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Lori Anne Barbero (born November 27, 1961) is an American musician. She rose to prominence as the drummer of the alternative rock band Babes in Toyland, which she formed in 1987. After the dissolution of Babes in Toyland in 2001, Barbero subsequently played drums for bands such as Eggtwist and Koalas. In 2015, she reunited with Babes in Toyland and embarked on an international tour before disbanding again in 2020.
Early life
Barbero was born in Minneapolis on November 27, 1961. She is of Filipino and Scandinavian descent. At the age of fourteen, her father moved the family to Pearl River, New York, where she attended high school, graduating in 1978.
During her teenage years, Barbero often ventured into New York City to attend concerts, specifically at CBGB, which exposed her to a wide array of bands: "From where my house was—we lived on a hill—I could see New York. So I went into the city a lot, and I saw a lot of music," Barbero recalled. "I liked music that was probably not as acceptable to a lot of ears as it was to mine. In high school, I loved David Bowie and I loved Queen. I remember going to the city and seeing a lot of punk stuff, [like] the Tubes and Patti Smith, and the New York Dolls. I was pretty lucky because it was just part of my life."
After high school, Barbero moved to Key West, Florida before returning to Minneapolis, where she attended the University of Minnesota before dropping out and working as a waitress.
Career
Barbero had never played a musical instrument prior to joining Babes in Toyland, but had always wanted to learn to play drums. Upon meeting Kat Bjelland at a barbecue in the mid-1980s, Bjelland asked her to start a band with her.
After the dissolution of Babes in Toyland in the early 2000s, Barbero worked as a music manager, and for a time was Courtney Love's assistant during the recording of America's Sweetheart (2004), beginning in 2002. She was subsequently employed by the South by Southwest Music Festival in Austin, Texas as an assistant production manager for a total of seven years, beginning in the late 2000s. She was also part owner of the now defunct Minneapolis label Spanish Fly Records, whose roster included Smut, Dumpster Juice, Milk, REO Speedealer, Sleep Capsule, and Likehell.
Lori contributed to a zine called After Grrrl (Small Stories From Big Lives) in 2015. The zine included stories from many influential female artists, icons, and taste makers including Allison Wolfe, Camille Rose Garcia, Tara McPherson, Kelly Osbourne, Bonnie Burton, Remy Holwick, Jessicka, Janine Jarman as well as many others.
Personal life
As of 2014, Barbero divided her time between Minneapolis and Austin, Texas.
References
Sources
External links
My Space: Koalas
Sound Unseen
1961 births
Living people
Musicians from Minneapolis
American musicians of Filipino descent
American people of Scandinavian descent
American rock drummers
American women drummers
University of Minnesota alumni
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American women
Women in punk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20Barbero |
Kaiserslautern-Süd is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. On 1 July 2019 it was merged into the Verbandsgemeinde Landstuhl. It was situated in the Palatinate forest, approx. 10 km south of Kaiserslautern, which was the seat of the municipality, but not part of it.
The Verbandsgemeinde Kaiserslautern-Süd consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Krickenbach
Linden
Queidersbach
Schopp
Stelzenberg
Trippstadt
Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate
Palatinate Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern-S%C3%BCd |
March 1 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 3
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 15 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For March 2nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 17 (February 18 on leap years).
Saints
Hieromartyrs Nestor the Bishop, and Tribiminus the Deacon, at Perge in Pamphylia (ca. 250)
Martyr Troadius of Neo-Caesarea, and those with him (251)
Virgin-martyr Euthalia of Sicily (252)
St. Cointus of Phrygia (Quintus of Phrygia), Confessor and Wonderworker (283)
Martyr Hesychius the Senator (the Palatine), of Antioch (ca. 304) (see also: May 10)
Hiero-Confessor Theodotus, Bishop of Cyrenia in Cyprus (c. 326)
Venerable Saints Andronicus and the Athanasia (5th century) (see also: October 9)
Saint Agathon of Egypt, monk (5th century)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Martyrs of Rome, a large number of martyrs martyred in Rome under Alexander Severus and the prefect Ulpian (219)
Saints Jovinus and Basileus, two martyrs who suffered in Rome under Gallienus and Valerian, buried on the Latin Way (258)
Saints Paul, Heraclius, Secundilla and Januaria, martyrs who suffered under Diocletian at Porto Romano at the mouth of the Tiber in Italy (305)
Saint Gistilian (Gistlian), uncle of St David and a monk at Menevia, or St Davids, in Wales (5th-6th centuries)
Saint Joavan, a Romano-Briton who went to Brittany to live with his uncle St Paul of Léon, by whom he was consecrated bishop (ca. 570)
440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Italy (Martyrs of Campania) (ca. 579)
Saint Fergna, called 'the White', a relative and disciple of St Columba of Ireland, Abbot of Iona (637)
Saint Chad (Ceadda), Bishop of Lichfield, England (672)
Saint Cynibil (Cynibild), a brother of Sts Chad and Cedd who helped enlighten England (7th century)
Saint Willeic, a disciple of St Swithbert who made him Abbot of Kaiserwerth in Germany (726)
Saint Slebhene (Sléibíne mac Congaile), a monk from Ireland, he became Abbot of Iona in Scotland (767)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Venerable Arsenius, Bishop of Tver (1409)
Venerable Sabbatius, monk of Tver (1434), and his disciple St. Euphrosynus (1460)
Venerable Barsanuphius (1459) and Sabbas (1467), Abbots of Tver.
Venerable Abramios of Spassk, of the monastery of Christ the Saviour, Russia (16th century)
New Martyr Theodore Sladić of Komogovina (1788)
Venerable Joachim (Papoulakis) of Ithaca, monk of Vatopedi (Mt. Athos) and Ithaca (1868)
Saint Ambrose (Khelaia) the Confessor, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia (1927) (see also: March 16 and March 27)
Saint Nicholas Planas of Athens (1932) (see also: February 17)
Other commemorations
Repose of Abbess Philareta of Ufa (1890)
Appearance of the Kolomenskoye “Reigning” Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (1917)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
March 2/March 15. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
March 15 / March 2. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
March 2. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 19.
March 2. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 63.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 95–98.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 2 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Συναξαριστής. 2 Μαρτίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
Russian Sources
15 марта (2 марта). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
2 марта (ст.ст.) 15 марта 2013 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
March in the Eastern Orthodox calendar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%202%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 |
Nestlé UK Ltd ( ), trading as Rowntree's ( ), is a British confectionery brand and a former business based in York, England. Rowntree developed the Kit Kat (introduced in 1935), Aero (introduced in 1935), Fruit Pastilles (introduced in 1881), Smarties (introduced in 1937) brands, and the Rolo and Quality Street brands when it merged with Mackintosh's in 1969 to form Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. Rowntree's also launched After Eight thin mint chocolates in 1962. The Yorkie and Lion bars were introduced in 1976. Rowntree's also pioneered the festive selection box (a gift consisting of assorted bars and sweets) which in the UK have been a staple gift at Christmas for over a century.
Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with Quaker philanthropy. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside Cadbury and Fry, both also founded by Quakers.
In 1981, Rowntree's received the Queen's Award for Enterprise for outstanding contribution to international trade. In 1988, when the company was acquired by Nestlé, it was the fourth-largest confectionery manufacturer in the world. The Rowntree brand continues to be used to market Nestlé's jelly sweet brands, such as Fruit Gums and Fruit Pastilles. Rowntree’s ceased to exist as a corporate entity in 1991, becoming Nestlé UK.
History
Victorian era
Rowntree's was founded in 1862 at Castlegate, in York, by Henry Isaac Rowntree, a Quaker, as the company manager bought out the Tuke family.
In 1864, Rowntree acquired an old iron foundry at Tanners Moat for £1,000, and moved production there. In 1869, the factory was staffed by 12 men. By 1869, Rowntree was in financial difficulties and his brother, Joseph Rowntree, joined him in full partnership, and H.I. Rowntree & Co was formally established.
In 1881, Rowntree introduced Fruit Pastilles, competing against French imports of the time, and the product proved to be a great success, accounting for about 25% of the company's tonnage by 1887. This success allowed the company to invest in a Van Houten press, which enabled it to produce chocolate with the cocoa butter removed, to compete with Cadbury's successful Cocoa Essence. In the 1890s, Rowntree transformed from a small family business into a large-scale manufacturer, as sales more than quadrupled due to an increased demand among the public for confectionery.
In 1889, Seebohm Rowntree established a small research and testing laboratory for analysing ingredients and rival company products. In 1890, to cater for this increased demand, Rowntree acquired a 20-acre site at Haxby Road on the outskirts of York. The Tanners Moat site had become too small for Rowntree's needs, and the company had noted the success of Cadbury's purpose-built factory in Bournville. In 1893, the company introduced Rowntree's Fruit Gums.
By 1897, the unlimited partnership needed external funding for its expansion, and became a public limited liability company called Rowntree & Co. Robert Fitzgerald has accused the company of being slow in new product development and marketing compared to its major competitor of the period, Cadbury. Fitzgerald suggests that Joseph Rowntree imitated the successes of competitors (Cadbury's Cocoa Essence, French fruit pastilles) and that under his leadership, the company did not introduce any innovations of its own. Around 1898, the company acquired its own cocoa plantations in the West Indies. In 1899, Rowntree introduced its first milk chocolate block.
1900 to 1945
Rowntree had struggled to make a milk chocolate product of comparable quality or value to Cadbury's Dairy Milk. Joseph Rowntree even described the growing market for milk chocolate as a fad. Rowntree's poor performance in the category became a major problem from 1914 onwards, as British public preference continued to move towards milk chocolate, and away from the more bitter cocoa essence products. Rowntree's two major rivals, Cadbury and Fry, merged in 1918, and although Rowntree was invited to participate in the merger, the company declined to do so. Meanwhile, the Rowntree board was torn as to whether it should become a low-turnover, high-quality product company or a mass producer of cheaper lines. Seebohm Rowntree inherited a struggling company when he succeeded his father as chairman in 1923. By 1930, as a result of all its problems, Rowntree was approaching bankruptcy.
In 1926, Cowan Company of Toronto Limited (founded in 1890 as Cowan Cocoa and Chocolate), in Toronto, Canada, was acquired for $1 million. From 1931, Rowntree of Canada began to manufacture Mackintosh toffees under licence. In 1927, the company began to market its fruit gums, and its pastilles from 1928, in the now familiar tube packaging.
George Harris was appointed marketing manager for chocolate bars in January 1931. Harris had learned the latest marketing techniques while he was in the United States. According to Robert Fitzgerald, "It was Harris's drive and insight which inspired his firm's renaissance in the 1930s." In 1932, Rowntree appointed a new advertising agency, the London branch of J. Walter Thompson. Thompson undertook extensive market research to discover what consumers wanted. As a result of this research, the Black Magic assorted chocolate box was launched in 1934.
In January 1935, Rowntree decided to abandon its attempt to compete with Cadbury Dairy Milk. In May 1935, Rowntree launched the Aero, an aerated milk chocolate. The Chocolate Crisp, a wafer-and-chocolate bar later known as the Kit Kat, was also launched in 1935. In 1937, the Dairy Box of assorted chocolates was launched, using the market research that had been undertaken for Black Magic. Chocolate beans were first sold loose in 1938, but were later packaged in a cardboard tube and branded as Smarties. Polo, the distinctive mint with a hole in the centre, was developed in 1939, but its introduction was delayed by the onset of war. Harris was made company chairman in 1941.
1945 to 1988
Rowntree entered the continental Europe market in the 1960s, establishing production facilities in Hamburg, Dijon, Elst, and Noisiel. After Eight thin mint chocolates were launched in 1962.
In 1969, the Rowntree board rejected a £37 million takeover bid from General Foods. That same year, Rowntree entered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac, and Quality Street. Hershey's began U.S. distribution of Kit Kat in 1970 and followed in 1971 with Rolo.
In 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh acquired Menier Chocolate of France. In the same year, the board attempted to diversify the business, and made a bid for Bovril, but lost out to James Goldsmith's Cavenham Foods. In 1972, Hoadley's Chocolates of Australia was acquired by Rowntree Mackintosh. This company had invented such products as the Violet Crumble and Polly Waffle.
The Yorkie and Lion chocolate bars were introduced in 1976. In 1978, the Hershey contract was renegotiated, giving Hershey the rights to the Kit Kat and Rolo brands in the US in perpetuity.
Ken Dixon was appointed as chairman and chief executive in 1981. Between 1981 and 1987, Rowntree invested nearly £400 million in upgrading its manufacturing facilities and developing high-volume, product-dedicated equipment for several of the company's brands, including Kit Kat, After Eights, and Smarties.
Between 1983 and 1987, Rowntree spent nearly £400 million on acquisitions, including Tom's Foods for £138 million (1983), Laura Secord Chocolates for £19 million (1983), Hot Sam Pretzels for £14 million (1986), the Sunmark confectionery business in the US for £156 million (1986), and Gale's honey for £11 million (1986).
Between 1982 and 1987, the number of UK staff was reduced from 19,700 to 15,600. In 1987, Rowntree operated 25 factories in nine countries and employed 33,000 people, including close to 16,000 in its eight UK operations. Group turnover was £1.4 billion, with the UK and Ireland accounting for 40% of the total.
Takeover by Nestlé
On 13 April 1988, the Swiss confectioner Jacobs Suchard began a dawn raid on Rowntree's shares, which had been under-performing the market, although they were beginning to improve, taking a 14.9% stake in the company by 9:15 am. As a result, the managing director of Nestlé, Helmut Maucher, contacted Kenneth Dixon, the chairman of Rowntree, offering to act as a white knight. Nestlé was the largest food company in the world, and had been interested in Rowntree previously, but the Rowntree board would aggressively contest any attempted takeover, and Nestlé had never undertaken a hostile takeover before. However, Nestlé was worried about the potential of Rowntree falling into the hands of one of its major competitors. Rowntree was the fourth-largest chocolate manufacturer in the world, after Mars, Hershey, and Cadbury, with a 7% global market share.
Nestlé eventually won control with an offer valuing Rowntree at £2.55 billion. Strategically, Nestlé had always seen Rowntree as a perfect fit for its own operations. Nestlé had strength in the block chocolate bar business, and Rowntree had strength in the countline branded chocolate business. Rowntree's strong global brands were the key reason for Nestlé's interest. Due to potential synergies between the two companies, Nestlé believed that savings between 5 and 15% of Rowntree's operating costs could be made if the companies were to combine.
The takeover was controversial, as Nestlé was effectively protected from similar takeover attempts under Swiss law. After the Nestlé takeover, the Rowntree chocolate ranges began to use the branding "Nestlé Rowntree", before eventually the Rowntree name was dropped from the packaging altogether, except on Rowntree's Cocoa and the Fruit Pastilles and Fruit Gums lines. The Mackintosh branding was dropped from all former Rowntree Mackintosh products except for Mackintosh's Toffee.
Between 1988 and 1994, the Nestlé Rowntree workforce was reduced by 2,000. The Nestlé Rowntree factory in Norwich closed in 1994, and Rolo, Yorkie, and Easter-egg production was moved to York.
In September 2006, it was announced that the manufacture of Smarties would be relocated to Hamburg, resulting in 645 job losses at the York factory. Production of Dairy Box was relocated to Spain, and Black Magic to the Czech Republic.
In May 2009, Nestlé launched a new jelly sweet, Rowntree's Randoms, and in April 2012, another new jelly sweet, Fruit Bottles, both under the Rowntree's brand.
Nestlé has invested more than £200 million in the Rowntree business since 1988, making the York site one of the world's largest confectionery factories. Nestlé's global research centre for confectionery is also based in York, and doubled in size following a £7 million investment.
Current branded products
The best known products that are still branded under the Rowntree name are Rowntree's Fruit Gums, Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles and Jelly Tots. Jelly Tots are soft, chewy fruit-flavoured sweets. They are round, sugar-coated gumdrop-like confections about 13mm in diameter, and contain 25% fruit juices and no artificial colours or flavours. Jelly Tots were invented by Dr Brian Boffey of Horsforth, Leeds when he was working for Rowntree's. Jelly Tots were launched in 1965 and quickly became established as a popular children's brand in Europe. Rowntree's Randoms were introduced in 2009.
The Rowntree brand is also used on a number of ice lollies (made by R&R Ice Cream) for Nestlé. The brand has a similar marketplace to that of the Trebor Bassett division of Cadbury's, and competes head-to-head with this company in a number of fruit-gum categories.
Advertising
The company largely eschewed advertising before its establishment as a public company in 1897, when it employed S. H. Benson as its agency. Before 1930, the company considered that quality products would speak for themselves, and did not need advertising to sell their benefits.
In 1932, Rowntree changed their agency to the London branch of J. Walter Thompson.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
History of Rowntree & Co
A 1993 profile of the company in Management Today
The Rowntree Society
Nestlé brands
Companies based in York
Food and drink companies established in 1862
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
British chocolate companies
Companies established in 1862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowntree%27s |
Oscar Rudolph Neumann (3 September 1867 in Berlin – 17 May 1946 in Chicago) was a German ornithologist and naturalist who explored and collected specimens in Africa. He fled via Cuba and settled in the United States to escape Nazi persecution of Jews. Neumann's starling (Onychognathus neumanni) and several other species are named after him.
Neumann was born in wealthy Jewish family, the son of Maximilian and Anna née Meyer. A younger sister of his was Elsa Neumann (1872-1902) who became one of the first physics doctorates from Berlin University. Another sister Alice was a sculptor. He travelled to German East Africa across Tanganyika, Uganda and Kenya in 1892 and collected for the Berlin Museum publishing descriptions. In 1899 he accompanied Baron Carlo von Erlanger through Somaliland and southern Ethiopia, collecting birds that went to Lord Walter Rothschild's bird collection in Tring. In 1915 he went to New Guinea and also made an expedition to Sulawesi in 1938 sponsored by the specimen collector and dealer J. J. Menden. In 1908 he lost much of his money and was hoping to work for Rothschild in Tring but this did not materialize as Rothschild himself ran into financial problems. Neumann then took to stock-broking in Berlin. In 1941, with the help of his friend Julius Riemer he fled Nazi Germany, traveling from Berlin to Cuba, then to Chicago, where he worked the final years of his life as a curator in the Field Museum of Natural History.
He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Union in 1897 but resigned in 1910 due to financial reasons. He never married.
Parts of his collections are now in the Julius Riemer Museum in Wittenberg.
Eponyms
Numerous zoological species bear his name, a few being:
Neumann's red-winged starling (Onychognathus neumanni )
Neumann's warbler (Hemitesia neumanni )
Neumann's orangetail lizard (Philochortus neumanni )
Neumann's sand lizard (Heliobolus neumanni )
Publications associated with Neumann
Die Oligochäten Nordost-Afrikas, nach den Ausbeuten der Herren Oscar Neumann und Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger, W Michaelsen (1903) Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 18: 435-556 - Earthworms from Northeast Africa, according to the collections of Neumann and Erlanger.
Scorpione und Solifugen Nordost-Afrikas, gesammelt 1900 und 1901 von Carlo Freiherrn von Erlanger und Oscar Neumann, Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 18: 557-578 (1903) - Scorpions and Solifugae collected in 1900/01 by Neumann and Erlanger.
Ueber die von Herrn Dr Neumann in Abessinien gesammelten aulacopoden Nacktschnecken, (1904) Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 19: 673-726 - On data by Dr. Neumann in regards to Abyssinian aulacopod slugs.
Homopteren aus Nordost-Afrika, gesammelt von Oscar Neumann, A Jacobi (1904) Zoologische Jahrbuecher 19: 761-782 - Hemiptera from Northeast Africa collected by Neumann.
Schildkröten und Eidechsen aus Nord-Ost Afrika und Arabien. Aus Carlo v. Erlanger's und Oscar Neumann's Forschungsreise, G Tornier (1905) Zool. Jahrb Syst 22: 365-388 - Turtles and lizards from Northeast Africa and Arabia, in regards to Erlanger and Neumann's expedition.
Über nordost-afrikanische und arabische Kriechtiere, by Oscar Rudolph Neumann (1905) - On Northeast African and Arabian reptiles.
References
1867 births
1946 deaths
Explorers of Africa
German ornithologists
People associated with the Field Museum of Natural History
Scientists from Berlin
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Neumann |
March 2 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 4
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 16 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For March 3rd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 17 (February 18 on leap years).
Saints
Martyrs Eutropius and Cleonicus of Amasea, and Basiliscus of Comana (308)
Venerable Piama, virgin (337)
Hieromartyr Theodoretus, Bishop, of Antioch, by beheading (361-363)
Venerable Alexandra of Alexandria (4th century)
Venerable Saints Zenon and Zoilus.
Venerable Shio Mgvime, monk, of Georgia (6th century)
Saint John IV (Chrysostom), Catholicos of Georgia (1001)
Saint John V (Chrysostom), Catholicos of Georgia (1048)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Martyrs Marinus and Asterius
Martyrs Hemeterius and Cheledonius, believed to have been soldiers, suffered in Calahorra in Old Castile (ca. 298)
Saint Camilla, born in Civitavecchia, she became a disciple of St Germanus of Auxerre in France, where she lived as an anchoress (ca. 437)
Martyrs Felix, Luciolus, Fortunatus, Marcia and Companions, a group of forty martyrs in North Africa.
Saint Winwaloe, Abbot of Landévennec Abbey, Brittany (ca. 530)
Saint Titian of Brescia, Germanic by birth, became Bishop of Brescia in Italy (ca. 536)
Saint Caluppan of Auvergne in Gaul (576)
Saint Non (Nonnita, Nonna), mother of St. David of Wales (6th century)
Saint Foila (Faile), sister of St Colgan (6th century)
Saint Arthelais, one of the patron-saints of Benevento in Italy, where she fled from Constantinople (6th century)
Saint Lamalisse (Molaise of Leighlin), a hermit in Scotland, he left his name to the islet of Lamlash off the coast of the Isle of Arran in Scotland (7th century)
Saint Sacer (Mo-Sacra, Mosacra), founder of the monastery of Saggart near Dublin in Ireland (7th century)
Saint Cele-Christ, otherwise "Worshipper of Christ", a hermit for many years, eventually forced to become a Bishop in Leinster (ca. 728)
Saint Anselm, Abbott, founder of a monastery at Fanano, and the Nonantola Abbey (803)
Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, wife of Henry II, founder of Kaufungen Abbey (1039)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Holy 9 Martyrs of Georgia (Nine Brothers Kherkheulidze), at Marabda (1625) (see also: August 3)
New martyrs and confessors
Virgin-martyr Martha Kovrova and martyr Michael Stroeva (1938)
Other commemorations
Our Lady of Gidle [Gidlanska, Gidelska] (1082)
Synaxis of the Volokolamsk Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (1572)
Icon of the Mother of God "Zlatoustovskaya" (1848) (see also: November 27)
Repose of Metropolitan Laurus (Shkurla) of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (2008)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
March 3/March 16. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
March 16 / March 3. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
March 3. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 19.
March 3. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 64–65.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 98–100.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 3 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Συναξαριστής. 3 Μαρτίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
Russian Sources
16 марта (3 марта). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
3 марта (ст.ст.) 16 марта 2013 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
March in the Eastern Orthodox calendar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%203%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 |
The O'Sullivan Twins is the second in the St. Clare's series of children's novels by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1942.
Plot summary
The newly sensible Pat and Isabel O'Sullivan depart for their second term at St Clare's, with their Cousin Alison joining them. Alison's character is airheaded and ditzy, but also a decent and kind-hearted person.
Other new characters include Lucy Oriell and Margery Fenworthy. Lucy is the archetypal school story girl — bright, kind and popular — although she is portrayed well, without the one-dimensional flatness this type of character can often have. Her father is a painter and Lucy herself is a talented artist. Margery is sulky, sullen, rude, antisocial and the other girls suspect she is older than them, nearer to sixteen years old. She also constantly acts up in class and is rude to teachers, who let her to the girls shock, although she shows a rare bit of kindness after being picked for a lacrosse match over the others.
A second former named Tessie holds a midnight feast for her birthday, but only invites a few as she cannot afford enough. She decides to invite Janet and the twins from first form, who in turn decide to steal a frying pan to have sausages. Another second former named Erica begins to suspect that their is a party and eventually threatens the information out of Gladys, a scullery maid. Erica decides not to snitch and instead steal food when Tessie manages to sneak them in, but is caught by her. Erica vows to stop the party. She snitches on them to Mam'zelle who catches the girls frying sausages and boxes Isabel's ears. The girls originally believe the snitch to be Margery, who's relationship with the rest of first form has been worsening, but Gladys tells the truth. They punish her through Coventry, and Erica seemingly accepts the punishment but vows revenge.
After Margery argues with the history teacher and throws a pen at her, the girls have had enough and decide to cut her out. Pat leads the year in this, causing them to not cheer for her in Lacrosse even after she scores three goals. Erica ruins Pat's jumper she was knitting and on a trip ruins her project, framing Margery for both. At half term, Alison learns Margery was expelled from her friends school and tells everyone after Erica frames Margery for more torment against Pat.
Margery pretends not to care about her increased bullying, but only Lucy seems to care about her feelings. A fire starts in the medical block leaving Erica trapped on a high floor, which Margery rescues her from, becoming a heroine in the process. Erica feels compelled to tell the truth, and is asked to leave St Clare's as a result, although she is allowed to stay until the end of term to keep reputation. Margery reveals her stepmother hated her and her father took her side, causing her bad moods. Lucy writes a letter home to her father who promises to try and be better to Margery.
Lucy's father is in an accident leaving his hands permanently damaged and unable to paint, so he has to remove Lucy from St Clare's. Margery manages to rally the year together to convince the teachers to allow her to apply for a scholarship, despite only older years being allowed for it. Lucy goes up against several older years, but prevails and is moved up to second form alongside Margery as a result.
Janet puts beetles into Mamzelle's spectacle case and then the girls pretend they can't see them, leaving Mamzelle to believe she is going mad. Mamzelle eventually checks into the nurses wing where she expresses stress over having to work and nurse her sick sister. Janet brings her flowers to apologise, and Mamzelle is so glad she isn't mad her crazy laughter convinces Matron she is going mad for a second time.
Characters in this book;
Pat O'Sullivan
Isabel O'Sullivan
Alison O'Sullivan
Margery
Lucy Oriell
Tessie
Nora
Erica (antagonist)
Winifred James
Belinda Towers
Hilary Wentworth
Mam'zelle
Doris Elward
Miss Roberts
Matron
Janet Robins
Miss. Theobald
Kathleen Gregory
Shelia Naylor
Rita George
Miss Lewis
Winnie
Miss Jenks
Katie White
External links
Enid Blyton Society page
1942 British novels
St. Clare's novels
1942 children's books
Methuen Publishing books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20O%27Sullivan%20Twins |
Franco Ferrara (Palermo, 4 July 1911Florence, 7 September 1985) was an Italian conductor and teacher. Among his many students are various prominent conductors, including Roberto Abbado, Riccardo Chailly, Andrew Davis and Riccardo Muti.
Life and career
After obtaining diplomas in piano, violin, organ and musical composition at the Conservatory of Bologna, Ferrara began his career as violin player in Bologna, in Rome and in Florence, with the Orchestra of Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (19331940). Encouraged to take on conducting, he debuted in 1938 in Florence beginning a brilliant career.
In 1948, he retired from conducting in public concerts owing to poor health, but he kept conducting for records and he was engaged as a teacher at the Conservatorio Santa Cecilia in Rome.
Ferrara was also present on 14 occasions at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, Italy. Between 1964 and 1985, he lectured on conducting. His classes were attended by students from around the world, many of whom began brilliant careers that brought them onto the international music scene. Between 1974 and 1975, Ferrara also lectured on conducting at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna.
Outside Italy, Franco Ferrara enjoyed a worldwide career. He held lectures at the Radio Netherlands Worldwide in Hilversum (1958 to 1973), at the Conservatoire de Paris, at the Swiss Radio in Lugano, at the "Tibor Varga" Festival in Sion.
He also worked in Philippines, and in Japan where he was invited in 1976 by Seiji Ozawa at TOHO, the Academy of Tokyo, in honor of Hideo Saito, the great conductor who was also the teacher of Ozawa. In the United States Ferrara taught at the Curtis Institute of Music (Philadelphia), the Juilliard School (New York), and the Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) from 1975 onward.
About 600 students took part in the courses that Ferrara held for more than thirty years. Among them may be included Jorma Panula, Myung-whun Chung, Sir Andrew Davis, Roberto Abbado, Maurizio Arena, Gürer Aykal, Riccardo Chailly, Gianluigi Gelmetti, Karen Gorden, Gilberto Serembe, Gian Luigi Zampieri, Massimo Carpegna, Donald Covert, Mario Lamberto, Riccardo Muti, Daniel Oren, Antoine Mitchell, Cal Stewart Kellogg, Kek-Tjiang Lim,
Doron Salomon and Michael Bialoguski.
Ferrara was also a well-known conductor of film scores. He conducted scores by Nino Rota for The Leopard, Mario Nascimbene for Barabbas, and Toshiro Mayuzumi for John Huston's film The Bible: In the Beginning, and others. His wife was Maritza (Maria Letizia) Carini (1934-2000).
References
External links
1911 births
1985 deaths
Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini alumni
Academic staff of Conservatorio Santa Cecilia
Musicians from Palermo
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian music educators
Curtis Institute of Music faculty
Juilliard School faculty
Italian male composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20Ferrara |
Lamberto Gardelli (8 November 191517 July 1998) was a Swedish conductor of Italian birth, particularly associated with the Italian opera repertory, especially the works of Giuseppe Verdi.
Life and career
Born in Venice, Italy, Gardelli studied with Amilcare Zanella and Adriano Ariani at the Liceo Musicale Rossini in Pesaro, and later at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome. He started his career as a pianist (appearing in public at the age of eight) and double-bass player in Italy. In addition to vocal studies he took composition classes with Goffredo Petrassi, and later spent eight years as an assistant to Serafin, also working with Mascagni during this period.
He made his conducting debut at the Rome Opera with La traviata in 1944. Professionally, he continued to have a major career in Europe in addition to making recordings of many neglected operas.
Gardelli was permanent guest conductor with the Royal Swedish Orchestra from 1946–1955, and conductor at the Stockholm Opera from 1947, working with singers such as Jussi Björling and Birgit Nilsson. He also conducted at the Drottningholm Theatre, and eventually adopted Swedish nationality and became a Court conductor. He was a conductor of the Danish Radio Orchestra from 1955–1961, then music director at the Hungarian State Opera from 1961 until 1966 and continued to appear in Budapest up until the 1990s. He made guest appearances at the Glyndebourne Festival from 1964 (with Macbeth, which was filmed), the Royal Opera House in London (during the period 1969–1982), the Metropolitan Opera in New York (debut 1966) and Deutsche Oper Berlin. He was chief Conductor of the Munich Radio Orchestra from 1982 to 1985 and of the Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1986 until 1988.
Later in his career in Budapest he was noted for performances of Bruckner and Mahler symphonies. He "showed a firm command of a work's structure and used expressive nuance with discernment, eschewing any hint of excess".
He was made an "Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" in 1995, by the Ministère de la Culture (France).
He composed five operas, of which only L'impresario delle Americhe of 1959 was performed (Hungarian TV, 1982), while a post-Romantic Requiem was well received at performances in Budapest.
Gardelli died on 17 July 1998 in Munich, Germany, at the age of 82.
Recordings
Gardelli was considered a specialist in the works of Verdi and he made several recordings of that composer's operas in the 1960s and 1970s, conducting pioneering recordings of the neglected early operas with record companies such as Philips and Orfeo. These included Alzira, Attila, Stiffelio, I masnadieri, Ernani, Oberto, Un giorno di regno, Il corsaro, as well as more well-known works such as Nabucco, Macbeth, La traviata, La forza del destino.
While not limiting himself to Verdi, he recorded the first complete French version of Rossini's Guillaume Tell and Giordano's Fedora with the rarely recorded Magda Olivero. He made studio recordings of four Respighi operas with Hungaroton. He was also mentor to several noted sopranos, including Lucia Aliberti and Sylvia Sass. His non-operatic recordings include orchestral works by G. Bizet, H.D. Koppel, F. Mendelssohn, I. Pizzetti and O. Respighi.
Some of his full opera recordings include:
L. Cherubini – Medea – Gwyneth Jones, Bruno Prevedi, Fiorenza Cossotto, Justino Diaz – Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia – DECCA
G. Verdi – Attila – Ruggero Raimondi, Sherrill Milnes, Cristina Deutekom, Carlo Bergonzi – Ambrosian Singers and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – PHILIPS
G. Verdi – I Masnadieri – Carlo Bergonzi, Montserrat Caballe, Piero Cappuccilli, Ruggiero Raimondi – Ambrosian Singers and New Philharmonia Orchestra – PHILIPS
G. Verdi – Nabucco – Tito Gobbi, Elena Souliotis, Dora Carral, Bruno Prevedi, Carlo Cava – Vienna State Opera Chorus and Orchestra – DECCA
G. Verdi – Macbeth – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Elena Souliotis, Luciano Pavarotti, Nicolai Ghiaurov – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Philharmonic Orchestra – DECCA
G. Verdi – La traviata – Mirella Freni, Franco Bonisolli, Sesto Bruscantini – Berlin State Opera Chorus and Orchestra – ACCORD
G. Verdi – La forza del destino – Martina Arroyo, Carlo Bergonzi, Piero Cappuccilli, Bianca Maria Casoni, Ruggero Raimondi, Geraint Evans – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – EMI
A. Ponchielli – La Gioconda – Renata Tebaldi, Carlo Bergonzi, Robert Merrill, Marilyn Horne, Nicola Ghiuselev, Oralia Dominguez – Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia – DECCA
G. Puccini – Il tabarro – Renata Tebaldi, Mario del Monaco, Robert Merrill – Chorus and Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA
G. Puccini – Suor Angelica – Renata Tebaldi, Giulietta Simionato – Chorus and Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA; Ilona Tokody, Eszter Póka – Hungarian State Opera – Hungaroton
G. Puccini – Gianni Schicchi – Fernando Corena, Renata Tebaldi, Agostino Lazzari – Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA
G. Rossini – Guillaume Tell – Gabriel Bacquier, Nicolai Gedda, Montserrat Caballé – Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – EMI
Filmography
Eldfågeln (1952) – Hasse Ekman's film starring Tito Gobbi (Gardelli appears as an accompanist and conductor)
Sources
Biography (in German)
1915 births
1998 deaths
Musicians from Venice
Italian male conductors (music)
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
Bayerischer Rundfunk people
Italian emigrants to Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto%20Gardelli |
Mark Curtis may refer to:
Mark Curtis (broadcaster) (born 1959), American TV journalist, author and political analyst
Mark Curtis (British author), British political author
Mark Curtis (SWP member) (born 1959), former American Socialist Worker's Party member
Mark Curtis, ring name used by professional wrestling referee Brian Hildebrand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Curtis |
Arto Matti Vihtori Melleri (7 September 1956 in Lappajärvi – 13 May 2005 in Helsinki) was a Finnish poet and writer. Melleri gained fame with the play, Pete Q, in the 1970s. He studied at the Theatre Academy of Helsinki between 1976 - 1980. He was granted an artist's Finnish state pension in 2003.
Melleri was a diverse writer; his output consisted of poetry, collections of short stories, plays, a film script and an opera libretto.
Melleri was an archetype of a Finnish bohemian poet. He was hit by a motorist in 1998, causing him brain damage which eventually led to his death. Melleri was married to Nadja Pyykkö.
Tahvo Hirvonen made a 2003 documentary film about Arto Melleri, called Wanderer of a Lonely Star.
References
1956 births
2005 deaths
People from Lappajärvi
Finnish male poets
Writers from South Ostrobothnia
Finlandia Prize winners
Pedestrian road incident deaths
20th-century Finnish poets
20th-century male writers
Road incident deaths in Finland
Neurological disease deaths in Finland
People with traumatic brain injuries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto%20Melleri |
Barry Miles (born 21 February 1943) is an English author known for his participation in and writing on the subjects of the 1960s London underground and counterculture. He is the author of numerous books and his work has also regularly appeared in leftist newspapers such as The Guardian. In the 1960s, he was co-owner of the Indica Gallery and helped start the independent newspaper International Times.
Biography
In the 1960s, Miles worked at Better Books, which was managed by Tony Godwin. Godwin was friends with Lawrence Ferlinghetti, with whom he would exchange Penguin books for City Lights publications. In 1965, Allen Ginsberg gave a reading at Better Books that led to the International Poetry Incarnation, a seminal event co-organised by Miles.
In 1965, Miles and his wife, the former Susan Crane, introduced Paul McCartney to hash brownies by using a recipe for hash fudge that they had found in The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook.
Following the International Poetry Incarnation, Miles established the Indica Gallery and Bookshop, allowing him to meet many of the stars of the Swinging London social scene. Miles brought McCartney into contact with people who wanted to start International Times, which McCartney helped to fund.
With John Hopkins and Dave Howson, Miles organised The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream, a concert on 29 April 1967 at Alexandra Palace to raise funds for International Times. It was a multi-artist event, featuring poets, artists and musicians. Pink Floyd headlined the event; other artists included: Yoko Ono and John Lennon, Arthur Brown, jazz-rock group Soft Machine, Tomorrow and The Pretty Things.
Miles became the de facto manager of the Apple's short-lived Zapple Records label in 1969. While temporarily living in California, Miles produced an album of poetry readings by Richard Brautigan entitled Listening to Richard Brautigan for Zapple. Miles's friendship with Brautigan ended when Miles became involved in an affair with Brautigan's girlfriend Valerie Estes. By the time, the album was completed Miles and Brautigan communicated to each other only through their respective lawyers. Zapple was closed before it could release the Brautigan album, but it was eventually released in 1970 by the U.S. division of Harvest Records.
Miles also produced Ginsberg's Songs of Innocence and Experience LP, recorded in 1969 and released the following year. In 1970, Miles moved with his wife to rural New York state, where he lived with Ginsberg on his farm. However, Miles's marriage soon ended and he returned to England. Miles currently lives in London and is married to travel writer Rosemary Bailey.
Miles's book Hippie (2004) is a reminiscence of the Hippie sub-culture of the 1960s and early 1970s, with interviews, quotes, and images. He co-wrote I Want to Take You Higher (documenting the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum exhibit by the same name) with Charles Perry and James Henke.
Miles wrote Paul McCartney's official biography, Many Years from Now (1998). Miles has also written biographies of Frank Zappa, John Lennon, William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Charles Bukowski and Ginsberg, in addition to books on The Beatles, Pink Floyd and The Clash, as well as a definitive history of London's counterculture since 1945, London Calling.
Politics
In March 1978, Miles wrote an article critical of the band Rush and its drummer Neil Peart, which contentiously labeled the band as right-wing; Peart described himself as a "left-libertarian". The article, published in UK's New Musical Express, took exception to Peart's advocacy of the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand. Peart had also described the Sex Pistols as products of a "socialist" state. Miles also described Rand (a Russian anti-communist who had become an American citizen) as an "ultra right-wing American." Miles focused on Peart's politics and criticized the band's perceived aloofness and libertarian rhetoric.
In a 2005 biography of Frank Zappa, Miles criticized Zappa regarding his business-oriented approach to art and complaints about inefficient labor union regulations. Zappa regularly described himself as "a devout capitalist" and attempted to broker joint commercial ventures with business interests in the former Soviet Union following the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Works
Miles and Pearce Marchbank, The Illustrated Rock Almanac (1977), Paddington Press
Bob Dylan (1978), Big O Publishing
Bob Dylan in His Own Words (1978), edited by Pearce Marchbank, Omnibus Press
Beatles in Their Own Words (1978, compiler), edited by Pearce Marchbank, Omnibus Press
Bowie in His Own Words (1980, compiler), Omnibus Press
John Lennon in His Own Words (1980, compiler), Omnibus Press
David Bowie Black Book (1980), Omnibus Press
Pink Floyd: A Visual Documentary (1981 revised edition, and 1988 as 21st anniversary edition), Omnibus Press
The Beatles: An Illustrated Discography (1981), Omnibus Press
The Jam (1981), Omnibus Press
The Pretenders (1981), Omnibus Press
The Ramones: An Illustrated Biography (1981), Omnibus Press
Talking Heads (1981), Omnibus Press
Pink Floyd: The Illustrated Discography (1981), Omnibus Press
Mick Jagger in His Own Words (1982, compiler), Omnibus Press
Pink Floyd: Another Brick: The Illustrated Pink Floyd Story (1984), Omnibus Press
Frank Zappa in His Own Words (1993, compiler), Omnibus Press
Frank Zappa: A Visual Documentary (1993), Omnibus Press
The Rolling Stones: A Visual Documentary (1994), Omnibus Press
Notes and references
External links
Barry Miles' website
Finding aid to the Barry Miles papers at Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library
The Papers of Barry Miles at the British Library
1943 births
Apple Records
British psychedelic drug advocates
Celebrity biographers
Date of birth missing (living people)
English biographers
Living people
People from Cirencester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Miles |
Monforte () is a municipality in the District of Portalegre in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,329, in an area of 420.25 km2.
The present Mayor is Gonçalo Nuno Lagem, elected by the Coligação Democrática Unitária.
History
The human occupation of this territory began in the neolithic period, with small communities farming and cattle raising. The Roman civilization had an important influence in these lands leaving a rich patrimonial legacy.
During the Middle Ages there existed in the territory of the present council two different population nucleus, the Villa of Monforte and the Villa of Assumar.
The first Letter of charter was granted in 1257, by D.Afonso III, to the Villa of Monforte. It would be it given new letter of charter on July 1, 1512, by D. Manuel I. In 1281, D. Dinis offered it to its daughter D. Isabel, as gift of its marriage. In 1455, the Villa of Monforte entered in the ownership of the territorial domain of Bragança's House, through the donation done by D. Afonso V to the count of Arraiolos. The toponym derives of fortified hill or of fort, where the village seems to have had origin.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
Assumar
Monforte
Santo Aleixo
Vaiamonte
Notable people
António Sardinha (1887–1925) a Portuguese writer and the main intellectual behind the Integralismo Lusitano movement
José Carlos Malato (born 1964) a Portuguese TV presenter, radio broadcaster, copywriter and college teacher.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
Photos from Monforte
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monforte%2C%20Portugal |
Marcia Lynne Langton (born 31 October 1951) is an Aboriginal Australian writer and academic. she is the Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor at the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne. Langton is known for her activism in the Indigenous rights arena.
Early life and education
Marcia Langton was born in on 31 October 1951 to Kathleen (née Waddy) and grew up in south-central Queensland and Brisbane as a descendant of the Yiman and Bidjara heritage, both groups being Aboriginal Australian peoples. Her father had no presence in her life. Her mother married Scots-born, ex-Korean War veteran Douglas Langton when Marcia was a year old. Marcia was close to her maternal grandmother, Ruby, and her sister, Teresa.
She and her mother moved often, without secure housing or employment, and she attended nine primary schools. She attended Aspley State High School from 1964 to 1968, where she was a prefect and good student, but after objecting to racism in a school text, she was expelled.
She was taken to her first political meeting by Oodgeroo Noonuccal at the age of 16, so by the time she enrolled for a law/arts degree at the University of Queensland in 1969, she had already become an activist. She advocated for Indigenous land rights and against racism. She spent one year at the university, during which time she got pregnant with her son.
After hearing that Brisbane police were clamping down on Indigenous activists (at the beginning of Joh Bjelke-Petersen's premiership), she left the country aged 18, with her son. For five years she travelled and worked, from New Guinea to Japan, across Asia to Switzerland and North America. After her return (in early 1975) she moved to Sydney, perceiving it as less racist than Brisbane. While in Japan, where she lived for six months, and Asia, she found "racial invisibility" for the first time; she was not perceived as different because she was black. In Japan, Langton learnt about Buddhism, and later became a self-described "lazy Buddhist". Wiradjuri artist Brook Andrew painted Langton in a Buddhist pose. On her travels she met US servicemen who had served in the Vietnam War, and became acquainted with Afro American culture and the Black Power movement. After flying to New York City, she was kidnapped by people traffickers, but escaped.
In Sydney, Langton worked as nutrition co-ordinator at the Aboriginal Medical Service, and also worked with Fred Hollows in optical health.
After moving to Canberra in 1977, she studied anthropology at the Australian National University, working part-time, and graduated in 1984.
In 2005 she completed a PhD in geography at Macquarie University.
Early career
In Canberra, Langton worked for the Australian Law Reform Commission in its work on recognising customary law. She became a history research officer at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (now AIATSIS).
In 1988 she moved to Alice Springs in the Northern Territory and worked as senior anthropologist for the Central Land Council for six years, before being made head of the Aboriginal Issues Unit of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, which she undertook for 15 months over 1989 to 1990. After this, she wrote Too Much Sorry Business, in which she connected the high number of Aboriginal men who died in police or prison custody Northern Territory to Indigenous mortality rates, and to alcohol and other substance abuse.
Langton was then appointed assistant head of the Division of Aboriginal and Islander Affairs in Queensland (under the government of Wayne Goss), but was forced to resign 15 months later.
She also worked the Australian Film Commission, Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership, and, in the early 1990s, the Cape York Land Council, where she met lawyer Noel Pearson. In 1992, Langton was appointed chair of AIATSIS in Canberra.
Academic career
In 1995, Langton moved full-time into university research and teaching. She spent five years as Ranger Professor of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies at Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University) in Darwin before moving to Melbourne.
In 2000 she was appointed Foundation Chair of Australian Indigenous Studies at the University of Melbourne, then in the arts faculty. where in 2016, she became distinguished professor, and in 2017, associate provost. In 2006, she moved to the university's faculty of medicine, to work with Indigenous academic and social health activist Ian Anderson; the Indigenous Studies Centre also moved to this faculty.
Her 2005 PhD thesis in geography at Macquarie University applies phenomenological theory to the study of Aboriginal peoples of the eastern Cape York Peninsula.
In 2012 she became the patron of the Indigenous Reading Project, a charitable organisation that uses digital technology to improve the reading ability of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.
Activism and political views
1970s
During the early 1970s, Langton was one of three leaders of the Communist League, a small group founded by Queensland doctor John McCarthy, Peter Robb and others in 1972, which merged into the Socialist Workers Party around 1976. She has never been a member of the Communist Party of Australia.
In 1976, Langton, Bobbi Sykes, Sue Chilly (also spelt Chilli), and Naomi Mayers formed the Black Women's Action (BWA) group, which later evolved into the Roberta Sykes Foundation. BWA published a monthly community newspaper for Aboriginal people, Koori Bina (meaning "Black ears"), which ran until June 1979. Langton later wrote that the founders of the paper had been inspired by Abo Call, which had been published in 1938 in Sydney by Jack Patten (co-founder of the Aborigines Progressive Association) and Percy Reginald Stephensen. She was also involved in a number of other Black community publications, and wrote in the introduction to her 1979 Listing of Aboriginal periodicals: "the experience of producing those newspapers within a hostile white environment... because it has the power and resources, has historically defined us".
In December 1976, Langton played the part of Vena, a nurse, in Here Comes the Nigger by Gerry Bostock, which played at Black Theatre in Redfern, Sydney.
Langton went to Canberra for a year in 1977, after being elected general secretary to the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, where she enrolled for an anthropology degree at ANU.
21st century
In October 1999, Langton was one of five Indigenous leaders who were granted an audience with the Queen to discuss an apology and Indigenous recognition in the Australian Constitution.
In 2007, Langton supported The Intervention by the Howard government. By this time, along with Noel Pearson, she believed that there was a crisis in over-dependence on welfare among Indigenous people, and there was a need for greater Indigenous responsibility. These views put Pearson and Langton at odds with many other Indigenous activists.
In May 2008, the federal government appointed her to the Native Title Payments Working Group looking into reform of the Australian native title process.
She has argued that settlement with mining companies on Aboriginal land often benefits local interests more than the Australian Government, and that the proposed 2010 resource tax on mining in Australia needed a redesign to support Indigenous rights and employment. She advocated for agreements to be made directly between mining groups and Indigenous owners of the land, with Aboriginal corporations as mediators. She worked with Rio Tinto at their headquarters in Melbourne, and was impressed with their understanding of native title since the passing of the Native Title Act 1993 and their interest in working with Aboriginal communities.
In 2017 she campaigned against environmentalists, arguing that they were thwarting native title reform as part of their case against the Adani Carmichael coal mine. Her criticisms of Indigenous litigants have been rebuffed by Indigenous lawyer Tony McAvoy SC.
On 30 October 2019, Langton and Tom Calma were announced as co-chairs on the Senior Advisory Group—convened by Ken Wyatt and consisting of 20 leaders and experts from across the country—of the proposed Indigenous voice to government, under the Morrison government. In July 2021 the Indigenous Voice Co-design Process panel released its final report, often referred to as the Calma Langton report, outlining a model of a proposed Voice.
Under the Albanese government elected in 2022, the proposal changed to be an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, enshrined in the Australian Constitution. This change, along with recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution, was put to a referendum in Australia. Langton campaigned for a Yes vote in the referendum. In the course of answering an audience question in a community information meeting, she said of the No campaign that "Every time the No case raises one of their arguments, if you start pulling it apart you get down to base racism — I'm sorry to say it but that's where it lands — or just sheer stupidity". For this she was lambasted in some sectors of the media and various politicians from the No campaign, including a headline by The Australian (later corrected) which read "No Voters Branded Racist, Stupid". This was followed by Opposition Leader Peter Dutton publishing on Instagram: "No voters branded 'racist, stupid' by prominent Voice campaigner Marcia Langton". Langton refuted and criticised the reporting of her statements, and said that she would be taking legal advice with regard to Dutton's post. The referendum took place on 14 October 2023, and was defeated in all six states and by national majority.
On 1 November 2023, Langton strongly backed uniform alcohol restrictions across the Northern Territory.
Current roles and views
She is a frequent media commentator, and has served on various high-level committees on Indigenous issues. These have included the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, the directorship of the Centre for Indigenous Natural and Cultural Resource Management, chair of the Indigenous Higher Education Advisory Council, and as chair of the Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership.
In 2023, she is regarded as conservative by left-wing and socialist organisations, but is generally apolitical.
Other activities and roles
Langton has worked in other countries (notably Canada and East Timor) on the rights of indigenous peoples , with special reference to conservation, and environmental issues, and published works on issues of gender and identity, resource management, and substance abuse.
She is also known as a film and art critic, and has appeared in several films, including Jardiwarnpa: a Warlpiri fire (an episode in the film series Blood Brothers) and Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy.
In 2012, she gave the Boyer Lectures titled The Quiet Revolution: Indigenous People and the Resources Boom.
She has been on the judging panel for the annual Horne Prize since its inception in 2016.
Recognition and honours
Langton was made a member of the Order of Australia in the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours for "service as an anthropologist and advocate of Aboriginal issues". She was promoted to officer of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Australia Day Honours for "distinguished service to tertiary education, and as an advocate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people".
Other recognition has included:
2001: Fellow, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia
2001: Inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women
2002: Neville Bonner Award for Indigenous Education (jointly with Larissa Behrendt)
2005: Named one Australia's top 20 intellectuals in a survey conducted by The Sydney Morning Herald
2008: Winner, Victorian Premier's Literary Awards, Alfred Deakin Prize for an Essay Advancing Public Debate, for Trapped in the Aboriginal Reality Show
2008: Listed as 7th in a list of Australia's top 40 public intellectuals by the API Network
2011: Finalist, Female Actor of the Year, in Deadly Sounds Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Music, Sport, Entertainment and Community Awards
2012: Fellow of Trinity College (University of Melbourne)
2016: Fellow of Emmanuel College at The University of Queensland
2016: University of Melbourne Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor, a continuing role
2017: First Associate Provost at the University of Melbourne
2019: Winner, Indie Book Awards, for Illustrated Non-Fiction, for Welcome to Country: A Travel Guide to Indigenous Australia
2020: Commended, New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Indigenous Writer's Prize, for Welcome to Country: A Travel Guide to Indigenous Australia
2020: International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Small Body Nomenclature formally approves the asteroid 1979 ML as 7809 Marcialangton, in honour of her efforts to incorporate Aboriginal astronomical perspectives into the Australian National Curriculum
2021: Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering
Personal life
Langton has a son, who lives in New Zealand, and a daughter, who works in theatre.
Selected works
Books
Langton, M. 2018. Welcome to Country: A Travel Guide to Indigenous Australia. Hardie Grant Travel.
Davis, M. and Langton M. (eds.). 2016. It's Our Country: Indigenous Arguments for Meaningful Constitutional Recognition and Reform. Melbourne University Press.
Langton M. 2013. The Quiet Revolution: Indigenous People and the Resources Boom. ABC Books.
Langton M. and J. Longbottom (eds.) 2012. Community futures, legal architecture: foundations for Indigenous peoples in the global mining boom. London: Routledge.
Perkins, R. and Langton M. (eds). 2008. First Australians. An Illustrated History. Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne.
Langton, M., Palmer, L., Mazel, O., K. Shain & M.Tehan (eds). 2006. Settling with Indigenous Peoples: Modern Treaty and Agreement Making. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.
Langton, M. & M. Nakata (eds). 2005. Australian Indigenous Knowledge and Libraries. Canberra: Australian Academic and Research Libraries.
Langton, M., 2005. An Aboriginal ontology of being and place: the performance of Aboriginal property relations in the Princess Charlotte Bay area of eastern Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Unpub. PhD thesis, Human Geography/Anthropology. Sydney: Macquarie University.
Langton, M., M. Tehan, L. R. Palmer & K. Shain (eds). 2004. Honour among nations? Treaties and agreements with Indigenous peoples. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing. (Choice List of Outstanding Academic Titles 2006, American Libraries Association, Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries)
Langton M. & W. Jonas., 1994. The Little Red, Yellow and Black (and Green and Blue and White) Book: a short guide to Indigenous Australia. Canberra: AIATSIS.
Langton, M., 1994. Valuing cultures: recognising Indigenous cultures as a valued part of Australian heritage. Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation. Canberra : Australian Govt. Pub. Service.
Langton, M., 1993. Well, I heard it on the radio and I saw it on the television: an essay for the Australian Film Commission on the politics and aesthetics of filmmaking by and about Aboriginal people and things. Sydney: Australian Film Commission.
Langton, M. & N. Peterson, (eds). 1983. Aborigines, Land & Land Rights. Valuing Cultures: recognising Indigenous cultures as a valued part of Australian heritage. Canberra: AGPS.
Langton, M., 1983. After the tent embassy: images of Aboriginal history in black and white photographs Sydney: Valadon Publishing.
Articles
Langton, M., 2010. The Resource Curse. Griffith Review, no. 29.
Langton, M., and O. Mazel. 2008. Poverty in the midst of plenty: Aboriginal people, the 'resource curse' and Australia's mining boom. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law. 26(1): 31–65.
Langton, M., 2008. chapter in Manne, R. (ed.) "Dear Mr Rudd: Ideas for a Better Australia". Black Inc.
Langton, M., 2007. Trapped in the Aboriginal reality show. Griffith Review Edition 19 – Re-imagining Australia. Sydney: Griffith University.
Langton, M., 2003. chapter "Grounded and Gendered: Aboriginal Women in Australian Cinema" in French, L. (ed.) Womenvision: Women and the Moving Image in Australia. Damned Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 43–56.
Films
Night Cries: a rural tragedy (1990 short film, with Tracey Moffatt and Penny McDonald)
Blood Brothers, a 1993 four-part Australian documentary series;
Jardiwarnpa: a Warlpiri fire (4th episode, written by Langton; with Ned Lander and Rachel Perkins)
Rachel Perkins' TV series First Australians (SBS television, 2008), features many commentaries by Langton
Here I Am, 2011 (feature fiction, directed by Beck Cole and starring Langton)
Footnotes
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
Australian indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
Australian anthropologists
Australian women anthropologists
Australian geographers
Women geographers
University of Queensland alumni
Australian National University alumni
Macquarie University alumni
Bidjara (Warrego River)
Officers of the Order of Australia
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne women
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Indigenous Australian academics
Indigenous Australian women academics
Australian Buddhists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia%20Langton |
San Marcos is a town in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of San Marcos.
The town currently has about 12 000 inhabitants.
Culturally and ethnically, the town and the municipality belong to what is known in Mexico as the Costa Chica (small coast) of Guerrero and Oaxaca. This is a 125 km long region along the Pacific coast; it begins south of Acapulco and ends near the town of Puerto Ángel in the neighbouring state of Oaxaca.
Geography
The town is located approximately 59 km south of Acapulco. It is located 18 km inland and along Federal Highway 200 which is better known locally as the Acapulco-Pinotepa Nacional highway. It is only about one hour's drive from Acapulco and takes about 3 hours (157 km) from Pinotepa Nacional.
History
Officially, the town and municipality were established on 28 September 1885 and were named in honour of Saint Mark, a Catholic saint considered the patron saint of the region. However, the town already existed, firstly under the name of Xolutla and later La Estancia.
Populated places in Guerrero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Marcos%2C%20Guerrero |
A dry loop is an unconditioned leased pair of telephone line from a telephone company. The pair does not provide dial tone or battery (continuous electric potential), as opposed to a wet pair, a line usually without dial tone but with battery.
A dry pair was originally used with a security system but more recently may also be used with digital subscriber line (DSL) service or an Ethernet extender to connect two locations, as opposed to a costlier means such as a Frame Relay. The pair in many cases goes through the local telephone exchange.
Wet pair naming comes from the battery used to sustain the loop, which was made from wet cells.
Many carriers market dry loops to independent DSL providers as a BANA for basic analog loop or in some locales PANA for plain analog loop, OPX (off-premises extension) line, paging circuit, or finally LADS (local area data service).
Local availability
In the United States, these circuits typically incur a monthly recurring charge of $3.00 per ¼ mile (approximately), plus an additional handling fee of around ($5–10).
In Canada, a CRTC ruling of 21 July 2003 requires telcos (such as Bell Canada) permit dry loop and some companies do provide this service. Naked DSL is currently provided by third-party DSL (digital subscriber line) vendors in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, but incurs an additional dry loop fee (often $5 or more monthly, depending on the distance from the exchange). There is not yet widespread adoption, as this extra fee often renders dry-loop DSL more costly than comparable cable modem service in most locations. A Bell Canada "dry loop" DSL connection does supply battery, but the underlying phone line is non-functional except to call 958-ANAC, 9-1-1 or the 310-BELL telco business office.
See also
Current loop
Local-loop unbundling
Naked DSL
Permitted attached private lines
References
Local loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20loop |
The Dee Estuary () is a large estuary by means of which the River Dee flows into Liverpool Bay. The estuary starts near Shotton after a five-mile (8 km) 'canalised' section and the river soon swells to be several miles wide forming the boundary between the Wirral Peninsula in north-west England and Flintshire in north-east Wales. The Dee Estuary's largest towns along it include Holywell, Flint, Connah's Quay, Shotton, Queensferry, Saltney Ferry, Heswall, West Kirby and Neston as well as other villages and towns alongside it. The A548 also passes along the estuary in Wales and parts of Cheshire West and Chester and Merseyside in England. The North Wales Coast Line follows the course of the Dee Estuary between Prestatyn and Chester.
Geology
The estuary is unusual in that comparatively little water occupies so large a basin. One theory is that larger rivers such as the Severn and/or Mersey once flowed into the Dee. The current view is that the estuary owes its origin to the passage of glacial ice southeastwards from the Irish Sea during successive ice ages, eroding a broad and shallow iceway through the relatively soft Triassic sandstones and Coal Measures mudstones underlying the area. The inner parts of this channel were filled by glacially derived sands and gravels long ago, and infilling by mud and silt has continued since. It is also thought that prior to the ice ages, the estuary received larger river flows as the upper Severn flowed into the Dee near Chirk. For a period, the Mersey may also have flowed into the Dee by means of a channel which it cut through the base of the Wirral Peninsula.
Conservation
The estuary is a major wildlife area and one of the most important estuaries in Britain, amongst the most important in Europe for its populations of waders and wildfowl. The Environment Agency is the Conservation Authority, and the estuary is protected or listed under several schemes:
Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Special Protection Area (SPA)
Sensitive Marine Area (SMA)
Natura 2000 site
Ramsar site
Large parts of the area are within the RSPB's Dee Estuary Nature Reserve.
Fishery
The estuary supports some important natural fisheries, including salmon and trout on their way to and from the freshwater river, as well as sea-fisheries and shell-fisheries, especially cockles.
Trade and industry
From earliest times, the Dee estuary was a major trading and military route, to and from Chester. From about the 14th century, Chester provided facilities for trade with Ireland, Spain, and Germany, and seagoing vessels would "lay to" in the Dee awaiting favourable winds and tides. As the Dee started to silt up, harbouring facilities developed on the Wirral bank at Shotwick, Burton, Neston, Parkgate, Dawpool, and "Hoyle Lake" or Hoylake. The excavation of the New Cut in 1737, to improve access to Chester, diverted the river's course to the Welsh side of the estuary, but failed to stem the silting up of the river, and Chester's trading function declined as that of Liverpool on the River Mersey grew. However, Chester was still a major port of passenger embarkation for Ireland until the early 19th century.
The Dee Estuary was industrialised from quite early on in the Industrial Revolution, and some industry remains today. Notable among these are Shotton Steel, formerly owned by John Summers & Sons, and now owned by Tata Steel; the gas-fired power station at Connah's Quay; three separate paper mills; a chemical manufacturing plant; and numerous smaller manufacturing industries. The estuary also receives the treated sewage effluent from Queensferry works and from Chester sewage treatment works. At the mouth of the estuary is the natural gas sweetening plant at Point of Ayr on the site of the former colliery. There are also commercial docks at Mostyn although their use is limited by the tide.
Signs of past industry are visible along the whole length of the estuary especially on the Welsh side. Large stretches of what now appear as flood embankments are long abandoned industrial waste heaps, some still containing highly reactive and caustic materials, including large heaps of Galligu, a by-product of the LeBlanc process used at the James Muspratt alkali works at Flint.
The Dee estuary also supported industries concerned with the synthesis of PCBs and some pharmaceuticals and was also home to several industrial waste oil-reclamation industries.
As a consequence of its industrial heritage, there are extensive areas of contaminated ground along the shores of the estuary.
The estuary also plays a part in the most modern of industries as it provides the first stage of transport of Airbus A380 wings on their way to Toulouse via barge to Mostyn docks.
References
External links
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral: Dee Estuary SSSI
Dee Estuary bird life
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)
RSPB Dee Estuary website
The Dee Estuary Website
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Rivers of Cheshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cheshire
Coast of Flintshire
Bodies of water of Flintshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Clwyd
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Flintshire
Estuaries of England
Estuaries of Wales
Ramsar sites in England
Ramsar sites in Wales
Special Protection Areas in Wales
England–Wales border
River Dee, Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee%20Estuary |
James Michael Hyde Villiers (29 September 1933 – 18 January 1998) was an English character actor. He was particularly known for his plummy voice and ripe articulation.
He was a great-grandson of the 4th Earl of Clarendon.
Early life
Villiers was born on 29 September 1933 in London, the son of Eric Hyde Villiers and Joan Ankaret Talbot; he was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1953. 'Gentleman Jim' Villiers (pronounced Villers) was from an upper-class background, the grandson of Sir Francis Hyde Villiers and great grandson of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon; his mother was descended from Earl Talbot. His aristocratic ancestry was often reflected in casting, he performed roles such as King Charles II in the BBC series The First Churchills (1969), the Earl of Warwick in Saint Joan (1974), and on stage as Lord Thurlow in The Madness of George III.
Through his father, Villiers was a relative of Thomas Hyde Villiers, Charles Pelham Villiers, Henry Montagu Villiers and the former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Theresa Villiers. Through his mother, he was distantly related to Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury.
Career
Villiers made his film début in 1958 and appeared in many British productions, including Joseph Losey's The Damned (also known as These Are the Damned), shot in 1961 but not released until 1963; Seth Holt's The Nanny (1965), Joseph Andrews (1977), For Your Eyes Only (1981), The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982), Mountains of the Moon (1990) and The Tichborne Claimant (1998), along with numerous other projects. He often specialised in portraying cold, somewhat effete villains.
He portrayed the role of Colonel Hensman in the television adaptation of Brendon Chase and was heard on BBC Radio 4 as the voice of Roderick Spode in The Code of the Woosters and several other adaptations of the Jeeves stories of P. G. Wodehouse, which starred Michael Hordern and Richard Briers. In the 1978 television adaption of The Famous Five, Villiers featured strongly in the two-part pilot in which he played the antagonist, a rogue bureaucrat known only as Johnson.
Personal life
Nicholas Whittaker, author of Platform Souls and Blue Period, worked in the Belsize Tavern in 1979 and 1980 and claims to recall Villiers' visits to the pub in the company of local actor Ronald Fraser. After closing time, the pair would often be found in the beer and curry restaurant opposite. Rupert Everett also claims to have encountered him in an Indian restaurant, some time in 1985, "leglessly drunk, booming orders and insults to the poor long-suffering waiter in a strange breathy vibrato that was pitched for the upper circle". Elsewhere, Villiers is described as a "big drinker" who entered into drinking competitions with his friend Peter O'Toole.
Villiers was married twice: in 1966 to Patricia Donovan (marriage dissolved 1984), and in 1994 to Lucy Jex; his second marriage lasted until his death. He and his first wife adopted a son, Alan Michael Hyde Villiers (born Alan Donovan).
Death
Villiers died on 18 January 1998 in Arundel, Sussex, of cancer.
Selected filmography
Carry On Sergeant (1958) as Seventh Recruit
Edgar Wallace Mysteries -(The Clue of the New Pin) (1961) as Tab Holland
Bomb in the High Street (1961) as Stevens
Petticoat Pirates (1961) as English Lieutenant
Operation Snatch (1962) as Lt. Keen
Eva (1962) as Alan McCormick – a screenwriter
The Damned (1963) as Captain Gregory
Murder at the Gallop (1963) as Michael Shane
Girl in the Headlines (1963) as David Dane
Father Came Too! (1963) as Benzil Bulstrode
Nothing But the Best (1964) as Hugh
King & Country (1964) as Captain Midgely
Repulsion (1965) as John
Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965) as Yamamoto (voice, uncredited)
The Alphabet Murders (1965) as Franklin
You Must Be Joking! (1965) as Bill Simpson
The Nanny (1965) as Bill Fane
The Wrong Box (1965) as Sydney Whitcombe Sykes
Sword of Honour BBC TV (1967) as Ian Kibannock
Half a Sixpence (1967) as Hubert
The Touchables (1968) as Twyning
Some Girls Do (1969) as Carl Petersen
Otley (1969) as Hendrickson
A Nice Girl Like Me (1969) as Freddie
Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (1971) as Corbeck
The Ruling Class (1972) as Dinsdale Gurney
Asylum (1972) as George (segment: "Lucy Comes to Stay")
Follow Me! (1972) as Dinner Guest (uncredited)
The Amazing Mr. Blunden (1972) as Uncle Bertie
Ghost in the Noonday Sun (1973) as Parsley-Freck
Seven Nights in Japan (1976) as Fin
Spectre (1977) as Sir Geoffrey Cyon
Joseph Andrews (1977) as Mr. Boody
Saint Jack (1979) as Frogget
The Music Machine (1979) as Hector Woodville (uncredited)
For Your Eyes Only (1981) as Bill Tanner
The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982) as Baron de Batz
Under the Volcano (1984) as Brit
Running Out of Luck (1987)
Fortunes of War (1987)
Scandal (1989) as Conservative M.P.
Mountains of the Moon (1990) as Lord Oliphant
King Ralph (1991) as Prime Minister Geoffrey Hale
Let Him Have It (1991) as Cassels
Uncovered (1994) as Montegrifo
The Tichborne Claimant (1998) as Uncle Henry
External links
Obituary in The Independent
References
1933 births
1998 deaths
20th-century English male actors
Alumni of RADA
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Male actors from London
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
James Villiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Villiers |
Daisendorf is a village and a commune with about 1600 inhabitants in south-western Germany. It is part of the Bodensee district, which is part of the Land Baden-Württemberg.
Geography
Daisendorf is situated on a hill about 2 km north of Meersburg. It lies above Lake Constance. It is largely surrounded by the commune of Meersburg, with a short border with Uhldingen-Mühlhofen to the north.
History
Daisendorf was first settled in the 8th century. Given its isolation through marshy terrain and hills, it was only first documented in 1222 when the Abbot of Salem purchased the tithes of the village from the Lords of Vaz. The sovereignty over the village, however, always belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Constance. The conflict of rights between the abbot and the prince-bishop led to a series of disputes that were mediated by town jurors; the first of which occurred in 1295. Plague, crop failures, and a decrease in the price of grain devastated the community in the 14th century, and slowly the prince-bishopric lost influence in the region. These difficulties induced the prince-bishop to transfer Daisendorf to the Free City of Überlingen in 1334. The prince-bishop reclaimed Daisendorf for 400 guilders in 1507.
In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, in which the principalities of the ecclesiastic rulers were dispersed to the counts and princes of the empire, Daisendorf was given to the Electorate of Baden.
Economy
Daisendorf is a popular tourist destination in the Lake of Constance region, featuring nice views of the Swiss Alps (Säntisregion) and the lake, as well as the charming flair of a diverse rural community.
Culture and sights
Edifices
The village has an ancient chapel St. Martin, which was built in 1508 and holds unique fresques of the renaissance age.
Regular events
Daisendorf features several yearly happenings.
Carnival season. In South Germany: "Fastnacht", in allemanic idiom "Fasnet" when a tree is planted in the middle of the village ("Narrenbaum")
Village festivities in July
Well festivities of carpenter's guild
Wine festivities at the third weekend of August: this popular Weinfest takes place as a celebration and tasting of harvest of the regional wineries.
Beauty of nature
In the east of the village lies pond Neuweiher. This is a hidden water supply in the middle of a lonely wood. According to an old document in the archives of the town of Meersburg ("Meersburger Stadtarchiv") this water storage was built in 1445. In medieval times it was used to flood the town moat of Meersburg. The pond has a surface of about 570 m2 and a maximal depth of 4,1 m. The pond contents are about 101 Mio. liter water. Nowadays the pond and its surroundings are used for recreation purposes. It is also used as static water storage for fire extinction in case of forest fire. It is not allowed to swim in the pond or go boating on it.
Coat of arms
Persons related to the village of Daisendorf
Karel Liška (1914–1987): This Czech painter was teacher in the nearby town of Meersburg in the secondary school "Aufbau-Gymnasium". He painted in a natural style various landscapes around Lake Constance and sights of Daisendorf, Meersburg and Prague.
Sources
External links
(de) Official Website of Daisendorf
Populated places on Lake Constance
Bodenseekreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisendorf |
Lauter may refer to:
People
Lauter (surname)
Places
Lauter, Saxony, town in the district of Aue-Schwarzenberg, Saxony, Germany
Lauter, Bavaria, village in the district of Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany
Rivers
Lauter (Baunach), tributary to the Baunach in Bavaria, Germany
Lauter (Blau), tributary to the Blau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Lauter (Danube), or "Große Lauter", tributary to the Danube in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Lauter (Fils), tributary to the Fils in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Lauter (Glan), or "Waldlauter", tributary to the Glan in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Lauter (Hasel), tributary to the Hasel in Thuringia, Germany
Lauter (Itz), tributary to the Itz in Bavaria, Germany
Lauter (Murr), tributary to the Murr in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Lauter (Neckar), tributary to the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Lauter (Rhine), or "Wieslauter", tributary to the Rhine in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, and in Alsace, France
Lauter (Odenwald), tributary of the Rhine in Hesse, Germany, springs in the Odenwald
Lauter (Schlitz), tributary to the Schlitz in Hesse, Germany
See also
Lauder (disambiguation)
Lautering, process in brewing beer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauter |
Sir Conrad Marshall John Fisher Swan (13 May 1924–10 January 2019) was a long-serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. Having been first appointed to work at the College in 1962, he rose to the office of Garter Principal King of Arms in 1992, a position he held until 1995. He was the first Canadian ever to be appointed to the College of Arms.
Early life
Conrad Swan was born in 1924 at Duncan, British Columbia, Canada, to Major Henry Peter Swan and Edna Hanson Magdalen (née Green), daughter of a Folkestone master tailor from a Baptist family formerly involved in the Hertfordshire straw-hat making industry during the early 19th century. Henry Swan, the local doctor, was of Polish-Lithuanian origin, and had changed the family name from Swiecicki; Swan claimed descent from the Polish noble family of Święcicki (Coat of arms of Jastrzębiec) via a hereditary steward of King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1648.
Swan devoted much of his life to travelling. Having decided to make a lifetime career in the Indian Army, Swan was sent by the India Office (the UK governmental office responsible for India at the time) to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Having completed the course there, he proceeded to India and received an emergency commission on 19 November 1944 as a second lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Madras Regiment, the oldest in the country. Promoted to war-substantive lieutenant on 10 May 1945, Indian Independence in 1947 caused him to make other decisions "it being the end of a chapter". He left the Indian Army with the rank of captain. Following his retirement from the Indian Army, he went directly back to Canada to take a BA and MA at the University of Western Ontario (Assumption College). During this time, he developed a keen interest in Commonwealth affairs, which brought him back to Britain, where he acquired his doctorate from Cambridge University in 1955.
Swan spent six years (1955–1961) lecturing in history at the Assumption University of Windsor, Ontario, of which he was also University Beadle. As guest lecturer he visited many universities, not only in North America but in every continent except Antarctica, "the penguins haven't invited me yet".
Heraldic career
In addition to his educational achievements, Swan developed an exceptional heraldic career. He was first appointed Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary in 1962 and six years later became York Herald of Arms in Ordinary. In these capacities, he was among the Earl Marshal's staff for the State Funeral of Sir Winston Churchill in 1965, the Investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969, and was Gentleman Usher-in-Waiting to Pope John Paul II during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1982.
Swan was appointed Garter Principal King of Arms in 1992 on the retirement of Sir Alexander Colin Cole. His own retirement came in 1995, after having been diagnosed with cancer. At the time, some allegations were made in a newspaper article concerning his decision, in his capacity as Genealogist of the British Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, with regard to the grade in which one of his sons-in-law should enter the Order. He denied these allegations, noting that he had never been interviewed by any reporter on this subject.
Sir Conrad Swan was the first herald to execute official duties in-tabard across the Atlantic Ocean and in the Southern Hemisphere. He did so in Bermuda in 1969 and in Brisbane in 1977. He was instrumental in the creation of the Honours System of Antigua and Barbuda, and between 1964 and 1967, Swan was an adviser to the Prime Minister of Canada on the establishment of the National Flag of Canada and the Order of Canada. Swan also took a special interest in Saskatchewan, helping the province to obtain a full coat of arms from the Queen in 1986 and a new Great Seal in 1991. He advised the province on the establishment of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 1985 and the Saskatchewan Volunteer Medal in 1995 and the recent expansion of the provincial honours system (notably the Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan). He was also responsible for the design and granting of badges (crests) for each of the colleges of the University of Saskatchewan.
A keen scholar and publicist, Swan wrote a number of books and articles on heraldic, sigillographic and related subjects. He was a member of several international societies and organisations and was a founder of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada and the Heraldic Garden in Britain.
Honours and appointments
Swan was appointed an Officer of the Order of St. John (OStJ) on 8 August 1972, with promotions to Commander (CStJ) on 11 December 1975 and to Knight (KStJ) on 6 April 1976. He was appointed a Member (fourth class) of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1978 Birthday Honours list; he and all other living Members (fourth class) were regraded as Lieutenants (LVO) in 1984. He was promoted to Commander (CVO) in the 1986 New Year Honours list and was knighted by the Queen as a Knight Commander (KCVO) in the 1994 Birthday Honours. As Swan was a dual Canadian-British national, his knighthood was theoretically subject to being blocked by the Canadian government due to the 1919 Nickle Resolution, although, in the event, the Liberal Canadian ministry did not oppose the grant.
He was also a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Nation of Antigua and Barbuda (KGCN), Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta, Cross of Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Knight's Cross of the Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania), Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I (GCFO) and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Lion of Rwanda.
He was also a Knight of the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem and Knight Principal of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor (1995–2000); Commander (with Star) of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit; Grand Cross with Grand Collar of the Imperial Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia); Coronation Medal of the King of Tonga. He received the Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan in 2005.
Family
In 1957, Swan married Lady Hilda Susan Mary Northcote (born 23 July 1937 – died 4 December 1995), Serving Sister Most Venerable Order of St. John, Dame of Honour and Devotion Sovereign Military Order of Malta; Dame of Justice (SMO) of Constantine St. George; and President, St. John's Ambulance Society Suffolk.
Lady Hilda was the younger daughter of Henry Stafford Northcote, the 3rd Earl of Iddesleigh, and granddaughter of author Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes. She died in Boxford, Suffolk, when she was hit by a car, which did not stop. She was 58 years old.
They had five children:
Mary Elizabeth Magdalen Swan (b. 1959)
Hilda Juliana Mary Swan (b. 1961)
Catherine Sylveria Mary Kelsey (née Swan) (1962-2021)
Andrew Conrad Henry Joseph Swan (b. 1964)
Anastasia Cecilia Mary Swan (b. 1966)
A King From Canada
Swan's autobiography was released in 2005. A King From Canada was published by The Memoir Club and featured a foreword by former Chief Canadian Herald Robert Watt.
Published works
Canada: Symbols of Sovereignty, University of Toronto Press, 1977,
A King from Canada, The Memoir Club, 2005,
The Royal Encyclopedia (48 articles), Macmillan Press, 1991,
Arms
See also
Pursuivant
Herald
King of Arms
References
External links
Coat of Arms
Descendants of Joseph Swiecicki
1924 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
British Indian Army officers
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Canadian officers of arms
Canadian people of Polish descent
Canadian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
English officers of arms
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Knights of Malta
People from Duncan, British Columbia
Knight's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Knights Hospitaller
Recipients of the Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)
University of Western Ontario alumni
Clan of Jastrzębiec
Fellows of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada
Garter Principal Kings of Arms
Recipients of Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20Swan |
The HNoMS Gor was a Gor-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansvern Naval Yard in Horten in 1884. She was one of a class of two gunboats - the other ship in her class being Tyr. The Gor and Tyr can be seen as improved Vale-class gunboats.
Construction and armament
Gor was built at Karljohansvern Naval Yard in Horten, and had yard number 64.
Her main gun was 7.8m meters long, or about a quarter of the length of the whole vessel. In addition she was armed with three smaller, automatic guns for self defence.
Shortly before World War I, Gor was rebuilt as a mine layer. During this rebuild, the heavy gun and one of the 37 mm guns was replaced with two more potent 76 mm guns. Since the heavy gun and ammunition was removed, Gor could carry 55 mines.
Service history
Gor was kept in service until the German invasion in 1940. Until the surrender of Norwegian forces in southern Norway, she mostly operated in the Sognefjord, and she fell into German hands for the remainder of the war.
After World War II, Gor was returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and scrapped shortly thereafter.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Naval history via Flix: Gor, retrieved 1 March 2006
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Ships built in Horten
Gor-class gunboats
World War II minelayers of Norway
1884 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Gor%20%281884%29 |
Otterbach is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Otterbach was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Otterbach, which merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Otterbach-Otterberg in 2014.
Geography
State
Otterbach lies in the northwest of Kaiserslautern in the so-called Kaiserslautern Senke. To the north is the Nordpfälzer Bergland and to the east the Otterberger Wald, which belongs to the Palatinate Forest. The community consists of the two districts Otterbach and Sambach. The residential areas Falltal and Sambacher Ziegelhütte also belong to the Otterbach district.
Neighbouring municipalities are the local municipality of Katzweiler in the northwest, the town of Otterberg in the northeast and the independent town of Kaiserslautern with the districts of , Morlautern, Wiesenthalerhof and Erfenbach in the south.
Surveys and waters
The Schlossberg rises in the south and the Galgenberg in the north.
The core town lies at the mouth of the stream into the Lauter. The Ziegelbach flows into the Lauter from the right between the core village and the Sambach district. The latter also forms the western boundary with Kaiserslautern.
History
South of the village on the Schlossberg was the disappeared Sterrenberg Castle. Until the end of the 18th century, the community belonged to the Otterbach estate, which belonged to the von der Leyen family. From 28 to 30 November 1793, the municipal area was partly the scene of the Battle of Kaiserslautern.
From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (until 1804) and then part of the Napoleonic Empire, Otterbach was incorporated into the canton of Otterberg. In 1815 the village initially belonged to Austria. One year later he moved to the Kingdom of Bavaria. From 1818 to 1862 he belonged to the Landkommissariat Kaiserslautern, from which the Bezirksamt Kaiserslautern emerged.
From 1939 the town was part of the district of Kaiserslautern. After the Second World War, Otterbach became part of the newly formed state of Rhineland-Palatinate within the French occupation zone. In the course of the first administrative reform in Rhineland-Palatinate, the previously independent municipality of Sambach was incorporated into Otterbach on 7 June 1969. Two years later, the municipality became the seat of the newly formed association municipality of the same name, to which six further local municipalities belonged. Since 1 July 2014, Otterbach has been part of the Otterbach-Otterberg association of municipalities.
Politics
Emblem
Blasonation: "A blue shield divided by a silver wave bar. Above a silver otter with an equally coloured fish in its mouth. Below, a golden squirrel holding a golden acorn in its front paws."
Reason for the coat of arms: The coat of arms is a combination of the two old coats of arms of the municipalities of Sambach and Otterbach. The Otter is the name giver of the place Otterbach, more exactly for the brook "Otterbach". The squirrel is the heraldic animal of the abbey in neighbouring Otterberg, which had a mill in Sambach. The silver waveband stands for the Otterbach. The colours blue and silver are reminiscent of the former reign of the Counts of Leyen.
References
Kaiserslautern (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otterbach |
The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. The process was monitored by a commission with representatives from France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden.
The plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920, and the result was that the larger northern portion (Zone I) voted to join Denmark, while the smaller southern portion (Zone II) voted to remain part of Germany.
Background
The Duchy of Schleswig had been a fiefdom of the Danish crown since the Middle Ages, but it, along with the Danish-ruled German provinces of Holstein and Lauenburg, which had both been part of the Holy Roman Empire, was conquered by Prussia and Austria in the 1864 Second War of Schleswig. Between 1864 and 1866, Prussia and Austria ruled the entire region as a condominium, and they formalised this arrangement in the 1865 Gastein Convention. The condominium was terminated due to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866.
Article 5 of the Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague (1866) stipulated that a plebiscite should be held within the ensuing six years in order to give the people of the northern part of Schleswig the possibility of voting for the region's future allegiance by allowing regions voting for Danish rule to be restored to Danish administration.
The idea of a plebiscite had been presented earlier. During the early phases of the First Schleswig War, the secessionist government of Schleswig-Holstein had unsuccessfully suggested a plebiscite in parts of Schleswig, but this had been rejected by the Danish government, and during the 1863 London Conference's attempts to defuse the Second Schleswig War, one of the suggestions of Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck was a plebiscite in North Schleswig. Bismarck's initiative was not adopted by the conference, primarily since the option had not been included in the instruction to the Danish delegation. The inclusion of the promise of a plebiscite in the 1866 Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague was a diplomatic concession to Austria, but was not implemented. The reference to it was subsequently dropped in 1877 by Austria and Germany. The 1864 border was confirmed in the 1907 German-Danish Optant Treaty, but Danish North Schleswigers continued to argue for a plebiscite citing the 1866 Peace of Prague.
Danes campaigning for implementation of the plebiscite promise, in the hope that it would result in the area being restored to Danish rule, often made a comparison with the French demand for return of Alsace-Lorraine. This comparison was regarded sympathetically by French public opinion and, although Denmark had not taken part in the First World War, there was considerable backing in France for taking up the Danish claims as part of the post-war settlement.
After Germany's defeat in 1918, the Danish government asked the Allied Powers and the Versailles Conference of 1919 to include a plebiscite in the disputed North Schleswig region based on Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as part of the Allied Powers' peace settlement with Germany, and this request was granted by the Allies.
Defining the plebiscite boundaries
The plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920 in two zones that had been defined according to the wishes of the Danish government, and based on lines drawn in the 1890s by Danish historian . During the 1880s and 1890s, Clausen had travelled extensively on both sides of a possible future Dano-German border, for which he published two suggestions. Clausen's first line delineated a coherent territory that he expected would vote Danish in a future plebiscite, and the second line (about further south) included a thinly-populated rural region in Central Schleswig, which Clausen believed had potential for assimilation into Denmark, as the population of Central Schleswig was pro-German in allegiance, but also Danish-speaking.
In 1918, Clausen published a pamphlet "Før Afgørelsen" (Before the Decision) in which he strongly advocated that Denmark annex the zone delineated by his northernmost ("first") line, arguing that the territory north of this line was indisputably pro-Danish and should be considered indivisible. At the same time, he effectively abandoned his second line, as the population of Central Schleswig remained pro-German, and as he considered it vital that the future border should be based on the self-determination of the local populace. In the 1920 plebiscites, Clausen's first line was closely imitated in what became the plebiscite's Zone I, while his second line became the basis of Zone II, although the plebiscite zone was extended to include the city of Flensburg and the town of Glücksburg. Clausen had excluded both from his two lines.
Zone I was based on Clausen's estimations of the local population's national self-identification. When in doubt, Clausen primarily relied on the wishes of the rural communities, which he considered autochtone (indigenous), in contrast with the North Schleswig towns, which he considered largely irrelevant due to their smallness and their less-autochtone population, notably the demographics of the town of Sønderborg (Sonderburg) which had become strongly influenced by the presence of a large German naval base. In addition, Clausen believed that it would minimize the risk of future conflict if the future border in the marshy West Schleswig followed either the Vidå river or a dyke. This caused resentment on the German side, as this implied that the town of Tønder (Tondern) would be included in Zone I.
Plebiscite preparations
In 1918 and early 1919, the leading Danish political parties argued that the future allegiance of North Schleswig should be decided by a plebiscite, in which the entire region should be counted as one indivisible unit, i.e. vote en bloc. This wish was conveyed to the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, and became the basis for the plebiscite's Zone I.
During 1919, political wishes in Denmark grew for the extension of the plebiscite area, and the issue became a topic of confrontation between the Social Liberal government and its parliamentary support, the Social Democrats, both parties opposing an extension the area, versus the Liberal and Conservative opposition which both supported an extension of the plebiscite area. As a compromise, it was decided to request the Allied Powers to extend the plebiscite until Clausen's second line, which was adapted to include Flensburg and Glücksburg. In this smaller Zone II, each town – or, in the rural areas, each parish – was to decide its own allegiance. Two other requests were made, which were only partially followed by the Allied Powers. Firstly, Denmark requested that the plebiscite area's German civil administration be replaced by an international administration. The Allied Powers replaced the German garrisons with a small international force, of 400 French soldiers disembarked from the cruiser La Marseillaise, but the civil administration was only partially replaced in Zone I, and not at all in Zone II. Secondly, Denmark had requested that persons previously expelled from the region should be allowed to vote in the plebiscite. This was intended to allow previously expelled "optants" to vote, i.e. the families of locals who had opted to retain their Danish citizenship and who had consequently been expelled from the area by Prussian authorities. The Allied Powers granted this request but extended it, consequently entitling anyone who had previously lived in the region to vote in the plebiscite. Since a large number of German officials (notably railway officials) had been temporarily stationed in the area, this extension implied that these officials as well as their wives and any children of legal age were entitled to vote in the plebiscite. Since many of the expelled pro-Danish "optants" had emigrated to the United States, the net result of this extension was a slight increase for the German results, and it was much more likely for a pro-German emigrant living in Germany to return to the region for the plebiscite than for a pro-Danish expellee who had emigrated to the United States to do the same.
Plebiscite voting and results
On 10 February 1920 the plebiscite was held in Zone I, the later Northern Schleswig, where 74.9% (75,431 votes) voted to become Danish, while 25.1% (25,329 votes) voted to stay German. In three of the four major towns, especially in the southern region directly at the border with Zone II, German majorities existed, with a German majority as large as 70 to 80 percent in and around Tønder (plus southerly Udbjerg) and Højer. It was mostly this area that caused controversy after the voting, especially as these towns had been included north of Clausen's first line. Although Clausen correctly estimated Tønder to be vastly pro-German, he considered the town to be economically dependent on its pro-Danish rural uplands, and placed both the town and its uplands north of his first line.
Local majorities for Germany also existed elsewhere: In the small town of Tinglev, in the city of Sønderborg, site of a substantial German navy base, and the city of Aabenraa. Like Tønder and Højer, Tinglev directly bordered Zone II. Both the latter cities, however, lay kind of "isolated" in pro-Danish surroundings.
The vote in Central Schleswig (Zone II) took place on 14 March 1920, where 80.2% (51,742 votes) voted to stay German, while 19.8% (12,800) voted to become Danish. Since a Danish majority in this zone was produced in only three small villages on the island of Föhr, none of which were near the coming border, the Commission Internationale de Surveillance du Plébiscite au Slesvig decided on a line almost identical to the border between the two zones. The poor result for Denmark in Central Schleswig, particularly in Flensburg, Schleswig's largest city, triggered Denmark's 1920 Easter Crisis.
A plebiscite was not held in the southernmost third of the province (Zone III which included the region south of Zone II until the Schlei, Danevirke, and the city of Schleswig) as the population was almost exclusively pro-German. The Allied Powers had offered to include this region in the plebiscite, but the Danish government had expressly asked for Zone III to be excluded. The small part of the historical province located south of Zone III was not included in plebiscite plans among the Allied Powers, and the same applied in Denmark, since the extreme south of the former duchy was considered to be a completely pro-German area.
Selected results in detail:
Settlement of the Danish-German border
Directly after the announcement of the results from Zone I, an alternative draft for the frontier was made by the German administrator Johannes Tiedje. The proposed frontier would have incorporated Tønder/Tondern, Højer/Hoyer, Tinglev/Tingleff and neighbouring areas and also some parts north from Flensburg – the so-called Tiedje Belt – and would have created almost equal minorities on both sides of the frontier instead of 30,000 to 35,000 Germans in Denmark and 6,000 to 8,000 Danes in Germany.
Tiedje's Line was strongly criticised in Denmark, as it would have transferred a large number of pro-Danish communities south of the future border, and was refused by all parties in the Danish parliament. The plebiscite's entire Zone I was transferred to Denmark on 15 June 1920, and the territory was officially named the South Jutlandic districts, more commonly Southern Jutland, although the latter name is also the historiographical name for the entire Schleswig region.
Gallery
See also
Easter Crisis
Schleswig-Holstein question
Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
German minority in Denmark
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Southern Schleswig
1920 Danish constitutional referendum
References
Schleswig plebiscites, 1930
1920 Plebiscites
Referendums in Denmark
Referendums in Germany
Schleswig plebiscites
Schleswig plebiscites
Schleswig plebiscites
Schleswig plebiscites
Schleswig plebiscites
Plebiscites, 1920
Plebiscites, 1920
Plebiscites, 1920
Border polls
Schleswig Plebiscites, 1920
Schleswig Plebiscites, 1920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%20Schleswig%20plebiscites |
Alexander Vassilievich Gauk (; 30 March 1963) was a Soviet conductor and composer.
Biography
Alexander Gauk was born in Odessa in 1893. He recalled his first experience as hearing army bands and his mother singing and accompanying herself at the piano. When he was seven he began piano studies and at 17 travelled to St. Petersburg and managed to gain entrance to the class of Daugover, later moving over to Felix Blumenfeld. He saw Arthur Nikisch, Claude Debussy, and Richard Strauss conduct and was particularly taken with Nikisch.
Career
Gauk's first conducting experience was in 1912 with a student orchestra, and professionally on 1 October 1917 for a production of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Cherevichki at the Petrograd Musical Drama Theatre. He spent much of the 1920s as conductor for the Mariinsky Ballet. He married the ballerina Elena Gerdt.
From 1930 to 1934, he was chief conductor of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra. On 6 November 1931, he conducted that orchestra and the Academy Capella Choir in the world premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich's Third Symphony.
From 1932 he worked in Moscow and became chief conductor of a new radio orchestra in 1936, which evolved into the USSR State Symphony Orchestra. During the Second World War, after escaping from Riga, he taught in Moscow, before spending two years at the Tbilisi Conservatory and reviving the Georgian State Symphony Orchestra.
He helped to reconstruct Sergei Rachmaninoff's First Symphony from the orchestral parts found in the archives of the Moscow Conservatory in 1944; the manuscript score was lost in the 1920s. He conducted the world premiere of Aram Khachaturian's Cello Concerto in Moscow in 1946.
Gauk's own compositions include a symphony, chamber works for strings and works for piano. He left an unfinished autobiography.
His discography is now only partly available; Brilliant Classics released two box sets (Vol. 1, 2008; Vol. 2, 2010) with recordings taken from broadcasts of works by Russian and other composers.
His most notable students were Edouard Grikurov, Yevgeny Mravinsky, Ilya Musin, and Yevgeny Svetlanov.
References
1893 births
1963 deaths
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Russian male composers
20th-century Russian conductors (music)
Russian male conductors (music)
20th-century composers
20th-century Russian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gauk |
The white-bellied treepie (Dendrocitta leucogastra) is a bird of the crow family endemic to the forests of southern India. They overlap in distribution in some areas with the rufous treepie but are easy to tell apart both from appearance and call.
Description
The white of the head and body makes it easy to distinguish from the sympatric rufous treepie. This tends to be found in more dense forest and is less associated with human habitation than the rufous treepie. The white-bellied treepie is long. The back of the neck is white, and the throat and breast are black. The thighs are black, and the undertail coverts are chestnut. The rest of the underparts is white. The back is chestnut-brown. The wings are black and have a white patch. The rump is white. Two-thirds of the two central tail feathers are silver-grey, and the terminal third is black. The other tail feathers are black. The beak is black, and the legs are greyish-black.
Distribution
It is found in the forests of the Western Ghats mainly south of Goa. A record from Erimalai near Dharmapuri and reports from the Surat Dangs and the southeastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh stand outside its main distribution range. A record from central India (Chikalda, Gawilgarh) has been questioned.
Behaviour and ecology
The white-bellied treepie eats fruits, seeds, nectar, invertebrates, reptiles, rodents, nestlings and eggs. When calling, the bird bows and droops its wings. Several birds may arrive at one tree and call repeatedly during the pre-monsoon breeding season (mainly April–May but some nests from February). The nest is a platform of twigs on a medium-sized tree. Three eggs are laid, ashy grey with green and grey blotches.
It is associated with mixed-species foraging flocks and is often found along with greater racket-tailed drongos.
Gallery
References
white-bellied treepie
Birds of South India
Endemic birds of India
white-bellied treepie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied%20treepie |
is a line of Japanese 3–4 cm pullback car toys produced by Takara. Known in North America as Penny Racers, they were introduced in late 1978 and have seen multiple revisions and successors since. Choro-Qs are stylized after real-world automobiles, with real rubber wheels and a pullback motor that makes them move. Each car has a coin slot at the back, where inserting a penny will make it perform a wheelie when the car is released.
Takara created the Choro-Q line after noticing the popularity of miniature car toys in Japan. They are based on an earlier Takara toy line called "Mame Dash", which only lasted a few years before being discontinued in 1980. A wide variety of car models was chosen to make the Choro-Q series appeal to everybody, ranging from sports cars to formula racers. The name comes from the Japanese term choro-choro, meaning "dash around", as well as an abbreviation of the Japanese borrowing from "cute" (kyūto) to connote their petite size.
Features
Most Choro-Q feature real rubber tires (usually with larger ones on the rear) and the characteristic coil-spring pullback motor. Also, each Choro-Q is a "cute" squeezed design caricature of the actual vehicle it represents. This type of caricature is also known as "deformed scale" as it gives the car a foreshortened or deformed appearance. What is also distinct about the cars is the slot at the rear, where a small coin can be inserted for the wheelie effect.
The toy line is highly popular and has become collectible, even outside Japan, due to its low price and its merchandising line which includes JGTC and various licensed car editions and has also spawned a series of videogames bearing the same name. The toy line has also lent its moulding to the Micro-Change and Transformers line of toys.
In addition to "Penny Racers", Choro-Q pullback cars were also marketed under the Tonka branding in the late 1980s as "Tonka Turbo Tricksters". "Penny Racers" in the US are still marketed by Funrise, but are less popular for collectors compared with their true-to-life counterparts marketed elsewhere, and versus the ones formerly sold by Tonka. "Penny Racers" tend to be garishly colored and given silly names, ignoring the actual names of the makes and models, and marketed for US children, whereas the Choro Q in the far East are made to a much higher quality standard and many are specifically designed for the adult collector, with high detail and/or tiny, incredibly detailed racing graphics and occasionally other realistic gimmicks such as fold-out headlights.
Originally produced in Japan, the manufacture subsequently has occurred variously in Taiwan, Macau and China. The models represent various makes and models of all kinds of actual cars, trucks, trains, and even planes and military and construction vehicles. There are even versions representing just about every bus and train line in Japan. Choro-Q are also produced in limited special runs for promotional purposes. Models are licensed and produced for automotive manufacturers and dealers, or as tchotchkes for marketing of other products and services. They even released a Major League Baseball line.
The first Choro-Q cars were more geared toward children, with primary colors and low detail. They have grown more sophisticated over time and now are for the most part cast in a uniform clear, colored or smoked resin plastic which is then painted, thus leaving the windshields and headlights, etc. transparent for added realism. From early on, Takara offered accessories and various spare parts and modification parts, including different motors to give a higher speed. Recently the newer Choro-Q are sold from the factory with various styles of spring-wound motors, including slow (for trucks and machinery), normal (for normal cars), and fast (for sports cars). There is even a 2-speed motor that starts out slow and then shifts to a higher gear.
History
The Choro-Q toy line was produced by Takara, a Japanese toy manufacturer best known for producing Transformers and B-Daman. Noticing an increase in popularity of miniature car toys across the country, Takara began work on a similar toy line to capitalize on their success. The Choro-Q cars were given small, pullback motors that launched them when released; few car lines had such a feature, which Takara felt would make them stand out among similar lines and give them their own unique finish. The miniature, super-deformed style of the cars is believed to be based on artwork by cartoonist Dave Deal, who in the late 1970s had supplied his art style to a line of cartoonish-looking stunt racer toys called "Glitter Bugs". The Choro-Q line is also based on an earlier Takara product called "Mame Dash", which had only lasted a few years before being discontinued in 1980. To make the toys appeal to a wide audience, Takara chose to make several varieties of models, ranging from formula racers, to buggies, to stunt cars, to sports cars. The idea for the coin-operated wheelie function came from an employee suggesting the cars could bend in other directions, rather than simply moving forward when pulled back. The name "Choro-Q" comes from the Japanese term "choro-choro", meaning "dash around", as well as an abbreviation of the Japanese word for "cute", which connotes their petite size.
Specialty models
Unusual Choro-Q which have the wheels and pull-back motor but are not modelled after vehicles are also common, often sold as special collectibles. This includes Choro-Q in the shape of common regional symbols such as carved wood bears of Hokkaido and popular symbols from other regions such monkeys, salmon eggs, sea urchin, etc. sold only in certain regions and marketed at local domestic tourists.
In 2013, following the example of the Tomica line with its Limited Vintage models, Takara Tomy unveiled Choro-Q Zero, a premium series of classical Japanese cars aimed at the collectors market.
The Choro-Q brand has been extended, often with a small name change which is a pun on the original name, to cover other small toys or novelties, both with and without the wheels and motor, including
Digi-Q: Electronic remote control versions of Choro-Q cars which used infrared technology instead of radio control. These products were developed in conjunction with Konami.
Choco-Q: Chocolate egg with a small capsule toy inside
Puka-Q: Bath salts compressed into an egg shape, which, when dissolved in the bath, reveals a small toy inside
Choro-Juu: ("Ju" [獣], meaning beast or monster, from 怪獣) Small monster toys which moved with a friction motor and had other gimmicks such as sparks shooting from the mouth.
Choro-Chuu ("Chu" [虫], insect or bug, from 昆虫): Realistic plastic and rubber figures of various beetles, with wheels and a pull-back motor for movement.
Jumbo Choro-Q: This is a large-scale version of the small toys but approximately 30 cm in length. They have the same pull-back motor gimmick and the hood also opened to reveal a storage space for standard sized Choro-Q toys.
Q-steer: A more inexpensive infra-red remote control version of Choro-Q cars than the earlier Digi-Q, this line was first released in 2006 after the merger with TOMY and for several years became one of the best selling toy lines in Japan. They come in Normal, Tamiya Dune Buggies, Mario Kart Wii and Doraemon versions.
CQ Motors: The most ambitious brand extension of all, this wholly owned subsidiary of Takara, founded in 2002, manufactured and sold actual single-passenger, electric automobiles modelled after the toy cars. The cars are street-legal (though not permitted on highways), require a standard driver's license for operation and have a top speed of about 50 km/h and a range of about 80 km on a single charge. Several models were sold, including one designed by famed manga artist Akira Toriyama, priced in the 1-1.9 million yen range. Although sales have been discontinued, as many as 500 were sold in all. In a country known for the prowess of its automobile industry it is remarkable that at one point, Takara, a toy company, had the highest share of electric cars on the road in Japan.
Choro-Q Deck System (CDS): A system of special customizable Choro-Q cars and track designed for head-on crash "battle" competitions. The innovative "deck system" allows the easy swapping of the principle car components by putting each component in a card-like frame. Swappable components include the chassis-engine, front-end battering ram, outer body and special deflecting side wings. After stacking a unique combination of component cards like a deck of cards, a unique vehicle comes together which can be easily detached from the deck and put into battle on the track. The object of the competition is to design a vehicle which will knock the opponent off the track in a head-to-head crash battle.
Choro-Q Hybrid: A newer version of the Digi-Q and Q-Steer, the Choro-Q Hybrid is available in two chassis types, Remote Type and Spring Type. The car bodies can be removed easily with a screwdriver so they can be swapped onto other chassis types or traded. They also include additional pieces that are fitted to the tyres or underside to perform special tricks, and slot car tracks to race on. The speed of the Remote Type's Dash button has vastly increased, and the Mario Kart Wii cars come with an Item Randomiser on the remote. The remote sizes have increased and the cars are charged via remote.
Video games
Dozens of Choro Q video games using the Choro-Q brand and themes have been released. These games, which have been released on many platforms, are racing genre with varying customization and RPG elements. Many of the games have been ported and translated with moderate success internationally, sometimes under the Choro-Q name, but also under other names such as Penny Racers, Gadget Racers and Road Trip.
Motorsports
The Choro-Q brand briefly sponsored a motorsports team, the Choro-Q Racing Team, in endurance racing in 2004.
The team entered the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans driving a Porsche 911 GT3 RSR (996), driven by Manabu Orido, Kazuyuki Nishizawa, and Haruki Kurosawa. Choro-Q Racing finished 2nd place in the GT class and 12th place overall.
Orido, Nishizawa, and Kurosawa also raced for the team in the Le Mans Endurance Series. In the 2004 series, Choro-Q Racing finished in 5th place for the GT class.
Notes
References
External links
Takara
Takara Tomy
Takara Tomy franchises
Toy cars and trucks
Works based on Takara Tomy toys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choro-Q |
HNoMS Tyr was a Gor-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansverns Verft Naval Yard in Horten. She was laid down in 1884 and launched in 1887 with build number 67. Tyr was one of a class of two gunboats - the other ship in her class being HNoMS Gor. Gor and Tyr can be seen as improved Vale-class gunboats, of 290 tons instead of the 250 tons standard for that class.
Captured during the German invasion of Norway, she was pressed into service in an attempt to mine Sognefjord. After attacks by Norwegian aircraft and ships she took no further part in the conflict. After the war she was returned briefly to the Royal Norwegian Navy then entered civilian service in a number of roles over the years.
Characteristics
The main gun of the ship was 7.8m meters long, or about a quarter of the length of the whole vessel. In addition she was armed with three revolving guns for closer ranges.
Shortly before the First World War, Tyr was rebuilt as a minelayer. During this rebuild, the heavy gun was replaced with a more modern 12 cm breech-loader, and one of the 37 mm guns was replaced with a more potent 76 mm gun. After the heavy gun and ammunition were removed, she could carry 55 mines.
By 1940, two Madsen machine guns had been added for anti-aircraft purposes.
Service
German invasion of Norway
Mining the Bergen approaches
On 9 April 1940, the day of the German invasion of Norway, the commander of Lerøy guard district, Captain F. Ulstrup, received a message informing him that German warships had forced their way past the small Lerøy Fort on their way towards Bergen. Captain Ulstrup immediately boarded Tyr and sailed out to mine the Lerøyosen approaches to the south-western Norwegian city. At 0130hrs the Norwegian minelayer began mining the stretch of water between Lerøy island and Sotra, putting out seven mines right before the German invasion flotilla arrived at Lerøyosen. Making good her escape Tyr placed another sixteen mines in the Vatlestraumen approaches north of Bergen.
Due to a built-in time delay the Lerøyosen mines were not active when the German warships passed over them. However by the time the supply fleet of the German forces in the Bergen area started coming into Lerøyosen late in the evening the mines were ready. The first ship to hit the mines was the 4,297 ton supply ship Sao Paulo, which sank with a great loss of both lives and materiel at 2300hrs, 9 April. As the mine barrier had now been discovered the Kriegsmarine needed to sweep the Lerøyosen but had no dedicated minesweepers in the area. In an improvised reaction to the mines the invaders sent out the naval trawlers Schiff 9 and Cremon, together with two launches from the depot ship Karl Peters.
The improvised minesweeper force entered the mine barrier in the evening of 10 April and began clearing the mines. At 1925hrs Schiff 9 struck a mine and went down in between one and two minutes. At 19.30 hours as Cremon tried to rescue survivors she too blew up together with one of the two launches.
Later on 27 April the 8,500 ton German merchant ship Liege was sunk by one of the mines. The 4,601 ton German steamer Johann Wessels was damaged by one of the mines on 5 May 1940. Three days later, on 8 May 1940, the 1,151 ton German-controlled Danish steamer Gerda hit a mine and sank. All in all the Germans lost three supply ships, two naval trawlers and a launch sunk by mines laid by Tyr.
Guarding the southern sea lane
After laying her mines Tyr resumed guarding the southern sea lane to Bergen and soon met up with German naval forces. Off the island of Skorpo she had a clash with an E-boat, neither vessel being hit. Tyr then withdrew behind the cover of Forstrøno island, but was chased down by a further three German E-boats. After a brief fight Tyr drove the enemy ships off, damaging one of the German vessels severely with a 37 mm shell.
Norwegian Campaign
To the Hardangerfjord, change of command
Later in the Norwegian Campaign, on 16 April, Tyr moved to Uskedal in Ytre Hardangerfjord, where her captain became the commander of the newly created Hardangerfjord naval district. The second-in-command, Sub-Lieutenant K. Sandnæs, took over the minelayer. While in the Hardangerfjord she took part in the Battle of Uskedal in the early hours of 20 April.
Battle of Uskedal
From her anchorage south of Uskedal Tyr first damaged an E-boat and then, with her 12 cm main gun, put a large hole below the waterline of the armed trawler Schiff 18 forcing her to be beached to avoid sinking. At 05.30 a.m. the battle turned against the Norwegians as another trawler, Schiff 221 landed more troops at Trones which advanced on Uskedal from a new direction. All the while during the battle Tyr was providing naval gunfire support from her position in the Storsund midway between Uskedal and Herøysund, bombarding the Germans with high explosive shells. Even though she came under heavy machine gun fire from German troops, Tyr helped the Norwegian land forces hold their ground until taken by surprise by the sudden arrival of the German artillery training ship Bremse. Fire from the larger enemy ship forced Tyr to back out the fight and go to the docks in Uskedal. After a short while at anchor Tyr was ordered back into the fight to help the torpedo boat Stegg that was fighting Bremse. Once Tyr returned to the battle she again gained the attention of the German warship and was forced to take cover in a small bay at Skorpo. As Sub-Lieutenant Sandnæs now considered the battle as hopeless he ordered his crew ashore to rest, also sending small arms and ammunition on land. Sandnæs started preparations to scuttle his ship with explosives, but before he could carry out his intentions two E-boats entered the bay and boarded Tyr. Before long Schiff 221 arrived and took Tyr in tow. By afternoon Tyr was on her way back to Bergen with a German crew.
German service
Sognefjord with Uller
In German hands Tyr was first used together with fellow captured Norwegian minelayer Uller in a plan by Admiral Otto von Schrader to mine the entrance to the Sognefjord on 30 April. Together the two ships could carry 80 mines and quite effectively block in the Norwegian naval forces in the country's longest fjord. However, the Norwegian forces in the fjord had a very effective system of look-outs and guard ships. Before the two minelayers even had entered Sognefjord they were attacked by two of the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's M.F.11 biplane patrol aircraft. The seaplanes dropped nine bombs at the two minelayers, failing to damage either of the ships but wounding three sailors on Uller with shrapnel. Having escaped damage in this attack the minelayers continued north and started laying mines at the entrance to the Sognefjord. In the early hours of 1 May the Norwegians threw another seaplane attack against the German mining operation. A single Norwegian Heinkel He 115 made two dive bombing attacks on Tyr and Uller, dropping one 250 kg bomb and four 50 kg bombs on the fiercely resisting ships. None of the bombs were direct hits, but one near miss damaged the side of Uller, causing sea water to flood into her. Uller had to be beached on Losneøy island and thereafter scuttled by the only slightly damaged Tyr.
Ambush
After scuttling Uller, Tyr abandoned her mining mission and retreated southwards to Bergen, carrying the crew of Uller with her. Norwegian scouts were however still following her. Before the minelayer got back to base she was ambushed in the Fålefotsundet narrows between Hisøya and the mainland by the crew of a Norwegian guard boat that had been stalking her since leaving the Sognefjord. The crew had taken up positions on both sides of the narrows and opened a harrowing fire on the minelayer as she passed through. As Tyr was shot up with intense machine gun fire the German crew replied with her 12 cm main gun and automatic weapons without hitting any in the ambush force. The fire fight continued until Tyr had passed through the narrows and got out of range of the Norwegians' light weaponry, making it back to Bergen. Tyr saw no further service during the Norwegian Campaign.
After the Fålefotsundet ambush Tyr took no further part in the Norwegian Campaign. What the Germans used the minelayer for after that is unknown.
Post war
After the Second World War, Tyr was returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and sold into civilian service. Her first rebuild was in 1946 when she converted to a heavy lift steamship. In 1949 she was sold to Br. Wilhelmsen A/S and rebuilt as a car ferry, being renamed Bjørn West in 1951 and was used as such by different companies for many years. In May 1986 she was rebuilt at Karmøy, this time as a heavy-transport ship. Later she was sold to a salmon farm company and as of 2006 was still in existence as a floating storage vessel, at last report entering Eidsvik shipyard in May 2014 for restoration.
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Fjordvessels (Photos show Tyr as a car ferry and as a storage vessel)
Naval history via Flix: Gor, retrieved 1 March 2006
Ships of the Norwegian navy, retrieved 1 March 2006
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Ships built in Horten
Gor-class gunboats
World War II minelayers of Norway
World War II minelayers of Germany
1887 ships
Merchant ships of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Tyr%20%281887%29 |
White Bay is a bay on Sydney Harbour with a surrounding locality near the suburbs of Balmain and Rozelle in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
History
White Bay is named after John White, the naval surgeon aboard the First Fleet to Australia in 1788. Since the nineteenth century the bay has been used for water-based transport and industrial activities. In conjunction with adjacent Glebe Island it has been a multipurpose port, owned and controlled by the Government of New South Wales since 1901.
White Bay was the first port in New South Wales to handle containerised shipping, opening in 1969 on reclaimed land. In the 1970s there were several companies operating container terminals, with rail transfer via the Metropolitan Goods line to larger holding yards at Chullora. Container handling moved out of White Bay in late 2004 moving to Port Botany.
The White Bay Cruise Terminal opened in April 2013 replacing a terminal at Wharf 8 on Darling Harbour. White Bay is also used for marine refuelling.
Landmarks
The White Bay Hotel was a historic hotel on Victoria Road. It was built in 1861, rebuilt in 1916, and refurbished in 1925 and 1933. It closed in 1992, landlocked by roads and with no local workers. Until 2004 it served only as a platform for billboards advertising to traffic on the Western Distributor, and on 5 September 2008 was destroyed by a suspicious fire and immediately demolished. The state government bought the site in June 2010. The rubble was removed on 29 October 2010 and the block levelled.
The derelict White Bay Power Station dominates the landscape. On the eastern side stands the Anzac Bridge, which was completed in 1996 and is the main arterial link between the inner west and Sydney city. Below the bridge lies its predecessor, the Glebe Island Bridge, which opened in 1903.
Gallery
Notable residents
For 25 years from 1971 to just before her death in 1996, one of Sydney's true characters, Beatrice Olive ("Beattie") Bush, sold papers to passing motorists at the junction of The Crescent (City West Link) and Victoria Road.
Every morning in all weather, wearing Balmain Tigers socks and running shoes, Beatrice was part of the drive to work for thousands of motorists.
The 1984 song The White Bay Paper Seller by Judy Small was written about Beatrice. The 1986 painting Beatrice the Paper-Seller of the White Bay Intersection by Susan Dorothea White shows Beatrice Bush running between the cars and trucks, selling newspapers in the rain. The 2004 documentary, The Paper Queen by Julie Nebauer documented her life. In 2005 a new cycle bridge crossing Victoria Road at the intersection of The Crescent was named the Beatrice Bush Bridge in her honour. Her newspaper trolley, hat, gloves and other clothing items are held in the Powerhouse Museum collection in Sydney.
References
External links
reference and article (cc-by-sa) at the Dictionary of Sydney
Sydney Ports - Master Plans
Local Images at InnerWest ImageBank
Local History Collection, Leichhardt Council
Disney held unsolicited discussions with the NSW Department of State and Regional Development about the redevelopment of White Bay
Beer may flow once again at White Bay Hotel
Susan Dorothea White's 1986 painting 'Beatrice the Paper-Seller of the White Bay Intersection'
Sydney localities
Bays of New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Bay%20%28New%20South%20Wales%29 |
Christian Newcomer (1749–1830) was an American farmer and preacher, who was elected on 5 May 1813 as the third bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
Ordination
Peculiarly, Newcomer was elected Bishop by the Church before he was even ordained to the ministry (though he did hold the status of a full minister). Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm, the founders of the U.B. Church, had not established a succession in the U.B. ministry by any rite of ordination. The Miami Annual Conference, therefore, in August 1813 addressed a letter to Otterbein asking him to ordain by the laying on of hands "one or more ministers who afterwards may perform the same for others." The letter reached Otterbein in late September 1813, with Newcomer visiting him soon thereafter. It was decided that Otterbein should ordain Newcomer, Joseph Hoffman and Frederick Shaffer (two other U.B. ministers). Accordingly, on 2 October 1813, after a solemn period of worship and meditation, with the assistance of an elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Rev. William Ryland, Otterbein ordained by the laying on of hands these three men, the first to be ordained in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. This taking place just a few weeks before Otterbein's death.
Early life
Christian Newcomer was the son of Wolfgang and Elizabeth (Weller/Weber) Newcomer, the second of three sons born into this family, which included five daughters as well. Christian's grandfather, Peter Newcomer, brought his family to America from Switzerland some time between 1719 and 1727. They settled in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. They were of distinctly Mennonite heritage. Christian was baptized in and became a member of the Mennonite Church.
On 31 March 1772, he married Elizabeth Baer. He seems to have had little romantic feeling toward her, writing in his Journal "I had to seek a housekeeper, which I found in Miss Elizabeth Baer, and entered with her into a state of matrimony." When she died thirty-nine years later, however, he showed his affection had matured, as he wrote "This evening at 6 o'clock my dear companion departed this life, and resigned her immortal spirit into the arms of Jesus her Savior. Peace be to thy ashes: for many years thou has been a staff and comfort unto me; soon we shall be reunited where parting will be no more." Christian and Elizabeth Newcomer had four children: Andrew, Jacob, David, and Elizabeth. After his wife's death Christian made his home with Andrew.
As a young man, Christian Newcomer learned the carpenter's trade. In time, he inherited the family farm, so took up farming instead. Throughout these early years, his friends continually urged him to preach. This troubled him greatly. In 1775, to escape the issue, he sold his farm in Lancaster County and moved to another he had bought at Beaver Creek, Maryland, seven miles south of Hagerstown in Washington County. Shortly after moving he became seriously ill. He believed he was dying and cried out for divine help. The illness subsided, he was left with a determination no longer to fight the call to preach. Shortly after his recovery he came under the itinerant preaching of Otterbein and Boehm and resolved to throw aside his inhibitions and go forth to preach. Newcomer was also influenced in ministry by a close associate of Otterbein's, George Adam Geeting. Indeed, as Koontz states "Ere long the growing group known as Otterbein's People came to recognize not three great spiritual leaders (i.e., Otterbein, Boehm and Geeting), but four, and Newcomer was the fourth." The probable date for the beginning of Newcomer's itinerant ministry is 1777.
His Journal
More is known of Newcomer's life and ministry than of any of the other United Brethren leaders because of the extensive journal he kept, in which he recorded his own activities, contemporary activities in the U.B. Church, and many public events, as well. Not long before his death, Newcomer and a long-time friend and co-worker, (the Rev.) John Hildt (who was a member of the Baltimore Church) began work on Newcomer's journal in preparation for publishing. Shortly after his death, the U.B. Conference appointed a committee to examine the original manuscripts, also with a view toward publication. Hildt was asked to undertake the task of transcribing, translating into English, and editing the personally written biography and journal of his close friend.
In 1834, four years after Newcomer's death, The Life and Journal of the Rev'd Christian Newcomer, Late Bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ was first published. In covers primarily the period of 27 October 1795 to 4 March 1830. A copy of this Journal resides in the Library of Congress, where it has even served to establish definite dates and events of early U.S. history.
Although there is scant record of Newcomer's first eighteen years of ministry, his name does appear in the lists of the U.B. conferences of 1789 (at Otterbein's parsonage in Baltimore) and 1791 (at John Spangler's in York County, Pennsylvania).
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Behney, J. Bruce and Eller, Paul H., The History of the Evangelical United Brethren Church, (edited by Kenneth W. Krueger), Nashville, Abingdon, 1979.
Koontz, Paul Rodes, and Roush, Walter Edwin, The Bishops: Church of the United Brethren in Christ, Dayton, Ohio: The Otterbein Press, 1950.
Notes
1749 births
1830 deaths
American people of Swiss descent
Bishops of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ
American Methodist bishops
American United Brethren in Christ
American Mennonites
American diarists
Ministers of the Evangelical United Brethren Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Newcomer |
Madhya Pradesh-Pre Engineering Test was a state level examination organised by the Vyapam Board for admission to Engineering Colleges in Madhya Pradesh, India. After 2007 over 1 million students participated in the exam each year It was conducted by Vyapam, the Professional Examination Board of Madhya Pradesh. Vyapam had been conducting the MP-PET since 1981. PET was based on syllabus of subjects Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics of grade 11 and 12.
The examination is replaced by Joint Entrance Examination in 2014.
Format
MP PET format of exam paper was objective type questions with single correct choice. Till, 2011 PET exam was conducted in 2 sets containing 100 questions each, first set of Mathematics and other of Physics and Chemistry. Each set was of 2 hours duration. But, in 2012 and 2013, PET was conducted in 1 set only of 3 hours duration and containing 100 questions of Mathematics and 50-50 questions from Physics and Chemistry. The marking scheme was +1 for correct answers and 0 for the incorrect answer. Earlier the marking used to be out of 900 points (300 each for Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics), and it included negative marking. 3 points for the correct answer and -1 for the wrong answer.
MP-PET 2015 Eligibility
1. Students should pass in 10+2 scheme of MP Board of Secondary Education or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Maths and English securing 55% marks in aggregate.
2. Compartmental candidates are not considered.
3. Candidates who have appeared in the final year exam are also eligible.
4. Age of Candidates must be not more than 21 years on October 1 of the year of admission.
MP-PET 2015 Exam Pattern
It consists of objective type multiple choice questions (MCQs) in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry (300 marks each).
[The first part of MP-PET exam will have questions based on the subjects Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. The second part will be optional and it can be any one of the following subjects such as Physics & Chemistry, Physics & Biotechnology and Physics & Biology. Totally 100 questions will be asked and each part carries 50 questions.]
Medium of the exam is English.
There is no negative marking in this test.
References
MPPET 2015
Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Engineering entrance examinations in India
1981 establishments in Madhya Pradesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP-PET |
Gianandrea Gavazzeni (25 July 19095 February 1996) was an Italian pianist, conductor (especially of opera), composer and musicologist.
Gavazzeni was born in Bergamo. For almost 50 years, starting from 1948, he was principal conductor at La Scala, Milan, in 1966–68 being its music and artistic director.
He had his Metropolitan Opera debut on 11 October 1976. He conducted eight performances of Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore that year at the Met.
His compositions include: concertos such as 'Concerto bergamasco'; 'The Song of St Alexander'; and sonatas.
His last wife was the soprano Denia Mazzola-Gavazzeni. In January 1993, at age 83, he conducted Jules Massenet's Esclarmonde at Teatro Massimo di Palermo, with his wife singing the title role. It was the first time he had conducted this opera.
Gianandrea Gavazzeni died on 5 February 1996.
References
Biography of Gianandrea Gavazzeni
New York Times, Gavazzeni's death announcement
1909 births
1996 deaths
Musicians from Bergamo
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Italian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Italian male pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian musicologists
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianandrea%20Gavazzeni |
Zoological medicine refers to the specialty of veterinary medicine that addresses the care of captive zoo animals, free ranging wildlife species, aquatic animals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and includes non-domestic companion animals (or exotic pets). Zoological medicine incorporates principles of ecology, wildlife conservation, and veterinary medicine, and applies them to wild animals in natural and artificial environments.
As a specialty of veterinary medicine in the United States, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has recognized the College of Zoological Medicine as the governing body of this specialty field since 1983. As such, zoological medicine is equivalent to other subspecialties of veterinary medicine (such as surgery, anesthesia, internal medicine, pathology, etc.), which are recognized and governed by their particular colleges.
The American College of Zoological Medicine (ACZM) is an international organization composed of 152 members (as of May 2014), which recognizes, establishes and regulates standards and criteria necessary for veterinarians to be true specialists in zoological medicine. The board certification in zoological medicine encompasses expertise in general captive zoo medicine, aquatic animal medicine, avian medicine, reptile and amphibian medicine, and free-ranging wildlife medicine. A specialist in zoological medicine recognized by the College of Zoological Medicine is called a diplomate. Board certified diplomates of the ACZM serve as clinical veterinarians, zoo managers, wildlife veterinarians, wildlife conservation agents, researchers, teachers, government officials, and other similar leadership roles. Current certifying examinations are available in general zoo, wildlife, aquatics and zoological companion animals.
Zoological Medicine Training Programs
The following Training Programs are approved by the American College of Zoological Medicine:
Illinois Zoological & Aquatic Animal Residency Program (IZAAR)
Veterinary College at Copenhagen University (Copenhagen Zoo)
Lincoln Park Zoo
Ohio State University (Columbus Zoo)
National Zoological Park
Cornell University
North Carolina State University
Louisiana State University
Oklahoma State University (Oklahoma City Zoo/Tulsa Zoo)
Michigan State University (Potter Park Zoo/Toledo Zoo/Michigan DNR)
Ontario Veterinary College (Toronto Zoo)
Texas A&M University
University of California Davis (Captive Wildlife Emphasis/ Zoological Companion Animal Emphasis)
University of Georgia
University of Florida
University of Tennessee
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Zurich (Zurich Zoo)
University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover (Wuppertal Zoo)
Wildlife Conservation Society
Université de Montréal (Granby Zoo)
References
External links
American College of Zoological Medicine
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Wildlife Disease Association
Association of Avian Veterinarians
Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians
Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians
International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine
Smithsonian National Zoo's Spotlight on Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary professions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20medicine |
Gianluigi Gelmetti OMRI, (11 September 1945 – 11 August 2021) was an Italian-Monégasque conductor and composer.
Early life
Gianluigi Gelmetti was born on 11 September 1945 in Rome, Italy. When 16-years old, Sergiu Celibidache let him conduct an orchestra, then took him as a pupil. He subsequently studied with Franco Ferrara and Hans Swarowsky. In 1967 he won the “Firenze” prize.
Career
Following his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Gelmetti regularly performed as a conductor at international opera houses, concert halls, and festivals.
From 1989 to 1998 he was the Principal Conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra as well as the Schwetzingen Festival; and from 2000 to 2009, Musical and Artistic Director of Teatro dell'Opera di Roma. From 2004 to 2008 he was the Principal Conductor and Artistic Director of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
In 2012, he was appointed Principal Conductor of the Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo, a post that he held until 2016. He was then named Chef Honoraire for life and was awarded the Monaco citizenship by H.S.H. Prince Albert II.
While at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma he led some lesser-known or rediscovered lyric works; the world premiere of Marie Victoire (written in 1914 but never performed) and Marilyn (1980) by Lorenzo Ferrero; La fiamma (1933) by Ottorino Respighi; Sakùntala (1921) by Franco Alfano; and Iris (1898) by Pietro Mascagni.
He notably conducted Mozart’s Don Giovanni, Le nozze di Figaro (earning him the "Best Conductor of the Year" prize from Opernwelt), Così fan tutte and The Magic Flute. Among other works he conducted: Francesca da Rimini, Das Rheingold and Falstaff in Monte-Carlo; William Tell in Zürich, Monte-Carlo and Paris; La forza del destino and Attila in Parma; Les vêpres siciliennes in Naples; Turandot in Tokyo; The Barber of Seville and I due Foscari in Toulouse; Un ballo in maschera, La traviata in Trieste; La fanciulla del West and Tosca in Liège; Rossini's Stabat Mater in Sarajevo. Most recently he led a video production of La Cenerentola directed by Carlo Verdone for Rada Film and Verdi's Messa da Requiem in Rome.
In Pesaro, Italy, at the end of last century, Gelmetti conducted several productions at the Rossini Opera Festival: Tancredi, La gazza ladra, Otello, Maometto II, He was awarded the Rossini d’Oro for William Tell, a world premiere of the complete opera lasting over five hours.
Apart from opera, he regularly conducted symphonic concerts in Germany (Berlin, Bonn, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Munich, Cologne, Dresden, Leipzig); in France (Paris, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon) in Spain (Madrid, Bilbao), in Italy; also the Czech Philharmonic, the Vienna Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra in the UK, the St. Petersburg Philharmonic, the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra, in Copenhagen, in Oslo. He was also seen performing in China and in Oman.
He is very much appreciated in Japan, where he conducted the NHK Symphony Orchestra, the Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra and the Japan Philharmonic Orchestra. He was awarded the Tokyo critics’ prize “Best Performance of the Year” for Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven).
His discography with EMI, Sony, RICORDI, FONIT, DECCA, TELDEC, NAXOS and AGORÀ, displays a vast and complex repertory: operas by Rossini, Puccini and Mozart; Ravel orchestral music; symphonies by Mozart, selected works by Stravinsky, Berg, Webern, Varèse and Nino Rota. Recent releases include two rare Rossini operas and Anton Bruckner’s Symphony No. 6.
Gelmetti also composed music. He wrote "In Paradisum Deducant Te Angeli", premiered in Rome and later performed in London, Munich, Frankfurt, Budapest, Sydney and Stuttgart; "Algos" for large orchestra, premiered in 1997 by the Münchner Philharmoniker and "Prasanta Atma", commissioned in 1999 to celebrate Sergiu Celibidache. More recently, the Teatro Comunale di Bologna commissioned him the "Cantata della Vita" for choir, cello solo and orchestra.
He has been teaching conducting at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena and at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome.
Personal life
Gelmetti was created a Knight of the Order of the Arts and the Letters of France, Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit of Monaco, and Knight of Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic of Italy.
He died in Monaco on 11 August 2021, at the age of 75.
Partial discography
Berg-Stravinsky-Ravel: Violin Concertos – Frank Peter Zimmermann Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EMI) (CD)
Donizetti: “Les martyrs” Gencer/Bruson/Garaventa/Furlanetto Orch. Teatro La Fenice (CD)
Mascagni: "Iris" Dessì/Cura/Servile/Ghiaurov Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (Ricordi) (CD)
Mozart: Symphony nr. 40 / Sinfonia Concertante KV 364 – Frank Peter Zimmermann Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Stuttgart (EMI) (CD)
Mozart: “Die Entführung aus dem Serail” Swenson/Blochwitz/Rydl Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EuroArts) (DVD)
Piccinni: "La Buona Figliola" E.Ravaglia/Lucia Aliberti/Margherita Rinaldi/R.Baldisseri/Ugo Benelli Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (FONIT-Cetra)
Puccini: “La Bohème” Dessì/Sabbatini/Scarabelli/Gavanelli/Colombara Orchestra del Teatro Comunale Bologna (EMI) (CD)
Puccini: "La Rondine" Gasdia/Cupido/Cosotti/Scarabelli Orchestra RAI Milano (FONIT-Cetra) (CD)
Rossini: Overtures Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Stuttgart (EMI) (CD)
Rossini: “Il signor Bruschino” Corbelli/Felle/Kuebler/Rinaldi Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EuroArts) (DVD)
Rossini: “L’occasione fa il ladro” Patterson/Gambill/De Carolis/Bacelli Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EuroArts) (DVD)
Rossini: “La cambiale di matrimonio” Del Carlo/Hall/Kuebler/Rinaldi Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EuroArts) (DVD)
Rossini: “La scala di seta” Serra/Kuebler/Corbelli/Rinaldi Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (EuroArts) (DVD)
Rossini: “Tancredi” Manca di Nissa/Bayo/Giménez/D’Arcangelo Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (Arthaus) (DVD)
Rossini: “Tancredi” Barcellona/Takova/Filianoti/Polverelli Orchestra regionale della Toscana ORT (Ricordi) (CD)
Rossini: “La gazza ladra” Ricciarelli/Matteuzzi/Ramey/Manca di Nissa RAI Orchestra (Sony) (CD)
Rossini: “Maometto II” Gasdia/Pertusi/Scalchi/Vargas/Piccoli Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (Ricordi) (CD)
Rossini: “Il barbiere di Siviglia” Bayo/Flórez/Spagnoli/Praticò/Raimondi Orchestra of Teatro Real Madrid (DECCA) (DVD)
Rossini: “Il barbiere di Siviglia” Hampson/Mentzer/Hadley/Praticò/Ramey Orchestra regionale della Toscana ORT (EMI) (CD)
Rossini: “Eduardo e Cristina” Polverelli/Dalla Benetta/Tarver Virtuosi Brunensis (NAXOS) (CD)
Rossini: “Zelmira” Dalla Benetta/Comparato/Stewart/Süngü/Dall’Amico Virtuosi Brunensis (NAXOS) (CD)
Rossini: Stabat Mater Flórez/Barcellona/Remigio/D’Arcangelo Orchestra regionale della Toscana ORT (Agorà) (CD)
Rota: Film music Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo (EMI) (CD)
Salieri: “Les Danaïdes” Marshall/Giménez/Kavrakos/Cossutta Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Stuttgart (EMI) (CD)
Verdi: “Un ballo in maschera” Meli/Stoyanov/Lewis Orchestra del Teatro Regio di Parma (CMajor) (DVD)
Verdi: “La forza del destino” Theodossiou/Stoyanov/Pentcheva/Machado/Scandiuzzi Orchestra del Teatro Regio di Parma (CMajor) (DVD)
Verdi: Messa di Requiem – Rossini: Stabat Mater – Scalchi/Mazzaria/Dessì/Merritt/Ballo/Scandiuzzi Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart (Serenissima) (CD)
Notes
References
Pâris, Alain, ed. (2015). Le nouveau dictionnaire des interprètes. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
External links
Gianluigi Gelmetti biography at the Music Partnership Limited
1945 births
2021 deaths
Composers from Rome
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian male composers
Academic staff of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
Academic staff of Accademia Musicale Chigiana
21st-century Italian conductors (music)
21st-century Italian male musicians
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Naturalized citizens of Monaco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi%20Gelmetti |
The Gor class was a class of two Rendel (or "flat-iron") gunboats built for the Royal Norwegian Navy between 1884 and 1887. Small, nimble vessels, they were armed with a single large-caliber gun for offensive purposes and several small, quick-firing guns for self-defense.
The main gun was large for such a small craft, roughly a quarter of the length of the whole vessel, and of the same caliber as heavy battleship guns of the same era. The Gor class was likely built in the belief that the ships would be able to inflict serious damage to an opposing battleship.
Service history and fate
Shortly before the First World War, both vessels were rebuilt as minelayers. During this reconstruction, the heavy, large-caliber gun was replaced with a more modern 12 cm breech-loader, and one of the 37 mm guns was replaced with a more potent 57 mm (Tyr) or 76 mm (Gor) gun. With the heavy gun and ammunition removed, these diminutive vessels could carry a useful number of mines.
Both vessels were kept in service until the German invasion in 1940, and both fell into German hands for the remainder of the war.
After the Second World War, the vessels were returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and subsequently decommissioned.
References
Naval history via Flix: KNM Gor, retrieved 1 March 2006
Byggenummer ved Horten verft, retrieved 1 March 2006
Ships of the Norwegian navy, retrieved 1 March 2006
Gunboat classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor-class%20gunboat |
The National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape was an American research center that compiled and provided information on date and marital rape cases, and on legislation regarding them, and media publications on these subjects, as well as acting as an advocate for marital and date rape victims. It began in 1978 as a project of the Women's History Research Center, with Laura X as its director. It published a pamphlet on the landmark 1978 Oregon v. Rideout case, in which a man was acquitted of raping his wife; the case was the first time in American history a husband was tried for raping his wife while they were living together. In 1983 the National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape conducted the world's first conference on marital rape. In 2004 the Clearinghouse closed, but it maintains its website for posterity.
References
External links
National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape website
Rideout Case
Women's organizations based in the United States
Marital rape | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Clearinghouse%20on%20Marital%20and%20Date%20Rape |
Markku Koski (born 15 October 1981) is a Finnish professional snowboarder from Sievi. He is well known within the snowboarding community for his consistent showing in half-pipe competitions and for his video parts with Standard Films. Koski won the bronze medal at 2006 Winter Olympics in the Halfpipe competition, and he won a gold medal in the Big Air competition at the 2009 Snowboard World Championships.
References
FIS-Ski.com Biography/Results
1981 births
Living people
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Finnish male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Finland
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
X Games athletes
People from Sievi
Sportspeople from North Ostrobothnia
21st-century Finnish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markku%20Koski |
Holbrook Working (February 5, 1895 – October 5, 1985) was an American professor of economics and statistics at Stanford University's Food Research Institute known for his contributions on hedging, on the theory of futures prices, on an early theory of market maker behavior, and on the theory of storage (including the Working curve which plots the difference between short term and long term grain futures prices against current inventory).
Biography
He was born in Fort Collins, Colorado, on February 5, 1895.
Working earned his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1921. He taught at Cornell University and the University of Minnesota before he joined Stanford's Food Research Institute in 1925. His younger brother Elmer Working made a major contribution on the identification problem for demand curves in econometrics, with which Holbrook Working was also involved.
Working disagreed with Keynes's backwardation theory of futures prices, which argued that short hedgers (farmers) drive down futures prices because of their demand for price insurance. Working argued that there could be hedgers on both sides of the market and that hedging was essentially not a risk reduction technique, but "speculation in the basis" which allows informed traders and commodity dealers to profit from their knowledge of future changes in the difference between futures and spot prices.
He was a founding member of the Econometric Society and was elected a Fellow of the American Agricultural Economics Association, the American Statistical Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1981 he was awarded the Wilks Memorial Award by the American Statistical Association.
He died on October 5, 1985, in Santa Clara, California.
See also
Working–Hotelling procedure
Notable papers
References
1895 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American economists
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Stanford University faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20Working |
Scuffletown is a ghost town in Henderson County in the western part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. Located on the Ohio River just above the mouth of Green River, it was a city for barely 100 years but is legendary in the area because of the activities there during the American Civil War and its rough reputation.
Geography
Scuffletown Bottoms, as it is called now, is on the Kentucky-Indiana border almost directly across the Ohio River from Newburgh. It is situated in the northeastern portion of Henderson County, Kentucky.
History
Scuffletown got its start in 1800 when Jonathan Thomas Scott, aka Scott Fox, supposedly the third son of the Shawnee leader Cornstalk, married Mary Polly Cooper, a Cherokee. They had two sons Jonathan Scott and Thomas Scott. Around the time of the Cherokee removal, their father was shot to death in Shawneetown, Illinois in 1838. He ran a tavern in the area that passing river traffic could easily access. His great great grandson, Michael "Manfox" Buley still lives in Henderson County.
Scuffletown got its name from the flatboat people coming down the Ohio River. The Cherokee played stick ball and had wrestling matches right outside the tavern/trading post. The white people saw this as scuffling. According to the Annals and Scandals of Henderson County by Maralea Arnett, since he kept a good supply of liquor, it became a rendezvous for flatboatmen and others on the river. Often a general fight developed after several hours of drinking and the place received the name of Scuffletown.
A school was built there sometime around 1817. The first church was built in 1830 at the Vanada farm. A tobacco stemmery was built in 1860 and shipped 400 to 450 hogsheads per year to Europe. A steam gristmill and blacksmith shop soon followed. In addition to crops of tobacco and corn, Scuffletown was noted for its large number of pecan trees.
The site witnessed numerous Civil War-era activities. The Silver Lake No. 2, a sternwheel packet (steamboat) weighing some 129 tons and outfitted with six cannons capable of firing 24 pound shot, stopped at Scuffletown during its patrols of the Ohio. In 1863, eight Union companies of infantry and one company of artillery were stationed at Scuffletown to protect the area of Confederate raiders. Scuffletown is mentioned in the Civil War account "Operations of the Mississippi Squadron during Morgan's Raid".
Sometime in the late 1800s, James Martin led a group of Cherokee refugees to the area from Fort Smith, Arkansas to join kinsman living in the Scuffletown area. On December 26, 1893 the group was officially welcomed as an Indian tribe by Governor John Y. Brown. Through the years since, the descendants of these Cherokee have maintained ties to the culture and traditions of their people. At least twice each year, Tribal Members meet in various locations around the area to perform their sacred ceremonies.
According to an atlas originally printed and copy written in 1895 by the Rand McNally Corporation, downtown Scuffletown had a population of 71. By 1868, Scuffletown had grown enough to get a post office. However, a 1913 flood greatly devastated the city, causing a mass exodus that it never recovered from. Its post office closed permanently in January 1914. Then an even larger flood in 1937 decimated what little remained, and it has sat mostly deserted ever since. The area is now simply referred to Scuffletown Bottoms, though it often goes unnamed.
On January 18, 2001, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed the establishment of a national wildlife refuge in the Scuffletown Bottoms. The purpose of the proposed refuge is to protect, restore and manage a valuable complex of wetland habitats for the benefit of migrating and wintering waterfowl, non-game land birds, and other native fish and wildlife.
The Kentucky Oral History Sound Recordings project, produced in conjunction with the Kentucky Historical Society and the Downtown Henderson Project, has recorded conversations with former residents of Scuffletown. These recordings are housed at the Henderson County Public Library.
Further reading
Arnett, Maralea (1976). The Annals and Scandals of Henderson County, Kentucky.
Fremar Publishing Company, Corydon, Kentucky. LCCN: 76-19879
References
External links
Henderson County Public Library
The Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky
The Kentucky Oral History Sound Recordings project
1895 Atlas by the Rand McNally Corporation
Operations of the Mississippi Squadron during Morgan's Raid
USGS map of Scuffletown
Geography of Henderson County, Kentucky
Ghost towns in Kentucky
Kentucky populated places on the Ohio River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuffletown%2C%20Henderson%20County%2C%20Kentucky |
A latent variable model is a statistical model that relates a set of observable variables (also called manifest variables or indicators) to a set of latent variables.
It is assumed that the responses on the indicators or manifest variables are the result of an individual's position on the latent variable(s), and that the manifest variables have nothing in common after controlling for the latent variable (local independence).
Different types of the latent variable models can be grouped according to whether the manifest and latent variables are categorical or continuous:
The Rasch model represents the simplest form of item response theory. Mixture models are central to latent profile analysis.
In factor analysis and latent trait analysis the latent variables are treated as continuous normally distributed variables, and in latent profile analysis and latent class analysis as from a multinomial distribution. The manifest variables in factor analysis and latent profile analysis are continuous and in most cases, their conditional distribution given the latent variables is assumed to be normal. In latent trait analysis and latent class analysis, the manifest variables are discrete. These variables could be dichotomous, ordinal or nominal variables. Their conditional distributions are assumed to be binomial or multinomial.
Because the distribution of a continuous latent variable can be approximated by a discrete distribution, the distinction between continuous and discrete variables turns out not to be fundamental at all. Therefore, there may be a psychometrical latent variable, but not a psychological psychometric variable.
See also
Confirmatory factor analysis
Hidden Markov model
Partial least squares path modeling
Structural equation modeling
Notes
References
Further reading
Latent variable model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20variable%20model |
The British International School of Moscow (BIS) is a private international school in Moscow, Russia. The school was founded in 1994 to meet the needs of expatriate or Russian parents who wished for their children to be taught in English using the English National Curriculum, as adapted to meet the needs of international pupils.
Overview
The majority of students are from Russia and also from around the world. The school is split into two regions, with some schools being in the 'North' and the others in the 'South'. These campuses which are based in many use cases, are directly adjacent to or close to large industrial areas.
Campuses
The School has 6 campuses.
BISM 1 (Infant Education-Voikovskaya region of Moscow). The Northern Infant School caters for children between the ages of 3 and 7. Its programme incorporates all subjects according to the English Curriculum Foundation Stage (Nursery/Reception classes) and Key Stage One (Years 1 & 2). The school also has a Russian language programme that begins at Year 1 and is taught by Russian teachers on three levels to accommodate native and non-native Russian students.
BISM 2 (Primary Education-Voikovskaya region of Moscow). The Northern Campus Junior School caters for children between the ages of 6 and 11. The school follows the English National Curriculum adapted to meet the needs of a mobile international community.
BISM 3 (Secondary Education-Yasenevo region of Moscow). The Southern Secondary Campus follows the National Curriculum for England and is an IBO World School. The school offers a complete educational programme for children ages 11–18. After completing Year 11, pupils can stay on to study the International Baccalaureate Diploma. Pupils come from currently 45 nationalities. The school has a well-equipped ICT facility, including interactive whiteboards to supplement teaching.
BISM 5 (Primary and Secondary Education Russian style, Nakhimovskiy prospekt (Profsoyuznaya) region of Moscow). The Russian curriculum school of the British International School is located in the South-West of Moscow. The school provides education in the Russian curriculum with elements of the British system, including the teaching of English by native speakers.
BISM 7 (Secondary Education – Voikovskaya region). The Northern Senior Campus in Voikovskaya offers an educational programme for children ages 11–18. After completing Year 11, pupils may stay within BISM to study the British A-level Programme on the Northern campus or the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme at the Southern School 3 campus.
BISM 9 (Primary Education-Nakhimovskiy prospekt, Profsouznaya region of Moscow). School 9 is located in central southwest Moscow next to the metro station "Profsoyuznaya". Students may enroll in an English Curriculum primary school (Reception, Key stages 1&2) for pupils aged 3–11.
See also
Russian Embassy School in London - Russian school in London
References
British international schools in Russia
International schools in Moscow
1994 establishments in Russia
Educational institutions established in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20International%20School%20%28Moscow%29 |
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun (恭順皇貴妃) of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏) was a consort of the Jiaqing Emperor. She was 27 years his junior.
Life
Family background
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun's personal name was not recorded in history.
Father: Shanqing (), served as a sixth rank literary official ()
Mother: Lady Yang
Qianlong era
The future Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun was born on the 12th day of the fourth lunar month in the 52nd year of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, which translates to 28 May 1787 in the Gregorian calendar.
Jiaqing era
In 1801, Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Noble Lady Ru" by the Jiaqing Emperor. On 8 March 1805, she gave birth to his eighth daughter, who would die prematurely in December 1805 or January 1806.
Lady Niohuru was elevated in May or June 1805 to "Concubine Ru", and on 18 October 1810 to "Consort Ru". She gave birth on 18 February 1811 to the emperor's ninth daughter, Princess Huimin of the First Rank, who would die prematurely in June or July 1815, and on 8 March 1814 to his fifth son, Mianyu.
Daoguang era
The Jiaqing Emperor died on 2 September 1820 and was succeeded by his second son Minning, who was enthroned as the Daoguang Emperor. In January or February 1821, the Daoguang Emperor elevated Lady Niohuru to "Dowager Noble Consort Ru" and let her reside in Shou'an Palace (壽安宮). In 1846, she was elevated to "Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Ru".
Xianfeng era
The Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850 and was succeeded by his fourth son Yizhu, who was enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor. Lady Niohuru became "Grand Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Ru". She died on 23 April 1860 and was granted the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun". She was interred in the Chang Mausoleum of the Western Qing tombs.
Titles
During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
Lady Niohuru (from 28 May 1787)
During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):
Noble Lady Ru (; from 1801), sixth rank consort
Concubine Ru (; from May/June 1805), fifth rank consort
Consort Ru (; from 18 October 1810), fourth rank consort
During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850):
Dowager Noble Consort Ru (; from January/February 1821), third rank consort
Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Ru (; from 1846), second rank consort
During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861):
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun (; from 10 July 1860)
Issue
As Noble Lady Ru:
The Jiaqing Emperor's eighth daughter (8 March 1805 – 14 January 1806)
As Consort Ru:
Princess Huimin of the First Rank (; 18 February 1811 – 28 June 1815), the Jiaqing Emperor's ninth daughter
Mianyu (; 8 March 1814 – 9 January 1865), the Jiaqing Emperor's fifth son, granted the title Prince Hui of the Second Rank in 1820, elevated to Prince Hui of the First Rank in 1839, posthumously honoured as Prince Huiduan of the First Rank
In fiction and popular culture
Portrayed by Sheren Tang in War and Beauty (2004) and Beauty at War (2013)
Portrayed by Katherine Ho in Succession War (2018)
See also
Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Notes
References
1787 births
1860 deaths
Consorts of the Jiaqing Emperor
Manchu people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Noble%20Consort%20Gongshun |
Archer Avenue, sometimes known as Archer Road outside the Chicago, Illinois city limits, and also known as State Street only in Lockport, Illinois and Fairmont, Illinois city limits, is a street running northeast-to-southwest between Chicago's Chinatown and Lockport. Archer follows the original trail crossing the Chicago Portage between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River, and parallels the path of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Alton Railroad. As a main traffic artery, it has largely been replaced by the modern Stevenson Expressway.
The street was named after the first commissioner of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, William Beatty Archer. One early map of Chicago (ca. 1830) listed what may have been the future Archer Road as "The Road to Widow Brown's".
Route description
The east end of Archer begins in Chicago's Chinatown, then passes through the Bridgeport, McKinley Park and Brighton Park neighborhoods on its way to Archer Heights and Garfield Ridge. Outside Chicago, Archer Avenue/Road passes through the villages of Summit, Justice, Willow Springs, and the southern edge of Lemont before terminating on the north side of Lockport. Between Summit and Lockport, Archer Avenue is designated as a part of Illinois Route 171.
Points of interest
Southwest of Lemont, Archer passes Cog Hill Golf & Country Club, site of numerous Professional Golfers Association tournaments.
History
Historically, this section of Archer was a part of Illinois Route 4, the original 1924 highway connecting St. Louis and Chicago. In 1926, Route 4 was rerouted to the north side of the Des Plaines River on an alignment that subsequently became U.S. Route 66, and its former route on Archer was redesignated as Illinois Route 4A. By 1939, Route 4A had been extended along most of Archer Avenue into Downtown Chicago. In 1967, Route 4A was truncated back to Summit and merged into Illinois Route 171.
Historical sites
The former site of Argonne National Laboratory and its predecessor, the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory in the forest preserve near Red Gate Woods, can be entered from an access road on Archer Avenue. This was once a secret Manhattan Project site, and is now known as the Site A/Plot M Disposal Site. Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1), the world's first nuclear reactor, was moved from Stagg Field to this site in 1943 and renamed Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). The remains of CP-1, CP-2, and Chicago Pile-3 (CP-3) remain buried at this site.
A defunct Playland Amusement Park opened in mid-summer of 1950 which, at the time, was located in Willow Springs, Illinois. Back then, Willow Springs used to be an unincorporated community. The amusement park was located at 9300 West 79th Street in present-day Justice, Illinois.
In popular culture
Archer Avenue was made famous by Finley Peter Dunne in his books and sketches about the fictional saloonkeeper Mr. Dooley, whose tavern was on "Archey Road". The fictional Dooley "lived" in the real-life Bridgeport, Chicago neighborhood.
Archer Avenue is also famous as the purported haunting place of Resurrection Mary, a vanishing hitchhiker who is said to travel between the Willowbrook Ballroom and Resurrection Cemetery.
Major intersections
Notes
References
External links
Archer Avenue
Roads in Illinois
Transportation in Joliet, Illinois
Lockport, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer%20Avenue |
The Madhya Pradesh Employees Selection Board (MPESB), previously the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board and commonly known as Vyapam (an abbreviation of its Hindi name Madhya Pradesh Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal), is a government agency of Madhya Pradesh, India. It conducts various tests for admission to professional courses and streams. It is the largest examination conducting body of Madhya Pradesh government and comes directly under the Directorate of Technical Education (Government of Madhya Pradesh). The Madhya Pradesh Employees Selection Board is a self-financed, autonomous incorporated body of State Govt. The Government has re-constituted the Board of Directors for taking decisions on policy and organizational matters through Madhya Pradesh Employees Selection Board Act 2020.
The agency made national news for the Vyapam scam, a massive admission and recruitment scam involving politicians, senior officials and businessmen. After the scam was unearthed, 2,000 people were arrested, including the state's former education minister, Laxmikant Sharma, and Vyapam exam controller Pankaj Trivedi.
History
Early history
The Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board was initially established as the Pre Medical Test Board in 1970. In 1981, the Pre Engineering Board was constituted, and the agencies were merged by order on 17 April 1982 into the Professional Examination Board, which was assigned the responsibility of conducting entrance tests for admission to various colleges in the state.
Vyapam scam
In 2013, a major scheme to manipulate the results of examinations conducted by the Professional Examination Board was unearthed by state police. That July, Indore Police arrested 20 people who took the medical entrance examination on behalf of others. In 2015, the case was transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation, which accused 3,500 people in 154 proceedings.
Renaming
In 2022, the agency was renamed the Employees Selection Board (Hindi: Karamchari Chayan Board) and moved under the responsibility of the state's General Administration Department. The change in name had been pending since 2015.
Examinations conducted
The Employees Selection Board conducts the following examinations:
Pre-Polytechnic Test
Pre-Architecture Test
Pre-Agriculture Test
Pre-P.G. Entrance Test
Pre-M.C.A. Entrance Test
Management Entrance Test
Pre-General Nursing Talent Search Test
B.A., L.L.B. (Hons) Entrance Test
Pre-BEd Examination
MPSLET Test
Police Recruitment Test
Typing paper Hindi
Accountant
Auditor
General Nursing Training Selection Test (GNTST)
Pre Nursing Selection test (PNST)
Pre-veterinary and Fisheries Test (PV & FT)
Forest Guard
References
External links
Directorate of Technical Education (Government of Madhya Pradesh)
Education in Madhya Pradesh
School boards in India
Standardised tests in India
Engineering education in India
State agencies of Madhya Pradesh
Corruption in Madhya Pradesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya%20Pradesh%20Employees%20Selection%20Board |
The Baedalwang was a Go competition.
Outline
The Baedalwang was decided in a best-of-5 match where each player had 3 hours to think. The komi was 6.5. This tournament ran from 1993 to 2000.
Winners & runners-up
Go competitions in South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baedalwang |
The OSCE Minsk Group was created in 1992 by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), now Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), to encourage a peaceful, negotiated resolution to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.
Founding and members
The Helsinki Additional Meeting of the CSCE Council on 24 March 1992, requested the Chairman-in-Office to convene as soon as possible a conference on Nagorno-Karabakh under the auspices of the CSCE to provide an ongoing forum for negotiations towards a peaceful settlement of the crisis on the basis of the principles, commitments and provisions of the CSCE. The Conference is to take place in Minsk. Although it has not to this date been possible to hold the conference, the so-called Minsk Group spearheads the OSCE effort to find a political solution to this conflict.
On 6 December 1994, the Budapest Summit of Heads of State or Government decided to establish a co-chairmanship for the process. The Summit participants also expressed their political will to deploy multinational peacekeeping forces as an essential part of the overall settlement of the conflict.
Implementing the Budapest decision, the Hungarian Chairman-in-Office Marton Krasznai issued on 23 March 1995, the mandate for the Co-Chairmen of the Minsk Process.
The main objectives of the Minsk Process are as follows:
Providing an appropriate framework for conflict resolution in the way of assuring the negotiation process supported by the Minsk Group;
Obtaining conclusion by the Parties of an agreement on the cessation of the armed conflict in order to permit the convening of the Minsk Conference;
Promoting the peace process by deploying OSCE multinational peacekeeping forces.
The Minsk Group is headed by a co-chairmanship consisting of France, Russia and the United States. Furthermore, the Minsk Group also includes the following participating states: Belarus, Finland, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Turkey as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan. On a rotating basis, the OSCE Troika is also a permanent member.
The co-chairmen of the Minsk Group are: Ambassador Brice Roquefeuil of France, Ambassador Igor Khovaev of the Russian Federation, and Ambassador Andrew Schofer of the United States.
The Minsk Conference on Nagorno-Karabakh is attended by the same participating States that are members of the Minsk Group. The Conference is headed by the Co-Chairmen of the Minsk Conference.
Activities
In early 2001 representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Russia and the United States met in Paris and in Key West, Florida. The talks in Key West however were largely kept secret and were not followed upon.
On 7 October 2002 during the CIS summit in Chișinău, the usefulness of the Minsk Group in peace negotiations was brought up for discussion by both the Armenian and the Azerbaijani delegations. According to them the ten-year-long OSCE mediation had not been effective enough.
On 19 December 2015, Serzh Sargsyan and Ilham Aliyev held a summit in Bern, Switzerland under the auspices of the Co-Chairs. The Presidents supported ongoing work to reduce the risk of violence and confirmed their readiness to continue engagement on a settlement. The last summit between Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan, organized by Minsk Group, took place on October 16, 2017 in Geneva, Switzerland. The presidents agreed to take appropriate actions in order to reinforce the negotiations process and decrease tensions on the Line of Contact.
After 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
After the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani government took a position that OSCE Minsk Group should no longer be dealing with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as "it has been resolved". Ilham Aliyev in his interview to the local media on January 12, 2022 said that after 30 years of experience, the Minsk Group co-chairs "are on the verge of retirement" and therefore "he wishes them good health and a long life”. The format where Russia, the US, and France worked as a team for a long period stalled due to geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the West. Russian Foreign minister Sergey Lavrov on April 8, 2022 said “Our so-called French and American partners in this group, in a Russophobic frenzy and in an effort to cancel everything related to the Russian Federation, said that they would not communicate with us in this format. This, however, did not create a peacekeeping vacuum, as European Union has intensified its efforts to provide reconciliation between Armenia with Azerbaijan. In April 2022, the Russian, French and American co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group visited Armenia. Karen Donfried, the US Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, said on 20 June 2022 that even if Azerbaijan does not support OSCE Minsk group process, the United States and France will continue participating in it, and that will include cooperation with Russia. Sergei Lavrov stated during his visit to Azerbaijan on 24 June 2022 that the OSCE Minsk Group ceased its activities at the initiative of the U.S. and France. Azerbaijan's foreign minister Jeyhun Bayramov also noted that interaction between the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group has been completely paralyzed and that the peace process cannot be held hostage to and be guided by a non-existent format.
Proposed candidates for co-chairmanship
In 2015, Azay Guliyev, an Azerbaijani MP, proposed including of Turkey and Germany to the co-chairmanship, whereas Azerbaijani foreign affairs expert Rusif Huseynov proposed Kazakhstan as an additional co-chair in the Minsk Group as a "big actor in the post-Soviet area with population culturally similar to the Azerbaijanis, but a member of several Kremlin-led organizations together with Armenia" with previous experience in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
According to Matthew Bryza, former U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan, the EU would make more sense as a co-chair, because it would represent more of Europe and has experience mediating similar conflicts in the Balkans.
Criticism
International
Former US co-chair of the Minsk Group Richard E. Hoagland, reflecting on his work with the Minsk Group, wrote that "very, very little ever got accomplished" by the group. He suggested that Minsk Group redefines its mission, e.g. by enabling reconstruction to its approved mandate, otherwise it may continue as "an intriguing backwater of international diplomacy". According to Carey Cavanaugh, another former US co-chair of the Minsk Group, the organization’s consensus-based decision-making process and its rotating leadership rendered it “structurally flawed” to act as a peacemaker, and the United Nations would have been a better option to facilitate peace.
Thomas de Waal, a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe, suggested that France leaves its co-chair position in favour of another European country with "more balanced relations with Armenia and Azerbaijan", such as Germany or Sweden, or an EU-wide position.
For analyst Laurence Broers, the Minsk Group’s future remains unclear, with its failure caused by factors like the normative ambiguity of its attempts to balance the countervailing principles of self-determination and territorial integrity; its secretive, narrow and top-down modus operandi; and its default to performative over substantive diplomacy since 2011, when occasional summits in far-away capitals with little or no interaction in between made the peace process alien to Armenian and Azerbaijani societies. Broers considers the Minsk Group to be "an artifact of the post-Cold War unipolar world" in the settings of growing multipolar world.
In Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, OSCE's Minsk group is not popular, the presence of large Armenian diasporas in three co-chair countries - Russia, France, and the United States, strategic alliance between Russia and Armenia raising questions about fairness of the group. Criticism of the group for inefficiency started back in Heydar Aliyev's era, followed by his son and successor Ilham Aliyev.
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, France received particularly harsh criticism in Azerbaijan, to the point of being viewed as "unworthy" to hold the position of the OSCE Minsk Group co-chair. After the French senate passed a resolution calling for recognition of independence of Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan's parliament passed a resolution calling for France to be expelled from the Minsk Group.
On January 12, 2022, Azerbaijan’s leader Ilham Aliyev stated that Azerbaijan would prevent the attempts of the OSCE Minsk Group to deal with the Karabakh issue, as he considered it to be "resolved". He pointed at "the lack of unity among the co-chairs, and the absence of an agenda agreed between them", and approval of that agenda by Azerbaijan and Armenia.
See also
Armenia–OSCE relations
Azerbaijan–OSCE relations
Madrid Principles
Minsk Protocol, OSCE document on war in the eastern Ukraine
OSCE assessment mission to Armenia
References
Further reading
External links
OSCE: Minsk Process
Organizations established in 1992
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Peace processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE%20Minsk%20Group |
The Formalist: A Journal of Metrical Poetry was a literary periodical, founded and edited by William Baer, which was published twice a year from 1990 to the fall/winter issue of 2004. The headquarters of the magazine was in Evansville, Indiana.
The Formalist published contemporary, metrical verse. Poets whose work has appeared in the journal include: Howard Nemerov, Richard Wilbur, Derek Walcott, Mona Van Duyn, Donald Justice, James Merrill, Maxine Kumin, Karl Shapiro, W. S. Merwin, May Swenson, W. D. Snodgrass, Louis Simpson, John Updike, Fred Chappell, and John Hollander.
From 1994 to 2005 The Formalist awarded the Howard Nemerov Sonnet Award.
See also
New Formalism
Measure
References
External links
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines disestablished in 2004
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Poetry magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in Indiana
Mass media in Evansville, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Formalist |
The People's Democratic Party (, PRD) was a democratic socialist party in Indonesia.
History
The party grew from student movements in the late 1980s in Java, Bali and Lombok established to protest against aspects of President Suharto's authoritarian New Order regime. One of these, the Yogyakarta Students Solidarity (SMY) was led by future party leader Budiman Sudjatmiko. The SMY was particularly active and established branches in other cities in Java and beyond. On 23 May 1994, a number of these groups and other activists declared the formation of the People's Democratic Association (also PRD), chaired by Sugeng Bahagijo. A split the following year led to Sugeng's leaving the PRD to establish the Indonesian People's Democratic Movement (PADI). The PRD was temporarily led by a presidium, headed by Budiman. It then joined with a number of students, farmers, artists and workers groups.
From 14–16 April 1996, the PRD held an extraordinary conference, at which it changed its name to the People's Democratic Party. Budimnan was elected chairman and Petrus Hariyanto the secretary general. The party established offices at the Indonesian Legal Aid Institute Foundation in Jakarta on 22 July at a ceremony attended by Megawati Sukarnoputri, who had been recently deposed as leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) in a congress supported by the government and the military. In an act of defiance, PRD presented awards to jailed East Timor opposition leader Xanana Gusmão and banned author Pramoedya Ananta Toer.
Meanwhile, protests against the ouster of Megawati as PDI leader continued with a march by 5,000 of her supporters in Jakarta on 20 June. This led to clashes with riot police. Megawati's supporters then occupied the PDI head office in Central Jakarta. On 27 July they were forcibly removed after the building was attacked by security forces and hired thugs. This sparked stone-throwing and large scale clashes between crowds of demonstrators and police and soldiers and ended with the largest riots in Jakarta for 12 years, with buildings and cars being burned. The government and the military blamed the PRD for the disturbances, accusing it of being a communist organization with links to the banned Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and Amnesty International. However the report into the incident by the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) made no mention of the PRD.
The Indonesian Military made a number of statements to convince the public that PRD leader Budiman was a communist. One spokesman said that Budiman used the word "comrade" to address his associates. Another stated that the party was deliberately declared on 22 July 1996 as that was the same date as Communist Party of Indonesia chairman D.N. Aidit issued the party manifesto on 22 April 1951. A third military spokesman claimed the PRD manifesto used PKI jargon, while the head of the Armed forces, General Faisal Tanjung said the PRD had the same organizational structure as the PKI. The PRD denied all these accusations, declaring on 30 September that "communism is dead". However, after being declared fugitives, Budiman, Peterus and other PRD officials were arrested in August and September. The 60-year-old mother of activist Garda Sembiring was arrested to force her son to give himself up. Budiman was sentenced to 13 years in jail for subversion, but was freed in December 1999 after the fall of Suharto by President Abdurrahman Wahid.
Political philosophy
The party had a democratic socialist platform. It opposes the capitalist system, which it believes exploits workers. It wants to see a 21st-century socialism with control over natural and economic resources passing to the people through a democratic revolution. This way, the state would manage these resources, but control would be in the hands of the people through independent organizations such as trade unions, with workers having a decision-making role in factories. It wants all hospitals to be run by the state, with guaranteed cheap, subsidized healthcare for all. It opposes what it calls the feudalistic exploitation of the regions by the center, and wants an end to the military's business activities. It supports the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and calls for an end to all discriminatory legislation.
Electoral performance
The PRD stood in the 1999 Indonesian legislative election, but won only 0.07% of the vote. It has not stood in subsequent elections.
Dissolution
The PRD, along with several mass organizations, fused into the Just and Prosperous People's Party (Indonesian: Partai Rakyat Adil Makmur, abbreviated as PRIMA) on 1 June 2021, ending the party.
References
Sources
Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI), Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development & Institute for the Studies on Free Flow of Information (ISAI), (1997) Jakarta Crackdown
Friend, Theodore (2003), Indonesian Destinies,The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
Almanak Parpol Indonesia (API) (1999) Pemilu '99 (Elections '99)
External links
Party website
1996 establishments in Indonesia
New Order (Indonesia)
Political parties established in 1996
Political parties in Indonesia
Socialist parties in Indonesia
Defunct political parties in Indonesia
Defunct socialist parties in Asia
2021 disestablishments in Indonesia
Political parties disestablished in 2021
Pancasila political parties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Indonesia%29 |
Trillium is a series of five fantasy novels by Marion Zimmer Bradley, Julian May, and Andre Norton, each with the word "trillium" in the title. They take place in a post-holocaust world that is hinted to be a colony of earth on another planet where magic works.
The German literature agent Uwe Luserke in 1989 devised the concept of three fantasy authors coming together to collaborate to produce a novel: this would describe three different life stories bound together by a single A-Plot of a story of three princesses, who were robbed of their kingdom and try to survive in a hostile world. Norton, Bradley and May agreed to join in the project. May wrote her vision of the story, which Bantam Books agreed to publish and bought the rights for it. The three collaborated on the first novel, Black Trillium: Bradley wrote Haramis' chapters, May authored Anigel's, and Norton contributed Kadiya's.
May wrote two sequels, Blood Trillium and Sky Trillium, and Norton and Bradley wrote one each - Golden Trillium and Lady of the Trillium, respectively. Lady of the Trillium takes place many years after the first three novels in the series, and tells of the efforts of the only living sister to find and train a successor to lead the world.
A review of Black Trillium in The Rotarian criticized, among other things, "the deadly dull characters, and a boring landscape"; ascribing the issues to the fact that there were "too many cooks". The series is described as having "shallow" characterization, but "intense imagery". Antonio Ballesteros González and Lucía Mora González wrote that while the main characters fell into typical archetypes in high fantasy, they applauded the fact that the main characters were women.
Novels
Black Trillium (1990, by Marion Zimmer Bradley, Julian May, and Andre Norton)
Blood Trillium (1992, by Julian May)
Golden Trillium (1993, by Andre Norton)
Lady of the Trillium (1995, by Marion Zimmer Bradley)
Sky Trillium (1997, by Julian May)
References
Fantasy novel series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillium%20%28series%29 |
Gdynia Orłowo railway station is a railway station serving the city of Gdynia, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station was built between 1927 and 1928 and is located in the Orłowo district on the Gdańsk–Stargard railway and the parallel Gdańsk Śródmieście–Rumia railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne and SKM Tricity.
When the station opened it was known as Orłowo Morskie, as it did not become part of Gdynia until 1935. In the years 1928-1939 the station functioned as the border station with the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk). Before World War II and shortly afterwards, the station had a ticket office, cash luggage, waiting room and a buffet. In 2014 the regional platforms were modernised, including the construction of a new platform, the track and signalling equipment.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Tczew — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Tczew — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Chojnice — Tczew — Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Smętowo
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Laskowice Pomorskie
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Bydgoszcz Główna
Regional services (R) Słupsk — Bydgoszcz Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Szybka Kolej Miejska services (SKM) (Lębork -) Wejherowo - Reda - Rumia - Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk
References
External links
Railway stations served by Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)
Orlowo
Railway stations served by Przewozy Regionalne InterRegio
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia%20Or%C5%82owo%20railway%20station |
A cavalry-mechanized group (Russian:Конно-механизированная группа (КМГ)) was a type of military formation used in the Red Army during World War II against Germany and Japan. It involved a combination of armor and horses.
Organization
A cavalry-mechanized group normally consisted of a cavalry corps (a unit smaller than a standard infantry division despite its name) and a mechanized corps, and was slightly stronger than a German Panzergrenadier division. The main force element providing combat power was the armoured and motorized formations of the mechanized corps, while the horse-mounted elements of the cavalry corps provided increased flexibility in infiltration and fighting in difficult terrain such as large forests, or swamps, and the ability to continue mobile operations when cut off from supply lines.
Cavalry-mechanized groups were often named after their commander, for example Cavalry-Mechanized Group Pliyev named after Pliyev.
As an example, during the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group under the command of Colonel General I.A.Pliyev consisted of the following units:
85th Rifle Corps Headquarters
59th Cavalry Division
25th Mechanized Brigade
27th Motorized Rifle Brigade
43d Tank Brigade
30th Motorcycle Regiment
Aviation-Mixed Division (Mongolian)
5th Mongolian Cavalry Division
6th Mongolian Cavalry Division
7th Mongolian Cavalry Division
8th Mongolian Cavalry Division
7th Motorized Armored Brigade (Mongolian)
3d Separate Tank Regiment (Mongolian)
35th Tank Destroyer Artillery Brigade
1914th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment
1917th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment
60th Guards Mortar Regiment (Rocket Launchers)
3d Artillery Regiment (Mongolian)
The formation operated in two march columns during the first stage of the battle, advancing rapidly against light opposition, preceded by forward detachments:
Column 1:
25th Mechanized Brigade
43d Tank Bde
267th Tank Regt
Column 2:
27th Mechanized Rifle Brigade
7th Armored Car Bde
30th Motorcycle Regt
Tactics
Cavalry-mechanized groups were used during the second half of the Soviet-German War, following the successful breaching of a German defense. They would then be inserted to penetrate deep into the rear of the German lines and interrupt supply and reinforcement movements there. This was a risky task, shown for example by the destruction of Cavalry-Mechanized Group Pliyev during the Battle of Debrecen in Hungary, in autumn 1944.
Cavalry units in the Red Army usually fought as dismounted infantry. Only when they faced a completely disorganised enemy, for example during the battle of the Korsun Pocket in 1944, or when they were themselves in a desperate situation, such as during Operation Mars in 1942, would they undertake a traditional cavalry charge.
After the Second World War
Cavalry was widely seen as anachronistic by the start of World War II. The Red Army was the only army to make use of cavalry formations in full-scale combat during the war, and despite the successful use of cavalry formations by the Red Army during the war, the last cavalry division, 4th Guards Cavalry Division, was disbanded in 1955.
Notes
References
US Army TM30-430 'Handbook on Red Army armed forces'
Zaloga, S. and Ness 'The Red Army Handbook'
External links
Article on the use of cavalry by the Red Army
Red Army units and formations of World War II
Cavalry units and formations of the Soviet Union
Mechanized units and formations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry%20mechanized%20group |
The athletic nickname, or equivalently athletic moniker, of a university or college within the United States and Canada is the name officially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its athletic teams. Typically as a matter of engendering school spirit, the institution either officially or unofficially uses this moniker of the institution's athletic teams also as a nickname to refer to people associated with the institution, especially its current students, but also often its alumni, its faculty, and its administration as well. This practice at the university and college tertiary higher-education level has proven so popular that it extended to the high school secondary-education level in the United States and Canada and in recent years even to the primary-education level as well.
Themes
In the United States and Canada, multiple recurring themes have appeared over time for choosing a school's athletic nickname. In almost all cases, the institution chooses an athletic nickname with an overtly positive goal in mind, where that goal reflects the character of the institution—either a previously established characteristic or a characteristic hoped for as a goal henceforth.
Abstract concept
Often by choosing an abstract concept as its athletic moniker, the institution wants to inspire its student-athletes on and off the field to achieve success that the abstract concept represents. Examples: Cornell Big Red, Stanford Cardinal, UIC Flames, Tulane Green Wave.
Animal
Often by choosing an animal, the school wants to emphasize the instillation of fear of losing athletic competitions to the institution's teams, such as through an especially fierce or stealthy animal. When the school chooses an animal as its athletic nickname, usually in the plural or as a collective noun for a group of that animal, then typically, the school has that animal (in the singular) as its mascot, either specifically named with a proper noun or generically referred to without a proper noun. Examples: Michigan Wolverines, Oregon Ducks, Princeton Tigers, Iowa Hawkeyes, California Golden Bears, Minnesota Golden Gophers, Texas Longhorns.
Collection
Often by choosing a collection that represents a summary of the institution's students or of its history. Such a collection may refer to an ethnicity; a profession; religious designation, such as saints; or other groupings of people. A portion of athletic monikers that fall into this collection category started originally as derogatory epithets from others, but as an act of defiance, the school embraced the term as a rallying cry to overcome the term's negative origin. Because a collection is hard to represent or iconify, when a school chooses a collection as its athletic nickname, the school typically chooses a related but different mascot that symbolizes that collection. Examples: Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Oklahoma Sooners, Purdue Boilermakers, Illinois Fighting Illini, Texas A&M Aggies
Hero or archetype
A small number of schools choose an archetypical heroic person as their official athletic nickname. This person may be a graduate of the school who is viewed as embodying the school's mission or an archetypal person who is symbolic of the school's area, such as the West Virginia University Mountaineer. In religiously affiliated schools, this person may be an historical person who has received an official designation in that religion, such as a saint in the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Native American likeness
Likenesses to Native Americans were at one time widely popular athletic monikers, especially for schools that adopted them in the 19th or early 20th century. In recent years, some Native American organizations have protested the unlicensed use of likenesses of Native Americans related to team names, team logos, athletic monikers, cheerleaders, and cheering techniques. The granting of overtly expressed written licenses by Native American organizations to use likenesses of Native Americans in these ways is rare, although not unheard of. In one notable example, two major groups of the Seminole nation, the Seminole Tribe of Florida and Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, have expressly given Florida State University permission to use the nickname "Seminoles" and certain Seminole imagery. Central Michigan University has a similar arrangement with the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe to use the name "Chippewas".
Because of protests from some Native American organizations, some schools have changed their athletic moniker and mascot and cheering practices without significant objection once the issue was raised, especially if such offense toward a group of people was viewed as incompatible with that school's stated mission or if the threat of legal action was too burdensome. Other schools or their student bodies have defended their use of Native American likenesses, especially if the institution views the use of Native American likenesses as respectful or so intimately tied with history to be inseparable from the institution, such as if the name of institution derives from the name of a tribe. Still other schools have embarked on a series of failed attempts to find a replacement.
Common and uncommon names
Often, certain nicknames (animals and some abstract concepts, such as Giants, Broncos, or Wildcats) become very common. However, some nicknames are unique to that school/team such as Illini, Demon Deacons or Fords.
See also
List of college sports team nicknames
Lists of nicknames – nickname list articles on Wikipedia
References
College sports culture in the United States
Informal personal names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic%20nickname |
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft (often just called Germaniawerft, "Germania shipyard") was a German shipbuilding company, located in the harbour at Kiel, and one of the largest and most important builders of U-boats for the Kaiserliche Marine in World War I and the Kriegsmarine in World War II. The original company was founded in 1867 but went bankrupt and was bought out by Friedrich Krupp. Krupp was very interested in building warships and in the time before the First World War built a number of battleships for the Kaiserliche Marine, including , , , and . A total of 84 U-boats were built in the shipyard during the war. After the war it returned to the normal production of yachts and transports.
History
The company was founded in 1867 by Lloyd Foster, as the Norddeutsche Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, in the town of Gaarden, near Kiel. The idea of the company was to construct war and merchant ships. In 1876 the company built the personal yacht of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the .
The company went bankrupt in 1879 and had to be sold and became property of the Märkisch-Schlesischen Maschinenbau und Hütten-Aktiengesellschaft. They had constructed steam engines in Berlin since 1822. A few years later this company also got in trouble and in late 1882 a new company was founded, the Schiff- und Maschinenbau-Actien-Gesellschaft Germania.
A few more warships were constructed and the company also had a very good reputation concerning the construction of torpedo boats. However the financial problems were never far away and by the end of August 1896 Krupp took over, as they were very interested in building warships themselves. Between 1898 and 1902 the company doubled its surface and new and large slips were constructed. In 1902 the company changed name and became the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft.
In 1908, Germaniawerft built the schooner Germania for Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, based on a design from Max Oertz. It was the first yacht of its size built in Germany. In the period preceding World War I, it also built a number of battleships for the Kaiserliche Marine, including , , and . During the First World War, the company turned to building U-boats. A total of 84 U-boats were delivered to the Kaiserliche Marine.
Afterwards, it returned to its original vocation, including building the steel-hulled barque Magdalene Vinnen II, now and the largest traditional sailing ship still afloat.
During World War II, the Germaniawerft was one of the most important suppliers of the Kriegsmarine, because of its proximity to German naval facilities in Kiel. Over the course of the war, the company completed 131 U-boats (types II, VII, XB, XIV, XVII, and XXIII). The Kriegsmarine had in total ordered 240 U-boats. In 1944, the shipyard had over 10,000 employees, of which roughly 11% were forced labourers.
On 26 April 1945, the last U-boat built in the Germaniawerft was launched, . The war ended before it could enter into service. The most famous U-boats built at the Germaniawerft are probably , which was commanded by Günther Prien during his sinking of in 1940, and , which formed the basis of Lothar-Günther Buchheim's novel Das Boot.
After the war, the partially ruined shipyard was one of the first facilities dismantled by the victorious Allies. The population of heavily bombed Kiel protested furiously this decision, but to no avail. The site was broken up and not rebuilt. In the late 1960s, the grounds were purchased by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft as a submarine-building shipyard. As of 2015, submarines are being built at the site.
Ships built by Germaniawerft (selection)
Civilian ships
Merchant ships
Mary (1920), schooner, later museum ship Carthaginian II at Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, scuttled in 2005
Magadelene Vinnen II (1921), 4-masted barque, today Russian sail training ship STS Sedov
, 5-masted barquentine that sank on her maiden voyage.
Yachts
Vanadis a/k/a Lady Hutton (1924)
Coronet (1928), during World War II patrol boat
Nourmahal (1928)
Haida (1929), during World War II patrol boat
Orion (1929), later gunboat and cruise ship Regina Maris
Etak (1930)
Talitha G (ex-Reveler) (1930)
Santa Maria Del Mare (ex-Vita) (1931)
Alva (1931), later
Hussar II (1931), later Sea Cloud
Naval ships
Battleships
(1890)
(1898)
(1899)
(1901)
(1902)
(1904)
(1907)
(1910)
(1911)
(1914)
Cruisers
(1892)
(1912)
(1936)
Destroyers
Destroyers Z.9 - Z.13 (Type Zerstörer 1934A)
Destroyers Z.37 - Z.39 (Type Zerstörer 1936A (Mob))
Submarines (U-boats)
(Imperial Russian Navy)
Karp-class submarine (Imperial Russian Navy)
A-class submarines (Royal Norwegian Navy)
U-3-class submarines (Austro-Hungarian Navy)
Type U 1 submarines
Type U 5 submarines
Type U 16 submarines
Type U 23 submarines
Type U 31 submarines
Type U 51 submarines
Type U 63 submarines
Type U 66 submarines
Type U 81 submarines
Type U 93 submarines
Type U 139 submarines
Type U 142 submarines
Type UB I submarines
Type UB III submarines
Type UC II submarines
Type II submarines
Type VII submarines
Type XB submarines
Type XIV submarines
Type XVII submarines
Type XXIII submarines
Torpedo boats
Minelayers
, now museum ship in Mersin, Turkey
Notes
External links
Shipbuilding companies of Germany
Companies of Prussia
Companies established in 1867
Defunct manufacturing companies of Germany
Kiel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Krupp%20Germaniawerft |
I Saw What You Did is a 1965 American thriller-horror released by Universal Pictures and starring Joan Crawford and John Ireland. The plot follows two teenage girls who find themselves in serious danger after making a prank phone call to a man who just murdered his wife. The screenplay by William P. McGivern was based upon the 1964 novel Out of the Dark by Ursula Curtiss. The film was produced and directed by William Castle.
Plot
When teenage friends Libby Mannering (Andi Garrett) and Kit Austin (Sara Lane) are home alone with Libby's younger sister Tess (Sharyl Locke), they amuse themselves by randomly dialing telephone numbers asking prank questions, telling whoever answers: "I saw what you did, and I know who you are." Libby places a call to Steve Marak (John Ireland), a man who had just murdered his wife Judith (Joyce Meadows) and disposed of her body in the woods. Believing he has been found out, Marak wants to track down the caller in order to silence her.
Marak's neighbor Amy (Joan Crawford), who is in love with him and had been trying to woo him away from his wife, listens in on the line while Marak is speaking with Libby. Intrigued by Marak's voice, Libby takes Tess and a frightened Kit along on a drive to Marak's address. Amy discovers Libby and chases her off, thinking that Libby is Marak's lover, inadvertently saving Libby from being murdered by Marak, who has seen her and grabbed a knife. Amy snatches the registration card from the car before Libby drives away and gives it to Marak, telling him to keep it as a souvenir of his last fling. Amy tries to blackmail him into marrying her, telling him she knows about the murder, but he stabs her to death after they have a drink. With Libby's address and phone number from the car registration, Marak calls to ask if her parents are home and then sets out to the Mannering home.
Libby's mother, 90 miles away in Santa Barbara with her husband, is frantic with worry when no one answers the home phone and has her husband call the police to check the house. A patrolman visits and finds that the three girls are safe.
Libby, afraid of losing her driving privileges, swears Kit to secrecy over their misadventure. While Kit's father is driving her home, a news report over the car's radio announces that a woman's body has been found in the woods and provides a description of a man who was seen leaving the burial site.
Marak arrives at the Mannering home and questions Libby and Tess about the call. Libby convinces him that it was just a prank. He returns her mother's identification and leaves, but waits outside. When Kit calls, she tells Libby that Marak matches the description of the killer about whom she had heard on the radio. Marak overhears and enters to silence Libby and Tess, but they evade him. Libby tries to escape but cannot start her parents' car. Marak emerges from the back seat and starts to strangle Libby, but he is shot by a police officer who had come back to the Mannering house after Kit revealed the secret to her father, who phoned the police.
Cast
Joan Crawford as Amy Nelson
John Ireland as Steve Marak
Leif Erickson as Dave Mannering
Sara Lane as Kit Austin
Andi Garrett as Libby Mannering
Sharyl Locke as Tess Mannering
Patricia Breslin as Ellie Mannering
John Archer as John Austin
John Crawford as State Trooper
Joyce Meadows as Judith Marak
Production notes
Advertisements for the movie read "William Castle warns you: This is a motion picture about UXORICIDE!" and, in an early trailer for the film, Castle advised the audience that a section of the theater would be installed with seat belts for audience members "who might be scared out of their seats." The advertised gimmick was abandoned before the release of the film and was never actually used. The announcer in the film's trailer says repeatedly: "DON'T ANSWER IT!!!"
Critical reviews
Howard Thompson called I Saw What You Did a "generally broad and belabored expansion of a nifty idea"; he considered redundant the "middle chapter" of the film, "involving the aroused, snarling killer" and thought the film should have "held to the impressionable viewpoint of the youngsters." Saturday Review noted "Unfortunately, there is little for the eye, ear, or mind in William Castle's egregiously low-budgeted I Saw What You Did, an attempt at terror starring Joan Crawford and John Ireland." Variety wrote "[The film] is a well-produced, well-acted entry in the suspense-terror field....[Crawford's] slightest gesture or expression...conveys vivid emotion."
David Harkin suggested that 'I Saw What You Did is 'a curious film; it swings from violent terror to situation comedy, all tied together with a bizarre music score'
Home media
I Saw What You Did was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment on VHS and Region 1 DVD on August 24, 1999. On May 23, 2014, it was re-released as an exclusive DVD-R by Universal as part of its Universal Vault Series, but in a full-frame presentation.
On May 17, 2016, Shout! Factory released the film on Blu-ray under its sub-label Scream Factory.
Shown on the MeTV show Svengoolie on July 10, 2021.
Remake
I Saw What You Did was remade for television in 1988 with Robert Carradine, David Carradine, Tammy Lauren and Shawnee Smith.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
1965 films
1960s horror thriller films
American black-and-white films
American teen films
American horror thriller films
American slasher films
Films about pranks
Films based on American novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by William Castle
Home invasions in film
Prank calling
Films about telephony
Universal Pictures films
Uxoricide in fiction
1960s English-language films
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Saw%20What%20You%20Did |
Bikes Blues & BBQ (alternatively named Bikes Blues and Barbecue, or abbreviated BBB or BBBBQ) is an annual motorcycle rally held in Northwest Arkansas centered on Fayetteville, usually in late September.
COVID Concerns
The rally was cancelled in 2020, due to COVID-19 concerns. Organizers announced plans to hold the rally in 2021, but it was eventually cancelled, due to COVID concerns and related contractual difficulties with the University of Arkansas.
Charitable Contributions
The event was billed as the "Largest US Charity Rally", although there have long been questions about the overall scale of this support: In 2006 and 2007, the event raised $100,000 (an estimated $0.25-$0.30 per attendee); in 2008 charitable contributions were suspended despite record attendance. In 2009 contributions totalled $48,500, or approximately $0.15 per attendee. In the 2010 press release announcing the organization had raised a total of $80,000 from 400,000 attendees, its director Nelson Driver was quoted as saying "This is what it’s all about." In 2016, Bikes Blues & BBQ contributed the most money to date, $230,000 generated from an estimated 350,000 participants, or about 65 cents per attendee.
Bikes, Blues, and BBQ raised nearly $0.24 for charity and another $0.19 in sales tax per attendee over twenty years.
Safety
The festival had a good safety record. In 2011, there were no reported fatalities.
Controversies
Repeatedly, citizens of Fayetteville "have argued whether the event is right for Fayetteville's small business community."
Paradoxically many local business owners reported steep declines in revenue during the event.
With an aging ridership and declining attendance, Executive Director Tommy Sisemore said "We have definitely tried to evolve the rally to attract new usership.", having stated "I wouldn't have taken the job if I didn't think the rally was sustainable."
"We call it 'playing dress-up' around here... we don't expect the Hells Angels," says Sisemore.
In 2017, the rally organizers banned Confederate flag and Nazi merchandise from being sold by official vendors, inspected each day for any "lewd or offensive" material by an off duty police officer. However white supremacist merchandise remained on sale in 2019.
With fewer attendees, organizers tried to incorporate programming suitable for families. However, as reported in the Arkansas Democrat Gazette in 2019, a mother ... said she and her family aren't overly sensitive or easily offended. It just wasn't what they expected in the middle of the day. "If it were not advertised as family friendly, that wouldn't have bothered me," [she] said. "I've been to bike rallies. I expect to see that. But when you advertise as family friendly, that shouldn't be ... it was like taking children to a bar."The organizers of Bikes Blues & BBQ have estimated attendance as having grown from 200,000 participants in 2004, 300,000 in 2005, 400,000 participants for a few years in the late 2000s, declining in subsequent years.
In 2016, the Fayetteville City Council considered an ordinance that would force discussion of the impact of large festivals such as Bikes Blues and BBQ on local businesses. However, despite BBBBQ's negative impact on most small business owners, no public reason was given for this ordinance being tabled indefinitely, and to date there has never been a public forum to discuss the impact of the festival on small business owners and downtown residents.
The City of Fayetteville has not tracked sales-tax revenue but estimated the rally brought in approximately $80,000 in sales taxes in recent years; some have questioned why this amounted to just $10 in taxed sales — $0.20 in taxes — per attendee.
A sister festival, Bikes Babes and Bling, was first held July 1–3, 2010, also in Fayetteville. The City of Fayetteville provided subsidies to both the 2010 and 2011 Bikes Babes and Bling festivals. In 2010 the sister festival drew approximately 5000 participants; the Northwest Arkansas Times reported that "only a few dozen people" were at the site midday on the main day of the 2011 festival.
In addition to the rally, there were many bands, a parade, a bike show, a bike giveaway, barbecues, the Bikes, Blues, and BBQ Babes contest, and many other official and unofficial events. Its organizers claimed the rally was second only to Sturgis.
References
External links
Bikes Blues & BBQ official site
Festivals in Arkansas
Motorcycle rallies in the United States
Tourist attractions in Fayetteville, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikes%20Blues%20and%20BBQ |
The spurline is a type of radio-frequency and microwave distributed element filter with band-stop (notch) characteristics, most commonly used with microstrip transmission lines. Spurlines usually exhibit moderate to narrow-band rejection, at about 10% around the central frequency.
Spurline filters are very convenient for dense integrated circuits because of their inherently compact design and ease of integration: they occupy surface that corresponds only to a quarter-wavelength transmission line.
Structure description
It consists of a normal microstrip line breaking into a pair of smaller coupled lines that rejoin after a quarter-wavelength distance. Only one of the input ports of the coupled lines is connected to the feed microstrip, as shown in the figure below. The orange area of the illustration is the microstrip transmission line conductor and the gray color the exposed dielectric.
Where is the wavelength corresponding to the central rejection frequency of the bandstop filter, measured - of course - in the microstrip line material. This is the most important parameter of the filter that sets the rejection band.
The distance between the two coupled lines can be selected appropriately to fine-tune the filter. The smaller the distance, the narrower the stop-band in terms of rejection. Of course that is limited by the circuit-board printing resolution, and it is usually considered at about 10% of the input microstrip width.
The gap between the input microstrip line and the one open-circuited line of the coupler has a negligible effect on the frequency response of the filter. Therefore, it is considered approximately equal to the distance of the two coupled lines.
Printed antennae
Spurlines can also be used in printed antennae such as the planar inverted-F antenna. The additional resonances can be designed to widen the antenna bandwidth or to create multiple bands, for instance, for a tri-band mobile phone.
History
A spurline filter was first proposed by Schiffman and Matthaei in stripline form in 1964. Bates adapted the design for microstrip in 1977. Nguyen and Hsieh improved the analysis for microstrip implementations in 1983.
References
C. Nguyen and K. Chang, “On the analysis and design of spurline bandstop filters,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1416–1421, Dec. 1985.
Primary sources
B. M. Schiffman; G. L. Matthaei, "Exact design of band-stop microwave filters", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 6-15, 1964.
R. N. Bates, "Design of microstrip spur-line band-stop filters", IEEE Journal on Microwave Optics and Acoustics, vol. 1, iss. 6, pp. 209-204, November 1977.
C. Nguyen; C. Hsieh, Millimeter wave printed circuit spurline filters", IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 98-100, 1983.
Microwave technology
Distributed element circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurline |
Scuffletown may refer to:
Scuffletown, Bullitt County, Kentucky
Scuffletown, Henderson County, Kentucky
Scuffletown, Virginia
Surry, Virginia, former name
Scuffletown, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuffletown |
EUPM may refer to:
European style power metal, a subgenre of heavy metal music
European Union Police Mission, any of a number of European Union military and civilian overseas missions
Disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUPM |
D50 in medicine is the half-maximal dose: the dose that produces 50% of the maximum response. It may specifically refer to the radiation dose required to achieve a 50% tumor control probability.
See also
, is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration.
References
Radiation therapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D50%20%28radiotherapy%29 |
"Wahpper" is a 40-foot long fiberglass sculpture of a catfish beside the Red River of the North in Wahpeton, North Dakota, United States.
Description and history
Wahpper can be found at the north end of Wahpeton, on the banks of the Red River within the Kidder Dam Recreation Area. The sculpture is 40 feet long, 12 feet tall (including its pedestal) and weighs more than 5,000 pounds.
Wahpeton's Visitor's Committee (now the Convention and Visitors Bureau) viewed a giant sculpture as a good way to market the town and its natural resources. The Red River is formed by the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail Rivers, and the headwaters is in Wahpeton; people come from multiple states to fish the river's abundant channel catfish. $12,000 was raised to create the sculpture, which was raised by multiple organizations, including the Wahpeton Visitors Committee, the Wahpeton Park Board, and local businesses. It was placed at the site on August 3, 1997, with a opening celebration that included serving catfish to guests.
The artist was Dave Oswold, the same sculptor that created other fiberglass creations such as Salem Sue in New Salem, North Dakota and the 143-foot long sculpture of a muskie at the National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame in Hayward, Wisconsin. The Wahpeton sculpture is credited as the world's largest sculpture of a catfish, however, there is a larger catfish statue in Dunnville, Ontario standing at 50 feet long and 27 feet high. The fish's name, "Wahpper," is a playful nod towards a very big fish, or a "whopper," combined with the town's name. During the river's spring flooding, the sculpture is surrounded by water, giving the impression the fish is swimming.
References
Outdoor sculptures in North Dakota
Buildings and structures in Richland County, North Dakota
Tourist attractions in Richland County, North Dakota
Roadside attractions in North Dakota
Fiberglass sculptures in North Dakota
Sculptures of fish in the United States
Wahpeton, North Dakota
Siluriformes
1997 sculptures
1997 establishments in North Dakota
Animal sculptures in North Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahpper |
Lee Bergere (born Solomon Bergelson; April 10, 1918 – January 31, 2007) was an American actor, known for his role as Joseph Anders in the 1980s television series Dynasty.
Stage
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Bergere began his career in 1936 at age 18 as Danny Kaye's understudy in the Broadway production of Lady in the Dark. He appeared as the Duke, with Richard Kiley reprising his role as Don Quixote, when the Broadway hit Man of La Mancha premiered in Los Angeles in 1967. Through the years, Bergere also played Quixote as well as other characters in the show in Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. His Broadway credits also include Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce, and Right Next to Broadway.
Television
Bergere debuted on television on an episode of the live series Studio One with James Dean. He made three guest appearances on Perry Mason, two in 1963. In "The Case of the Witless Witness" he portrayed James Wall, a Congressional committee examiner. Later that year he played Dr. Charles Nevin, brother-in-law of convicted murderer Janice Barton, in the episode, "The Case of the Deadly Verdict". He also made one appearance as French psychiatrist Francois Chalon in The Addams Family. In 1964 he played Ramon in the Munsters TV show. In 1965 he portrayed Dr. George Devlin in "The Case of the Murderous Mermaid".
Bergere played Abraham Lincoln, in the Star Trek episode "The Savage Curtain". Other parts included comedic guest-star roles on Kentucky Jones, Get Smart, My Favorite Martian, The Munsters, All in the Family, WKRP in Cincinnati (in a pig costume), and a starring role on the short-lived series Hot l Baltimore, on which he played one of TV's first gay regular characters. During the first season of Mission: Impossible, Bergere played the character of a Swiss banker in the episode entitled "The Legacy". Bergere played German Count Von Sichel on Hogan's Heroes in the 1966 episode "The Prince From the Phone Company".
Bergere was known for his haughty and superior characters, a typecasting that culminated in his selection as the majordomo Joseph Anders on the prime-time soap opera Dynasty. With that role, and his on-screen billing in the show's opening credits starting in season two, Bergere achieved a level of fame rarely matched by other character actors who, like him, had worked in relative anonymity as guest stars on television series in the 1960s and 1970s including Hogan's Heroes. He appeared regularly only during the first three seasons of Dynasty (returning briefly in the fourth to be "killed off"), but his role grew beyond opening doors and announcing guests to encompass storylines that included the introduction of a daughter and his own character's suicide after setting a cliff-hanging fire.
His last role was a recurring part on three episodes of Falcon Crest, another popular 1980s night-time soap.
Military service
A veteran of World War II, Bergere supervised entertainment services for soldiers stationed in North Africa.
Death
Bergere died, aged 88, from undisclosed causes in Colonial Poplin Nursing and Rehabilitation Facility in Fremont, New Hampshire, where he had taken up residence some years earlier, having left the acting profession in 1989. He was survived by one daughter, Mimi, and one grandson, and a nephew.
Filmography
References
External links
Photo of Lee Bergere by Mimi Bergere
1918 births
2007 deaths
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Brooklyn
People from Rockingham County, New Hampshire
20th-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Bergere |
Vomero () is a bustling hilltop district of metropolitan Naples, Italy — comprising approximately and a population of 48,000.
Vomero is noted for its central square, Piazza Vanvitelli; the ancient Petraio, its earliest path up and down to the original city of Naples; its ancient district of Rione Antignano; Floridiana Park and Villa Floridiana; the medieval fortress, Castel Sant'Elmo; three funiculars connecting to downtown historic districts; its active pedestrian zone, aka ZTL — and its prominent location overlooking greater Naples, Mount Vesuvius, the Bay of Naples and the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Adjacent to the Arenella, Soccavo, Fuorigrotta, Chiaia, Montecalvario and Avvocata districts, the street and placenames within Vomero are typically named after noted artists, painters, sculptors, musicians, composers or architects, each with a prominent Neopolitan connection at the time of Vomero's development.
Residents go by the demonym, Vomeresi.
Etymology of Vomero
During the very earliest period, when Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, the Vomerese hill was called Bomòs (βωμός, or "high ground"). By the sixteenth century the name Vomero was used, possibly a corruption of the Greek Bomòs.
In Roman times, the hilltop area was called Paturcium, from Patulcius, a name related to Giano, the god to whom the hill was dedicated. In the early Middle Ages, via linguistic corruption, this became Patruscolo or Patruscio.
The name Vomero took hold at the end of the sixteenth century, deriving from the area's agricultural history – and initially referring to a historic farmhouse located on the hill, rather than the hill itself.
Notably, the word vomere, is used to describe a ploughshare (the blade of a plough) and was the name of agricultural game, the winner being the plowman who could trace the straightest furrow.
The hilltop's agricultural activity earned it various nicknames, including Broccoli Hill, il Quartiere dei Broccoli and Collina dei Broccoli.
Transit
To access Vomero, residents and visitors use an array of well-traveled vehicular streets and roundabouts; a system of subway, bus, funicular and metro line; and an extensive pedestrian network that includes escalators, historic stairs and paths, and a modern pedestrian zone.
The Petraio The oldest access to Vomero remains intact today: an extensive network of pedestrian stairs and paths from the city's original neighborhoods below. One of the most notable of these paths is the historic Petraio, which arose from an ancient meandering watercourse — ultimately to be improved, inhabited and connected by a series of rustic steps, alleys and ramps — varying in slope and width — and framed by buildings, churches, and small businesses.
Funiculars As development expanded between 1800 and 1900, the municipality constructed three funiculars, railways each with two counterbalanced passenger cabs attached at opposite ends of a cable system, the two cabs ascending in descending in concert between their upper and lower stations. The stations of the Chiaia, Montesanto and Central Funicular are closely located in Vomero and connect to three radially-distant lower stations across the Naples downtown.
Metro Since 1980, Vomero has been served by Line 1 of the Naples Metro, specifically at Quattro Giornate and Piazza Vanvitelli stations.
ZTL Augmenting the neighborhood sidewalks and prioritizing pedestrian movement, Vomero inaugurated an active Limited Traffic Zone (ZTL) in 1994, connecting Piazza Vanvitelli, via Cimarosa and via Alessandro Scarlatti. In 2008, the zone incorporated via Luca Giordano, linking upper and lower Vomero, the San Martino area, via Cilea, via Belvedere and the oldest area of Vomero, Antignano.
Escalators Three urban, outdoor escalators help compensate for Vomero's hilly terrain, connecting Piazza Fuga to Via Morghen and connecting the upper end of Via Scarlatti to two higher intermediate small piazzas (piazzettas) on the way to the upper station of the Montesanto Funicular and the prominent tourist destinations, Castel Sant'Elmo and the Certosa di San Martino.
Vehicular access Vehicular access to Vomero is served directly by Exit 9 of the Autostrada A56, commonly known as the Tangenziale di Napoli (Naples Bypass or simply the Tange). The exit accesses via Cilea and via Caldieri as well as via Pigna junctions, the latter which leads to the neighboring districts of Soccavo and Arenella. Car, truck, motorcycle and scooter traffic to Vomero is also accessible via numerous streets connecting to adjacent neighborhoods. Numerous bus lines connect Vomero to greater Naples.
History
Until the end of the nineteenth century, Vomero was a largely uninhabited area, relatively distant from the city of Naples. Its oldest area, around present day Antignano, consisted of scattered rural dwellings and villages remaining from Roman settlements, near what was a relatively important road. Before underground tunnels connected Fuorigrotta and Mergellina, (Galleria Laziale and Galleria Quattro Giornate), the hill road known as Via Puteolis (Pozzouli) Neapolim per colles crossed what is now the Vomero ridge as the primary connection between the Phlegraean area (e.g., Pozzouli) to the west and the city of Naples, proper. Around the 2nd century AD the street was reconfigured and renamed via Antiniana, giving name to the Antignano district, where the Miracle of San Gennaro is said to have taken place for the first time, between 413 and 431 AD.
After subsequent Norman and Swabian domination, with the Angevins, Naples in 1266 became the capital of the Kingdom of Naples, remaining the capital until the Italian Unification in 1860. During this period, development began to move uphill for strategic reasons, toward present day Vomero. The area began to populate after the construction a Carthusian Cloister, the Certosa di San Martino, in 1325. Around this time, the Angevins replaced the ancient Norman watchtower near the cloister, with the Castle of Belforte, what ultimately expanded to become Castel Sant'Elmo. The adjacent areas remained largely rural.
Under the Aragonese and subsequently the Spanish, Naples experienced a rapid population increase, due to immigration from the Iberian peninsula and the remaining kingdom. The need to enlarge the city, led Viceroy Pedro Álvarez de Toledo to direct the development of Naples outside its then current boundaries in the flattest area of the city, the present day Centro Storico. Development up the adjacent unsettled hillsides was encouraged. Laws, first in 1556, forbid construction of new buildings immediately around Castel Sant'Elmo — and, in 1583, on the adjacent hillsides.
In the period of the Viceroys following Don Pedro, the building expansion followed, leading innumerable villages and hamlets to merge. Construction on Vomero hill first appeared on maps with the seventeenth century.
During the Naples Plague of 1656, Naples nobility and clergy sought refuge, with the aristocracy establishing second homes in what would become Vomero, a trend that continued during the eighteenth century, especially after development of via Salvator Rosa (the "Infrascata street"). Noble families settling in Vomero included the Carafa, the Counts of Acerra, the Ruffo di Sicilia, the Cacciottoli, the Cangiani.
In 1809, a new administrative division of the city of Naples was formed, operated by Joachim Murat, whereby the villages of Vomero became part of the city proper, in the district of the Avvocata. Toward the middle of the 19th century, Ferdinando II commissioned Corso Maria Teresa (renamed Corso Vittorio Emanuele after 1860), establishing the effective lower border of Vomero.
In 1817, Vomero's noble residents were joined by royalty, when Ferdinand I of Bourbon acquired the future Villa Floridiana.
Founding and urbanization
Vomero residential development began in earnest in 1885, with the district's official founding (under the law "for the Restoration of Naples") and development of its rectilineal street pattern, punctuated by roundabouts — using a common European urban approach, informed by Baron Haussmann's Paris and the Roman districts of Esquilino and Testaccio. The neighborhood was conceived as an upper-middle class residential neighborhood with large villas and residential buildings, often in late Liberty style, starting near the Villa Floridiana and the area around Castel Sant'Elmo and the San Martino Certosa. The neighborhood would change distinctly in the mid-20th century.
In addition, before the law on recovery, a Piedmontese bank, the Tiberina bank, had purchased land at the Vomero between San Martino, via Belvedere and Antignano, with the intention of building a new neighborhood (Garibaldi had already thought of this to the hilly areas as potential new wards, where, however, he believed the proletariat should be hosted) The laying of the foundation stone by the sovereigns took place on 11 May 1885 and, on 20 October 1889, the new district was inaugurated, with the opening of the Funicular of Chiaia, followed by the Funicolare di Montesanto in 1891.
Until that date, but still for several decades later, life and therefore the history of the Vomerese hill and that of the city of Naples evolved separately. "I go to Naples", "I go down to Naples" were the sentences of the vomeresi to indicate the journey to the center of the city. But, after 11 May 1885, the Vomero slowly began to settle territorially with the city.
The first example of "urban" buildings was the "Four Palaces" in Piazza Vanvitelli, built at the beginning of the 20th century by Banca Tiberina. After the beginning of the works, however, the scarce reactivity of the market (due to the economic difficulties of the time and the still difficult connections between the city and the hill) pushed the bank (owner of the built-up areas and of the two funiculars) to yield in the 1899 its rights to the Bank of Italy. This caused the suspension for several years of the works envisaged by the urbanization plan (the result of the agreement signed between the Municipality and Banca Tiberina). At the beginning of the twentieth century, only a part of the buildings in the center of the Vomero (between Piazza Vanvitelli, along Via Scarlatti and Via Morghen) were made (in addition to the layout of the subdivision). All the new buildings were in neo-Renaissance style, which in Naples will last until the first three decades of the twentieth century, dragging the projects of the late nineteenth century through the years.
The Bank of Italy, to recover the capital invested, decided to sell the buildings already built and the land, and split the blocks into smaller lots that could be more easily sold. Consequently, in the early years of the twentieth century there was no impetuous urban development, but less intensive construction of small, two-storey and small-scale villas was built, surrounded by pretty gardens; which, moreover, had the ability to better enhance the landscape aspects of the places, compared to the large Umbertine buildings. The architectural taste that characterized the period, up until the mid-twenties, was that defined liberty together with the so-called neo-eclectic.
The opening of the new Central Funicular (Funiculare Centrale), in 1928, facilitating the movement between the Vomero and the center, led to a significant increase in urbanization, which again turned towards the large buildings, also built according to the various styles then in fashion (from the liberty to neo-eclecticism, to the first rationalism). The new inhabited center expanded to reach the ancient villages (Vomero Vecchio, Antignano), incorporating them.
Four Days of Naples
Vomero played a crucial role in the Four Days of Naples (27–30 September 1943), the critical juncture in World War II when the people of Naples began resisting the Germans, marking a turning point in the war.
Resistance and clashes against the German occupiers were first recorded in Vomero near the Pagliarone farm on Via Belvedere, when armed citizens stopped a car, killing it's driver, a German marshal. Subsequently, at a cross street between Via Scarlatti and Via Cimarosa, a German motorcar was overturned — causing the death of the two occupants, in turn leading to a German retaliation. After learning of the death of a Neopolitan sailor, shot with a pistol by a Nazi soldier, unrest erupted in various locations around Vomero, including at Piazza Vanvitelli, where a dozen young Vomeresi left a bar and attacked three German soldiers.
At what is now Piazza Quattro Giornate (then Piazza Mascagni, the square at Littorio Stadium), Germans had been using the stadium to imprison roughly 8,000 captured insurgent civilians. A group of Vomeresi, organized by a retired teacher, Antonio Tarsia as well as a military group commanded by Lieutenant Enzo Stimolo, mobilized to surround the site and free the captives. Roughly 200 civilians and 50 military reinforcements attacked the stadium relentlessly, raining machine gun fire from atop surrounding buildings for hours. Realizing they were trapped and outnumbered, the Germans surrendered. Negotiations later began at the German command center on Corso Vittorio Emanuele.
The previous night the armory of Castel Sant'Elmo had fallen, not without bloodshed. Germans, stationed at Villa Floridiana, intervened in force to give battle.
The Sannazaro High School became a meeting and coordination place for the Resistance, where Professor Antonio Tarsia in the Curia declared himself head of the insurgents on 30 September 1943, assuming full civil and military powers.
Today in Vomero, in addition to numerous prominently sites marking the events (e.g., Piazza Quattro Giornale, Quattro Giornale Station of Metro Line 1, The Gold Medal traffic circle) three memorial plaques mark the events: on the facade of the Liceo Sannazaro; next to the entrance of the Carabinieri barracks in Piazza Quattro Giornate; and perhaps most importantly, on Via Belvedere in front of the ancient main entrance of the Pagliarone farm, where the initial resistance occurred.
World War II to today
Housing demand and building speculation, after World War II and especially during the sixties, replaced the sober and elegant architecture of the Vomero area with tall, mostly reinforced concrete buildings. With the elimination of most gardens and green areas, and destruction of many of Vomero's Art Nouveau villas and Umbertine buildings, Vomero became a middle-class neighborhood, incorporating Arenella and pushing toward Camaldoli hill. Difficult resolutions included the infamous Chinese Wall of Mario Ottieri on Via Aniello Falcone, and the buildings on Via Caldieri.
The district still retains many examples of the original architecture, a heritage for all Italian architecture including historical buildings, such as some of the oldest noble villas (Villa del Pontano, Villa Belvedere, Villa Regina, Villa Lucia, Villa Haas, Villa Presenzano or Diaz, Villa Ricciardi, Villa Leonetti, Villa Salve) an ancient Bourbon duty building, in the Antignano district.
Between the Corso Vittorio Emanuele and the gardens of the Certosa di San Martino there is the Vigna San Martino extant for over six centuries.
Notable Vomero
Monuments, museums, historic sites
Castel Sant'Elmo (houses the museum of the 20th century)
Certosa e Museo di San Martino
Villa Floridiana and the Duca di Martina National Museum of Ceramics
Chiesa di San Gennaro ad Antignano
Chiesa di San Gennaro al Vomero
Chiesa di San Gennariello al Vomero
Chiesa del Sacro Cuore dei Salesiani
Chiesa di San Francesco d'Assisi al Vomero
Chiesa di Maria SS. del Buon Consiglio
Chiesa di Santa Maria della Libera
Chiesa della Madonna della Luce
Chiesa dell'Architiello
Film industry
In the early twentieth century, some of the first Italian film production houses were born at Vomero. The first in the city was the Partenope Film (originally Fratelli Troncone & C.), of Guglielmo, Vincenzo and Roberto Troncone, who, born in 1906, was active for about twenty years, with headquarters and theaters in via Solimena.
In 1915 the Polifilms of Giuseppe Di Luggo was officially founded. The company, founded in 1912 as a film distribution company with the name De Luggo & C., was transformed in 1914 into a film factory, originally called Napoli Film, with headquarters and theater in via Cimarosa.
In 1919 the Polifilms in economic difficulties ceded its installations and theaters of installation to Gustavo Lombardo, already owner of the distribution company SIGLA (Italian Society Gustavo Lombardo Anonima), which gave life to Lombardo Film, the future Titanus.
Napoli Film Festival is one of the most significant film festivals in Campania; it has taken place every year since 1997 in June at Castel Sant'Elmo.
Holocaust: Sergio De Simone
In front of the apartment building at Via Morghen 65 bis (at Via Bonito), a memorial plaque and a pavement Stolperstein mark the life and death of Sergio De Simone (1937-1945), a seven year old Naples-born victim of the Holocaust's Bullenhuser-Damm Massacre.
Sergio's mother fled Naples with Sergio to her family in Rijeka, Croatia. Sergio was arrested with his Jewish family; deported to Germany; subjected to human experimentation in Hamburg, Germany — and subsequently murdered. His life is commemorated annually on Naples' Remembrance Day, January 27th.
Via Morghen 65 bis:
Culture and sport
Napoli Comicon – Salone Internazionale del Fumetto is an annual fair dedicated to comics and animation that took place every year, in Castel Sant'Elmo (now held at the Mostra d'Oltremare, in the Fuorigrotta district).
Internapoli Camaldoli S.S.D. is the area's main football team. The neighborhood also hosts the sports complex that grew up around the Stadio Arturo Collana in Naples, where rugby, judo, athletics, swimming, volleyball, artistic gymnastics, skating, tennis, fencing, American football and soccer are practiced.
The stadium, built during the Fascist era with the name "Stadio dei martiri fascisti" or "Stadio Littorio", has long been the home field of Naples before the completion of the San Paolo Stadium in 1959, and is still that of the A.P. Partenope Rugby.
It was also the scene of dramatic events during the Four Days of Naples, and therefore the adjacent square took on the name of Piazza Quattro Giornate.
The Vomero was also the seat of the women's basketball team Vomero Basket, champion of Italy in the 2006–07 season, even though she played for a long time at PalaBarbuto due to the impracticability of the necklace gym.
Finally from the 2012–13 season the Stadio Arturo Collana hosts the women's soccer team of Naples.
In this district there is also the seat of the Vomero Tennis Club, which hosts every national and international tennis event.
The highest point of the neighborhood is the Certosa di San Martino, with an altitude of 251 metres.
See also
The Petraio
References
External links
Quartieri of Naples
Hills of Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomero |
Brotherton Park and Dibbinsdale Local Nature Reserve informally known as Dibbinsdale is a combined park and local nature reserve managed by the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral and located in Bromborough, Merseyside, England.
History
Dibbinsdale takes its name from the River Dibbin which flows through the area. It is thought to have formed part of the boundary in the 10th and 11th centuries between the Norse colony in Wirral, to the north and west, and Anglo-Saxon Mercia to the east and south. After the Norman Conquest, the whole area became part of the Hundred of Wirral. In the 1800s the land on which Brotherton Park resides was part of an estate called 'Woodslee', this estate was bought in 1866 by a Liverpool Merchant called Robert Rankin who built 'Woodslee' house on the site as a wedding present for his daughter. The estate comprised Woodslee, servants cottages, a lake, stables, coach house, a walled garden and formal gardens with a rockery. At some stage it was sold William Johnston of Liverpool who is listed as living there in the 1901 Census. In 1919 the estate was bought by Lord Brotherton, an industrialist and member of parliament who donated the estate to the council in the 1930s, by the 1940s the house had become dilapidated and was demolished. In 1978 Brotherton Park and Dibbinsdale was designated a local nature reserve owing to the ancient woodland and became a single entity with much of Dibbinsdale donated by the Lancelyn Green family.
Brotherton Park
Brotherton Park is an urban park with an informal grassed area for recreation, dog walking and picnicking.
Dibbinsdale Local Nature Reserve
Dibbinsdale is a local nature reserve with a woodland valley which is an example of ancient woodland in the Merseyside area. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
Facilities
The park has woodland walks, nature trails, a meadow, historic woodland, wetland habitats, a small unmanned visitor centre, a rangers office, toilets and a free car park.
References
External links
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral: Brotherton Park & Dibbinsdale LNR
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral: Dibbinsdale SSSI
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral: Nature Conservation
Steven Round Bird Photography - Many wild bird images from Dibbinsdale
Parks and commons in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside
Local Nature Reserves in Merseyside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherton%20Park%20and%20Dibbinsdale%20Local%20Nature%20Reserve |
Geoffrey Chase Scott (February 22, 1942 – February 23, 2021) was an American actor and stuntman best known for appearing on the television series Dynasty for two seasons (1982 to 1984) as Mark Jennings, the first husband of Krystle Carrington (played by series star Linda Evans). Other nighttime series regular contracts included Concrete Cowboys and Cliff Hangers. In film he co-starred with Jane Fonda in The Morning After. His last appearance before retiring was in Hulk.
Early years
Scott was born on February 22, 1942, in Hollywood, California. His parents were Reed (a manager with Lockheed) and Jayne (a housewife), and he had a brother, Don..
Career
Scott also appeared on numerous daytime soap operas, playing Sky Rumson on Dark Shadows in 1970, Jeffrey Jordan on Where the Heart Is in 1972, David McAllister on General Hospital in 1989, and Billy Lewis on Guiding Light in 1994. Scott had a leading role in the HBO sitcom 1st & Ten in the 1980s, was featured in almost 100 commercials and guest starred on many series during the 70's, 80's and 90's.
Personal life
Scott married Tanya Thompson, his high school sweetheart, in 1960. They divorced in 1962. Scott married producer Carol Engelhart Scott in 1975, and they divorced in 1988. In 1988, he was involved in a serious accident when he was pinned between two cars while riding a bicycle. Both his legs were crushed, but he went on to make a full recovery. He lived in Louisville, Colorado, with his wife, Cheri Catherine (whom he married in 1993). and his twin sons Christopher and Matthew
Death
Scott died from Parkinson's disease In Broomfield, Colorado, on February 23, 2021, a day after his 79th birthday.
Filmography
References
External links
1942 births
2021 deaths
American male television actors
Male actors from Hollywood, Los Angeles
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Scott%20%28actor%29 |
The Simulated Fluorescence Process (SFP) is a computing algorithm used for scientific visualization of 3D data from, for example, fluorescence microscopes. By modeling a physical light/matter interaction process, an image can be computed which shows the data as it would have appeared in reality when viewed under these conditions.
Principle
The algorithm considers a virtual light source producing excitation light that illuminates the object. This casts shadows either on parts of the object itself or on other objects below it. The interaction between the excitation light and the object provokes the emission light, which also interacts with the object before it finally reaches the eye of the viewer.
See also
Computer graphics lighting
Rendering (computer graphics)
References
H. T. M. van der Voort, G. J. Brakenhoff and M. W. Baarslag. "Three-dimensional visualization methods for confocal microscopy", Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 153, Pt 2, February 1989, pp. 123–132.
Noordmans, Herke Jan, Hans TM van der Voort, and Arnold WM Smeulders. "Spectral volume rendering." IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 6.3 (2000): 196–207.
External links
Freeware SFP renderer
Computational science
Computer graphics algorithms
Visualization (graphics)
Microscopes
Microscopy
Fluorescence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated%20fluorescence%20process%20algorithm |
Roland La Starza (May 12, 1927 – September 30, 2009) was an American boxer and actor. He is best known for his two fights with undefeated champion Rocky Marciano.
Biography
Early life and career
Born in 1927, La Starza grew up in the Van Nest section of the Bronx. La Starza’s skills for boxing showed early, and would become a very crafty defensive out-boxer. He had a very successful amateur career, winning five Golden Gloves titles in New York in 1944 and 1945. He began his professional career on July 7, 1947, and in less than three years, put together an undefeated record of 37 straight victories. This would line him up for a fight with another undefeated, rising heavyweight.
Fights with Marciano
La Starza and Rocky Marciano met for the first time on March 24, 1950. La Straza fought well, and although the fight went against him on a split decision, La Starza may have come closer than any other boxer to defeating Marciano. The scoring for the bout was 5–4, 4–5, and 5–5, but La Starza lost on a supplemental point system used by New York and Massachusetts at that time (which was awarded to Marciano on account of him scoring the fight’s only knockdown). La Starza felt he was robbed of victory, and even went on record in the New York Herald Tribune, March 25, 1950, as saying, "The fact is [Rocky’s] manager Al Weill was matchmaker for the Garden. I would say that had a lot to do with the decision." He maintained that belief for over 50 years after the bout.
Over the next three years, La Starza fought 18 more times, (lossing on points to Dan Bucceroni and Rocky Jones, before avenging both losses in 1952), and eventually won a heavyweight title eliminator against Rex Layne in early 1953. This set himself up for what was arguably the most important fight of his career: a world heavyweight championship bout that was a rematch against Marciano on September 24, 1953. The fight took place in an outdoor venue—the Polo Grounds in New York City. La Starza fought Marciano on even terms for the first six rounds but began to tire afterwards. Referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight in an eleventh round. Marciano had knocked La Starza through the ropes in that round. La Starza beat Goldstein's count, but the bout was stopped shortly thereafter on a TKO as Marciano battered La Starza relentlessly. This was La Starza's first fight (out of 53) in which he was stopped.
Later career
La Starza was injured during the title fight, and required surgery to repair damage done to his arms during the fight. He continued his boxing career but was never the same again. He lost his next match in March of 1954 to top rated British fighter Don Cockell, and would only fight 8 more times after that. He finally retired after his final fight on May 8, 1961. During his over 14 year long career, he fought a total of 446 rounds in 66 professional fights, and won 57 of them with 27 by knockout.
After his boxing career La Starza appeared on television in a number of stereotypical tough-guy roles. His biggest break was a regular role as Pvt. Ernie Lucavich on the short-lived World War II series The Gallant Men. He also did guest appearances on various shows including 77 Sunset Strip, The Wild Wild West and Perry Mason. He appeared in two episodes (13 and 14) of the Batman series of the 1960s, and appeared in movies including Point Blank (1967) and The Outfit (1973).
He, his wife (Jane) and two children (Amy and Mark) left California to retire at their family's cattle ranch outside of New Smyrna Beach, Florida, in 1972.
La Starza died on September 30, 2009, in Port Orange, Florida, at the age of 82.
Professional boxing record
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|57 Wins (27 knockouts), 9 losses (2 knockouts), 0 Draws
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Win
| 1-0-0
| Dave Glanton
| Pts
| -
|
|align=left|Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 2-0-0
| Zack Johnson
| KO
| 6 (6)
|
|align=left|Jerome Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 3-0-0
| Al Zappala
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|Jerome Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 4-0-0
| Jimmy Dodd
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 5-0-0
| Jim Johnson
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|Jerome Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 6-0-0
| Zeke Brown
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|Saint Nicholas Arena, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 7-0-0
| Matt Mincey
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Park Arena, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 8-0-0
| Jimmy Evans
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 9-0-0
| Lorne McCarthy
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Park Arena, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 10-0-0
| Matt Mincey
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Saint Nicholas Arena, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 11-0-0
| Fred Ramsey
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 12-0-0
| Luther McMillan
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|Park Arena, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 13-0-0
| Mike Belluscio
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 14-0-0
| Frankie Reed
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 15-0-0
| Jimmy White
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|Park Arena, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 16-0-0
| Steve King
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 17-0-0
| Claude McClintock
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|State Armory, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 18-0-0
| John Holloway
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 19-0-0
| Freddie McManus
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Park Arena, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 20-0-0
| Ben Rusk
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 21-0-0
| Tony Gangemi
| PTS
| -
|
|align=left|Jerome Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 22-0-0
| Oscar Goode
| TKO
| -
|
|align=left|MacArthur Stadium, Brooklyn, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 23-0-0
| Teddy George
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|MacArthur Stadium, Brooklyn, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
| 24-0-0
| Mel McKinney
| KO
| -
|
|align=left|Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States
|align=left|
|- align=center
Filmography
References
External links
TV.com page for Roland La Starza
Roland La Starza's professional boxing record
Account of the Marciano–La Starza title fight by Don Sibrel
Photograph from the Marciano–La Starza title fight
1927 births
2009 deaths
American male actors
American people of Italian descent
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from the Bronx
People from Port Orange, Florida
Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida
American male boxers
Van Nest, Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20La%20Starza |
Birding Business was a free business publication that served as a trade news source for the wild bird and nature products industry. It was based in O’Lakes in the U.S. state of Florida. The magazine was published five times each year by Longdown Management, Inc. It started in 1995. The last issue of the magazine was published in September 2015.
See also
List of journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology
References
External links
Birding Business
1995 establishments in Florida
2015 disestablishments in Florida
Business magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Free magazines
Journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology
Magazines established in 1995
Magazines disestablished in 2015
Magazines published in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birding%20Business |
Silo cleaning is a process to maximize the efficiency of storage silos that hold bulk powders or granules. In silos, material is fed through the top and removed from the bottom. Typical silo applications include animal feed, industrial powders, cement, and pharmaceuticals.
Free movement of stored materials, on a first-in, first-out basis, is essential in maximizing silo efficiency. The goal of silo efficiency is to ensure that the oldest material is used first and does not contaminate newer, fresher material. There are two major complications in silo efficiency: rat holing and bridging. Rat holing occurs when powders adhere to the sides of silos. Bridging occurs when material blocks at the silo base.
Manual cleaning is the simplest way to clean silos. This entails lowering a worker on a rope to free material inside the silo. Manual cleaning is dangerous due to the release of material and the possible presence of gases. In cases of bridging, an additional danger exists as the exit hole needs to be rodded from underneath, exposing the worker to falling powder.
Alternative cleaning methods include:
Air blasters are a well-established cleaning method. Air cannons are expensive, however, as limited coverage requires purchase of multiple units. Air cannons are also noise intrusive and require high consumption of compressed air.
Vibrators are easy to fit into empty silos, but can cause structural damage and contribute to powder compaction.
Low friction linings are quiet, but expensive to install and prone to erosion which can then contaminate the environment or product.
Inflatable pads and liners are easy to install in empty silos and can help side-wall buildup but have no effect on bridging. Inflatable pads and liners are also hard to maintain and can cause compaction.
Fluidisation through a one-way membrane can help compacted material, but are expensive and difficult to install and maintain. These systems can also contribute to mechanical interlocking and bridging.
Acoustic cleaners are the latest and possibly safest way to clean silos as these systems are non-invasive and do not require silos to be emptied. Acoustic cleaning is also a preventative solution.
Pneumatic or hydraulic whip machines are portable machines used to "cut" build up on the walls of silos while being remotely operated from outside of the vessel.
Silo cleaning companies provide turn key silo cleaning services using several different kinds of methods (depending on the company).
Cleaning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo%20cleaning |
Deborah Adair (born Deborah Adair Miller) is an American television actress, primarily known for her roles in soap operas.
Early life
Born in Lynchburg, Virginia, Adair attended the University of Washington, where she earned a degree in advertising and marketing. She worked as a copywriter, commercial producer and assistant promotion manager for radio stations in Seattle, Washington. Adair was married to politician Gary Baker for four years, divorcing in 1978.
Career
Adair went to Hollywood and found an agent who helped her land small parts in several television series. Her big break came in 1980 when she was cast as Jill Foster Abbott on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. In 1983, she left The Young and the Restless to take the role of Tracy Kendall in the primetime soap opera Dynasty, a role she played until 1984. She followed this with the regular role of Daisy Lloyd in another Aaron Spelling series, Finder of Lost Loves, in 1984. In 1986, she made a one-week return to The Young and the Restless to reprise her role as Jill. She also appeared on the daytime soap opera Santa Barbara for a few episodes.
Adair married television producer Chip Hayes in 1987. She worked with her husband on the primetime soap opera Melrose Place, in which she played the recurring role of advertising executive Lucy Cabot from 1992 to 1993. She also portrayed the role of Kate Roberts on Days of Our Lives in 1993 and became one of few actors to concurrently play in a daytime soap opera and a nighttime soap opera. She left Melrose Place while continuing on Days of our Lives, a role for which she won the Best Supporting Actress Award at the Soap Opera Digest Award in 1994.
In total, Adair has appeared in seven projects produced by Aaron Spelling; Dynasty, Matt Houston, The Love Boat, Finder of Lost Loves, Hotel (in which she played four roles between 1984–87), Melrose Place and the television movie Rich Men, Single Women (1990). She has also appeared in a variety of other primetime series such as Murder, She Wrote, Blacke's Magic and MacGyver. Adair also played a supporting role as Kate Chase in the Emmy Award-nominated miniseries Lincoln (1988).
Personal life
In 1995, she retired from acting. She and her husband have two adopted children, Lucy Taylor Hayes and Jackson William Hayes.
References
External links
American soap opera actresses
People from Lynchburg, Virginia
20th-century American actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Adair |
Margaret of Mar (died c. 1391) was Countess of Mar, an ancient earldom in Scotland, in her own right.
She was a daughter of Domhnall II of Mar and after the death of her childless brother Thomas became Countess of Mar. She had married William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, who was succeeded by their son, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas and Earl of Mar and Garioch in right of his mother. But he was killed in 1388, leading the Scots at the Battle of Otterburn.
Margaret was succeeded by her daughter, Isabel, who became Countess of Mar, possessed the Lordship of the Garioch, and also became the Countess of the unentailed lands of the House of Douglas.
External links
Women in power
The Ancient Earldom of Mar
Earls or mormaers of Mar
Mar, Margaret, Countess of
1390s deaths
14th-century Scottish women
14th-century Scottish earls
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%2C%20Countess%20of%20Mar |
Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation. While the Indus Valley Civilisation was divided into Early, Mature, and Late Harappan by archaeologists like Mortimer Wheeler, newer periodisations include the Neolithic early farming settlements, and use a stage–phase model, often combining terminology from various systems.
Periodisations
The most commonly used nomenclature classifies the Indus Valley civilisation into early, mature, and late Harappan phases. The Indus Valley Civilisation was preceded by local agricultural villages, from where the river plains were populated when water management became available, creating an integrated civilisation. This broader time range has also been called the Indus Age and the Indus Tradition.
Early, Mature, and Late Harappan
Early surveys by Sir Aurel Stein in Balochistan led to the discovery of numerous prehistoric sites of unknown association. Following excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the prehistoric sites in Sindh and Baluchistan were thought to represent a culture that migrated from Baluchistan to the Indus Valley to establish the Indus Valley Civilisation. This notion was refuted by M.R. Mughal based on his discovery of earlier occupational phases in the Cholistan Desert. The term Early Harappan was coined by M. R. Mughal in his dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania which provided a synthesis of his many surveys and studies throughout Pakistan. This classification is primarily based on Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, assuming an evolutionary sequence. According to Manuel, this division "places the Indus Valley within a tripartite evolutionary framework, of the birth, fluorescence, and death of a society in a fashion familiar to the social evolutionary concepts of Elman Service (1971)."
According to Coningham and Young, it was "cemented [...] in common use" due to "the highly influential British archaeologists Raymond and Bridget Allchin [who] used similar subdivisions in their work." According to Coningham and Young, this approach is "limited" and "restricted," putting too much emphasis on the mature phase.
Shaffer: Harappan Tradition
Scholarship in archaeology commonly uses a variation of the Three-age system developed by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen to divide past societies into a Stone Age, a Bronze Age, and an Iron Age. Although this system is very useful for its original purpose of organizing museum collections, it is unable to fully characterize the dynamic and fluid nature of human inter-settlement relationships. To address this issue, archaeologists Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips developed a system based on Culture-Historical Integration, or a heuristic concept for describing the distribution of "relatedness" across time and space. These concepts were later adapted by Jim G. Shaffer and Diane Liechtenstein as a potential solution to a similar problem in the Greater Indus Valley.
During his archaeological research in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Pakistan, and India, Shaffer observed the fluid and adaptive nature of local customs in rural South Asia and the many ways that cultural practices interfaced with material culture. Based on both his extensive work in the field and these ethnographic observations, Shaffer developed a series of important critiques of archaeological theory. Shaffer and Liechtenstein argued that the colonial legacy of Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggot led to the projection of colonial stereotypes onto the ancient past. As a result of these critiques, Shaffer adapted the system developed by Willey and Phillips into one suitable for the Indus Valley Civilisation. In his original publication, this complex social formation was termed the Harappan Tradition, after the type site at Harappa, Punjab. This term Tradition stems from his concept of Cultural Tradition or the "persistent configuration of basic technologies, as well as structure, in the context of geographical and temporal continuity".
Shaffer divided the broader Indus Valley Tradition into four eras, the pre-Harappan "Early Food Producing Era," and the Regionalisation, Integration, and Localisation eras, which correspond roughly with the Early Harappan, Mature Harappan, and Late Harappan phases. Each era can be divided into various phases. A phase is an archaeological unit possessing traits sufficiently characteristic to distinguish it from all other units similarly conceived. According to Shaffer, there was considerable regional variation, as well as differences in cultural sequences, and these eras and phases are not evolutionary sequences, and cannot uniformly be applied to every site.
According to Coningham and Young,
Coningham & Young raise theoretical concerns with Shaffer's periodisation, noting that
Eras
The Early Food Producing Era corresponds to ca. 7000-5500 BCE. It is also called the Neolithic period. The economy of this era was based on food production, and agriculture developed in the Indus Valley. Mehrgarh Period I belongs to this era.
The Regionalisation Era corresponds to ca. 4000-2500/2300 BCE (Shaffer) or ca. 5000-2600 BCE (Coningham & Young). The Early Harappan phase belongs to this Era. According to Manuel, "the most significant development of this period was the shift in population from the uplands of Baluchistan to the floodplains of the Indus Valley." This era was very productive in arts, and new crafts were invented. The Regionalisation Era includes the Balakot, Amri, Hakra, and Kot Diji Phases.
The Integration Era refers to the period of the "Indus Valley civilisation". It is a period of integration of various smaller cultures.
The Localisation Era (1900-1300 BCE) is the fourth and final period of the Indus Valley Tradition. It refers to the fragmentation of the culture of the Integration Era. The Localisation Era comprises several phases:
Punjab Phase (Cemetery H, Late Harappan). The Punjab Phase includes the Cemetery H and other cultures. Punjab Phase sites are found in Harappa and in other places.
Jhukar Phase (Jhukar and Pirak) The Jhukar Phase refers to Mohenjo-daro and sites in Sindh.
Rangpur Phase (Late Harappan and Lustrous Red Ware). The Rangpur Phase sites are in Kachchh, Saurashtra, and mainland Gujarat.
The Pirak Phase is a phase of the Localisation Era of both the Indus Valley Tradition and the Baluchistan Tradition.
Possehl: Indus Age
Gregory Possehl includes the Neolithic stage in his periodisation, using the term Indus Age for this broader timespan, Possehl arranged archaeological phases into a seven-stage sequence:
Beginnings of Village Farming Communities and Pastoral camps
Developed Village Farming Communities and Pastoral camps
Early Harappan
Transition from Early Harappan to Mature Harappan
Mature Harappan
Posturban Harappan
Early Iron Age of Northern India and Pakistan
According to Coningham & Young,
Rita Wright
A "similar framework" as Shaffer's has been used by Rita Wright, looking at the Indus "through a prism influenced by the archaeology of Mesopotamia," using the terms Early Food Producing Phase, Pre-Urban Phase, Urban Phase, and Post-Urban Phase.
Datings and alternative proposals
Early Food Producing Era
Rao, who excavated Bhirrana, claims to have found pre-Harappan Hakra Ware in its oldest layers, dated at the 8th-7th millennium BCE. He proposes older datings for Bhirrana compared to the conventional Harappan datings, yet sticks to the Harappan terminology. This proposal is supported by Sarkar et al. (2016), co-authored by Rao, who also refer to a proposal by Possehl, and various radiocarbon dates from other sites, though giving 800 BCE as the enddate for the Mature Harappan phase: , and as summarized by , compares as follows with the conventional datings, and Shaffer (Eras).
Regionalisation Era
While the Early Harappan Phase was proposed to start at ca. 3300 BCE, the Regionalisation Era has been proposed to start earlier, at 4000 BCE to ca. 5000 BCE.
S. P. Gupta, taking into account new discoveries, periodised the Harappan Civilisation in a chronological framework that includes the Early, Mature, and Late Harappan Phase, and starts with the same date as the Regionalisation Era:
Integration Era
The consensus on the dating of the Integration Era, or Urban, or Mature Harappan Phase, is broadly accepted to be 2600-1900 BC.
Durée longue: Harappan Civilisation and Early Historic Period
Jonathan M. Kenoyer, and Coningham & Young, provide an overview of developmental phases of India in which the Indus Valley Civilisation and the Early Historic Period are combined. The post-Harappan phase shows renewed regionalisation, culminating in the integration of the Second Urbanisation of the Early Historic Period, starting ca. 600 BC, c.q. the Maurya Empire, ca. 300 BC.
Coningham & Young note that most works on urbanisation in early Indian history focus on either the Indus Valley Civilisation or the Early Historic Period, "thus continuing the long-standing division between the Indus and Early Historic." According to Coningham & Young, this division was introduced in colonial times, with scholars who claimed that "a distinct cultural, linguistic, and social transformation lay between the Indus Civilisation and the Early Historic," and perpetuated by "a number of post-Independence South Asian scholars." Coningham & Young adopt Shaffer's terminology "to better understand and explore the processes which led to the two main urban-focused developments in South Asia," and
They also note that the term "Integration Era" may not be applicable to the whole of South Asia for the period of the Mature Harappan Civilisation, because "large swathes of northern and southern South Asia were unaffected by what was, on a subcontinental scale, a regional feature."
Concordance of periodisations
See also
Bhirrana
Iron Age in India
History of India
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
S.P. Gupta. The dawn of civilization, in G.C. Pande (ed.)(History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, ed., D.P. Chattophadhyaya, vol I Part 1) (New Delhi:Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 1999)
Kenoyer, J.M. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
Kenoyer, J. M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. In Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331–385.
Kenoyer, J. M. 1995a Interaction Systems, Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 213–257. Berlin, W. DeGruyter.
Shaffer, J. G. 1992 The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd Edition), edited by R. Ehrich, pp. 441–464. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
External links
Article with Timeline
Ancient Civilisations Timeline
Indus Valley civilisation
Prehistoric India
Prehistoric Pakistan
Periodization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisation%20of%20the%20Indus%20Valley%20Civilisation |
In the prehistory of the Indian subcontinent, the Iron Age succeeded Bronze Age India and partly corresponds with the megalithic cultures of India. Other Iron Age archaeological cultures of India were the Painted Grey Ware culture (1300–300 BCE) and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE). This corresponds to the transition of the Janapadas or principalities of the Vedic period to the sixteen Mahajanapadas or region-states of the early historic period, culminating in the emergence of the Maurya Empire towards the end of the period.
The earliest evidence of iron smelting predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries.
North India
R. Tewari (2003) radiocarbon dated iron artefacts in Uttar Pradesh, including furnaces, tuyeres, and slag between c. 1800 and 1000 BCE. The use of iron and iron working was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE. The beginning of the use of iron has been traditionally associated with the eastward migration of the later Vedic people, who are also considered as an agency which revolutionised material culture particularly in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Scholar Rakesh Tewari states that new finds and their dates suggest the need for a fresh review. According to him, the evidence corroborates the early use of iron in other areas of the country, and attests that India was indeed an independent centre for the development of the working of iron.
South India
The earliest Iron Age sites in South India are Hallur, Karnataka and Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu at around 1000 BCE. Mahurjhari near Nagpur was a large bead manufacturing site.
See also
Bharata Khanda
History of India
Indus Valley Civilisation
Mahajanapadas
Stone Age
Vedic period
References
Further reading
Kenoyer, J.M. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
Kenoyer, J. M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. In Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331-385.
Kenoyer, J. M. 1995a Interaction Systems, Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 213–257. Berlin, W. DeGruyter.
Shaffer, J. G. 1992 The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd Edition), edited by R. Ehrich, pp. 441–464. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Chakrabarti, D.K.
1974. Beginning of Iron in India: Problem Reconsidered, in A.K. Ghosh (ed.), Perspectives in Palaeoanthropology: 345-356. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.
1976. The Beginning of Iron in India. Antiquity 4: 114-124.
1992. The Early Use of Iron in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
1999. India An Archaeological History. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
India
Ancient India
Prehistoric India
Iron Age
History of India
India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Age%20in%20India |
The Garden Route District Municipality (; ), formerly known as the Eden District Municipality, is a district municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its municipality code is DC4.
Geography
The Garden Route District Municipality covers an area of in the southeastern part of the Western Cape, covering the regions known as the Garden Route and the Little Karoo. It stretches to the Breede River mouth and the Langeberg mountains on the west, where it abuts the Overberg District Municipality and (for a short distance) the Cape Winelands District Municipality. To the north the boundary with the Central Karoo District Municipality runs along the Swartberg mountains. In the east the municipality runs up to the Eastern Cape provincial boundary.
The district is divided into seven local municipalities, described in the following table.
Demographics
The following statistics are from the 2011 Census. Note that due to fuzzing applied to statistics, columns may not sum to exactly the indicated total.
Politics
The council of the Garden Route District Municipality consists of thirty-five councillors. Fourteen councillors are directly elected by party-list proportional representation, and twenty-one are appointed by the councils of the local municipalities in the district: six by George, four by Mossel Bay, three each by Oudtshoorn and Knysna, two each by Hessequa and Bitou, and one by Kannaland.
After the election of 3 August 2016 there are twenty-one councillors from the Democratic Alliance (DA), twelve from the African National Congress (ANC), and one each from the Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (ICOSA) and the African Independent Congress (AIC).
The following table shows the detailed composition of the council.
The following table shows the results of the election of the fourteen directly elected councillors.
References
External links
Garden Route District Municipality official website
District municipalities of the Western Cape
Garden Route District Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20Route%20District%20Municipality |
Patrick Joseph McAloon (born 7 June 1957) is an English singer-songwriter and a founder of the band Prefab Sprout.
Early life
McAloon was born and grew up in Witton Gilbert in County Durham, England. He was trained to be a Catholic priest before deciding on a career in music.
Career
Prefab Sprout enjoyed considerable success in the 1980s and early 1990s. They peaked commercially with "The King of Rock 'N' Roll", which was a top ten single in the UK Singles Chart.
In a 1991 interview with Rolling Stone during the Jordan: The Comeback world tour, McAloon said he had never seen a positive royalty cheque for his work with Prefab Sprout
Songs written by McAloon have also been recorded by Kylie Minogue ("If You Don't Love Me"), Wendy Matthews ("God Watch Over You" and "Ride"), Sondre Lerche ("Nightingales" – the song appeared in "From Langley Park to Memphis" and Lerche sang it with the Faces Down Quartet as a tribute to Prefab Sprout), Danny Seward ("Home (Where The Heart Is)"), Momus ("Green Isaac Pt. 2"), and various songs for Jimmy Nail. "God Watch Over You" has also been covered by Frances Ruffelle.
"When Love Breaks Down" has been covered by The Zombies, Lisa Stansfield, and Snow Patrol. In 2008, the covers album Independents Day 08 included a version of "Bonny" performed by McAloon's label-mate Tom Smith of Editors.
McAloon released the spoken word/instrumental album I Trawl the Megahertz (UK No. 54), under his own name, in 2003 on the EMI subsidiary company Liberty Records. After losing his eyesight--now somewhat restored--he listened to CB radio and call-in talk shows and found inspiration for the album. In 2019, it was rereleased as a Prefab Sprout album.
In a 2013 interview, McAloon stated:
That record [I Trawl The Megahertz] was so important to me. I was disappointed—extremely—that the Guardian never even reviewed it. That stayed with me. I kept waiting week after week: "Come on, if you're thinking they don't make records like they used to, if you're looking for personal vision, something unusual—I'm your guy!" But it never came.
In 2006, Prefab Sprout's Steve McQueen album was remastered by Thomas Dolby, and was then released in 2007 as a double-CD package. The second CD featured acoustic versions of songs from the original album that were recorded in 2006.
On 7 September 2009, Prefab Sprout released the album Let's Change the World with Music, based on a demo recording from 1992.
A Prefab Sprout album entitled Crimson/Red was released by Icebreaker Records in October 2013. McAloon is responsible for playing all of the instruments on the album.
On 3 March 2017, McAloon, under the Prefab Sprout name, was shown singing a new song, "America", on the Instagram and YouTube channels of Keith Armstrong, his manager and the former boss of Kitchenware Records. Seeming to be a protest song about the administration of Donald Trump, and released with no accompanying publicity, the song was the subject of discussion and speculation.
Personal life
As of September 2013, McAloon resides in his native County Durham with his wife and three daughters. He suffers from a detached retina and tinnitus, which significantly limited his ability to work in the studio. McAloon dedicated Crimson/Red to "my wife and daughters", "the women with whom I'm lucky enough to share my life".
See also
List of bands from Newcastle, United Kingdom
List of singer-songwriters
References
External links
[ Paddy McAloon biography] at Allmusic website
Let There Be Music by Sean Curnyn, First Things
1957 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English new wave musicians
Male new wave singers
Sophisti-pop musicians
People from Durham, England
Alumni of Northumbria University
English Roman Catholics
English male guitarists
People with Ménière's disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20McAloon |
James Patrick Healey (born 13 January 1951 in County Galway, Republic of Ireland) is an Irish-born Australian actor.
Early life
His family moved to Manchester, England before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia in 1970. He studied acting at both NIDA (Sydney) and RADA (London).
Career
In Australia he acted in television police procedural Homicide in guest roles in 1975 and 1976.
George Miller's first choice for the starring role of Max Rockatansky was Healey himself whom at the time worked at a Melbourne abattoir, while pursuing his theatrical film debut. Upon reading the script of Mad Max (1979) given to him, Healey declined the role of the strong but taciturn character, finding the lead's meager and terse dialogue too unappealing for his vocal acting performance. The American up-and-coming young actor Mel Gibson then served as Healey's starring replacement for the role of Max.
During the release of Mad Max 2 in theaters, Healey on the other hand had a regular role on the soap opera The Restless Years as the murderous villain Gary Fisher in 1981.
He also appeared in Sons and Daughters for two episodes, as Wayne Hamilton's best man, in 1983.
On American television he appeared on the soap opera Dynasty as Sean Rowan. He appeared in the show throughout the 1987–88 season, during which time his character became the fourth husband of Alexis Carrington Colby, played by Joan Collins after saving her life following a car crash.
After that he had a regular role on daytime serial Santa Barbara in 1990.
Arrest
In 1993, Healey was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon, and sentenced to 200 hours of community service and three years' probation upon suspension of a two-year state prison term. His acting career ended in 1996.
References
External links
Living people
Irish emigrants to Australia
Australian male television actors
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of RADA
1951 births
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Male actors from County Galway
Male actors from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Healey%20%28actor%29 |
AJN may refer to:
American Journal of Nursing
The Australian Jewish News
IATA airport code for Ouani Airport in Anjouan, Comoros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJN |
Kiren Rijiju (born 19 November 1971) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh who is the Cabinet Minister of Earth Sciences in the Government of India since 2023 and a member of the parliament in Lok Sabha from Arunachal West since 2014 and from 2004 to 2009. Earlier, he served as the Minister of State for Home Affairs from 2014 to 2019, Minister of State for Minority Affairs from 2019 to 2021, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Sports and Youth Affairs from 2019 to 2021 and the Law minister from 2021 to 2023.
Early life
Rijiju was born on 19 November 1971 at Nakhu near Nafra in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. He is the son of Rinchin Kharu and Chirai Rijiju. His father was the first pro-tem speaker of Arunachal Pradesh who gave oath to the Members of the First State Legislative Assembly.
He was a good athlete during his college days and as of February 2023 is seen playing Football and Badminton.
Education
Rijiju did his graduation degree (B.A.) from Hansraj College, University of Delhi. Further, in 1998, he did his graduate degree in law (LL.B) from Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.
Political career
Kiren Rijiju is a three time MP in Lok Sabha from Arunachal Pradesh. He has served as minister of state (MoS) (independent charge) youth affairs and sports, MoS minority affairs, MoS home affairs, and Minister of Law and Justice. His tenure as Law Minister was marked by controversies. On 18th May 2023, he was assigned the portfolio of Ministry of Earth Sciences.
Controversies
In 2022, Kiren called the collegium system of appointment of judges in Indian judicial system as "opaque", implying that appointments are done on personal associations rather than merit. He also advocated for government's role in the appointment of judges, writing to the Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud. His comments on judiciary and collegium system were widely criticised by the legal community and the Supreme Court.
In March 2023, Kiren accused some retired judges to be a part of "Anti-India gang". A group of former civil servants from the Constitutional Conduct Group responded by claiming Rijiju's comments a sign of 'authoritarianism'.
Personal life
He married Joram Rina Rijiju in 2004. She is a graduate from Lady Shri Ram College for Women, New Delhi and is a gold medalist from Arunachal University. She is an Associate Professor teaching history at Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh.
References
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External links
Website of Kiren Rijiju
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
1971 births
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh
People from West Kameng district
Indian Buddhists
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni
Lok Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2014–2019
Union ministers of state of India
Ministry of Home Affairs (India)
Narendra Modi ministry
India MPs 2019–present
National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiren%20Rijiju |
Tapir Gao (born 1 October 1964) is an Indian politician. He is the president of Arunachal Pradesh unit of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009), representing the Arunachal East constituency for BJP. He lost from that seat in 2009 and 2014, but was elected to Lok Sabha for the second time in 2019. Gao was General Secretary of BJP in 2011 and is currently national executive member of the BJP.
In February 2020, in the Lok Sabha, he raised the issue of several areas in Arunachal Pradesh being left out from the political map of India. This included "Hadigra Dakahru Pass, Galai Tagaru Pass... in Chaglagam area"
He resides at Village Ruksin in East Siang district.
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
References
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh
India MPs 2004–2009
Living people
1964 births
People from East Siang district
Lok Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh
India MPs 2019–present
National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election
State Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir%20Gao |
Sea Pigeon (1970–2000) was an American-bred, British-trained racehorse who excelled in both National Hunt and flat racing. In a racing career which lasted from 1972 until 1981 he competed in eighty-five races, and won thirty-seven times. He was best known for his performances in hurdle races when he won the Champion Hurdle on two occasions. He was also one of the best flat stayers of his era winning major handicap races under weights of up to 140 pounds. As a gelding, he was ineligible to compete in the most prestigious flat staying races, such as the Ascot Gold Cup. On his retirement he was described as Britain's "best known horse after Arkle and Red Rum.
Background
Sea Pigeon was a dark-brown horse bred by his owner, Jock Whitney at the Greentree Stud in the United States. He was sired by the great Derby winner Sea Bird. Sea Pigeon's dam, Around the Roses, ran second in the Acorn Stakes and went on to produce the American turf champion Bowl Game. As a yearling Sea Pigeon was sent into training with Jeremy Tree in England.
Racing career
Sea Pigeon won once as a two-year-old in October 1972, when he was ridden to victory by Lester Piggott in the Duke of Edinburgh Stakes at Ascot. In early 1973, he was considered a serious contender for the Classics. He ran in the 1973 Epsom Derby and finished seventh behind Morston. By the end of 1973, Sea Pigeon's indifferent form led to him being thought "ungenuine, highly-strung and difficult to handle." He was subsequently gelded and was sold for £8,000 to Pat Muldoon, who sent the horse to National Hunt trainer Gordon W. Richards.
After showing modest form on the flat in 1974, Sea Pigeon was switched to hurdles. In his first two seasons as a hurdler, he showed steadily improving form, winning several races and finishing placed behind notable hurdlers including Lanzarote and Birds Nest. In late 1976, after a defeat at Kempton, Sea Pigeon joined Peter (M.H.) Easterby's stable at Habton Grange near Malton, North Yorkshire. In the second half of the 1976–77 National Hunt season, he became a top-class performer in hurdle races, finishing fourth to his stable companion Night Nurse in the Champion Hurdle and winning the Scottish Champion Hurdle at Ayr.
His flat career also started to blossom with a succession of wins in top handicaps - he won the Chester Cup in 1977 and 1978, and the Ebor Handicap carrying 10 stone, which is still a record, in 1979. Sea Pigeon was ridden to his Ebor win by his regular hurdles partner Jonjo O'Neill – due to the long ITV strike of that year, only those who were present at York that day saw it.
He missed the early part of the 1977–78 jumps season after being injured in the Colonial Cup but returned in spring to finish runner-up to Monksfield in the Champion Hurdle. He won a second Scottish Champion Hurdle, taking advantage of the fatal fall of Golden Cygnet at the final flight. In the following season, his best performances came when beating Birds Nest in the Fighting Fifth Hurdle and finishing second again to Monksfield in the Champion Hurdle. Sea Pigeon suffered from injury problems in the autumn of 1979 but returned to form in spring 1980. He won the Champion Hurdle at his fourth attempt, beating Monksfield by seven lengths. Before the end of the season, he added a victory in the Welsh Champion Hurdle. A year later, he won a second Fighting Fifth Hurdle and a second Champion Hurdle in March, becoming the oldest-ever winner of the race. In the Champion Hurdle, the performance of his jockey, John Francome, who replaced the injured O'Neill, has been described as one of the best in Cheltenham history.
Having contracted a virus, shortly before the 1981 Aintree Festival, Sea Pigeon never recovered fully and ran poorly in two races in the autumn of 1981. He was retired just before the 1982 Cheltenham Festival. He had won 21 races from 40 starts over jumps and 16 races from 45 starts on the flat.
Retirement
During his retirement Sea Pigeon was housed with trainer Pat Rohan for some time and could often be seen having a stroll round the streets of Norton much to the joy of the locals. Later he spent twelve years under the care of Polly Teirney/Perkins at her yard in Sherriff Hutton, near Malton.
Even when Jonjo O'Neill turned his hand to training across the Pennines in Skelton, his bond with Sea Pigeon was far from over. The former jockey would often turn up unannounced just to spend some time with his old friend. This bond continued until Sea Pigeon was found to have irreparable damage to one of his pedal bones and was put to sleep on Tuesday 20 October 2000. He was buried at Easterby's Habton Grange stable, next to his stable companion and racecourse rival Night Nurse.
Assessment
Sea Pigeon was rated at 175 by Timeform for five consecutive seasons from 1976–77 to 1980–81. He was the highest rated hurdler in both his championship seasons and at the time of his retirement was the fifth-highest rated hurdler in the organisation's history. Sea Pigeon now ranks in the top-16 all-time list.
In their book A Century of Champions, John Randal and Tony Morris ranked Sea Pigeon the tenth best British or Irish hurdler of the 20th century.
Pedigree
References
1970 racehorse births
2000 racehorse deaths
Thoroughbred family 26
Cheltenham Festival winners
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
National Hunt racehorses
Champion Hurdle winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Pigeon |
Giacomo "Jack" Galanda (born 30 January 1975) is a retired Italian professional basketball player. He was a forward-center of 2.10 m. (6 ft. 10¾ in.) and 110 kg. (243 lbs.).
Professional career
Galanda was born in Udine, Friuli. He grew up in the Scaligera Basket Verona junior teams, with which he made his debut in the Italian League on October 17, 1993. After four years in the Verona team, he was traded to Fortitudo Bologna. However, in his first year (1997–98) he was utilized as a reserve to Gregor Fučka, and had a limited impact.
In 1998, he was loaned to Pallacanestro Varese, where he was a leader of the team that, surprisingly, won the Italian League championship. Galanda therefore returned to Bologna, where he remained until 2003, when he was traded to Montepaschi Siena. He won two further Italian league championships in 2000 and 2004. In the 2005–06 season, Galanda played with Armani Jeans Milano. From 2006 to 2011, he played for Pallacanestro Varese. In 2011, he signed with Giorgio Tesi Group Pistoia. In May 2014, he announced his retirement.
Italian national team
Galanda made his debut with the senior men's Italian national basketball team in 1997, and soon turned into one of the more representative players from his country. Some of his successes with the Azzurri jersey include silver and gold medals at the FIBA EuroBasket (1997 and 1999, respectively), and a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games of Athens.
References
External links
Euroleague.net Profile
FIBA.com Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Italian League Profile
1975 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Centers (basketball)
FIBA EuroBasket-winning players
Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna players
Italian men's basketball players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Mens Sana Basket players
Olimpia Milano players
Olympic basketball players for Italy
Olympic medalists in basketball
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Pallacanestro Varese players
Sportspeople from Udine
Pistoia Basket 2000 players
Power forwards (basketball)
Scaligera Basket Verona players
1998 FIBA World Championship players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo%20Galanda |
Travedona-Monate is a comune and small town near the eastern shore of the Lake Maggiore, in the province of Varese, northern Italy. The population is about 3,336 inhabitants. It extends to an area of , with a density of 371 inhabitants/km2. It shares boundaries with Biandronno, Brebbia, Bregano, Cadrezzate, Comabbio, Ispra, Malgesso, Osmate, Ternate, and the Lago di Monate lake.
References
See also
Festival del Rock at the Italian language Wikipedia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travedona-Monate |
The winged sun is a solar symbol associated with divinity, royalty, and power in the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia).
Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC ), often flanked on either side with a uraeus.
Behdety
In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behdety represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Horakhty. It is sometimes depicted on the neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including Khepri. The name "Behdety" means the inhabitant of Behdet.
He was the sky god of the region called Behdet in the Nile basin.
His image was first found in the inscription on a comb's body, as a winged solar panel. The period of the comb is about 3000 BC. Such winged solar panels were later found in the funeral picture of Pharaoh Sahure of the fifth dynasty. Behdety is seen as the protector of Pharaoh. On both sides of his picture are seen the Uraeus, which a symbol for the cobra headed goddess Wadjet.
He resisted the intense heat of Egyptian sun with his two wings.
Mesopotamia
From roughly 2000 BCE, the symbol also appears in Mesopotamia. It appears in reliefs with Assyrian rulers as a symbol for royalty, transcribed into Latin as (literally, "his own self, the Sun", i.e. "His Majesty").
Iran
In Zoroastrian Persia, the symbol of the winged sun became part of the iconography of the Faravahar, the symbol of the divine power and royal glory in Persian culture.
Israel and Judah
From around the 8th century BC, the winged solar disk appears on Hebrew seals connected to the royal house of the Kingdom of Judah. Many of these are seals and jar handles from Hezekiah's reign, together with the inscription l'melekh ("belonging to the king"). Typically, Hezekiah's royal seals feature two downward-pointing wings and six rays emanating from the central sun disk, and some are flanked on either side with the Egyptian ankh ("key of life") symbol. Prior to this, there are examples from the seals of servants of king Ahaz and of king Uzziah.
Compare also Malachi 4:2, referring to a winged "Sun of righteousness",
Greece
The winged sun is conventionally depicted as the knob of the caduceus, the staff of Hermes.
Modern use
Various groups such as Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, Thelema, Theosophy, and Unity Church have also used it. The symbol was used on the cover of Charles Taze Russell's textbook series Studies in the Scriptures beginning with the 1911 editions.
The winged sun symbol is also cited by proponents of the pseudoscientific Nibiru cataclysm.
Secular use
A winged sun is used in the heraldry of the North America Trade Directory.
Variations of the symbol are used as a trademark logo on vehicles produced by the Chrysler Corporation, Mini, Bentley Motors, Lagonda (Aston Martin) and Harley Davidson.
Since WW2, military aircraft of the United States have carried the insignia of a circle with stripes extending from each side like wings. Whether this is coincidental or some symbolic resemblance was intended is unknown. A five-pointed star is inscribed within the circle.
Regarding its video game usage, the symbol has become a common motif in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, most notably featured on title screens displaying the main character, as well as a stylized version appearing as a symbol for religious mechanics and buildings in Civilization VI, among others.
See also
Winged genie
References
Bibliography
R. Mayer, Opificius, Die geflügelte Sonne, Himmels- und Regendarstellungen im Alten Vorderasien, UF 16 (1984) 189-236.
D. Parayre, Carchemish entre Anatolie et Syrie à travers l'image du disque solaire ailé (ca. 1800-717 av. J.-C.), Hethitica 8 (1987) 319-360.
D. Parayre, Les cachets ouest-sémitiques à travers l'image du disque solaire ailé, Syria 67 (1990) 269-314.
External links
Relief Depicting Gilgamesh Between Two Bull-Men Supporting a Winged Sun Disk, Kapara palace, Tell Halaf.
Ancient Egyptian symbols
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Heraldic charges
Middle Eastern mythology
Religious symbols
Sun myths
Symbols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged%20sun |
The Geometrid is the second studio album by Looper, released in 2000. It peaked at number 22 on the UK Independent Albums Chart.
Critical reception
Exclaim! called The Geometrid "a beautiful, modern pop record." The Guardian deemed it "a collection of shabbily produced electro-indie ditties hamstrung by half-hearted vocals and laughably leaden beats." The Cleveland Scene considered it "a fascinating blend of techno beats with the warmth and invitation of a purer and more populist brand of pop music."
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
2000 albums
Looper (band) albums
Jeepster Records albums
Sub Pop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Geometrid |
Heswall Dales is an area of some of lowland heath situated close to Heswall on the Wirral Peninsula, England.
It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Local Nature Reserve. Heswall Dales offers views of the Dee Estuary and over the River Dee the Clwydian Hills of Wales.
References
External links
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral: Heswall Dales Local Nature Reserve
Parks and commons in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside
Local Nature Reserves in Merseyside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heswall%20Dales |
Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera, (born 23 June 1962) is a Ugandan-born British investment banker, and has been chair of Prudential plc since January 2021, having joined the board in May 2020. Until September 2009, she was a government minister jointly for the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and the Cabinet Office. She was chair of Santander UK from March 2015 to October 2020, the first woman to head a major British bank.
Early life
Vadera was born in Uganda in 1962 to Indian Gujarati parents.
She is from a family who owned a small tea plantation but fled to India in 1972 following the Ugandan government's expulsion of Ugandan Asians, and then later to the UK. She was educated at Northwood College before taking a degree in philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Somerville College, Oxford.
Private sector career
For over 14 years Vadera was employed at investment bank UBS Warburg, where her work included advising governments of developing countries, and debt relief and restructuring. She also played a role in the partial privatisation of South African Telecom.
Government adviser and minister
Vadera was on the Council of Economic Advisers at HM Treasury from 1999 to 2007, where she led on policy for business, competition innovation, productivity and international finance and development issues and the management of the Government's shareholdings, asset sales and public private partnerships for infrastructure.
Following his appointment as Prime Minister in June 2007, Gordon Brown appointed her as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for International Development. As she was not a member of either of the Houses of Parliament, she was created a life peer on 11 July 2007 as Baroness Vadera, of Holland Park in the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea. The Sunday Times reported that Gus O'Donnell, the Cabinet Secretary, "flatly refus[ed] to allow her to cross the threshold of No 10 as policy enforcer" and "no Permanent Secretary could stand her" – although he later denied making these comments.
Following criticism of her working style Stephen Alambritis, of the Federation of Small Businesses (also a Merton Labour councillor) said: “If the Civil Service is complaining about her, then probably more ministers should be like her; she gets things done.”
After six months as a Minister in International Development, she was moved to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. In October 2008, she also became a Parliamentary Secretary in the Cabinet Office.
In January 2009 she gave an interview on ITV's Lunchtime News, which concluded:
Alastair Stewart: "Final and briefest thought possible – you're a former banker and business person yourself and now a minister – when will we see the green shoots of recovery?
Baroness Vadera: "Well, it's a very uncertain world right now globally but I wouldn't want to be the one predicting it. I am seeing a few green shoots but it's a little bit too early to say exactly how they'll grow."
Her reply generated commentary from a number of sources, including shadow chancellor George Osborne and former chancellor Norman Lamont, who first used the phrase "green shoots" in 1991. Lamont said: "It is extremely premature to use a phrase like that."
Later that year the Evening Standard reported that Vadera was instrumental in the creation of an unprecedented banking rescue package. On 24 September 2009, it was announced that she would be stepping down as minister to take up a new role advising the G20.
Vadera has been on a leave of absence from the House of Lords since December 2011.
Life after politics
In April 2010, the Financial Times reported that Vadera had taken up a consultancy to give strategic advice in restructuring Dubai World's US$26 billion debt. In July, the Daily Telegraph reported Vadera had become consultant to Singaporean investment company Temasek.
"The reason people like Shriti are getting these offers is because there are very few people who understand the international finance world and the geopolitical world at a time when the financial world clearly has some issues with the political world." said Martin Armstrong of recruitment consultants Somerton Partners.
In 2019, Vadera was mentioned by British news media as a candidate to succeed Mark Carney as Governor of the Bank of England.
In 2021, Vadera was appointed chair of the Royal Shakespeare Company, the first woman and person of colour in the role.
In 2023, the World Bank's president Ajay Banga appointed Vadera as co-chair – alongside Mark Carney – of the Private Sector Investment Lab.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Prudential plc, Non-Executive Chair (since 2021)
Santander UK, Non-Executive Chair (2015–2020)
BHP Billiton, Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (2010–2020)
AstraZeneca, Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (2010–2018)
Non-profit organizations
Chatham House, Senior Advisor
Institute of International Finance (IFF), Member of the Board
Recognition
In 2016, Vadera was included in that year's list of the BBC's 100 Women.
Notes
References
External links
parliamentary profile
Living people
1962 births
Ugandan emigrants to the United Kingdom
Ugandan people of Indian descent
British Hindus
British women bankers
British economists
British women economists
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Labour Party (UK) life peers
British special advisers
Labour Party (UK) officials
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British people of Indian descent
British people of Gujarati descent
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
People educated at Northwood College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriti%20Vadera%2C%20Baroness%20Vadera |
Cleethorpes Pier is a pleasure pier in the town of Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire, England. Opened in 1873 on August Bank Holiday, it originally cost £8,000 and was financed by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (later the Great Central Railway).
Structure
Originally in length to span the unusually large distance between low and high tide limits, the pier comprised a timber deck and pavilion (constructed in 1888) supported on iron piles. A section was cut out of the pier during the Second World War to impede its use in any German invasion attempt.
History
Plans for the pier first appeared in late 1866 in The London Gazette and construction was ordered in 1867. The pier was built by Head Wrightson at a cost of £8,000 () and financed by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, who later took on an annual £450 lease in 1884 followed by full acquisition 20 years later for £11,250 ().
The original pavilion was destroyed by fire in 1903 but in 1905 a new one was built, halfway along the pier, and also a cafeteria and shops at the entry from the promenade. The pavilion offered a venue for dances and concerts. Cleethorpes Borough Council assumed ownership of the pier in 1936, the year that the resort gained borough status.
A £50,000 () investment in 1968 modernised the 600-seat concert hall, cafe and bar. As well as traditional summer shows, it housed wrestling, coin & stamp fairs and dance festivals. However, after a series of losses on the summer show, the council sold the pier in 1981 to Funworld of Skegness, who later themselves put the pier up for sale. The council declined an offer to buy back the pier, saying it would need a £200,000 reconstruction. Following this, nightclub owner Mark Mayer purchased the pier for £10,000 and, after an investment of £300,000, it reopened as 'Pier 39' (a modern nightclub) on 4 September 1985, he later sold it for £1.2m Subsequent developments included a shelter for those awaiting access to the night-club, and pier widening with new underneath piles distinct from the originals.
Recent problems
Cleethorpes Pier's owners from 2005 were those responsible for a management buyout from Luminar Leisure. In 2006 they rebuilt the former Paradise Club, with the new Waterfront Bar officially opened by Tim Mickleburgh, Hon Vice President of the National Piers Society.
The pier closed in 2010 but, in May 2010, a local businessman, Bryn Ilsey, bought the venue and leased it out.
The Pier nightclub reopened to the public on 27 November 2010, after undergoing a £200,000 refurbishment, with day and night opening.
It closed again on 2 September 2011 when owners surrendered their licence to the authorities pending an investigation into a series of violent incidents and serious disorder.
Present
It was re-opened on 1 December 2011 under the ownership of local businessman Alistair Clugston, with the front section being renamed the Tides Bar & Restaurant. The large hall continues as a nightclub, but with a 21-year age restriction.
The London Evening Standard for 12 December 2012 carried a half-page advertisement offering Cleethorpes Pier for sale by auction on 2 February 2013. At auction on the pier, it failed to reach its guide price of £400,000.
However, a "venture partnership" had since purchased the pier for above the guide price and would take possession on 30 April 2013. In late May 2013 the pier was again on the market after the purchaser failed to meet the conditions of the sale. The owner says he is also willing to rent the pier to anyone interested.
In July 2013, local businessman Bryan Huxford purchased the pier for Community use and it has since re-opened to the public. Future plans for developing the structure were unveiled that November. The pier closed in late 2014 so that refurbishment could begin, but did not start until March 2015 with an expected re-opening date of July 2015.
The Pier reopened in August 2015, the venue then held the 1873 restaurant offering fine dining, The Promenade, a public house that served traditional pub food and The Victoria Tea room for afternoon tea and dishes from a bistro menu. The historic venue also hosted live entertainment and held many functions and conferences ranging from weddings and birthday parties to corporate events.
In September 2016, the pier was again put up for sale, and was purchased by Papa's Fish and Chip chain for an undisclosed fee in December 2016. It then re-opened in time for the 2017 season, when it claimed to be the largest fish and chip restaurant in the country.
See also
List of piers in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Heritage Trail
National Piers Society
VisitorUK.com - Photos of Cleethorpes
Buildings and structures in Lincolnshire
Tourist attractions in Lincolnshire
Piers in Lincolnshire
Cleethorpes
Defunct nightclubs in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures completed in 1873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes%20Pier |
Indonesian Aerospace (IAe) (), is an Indonesian aerospace company involved in aircraft design and the development and manufacture of civilian and military regional commuter aircraft. The company was formerly known as (IPTN; Nusantara Aircraft Industry). It was expanded from a research and industrial facility under the auspices of the Indonesian Air Force, namely or Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institute.
Established in 1976 as a state owned company, it has developed its capability as an aircraft manufacturer and diversified into other areas, such as telecommunication, automotive, maritime, information technology, oil & gas, control & automation, military, simulation technology, industrial turbine, and engineering services.
History
Pioneering
Though aircraft production in Indonesia existed before independence in 1945, the National Aviation Industry was pioneered in 1946 at Yogyakarta by the formation of Planning and Construction Bureau () within the Indonesian Air Force. Wiweko Soepono, Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo, and J. Sumarsono, opened a simple workshop at Magetan, near Madiun. With basic materials, gliders were designed and built – Zogling, NWG-1 (Nurtanio Wiweko Glider) among others.
In 1948, a motorised aircraft, WEL-X was built by Wiweko Soepono using a Harley Davidson engine. The small craft was registered as RI-X. This era marked the rise of several aeromodelling clubs.
The war for independence, however, halted all progress until 1953. In that year, The Experimental Section () was organised. Consisting of only 15 personnel, led by Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo, The team built and tested three prototypes of a single-seat all metal aircraft at Andir Airport (Later renamed Husein Sastranegara International Airport) in Bandung.
On 24 April 1957, The Experimental Section graduated into The Inspection, Trial, and Production Sub-Depot () based on Decision Letter of Indonesian Air Force Chief of Staff number 68.
In 1958, a light training aircraft prototype named Belalang 89, or Grasshopper 89, was flown. The design was later produced as . Five were built and used for military training. Within the same year, a sport plane, "Kunang 25", was also built and flown.
Preparation
On 1 August 1960, by the order of the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force (order #488), The Aviation Industry Preparation Agency was to be formed to establish the Indonesian aviation industry as part of national strategies on national industrial production. By 16 December 1961, the new body, known as LAPIP (), was actively negotiating for technological transfers and contracts.
LAPIP was able to secure a joint licensing and production contract with Poland. Within the same year, Indonesia was producing the PZL-104 Wilga, locally named the . 44 were manufactured for agriculture, transport, and aero club purposes.
In 1965, the Aircraft Industry Project Implementation Command (; ) and the Independent Aircraft Industry National Company () were formed to expand and formulate specific uses of the young aviation industry.
Within the same timeline, Aviation Studies were promoted in the country's top universities. One of the first schools was founded within the machine department of the engineering faculty of the Bandung Institute of Technology by Oetarjo Diran and Liem Keng Kie.
In September 1974, Pertamina's Advanced Technology Division signed a license contract with MBB and CASA for producing Bölkow Bo 105 and CASA C.212 Aviocar.
Nurtanio Aircraft Industry
On 26 April 1976, mandated by Government Act No. 15, in Jakarta, PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio was officially established with BJ. Habibie as the President and CEO. The infrastructure was completed and inaugurated on 23 August 1976 by President Suharto. The new body was a merger between Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution () and Pertamina's Advanced Technology Division.
The name 'Nurtanio' is a tribute to Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo, one of the first aviation pioneers in Indonesia, who designed the Sikumbang, an indigenous all metal aircraft (maiden flight: 1 August 1954). As a result of his death caused by a flight training accident on 1 March 1966, the Aviation Industry Preparation Agency was then renamed Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution LLC ().
Initially, IPTN manufactured the NBO 105 (MBB Bo 105) under license from MBB, followed by the NC 212 (CASA C-212 Aviocar), under license by CASA.
Nusantara Aircraft Industry
On 11 October 1985, the name was changed to the or IPTN. Nusantara signifies the Indonesian 17,000 island archipelago.
The exclusion of "Nurtanio" from IPTN was due to some highly questionable accusations. One of the allegations was a personal use of company's letterhead by Nurtanio's family to appropriate some IPTN stocks. None was proven true.
Dirgantara Indonesia / Indonesian Aerospace
Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, a major restructuring program was implemented. At its peak, in 2004, the Indonesian Aerospace reduced its payroll from 9670 to 3720. Furthermore, the 18 business divisions were reorganised into the following:
Aircraft
Aircraft Services
Aerostructure
Defense
Engineering Services
The restructuring focused on new business goals, downsizing and adaptation of man-power according to available workloads, and a pinpoint market targeting along with a concentrated business mission.
The IPTN was re-introduced as PT Dirgantara Indonesia (abbreviated DI) or Indonesian Aerospace (abbreviated IAe). IAe was officially inaugurated by the President of Indonesia, Abdurrahman Wahid, in Bandung on 24 August 2000.
On 4 July 2011 Indonesia's government said it will inject Rp.2 trillion ($234 million) to Indonesian Aerospace to keep the debt-ridden firm afloat with a view to making a joint venture with EADS. Before injection the unpaid debt to government was Rp.1.1 trillion ($129 million).
Services
Engineering work packages; design, development, testing
Manufacturing subcontracts
Aircraft Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO)
Engine Maintenance and Overhaul (MRO)
Facilities
Indonesian Aerospace covers an area of 86.98 ha. The backbone of the production is sustained by 232 high tech operations. Apart from these, there are other minor high-tech facilities spread over various assembly lines, laboratories, and service & maintenance units. They are located mainly in Bandung.
Products
Indonesian Aerospace and its precursors
(PT Dirgantara Indonesia (DI) – (IAe) Indonesian Aerospace)
AURI
( – Indonesian Air Force Research, Development, and Production Depot)
NU-200 Sikumbang
NU-225 Sikumbang (X-09)
NU-260 Sikumbang (X-02)
Belalang 85 (X-03) – converted Piper J-3 Cub
Belalang 90 – converted Piper J-3 Cub
Kunang 25 (X-04)
Super Kunang 35 (X-05 and X-07)
Kindjeng 150 (X-06)
B-8m Kolentang – based on Bensen B-8
LIPNUR
(Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio – Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution)
LIPNUR Gelatik (License-built PZL-104 Wilga)
LIPNUR LT-200 Angkatang (License-built Pazmany PL-2)
LIPNUR Belalang
LIPNUR Kindjeng
LIPNUR Kolentang
LIPNUR Kumbang
LIPNUR Kunang
LIPNUR Kunang-kunang
LIPNUR Manyang
LIPNUR Sikumbang
LIPNUR Super Kunang I
LIPNUR Super Kunang II
IAe Aircraft production
CASA/IPTN CN-235 civil, military, and maritime version (Joint development with CASA under Aircraft Technology (Airtech)).
Indonesian Aerospace CN-295 (Variant of C-295 made by Indonesian Aerospace).
Indonesian Aerospace N-219 is a 19-seat commercial turboprop aircraft. First flew in August 2017, it was certified by Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation in December 2020. IAe (PT DI) has received 257 orders of N-219 from abroad and domestic.
Indonesian Aerospace N-245 is a planned 50-seat commercial turboprop aircraft. In mid 2018, IAe (PT DI) completed wind tunnel testing and finalized the design.
Indonesian Aerospace N-250 is a 50-seat commercial turboprop aircraft. 2 prototypes have been built, but the program was discontinued due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis that forced a stop of the development. This program was planned to be restarted in 2018 by development of the N-245 or R-80 aircraft program.
Indonesian Aerospace N-2130 is a planned commercial jet aircraft, discontinued due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis before making any prototype.
Indonesian Aerospace Elang Hitam is a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle currently being developed.
Joint Development & production aircraft
KAI KF-X, Joint Development South Korea & Indonesia Government, with development cost sharing consisted of 20 percent Indonesian Government and 80 percent South Korea. KAI and IAe (PTDI) are appointed as System Integrator. KAI KF-X is a multirole fighter, more advanced than F-16 E/F but still below F-35. Currently in prototype development phase.
License-built aircraft
NAS 330J, a licensed built Aérospatiale Puma helicopter, first made in 1981.
NAS 332, a licensed built Eurocopter Super Puma helicopter, first made in 1983.
Eurocopter EC725, 6 helicopters for Indonesian Air Force.
NB 412, a licensed built Bell 412 helicopter made since 1984.
NBO 105, a licensed built Bölkow Bo 105 helicopter, discontinued in July 2011 after 123 units production since 1976.
NBK 117, a licensed built MBB/Kawasaki BK 117, first produced in 1981.
Eurocopter Fennec as replacement of NBO 105 production line.
Eurocopter Ecureuil as replacement of NBO 105 production line.
NC-212, a licensed built CASA C-212 Aviocar aircraft.
IAe Armaments
FFAR 2.75 inch rocket under Belgium's license.
SUT torpedo.
NDL-40 Ground-to-Ground Rocket Multi Launcher.
R-Han 122 rocket munition.
RN01-SS
Development projects
Indonesian Aerospace has plans to construct the N-245, designed to carry 50 passengers for about 400 kilometres in remote areas or where passenger demand is low. The design is based primarily on that of the CN-235, with body shape and tail modifications. The development cost of the aircraft has thus far reached $150 million, with an expected break even point of 50–70 aircraft sales. The aircraft is meant as a market competitor to the ATR 42 and Bombardier Dash 8 Q300.
See also
Aviation in Indonesia
Science and technology in Indonesia
Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation
Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation
References
External links
IPTN Profile from Industry Department
Nurtanio reminiscences
History of Indonesian Aviation
Defend ID
Aircraft manufacturers of Indonesia
Aviation in Indonesia
Companies based in Bandung
Technology companies established in 1976
Indonesian brands
Indonesian companies established in 1976
Aerospace companies of Asia
Aircraft manufacturers of Asia
Manufacturing companies established in 1976
Helicopter manufacturers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian%20Aerospace |
Thomas E. Sniegoski is an American novelist, comic book writer and pop culture journalist.
Career
A number of Sniegoski's works have been related to the Buffyverse, the fictional universe established by TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel.
Thomas has written and collaborated on comics since 1989. Some highlights include working on Vampirella, Punisher, and Batman. Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails was a prequel miniseries to fan favorite indie hit, Bone. Sniegoski collaborated with Bone creator Jeff Smith on the prequel, making him the only writer Smith has ever asked to work on those characters.
Sniegoski was the co-writer of the monthly Angel comic book series, based on the hit show, the Chaos! Comics mini-series Jade: Turn Loose the Dragon and its sequel Jade: Redemption, and fan favorite artist Randy Green's creator-owned series, The Dollz. He has written dozens of comics, including Batman Chronicles #22 and Wolverine/Punisher: Revelation and the Hellboy-inspired three issue mini-series, B.P.R.D: The Hollow Earth was co-written with Christopher Golden and Hellboy creator Mike Mignola. Other work with Golden includes Talent for Boom! Studios.
Tom has been working in the comic book field for ten years, for companies as diverse as Marvel, Image, Dark Horse, Acclaim, Harris, Crusade, Caliber, Spiderbaby, London Night, and most recently, Cartoon Books.
Other work includes Star Trek: Embrace the Wolf for Wildstorm, Batman: Real World for DC, Ghost, Razor, Shi and a Waterworld mini-series which was a sequel to the Universal film, also with Christopher Golden, and several Buffy the Vampire Slayer related projects for Dark Horse.
Bibliography
Buffyverse
Soul Trade
Earthly Possessions (with Christopher Golden)
Hunting Ground (with Christopher Golden)
Past Lives (with Christopher Golden)
Giles (with Christopher Golden)
Monster Island (with Christopher Golden)
Novels
Force Majeure (with Christopher Golden) (Pocket Books, 2002)
The Fallen (series)
The Fallen (Pocket Books, 2003)
Leviathan (Pocket Books, 2003)
Aerie (Pocket Books, 2003)
Reckoning (Pocket Books, 2004)
The End of Days (Pocket Books, 2011)
Forsaken (Pocket Books, 2012)
Armageddon (Pocket Books, 2013)
Magic Zero [w/Christopher Golden]
(Series Title originally released as 'Outcast')
Magic Zero (Aladdin, 2004) – (originally released as 'The Un-Magician')
Dragon Secrets (Aladdin, 2004)
Ghostfire (Aladdin, 2005)
Battle for Arcanum (Aladdin, 2005) – (originally released as 'Wurm War')
The Menagerie (series) [w/Christopher Golden]
The Nimble Man (Ace, 2004)
The Tears of Furies (Ace, 2005)
Stones Unturned (Ace, 2006)
Crashing Paradise (Ace, 2007)
The Sleeper Conspiracy
Sleeper Code (Razorbill, 2006)
Sleeper Agenda (Razorbll, 2006)
Owlboy
Billy Hooten, Owlboy (Yearling, 2007)
The Girl with the Destructo Touch (Yearling, 2007)
The Terror of Zis-Boom-Bah (Yearling, 2008)
The Flock of Fury (Yearling, 2008)
Remy Chandler
A Kiss Before The Apocalypse (Roc, 2008)
Dancing On The Head of a Pin (Roc, 2009)
Noah's Orphans (novella published in Mean Streets by Roc, 2009)
Where Angels Fear To Tread (Roc, 2010)
A Hundred Words for Hate: A Remy Chandler Novel (Roc, 2011)
In the House of the Wicked (Roc, 2012) (, )
Walking In the Midst of Fire (Roc, 2013)
A Deafening Silence in Heaven (Roc 2015)
Bone
Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails
Quest for the Spark Trilogy (2011-2013)
Anthologies and collections
Comics
Talent (with Christopher Golden, Boom! Studios, 2008)
See also
Buffyverse novels
Buffyverse comics
References
External links
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American comics writers
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Urban fantasy writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20E.%20Sniegoski |
Istabraq (born 23 May 1992) is a retired Irish Thoroughbred racehorse who was most famous for his hurdling. He won the Champion Hurdle on three occasions. He was trained by Aidan O'Brien and owned by John Patrick McManus. Jockey Charlie Swan rode him in all of his 29 races over jumps.
Early life
Istabraq was bred for the flat, being by the outstanding champion sire Sadler's Wells, who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas over 1 mile and also being three parts brother to an Epsom Derby winner, Secreto. Istabraq was tried unsuccessfully over a mile and failed to please his handlers and owner Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Shadwell Racing and a partner in his family's Godolphin Stables.
Jumps racing
The horse was sold to John Durkan who had been an assistant to John Gosden with the Baring Bingham Novices' Hurdle as the target for the Cheltenham Festival. Durkan started training the horse but was diagnosed with leukemia and suggested that Aidan O'Brien train Istabraq while he was ill. The agreement was that when Durkan recovered, he would take over the training. However, he died just before Istabraq won the 1998 Irish Champion Hurdle. O'Brien continued to train the horse afterwards, and Durkan remained in the thoughts of the horse's connections. When riding the horse back after his 1998 Champion Hurdle win, jockey Charlie Swan said, 'This one's for John,' in an interview with Channel 4's Lesley Graham.
1996/1997: Novice hurdler
On 16 November 1996 Istabraq made his hurdling debut and lost by a head to Noble Thyne at Punchestown. Before his next race Istabraq was gelded. He won his next three races prior to the Cheltenham Festival. There he won the Royal & Sun Alliance Novice Hurdle from Mighty Moss.
1997/1998
Istabraq won the first four races of the season. In his fifth race of the season he started as favourite for the 1998 Champion Hurdle. Last years winner Make A Stand was a notable absence but the runner-up Theatreworld returned as one of the 18 runners. Istabraq moved to the front three out before he accelerated rounding the home turn. The Champion Hurdle then became a procession in the home straight, as Istabraq won by 12 lengths from Theatreworld. The conditions for the Aintree Hurdle were soft, heavy in places with Istabraq the favourite. However Istabraq came second to Pridwell to end Istabraq's 10 race winning streak. This was Istabraq's last race of the season.
1998/1999
Like last season, Istabraq won his first four races. In his fifth race of the season he started the 1999 Champion Hurdle as favourite. He won by lengths from Theatreworld to win his second Champion Hurdle. In the next race he beat French Holly at the Aintree Hurdle. He won his last race of the season at the Punchestown festival.
1999/2000
Istabraq had his first start of the season in October at Tipperary in the John James McManus Memorial Hurdle. He beat Limestone Lad by 7 lengths. There was a rematch for Istabraq's second start of the season in the Hattons Grace Hurdle at Fairyhouse. This time Istabraq came second losing by lengths to Limestone Lad also in soft conditions. Despite the loss Istabraq started the 2000 Champion Hurdle as favourite. He won by 4 lengths from Hors La Loi III. This victory was Istabraq's fourth straight win at the Cheltenham Festival. This was his last race of the season.
2000/2001
He made his reappearance at Leopardstown for the December Festival Hurdle. He battled with Moscow Flyer before he fell at the last. This was the first time Istabraq fell. The race was won by Moscow Flyer. After the race winning jockey Barry Geraghty said "I thought I had Istabraq beat going to the last, I was the only one going in the right direction." Istabraq's jockey Charlie Swan however said "He was tired but he always finds something, however, he's always been vulnerable in those sort of conditions. He felt well and as good as ever during the race." On his next start, Istabraq won but this time Moscow Flyer fell. In Istabraq's next start, Istabraq again fell at the final flight, with Moscow Flyer the winner. After Istabraq won the AIG Europe Champion Hurdle near the end of January he was the odds on ante post favourite for the 2001 Champion Hurdle. However before the 2001 Cheltenham Festival, cases of foot-and-mouth disease started to appear in Britain. The festival was therefore abandoned.
2001/2002
Istabraq reappeared the following season to defeat Bust Out by a head in the December Festival Hurdle. In the 2002 Champion Hurdle Istabraq was the favourite of the 15 runners. However Swan pulled him up after 2 hurdles. The race was won by Hors La Loi III. After the race Swan said "I jumped the first and his action went. I jumped the second and thought he might get a bit better but he didn't and I just thought, for the good of the horse, to pull him up". Istabraq was later found to have pulled muscles in his back. Istabraq was retired after the race.
Retirement
After retirement Istabraq was moved to Martinstown home of owner J. P. McManus.
Pedigree
Note: b. = Bay, br. = Brown, ch. = Chestnut
Through his dam he is inbred 4x4 to Princequillo. This means that the stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree.
See also
Repeat winners of horse races
References
External links
Istabraq's pedigree and partial racing stats
Istabraq - The Quest for Greatness (video)
Racing Post Istabraq file
Istabraq Fan Club
1992 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in Ireland
Racehorses bred in Ireland
National Hunt racehorses
Cheltenham Festival winners
Champion Hurdle winners
Thoroughbred family 4-d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istabraq |
Berserk! is a 1967 British horror-thriller film directed by Jim O'Connolly and starring Joan Crawford, Ty Hardin, Diana Dors and Judy Geeson. The screenplay was written by Herman Cohen and Aben Kandel.
Berserk! marks Crawford's penultimate feature-film appearance.
Plot
Monica Rivers and Albert Dorando own a travelling English circus. Monica acts as ringmistress and Dorando is business manager. During one performance, tightrope walker Gaspar the Great is strangled when his tightrope breaks. An investigation reveals his rope may have been interfered with, but police are unable to solve the murder. When Monica suggests aloud Gaspar's death will yield the troupe needed publicity, Dorando is shocked. He asks her to buy out his share of the company, but she is unable. Instead, she hires daring, handsome tightrope artist Frank Hawkins, who performs his act over a carpet of sharp bayonets. Monica is impressed, especially with his physique.
Shortly after, Dorando is found gruesomely murdered. The troupe suspect Monica is the perpetrator. Hawkins, who witnessed her leaving Dorando's trailer shortly before his body was discovered, attempts blackmail. He confronts Monica with what he witnessed. He then demands a share of the action for his silence. She concedes.
After a series of successful performances throughout the UK, Monica's daughter Angela, recently expelled from school, shows up. Monica hires her to perform in a knife-throwing act. Matilda, another circus performer, unsuccessfully attempts to seduce Hawkins and Monica is jealous. Matilda is killed when the magician's trick involving the illusion of being sawn in half malfunctions.
A few evenings later, during Hawkins' high-wire performance, Angela is spotted throwing a knife, striking him in the back. He falls from his tightrope onto the bayonets and is killed. Angela confesses and reveals her motive, that it was all Monica's fault because she had ignored her and was absent throughout her childhood. The circus murders were attempts to eliminate the people who consumed Monica's time and attention. She tries to kill her mother but is stopped. While trying to escape capture, she is electrocuted by a live wire outside the circus tent during a rainstorm. Monica sobs inconsolably over her daughter's body.
Cast
Joan Crawford as Monica Rivers
Ty Hardin as Frank Hawkins
Diana Dors as Matilda
Michael Gough as Albert Dorando
Judy Geeson as Angela Rivers
Robert Hardy as Detective Supt. Brooks
Geoffrey Keen as Commissioner Dalby
Sydney Tafler as Harrison Liston
George Claydon as Bruno Fontana
Philip Madoc as Lazlo
Ambrosine Phillpotts as Miss Burrows
Thomas Cimarro as Gaspar
Peter Burton as Gustavo
Golda Casimir as Bearded Lady
Ted Lune as Skeleton Man
Milton Reid as Strong Man
Marianne Stone as Wanda
Miki Iveria as Gypsy Fortune-Teller
Howard Goorney as Emil
Reginald Marsh as Sergeant Hutchins
Bryan Pringle as Constable Bradford
Production
It was the first of a new deal that Herman Cohen had signed with Columbia Pictures. In August 1966, Joan Crawford signed to star, with filming to begin in October in London. Cohen stated that the script was written with Crawford in mind.
Crawford described her role in the film as "mistress of the ceremonies, lock stock and barrel. She's colorful, she's exciting, she's the most definite dame I've ever played. She knows what she wants and she gets it."
Cohen wanted to cast Crawford's daughter Christina Crawford as Angela, but Joan vetoed the idea, and Judy Geeson played the role instead. Diana Dors played a key support role.
Crawford claimed that the filmmakers wanted to title the film Circus of Blood or Circus of Fear, but she insisted on Berserk! "and I got my way in the end." The title was changed in April 1967.
Release
Box office
Box office receipts for Berserk! were considerable. In North America, the film grossed more than $1,100,000 and ranked #85 on Varietys list of top money makers of 1968. Box office receipts overseas nearly doubled that amount at $2,095,000. This made Berserk! the most successful film that Herman Cohen had produced.
Critical reception
Howard Thompson wrote a mostly negative review in The New York Times, comparing it unfavorably to Circus of Horrors, but also commented, "It's also hard to make a hopeless movie with a circus background and sawdust aroma. This is the one solid thing the picture has going for it—the intriguing workaday routine of circus folk and some good, spangly ring acts, all handsomely conveyed in excellent color photography. And under the reasonable direction of Jim O'Connolly, the film does project a kind of defiant suspense that dares you not to sit there, see who gets it next and, finally, why." Thompson stated that Crawford "... is professional as usual and certainly the shapeliest ringmaster ever to handle a ring microphone."
Lawrence Quirk wrote in Hollywood Screen Parade that "[Crawford] is all over the picture, radiant, forceful, authoritative, a genuine movie star whose appeal never diminishes."
Home media
Berserk! was released as a manufacture-on-demand Region 1 DVD on 6 September 2011, available online through the Warner Archive Collection and ClassicFlix in the U.S. only.
Mill Creek Entertainment released the film along with Strait-Jacket (1964) as a double-feature Blu-ray on 2 October 2018.
Notes
References
External links
Review at TVGuide.com
Berserk! movie stills
Berserk! at the Joan Crawford website
1967 films
1967 horror films
1960s slasher films
1960s horror thriller films
British horror thriller films
Circus films
Films directed by Jim O'Connolly
Films scored by John Scott (composer)
Columbia Pictures films
British slasher films
Psycho-biddy films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserk%21 |
Castelo de Vide () is a municipality in Portugal, with a population of 3,407 inhabitants in 2011, in an area of .
History
It is unclear when humans settled Castelo de Vide, although archaeologists suggest the decision came from the morphology of the soil and from a territorial strategy to occupy and conquer land. The establishment of a fortification helped fix a new population to the territory and, at the same, functioned as a strategic border fortress. Castelo de Vide became its own municipality in 1276, before which it was part of Marvão.
In 1299 Rui de Pina wrote that Castelo de Vide remained a weak stronghold, stating "lugar etã mais chão q forte" (the locality is more place then strong). Afonso Sanches, son of king Afonso III, rebuilt the fortification walls, and his brother King Denis continued the task, with work completed during the reign of King Afonso IV sometime in the 14th century. These changes improved the stronghold's defensive conditions, including moving a well into the interior and a new line of walls protecting the citadel and houses previously outside the walls. A tower keep was constructed flush with the southern walls in order to better defend the southern passage. All these improvements proved useful during Portugal's conflicts with Castile, when siege engines were used.
Throughout the 14th century the settlement slowly expanded outside the castle walls. The southern flanks, with good southerly exposure and a gentle slope, allowed easy settlement, while the northern and western exposures expanded later due to wind and steep cliff faces. The growth of the settlement occurred along the main road leading to the castle, and followed the expansion of religious buildings outside the walls. This road bisected two sides of the hill and one side was occupied by a Jewish quarter inhabited by Jews expelled from Castile and Aragon.
Written documents attest to the existence of Castelo de Vide's Jewish community and quarter throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The 14th-century Synagogue of Castelo de Vide in Santa Maria da Devesa still stands, and despite Portugal's expulsion of Jews in 1496 was used by Marranos as a religious sanctuary and school until the 16th century. Today it houses a small museum dedicated to Castelo de Vide's historical Jewish community.
Many of the perceptions of the town came from the 16th century drawings of Duarte d'Armas. At that time the settlement was dedicated to agriculture (cultivation of wine grapes, cotton, olives, fruits, and cereals) and raising cattle, while watermills were constructed along the ravines in Vide and Nisa. At the beginning of the 16th century, toward the end of King John III's reign, the wool industry became important in the region. This resulted in Castelo de Vide's inhabitants being referred to as Cardadores ("carders"). Castelo de Vide had 885 inhabitants in 1527, rising to 1,400 by 1572 and 1,600 by 1603; this population growth resulted from growth in agricultural production, the textile industry, and commerce with Spain.
The new foral ("charter"), issued by King Manuel I in 1512 established new laws for public spaces and set the town's boundaries.
Geography
The municipality is located by the Serra de São Mamede in Portalegre District.
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
Nossa Senhora da Graça de Póvoa e Meadas
Santa Maria da Devesa
Santiago Maior
São João Baptista
Climate
Notable people
João de Casal (1641–1735), Bishop of Macau
Garcia de Orta (ca.1501 – 1568) a Portuguese Renaissance Sephardi Jewish physician, herbalist and naturalist; a pioneer of tropical medicine, pharmacognosy and ethnobotany, working mainly in Goa
Mouzinho da Silveira (1780–1849) a statesman, jurist, Portuguese politician and an important player in the Liberal Revolution of 1820
Salgueiro Maia (1944–1992) a captain in the Portuguese army, he made a significant contribution to the Carnation Revolution
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Town Hall official website
Some photographs of Castelo de Vide, taken in 2007
33 photos of Castelo de Vide
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District
People from Castelo de Vide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo%20de%20Vide |
Reddish South railway station is a stop on the Stockport–Stalybridge Line in Reddish, Stockport, England. The station, used by only 26 passengers in 2013/14, is one of the quietest on the UK rail network. From May 1992 until May 2018, it was served by parliamentary services in order to avoid formal proceeding to close the line. Despite the low passenger numbers, the line itself is used regularly for freight traffic and empty stock transfers.
History
Reddish South was opened by the London and North Western Railway (L&NW) when the line between and was completed on August 1st, 1849. The line from Stalybridge to Huddersfield opened on the same date, thus giving the L&NW access to Yorkshire. The 19th-century civil engineering firm John Brogden and Sons was the contractor.
The station, which consisted of two island platforms, also had a signal box, sidings, and a goods shed. For more than fifty years, it catered for the LNWR mainline services between Manchester and .
All regular Monday to Saturday hourly services would stop at the station. However, express traffic was drastically reduced when services were redirected to Manchester London Road station (now ) in May 1899.
With the redirection of the long-distance express services, the station became a scheduled stop for local traffic. Although the Stockport–Stalybridge Line escaped the 1960s Beeching cuts, when large numbers of cross-country branch lines were closed for being uneconomical, the station and line were gradually run down by British Rail over the next couple of decades (especially after the spring 1989 timetable revamp on the Leeds to Manchester main line that saw most services diverted to serve Manchester Piccadilly rather than Victoria).
The remaining original station building on one of the island platforms was demolished, with the sidings and engine shed removed. After the line was eventually reduced to a single track, the second island platform was abandoned. One of the track beds was sold off and the other was filled in. The station became a request stop.
In September 2006, open-access operator Grand Central proposed to run services from via and the West Coast Main Line to London Euston. This service would have travelled via Stalybridge, Guide Bridge and Reddish South to Stockport. However, the proposal was dropped after Virgin Trains cited its protection clause preventing any other operators from using the West Coast Main Line.
In May 2007, Network Rail proposed in its North West Route Utilisation Strategy that both Reddish South and Denton stations should be closed while the line remain open for freight and diverted passenger workings. This prompted a campaign to start asking for a regular service from Stockport to , via Reddish South and Denton.
Quietest station in the UK
Between April 2013 and March 2014, Reddish South was the third-least-used station in Great Britain, after Teesside Airport railway station and Shippea Hill railway station, with only 26 recorded passengers. In 2015, passenger figures from the Office for Rail and Road showed that Reddish South had become Britain's fourth-quietest railway station. As of 2018/19, Reddish South became the third least used station in the UK, with just 60 entries and exits.
In January 2020, the station was named as the UK's third quietest with just 60 entries and exits between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2019.
In comparison, neighbouring stations of , and all have regular services.
Services
For many years, the only service was the 09:22 Fridays-only parliamentary train from Stockport to Stalybridge. It stopped at Reddish South at 09:26, before continuing to Stalybridge via and .
On 20 May 2018, Arriva Rail North replaced the Friday service with one return service on Saturday mornings. The first service departs Reddish South at 08:46 to and returns at 09:10 to .
References
External links
Friends of Reddish South Station
Pictures of Reddish South and Denton stations on Flickr
Railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
DfT Category F2 stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Northern franchise railway stations
Low usage railway stations in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish%20South%20railway%20station |
George St Leger Lennox (1845 – December 1919) born into a noble Scottish family, popularly known as Scotty Smith, was a South African bandit known as South Africa's Robin Hood. He was well known as a cattle thief, lover (and thief) of horses, dealer in illegal diamonds, smuggler and friend of the poor.
Early life
A book was written by F. C. Metrowich, Scotty Smith, which was published in 1962 and went through at least three editions. By Scotty's own account, according to Metrowich, he was not willing to marry the girl that his father had chosen for him in Scotland, and therefore did not receive his inheritance. George, or Scotty as he was often called, trained as a veterinarian, before being shipped to the colonies. It is thought that he first went to Australia where it is believed he participated in the Kalgoorlie gold rush. Apparently he did not have much success though, because he it also rumored to have ended up first as a prize fighter in New York, and later as Veterinary Officer of an Army regiment in India. Scotty got this post on recommendation of an uncle who was Commander in Chief of the Indian Army. The officer in charge of his cavalry squadron was killed in one of the Hill campaigns, so Scotty is believed to have taken over, ordered to charge and caused heavy casualties for his troops. After a court martial, he was believed to have been discharged.
South Africa
Scotty arrived in South Africa in 1877 to join the Frontier Armed and Mounted Police. He saw action in the Gaika War. It is not known exactly when his military career ended, or when he got his nickname "Scotty Smith", although he claimed that he took the papers of a fallen comrade by that name. Due to lack of more evidence, it is concluded that he may have used stolen papers in the name of "Scotty Smith" to escape military life at some point, but there is no actual proof of this. After his early attempts at a military lifestyle, both in Australia and in South Africa, Scotty's life took a more exciting turn.
Stories
When in South Africa he got involved in gun-running, general theft, elephant hunting and other hunting activities in the then Bechuanaland (Botswana). He was also involved in legal and illegal diamond buying in the diamond fields, horse theft and highway robberies. He was caught and sentenced several times for these crimes, but always managed to escape somehow and claimed that no prison cell could hold him. It appears that a lot of these activities were on behalf of the British government and he was released without blowing his cover.
Scotty Smith was a genius when it came to fooling people into believing that he was someone else by changing his character, as it was never claimed that he actually used a disguise. It is said that one police detective who had arrested Scotty, ended up being the captive, and "Sergeant Scotty" handed him over to the police in Kimberley, claiming that the captive (who was the policeman) was Scotty Smith. After being jailed, the man had a difficult time in convincing the authorities that Scotty Smith had played a trick on them.
Many times, living up to his nickname of Robin Hood of the Kalahari, he robbed the rich to give to the poor. There is a story about a farmer or boer who once met Scotty but did not recognise him. The farmer related to this man (Scotty) that he would like to capture Scotty Smith and claim the large reward at the Kenhard police station. Scotty then immediately identified himself and told the now hesitant farmer to take him to Kenhardt Police station at gunpoint, where the reluctant farmer received the reward. However, the farmer did not have to feel remorse for very long, because early that evening, Scotty broke out of jail and rode off again. It is thought that he would have been released by the authorities
Another story about Scotty Smith claims that he calmly hid the illegal diamonds that he had smuggled, which the police came looking for, in the kettle which was simmering on the camp-fire. He then apparently went ahead and poured coffee for the policemen and himself from the boiling kettle.
There is evidence that he acted for the British during the various wars in South Africa s an intelligence field officer providing both information about opposition troop movements in the Kalahari and providing provisions. He arranged horses, fodder and the like to the British troops
Languages
Besides English and probably Lowland Scots or Scots Gaelic, Scotty was fluent in German, Afrikaans and an unknown number of Bushmen languages, and possibly also in a few of the other native Southern African languages. Yet another story told about him is that when an unexpected police patrol paid him a visit, he would ask to be allowed to hold "huisgodsdiens" (Afrikaans for home religious service) for his servants. He conducted these services in Bushmen language, and in full view of the policemen, who could not understand a word, he gave detailed instructions to his servants on how to hide anything that he did not want the policemen to see or find. It is said that the policemen never suspected a thing.
Jail
In 1892 Scotty Smith met 19-year-old Miss van Niekerk and married. Together they raised a family of two sons and five daughters.
After a short time in the Military Scotty left his family. After a long career involved in horse and cattle stealing, he was involved in numerous illegal diamond operations again in the wider Kimberley area. In most of the stories about him, Scotty is victorious against all odds and always get away with it. Although there is a story that took place at a little place near Kimberley, in the Boshof district, named Olifantsfontein where one of Scotty's plans went wrong.
A merchant, Thomas Welford and his partner Gustav Herman and Gustav's brother Max, approached Scotty Smith to help them steal a packet of diamonds from Sam Kemp (a supposed diamond merchant) but who was apparently an illegal runner for a man known as Sam Weil. The plan was as follows; the group would ambush Sam Kemp and steal the diamonds. If he resisted, they would shoot him.
The plan was carried out, Sam Kemp resisted and was shot and the diamonds were stolen. Kemp recovered though, and rode back to Kimberley to report the theft at the police station. Police officers soon uncovered the whole plan and arrested Scotty and the others. This time, for once, Scotty did not attempt escape. He was sentenced to four years imprisonment and 25 lashes in the Boshof circuit court. He never received the lashes though and after a year, his sentence was dropped and he was once again free.
During his imprisonment in Bloemfontein, it is claimed that Scotty Smith was permitted to visit the town bar daily. One day, he apparently came across a parade including the Official State President's coach, after successfully masquerading as the president, he took a ride in high style, before returning to prison later on. Again, it is not known how accurate these stories are.
After his year in jail, Scotty left for a more rural area, and from the early 1880s he was a bandit in the area of the Goshen and Stellaland Republics. He stayed in that area until shortly before the Anglo-Boer War.
Amongst the strange things Scotty did was a trek of several months by ox-wagon, accompanied by Dorothea Bleek (niece of Lucy Lloyd), to enable her to study Bushmen languages in the Kalahari.
Bushmen skeletons
The story of the Bushmen skeletons is unusual and suspicious. It started with a visit from Dr. Borcherds of Upington, to London. Dr. Borcherds noticed that the Bushmen skeletons in the Royal College of Surgeons were not of good quality, so he authorized Scotty to find better specimens. Shortly after that Scotty arrived at the doctor's house with 10 complete skeletons. He claimed that the skeletons belonged to Bushmen who had previously raided his farm and who he had shot and buried.
Scotty ended up supplying hundreds of Bushmen skeletons to many European museums. There were rumours that Scotty had deliberately killed these Bushmen, but this has never been proven.
Death
Scotty died a respected elderly townsmen of Upington during the 1919 flu epidemic. He is buried in the Upington cemetery. The grave is protected by an iron trellis, on his grave stone is written "Never will his memory fade – Jessie".
Shortly after his death in 1919 the late Dr. Homer L. Shantz, botanist, professor, and president of the University of Arizona visited the home of Scotty Smith. A photo is held in the University of Arizona Shantz collections.
References
Further reading
In particular chapter 7.
External links
by Homer L. Shantz taken 18 September 1919. From the University of Arizona library
1845 births
1919 deaths
People from the Northern Cape
People from Upington
South African criminals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty%20Smith |
Crato () is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,708, in an area of 398.07 km2.
The present Mayor is José Correia Luz, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Easter Monday.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes (freguesias):
Aldeia da Mata
Crato e Mártires, Flor da Rosa e Vale do Peso
Gáfete
Monte da Pedra
History
Crato has been the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller in Portugal since 1340. The head of the order was known as the Prior of Crato.
References
External links
Town Hall official website
Photos from Crato
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crato%2C%20Portugal |
Caroline Anne Cox, Baroness Cox, (born Caroline Anne McNeill Love; born 6 July 1937) is a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords. She is also the founder of an organisation called Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART). Cox was created a Life Peer in 1982 and was a deputy speaker of the House of Lords from 1985 to 2005, as well as being a minister in government. She was also a Baroness-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth II. She was Founder Chancellor of Bournemouth University, Chancellor of Liverpool Hope University from 2006 to 2013, and is an Hon. Vice President of the Royal College of Nursing. She was a founder Trustee of MERLIN Medical Emergency Relief International.
She is a prominent lay Anglican, closely identified with the conservative wing of the Church of England. According to a biography by Andrew Boyd, she is a practising third-order Anglican Franciscan.
Background
Cox was born on 6 July 1937 in London. She is the daughter of Robert McNeill Love, a surgeon and co-author of the textbook known as "Bailey and Love". She was educated at Channing School in Highgate. She became a state registered nurse at London Hospital from 1958, and a staff nurse at Edgware General Hospital from 1960. She married Dr Murray Newall Cox in 1959, remaining married to him until he died in 1997. The couple had two sons and one daughter. In the late 1960s she studied for a degree at the University of London where she graduated with a first class honours degree in Sociology in 1967 and a master's degree.
Academic and thinktank career and subsequent activities
On graduating, Cox became a sociology lecturer at the Polytechnic of North London rising to become Principal Lecturer. From 1974 she was head of the Department of Sociology. An Evangelicals Now article sympathetically describes her approach to her discipline: "As a committed Christian she presented a Christian view of Sociology." According to Evangelicals Now: "It was a time of student unrest and the students organised demonstrations to disrupt lectures or meetings which they considered anti-Marxist. Cox bore the brunt of this and in 1974 the students passed a vote of no confidence in her." Her background in sociology led her to write books on the subject for nurses.
In 1975, Cox co-wrote (with John Marks and Keith Jacka) The Rape of Reason: The Corruption of the Polytechnic of North London, published by Churchill Press, attacking "Communist activity" at her workplace. She resigned from the Polytechnic in 1977 and was a tutor at the Open University. She was involved in the right-wing thinktank Institute for the Study of Conflict and contributed to its report, the Gould report, on left-wing activism in British universities, in which she focused on "Marxist bias" in the Open University.
In 1977 she moved to become Director of the Nursing Education Research Unit at Chelsea College of the University of London and remained in this post until 1984. She was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in 1985. She was also made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. She was later founding Chancellor of Bournemouth University. In 2006 she received an honorary law degree from the University of Dundee and was installed as the Chancellor of Liverpool Hope University in the same year.
The New Right and Thatcherism
Following her work on the Gould Report, Cox became a key figure in the New Right associated with Margaret Thatcher, Keith Joseph and Enoch Powell. She co-wrote The Pied Pipers of Education (1981) for the Social Affairs Unit and worked with the Centre for Policy Studies, for which she wrote the influential pamphlet The Right to Learn (1982). Her work on education was very influential on Thatcher's education policies. She co-founded and co-directed the Educational Research Trust, founded in 1980, with John Marks; they were consulted about the drafting of the 1988 Education Reform Act, which introduced the National Curriculum, grant-maintained schools and City Technology Colleges.
She was involved in the Institute for European Defence and Security Studies, an organization funded by The Heritage Foundation in the early 1980s for which she co-authored Peace Studies: A Critical Survey in 1984 with Roger Scruton, which published by the conservative think tank Civitas. She was a director of the Conservative Philosophy Group from 1983 to 1985. With Scruton and others she wrote Education and Indoctrination. In the mid-1980s, she worked with Scruton as part of the Hillgate Group of Conservative activists; their pamphlet Whose Schools? A Radical Manifesto, which she co-authored, was published in 1986, and contained many ideas that became Government policy under Thatcher. In 1987 she co-founded the Committee for a Free Britain, funded by Rupert Murdoch, which at one point called for "the legalization of all drugs". She was the executive director of the Institute for the Study of Terrorism in 1985–1990.
Since its founding in 2007, she has been closely involved, first as an advisor and from 2009 as director, in the Centre for Social Cohesion. She is a director of the far right Gatestone Institute.
Member of House of Lords
Her peerage was announced on 15 December 1982 on a list of "working peers", on the recommendation of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and she was granted the title of Baroness Cox, of Queensbury in Greater London, on 24 January 1983. Cox initially sat as a Conservative and served briefly as a Baroness-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth II. She served as a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords from 1986 to 2006.
Section 28
She supported Section 28, which outlawed the "promotion" of homosexuality.
Education Reform bill
During the debates over the Education Reform bill, Cox worked together with Michael Alison to ensure that a commitment was made that state education was 'broadly Christian' in character. The bill later passed as the Education Reform Act 1988. She backed the reforms to reduce powers of Local Education Authorities in 1993, arguing for a more strongly religious element to teaching.
Foreign affairs
Cox became a frequent contributor to Lords debates on Africa, and also raised other "forgotten conflicts" in letters to the press. She was already highlighting fighting in Sudan in September 1992, criticising Sudan's Islamist government and backing Dr. John Garang's Sudan People's Liberation Army.
After spending two years investigating the situation in Azerbaijan, Cox criticised the government's treatment of Armenians in the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh in 1993. She has stated that her stance is the "advocacy for Karabakh Armenians". In 2015, she was a member of the Armenian All-Party Parliamentary Group. She is a strong supporter of self-determination for the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. By 2003 she had made more than 60 trips to the region. Frank Pallone, Jr., the co-chairman of the US Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues, praised her devotion to Armenia and Karabakh. On 15 February 2006 she was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal by the President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan.
Cox is one of eleven officers of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on North Korea. The Group stated that the Obama administration brought with it an opportunity for a formal cessation of hostilities and normalisation of relations with North Korea.
Great Britain has Fallen
In 2002, she controversially endorsed and hosted the launch of the book Great Britain has Fallen by Wale Babatunde, a minister at the World Harvest Christian Centre in London, which claimed "that multi-culturalism is ruining Britain by importing 'foreign practices', homosexuality is 'destructive' and that abortion can be directly equated with the Holocaust" and described lesbianism as "against nature". In response, Labour's Tom Watson called for her expulsion from the Conservative Party.
Islam
In 2003, she wrote The 'West', Islam and Islamism: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy? with John Marks, published by Civitas, which argued "that Islamist terrorism was only part of a broader ideological challenge comparable to communist propaganda efforts during the Cold War".
Cox introduced the Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill to the House of Lords, initially on 10 May 2012. with the observation that "Equality under the law is a core value of British justice. My bill seeks to preserve that standard. Many women say: 'We came to this country to escape these practices only to find the situation is worse here.'" It had its second reading and debate on 19 October 2012, but went no further. Cox aims to prevent discrimination against Muslim women and 'jurisdiction creep' in Islamic tribunals, which would be forced to acknowledge the primacy of English law under her Bill, which would have introduced an offence carrying a five-year jail sentence for anyone falsely claiming or implying that sharia courts or councils have legal jurisdiction over family or criminal law. The bill, which would apply to all arbitration tribunals if passed, aimed to tackle discrimination, which its supporters said is inherent in the courts, by banning the sharia practice of giving woman's testimony only half the weight of men's. In a similar way to Jewish Beth Din courts, sharia tribunals can make verdicts in cases involving financial and property issues which, under the Arbitration Act 1996, are enforceable by the County Court or the High Court. Baroness Cox stated that "We cannot sit here complacently in our red and green benches while women are suffering a system which is utterly incompatible with the legal principles upon which this country is founded. If we don't do something, we are condoning it." The Bill was described by critics as "inflammatory". It did not reach a vote as it ran out of time.
Cox continues fighting to stop sharia 'seeping' into enforcing divorce settlements. Cox re-introduced her legislation on 11 June 2014. One leading Muslim Conservative Party activist said "the Bill will not help to achieve any of its intended goal but will alienate many Muslims".
Cox, speaking at a 2014 event organised by the Yuval Ne’eman Workshop for Science, Technology and Security at Tel Aviv University and The Israeli Institute for Strategic Studies, mentioned the alleged ‘Trojan Horse plot’ in her speech as an example of secret takeover strategies by ‘Islamists’ in Africa made in order to ‘Islamize’ the continent. She said "“Islam is using the freedoms of democracy to destroy it.”
In 2014, she hosted the parliamentary launch of Sharia Watch UK, an anti-Islam organisation led by UKIP candidate Anne Marie Waters. Cox said sharia law "undermines the most fundamental principles of equality enshrined in British law" in respect of its treatment of women.
In February 2023 it was revealed that Cox and Lord Pearson were members of a secret group called the New Issues Group, which had been operating out of the House of Lords for over a decade and collaborated with far-right anti-Muslim activists.
Cox has been described as part of the counter-jihad movement.
Eurosceptic and migration critic
Cox is a Eurosceptic. She rebelled over the Maastricht Treaty, supporting an amendment to require a nationwide referendum on ratification on 14 July 1993. In May 2004 she joined three other Conservative peers in signing a letter published by the UK Independence Party urging voters to support it in the elections to the European Parliament. The Leader of the Conservative Party, Michael Howard, immediately withdrew the party whip, formally expelling them from the parliamentary party. Cox now sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.
She sits on the Advisory Council of MigrationWatch.
Geert Wilders controversy
In February 2009, Cox courted controversy when she and UKIP peer Lord Pearson invited Dutch Freedom Party leader Geert Wilders to show the anti-Islam film Fitna before the House of Lords. However, Wilders was prevented from entering the UK on the instructions of Labour Home Secretary Jacqui Smith. In response, Cox and Pearson accused the Government of appeasing militant Islam.
In 2010, Cox and Pearson successfully hosted Wilders and his film screening in the UK, with 200 members of the English Defence League marching in support of the screening, as well as anti-fascist protests and 50 arrests. Lady Cox said the visit had been a victory for free speech, saying: "You don't have to agree but it is important to debate sensibly in a responsible and very democratic way." At the event, Wilders called for an end to immigration to Europe from Muslim countries, but that Muslims already in Europe who agree to obey the law would be welcome to remain. A Home Office spokesperson said the government "regrets the decision by Baroness Cox and Lord Pearson".
NGO work and Christian activities
Since 2009, Baroness Cox has participated in a conservative umbrella body within the Church of England, the Federation of Confessing Anglicans, led by her close associate, then Bishop of Rochester Michael Nazir-Ali.
The Tushinskaya Children's Hospital Trust
Baroness Cox is president of the Tushinskaya Children's Hospital Trust and worked closely with its late patron, Diana, Princess of Wales. Baroness Cox and the Princess of Wales opened the hospital's school of paediatric nursing in 1995. The Trust enabled parents to spend more time with their children whilst they were in hospital.
Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust
The Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART), founded by Baroness Cox in 2003, works to provide lasting change through aid and advocacy for those suffering oppression and persecution, who are largely neglected by the international media . An Australian branch of HART was established in 2009.
Christian Solidarity International and Worldwide
Cox was active in Christian Solidarity International (CSI) before leading the breakaway Christian Solidarity Worldwide in 1997. She was president of the latter until 2006, when she was replaced by Jonathan Aitken, thereafter remaining as its patron.
During the 1992–93 Armenia-Azerbaijan war, CSI broke Azerbaijan’s blockade of the contested Nagorno-Karabakh territory numerous times to deliver humanitarian aid and document acts of violence against the Christian Armenian inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh. CSI also partnered with the Andrei Sakharov foundation to send aid to refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh. Witnessing the war on the ground, CSI published a detailed account of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War titled Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh co-authored by Cox with John Eibner. Cox visited the Lachin corridor in 2023 and called the blockade of the corridor by Azerbaijan a modern day tragedy.
CSI’s involvement with Sudan began in 1992, when two of CSI’s leaders, Cox and Eibner, traveled to southern Sudan at the invitation of local churches to observe the effects of civil war on the Christian populations there. CSI became especially involved in "redeeming" (buying and freeing) slaves in 1995.
Between 1997 and 2000, Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) directly intervened to buy the freedom of alleged slaves, and in a letter to The Independent on Sunday Cox claimed and redeemed 2,281 slaves on eight visits to Sudan. Both the veracity of this claim and the rationale of slave redemption have been questioned by others in humanitarian community. Cox repeated the figure in 2011, adding that she had spent £100,000 buying and freeing slaves, tactic most anti-slavery charities condemned, arguing that such purchases only perpetuate and encourage the trade.
In 1995 she won the Wilberforce Award. She is also a patron of the Christian Institute.
Global Panel Foundation and Prague Society
Cox is a member of the Board of Advisors of the Global Panel Foundation, an NGO that works behind the scenes in crisis areas around the world. Baroness Cox is also a member of Prague Society for International Cooperation, another NGO whose main goals are networking and the development of a new generation of responsible, well-informed leaders and thinkers.
Disability activism
Cox supports disability causes as a member of the World Committee on Disability. In 2004 she was a judge for the Franklin Delano Roosevelt International Disability Award, distributed annually at the United Nations in New York to a nation that has met the goals of the UN World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons.
Syria controversy
Cox has been a supporter of Syria's President Bashar Assad. She visited him during the Syrian Civil War, during the siege of Aleppo, along with Michael Nazir-Ali, fellow crossbench peer Lord Hylton, and Andrew Ashdown, an Anglican vicar. She was widely condemned. Labour MP John Woodcock, vice-president of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Syria, said: "It is shocking to see a British parliamentarian giving international pariah al-Assad a photo opportunity to distract from the brutal and ongoing slaughter he is perpetrating on Syrian families. Whatever good intentions this British delegation has will fail; their presence at this man's side can only strengthen him as his campaign of terror continues." Liberal Democrat peer Baroness Hussein-Ece said it was "shameful" for members of the House of Lords to "sit down for a chat with a mass murderer and a war criminal". Russian state media claimed Cox said that Assad had an “openness for the development of civil society, democracy and change”. After her visit, in early 2017, she went to the US to lobby for president Assad's government. While there, she expressed doubt that Syrian government forces were responsible for Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.
In late 2017, she returned to Syria again, along with former Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey. She reportedly met with an Assad advisor named on American and European Union sanctions lists as complicit in Syrian government war crimes. Again, the visit was widely condemned by politicians and human rights groups in the UK, and described by analysts as a “propaganda coup” for the Assad government. In a subsequent parliamentary debate, she referred to Syrian rebels as "jihadists".
Media appearances
Baroness Cox regularly appears on the BBC Daily Politics television programme and has presented the "Soap Box" with "A Moral Maze". She also appears on Russia TV and other channels associated with the Russian government, as she feels they are more frank about Islam's threat to Western traditions.
Honours
Cox has been honoured with the Wilberforce Award.
Bibliography
A Sociology of Medical Practice (1975)
Rape of Reason: The Corruption of the Polytechnic of North London (Keith Jacka, with Caroline Cox and John Marks, jt au 1975)
The Right to Learn (jt au 1982)
Sociology: A Guide for Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (jt au 1983)
Choosing a State School: how to find the best education for your child (jt au 1989)
Trajectories of Despair; misdiagnosis and maltreatment of Soviet orphans (with John Eibner 1991)
Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: war in Nagorno Karabakh (1993)
Islam, Islamism and the West: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy? (2005)
Made to Care: the case for residential and village communities for people with a mental handicap
Baroness Cox: A voice for the voiceless. (1999) Boyd, A. Lion Books.
Published Biographies
Lady Cox has been the subject of two published biographies, Baroness Cox: A Voice for the Voiceless by Andrew Boyd; and Baroness Cox: Eyewitness to a Broken World by Lela Gilbert.
References
External links
Office in UK Parliament
Caroline Cox Personal Website
Further reading
"The Feisty Baroness Defending Voiceless Muslim Women", Telegraph
Survivors of Maraghar massacre: 'It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over' - Caroline Cox
1937 births
Living people
Academics of the University of North London
British critics of Islam
Alumni of the University of Westminster
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of Newcastle University
British nurses
Counter-jihad activists
Crossbench life peers
Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Members of the Freedom Association
Nurses from London
People associated with Bournemouth University
People associated with Liverpool Hope University
People from Highgate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Cox%2C%20Baroness%20Cox |
Fishpool is an area of Bury, in Greater Manchester, England. The area is roughly-speaking, a square bounded by Wellington Road to the north, Manchester Road to the west, Gigg Lane to the south and Market Street to the east.
History
The neighbourhood grew up in the late 19th century and became known as 'Piano Town', as many of the lower middle class households had a piano in the parlour.
Its development was carried out by three contemporaries: Alderman Charles Brierley, who built Fishpool's first street and named it after himself. He resided at Heaton Cottage on Brierley Street. Alderman Brierley was mayor of Bury in 1889. The second and most prolific builder was John Inman. He built most of the streets as far as Nelson Street, from Wellington Road through to Parkhills Road and as far as to Gigg Lane. Inman Street, at the end of Manchester Old Road is named after him. Finally John Ward from Leigh, who was at one time landlord of the Church Inn on Spring Street. He built the Pack Horse Hotel and the shops alongside.
Housing
The streets still mostly consist of garden terraced housing, set in a grid pattern. The main streets are Nelson Street, Devon Street, Horne Street and Brierley Street, with Handley Street, Woodley Street, Carlton Street, Sultan Street, Morley Street, Richmond Street, Walker Street, Grosvenor Street and Grafton Street being either later additions or horizontal link thoroughfares.
Landmarks
The district was the home of Fishpool Infants School and St Chad's Junior School. Fishpool Infants School was demolished in 2006. Both schools closed in July 2003 and a new school was built on the site and utilising the old building of St Chad's. The new school was named St. Luke's C of E Primary School by popular vote in the community, and is a Voluntary Controlled school linked to the nearby Anglican church, St. Peter's. (OFSTED Number 133944). Redvales Children's Centre, built on the Springs Estate, was the first Children's Centre in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, and served the whole of the 6 townships, originally operating from a suite of small rooms above a shop on Heywood Street. Opposite the row of shops is the church building formerly Bethesda Church, now known as Metro Christian Centre. The church is a place of worship for evangelical Christians and also serves the community in many other ways, such as hosting a private day nursery, Little Acorns, and regular blood donor sessions. There is a row of shops on Parkhills Road, including a post office, a Co-op. (Now as MCalls store since 2017) store and several takeaway establishments. There is a public houses on the fringe of the district, namely The Staff of Life.
There were originally many corner shops on the minor streets, but these have long since disappeared. The district is home to Bury F.C. who play at Gigg Lane. Gigg Lane also has an entrance to the town's main cemetery.
References
Michael H Helm 'The History of St Chad's C of E School, Fishpool, Bury'
Landmarks edited by Beverley Kirk, Headteacher, St Luke's CE School.
Areas of Greater Manchester
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Bury, Greater Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishpool |
The Day Called 'X' is a dramatized CBS documentary film set in Portland, Oregon, in which the entire city is evacuated in anticipation of a nuclear air raid, after Soviet bombers had been detected by radar stations to the north; it details the activation of the city's civil defense protocols and leads up to the moment before the attack (the ending is left intentionally unknown). The operations were run from the Kelly Butte Bunker, which was the emergency operations center at that time. It was filmed in September 1957 and aired December 8 of that year. Apart from presenter/narrator Glenn Ford, none of the people shown are actors. They are locals of Portland shown in their real jobs, including Mayor Terry Schrunk.
Its local re-broadcast in 2004 and appearance in the on-line Prelinger Archives attracted interest among local history buffs due to its extensive outside shots of the city, and the use of non-actor participants (local officials and broadcasters). Whenever one of these individuals is heard uttering warnings or statements regarding attack, the words "AN ATTACK IS NOT TAKING PLACE" are superimposed over the picture.
On September 27, 1955, Portland actually conducted an exercise evacuation of downtown called "Operation Greenlight", and the film is often misattributed to that year. Ford's narration, however, does make direct reference to the 1955 exercise.
See also
CRP-2B
References
External links
A Day Called X (part 1) at the Prelinger Archive
A Day Called X (part 2) at the Prelinger Archive
1957 television films
1957 films
American documentary television films
Cold War films
Culture of Portland, Oregon
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
1957 documentary films
CBS network films
Documentary films about nuclear war and weapons
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Day%20Called%20%27X%27 |
The Supercopa de España de Baloncesto (English: Spanish Basketball Supercup) is a Spanish annual men's professional basketball competition. The competition is a super cup tournament.
History
The Supercopa was created in 1984 by the recently established Asociación de Clubs de Baloncesto (ACB) in which the league winner faces the cup winner in a single-game final. During its first four editions (1984–1987), the Supercup was also known as Federation Cup, as the tournament was jointly organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation (FEB), and it was held in the middle of the regular season. In 1988–89 season, the Supercup was not played for lack of competitive interest, and finally it was officially cancelled at the beginning of the 1989–90 season.
In 2004, almost two decades after its demise, ACB restored this classic tournament and renamed it Supercopa ACB (since 2011 known as Supercopa Endesa for sponsoring reasons). In order to achieve a higher competitive status, it was moved to the ACB pre-season and turned into a typical Final Four stage, including both the League and Cup winners from the previous season, the host team and the best qualified Spanish club in European competitions.
Format
Since 2004, four teams join the competition, played with a Final Four format the week before the start of the ACB season. During the Supercopa, a three-point shootout is also played between ACB players and, sometimes, players of the Spanish women's league or amateur players.
Selection criteria
Teams that take part in this competition are:
Host team
Liga ACB champion
Copa del Rey champion
Supercopa de España champion
If vacancies exist, they will be awarded in the following order:
Liga ACB runner-up
Liga ACB third-placed team
If a vacant continues existing, the best qualified at Liga ACB will get the spot.
Predecessors of Supercopa ACB
Finals by year
Titles by team in Supercopa ACB
Titles by team in predecessors of Supercopa ACB
References
External links
Palmarés de la Supercopa Endesa
1
Recurring sporting events established in 2004
Basketball supercup competitions in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa%20de%20Espa%C3%B1a%20de%20Baloncesto |
MOMA Machynlleth or Museum of Modern Art, Machynlleth (Formerly MOMA Wales()) is an arts centre and gallery adjacent to (The Tabernacle) in Machynlleth, Powys, Wales.
The Tabernacle was converted in the mid-1980s from a Wesleyan chapel into a centre for the performing arts. Since then the Museum of Modern Art has grown up alongside it, with six exhibition spaces.
Background
MOMA Machynlleth originated as MOMA Wales in 1986 as Y Tabernacl, a centre of performing arts in an old chapel, a private initiative by businessman Andrew Lambert. In 1994 this was expanded with a new complex of art galleries, a recording studio and a language laboratory. In 2016 it gained accreditation from the Museums, Archives and Libraries Division of the Welsh Government and changed its name to MOMA Machynlleth.
Events and exhibitions
The Machynlleth Festival takes place in the Auditorium in late August every year. During the week events take place ranging from recitals for children to jazz. Special features are the Hallstatt Lecture on some aspect of Celtic culture and the Glyndŵr Award for an Outstanding Contribution to the Arts in Wales.
Throughout the year MOMA shows Modern Welsh Art, a constantly changing exhibition featuring leading artists from Wales. There are also a series of temporary exhibitions.
In August the international Tabernacle Art Competition takes place.
The Tabernacle Collection
The Tabernacle Collection contains over 400 works and concentrates largely on artists living and working in Wales in the 20th and 21st centuries. Paintings and drawings from the Tabernacle Collection are shown in rotation. Works in this permanent collection include Portrait of William McElroy by Augustus John, Toasting by Stanley Spencer and Portrait of a Woman by Percy Wyndham Lewis. MOMA Wales owns Waterfall, Ogwen, Cottages, Cilgwyn, Carreg Cennen and Road above Deiniolen by Sir Kyffin Williams. The Brotherhood of Ruralists is represented by Graham Arnold's Last Poems (A E Housman) and Journal 1997 and by Ann Arnold's Clare's Countryside (8) and The River Dyfi. There are also two drawings of Dylan Thomas by his friend Mervyn Levy.
Peter Prendergast (Early Winter, Nant Ffrancon Valley and Study for Early Winter, Nant Ffrancon Valley) received the Glyndŵr Award in 2004, while Shani Rhys James (Night Kitchen I) is the designated recipient for 2007.
The Tannery and the Rural Wales Award
On 5 November 2014 the Montgomeryshire Branch of the Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales (CPRW) made a special award, the Rural Wales Award, to MOMA for the restoration of the Tannery. The award was made in recognition of the sensitive and high quality restoration of the building. The Tannery was officially opened as an additional art and sculpture gallery at MOMA in May 2014 following its restoration. A detailed record of the building as well as the importance of the Tannery to the Machynlleth leather industry, was made before the conversion of the building into an art gallery.<ref>Leigh L. A. (2007), Yr Hen Danerdy:The Old Tannery. A History of the Leather Industry in Machynlleth, 1610–1900. Montgomeryshire Collections, Vol 95, 103–110.</ref>
Performance facilities
The Auditorium of The Tabernacle seats 325 people. Chamber and choral music, drama, lectures and conferences regularly take place here. A Steinway grand piano has been purchased; translation booths, recording facilities and a cinema screen have been installed; the oak-beamed Foyer has a bar; and access for the disabled.
Ty Llyfnant houses music teaching rooms and an art studio while the Green Room doubles as a Language Laboratory where Lifelong learning classes are held.
Further reading
Alistair Crawford: Made of Wales (Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 2000)
Paul Binding: A commemorative essay commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art, Wales for the 20th anniversary of The Brotherhood of Ruralists (Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust, Machynlleth, 1995)
David Alston, Lynda Morris & Tony Curtis: The Painter's Quarry: The Art of Peter Prendergast (Seren, Bridgend, 2006)
Shani Rhys James: The Black Cot (Gomer, Llandysul, 2004)
Walter Michel: Wyndham Lewis: paintings and drawings'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971)
References
External links
Official site in Welsh and English
Contemporary Artists in Wales
Buildings and structures in Powys
Arts centres in Wales
Modern art museums
Performing arts centres in Wales
Machynlleth
1994 establishments in Wales
Museums established in 1994
Art galleries established in 1994
Contemporary art galleries in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOMA%2C%20Wales |
Giuseppe Viscovich, also Josip Visković, was a Venetian count. He was the Captain of the town of Perast (now in Montenegro), the last territory of the Republic of Venice to surrender to France.
On August 23, 1797, the citizens of Perast gathered to bury the flag of the Republic under the altar of the cathedral, to prevent it falling into enemy hands. Before the kneeling crowd, Viscovich delivered an emotional speech, the Discorso de Perasto, still well known to Venetians. Contemporary chroniclers tell that Giuseppe said to his young grandson, present at the ceremony, "You too kneel down, Annibale, and remember these words as long as you live."
Captain Viscovich's impassioned speech is often cited as an expression of the loyalty which many Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin subjects of the Venetian Republic felt.
External links
Travelogue about Perast
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Republic of Venice military personnel
People from Perast
18th-century Italian people
Venetian period in the history of Montenegro
Venetian Slavs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Viscovich |
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