on observations made during the course of inspections. Every year the parliamentary ombudsmen receives almost 5,000 complaints – of widely varying kinds. Most of the ombudsmen's work consists of dealing with complaints.
Powers and sanctions
The parliamentary ombudsmen have the right to initiate disciplinary procedures against an official for misdemeanours. The most frequent outcome is, however, a critical advisory comment from an ombudsman or some form of recommendation. An ombudsman's opinion is never legally binding. The office of the parliamentary ombudsman is politically neutral.
The most extreme recourse allows an ombudsman to act as a special prosecutor and bring charges against the official for malfeasance or some other irregularity. This very rarely happens, but the mere awareness of this possibility means a great deal for the ombudsmen's authority.
History
The office of the parliamentary ombudsman was established in connection with the adoption of the Swedish Instrument of Government that came into effect after the deposition of the Swedish king in 1809 and which was based to some extent on Montesquieu's ideas about the division of powers. With the autocratic rule of King Gustav III fresh in mind, the legislators introduced into the new constitution a system that would allow the Riksdag some control over the exercise of executive power. The Standing Committee on the Constitution was therefore charged with the task of supervising the actions of ministers and with ensuring the election of a special parliamentary ombudsman to monitor the compliance of public authorities with the law. The Riksdag Act of 1810 contained provisions concerning the auditors elected by the Riksdag to scrutinise the doings of the civil service, the Bank of Sweden and the National Debt Office. The regulations in Chapter 12 of the Instrument of Government of 1974 later incorporated these three supervisory Riksdag agencies (i.e. the parliamentary ombudsmen, the Standing Committee on the Constitution and the parliamentary auditors) into the current system of parliamentary government.
The idea of creating some organ answerable to the Riksdag that could monitor the way in which the authorities complied with the law was not a new one in 1809. In fact, in 1713 the absolute monarch Charles XII had created the office of His Majesty's Supreme Ombudsman. At that time King Charles XII was in Turkey and had been abroad for almost 13 years. In his absence his administration in Sweden had fallen into disarray. He therefore established the supreme ombudsman to be his pre-eminent representative in Sweden. The task entrusted to him was to ensure that judges and public official in general acted in accordance with the laws in force and discharged their duties satisfactorily in other respects. If the ombudsman found that this was not the case, he was empowered to initiate legal proceedings against them for dereliction of their duties. In 1719 the supreme ombudsman was given the title of chancellor of justice (). This office still exists, and today the Chancellor of Justice acts as the government's Ombudsman. After the death of Charles XII in 1718 Sweden enjoyed decades of what was more or less parliamentary rule (the Age of Liberty). In 1766 the Riksdag actually for the first time elected the chancellor of justice. In the 1772 Instrument of Government, however, the right to appoint the chancellor of justice again became a royal prerogative. After a period of renewed autocratic rule under Gustaf III and his son, Gustaf Adolf IV, the latter was deposed in 1809.
According to the 1809 Instrument of Government, power was to be divided between the king and the Riksdag. The king was to appoint the chancellor of justice (in other words, he was the royal ombudsman) and the Riksdag was to appoint its own parliamentary ombudsman. The main purpose of the establishment of this new post as ombudsman (parliamentary ombudsman) was to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency that was completely independent of the executive. However, it seemed quite natural to model this new office on that of the chancellor of justice. Like the chancellor of justice, therefore, the ombudsman was to be a prosecutor whose task was to supervise the application of the laws by judges and civil servants. In the words of the 1809 Instrument of Government, the Riksdag was to appoint a man "known for his knowledge of the law and exemplary probity" as parliamentary ombudsman. In other words, his duties were to focus on protection of the rights of citizens. For instance the parliamentary ombudsman was to encourage uniform application of the law and indicate legislative obscurities. His work was to take the form of inspections and inquiries into complaints. Complaints played a relatively insignificant role to begin with. During the first century of the existence of the office, the total number of complaints amounted to around 8,000.
Initially, the role of a parliamentary ombudsman could be characterised as that of a prosecutor. Cases set in motion by the ombudsman were either shelved with no action being taken or resulted in prosecution. Eventually, however, routines evolved which meant that prosecution was waived for minor transgressions and an admonition was issued instead. This development was acknowledged by the Riksdag in 1915 by its inclusion of a specific right to waive prosecution in the instructions for the parliamentary ombudsman. Until the adoption of the 1975 instructions, these provisions on an ombudsman's right to waive prosecution in cases involving transgressions that were not of major consequence provided the only formal basis for the expression of criticism. In the cases where an official could not be charged with any punishable error and therefore there were no grounds for a decision to waive prosecution, the expression of criticism or advice on the part of the ombudsman was based only the usages that had evolved over the years. These practices were appraised and approved by the Riksdag in 1964.
The decision in 1975 to abolish the special right to waive prosecution was linked to the simultaneous reform of official accountability, which involved among other things major curtailment of the legal responsibility of public officials for their actions. In this context it was considered that there was no longer any need for the parliamentary ombudsmen to have the right to waive prosecution. Instead it was stipulated that in inquiries into cases the ombudsmen were to be subject to the regulations that already applied to public prosecutors with regard to prosecution and the right to waive prosecution. Today, the 1986 instructions – the Act with Instructions for the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (1986:765) and the amendments added in 1989 – state that when undertaking the role of prosecutor, the ombudsmen are also to comply with the other statutory regulations applying to public prosecutors. (In addition, the 1975 instructions also included a special regulation empowering the ombudsmen to make critical or advisory comments and these have been transferred to the instructions that now apply.)
In 1957 the institution of the parliamentary ombudsman was also given the power to monitor local government authorities.
Legacy
The development of the role of the ombudsman institution has resulted in a gradual shift in the thrust of these activities from a punitive to an advisory and consultative function. The task of forestalling error and general endeavours to ensure the correct application of the law have taken precedence over the role of prosecutor.
The starting point of the work of the parliamentary ombudsmen today is based – as it was nearly two centuries ago – on the desire of individuals that any treatment they receive from the authorities should be lawful and correct in every other respect. The institution of the parliamentary ombudsmen today is a vital element in the constitutional protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of each individual.
The supervision exercised by the parliamentary ombudsmen consists mainly of inquiries into complaints submitted by the general public. In addition the four ombudsmen make inspections and any other investigations they consider necessary. The ombudsmen are, however – unlike normal official agencies – never obliged to consider the circumstances of every case submitted to them. Instead the ombudsmen make their own assessment of which complaints to investigate and which require no further action. This presupposes, however, an ungrudging attitude on the part of the ombudsmen to the complaints they receive so that all those that give grounds for suspecting that some error has been committed will be investigated. It can also happen that even though an ombudsman finds no reason to inquire into a complaint itself, other aspects of the actions of a public authority will be appraised instead.
As was the case in 1810 – when Lars Augustin Mannerheim was appointed as the first ombudsman – the four parliamentary ombudsmen are today completely independent of the government and the civil service which they monitor. For this reason the Institution is often said to be of an extraordinary nature. This means, for instance, that the activities of the ombudsmen are not intended to replace the supervision and application of the law that devolves on other organisations in the community.
Even though from a constitutional point of view monitoring the application of law by public authorities is the prerogative of the Riksdag, for reasons of principle it has been considered unacceptable to incorporate any political considerations into this supervision. For this reason the independent attitude adopted by the parliamentary ombudsmen has applied to their relationship with the Riksdag as well. For instance, the Riksdag is not considered able to issue directives to the ombudsmen about any individual case, nor can it express opinions retrospectively about how a case was dealt with or the final adjudication. Instead the authority of the Riksdag over the activities of the ombudsmen finds expression in the instructions issued to the parliamentary ombudsmen and in the funds allocated to the office. It is the Riksdag that decides on the budget for the parliamentary ombudsmen – not the government or the Ministry of Finance.
Finland
Finland has had the institution of parliamentary ombudsman (Finnish: , Swedish: ) since 1920. The office of the ombudsman has one ombudsman and two assistant ombudsmen (Finnish: , Swedish: ). The officials are elected for a term of four years and their duties closely resemble the jurisdiction of their Swedish counterparts. The other Finnish official charged with the supervision of public power is the Chancellor of Justice. The jurisdiction of the two offices overlaps, but the parliamentary ombudsman is the authority specially charged with the handling of complaints by military servicemen, conscripts, prisoners and other persons in closed institutions. He also regularly inspects prisons, garrisons and Finnish peacekeeping missions abroad. The other special duty of the parliamentary ombudsman is the supervision of police undercover and wiretapping activities.
Norway
The Norwegian Parliamentary Ombud has existed since 1962.
Denmark
The Danish parliamentary ombudsman has existed since 1955. It investigates complaints against public authorities and can also take up cases on its own initiative.
Iceland
The Icelandic parliamentary ombudsman was established in 1987. It oversees the actions of state and local authorities.
See also
Ombudsman
European Ombudsman (EU)
Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (UK)
Lokayukta
References
Wieslander, Bengt, The Parliamentary Ombudsman in Sweden (translated by David Jones), Stockholm: Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, 1994. .
External links
The website of the Parliamentary Ombudsmen of Sweden
The website of the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Finland
The website of the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Denmark
The website of the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Iceland
The website of the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Norway
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St. Munchin's College is a second-level education college located in Corbally, Limerick, Ireland. The school was founded in 1796. It is a Diocesan College or minor seminary.
College Crest
The college crest is shield-shaped in blue and red – the college colours. Depicted on it are: a book to show that its function was to be educational, a torch to represent the devil, a cross to show that it was to be Christian and a bishop's mitre and crozier to show that it was to be diocesan. The motto chosen was "Veritas in Caritate" adapted from Bishop Anthony Wood's own episcopal motto. The text is taken from St Paul's Letter to the Ephesians: "If we live by the truth and in love, we shall grow in all ways into Christ." (Eph 4:15)
History
"Limerick Diocesan College, under the Patronage of St. Munchin, was first founded by Most Rev. John Young, Bishop of Limerick, in 1796. After many changes, it is established on the site in Corbally by Most Rev. Henry Murphy, Bishop of Limerick, who placed the foundation stone on 28th April, 1960"
Thus reads, in English translation, the inscription to be seen on the foundation stone of St. Munchin's College, Corbally, Limerick. It is an institution of learning with a long and noble history, stretching back over two hundred years. In this time, St. Munchin's College has indeed seen many changes, both of organisation and location.
The Diocese of Limerick was formally established at the Synod of Ráth Breasail in the year 1111. The boundaries of the diocese as arranged at that time have remained practically unchanged to the present day. The diocese includes most of County Limerick, and two parishes in County Clare. The patron saint of the diocese is St Munchin; tradition holds that St. Munchin was the first bishop of Limerick and he founded a cathedral which remained the principal church of the diocese until Donal O'Brien, King of Limerick, built St. Mary's Cathedral in the 12th century.
For many centuries Irish Theological Schools had been suppressed and the students for the priesthood had to be educated outside Ireland. Many famous Colleges for the education of priests were established on the continent-Lisbon, Salamanca, Paris and Rome to name just a few However, by the end of the 18th century, circumstances had changed. Firstly, the effects of the French Revolution had closed many of the seminaries abroad and secondly, the attitude of the government to the education of the Catholic clergy had changed. A bill to provide for the education of the Catholic clergy received the Royal assent on 5 June 1795. The Duke of Leinster offered a site at Maynooth, his offer was accepted and, on 1 October 1795 St. Patrick's College at Maynooth was formally opened.
At this time, in most Irish dioceses, preparatory seminaries were established, among them St. Munchin's College, Limerick. The driving force behind the establishment of the new college was Bishop John Young. On 29 September 1796, St. Munchin's College was opened at Palmerstown in Limerick City. The curriculum was made up of Logic and Divinity. It was a major seminary for those pursuing studies for the priesthood. It was some years before St. Munchin's took on the form of a Diocesan College, that is, an educational institution in which both laymen and future priests pursue their secondary studies together. The first of many changes in location was not long coming and, within six months, by March 1797, the college moved from Palmerstown to Newgate Lane where it would remain for only three years. The next site was at Peter's Cell and, by 1809, it was on the move again, this time to Park House in Corbally.
In 1825 the college at Park House closed but, its last President, opened an academy in Mallow Street. The academy was opened to lay students as well as students for the priesthood. A fully fledged St. Munchin's College was opened again in 1853, under the patronage of Bishop John Ryan. The college, known as 'St. Munchin's Diocesan Seminary' was located at No. 1 Hartstonge Street, and the college authorities were very proud of the facilities that were available:
"The seminary itself is situated in the most elevated and healthy part of the city, and no expense has been spared to fit it up in the best possible manner, for the reception of day pupils and boarders".
A wide range of subjects was on offer, including Music, Drawing, Painting, and Dancing. A major change in the running of St. Munchin's took place when Bishop Ryan decided to remove the diocesan clergy from the college. This, it would seem, was because "the priests of St. Munchin's had paid too much local attention to a local election". (Thomas Begley, Diocesan Historian)
Bishop Ryan approached the Society of Jesus with a request to take over the administration of the college. After formal negotiations were successfully concluded between the Bishop and the Society of Jesus, both in Ireland and in Rome, St Munchin's College became a Jesuit-run school on 10 March 1859. This wasn't the first venture into education by the Jesuits in Limerick. In fact, their first school in Ireland was set up in St. Mary's Parish in 1565.
By 1862 the Diocesan College moved to Crescent House where the curriculum included classical and modern languages, mathematics, physics, history, geography, and elocution. The school also had a 'Mercantile Department' in which 'an extensive and accurate knowledge is imparted of arithmetic, book-keeping, abstracts and other requirements of the actuary's office'. Young men were prepared there for 'the university and the ecclesiastical colleges, the learned professions, the public service, civil and military'.
In 1867 Bishop George Butler decided to re-establish his own seminary at Hartstonge Street and the Jesuits maintained their own school at the Crescent which was renamed the Crescent College. The two schools quickly developed a rivalry on the rugby field which survives to this day.
In the 1870s the Jesuits were again asked to administer St. Munchins, which this time moved to Mungret. This arrangement, however, was not to last and the college was again transferred to the clergy of the Diocese and moved to the former town house of Lord Limerick at Henry Street where it remained until a new school was built in the 1960s at Corbally.
Torch Magazine
Every year, transition year students in the school produce the end of year magazine called The Torch. The magazine began in 1977 and has been produced every year since. The Torch features profiles of all the 6th year students (which are written by their classmates), articles about everything that goes on in the school during the year, interviews with new teachers and students who deserve special recognition (such as captains of rugby teams) and photos from the school year. The Torch is regarded by many as one of the best student magazines in the Limerick area.
Sport
The school won the Munster Schools Junior Cup in 2018. Winning its first title in the Munster Schools Senior Cup in 1968, it has since won the cup four times. It also has 6 titles at Junior Cup level. A number of former pupils have gone on to play at international level, including Bill O'Connell, Bill Mulcahy, Larry Moloney, Colm Tucker (also a Lion), John Fitzgerald, Paul Hogan, Phil Danaher (also Irish captain), Anthony Foley (also Irish captain), Keith Wood (also a Lion and Irish captain), Jerry Flannery (also a Lion), Barry Murphy, Jeremy Staunton, Marcus Horan, Denis Hurley and Damien Varley and current Irish internationals Keith Earls (also a Lion), Donnacha Ryan and Conor Murray (also a Lion).
Alumni
George Clancy (born 1977), international rugby referee
Niall Collins TD (born 1973), Fianna Fáil member of Dáil Éireann for Limerick County since 2007
Edmond Cotter (1852–1934), FA Cup finalist with Royal Engineers, British Army officer, Irish Volunteer
Neil Cronin (born 1992), former full time teacher at At Munchin's College, currently playing for Munster in the Pro14 and has a 1-year contract with Munster (2018–2019)
Neil Cusack (born 1951), long-distance runner and Olympian, only Irishman to win the Boston Marathon.
Philip Danaher (born 1965), former Irish international and Munster rugby player
Keith Earls (born 1987), Munster, Ireland and British and Irish Lions rugby player
Denis Hurley (born 1984), Munster and Irish international rugby player
John Fitzgerald (born 1961), former Irish international and Munster rugby player
Niall FitzGerald KBE (born 1945), former chairman and CEO of Unilever plc until his appointment as Chairman of Reuters in 2004
Jerry Flannery (born 1978), former Ireland and Munster rugby player
John Fleming (born 1948), appointed Catholic Bishop of Killala Diocese, County Mayo, Ireland in 2002
Anthony Foley (1973–2016), Ireland and Munster player
Colm Galvin (born 1993), Clare hurler and legend
Dan Goggin (born 1994), Munster rugby player
John Gormley (born 1959), leader of the Green Party (Ireland) was appointed Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government in the Irish Government of 2007
Fr. Edward Joseph Hannan, founder of Hibernian F.C.
Marcus Horan (born 1977), Ireland and Munster rugby player
Richard Hourigan (1939–2002), former Fine Gael Senator
Stephen Keogh (born 1982), former Munster and Leinster rugby player
Fergal Lawler (born 1971), drummer with The Cranberries
Fr. Tim Leonard (1893–1929), Columban Father violently killed by Communists in China in 1929.
David McHugh (born 1955), international rugby referee
Bill Mulcahy (born 1935), former Munster, Leinster, Ireland and British and Irish Lions rugby player
Barry Murphy (born 1982), former Munster and Irish international rugby player, member of Irish acoustic folk rock band Hermitage Green
Conor Murray (born 1989), rugby player, Munster, Ireland and British and Irish Lions
Jeremiah Newman (1926–1995), Bishop of Limerick, President of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Tim O'Connor (born 1951), Irish Public Servant and Diplomat. Tim was part of the Irish Government Negotiating Team for the Good Friday Agreement
Kieran O'Donnell (born 1963), member of Seanad Éireann, Fine Gael member of Dáil Éireann for Limerick City 2011–2016
Donal O'Grady (born 1980), Limerick hurler and captain
Bishop Patrick O'Neill, former bishop of limerick
Niall O'Shaughnessy (1955–2015), Olympic middle-distance runner
Frank O'Mara (born 1960), Olympic middle-distance runner
Sean O Riada (1931–1971), composer
Éamonn 'Ned' Rea (born 1944), All-Ireland winning Limerick hurler
Donnacha Ryan (born 1983), Munster and Irish international rugby player
Jeremy Staunton (born 1980), Munster, Irish and Aviva Premiership rugby player
Colm Tucker (1952–2012), former Munster, Irish international and Lions rugby player
Damien Varley (born 1983), Munster rugby player
Dick Walsh (1934–2005), journalist, political, and assistant editor The Irish Times
Keith Wood (born 1972), former rugby player for Munster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. Winner of IRB International Player of the Year in 2001
References
http://www.limerickdiocese.org/post-primary.html
Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup
https://www.munsterrugby.ie/
External links
http://www.stmunchinscollege.com/
http://www.limerickdiocese.org/post-primary.html
Secondary schools in County Limerick
1796 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Munchin%27s%20College |
Snetterton Circuit is a motor racing course in Norfolk, England, originally opened in 1953. Owned by Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision organisation, it is situated on the A11 road north-east of the town of Thetford and south-west of the city of Norwich. The circuit is named after the nearby village of Snetterton to the north-west of the circuit, although much of the circuit lies in the adjoining civil parish of Quidenham.
The circuit hosts races from series including the British Touring Car Championship, British Formula Three Championship and British Superbike Championship. From 1980 to 1994, the track hosted the UK's first 24-hour race, the Willhire 24 Hour. From 2003 to 2013 the Citroën 2CV 24 Hour Race was held at Snetterton on the 200 Circuit. After a short stint racing at Anglesey the 2CV 24Hr race has again returned to Snetterton and is usually held around the August bank holiday weekend.
Pre-racing history
Snetterton was originally an RAF airfield, RAF Snetterton Heath, later used by the United States Army Air Force. The airfield opened in May 1943 and closed in November 1948.
Racing history
After its use as a USAF base, in 1948 Snetterton Heath was returned to the local landowner, Fred Riches. Oliver Sear and Dudley Coram of the Aston Martin Owners Club (AMOC) approached Riches in early 1951 to suggest using the defunct airbase roadways as a circuit for club racing. Mr. Riches agreed, but, being a local churchwarden, only on condition that there was no racing between 10:45 am and noon on Sundays, and that all racing stopped before Evensong started, to avoid disturbing church services. The AMOC held the first open meeting on 27 October 1951, for what were dubbed "speed trials", but were actually a series of one lap sprint races. The first meeting was described by Motor Sport magazine as "an excellent event over an interesting new course." Fastest time of the day was set by Ken Wharton, driving ERA R11B, who averaged .
The circuit was first used for motorcycle racing in 1953, organised by the Snetterton Combine, an association of clubs in Norfolk and Suffolk.
The track was used by both Team Lotus (Formula One) and Norfolk Racing Co (Le Mans) to test their racing cars.
In the 1960s and early 1970s the circuit was in length. Sear corner was further from Riches corner and led onto the "Norwich Straight" clearly visible in satellite maps and currently used by a Sunday market. The straight ended in a hairpin bend leading to Home Straight, which joined the existing track at the Esses, and is now a main access road for the circuit. Russell bend was added in the 1960s and named after Jim Russell who ran a racing drivers school at the circuit. Initially added to improve safety by slowing vehicles as they approached the pits, Russell bend was the scene of many accidents and was later altered to its present configuration.
Layout history
Circuit developments
In October 2005, Jonathan Palmer of MotorSport Vision, the owners of Snetterton Circuit, announced that the circuit would undergo extensive rebuilding work, in order to lengthen the circuit and improve its facilities.
On 23 September 2010, MSV announced that construction of the new infield section and track improvements would be finished in time for the 2011 motorsport season. The main development was the addition of a new one mile infield section, after Sear Corner, which was replaced and renamed Montreal, in deference to it being modelled on the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve hairpin. The final chicane before Senna Straight was also removed and replaced by an extension to Coram curve coupled with a new, tight, left-hand corner named Murrays. In addition to the track work, the redevelopment also improved spectator viewing and increased safety.
Snetterton 300 Circuit
The 300 Circuit is long, Snetterton's longest layout and the second longest racing track in the country. The track incorporates much of the previous circuit with the infield section that was completed in 2011. The 300 track has been designed to bring international levels of racing to the circuit by gaining an FIA Grade 2 Licence. The layout also hosts major British motorsport championships. The British Formula 3 Championship and British GT Championship were the first of these to visit the new layout on 14 and 15 May 2011. The British Touring Car Championship with its ToCA support package also uses this layout, as does the British Superbike Championship. In 2016, ahead of Justin Wilson's 38th birthday, the Montreal hairpin was renamed Wilson, in memory of the Yorkshire IndyCar driver killed at the 2015 Pocono 500.
Snetterton 200
This layout is closest to the pre-2011 layout. The main differences between the original layout and the 200 layout are the re-profiled Justin Wilson, Coram, and Murray's corners, which have been designed to provide better opportunities for overtaking. This layout is mainly used for club and local racing.
Snetterton 100
The 100 layout is made up solely of the new infield section and is mainly used for testing and as a race school. Both the 100 layout and the 200 layout can be used simultaneously.
The first event which both events were used simultaneously was the BRSCC meeting held on the 29 and 30 May 2011. There was club racing on the outer circuit (VW Fun Cup, Saker Challenge, TVRs and Mighty Minis) and two rounds of the British Sprint Championship on the inner circuit.
Lap Records
Prior to the introduction of the 300 circuit in 2011, the official lap record stood at 0:56.095 () set by , during a BRSCC meeting in August 2007. During the qualifying of this meeting, he set an unofficial lap record of 0:54.687 ().
The current 300 circuit lap record was set by Felipe Nasr from Brazil driving a Carlin prepared Dallara F308 in the 2nd race of the 2011 British F3 meeting. The lap was 1:39.933 at an average speed of . As of June 2023, the fastest official race lap records at Snetterton Circuit are listed as:
Notes
References
External links
Snetterton Race Circuit web site.
Breckland District
Motorsport venues in England
Sports venues in Norfolk
Tourist attractions in Norfolk
Sports venues completed in 1953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snetterton%20Circuit |
The Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (), also known as h_da, is a University of Applied Sciences located in Darmstadt, Germany.
h_da is part of the IT cluster Rhine-Main-Neckar, the "Silicon Valley of Germany" and ATHENE, the largest research institute for IT security in Europe.
History
The roots of University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt go back to 1876 along with Technische Universität Darmstadt (the first electrical engineering chair and inventions fame), when both these Universities were a single, integrated entity from the early 1930s. Over the years a need for an independent educational institution focused on industry-oriented research was felt, and the University of Applied Sciences emerged as a spun-off, separate institution for industry-oriented research in 1971. It is the largest University of Applied Sciences in Hesse (German: Hessen) with about 11,000 students.
In 1971 when Hochschule Darmstadt was established, other regions of the Hesse also felt the need of such industry based educational institutions. In later years a large number of Hochschule were established all over Germany. As a result of this, today the German industry's engineering workforce is propelled by students of the Hochschule.
The Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences () is one of the eight holders of the European university of technology, EUt+, with the Riga Technical University (Latvia), the Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus), the Technical University of Sofia (Bulgaria), the Technological University Dublin (Ireland), the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (Spain), the University of Technology of Troyes (France) and the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania).
The European University of Technology alliance, EUt+, is the result of the cooperation of eight European partners who share in common the "Think Human First" vision towards a human-centred approach to technology and the ambition to establish a new type of institution on a confederal basis. Through EUt+, the partners are committed to creating a sustainable future for students and learners in European countries, for the staff of each of the institutions and for the territories and regions where each campus is anchored.
Campus
The Main campus of the Hochschule Darmstadt lies at the Haardtring office, but, the campus is evenly distributed all across the city of Darmstadt at different locations. A cluster of Old and Modern university buildings are visible across the city of Darmstadt.
The media campus is in Dieburg.
Departments
Architecture
Chemical Technology
Civil Engineering
Computer Science
Design
Media
Economics
Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Mathematics and Science
Mechanical Engineering
Plastics engineering
Social and Cultural Studies
Social Education
Mechatronics
Reputation and Rankings
Hochschule Darmstadt is a well-reputed institute to businesses in the German industry. It has consistently ranked very high on the DAAD ranking closely rivaled by Hochschule Karlsruhe. Maintaining its reputation in the specializations of Microelectronics and Robotics, Hochschule Darmstadt has contributed to some major industrial developments in Germany, including REIS and Mitsubishi Robot modules.
Research
Incorporated close ties with
Max Planck Society
EUA European University Association
Institutes
Institute of Communication and Media (ikum)
Institute of Local Economics and Environmental Planning
See also
Education in Germany
List of universities in Germany
References
DAAD information on Hochschule and Fachhochschule
ranking
External links
University of Applied Sciences
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
Universities and colleges in Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences |
Journey Through the Past is a double LP soundtrack album from the film of the same name by Canadian / American musician Neil Young, released in November 1972 on Reprise Records, catalogue number 2XS 6480. It peaked at #45 on the Billboard 200. Its initial release was on vinyl, cassette tape, reel-to-reel tape, and 8-track tape cartridge. Although its follow-up Time Fades Away was finally released on CD in August 2017, Journey Through the Past remains the only 1970s Neil Young album yet to see an official CD reissue.
Content
Journey Through The Past features music derived mainly from four sources: television broadcasts with Buffalo Springfield; live recordings with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; rehearsal outtakes from the Harvest sessions with the Stray Gators; and recordings by the Tony and Susan Alamo Christian Foundation Orchestra and Chorus. It functions in part as a retrospective of Young's work, the first of his career.
Side one, tracks one and two are performed by Buffalo Springfield. The medley on track one are studio recordings, including a rare alternative version of "Mr. Soul", mimed to by the group for the television program The Hollywood Palace on January 20, 1967. The group was introduced by host Tony Martin. The second selection, "Rock and Roll Woman", derives from the group's appearance in 1967 on the television special Popendipity, recorded at the Warwick Musical Theater, Warwick, RI, on November 16, 1967. The group was introduced by Flip Wilson.
Side one, tracks three and four, and side two, track one, are live recordings by CSNY from an appearance at the Fillmore East in New York City on June 5, 1970.
The Harvest album outtakes on side two, tracks two and four, and all of side three derive from sessions on September 26 and 27, 1971 at Young's ranch in La Honda, California. Interspersed are conversations with Young, David Crosby, and Stephen Stills from the vocal overdub sessions done later in New York.
Side four, tracks two and three, respectively an excerpt from Messiah by George Frederic Handel and the musical theme composed by Miklós Rózsa for the film King of Kings, are performed by the Tony and Susan Alamo Christian Foundation Orchestra and Chorus, recorded on February 10, 1972.
The album contains only one new song by Young, "Soldier", recorded in a sawmill to the accompaniment of a roaring fire from a sawdust burner. It would later reappear in edited form on Young's Decade compilation. The record closes on side four with a track from the 1966 classic album Pet Sounds by the Beach Boys, the instrumental "Let's Go Away for Awhile".
Track listing and personnel
All songs written by Neil Young, except where noted.
Side one
"For What It's Worth/Mr. Soul" (Stephen Stills/Young) – 3:48
Neil Young – electric guitar, vocal; Stephen Stills – electric guitar, vocal; Richie Furay – electric guitar, vocal; Bruce Palmer – bass; Dewey Martin – drums; Tony Martin - introduction
"Rock & Roll Woman" (Stills) – 2:53
Stills – electric guitar, vocal; Young – electric guitar, vocal; Furay – electric guitar, vocal; Palmer – bass; Martin – drums; Flip Wilson - introduction
"Find the Cost of Freedom" (Stills) – 1:59
Stephen Stills, Neil Young - Guitar, Vocal; David Crosby, Graham Nash – vocals
"Ohio" – 4:28
Young – electric guitar, vocal; Stills – electric guitar, vocal; Crosby – electric guitar, vocal; Nash – vocal; Calvin Samuels – bass; Johnny Barbata – drumsSide two
"Southern Man" – 7:00
Young – electric guitar, vocal; Stills – electric guitar, vocal; Crosby – electric guitar, vocal; Nash – Hammond organ, vocal; Samuels – bass; Barbata – drums "Are You Ready for the Country?" – 2:00
Young – piano, vocal; Ben Keith – pedal steel guitar; Jack Nitzsche – lap steel guitar; Tim Drummond – bass; Kenny Buttrey – drums; Crosby, Nash – backing vocals "Let Me Call You Sweetheart" (Leo Friedman, Beth Slater Whitson) – 0:58
unknown announcer and female chorus "Alabama" – 6:29
Young – electric guitar, vocal; Keith – pedal steel guitar; Nitzsche – piano; Drummond – bass; Buttrey – drums; Stills, Crosby – backing vocals. Includes studio dialogue as above, a political statement by David Crosby, and an excerpt from Irving Berlin's song "God Bless America" performed by an unnamed choir.Side three
"Words" – 15:51
Young – electric guitar, vocal; Keith – pedal steel guitar; Nitzsche – piano; Drummond – bass; Buttrey – drums. Includes studio dialogue as above.Side four
"Relativity Invitation" (dialogue from the film) – 1:15
"Handel's Messiah" (George Frideric Handel) – 2:43
"King of Kings" (Miklós Rózsa) – 5:12
Tracks 2–3 performed by The Tony & Susan Alamo Christian Foundation Orchestra & Chorus "Soldier" – 3:58
Young – piano, vocal "Let's Go Away for Awhile" (Brian Wilson) – 2:14
Jim Getzoff, Bill Kurasch, Lenny Malarsky, Jim Reisler, Ralph Schaeffer, Sid Sharp, Tibor Zelig – violins; Joe DiFiore, Harry Hyams – violas; Justin DiTullio, Joe Saxon – cellos; Roy Caton – trumpet; Jules Jacob – flute; Steve Douglas, Jim Horn, Plas Johnson, Jay Migliori – saxophones; Al de Lory – piano; Lyle Ritz – double bass; Carol Kaye – bass guitar; Julius Wechter – tympani, vibraphone; Hal Blaine – drums''
Charts
References
Neil Young soundtracks
Documentary film soundtracks
1972 soundtrack albums
Reprise Records soundtracks
Albums produced by Larry Johnson (film producer)
Albums produced by Neil Young
Rock soundtracks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%20Through%20the%20Past |
Peter Gast may refer to:
Peter Gast (chef), Dutch Michelin starred chef of 't Schulten Hues
Heinrich Köselitz (1854–1918), author, friend of Friedrich Nietzsche, who gave him the pseudonym "Peter Gast" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gast |
Bruchmühlbach-Miesau is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the small river Glan, approx. 10 km north-east of Homburg, and 25 km west of Kaiserslautern. It has many festivals and is the home of two storks which are the pride of the village. Nearby is the Miesau Army Depot, a United States Army installation. Also nearby is Ohmbachsee, a small lake that is a popular location for concerts, festivals and the weekend.
Bruchmühlbach-Miesau is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bruchmühlbach-Miesau.
History
The towns of Bruchmühlbach and Miesau, now joined, have a long history. Bruchmühlbach was first mentioned in the year 900 and Miesau in 1222 in a charter by King Heinrich VII. The present combination of the two towns occurred in 1972.
Population
According to a 2004 census, Bruchmühlbach-Miesau area has a population of 8,093, broken down as follows:
Bruchmühlbach 2,813
Miesau 2,550
Vogelbach 1,241
Buchholz 1,028
Elschbach 461
References
External links
Bruchmühlbach-Miesau: official website
Sommerfest: Summer Festival website
Kaiserslautern (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruchm%C3%BChlbach-Miesau |
Jovita and Faustinus were said to be Christian martyrs under Hadrian. Their traditional date of death is 120. They are patron saints of Brescia.
Traditional vita
Tradition states that they were members of a noble family of Brescia in Lombardy (northern Italy). Jovinus, the older brother, was a preacher; Faustinus, a deacon. For their fearless preaching of the Gospel, they were arraigned before the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who at Brescia, Rome and Naples, subjected them to frightful torments, after which they were beheaded at Brescia in the year 120, according to the Bollandists, although historian Paul Allard (Histoire des Persécutions pendant les Deux Premiers Siècles, Paris, 1885) places the date as early as 118.
Faustinus of Brescia, a bishop of Brescia and an alleged descendant, compiled their Acts.
Veneration
The many "Acts" of these saints are chiefly of a legendary character. The Jesuit Fedele Savio questioned nearly every fact related of them except their existence of the martyrdom, which are too well attested by their inclusion in so many of the early martyrologies and their extraordinary cult in their native city, of which from time immemorial they have been the chief patrons. Savio emphasizes that the saints are not to be identified with the fabulous figures in the Acts.
It is believed that they were martyred at a site that either was, or later became, a Roman cemetery. A church was built there called Santi Faustino e Giovita ad sanguinem. Its dedication was later changed to Saint Afra. (Saint Afra's was destroyed during the bombing of World War II).
Their common feast day on 15 February, the traditional date of their martyrdom, was inserted into the General Roman Calendar. It was removed in 1969, because their "Acts are completely fabulous, treating Jovita as a preacher, although she was a woman and a man was Faustinus." The two saints remain listed in the Roman Martyrology, the official, though professedly incomplete, list of the saints recognized by the Catholic Church. The cities of Rome, Bologna, Verona and Malečnik share with Brescia possession of their relics.
A lake partially in the town of St. Leo, Florida has been called Lake Jovita since its discovery by Judge Edmund F. Dunne on February 15, 1882. The nearby community of San Antonio changed its name to Lake Jovita in 1927 before reverting in 1933.
References
Sources and external links
Faustinus at Patron Saints Index
Saint of the Day, February 15: Jovita and Faustinus at SaintPatrickDC.org
San Faustino
2nd-century Christian martyrs
Sibling duos
120 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Ante-Nicene Christian saints
Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustinus%20and%20Jovita |
Jayce is a first name that is often an abbreviation of Jason. Notable people and fictional characters with the name include:
People
Jayce Andrade (born 1984), Venezuelan volleyball player
Jayce Fincher, bassist of the rock group Marvelous 3
Jayce Hawryluk (born 1996), Canadian ice hockey player
Jayce Landberg, Swedish musician and novelist
Jayce Olivero (born 1998), Gibraltarian footballer
Jayce Lewis (born 1984), Welsh musician
Jayce Tingler (born 1980), American baseball manager
Fictional characters
the title character of Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors, a 1980s cartoon series
the hero of Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors
Jayce, the Defender of Tomorrow, a playable champion character in the multiplayer online battle arena video game League of Legends
See also
Jace, given name
Jaycee (given name)
Jajce, Bosnia, sometimes spelt Jayce
English masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayce |
Native Sons is the sixth and final studio album (and seventh overall release) by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in January 1976. It was a departure from previous recordings owing to the presence of string sections, stronger emphasis on flute, minimized use of saxophone, downplayed country influences and Jim Messina's signature guitar work was barely in evidence. After a final concert in Hawaii, the duo quietly went their separate ways. The Messina-penned rock and roll song "Boogie Man" was later covered by Australian rock band The Blue Echoes.
Track listing
Side one
"Sweet Marie" (Jim Messina) – 3:04 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Pretty Princess" (Messina, Murray MacLeod) – 6:57 (lead singers: Larry Sims, Jim Messina)
"My Lady, My Love" (Kenny Loggins) – 3:00 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"When I Was a Child" (Messina) – 4:18 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Wasting Our Time" (K. Loggins, John Townsend) – 2:50 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
Side two
"Peacemaker" (Loggins, Townsend, Ed Sanford) – 5:03 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"It's Alright" (Messina, MacLeod) – 4:00 (lead singer: Jim Messina; spoken introduction: Barry Sullivan-actor)
"Boogie Man" (Messina) – 2:01 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Fox Fire" (Loggins) – 2:58 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"Native Son" (Loggins, Dan Loggins) – 4:10 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
Personnel
Kenny Loggins – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar and acoustic guitar, harmonica
Jim Messina – lead and backing vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, dobro
John Townsend – backing vocals
Ed Sanford – backing vocals
Murray MacLeod – vocals, backing vocals
Merel Bregante – drums, timbales
Jon Clarke – flute, English horn, oboe, baritone, bass, soprano and tenor saxophone, soprano recorder
Vince Denham – flute, bass clarinet, alto, soprano and tenor saxophone
Steve Forman – percussion, vibraphone
Richard Greene – fiddle, mandolin, mandocello
Milt Holland – percussion
Larry Sims – bass, backing vocals
Don Roberts – clarinet, alto flute, alto, baritone, soprano and tenor saxophone
Mike Rubini – keyboards
Production
Producer: Jim Messina
Engineer: Alex Kazanegras
2nd engineer: Jim Messina
Recordist: Corey Bailey
Recording technician: Lew Schatzer
Recorded on location with Haji Sound
Photography: Ed Caraeff
Copper frame: Nick Fasciano
Design: Ron Coro
Handwriting: Virginia Team
Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)
References
Loggins and Messina albums
1976 albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician)
Columbia Records albums
Albums recorded in a home studio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20Sons%20%28Loggins%20and%20Messina%20album%29 |
The is a Japanese theatrical troupe that was active from 1983 until about 1994. Since it disbanded almost all of its members have continued acting on theatre and in film.
History
The group was originally designed by screenwriter Mitani Kōki, a young writer who at that time had aspirations of becoming a comedian. Although he starred in a number of the troupe's plays, he was primarily the resident playwright (座付作家). The main three actors were Nishimura Masahiko (who went on to win a number of Japanese Academy Awards and the Blue Ribbon award), Aijima Kazuyuki and Kajiwara Zen. All of the primary actors being about the same age, the existence of the group proved to be a milestone in the then-developing Japanese theatre field of Sho-Gekijo, or 'Little Theatre.' Sho-Gekijo mainly focused on making theatre accessible to the proletariat as opposed to a then-popular philosophical art which arguably required a degree of education to appreciate.
The troupe finally hit it big in 1991 with their remake of the Reginald Rose work Twelve Angry Men. It was rewritten into a comedy (since there is no such jury system in Japan) called 12 Gentle Japanese (Japanese title: Juuni-nin no Yasashii Nihonjin). The success of this play eventually encouraged the production of a movie directed by Nakahara Shun. However, since the play was registered as created by Mitani Koki as opposed to "The Sunshine Boys", the producers took over and held auditions for the cast. Only three of the then 13 Tokyo Sunshine Boys made it onto the cast: Aijima Kazuyuki, Kajiwara Zen, and Kondo Yoshimasa.
From that point on, Mitani Kōki as the writer for the Tokyo Sunshine Boys as well as the actors themselves, got flooded with offers to work on other TV dramas, plays and movies. As a result of an increasingly busy schedule for the individual member, the group finally disbanded in 1994 with a final performance called Tokyo Sunshine Boys no Min.
The group promises to get together again for a 30-year reunion in the year 2024 with a specialised performance of King Lear which will star Kajiwara Zen.
Unique Characteristics
The Tokyo Sunshine Boys, named after the play The Sunshine Boys by director Neil Simon, specialised in situation comedy, a form of theatre originating in radio that got its laughs from the awkward situations their characters were placed in as opposed to the more traditional protagonist vs. antagonist plots. Mitani Kōki had a special admiration for Neil Simon and Woody Allen, both writers who also specialised in situation comedy.
The Tokyo Sunshine Boys grew in popularity due to their un-intrusive, lighthearted and easy-to-understand style. The topics of their plays never covered anything taboo or political in nature, and so were unoffensive to everyone. Their stories specialised in the creation of a work - be it a play, a radio drama, or a house - of people cooperating, a multitude of opinions being brought into consideration, and the pros and cons thereof. The plays always had a happy ending.
Members
The writer and director of most of the plays was Mitani Kōki.
He also acted occasionally under the pseudonym of Hitotsubashi Sōtaro.
Primary Members
Aijima Kazuyuki
Nishimura Masahiko (Multiple award recipient)
Kajiwara Zen (currently works primarily with the Gekidan Shinkansen theatrical troupe)
Secondary Members
Anan Kenji
Toshihito Ito (Died in May 2002.)
Kobayashi Takashi
Koumoto Masahiro
Matsushige Yutaka
Miyaji Masako
Obara Masato
Saito Kiyoko (retired from acting.)
Joined Later
Kondo Yoshimasa
Nonaka Isao
External links
Full list of Tokyo Sunshine Boys members with pictures
Mitani Koki and Sunshine Boys Data Park (in Japanese)
Theatre companies in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo%20Sunshine%20Boys |
The A4174 is a major ring road in England which runs around the northern and eastern edge of Bristol, mainly in South Gloucestershire, and through the southern suburbs of the city. When it was first conceived it was planned to circle the whole of Bristol, and is commonly referred to as the "Avon Ring Road", or less accurately the "Bristol Ring Road", on road signs. The road does not circle the whole city, instead covering roughly half of the route. It is broken in part where it is concurrent with the A4.
Route
The road was conceived in the 1980s by Avon County Council, and the route of the initial section, east of Bristol, was selected by 1986. The road was built progressively in a number of sections, over an extended period of time.
The completed section of the northern and eastern route runs from the A38 at Filton, under the M32 motorway, through to Frenchay, Bromley Heath, Emersons Green, Kingswood, Warmley, and Longwell Green before joining the A4 at Hicks Gate junction near Keynsham. This section of the road is entirely dual carriageway and runs through several roundabouts with local routes. Many of these roundabouts formerly experienced long queues, but since 2005, most have been signalised, resulting in reduced congestion. The junction with the M32 motorway still experiences long delays despite the introduction of traffic lights.
The road reappears along the A4 at Brislington, where it follows a valley, crosses the A37, and reaches a large roundabout in Hengrove Park some south of the city centre. Here the road turns north, terminating at the A38 in Bedminster. A further section of the southern ring, the South Bristol Link Road, was opened in January 2017 and connects Hartcliffe (west of Hengrove Park) with the A370 near Long Ashton.
A section of the dual carriageway south of Mangotsfield occupies the alignment of the former Mangotsfield and Bath branch line which closed in 1966. This railway was largely converted to the Bristol and Bath Railway Path, part of National Cycle Route 4, which runs alongside this section of the ring road.
In 2021 the Wraxall Road roundabout was converted into a throughabout (hamburger roundabout), with a new six-lane route through the centre of the roundabout, intended to reduce congestion and accidents.
Future plans
There have been several proposals to extend the ring road from the junction with the A4 at Hicks Gate, Keynsham, along the southern edge of Bristol as far as the A370 at Long Ashton. From there a complete loop could be achieved by following the A4, the M5 and M4.
The 2005 Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study, commissioned by the regional government office, recommended construction of the new southern route to tackle congestion. The proposals follow the route set aside west from Hengrove Park roundabout to the A38 at Castle Farm (phase 1), and from there to the A370 near Long Ashton Park and Ride (phase 2). There are additional recommendations (phase 3) for a new Whitchurch bypass from Hengrove Park roundabout, along the base of Dundry Hill, around Stockwood and joining the existing A4174 at Hicks Gate roundabout on the A4. Phase one and two of the ring road are the only major road building schemes adopted by the Joint Local Transport Plan, which claimed they would reduce delays across the Greater Bristol area by 6%, and lead to a 9% increase in public transport use. Bristol City Council has endorsed all three phases, and was hoping to begin construction of the first two phases in 2010 and 2011, and the third phase some time after 2016.
In December 2015, construction began on widening sections of the ring road between the junction with the M32 and Wick Wick Roundabout, to create new bus lanes for MetroBus as part of its North Fringe to Hengrove route package. The works included replacement of the Church Lane foot/horse bridge.
In July 2016, outline plans to build a direct road from the A4 Hicks Gate roundabout to the large roundabout in Hengrove Park, obviating the use of the A4 to bridge this "missing link", were scrapped. This outline plan had blighted homes on the possible route for a number of years.
In 2021, South Gloucestershire council proposed a £30 million scheme of road-widening and other improvements, including converting three more roundabouts to throughabouts (hamburger roundabouts), which would take three years of works. A public consultation elicited 84% opposition to the plan, with objections including the long period of traffic disruption and that no bus lanes would be created, and consequently the council postponed its bid for government money for further consideration.
References
External links
Roaders Digest - A4174
Roads in Bristol
Transport in Gloucestershire
Ring roads in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4174%20road |
In category theory, the concept of catamorphism (from the Ancient Greek: "downwards" and "form, shape") denotes the unique homomorphism from an initial algebra into some other algebra.
In functional programming, catamorphisms provide generalizations of folds of lists to arbitrary algebraic data types, which can be described as initial algebras.
The dual concept is that of anamorphism that generalize unfolds. A hylomorphism is the composition of an anamorphism followed by a catamorphism.
Definition
Consider an initial -algebra for some endofunctor of some category into itself. Here is a morphism from to . Since it is initial, we know that whenever is another -algebra, i.e. a morphism from to , there is a unique homomorphism from to . By the definition of the category of -algebra, this corresponds to a morphism from to , conventionally also denoted , such that . In the context of -algebra, the uniquely specified morphism from the initial object is denoted by and hence characterized by the following relationship:
Terminology and history
Another notation found in the literature is . The open brackets used are known as banana brackets, after which catamorphisms are sometimes referred to as bananas, as mentioned in Erik Meijer et al. One of the first publications to introduce the notion of a catamorphism in the context of programming was the paper “Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire”, by Erik Meijer et al., which was in the context of the Squiggol formalism.
The general categorical definition was given by Grant Malcolm.
Examples
We give a series of examples, and then a more global approach to catamorphisms, in the Haskell programming language.
Iteration
Iteration-step prescriptions lead to natural numbers as initial object.
Consider the functor fmaybe mapping a data type b to a data type fmaybe b, which contains a copy of each term from b as well as one additional term Nothing (in Haskell, this is what Maybe does). This can be encoded using one term and one function. So let an instance of a StepAlgebra also include a function from fmaybe b to b, which maps Nothing to a fixed term nil of b, and where the actions on the copied terms will be called next.
type StepAlgebra b = (b, b->b) -- the algebras, which we encode as pairs (nil, next)
data Nat = Zero | Succ Nat -- which is the initial algebra for the functor described above
foldSteps :: StepAlgebra b -> (Nat -> b) -- the catamorphisms map from Nat to b
foldSteps (nil, next) Zero = nil
foldSteps (nil, next) (Succ nat) = next $ foldSteps (nil, next) nat
As a silly example, consider the algebra on strings encoded as ("go!", \s -> "wait.. " ++ s), for which Nothing is mapped to "go!" and otherwise "wait.. " is prepended. As (Succ . Succ . Succ . Succ $ Zero) denotes the number four in Nat, the following will evaluate to "wait.. wait.. wait.. wait.. go!": foldSteps ("go!", \s -> "wait.. " ++ s) (Succ . Succ . Succ . Succ $ Zero). We can easily change the code to a more useful operation, say repeated operation of an algebraic operation on numbers, just by changing the F-algebra (nil, next), which is passed to foldSteps
List fold
For a fixed type a, consider the functor mapping types b to the product type of those two types. We moreover also add a term Nil to this resulting type. An f-algebra shall now map Nil to some special term nil of b or "merge" a pair (any other term of the constructed type) into a term of b. This merging of a pair can be encoded as a function of type a -> b -> b.
type ContainerAlgebra a b = (b, a -> b -> b) -- f-algebra encoded as (nil, merge)
data List a = Nil | Cons a (List a) -- which turns out to be the initial algebra
foldrList :: ContainerAlgebra a b -> (List a -> b) -- catamorphisms map from (List a) to b
foldrList (nil, merge) Nil = nil
foldrList (nil, merge) (Cons x xs) = merge x $ foldrList (nil, merge) xs
As an example, consider the algebra on numbers types encoded as (3, \x-> \y-> x*y), for which the number from a acts on the number from b by plain multiplication. Then the following will evaluate to 3.000.000: foldrList (3, \x-> \y-> x*y) (Cons 10 $ Cons 100 $ Cons 1000 Nil)
Tree fold
For a fixed type a, consider the functor mapping types b to a type that contains a copy of each term of a as well as all pairs of b's (terms of the product type of two instances of the type b). An algebra consists of a function to b, which either acts on an a term or two b terms. This merging of a pair can be encoded as two functions of type a -> b resp. b -> b -> b.
type TreeAlgebra a b = (a -> b, b -> b -> b) -- the "two cases" function is encoded as (f, g)
data Tree a = Leaf a | Branch (Tree a) (Tree a) -- which turns out to be the initial algebra
foldTree :: TreeAlgebra a b -> (Tree a -> b) -- catamorphisms map from (Tree a) to b
foldTree (f, g) (Leaf x) = f x
foldTree (f, g) (Branch left right) = g (foldTree (f, g) left) (foldTree (f, g) right)
treeDepth :: TreeAlgebra a Integer -- an f-algebra to numbers, which works for any input type
treeDepth = (const 1, \i j -> 1 + max i j)
treeSum :: (Num a) => TreeAlgebra a a -- an f-algebra, which works for any number type
treeSum = (id, (+))
General case
Deeper category theoretical studies of initial algebras reveal that the F-algebra obtained from applying the functor to its own initial algebra is isomorphic to it.
Strong type systems enable us to abstractly specify the initial algebra of a functor f as its fixed point a = f a. The recursively defined catamorphisms can now be coded in single line, where the case analysis (like in the different examples above) is encapsulated by the fmap. Since the domain of the latter are objects in the image of f, the evaluation of the catamorphisms jumps back and forth between a and f a.
type Algebra f a = f a -> a -- the generic f-algebras
newtype Fix f = Iso { invIso :: f (Fix f) } -- gives us the initial algebra for the functor f
cata :: Functor f => Algebra f a -> (Fix f -> a) -- catamorphism from Fix f to a
cata alg = alg . fmap (cata alg) . invIso -- note that invIso and alg map in opposite directions
Now again the first example, but now via passing the Maybe functor to Fix. Repeated application of the Maybe functor generates a chain of types, which, however, can be united by the isomorphism from the fixed point theorem. We introduce the term zero, which arises from Maybe's Nothing and identify a successor function with repeated application of the Just. This way the natural numbers arise.
type Nat = Fix Maybe
zero :: Nat
zero = Iso Nothing -- every 'Maybe a' has a term Nothing, and Iso maps it into a
successor :: Nat -> Nat
successor = Iso . Just -- Just maps a to 'Maybe a' and Iso maps back to a new term
pleaseWait :: Algebra Maybe String -- again the silly f-algebra example from above
pleaseWait (Just string) = "wait.. " ++ string
pleaseWait Nothing = "go!"
Again, the following will evaluate to "wait.. wait.. wait.. wait.. go!": cata pleaseWait (successor.successor.successor.successor $ zero)
And now again the tree example. For this we must provide the tree container data type so that we can set up the fmap (we didn't have to do it for the Maybe functor, as it's part of the standard prelude).
data Tcon a b = TconL a | TconR b b
instance Functor (Tcon a) where
fmap f (TconL x) = TconL x
fmap f (TconR y z) = TconR (f y) (f z)
type Tree a = Fix (Tcon a) -- the initial algebra
end :: a -> Tree a
end = Iso . TconL
meet :: Tree a -> Tree a -> Tree a
meet l r = Iso $ TconR l r
treeDepth :: Algebra (Tcon a) Integer -- again, the treeDepth f-algebra example
treeDepth (TconL x) = 1
treeDepth (TconR y z) = 1 + max y z
The following will evaluate to 4: cata treeDepth $ meet (end "X") (meet (meet (end "YXX") (end "YXY")) (end "YY"))
See also
Morphism
Morphisms of F-algebras
From a coalgebra to a final coalgebra: Anamorphism
An anamorphism followed by an catamorphism: Hylomorphism
Extension of the idea of catamorphisms: Paramorphism
Extension of the idea of anamorphisms: Apomorphism
References
Further reading
External links
Catamorphisms at HaskellWiki
Catamorphisms by Edward Kmett
Catamorphisms in F# (Part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) by Brian McNamara
Catamorphisms in Haskell
Category theory
Recursion schemes
Functional programming
Morphisms
Iteration in programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamorphism |
Thomas Murray may refer to:
Politicians
Thomas Murray (Australian politician) (1885–1969), member of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Thomas Murray (Canadian politician) (1836–1915), former member of the Canadian House of Commons and Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Thomas B. Murray (1938–1998), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
Thomas Murray Jr. (1770–1823), United States representative from Pennsylvania
Tom J. Murray (1894–1971), U.S. representative from Tennessee
Thomas Patrick Murray (1880–1981), Ontario Legislative Assembly member from Renfrew South, 1929–1945
Thomas Templeton Murray (1891–1966), New Zealand politician
Sportspeople
Tom Murray (American rower) (born 1969), American rower
Thomas Murray (curler) (1877–1944), Scottish curler
Tom Murray (New Zealand rower) (born 1994), New Zealand rower
Thomas Murray (soccer), American soccer player
Tommy Murray (ice hockey) (1893–1963), American ice hockey goalie
Thomas Murray (footballer) (1889–1976), English footballer
Tommy Murray (footballer, born January 1933), Scottish football outside right for Falkirk, Queen of the South, Leeds and Tranmere
Tommy Murray (footballer, born February 1933), Scottish football inside forward for Darlington, St. Johnstone, Alloa, Albion Rovers and Stranraer
Tommy Murray (footballer, born 1943), Scottish footballer
Other
Thomas Murray (writer) (1792–1872), Scottish printer and biographer
T. C. Murray (1873–1959), Irish dramatist
Thomas E. Murray (1860–1929), inventor and entrepreneur
Thomas Murray (organist) (born 1943), professor of organ at Yale University
Thomas Murray (artist) (1663–1734), portrait painter
Thomas Murray (provost of Eton) (1564–1623), Provost of Eton College
Thomas Murray (Medal of Honor), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Thomas John Murray (born 1938), Canadian doctor and author
Thomas Murray (British Army officer, died 1764) (1698–1764), lieutenant-general in the British Army
Thomas Murray (British Army officer, died 1816) (1749–1816), Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth
==See also==
Tom Murray (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Murray |
The Glan () is a river in southwestern Germany, right tributary of the Nahe. It is approximately long. It rises in the Saarland, northwest of Homburg. It flows generally north, through Rhineland-Palatinate, and empties into the Nahe near Odernheim am Glan, at Staudernheim, across the Nahe from Bad Sobernheim. Other towns along the Glan are Altenglan, Glan-Münchweiler, Lauterecken and Meisenheim.
Etymology
The Celtic root of the name comes either from glann (shining) or from glen (U-shaped valley).
See also
List of rivers of Saarland
List of rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate
References
Rivers and lakes of Western Palatinate
Rivers of Saarland
North Palatinate
Rivers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan%20%28Nahe%29 |
NTUC FairPrice is the largest supermarket chain in Singapore. The company is a co-operative of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). The group has more than 100 supermarkets across the island, with over 160 outlets of Cheers convenience stores island-wide.
NTUC FairPrice has partnered with ExxonMobil to run several stations with a FairPrice branding at the minimarts at their stations. The supermarket has the slogan "Singapore's very own".
History
In November 1972, NTUC announced its news consumer co-operative named Welcome, which opened in February 1973. On 22 July 1973, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew opened the first supermarket at Block 192, Toa Payoh Lorong 4, and it was the first of its kind.
In August 2007, FairPrice opened its upmarket outlet at Bukit Timah Plaza named FairPrice Finest, after five months of refurbishment. The move was to cater to the changing tastes of Singaporeans who are increasingly well-travelled. The , two-storey outlet has an offering of products different from other FairPrice stores, and also features a Swiss-style delicatessen, a wine cellar and a European bakery.
FairPrice has attempted to expand into other countries. In 2003, it entered a joint venture with DBS Private Equity, New Hope Group, Silver Tie and Taiwan's Apex Group, known as Nextmall. The venture provided merchandising, management and logistics for a fee to Nextmart which is a China incorporated hypermarket. Seven hypermarkets were opened in China, with its first in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Nextmall closed in 2005 after incurring a total of $80 million in debts and over $40 million in losses. A supermarket in Vietnam was opened in 2013 under a joint venture with Saigon Union of Trading Co-operatives, known as Co.opXtra Plus. FairPrice also operated Cheers convenience stores in Vietnam as of 2018.
Retail formats
Cheers by FairPrice – This 24-hour convenience store chain run by NTUC FairPrice was introduced in 1999. It offers similar facilities to rival 7-Eleven.
FairPrice Shop – A small heartland store chain catering to basic needs.
FairPrice Xpress - A collaboration between ExxonMobil and Fairprice, this 24-hour convenience store chain offers similar facilities to Cheers by FairPrice and its rival 7-Eleven.
FairPrice Finest – This is a separate store offering up-market food supplies. It was officially opened in September 2007, and also it merged the former Liberty Market. Stores include Bedok Mall, Waterway Point, Century Square, Junction 8, Jurong Point and Seletar Mall.
FairPrice Xtra – A hypermarket chain which combines a normal supermarket and the FairPrice Homemart in one store. It sells items such as electronics, clothing and household merchandise in addition to the regular supermarket items, and also it merged the former FairPrice Homemart, together with former Carrefour stuffs. Stores include AMK Hub, Jurong Point, UE BizHub East, Kallang Wave, Jem and Nex.
Warehouse Club – Started in 2014, the Warehouse Club is modelled on American warehouse club chain, Costco, and it is only available through membership. It offers bulk purchases with discounts.
Unity Pharmacy - A pharmacy chain offering pharmaceutical supplies at affordable prices. Usually located outside Fairprice supermarkets.
Every year, FairPrice offers NTUC Union Members (NTUC cardholders) and FairPrice shareholders dividends, along with cash-back rebates for all purchases made at FairPrice supermarkets island-wide.
In collaboration with OCBC Bank, FairPrice launched its FairPrice Plus membership programme in April 2007, offering banking solutions and promotions at all FairPrice supermarkets islandwide for all supermarket customers.
On 31 January 2023, the long-standing OCBC-Fairprice partnership ended, with OCBC's co brand NTUC Plus! non-union and union credit cards in favor of Trust Bank, which is a joint venture between NTUC FairPrice and Standard Chartered.
Union
Employees of NTUC FairPrice are represented by the Food, Drinks and Allied Workers' Union (FDAWU), an affiliate of the National Trades Union Congress.
References
Supermarkets of Singapore
Retail companies established in 1973
ExxonMobil
Convenience stores of Singapore
1973 establishments in Singapore
Singaporean brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC%20FairPrice |
Virginijus Praškevičius (born 4 March 1974) is a Lithuanian former professional basketball player. At a height of 2.06 m (6'9") tall, he played at the power forward and center positions.
Professional career
Praškevičius started playing with Banga Kaunas and in 1993–94 was bought by Lavera Kaunas. In 1995–96 decided to play for Atletas Kaunas together with Žydrūnas Ilgauskas. In January 1997 he passed to LaCrosse Bobcats in the Continental Basketball Association. On 18 September 1996, he signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves of National Basketball Association (NBA). However, Praškevičius did not play a single game for them and was loaned to the LaCrosse Bobcats of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). On 19 February 1997, he was waived by the Timberwolves.
In 1997–98 he came back to his home town Kaunas to play for Atletas and then for Žalgiris. With the best Lithuanian team he won a Saporta Cup. Then he played two years for Beşiktaş Spor Kulubu in the Turkish Basketball League. In 2000 he passed to Basketball Club Oostende in Belgium, winning twice the Belgian National Championship and becoming once the MVP of the league. From 2002 until 2005 he played for Ülkerspor (but played for Hapoel Tel Aviv for one season), and he won twice the Turkish National Cup.
In 2005–06 he played for Upea Capo d'Orlando, in Italian Serie A1, in 2006–07 for Baloncesto Fuenlabrada in the Spanish ACB. His last professional team was Utena Juventus in Lithuania as he left professional sport on spring of 2010 at the age of 36.
National team career
Praškevičius played with the Lithuania Under-22 junior national team. With Lithuania's junior national team, he won the gold medal at the 1996 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He was also a member of the senior Lithuanian national team. He played at the EuroBasket 1997, the 1998 FIBA World Championship, the EuroBasket 1999, and the 2003, where he won a gold medal.
Career statistics
EuroLeague
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2001–02
| style="text-align:left;"| Telindus Ostende
| 14 || 14 || 29.4 || .456 || .325 || .721 || 6.1 || 1.1 || .9 || .5 || 15.9 || 13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002–03
| style="text-align:left;"| Ülkerspor
| 20 || 19 || 28.4 || .473 || .449 || .625 || 4.6 || 1.6 || .9 || .2 || 10.7 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004–05
| style="text-align:left;"| Ülkerspor
| 22 || 5 || 17.2 || .428|| .403 || .583 || 3.1 || .6 || .6 || .0 || 5.4 || 4.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 56 || 38 || 24.9 || .457 || .403 || .676 || 4.4 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || 9.9 || 8.9
References
External links
ACB.com - Player Profile
TBLStat.net - Player Profile
1974 births
Living people
Basketball players from Kaunas
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada players
BC Oostende players
BC Žalgiris players
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
FIBA EuroBasket-winning players
Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C. players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
Liga ACB players
Lithuanian men's basketball players
LSU-Atletas basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Ülker G.S.K. basketball players
1998 FIBA World Championship players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginijus%20Pra%C5%A1kevi%C4%8Dius |
Schloss Leopoldskron is a rococo palace and a national historic monument in Leopoldskron-Moos, a southern district of the city of Salzburg, Austria. The palace, and its surrounding seven hectare park, is located on the lake Leopoldskroner Weiher. The palace has been home to Salzburg Global Seminar since 1947. In 2014, the palace and the neighboring Meierhof building were opened as a privately owned hotel, Hotel Schloss Leopoldskron.
History
Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg Count Leopold Anton Eleutherius von Firmian (1679-1744) commissioned the palace in 1736 on the shores of an existing pond after he had enriched himself in the process of expelling over 22,000 Protestants from Salzburg. He acquired the area between the palace and the Untersberg as a family estate, which he passed on in May 1744 to his nephew Count Laktanz Firmian, who used it to house his large collection of paintings. This included works of Titian, Dürer, Poussin, Rubens and Rembrandt.
After the death of the Archbishop in 1744, his heart was buried in the chapel of the palace, while the rest of his body was placed in the cathedral of Salzburg. The palace was owned by the Firmian family until 1837, even after the death of Count Laktanz in 1786. George Zierer, the owner of a local shooting gallery, bought the palace and stripped it of most of the valuable interior decorations, including paintings, etchings, and sculptures.
The palace had several owners during the 19th century (including a banker and two waiters who wanted to use it as a hotel, King Ludwig I of Bavaria). In 1918 it was bought by Max Reinhardt, the noted theatre director and co-founder of the Salzburg Festival. By this time the palace was in urgent need of repair. With the work of local artisans, Reinhardt spent twenty years renovating the palace. Besides restoring the staircase, the Great Hall, and the Marble Hall, he created the Library, the Venetian Room and a garden theatre. He used the whole building for his theatre productions (the audiences had to move from room to room). He also used it as a gathering place for writers, actors, composers and designers from across the globe. Reinhardt escaped to the United States as persecution of the Jews increased, hoping the Nazis would be defeated in the war. He worked in Hollywood during World War II and died in New York in 1943, before the Allied victory.
In 1939 the German government confiscated the palace as a national treasure during the taking of "Jewish property" throughout Austria. During the same year, Hermann Göring assigned the palace to Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, an Austrian who had been spying for the Nazis in Britain and Europe and who had many influential contacts. She was charged with transforming it into a guest house for prominent artists of the Reich, and to serve as a reception facility for Hitler's Berghof home. Von Hohenlohe, who knew Reinhardt before the annexation of Austria, was able to secure from the Nazis sixteen crates of Reinhardt's books, porcelain, silver and furniture and had them shipped to California, though the consolation of his tangible possessions were little comfort against the loss of the Leopoldskron. Once it came to light that Stephanie von Hohenlohe may have been a double agent, she fled to England, then America, returning the palace to Nazi hands until the end of the war.
By the end of the war, a bomb had exploded in the garden. It shattered the windows, destroyed a chandelier in the library on the ground floor and sent shrapnel fragments into the wall murals in the Chinese room. It also damaged the stucco work in the south facade. Traces of the damage can still be seen today.
After the war, the property was returned to the Reinhardt estate. In 1946 Helene Thimig, the widow of Max Reinhardt, offered use of the palace to Clemens Heller, who founded the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies, a "Marshall Plan of the Mind," together with Scott Elledge and Richard Campbell, all Harvard graduate students. The Salzburg Seminar brought together young people from the countries that had been in conflict during World War 2 and originally offered education on American history, art, literature and culture, in a period when United States armed forces occupied parts of Germany and Austria. This was later transformed into a "global forum". Since 1947, more than 500 sessions of the Seminars have been held on a wide variety of issues.
In 1959 the Salzburg Global Seminar purchased the palace, and in 1973 the adjacent Meierhof, which was part of the original Firmian estate. They have made extensive renovations and restorations to enable the palace to be used as a conference center and venue for events other than the Salzburg Seminar. In early 2014, 50 rooms in the Meierhoft, the Meierhof Café and the reception area underwent a substantial two-month renovation. The renovation included three "The Sound of Music" themed rooms. In February 2014, the property reopened under its new name, Hotel Schloss Leopoldskron.
Hotel Schloss Leopoldskron is a member of Castle Hotels & Mansions, Historic Hotels of Europe, and partner of Climate Alliance Austria, Europe's biggest climate-protection network.
In 2015, the Historic Hotels of Europe awarded the Schloss the "Best Historic Hotel of Europe" award. In the same year, the Schloss achieved a Certificate of Excellence from TripAdvisor. In 2016, the Schloss placed second in the Historic Hotels of Europe's award for a "Best Historic Hotel with 'A Story to Tell'".
Notable hotel guests have included, Prince Charles, Bill Gates, Kofi Annan, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and many more.
The Sound of Music
In 1964, the film The Sound of Music, directed by Robert Wise and starring Julie Andrews, was produced in Salzburg with the grounds of Schloss Leopoldskron as one of the main exterior locations. In fact, 10 outdoor scenes were filmed there portraying the Von Trapp home. The interior of the palace was never used as the Von Trapp villa. Scenes were actually filmed on an adjacent property (known as Bertelsmann, at the time), including the family drinking pink lemonade ("not too sweet, not too sour, just too... pink!") on the terrace, Maria and the Captain arguing on the terrace and the children and Maria falling off the boat into the lake. Also, only shots showing the lake were filmed at Bertelsmann, using a replica of Leopoldskron's terrace and "horse-gates" that lead to the lake. Shots of the building itself were filmed at Schloss Frohnburg and the decor of the ballroom used for the interior scenes is identical to that in Leopoldskron's Venetian Room (the Venetian Room is much smaller than the ballroom).
The setting for the two main love scenes, one between Liesl and Rolf (featuring the song Sixteen Going on Seventeen) and the other between Maria and the Captain (Something Good) was the glass gazebo originally situated in the gardens of the palace. The gazebo interiors were shot on a Hollywood sound stage and only long shots of the Austrian gazebo are seen in the film. The gazebo was later moved to the other side of the lake to allow tourists to visit it, but after their numbers became too big, it was again relocated, to the Hellbrunn Palace outside of the city.
The 1987 special production of the "Sound of Christmas" starring Julie Andrews, John Denver, and Plácido Domingo was also filmed at the Schloss Leopoldskron.
References
External links
Salzburg tourist office
Salzburg Global Seminar
History of the Salzburg Global Seminar
Palaces in Austria
Leopoldskron
Tourist attractions in Salzburg
Establishments in the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss%20Leopoldskron |
Johann Heinrich Köselitz (10 January 1854 – 15 August 1918) was a German author and composer. He is known for his longtime friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche, who gave him the pseudonym Peter Gast.
Life
Köselitz was born in Annaberg, Saxony to Gustav Hermann Köselitz (1822–1910), the vice mayor (Vizebürgermeister), and his wife Caroline (1819–1900), a native of Vienna. His younger brother was the painter Rudolf Köselitz.
From 1872, Köselitz studied music with Ernst Friedrich Richter at the University of Leipzig. He transferred in 1875 to the University of Basel, where he attended the lectures of Jacob Burckhardt, Franz Overbeck, and Friedrich Nietzsche. In 1877, Köselitz sharply criticized the Basel music instructor Selmar Bagge in a newspaper article, which led to a minor scandal.
In Basel, a friendship developed between Köselitz and Nietzsche. Köselitz read for Nietzsche during the latter's intermittent spells of near blindness, and also took dictation. Köselitz was instrumental in the preparation of all of Nietzsche's works after 1876, reviewing the printer's manuscript and sometimes intervening to finalize the text formatting. Nietzsche's break with Wagner and his search for a 'southern' aesthetic with which he could immunize himself from the gloomy German north led him to over-appreciate Köselitz as a musician: 'I should not know how to get along without Rossini; even less, without my own south in music, the music of my Venetian maëstro Pietro Gast. As an amanuensis, however, Köselitz really was invaluable; writing apropos Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche claimed that Gast 'wrote and also corrected: fundamentally, he was really the writer whereas I was merely the author'. All the while, Köselitz worshipped his teacher, assisting him to the point of self-denial.
In the spring of 1881, while staying together in Recoaro, Nietzsche created the pseudonym 'Peter Gast' for Köselitz. This was the name he was known by among the Nietzsche circle, as well as being the name under which he published all his operas. The name itself is possibly a reference to Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, with its stone guest (Petrus "stone" in Latin, Gast "guest" in German). Peter Gast's most ambitious musical work is the comic opera in three acts The Lion of Venice (Der Löwe von Venedig). Throughout the 1880s, Gast and Nietzsche attempted without success to bring it to performance. It premiered in February 1891 in Danzig under the direction of Carl Fuchs, who exchanged letters with Nietzsche, but under its original title The Secret Wedding (Die heimliche Ehe or Il matrimonio segreto). In the 1930s, it would be shown once again under the title Nietzsche suggested, The Lion of Venice.
Köselitz was financed by his father, and also intermittently supported by Nietzsche's friend Paul Rée. In addition to being a musician and the editor of Nietzsche's writings and letters, he worked as a writer under various pseudonyms, including: Ludwig Mürner, Peter Schlemihl, Petrus Eremitus. He sent articles to many newspapers, and also wrote several short stories and fables.
Notes
References
Friedrich Götz. Peter Gast – der Mensch, der Künstler, der Gelehrte. Ein Lebensbild in Quellen. Annaberg, 1934.
1854 births
1918 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
People from Annaberg-Buchholz
Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony
German Romantic composers
German male classical composers
20th-century German composers
19th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
19th-century German male musicians
People from the Kingdom of Saxony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20K%C3%B6selitz |
Robert Ranulph Marett (13 June 1866 – 18 February 1943) was a British ethnologist and a proponent of the British Evolutionary School of cultural anthropology. Founded by Marett's older colleague, Edward Burnett Tylor, it asserted that modern primitive societies provide evidence for phases in the evolution of culture, which it attempted to recapture via comparative and historical methods. Marett focused primarily on the anthropology of religion. Studying the evolutionary origin of religions, he modified Tylor's animistic theory to include the concept of mana. Marett's anthropological teaching and writing career at Oxford University spanned the early 20th century before World War Two. He trained many notable anthropologists. He was a colleague of John Myres, and through him, studied Aegean archaeology.
Family background
Marett was the only son of Sir Robert Pipon Marett and Julia Anne Marett. He was born in Saint Brélade. He belonged to a family, originally named Maret, that settled on Jersey from Normandy in the 13th century. The Saint Brélade branch built a manor house for themselves, La Haule Manor (today a hotel). They had substantial wealth and position, contributing high-level magistrates to the government of Jersey. Robert's father had been Bailiff of Jersey. He was one of the founders of La Patrie, a patriotic newspaper. Earlier, Philip Maret, third son of the second Seigneur of La Haule, born in 1701, had emigrated to Boston, where he became a merchant captain. His subsequent family participated in the American Revolution and the War of 1812.
Robert's mother, Julia Anne, also bore the name of Marett before marriage. She was one of the eight children of the Janvrin sisters, Esther Elizabeth and Maria Eliza, by one Philip Marett, who was not in Robert Pipon's immediate line. Philip was a name often used by the Maretts. Thus, Julia Anne was only a distant cousin of her husband. The house, however, came into Robert Ranulph's possession through his mother. Her mother was Maria Eliza Janvrin. She and Robert Pipon had four children, Robert Ranulph, Mabel Elizabeth, Philippa Laetitia, and Julia Mary. Robert Ranulph was an only son but had three sisters and a large number of cousins. The family was Anglican. Cyril Norwood said of him, in a review of his autobiography in 1941:
Born of good family, reaching back through many generations of service in Jersey, he was brought up in a good home with wise and cultured parents in a beautiful place set fair in the freedom of sky and sea. Nature in her kindness endowed him with good brains, good memory, lively imagination, and abounding physical vigour.
Education
Primary and secondary education
For his initial educational years, the young Robert was taught in a Dame school of the area. He was then placed in St. Aubin's School, a private grammar school founded in Maison Martel. This was the former home of the Martel family, merchants, in Saint Aubin, Jersey, which was not far from La Haule Manor. It had been founded in 1813 by Esther Brine and her husband, Philip le Maistre, a schoolteacher. The Brines had purchased the mansion from the Martels. In 1867, they reported a student population of about 50 boys, half of whom were boarders. For the wealthy in Jersey, this school was the only path to secondary school.
St. Aubin's had an international reputation. Robert attended between ages nine through 14, 1875–1880. On the death of Le Maistre in 1873, the new headmaster and owner was John Este Vibert, who had a military frame of mind. Many future military officers came from St. Aubin's. Vibert was also a scientist and a member of the Royal Meteorological Society. He manned a weather station in the building.
Marett went on to secondary school at Victoria College, Jersey. It was founded in 1850 on the recommendation of Queen Victoria. Marett was there from the age of 14 to 18, 1880–1884. He commuted daily by the train line which existed for several decades across the south of the island. In secondary school, and then in university, Marett was gregarious, popular, and athletic. Later, he spent his time golfing and shooting. For fun, he loved to party and prank as he had a sense of humor. He joined the Jersey Militia, which was a social club, and he was made a lieutenant at age 17. He also read avidly in La Haule's extensive library. He took a great interest in natural history.
After finishing school in 1884, he planned to start at Balliol College, Oxford University in autumn, but his father's lingering illness delayed him. His father died on November 10th. According to the British law of primogeniture, he inherited the entire estate, but for the time being, he was not interested. There were no practical changes in the management of the estate. His mother and three sisters continued living in the home. However, his mother died in 1901, and the three sisters never married. They were still in the house, all over 70, when the Germans occupied it in 1940. Leaving for Oxford, Robert never returned on a permanent basis. His own family did eventually move there, but for him, it was only a part-time home which he occupied mainly in the summer. It was an ideal summer home as it was sparsely populated, located on the shore, spacious, luxurious, but without such amenities as electricity.
College education
Though well-to-do, Marett applied for financial assistance, the award of which was based on excellence and typically demonstrated in an examination. In British English, he won an "exhibition" from the Council of Legal Education (today's Inns of Court School of Law). In this case, this was a modest financial award for the study of law. The award made him an "exhibitioner". He had to join the Inner Temple, one of the four groups of a professional association of barristers called the Inns of Court. It was (and is) primarily an educational institution qualifying lawyers to argue at the bar; that is, professionally in court.
There was an overlap with Marett's interest: Roman Law. Marett majored in classics, the study of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Anthropology as an academic subject did not exist at the time; in fact, Marett was to be one of its first professors, the first at Oxford. As required by membership in the Inner Temple, he had finally to pass a "bar examination" in Roman Law, which he did in 1891. This success did not qualify him in any way to practice law. He was never a lawyer, and he was never interested in the government of Jersey, as his father had been.
Marett received notice of his grant in November. It was too late to begin in autumn. He, therefore, petitioned to begin with the Hilary term. He had enrolled in a classics curriculum called Literae Humaniores (Lit. Hum.). It is divided into two sequential parts, Honour Moderations, or "Mods", a study of the Ancient Greek and Latin languages. He then enrolled in courses selected from a variety of classical topics, with the requirement that eight papers be written. This part is called "Greats".
Marett was finished with his Mods by 1886, with a First. Going on to the Greats, he won the Chancellor's Prize for Latin verse in 1887, which was a modest sum contingent on submission of some New Latin verse composed by the recipient. He had nearly completed the Greats by 1888, concentrating on philosophy. British degrees at the time were designed for three years. However, this specific curriculum was designed for four years.
He still had more work to do when, in early 1889, he was struck by meningitis walking home from class. Knowing he was in a possibly life-threatening condition, he intruded on the first doctor's office he saw, and he was lucky enough to be diagnosed immediately by an experienced physician. He was then unable to attend Oxford for the rest of the term. When he had recovered sufficiently, he was sent to Switzerland for final treatment. In July he was granted the degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA) in absentia with a First anyway, but he still needed to pass the Bar in Roman Law.
In Switzerland, he had the best of academic intentions. He was learning French and German. He enrolled at the University of Berlin in philosophy, which he studied for a year. However, being a young man of wealth whose father had been known internationally, he had an informal access to the upper echelons of society. He associated with Junkers and had lunch with the Kaiser. Among the Americans abroad, he met Buffalo Bill. His planned educational experiences were rapidly developing into a Grand Tour. At the end of the year (1890), he refused to go home. Touring on to Rome, he fell in with the society of Lord and Lady Dufferin, inveterate party-goers. Socialising was their stock-in-trade. Lord Dufferin was then the British ambassador to Italy. The 24-year-old Marett was dazzled, and he described the year as "rapturous". He toured Italy, Greece, and France in the company of notables, making friendships that would last a lifetime.
Finally, the time came to go home, but in 1890 he still had the Bar Exam to take. He found some tutoring work at Balliol, and became a secretary to Toynbee Hall while he was studying for the exam that he eventually passed. When the results were announced in early 1891, he was free to begin his professional career. He was awarded the Master of Arts (M.A.) later that year without additional work or examination, as is the custom at Oxford.
Career
Philosophy
Marett's first professional position was in philosophy as a Fellow at Exeter College, starting in the fall of 1891. Depending on the definitions of the institution, "Fellow" in the British system has a broad range of meanings ranging from graduate student to a senior research associate. In Marett's time at Oxford, fellow meant in essence a member of the faculty with the same basic privileges as any. Today it is necessary to ask exactly what Marett did to be paid as a fellow.
Exeter College, which was a small one in population, was undoubtedly being governed by the statutes of 1882. It provided for a Governing Body consisting of a Rector and two types of Fellows: Ordinary and Tutorial. Some in addition had special duties, such as the Bursar. Hiring was by vote of the Governing Body. There is a brief memo in the Register for Exeter College for 1890 that he was a "Tutorial fellow Ex. Coll.," presumably "Exeter College". He was a tutor of philosophy in the Oxford Tutorial System. He met with students regularly, individually or in small groups, to suggest reading for them and check their previous readings. Americans have never had this system.
As to how he may have obtained the position, he says in his autobiography that all he asks of the historian is that he be classified as "even the least of 'Jowett's men,' referring to the long-standing Master of Balliol College. He was referred to as the influential philosopher, classicist and Gladstonian partisan, named Benjamin Jowett. The aforesaid men dotted the Houses of Parliament and British society in general like stars in the sky, all promoting British liberalism. A word or two from Jowett might easily have influenced the Governing Body.
However, he got the position, and Marett resolved to set himself on the path to success. He applied for the T.H. Green Moral Philosophy Prize in 1893, a monetary award offered once every three years by Balliol College for the best paper on moral philosophy. Marett won it with The Ethics of Savage Races, which was never published. However. Edward Burnett Tylor,founder of Cultural Anthropology, was on his examining committee for the paper. The relationship between the two men continued. Marett now had demonstrated the ability to think creatively. He obviously had a career in philosophy and religion ahead of him and was made sub-rector. Jowett died that year, but Tylor's opinion would have been crucial.
Anthropology
He succeeded E.B. Tylor as Reader in Anthropology at Oxford in 1910, teaching the Diploma in Anthropology at the Pitt Rivers Museum. He worked on the palaeolithic site of La Cotte de St Brelade from 1910 to 1914, recovering some hominid teeth and other remains of habitation by Neanderthal man. In 1914 he established a Department of Social Anthropology, and in 1916 he published "The Site, Fauna, and Industry of La Cotte de St. Brelade, Jersey" (Archaeologia LXVII, 1916). He became Rector of Exeter College, Oxford. His students included Maria Czaplicka, Marius Barbeau, Dorothy Garrod, Earnest Albert Hooten, Henry Field and Rosalind Moss
Phases of religion
E.B. Tylor had considered animism to be the earliest form of religion, but he had not had access to Robert Codrington's linguistic data on the concept of mana in Melanesia. Codrington wrote after Tylor. Consideration of mana led Marett to retheorize Tylor's history of religion, adding an initial phase, pre-animistic religion, called pre-animism by others. A new common thread must be found to unite the three phases. Marett suggested the supernatural, or "power of awfulness" (in the original sense of the word). Marett's analysis of the history of religion was presented in The Threshold of Religion (1909) and was refined in Anthropology (1912), and Psychology and Folklore (1920).
Publications and lectures
Origin and Validity in Ethics (1902)
The Birth of Humility (1910)
Progress and History (1916)
Compendium.
The Diffusion of Culture (1927)
Man in the Making: An Introduction to Anthropology (1928)
The Raw Material of Religion (1929)
Faith, Hope and Charity in Primitive Religion (1930–1932)
Sacraments of Simple Folk (1930–1932)
Head, Heart and Hands in Human Evolution (1935)
Tylor (1936)
Man in the Making (1937), New Edition
A Jerseyman at Oxford (1941), autobiography
Marriage and family
Having established himself at Exeter, Marett entered a plateau, despite his anthropological paper. In 1896 he was already 30. Personal biology was on his mind. A new women's college had entered the Oxford system, Somerville College. It was of great interest to the unmarried dons of Oxford, such as R. R. Marett. He managed to meet one of its students, the youngest daughter, Nora, of the British explorer of Africa and subsequent Vice Consul to Zanzibar, John Kirk (1832–1922). A Scottish physician, he had been with David Livingstone when Henry Morton Stanley asked, or at least is said to have asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
Livingstone and Kirk were both dedicated to the suppression of the slave trade in Africa, a cause championed by British liberals. It presented a political paradox. Slavery could only be stopped by military opposition to the slavers. If British forces did intervene, the government was accused of building a colonial empire. This contradiction brought down the second premiership of William Gladstone in 1885, when he did not go to the assistance of Charles George Gordon at Khartoum. The latter was attempting to defend the city against Muhammad Ahmad, slaver, and new Islamic messiah. Gordon was killed. The tide turned in Britain in favor of the empire. After the Battle of Omdurman, 1896, the region was brought into the empire as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Earlier Kirk had come home from Africa to recover from exhaustion. He accepted a medical position in Zanzibar in 1868. That same year the government offered him the post of Vice-Consul there. On the strength of his new income and importance, he married his fiancée, Helen Cooke (1843–1914), and together they had a son and five daughters, one of which was Nora (1873–1954). A liberated woman for the times, she attended the new college that would bring women to Oxford, where she met Marett. Alike in political views and sentiments, they loved each other dearly, but Marett's contract with Oxford stipulated that he must not marry for a certain number of years. Those were up in 1898. He was 32, she 25. In the first decade of the 20th century, they had four children: John Ranulph (1900–1940), Philippa Suzanne (1904–1991), Joyce Elizabeth (1905–1979), and Robert Hugh Kirk (1907–1981).
See also
Marett Lecture
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Field, Henry. The Track of Man. New York: Doubleday, 1952.
External links
1866 births
1943 deaths
Anthropologists of religion
British anthropologists
British ethnologists
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
Rectors of Exeter College, Oxford
Presidents of the Folklore Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ranulph%20Marett |
Gdynia Główna railway station (Polish for Gdynia main station) is the main railway station serving the city of Gdynia, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1921 and is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway, Gdańsk–Stargard railway and the parallel Gdańsk Śródmieście–Rumia railway. Trains are operated by PKP, Polregio and SKM Tricity.
History
The first railway station in the centre of Gdynia opened on 1 January 1894. Initially, it held only a small wooden waiting room, several lamps and a board identifying name of the stop. In 1920, Gdynia began to grow very quickly as a city and a port under the Second Polish Republic, and this resulted in a significant increase in passenger rail traffic. Therefore, between 1923 and 1926, a new imposing art-deco (with regional Pomeranian accents) main building was constructed, designed by Romuald Miller and opening on 15 July 1926. Its interior featured a large waiting room, ticket windows, toilets, luggage storage, a restaurant, bookstore, money exchange, and hairdresser.
The railway station building was destroyed in World War II. In the 1950s a new station was built, designed by prof. Waclaw Tomaszewski. The building is a unique combination of social realism and pre-war art-moderne modernism. In the station's main waiting room several notable wall and ceiling frescoes of sea landscapes were re-discovered during the 2008 renovation after having been covered over in the intervening years. In the dining hall, the wall paintings depict the celestial bodies and signs of the zodiac, and a mosaic illustrates Pegasus.
The station under Nazi German occupation was known as Gotenhafen. Until 11 March 2004, the station was officially called Gdynia Osobowa. Currently, all the markings changed to "Gdynia Glowna". Among others, a large inscription "Osobowa" on the station building was dismantled.
Modernisation
In August 2008, the station building was entered in the register of monuments. In the same year, a modernisation program of the station was initiated, which included reconstruction of the station concourse, new canopies on the platforms, and changes in the rail traffic control system. During this work, in 2011, an original 5-meter long brick wall from the 1926 station was discovered. It has been preserved and integrated into the newly renovated interior. On 6 June 2012 the modernised station was officially opened. The investment cost 40.7 million euro and was financed in part with EU funds.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
EuroCity services (EC) (EC 95 by DB) (IC by PKP) Gdynia - Gdansk - Bydgoszcz - Poznan - Rzepin - Frankfurt (Oder) - Berlin
EuroCity services (EC) Gdynia - Gdansk - Malbork - Warsaw - Katowice - Bohumin - Ostrava - Prerov - Breclav - Vienna
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia - Warsaw
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia - Warsaw - Katowice - Gliwice/Bielsko-Biała
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia/Kołobrzeg - Warsaw - Kraków (- Rzeszów)
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdansk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Katowice - Kraków - Rzeszów - Przemyśl
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Toruń - Kutno - Łódź - Częstochowa - Katowice - Bielsko-Biała
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Łódź - Czestochowa — Krakow — Zakopane
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Zielona Góra
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Wrocław
Intercity services (IC) Łódź Fabryczna — Warszawa — Gdańsk Glowny — Kołobrzeg
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk - Elbląg/Iława - Olsztyn
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk - Elbląg - Olsztyn - Białystok
Intercity services (TLK) Gdynia Główna — Kostrzyn
Intercity services (TLK) Gdynia Główna — Warszawa — Krakow — Zakopane
Intercity services (TLK) Kołobrzeg — Gdynia Główna — Warszawa Wschodnia — Kraków Główny
Regional services (R) Tczew — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Tczew — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Chojnice — Tczew — Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Olsztyn Główny
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Smętowo
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Laskowice Pomorskie
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Bydgoszcz Główna
Regional services (R) Słupsk — Bydgoszcz Główna
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Pruszcz Gdański
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Luzino — Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Słupsk — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Gdynia Główna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Szybka Kolej Miejska services (SKM) (Lębork -) Wejherowo - Reda - Rumia - Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk
References
External links
Photos of Gdynia Głowna
Railway stations served by Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)
Glowna
Railway stations served by Przewozy Regionalne InterRegio
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wna%20railway%20station |
The 2001 Women's Hockey Intercontinental Cup was the sixth edition of the women's field hockey tournament. The event was held from 17–30 September, across two host cities, Abbeville and Amiens in France.
England won the tournament for the first time after defeating Russia 4–0 in the final. Ukraine finished in third place, defeating Japan 4–3 in penalties following a 1–1 draw.
The tournament served as a qualifier for the 2002 FIH World Cup in Perth, with the top six teams qualifying automatically. The seventh placed team qualified to the three–match playoff series held in Cannock, which was to be played against the United States.
Qualification
All five confederations received quotas for teams to participate allocated by the International Hockey Federation based upon the FIH World Rankings. Those teams participated at their respective continental championships but could not qualify through it, and they received the chance to qualify through this tournament based on the final ranking at each competition.
– Kenya withdrew from participating.
– United States withdrew from participating.
Squads
Below is the list of participating squads.
(1.) Daphné Heskin, (2.) Anne-Sophie De Scheemaeker, (3.) Charlotte De Vos, (4.) Isabelle Wagemans, (5.) Maïté Dequinze, (6.) Magali Demeyere, (7.) Olivia Bouche, (8.) Caroline Guisset, (9.) Sophie Turine, (10.) Valérie Van Elderen, (11.) An Christiaens, (12.) Tiffany Thys, (13.) Caroline Cuylits, (14.) Céline Robiette, (15.) Barbara Dequinze, (16.) Elke Mertens, (17.) Anne-Sophie Van Regemortel, and (18.) Miek Vandevenne.
(3.) Lisa Faust, (4.) Amy MacFarlane, (5.) Deb Cuthbert, (6.) Jenny Johnson, (7.) Sue Tingley, (8.) Aoibhinn Grimes, (9.) Julia Wong, (10.) Kristen Taunton, (11.) Karen MacNeill, (12.) Carla Somerville, (13.) Laurelee Kopeck, (15.) Michelle Bowyer, (16.) Becky Price, (19.) Andrea Rushton, (20.) Kelly Rezansoff, (22.) Emily Rix, (23.) Amy Agulay (gk), (30.) Krista Thompson (gk). Head Coach: Graeme "Butch" Worth.
(1.) Anna Bennett, (2.) Jenie Bimson, (3.) Sarah Blanks, (5.) Melanie Clewlow (captain), (6.) Tina Cullen, (7.) Helen Grant, (9.) Leisa King, (10.) Denise Marston-Smith, (11.) Purdy Miller, (12.) Mandy Nicholson, (13.) Carolyn Reid (gk), (16.) Hilary Rose (gk), (17.) Jane Smith, (18.) Rachel Walker, (19.) Kate Walsh, (21.) Lucilla Wright, (24.) Kerry Moore, (26.) Frances Houslop, and (27.) Isabel Palmer. Head Coach: Tricia Heberle.
Tingoleima Chanu (gk and captain), Helen Mary (gk), Amandeep Kaur, Suman Bala, Kanti Baa, Sita Gossain, Sumari Tete, Agnecia Lugun, Masira Surin, Neha Singh, Manjinder Kaur, Jyoti Sunita Kullu, Saggai Ibemal Chanu, Suraj Lata Devi, Pakpi Devi, Adline Kerketta, Mamta Kharab and Surinder Kaur. Head Coach: Ajay Kumar Bansal.
(1.) Tara Browne (gk), (2.) Angela Platt (gk), (3.) Arlene Boyles, (4.) Jenny Burke, (5.) Linda Caulfield, (6.) Eimear Cregan, (7.) Karen Humphreys, (8.) Rachael Kohler, (9.) Laura Lee, (10.) Pamela Magill, (11.) Jenny McDonough, (12.) Cathy McKean, (13.) Claire McMahon, (14.) Lynsey McVicker, (15.) Ciara O'Brien, (16.) Jill Orbinson, (17.) Sarah Rand, and (18.) Daphne Sixsmith. Head Coach: Riet Kuper.
(1.) Nami Miyazaki (gk), (2.) Keiko Miura, (3.) Asuka Chiba, (5.) Sachimi Iwao, (6.) Natsumi Hori, (7.) Yuka Ogura, (8.) Sakae Morimoto, (9.) Akemi Kato, (10.) Naoko Saito, (11.) Toshi Tsukui, (12.) Rie Terazono, (13.) Chie Kimura, (14.) Kaori Chiba, (16.) Yukari Yamamoto, (17.) Yukiko Suzuki, (19.) Emiko Yokota, (21.) Yuko Morishita, and (22.) Akiko Kitada. Head Coach: Kazunori Kobayashi.
(1.) Nadezhda Sumkina (gk), (3.) Galyma Karabalinova, (4.) Olga Kikeleva, (5.) Oxana Berkalieva, (6.) Ekaterina Zhukalina, (7.) Elena Svirskaya, (8.) Ainura Mutallyapova, (9.) Elena Apelganetz, (10.) Elena Lind, (11.) Gulnara Imangalieva, (12.) Tatyana Marchenko (captain), (13.) Olga Apelganetz, (14.) Olga Shelomanova, (15.) Natalya Podshivalova, (16.) Marya Tussubzhanova (gk), and (18.) Natalya Dryamova.
(1.) Lim Siew Gek, (2.) Catherine Lumbor, (3.) Norhaliza Abdul Rahman, (4.) Norfaraha Hashim, (6.) Rosmimi Jamalani, (7.) Lisa Ludong, (8.) Daring Nyokin, (9.) Devaleela Devadasan, (10.) Mary Along, (11.) Che Inan Melati Che Ibrahim, (12.) Hamidah Birang, (13.) Munaziah Mulim, (14.) Norsaliza Ahmad Soobni, (15.) Norliza Sahli, (16.) Ernawati Mahmood, (18.) Angela Kais, (20.) Ayu Afnida Hamdani, and (21.) Vimala Subramaniam.
(1.) Victoria Kotlyarenko (gk), (2.) Fyeridye Bilyalova, (3.) Aishe Ramazanova, (4.) Olena Fritche, (5.) Iryna Knyazeva, (6.) Diana Tahiyeva, (7.) Marina Dudko, (8.) Tetyana Kobzenko (captain), (9.) Svitlana Kolomiets, (10.) Olena Mykhalchenko, (11.) Natalya Vasyukova, (12.) Zhanna Savenko, (13.) Maryna Litvinchuk, (14.) Tetyana Salenko, (15.) Svitlana Petrenko, (16.) Olga Fisyun, (17.) Maryna Pyrohova, and (18.) Lyudmyla Vyhanyaylo. Head Coach: Zhuk Tetyana.
(1.) Andrea Fazzio (gk), (2.) Eugenia Chiara, (3.) Bettiana Ceretta, (4.) Agustina Carbone, (5.) Florencia Castagnola (captain), (6.) Patricia Bueno, (7.) Maria Ines Raiz, (8.) Rosario de los Santos, (9.) Ana Hernández, (10.) Patricia Carluccio, (11.) Virginia Silva, (12.) Rosanna Paselle (gk), (13.) Adriana Boullosa, (14.) Carla Margni, (15.) Virginia Casabo, (16.) Laura Pradines, (17.) Veronica Tutte, and (18.) Eleonora Rebollo. Head Coach: Jorge Norvay.
Results
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00)
Preliminary round
Pool A
Pool B
Classification round
Thirteenth and fourteenth place
Ninth to twelfth place classification
Crossover
Eleventh and twelfth place
Ninth and tenth place
Fifth to eighth place classification
Crossover
Seventh and eighth place
Fifth and sixth place
First to fourth place classification
Semi-finals
Third and fourth place
Final
Awards
Final standings
Goalscorers
References
External links
Official website
Women's Intercontinental Cup
International women's field hockey competitions hosted by France
Q
Intercontinental Cup
Sport in Amiens
Abbeville
Intercontinental Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20Women%27s%20Intercontinental%20Cup |
Graeme Gellie (born 27 December 1954) is a former Australian rules footballer. Played for St Kilda as a rover. Height: , weight: .
Won the club's best and fairest award in his first year, but an injury to his knee early in 1979 limited his career.
After Tony Jewell was sacked as coach during the 1984 season, Gellie took over and also coached the next two years. After St Kilda claimed the wooden spoon in 1986 his contract was not continued. Greame was an assistant coach to Malcolm Blight at Geelong. Also coach in coached in Queensland state junior teams. Greame currently lives in country Victoria.
External links
Bio at Saints.com.au
St Kilda Football Club coaches
Trevor Barker Award winners
St Kilda Football Club players
1954 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Redan Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Gellie |
Enkenbach-Alsenborn is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the northern edge of the Palatinate forest, approx. 10 km north-east of Kaiserslautern. Enkenbach-Alsenborn is also the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality"), also named Enkenbach-Alsenborn.
Geography
The municipality consists of the local villages of Enkenbach and Alsenborn. Before officially combining on 7 June 1969, the two villages worked very closely throughout their history to include a common coat of arms until 1795, a common mayor until 1825 and a common forest area until 1832.
Neighbouring municipalities are - in a clockwise direction - Neuhemsbach, Sippersfeld, Kerzenheim, Ramsen (Pfalz), Wattenheim, Fischbach (Kaiserslautern district), Kaiserslautern and Mehlingen.
History
Findings from the young stone age and mounds from the Iron Age indicate that the area was already populated in early-historical time.
Expansion
With favorable traffic levels and the connection to the railway in the year 1871 with the opening of Enkenbach station on the Alsenz Valley Railway, as well as the establishment of industry in the Kaiserslautern area, led to the total population of the municipality increasing despite strong emigration out of present-day Germany. Due to this population increase, Enkenbach-Alsenborn evolved from a farming community to the municipality it is today.
Population
1800: 1,095
1900: 3,326
1975: 6,900
1996: 7,323
Sons and daughters of the community
Wilhelm Mayerr (1874-1923), politician (CENTER, BVP)
Wilhelm Müller (1890-1957), politician (KPD)
References
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Palatinate Forest
Kaiserslautern (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkenbach-Alsenborn |
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in a redundant way, most often by using an error correction code or error correcting code (ECC). The redundancy allows the receiver not only to detect errors that may occur anywhere in the message, but often to correct a limited number of errors. Therefore a reverse channel to request re-transmission may not be needed. The cost is a fixed, higher forward channel bandwidth.
The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code.
FEC can be applied in situations where re-transmissions are costly or impossible, such as one-way communication links or when transmitting to multiple receivers in multicast.
Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of a satellite orbiting Uranus, retransmission due to errors can create a delay of five hours. FEC is widely used in modems and in cellular networks, as well.
FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier. For the latter, FEC is an integral part of the initial analog-to-digital conversion in the receiver. The Viterbi decoder implements a soft-decision algorithm to demodulate digital data from an analog signal corrupted by noise. Many FEC decoders can also generate a bit-error rate (BER) signal which can be used as feedback to fine-tune the analog receiving electronics.
FEC information is added to mass storage (magnetic, optical and solid state/flash based) devices to enable recovery of corrupted data, and is used as ECC computer memory on systems that require special provisions for reliability.
The maximum proportion of errors or missing bits that can be corrected is determined by the design of the ECC, so different forward error correcting codes are suitable for different conditions. In general, a stronger code induces more redundancy that needs to be transmitted using the available bandwidth, which reduces the effective bit-rate while improving the received effective signal-to-noise ratio. The noisy-channel coding theorem of Claude Shannon can be used to compute the maximum achievable communication bandwidth for a given maximum acceptable error probability. This establishes bounds on the theoretical maximum information transfer rate of a channel with some given base noise level. However, the proof is not constructive, and hence gives no insight of how to build a capacity achieving code. After years of research, some advanced FEC systems like polar code come very close to the theoretical maximum given by the Shannon channel capacity under the hypothesis of an infinite length frame.
Method
ECC is accomplished by adding redundancy to the transmitted information using an algorithm. A redundant bit may be a complicated function of many original information bits. The original information may or may not appear literally in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are non-systematic.
A simplistic example of ECC is to transmit each data bit 3 times, which is known as a (3,1) repetition code. Through a noisy channel, a receiver might see 8 versions of the output, see table below.
This allows an error in any one of the three samples to be corrected by "majority vote", or "democratic voting". The correcting ability of this ECC is:
Up to 1 bit of triplet in error, or
up to 2 bits of triplet omitted (cases not shown in table).
Though simple to implement and widely used, this triple modular redundancy is a relatively inefficient ECC. Better ECC codes typically examine the last several tens or even the last several hundreds of previously received bits to determine how to decode the current small handful of bits (typically in groups of 2 to 8 bits).
Averaging noise to reduce errors
ECC could be said to work by "averaging noise"; since each data bit affects many transmitted symbols, the corruption of some symbols by noise usually allows the original user data to be extracted from the other, uncorrupted received symbols that also depend on the same user data.
Because of this "risk-pooling" effect, digital communication systems that use ECC tend to work well above a certain minimum signal-to-noise ratio and not at all below it.
This all-or-nothing tendency – the cliff effect – becomes more pronounced as stronger codes are used that more closely approach the theoretical Shannon limit.
Interleaving ECC coded data can reduce the all or nothing properties of transmitted ECC codes when the channel errors tend to occur in bursts. However, this method has limits; it is best used on narrowband data.
Most telecommunication systems use a fixed channel code designed to tolerate the expected worst-case bit error rate, and then fail to work at all if the bit error rate is ever worse.
However, some systems adapt to the given channel error conditions: some instances of hybrid automatic repeat-request use a fixed ECC method as long as the ECC can handle the error rate, then switch to ARQ when the error rate gets too high;
adaptive modulation and coding uses a variety of ECC rates, adding more error-correction bits per packet when there are higher error rates in the channel, or taking them out when they are not needed.
Types of ECC
The two main categories of ECC codes are block codes and convolutional codes.
Block codes work on fixed-size blocks (packets) of bits or symbols of predetermined size. Practical block codes can generally be hard-decoded in polynomial time to their block length.
Convolutional codes work on bit or symbol streams of arbitrary length. They are most often soft decoded with the Viterbi algorithm, though other algorithms are sometimes used. Viterbi decoding allows asymptotically optimal decoding efficiency with increasing constraint length of the convolutional code, but at the expense of exponentially increasing complexity. A convolutional code that is terminated is also a 'block code' in that it encodes a block of input data, but the block size of a convolutional code is generally arbitrary, while block codes have a fixed size dictated by their algebraic characteristics. Types of termination for convolutional codes include "tail-biting" and "bit-flushing".
There are many types of block codes; Reed–Solomon coding is noteworthy for its widespread use in compact discs, DVDs, and hard disk drives. Other examples of classical block codes include Golay, BCH, Multidimensional parity, and Hamming codes.
Hamming ECC is commonly used to correct NAND flash memory errors.
This provides single-bit error correction and 2-bit error detection.
Hamming codes are only suitable for more reliable single-level cell (SLC) NAND.
Denser multi-level cell (MLC) NAND may use multi-bit correcting ECC such as BCH or Reed–Solomon. NOR Flash typically does not use any error correction.
Classical block codes are usually decoded using hard-decision algorithms, which means that for every input and output signal a hard decision is made whether it corresponds to a one or a zero bit. In contrast, convolutional codes are typically decoded using soft-decision algorithms like the Viterbi, MAP or BCJR algorithms, which process (discretized) analog signals, and which allow for much higher error-correction performance than hard-decision decoding.
Nearly all classical block codes apply the algebraic properties of finite fields. Hence classical block codes are often referred to as algebraic codes.
In contrast to classical block codes that often specify an error-detecting or error-correcting ability, many modern block codes such as LDPC codes lack such guarantees. Instead, modern codes are evaluated in terms of their bit error rates.
Most forward error correction codes correct only bit-flips, but not bit-insertions or bit-deletions.
In this setting, the Hamming distance is the appropriate way to measure the bit error rate.
A few forward error correction codes are designed to correct bit-insertions and bit-deletions, such as Marker Codes and Watermark Codes.
The Levenshtein distance is a more appropriate way to measure the bit error rate when using such codes.
Code-rate and the tradeoff between reliability and data rate
The fundamental principle of ECC is to add redundant bits in order to help the decoder to find out the true message that was encoded by the transmitter. The code-rate of a given ECC system is defined as the ratio between the number of information bits and the total number of bits (i.e., information plus redundancy bits) in a given communication package. The code-rate is hence a real number. A low code-rate close to zero implies a strong code that uses many redundant bits to achieve a good performance, while a large code-rate close to 1 implies a weak code.
The redundant bits that protect the information have to be transferred using the same communication resources that they are trying to protect. This causes a fundamental tradeoff between reliability and data rate. In one extreme, a strong code (with low code-rate) can induce an important increase in the receiver SNR (signal-to-noise-ratio) decreasing the bit error rate, at the cost of reducing the effective data rate. On the other extreme, not using any ECC (i.e., a code-rate equal to 1) uses the full channel for information transfer purposes, at the cost of leaving the bits without any additional protection.
One interesting question is the following: how efficient in terms of information transfer can an ECC be that has a negligible decoding error rate? This question was answered by Claude Shannon with his second theorem, which says that the channel capacity is the maximum bit rate achievable by any ECC whose error rate tends to zero: His proof relies on Gaussian random coding, which is not suitable to real-world applications. The upper bound given by Shannon's work inspired a long journey in designing ECCs that can come close to the ultimate performance boundary. Various codes today can attain almost the Shannon limit. However, capacity achieving ECCs are usually extremely complex to implement.
The most popular ECCs have a trade-off between performance and computational complexity. Usually, their parameters give a range of possible code rates, which can be optimized depending on the scenario. Usually, this optimization is done in order to achieve a low decoding error probability while minimizing the impact to the data rate. Another criterion for optimizing the code rate is to balance low error rate and retransmissions number in order to the energy cost of the communication.
Concatenated ECC codes for improved performance
Classical (algebraic) block codes and convolutional codes are frequently combined in concatenated coding schemes in which a short constraint-length Viterbi-decoded convolutional code does most of the work and a block code (usually Reed–Solomon) with larger symbol size and block length "mops up" any errors made by the convolutional decoder. Single pass decoding with this family of error correction codes can yield very low error rates, but for long range transmission conditions (like deep space) iterative decoding is recommended.
Concatenated codes have been standard practice in satellite and deep space communications since Voyager 2 first used the technique in its 1986 encounter with Uranus. The Galileo craft used iterative concatenated codes to compensate for the very high error rate conditions caused by having a failed antenna.
Low-density parity-check (LDPC)
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block
codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length. Practical implementations rely heavily on decoding the constituent SPC codes in parallel.
LDPC codes were first introduced by Robert G. Gallager in his PhD thesis in 1960,
but due to the computational effort in implementing encoder and decoder and the introduction of Reed–Solomon codes,
they were mostly ignored until the 1990s.
LDPC codes are now used in many recent high-speed communication standards, such as DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite – Second Generation), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e standard for microwave communications), High-Speed Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11n), 10GBase-T Ethernet (802.3an) and G.hn/G.9960 (ITU-T Standard for networking over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cable). Other LDPC codes are standardized for wireless communication standards within 3GPP MBMS (see fountain codes).
Turbo codes
Turbo coding is an iterated soft-decoding scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit. Predating LDPC codes in terms of practical application, they now provide similar performance.
One of the earliest commercial applications of turbo coding was the CDMA2000 1x (TIA IS-2000) digital cellular technology developed by Qualcomm and sold by Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and other carriers. It is also used for the evolution of CDMA2000 1x specifically for Internet access, 1xEV-DO (TIA IS-856). Like 1x, EV-DO was developed by Qualcomm, and is sold by Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and other carriers (Verizon's marketing name for 1xEV-DO is Broadband Access, Sprint's consumer and business marketing names for 1xEV-DO are Power Vision and Mobile Broadband, respectively).
Local decoding and testing of codes
Sometimes it is only necessary to decode single bits of the message, or to check whether a given signal is a codeword, and do so without looking at the entire signal. This can make sense in a streaming setting, where codewords are too large to be classically decoded fast enough and where only a few bits of the message are of interest for now. Also such codes have become an important tool in computational complexity theory, e.g., for the design of probabilistically checkable proofs.
Locally decodable codes are error-correcting codes for which single bits of the message can be probabilistically recovered by only looking at a small (say constant) number of positions of a codeword, even after the codeword has been corrupted at some constant fraction of positions. Locally testable codes are error-correcting codes for which it can be checked probabilistically whether a signal is close to a codeword by only looking at a small number of positions of the signal.
Interleaving
Interleaving is frequently used in digital communication and storage systems to improve the performance of forward error correcting codes. Many communication channels are not memoryless: errors typically occur in bursts rather than independently. If the number of errors within a code word exceeds the error-correcting code's capability, it fails to recover the original code word. Interleaving alleviates this problem by shuffling source symbols across several code words, thereby creating a more uniform distribution of errors. Therefore, interleaving is widely used for burst error-correction.
The analysis of modern iterated codes, like turbo codes and LDPC codes, typically assumes an independent distribution of errors. Systems using LDPC codes therefore typically employ additional interleaving across the symbols within a code word.
For turbo codes, an interleaver is an integral component and its proper design is crucial for good performance. The iterative decoding algorithm works best when there are not short cycles in the factor graph that represents the decoder; the interleaver is chosen to avoid short cycles.
Interleaver designs include:
rectangular (or uniform) interleavers (similar to the method using skip factors described above)
convolutional interleavers
random interleavers (where the interleaver is a known random permutation)
S-random interleaver (where the interleaver is a known random permutation with the constraint that no input symbols within distance S appear within a distance of S in the output).
a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP). An example of use is in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution mobile telecommunication standard.
In multi-carrier communication systems, interleaving across carriers may be employed to provide frequency diversity, e.g., to mitigate frequency-selective fading or narrowband interference.
Example
Transmission without interleaving:
Error-free message:
Transmission with a burst error:
Here, each group of the same letter represents a 4-bit one-bit error-correcting codeword. The codeword is altered in one bit and can be corrected, but the codeword is altered in three bits, so either it cannot be decoded at all or it might be decoded incorrectly.
With interleaving:
Error-free code words:
Interleaved:
Transmission with a burst error:
Received code words after deinterleaving:
In each of the codewords "", "", "", and "", only one bit is altered, so one-bit error-correcting code will decode everything correctly.
Transmission without interleaving:
Original transmitted sentence:
Received sentence with a burst error:
The term "" ends up mostly unintelligible and difficult to correct.
With interleaving:
Transmitted sentence:
Error-free transmission:
Received sentence with a burst error:
Received sentence after deinterleaving:
No word is completely lost and the missing letters can be recovered with minimal guesswork.
Disadvantages of interleaving
Use of interleaving techniques increases total delay. This is because the entire interleaved block must be received before the packets can be decoded. Also interleavers hide the structure of errors; without an interleaver, more advanced decoding algorithms can take advantage of the error structure and achieve more reliable communication than a simpler decoder combined with an interleaver. An example of such an algorithm is based on neural network structures.
Software for error-correcting codes
Simulating the behaviour of error-correcting codes (ECCs) in software is a common practice to design, validate and improve ECCs. The upcoming wireless 5G standard raises a new range of applications for the software ECCs: the Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) in a Software-defined radio (SDR) context. The idea is to directly use software ECCs in the communications. For instance in the 5G, the software ECCs could be located in the cloud and the antennas connected to this computing resources: improving this way the flexibility of the communication network and eventually increasing the energy efficiency of the system.
In this context, there are various available Open-source software listed below (non exhaustive).
AFF3CT(A Fast Forward Error Correction Toolbox): a full communication chain in C++ (many supported codes like Turbo, LDPC, Polar codes, etc.), very fast and specialized on channel coding (can be used as a program for simulations or as a library for the SDR).
IT++: a C++ library of classes and functions for linear algebra, numerical optimization, signal processing, communications, and statistics.
OpenAir: implementation (in C) of the 3GPP specifications concerning the Evolved Packet Core Networks.
List of error-correcting codes
AN codes
Algebraic geometry code
BCH code, which can be designed to correct any arbitrary number of errors per code block.
Barker code used for radar, telemetry, ultra sound, Wifi, DSSS mobile phone networks, GPS etc.
Berger code
Constant-weight code
Convolutional code
Expander codes
Group codes
Golay codes, of which the Binary Golay code is of practical interest
Goppa code, used in the McEliece cryptosystem
Hadamard code
Hagelbarger code
Hamming code
Latin square based code for non-white noise (prevalent for example in broadband over powerlines)
Lexicographic code
Linear Network Coding, a type of erasure correcting code across networks instead of point-to-point links
Long code
Low-density parity-check code, also known as Gallager code, as the archetype for sparse graph codes
LT code, which is a near-optimal rateless erasure correcting code (Fountain code)
m of n codes
Nordstrom-Robinson code, used in Geometry and Group Theory
Online code, a near-optimal rateless erasure correcting code
Polar code (coding theory)
Raptor code, a near-optimal rateless erasure correcting code
Reed–Solomon error correction
Reed–Muller code
Repeat-accumulate code
Repetition codes, such as Triple modular redundancy
Spinal code, a rateless, nonlinear code based on pseudo-random hash functions
Tornado code, a near-optimal erasure correcting code, and the precursor to Fountain codes
Turbo code
Walsh–Hadamard code
Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) can correct 1-bit errors for messages at most bits long for optimal generator polynomials of degree , see Mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks#Bitfilters
See also
Code rate
Erasure codes
Soft-decision decoder
Burst error-correcting code
Error detection and correction
Error-correcting codes with feedback
Linear code
Quantum error correction
References
Further reading
(xxii+762+6 pages)
(x+2+208+4 pages)
"Error Correction Code in Single Level Cell NAND Flash memories" 2007-02-16
"Error Correction Code in NAND Flash memories" 2004-11-29
Observations on Errors, Corrections, & Trust of Dependent Systems, by James Hamilton, 2012-02-26
Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups, By J. H. Conway, Neil James Alexander Sloane, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013-03-09 – Mathematics – 682 pages.
External links
lpdec: library for LP decoding and related things (Python)
Error detection and correction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20correction%20code |
Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver (; – 17 March 1391) was a daughter of Prince Alexander of Tver and Anastasia of Halych (daughter of Yuri I of Galicia). She was the second wife of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Life
After her father and eldest brother were murdered by Öz Beg Khan in 1339, Uliana was placed in care of Simeon of Moscow, who married Uliana's elder sister Maria in 1347.
In 1349, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent an embassy to the Golden Horde, proposing to khan Jani Beg to form an alliance against Prince Simeon of Moscow; this proposal was not accepted and the envoys, including Algirdas' brother Karijotas, were imprisoned and held for ransom. In 1350, Algirdas then concluded peace with Simeon and married Simeon's sister-in-law Uliana. Simeon first asked an opinion of Metropolitan Theognostus whether a Christian lady could be married off to a pagan ruler. The same year, Algirdas' brother Liubartas married Olga, daughter of Konstantin Vasilyevich of Rostov and niece of Simeon.
According to research of Polish historian Jan Tęgowski, Uliana and Algirdas had eight sons and eight daughters (though other sources provide different data). It seems that the children, unlike children from Algirdas' first marriage with Maria of Vitebsk, were brought up in pagan culture. Uliana's son Jogaila (and not Algirdas' eldest son Andrei of Polotsk) inherited the throne and became Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377. Uliana, as dowager grand duchess, appeared in national politics and was involved in the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84) as well as an unsuccessful attempt to wed Jogaila with Sophia, daughter of Dmitri Donskoi, and convert him to Eastern Orthodoxy. The plans failed when Jogaila converted to Roman Catholicism, married Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland (jure uxoris) in 1386.
Death and burial
There are conflicting claims about Uliana's last years and her burial place. One account claims that Uliana became a nun under the name Marina in the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Vitebsk and was buried there. Another claim, based on a silver plaque discovered during an 1810 construction, has it that she was buried in the Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius. The Nikon Chronicle recorded that she was an nun at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and was buried there. The newest discovery was made during a restoration of the Transfiguration Church in Polotsk in March 2012. An inscription was found that recorded Yulianiya's death on the feast of Saint Alexius, which is March 17 in Eastern Orthodoxy. On December 5, 2018, Yulianiya of Tver was canonized by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
See also
Family of Algirdas – family of Uliana and Algirdas
References
Yaroslavichi family (Tver)
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
Russian nuns
1320s births
1391 deaths
14th-century Russian people
14th-century Russian women
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uliana%20of%20Tver |
The Asahi Top Position was a Go competition.
Outline
The final of the Top Position tournament would be a best of five with 10 hours of thinking time. There was no komi, unless the match had to be played out all 5 games, which then would be played with a 4.5 komi. The preliminaries also had no komi. This tournament ran from 1955 to 1961 and was subsequently replaced by the Meijin and Judan titles. The sponsor was Asahi shimbun.
Past Winners & Runner-up's
Go competitions in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi%20Top%20Position |
Hochspeyer is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Palatinate forest (Pfälzer Wald), approx. 10 km east of Kaiserslautern.
Hochspeyer was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde Hochspeyer ("collective municipality").
History
Hochspeyer's history is closely related to the Cistercian Abbey of Otterberg, to which the Münchhof belonged since 1195.
In 1801 the region Palatinate became part of the French Département Mont-Tonnerre, and in 1815 it became part of the Bavarian Kingdom.
After World War II Palatinate (and with it Hochspeyer) was incorporated in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Education
Hochspeyer has the Münchhofschule (a primary and secondary school) as well as three Kindergartens.
Economy
Trade, minor industry and farming shape the small local economy in Hochspeyer. Tourism is about to develop since the Palatinate forest has become part of the biosphere reserve Pfälzer Wald-Vosges du Nord in 1998 and projects like the Mountainbikepark Pfälzerwald, a route network for mountainbiking, have been initiated.
Transport
Hochspeyer is near the A6 and A63 motorways. It is also served by the B37 and B49 roads.
For rail, Hochspeyer is served by RheinNeckar S-Bahn trains on the Saarbrücken–Mannheim line between Kaiserslautern/Homburg and Mannheim/Heidelberg half-hourly.
Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).
Notable people
Johannes Böhm (1890–1957), politician (SPD)
Wilhelm Moschel (1896–1954), chemist
Karl Ritter (1916–1994), politician (SPD)
Hugo Ohliger (1920–1999), politician (CSU)
Peter Schwarz (born 1953), football player
References
External links
Hochspeyer Web Site Tourism and Community Town site
Palatinate Forest
Kaiserslautern (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochspeyer |
Tooheys Pils was an Australian pilsner produced by Tooheys. It was launched in November 1998, and ceased production in late 2011. It was originally brewed with Saaz hops; however, due to production and supply issues, it was later brewed with Hallertau hops from Bavaria, Germany. It was described as a light, refreshing beer with a crisp, hoppy finish without a lingering aftertaste. By June 2008, Tooheys had decided to lessen the alcohol content to 4.5% and give the bottle a more appealing look.
See also
Australian pub
Beer in Australia
List of breweries in Australia
References
Kirin Group
Australian beer brands
Products introduced in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooheys%20Pils |
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