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Noah's Ark Zoo Farm is a zoo developed on a working farm in Wraxall, North Somerset, west of Bristol, England. In 2009 the zoo was expelled from the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the main industry regulatory body, "for bringing the association into disrepute", but in 2018 it regained membership in the body. The zoo has one of the largest elephant enclosures in Europe.
History
Anthony Bush
Noah’s Ark Zoo Farm was conceived by Anthony Bush (b. 1938), the son of a Wiltshire farm manager. Bush attended Monkton Combe School, served a stint as an officer in National Service with the Somerset Light Infantry, and attended Worcester College, Oxford, for a year before deciding to return to farming. In 1960 he became a tenant of Richard Gibbs, Lord Wraxall, at Moat House Farm, near Bristol, which Bush operated as a dairy farm. In 1962 he married Christina James, an art teacher, and they had four children. In 1968 Bush was elected onto the Somerset County Executive Committee of the National Farmers Union, and in 1980, he began a Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group to encourage farmers to conserve wildlife.
At Monkton Combe, Bush attended Christian Union meetings and "asked God who I knew was out there, to forgive me and to come into my life, to be involved with everyday stuff, change me and use me". Bush and wife became active at St. Philip and St. Jacob Church, helping to revive the church with a youth program. In 1967 Bush became a member of the Anglican Church Assembly, and in 1974 he and his wife established the Bristol Family Life Association, which lobbied on behalf of marriage education and against the use of obscenities on television. Later, the Bushes established Marriage Repair, a counselling service. In 1982, Bush became director of Mission England, which organised a Billy Graham evangelistic campaign in 1985 at Ashton Gate Stadium. In 1987, Bush helped found the African relief agency, Send a Cow.
Development
In 1995 the Bushes purchased Moat House Farm from Wraxall, sold the Friesian herd, and converted the farm's to arable land and sheep raising. Bush began to consider creating a Noah's Ark theme park in 1997; and in 1998, he constructed a barn, a café, a toilet block, and a children's play area. The park opened for a trial run in August 1998 and permanently in 1999. At first it exhibited farm and small domestic animals as well as some exotic species such as alpacas and llamas. The collection later expanded to include tigers, African lions, white rhinos, siamang gibbons, and ring-tailed lemurs. In April 2009, a zoo webcam showed the live birth of a male Brazilian tapir.
In September 2012, the zoo began building an elephant sanctuary of , and the first elephant arrived in February 2014. Before construction of the sanctuary the Born Free Foundation, which opposes holding elephants in captivity, said the acreage was too small for the purpose. The enclosure consists of a area where the elephants can sleep or shelter from the rain, and a outdoor area with a heated swimming pool. The £1.8m development was partly funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and uses solar PV, biomass heating, and rainwater harvesting to provide nearly all power needed to operate the enclosure. An adjacent farm provides most of the food for the elephants.
In 2015, Noah’s Ark joined the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP), which oversees management and conservation of protected species. The zoo is home to two spectacled bears (also called Andean bears), who arrived in 2016.
Creationism
Bush, and formerly the zoo, promote belief in a form of creationism as well as the Genesis flood myth and explicate these beliefs at length at "earthhistory.org.uk". Bush does not accept flood geology, a Young Earth Creationist belief that the flood described in Genesis 6–8 was an actual event that produced most fossil bearing geological strata; rather he believes the earth to be about 100,000 years old, older than the 6,000 to 10,000 years that Young Earth creationists believe it to be but much younger than its actual age of 4.54 billion years.
Physical anthropologist Alice Roberts, professor of Public Engagement in Science at the University of Birmingham said the zoo had "absolutely nothing to do with science education" but noted of her visit that she saw little evidence of creationism until she entered a "large barn in the middle of the complex, which houses an auditorium and an impressive indoor children's play area," where she found many displays promoting creationism.
The zoo has been criticised by the British Centre for Science Education for "contradicting vast swaths of science needed to pass public examinations" (contrary to its claim that it supported the National Curriculum) and by Ben Goldacre, author of the Bad Science column of The Guardian. In August 2009, the British Humanist Association (after 2017 Humanists UK) urged tourist boards to stop promoting the zoo on grounds that it would "undermine education and the teaching of science", a campaign continued as recently as February 2014. (In June 2015, the BHA named Alice Roberts "Humanist of the Year", in part because she had spearheaded its complaint against Noah's Ark Zoo.) In a letter to the Anglican Church Times, the Rev. Michael Roberts, an authority on Darwin and geology and a long-time opponent of the teaching of creationism in schools, argued that the British Humanist Association was justified in criticising the zoo and that "church groups should have been more forthright in their criticism".
2009 charges of professional misconduct
In October 2009 the BBC and the Captive Animals Protection Society charged that the zoo's tigers and camels belonged to the now defunct Great British Circus owned by Martin Lacey; and the zoo said a number of animals were on loan from Linctrek Ltd, a company associated with Lacey, though none had taken part in any circus performances. In December 2009, BIAZA stripped the zoo of its membership for what it claimed was a refusal of Noah's Ark to provide BIAZA requested information and for bringing "the association into disrepute." In 2018, the zoo regained membership in BIAZA.
Also in 2009, the Western Animal Rights Network (WARN) and the Captive Animals Protection Society (CAPS) said that the zoo had culled healthy chickens. CAPS claimed that the zoo regularly culled animals during winter months to reduce costs. The zoo explained that it had euthanised some chickens to protect the quality of its flock. A March 2010 report of an investigation by North Somerset Council called the CAPS allegations "grossly unfair", though because zoo inspectors found some failures to comply with the Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice, tighter licence conditions were imposed on the zoo, including inspection by independent veterinarians every six months.
Animal exhibits
Africa The first animals arrived in the African section in 2005: two South African white rhinos. A Giraffe House opened in 2006, two African lions joined the Big Cat Sanctuary in 2010, and Elephant Eden introduced its first African elephant in 2014. In 2015, Noah's Ark included four giraffes (two of which were born at NAZF), four lions, two African elephants, two white rhinos, two zebras, and a family of meerkats. In 2020, Hope, an 8-month old zebra, died when she was startled by fireworks and collided with the gates of her enclosure. in June 2021, an African elephant was fatally attacked by another elephant.
Asia In 2009, Noah's Ark introduced two Bengal tigers to the newly built 'Tiger Territory', which later became the 'Big Cat Sanctuary'. Noah's Ark Asian section is also home to yaks, water buffalo, and two Bactrian camels.
Primate Noah's Ark is home to five primate species: Siamang Gibbons, black & white ruffed lemurs, ring tailed lemurs, marmosets and cotton-top tamarins. Three of the five primates (ruffed lemurs, tamarins and gibbons) are listed on the IUCN red list as either endangered or critically endangered. The primate section has successfully bred animals since its opening, most recently a baby Siamang gibbon. (The gibbons were moved to Noah's Ark as part of the European Endangered Species Programme in 2007.)
Reptiles In July 2017 the zoo introduced seven Aldabra giant tortoises to the zoo on loan from Nigel Marven. The tortoise enclosure won an award from BIAZA for enclosure design.
Maze
The zoo's hedge maze, planted in 2003, is long.
References
External links
Tourist attractions in Somerset
Zoos in England
Creationist organizations
Denialism
Mazes in the United Kingdom
Noah's Ark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s%20Ark%20Zoo%20Farm |
Cresta may refer to:
Cresta, Gauteng, a suburb in South Africa
CRESTA, Catastrophe Risk Evaluating and Standardizing Target Accumulations
Cresta Awards, international advertising awards
Cresta (soft drink)
Vauxhall Cresta, an automobile model
Toyota Cresta, an automobile model
See also
Cresta Blanca Winery, a winery in Livermore Valley
Cresta Run, a sled run or track in St. Moritz, Switzerland
Crest (disambiguation)
Cresto (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresta |
Nerl or NERL may refer to:
Nerl (urban-type settlement), a settlement in Ivanovo Oblast, Russia
Nerl (Klyazma), a river in the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, and Vladimir Oblasts, tributary of the Klyazma
Nerl (Volga), a river in the Yaroslavl and Tver Oblasts, tributary of the Volga
National Equal Rights League, oldest American organization dedicated to black liberation
National Exposure Research Laboratory, a division of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Newark-Elizabeth Rail Link, a light rail line proposed in the American state of New Jersey
NorthEast Research Libraries Consortium, see Center for Research Libraries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerl |
Jieh (or Jiyé, Jiyeh, الجية) is a seaside town in Lebanon with an estimated population of 5000, 23 km south of Beirut, in the Chouf district via a 20-minute drive along the Beirut to Sidon highway south of the capital. In Phoenician times it was known as Porphyreon and was a thriving natural seaport, which still functions today. The town is also known for its seven kilometre sandy beach, a rarity along Lebanon's mainly rocky coastline.
The Hebrew prophet Jonah was said to have landed on its shores when he was spat out of the giant fish described in the Old Testament, and a temple was built which stands until today. Many invaders passed through Porphyreon such as Tohomtmos the Egyptian who landed his soldiers on its natural seaport in order to fight the North. Alexander the Great relaxed on its shore preparing for the attack on Tyre. St Peter and St Paul also walked through Jieh several times.
In modern times Jieh took some of the harshest blows of the Lebanese Civil War that raged from 1975–1990. Being a coastal town made it vulnerable to the countless numbers of Palestine Liberation Organization raids on the area, as well as Israeli army invasions during the 1980s, but the worst being on January 20, 1976.
During the war years the PSP controlled the seaport at Jieh. In March 1989 General Michel Aoun established a blockade of the port which resulted in artillery exchanges between his forces and a combination of PSP, Amal and the Syrian Army in Beirut and the Chouf. At least 90 people were killed and several hundred wounded. Jieh is being rebuilt, albeit at a slower pace than the nearby capital city of Beirut.
Archaeological site
The town houses some of Lebanon's finest archaeological ruins, some of them buried under modern buildings, others waiting to be dug up by excavators, and others having already been removed and placed in museums. Mosaics depicting the story of the Prophet Jonah and the giant fish in the Old Testament have been found in churches dug from underground over time. Examples of these are the grand floor mosaics from the Byzantine Empire period which were so big that trucks were needed to transport them to museums as was the case with the fine collection owned by Walid Jumblatt, a local politician, which are on display at his Beiteddine Palace Museum.
Jieh has recently been the scene of accidental excavations of a Byzantine era Christian church and surrounding tombs which had been buried underground for centuries. Nothing is being done to protect them at the moment due to political hearings on the matters of the people versus the government - sec. landlords rights to preserve historical artifacts found on said property with viable direct ancestry value and or documentation. The people versus the government - sec. landlords rights to preserve historical artifacts found on said property which directly pertain to all local populous religious beliefs, practices, and or scriptures or text. All which fall under the world preservation of historical and archaeological acts of 1971.
Archaeological research
In 1914, Georges Contenau located the basilica, the residential quarter, and the necropolis. The first excavations on the site were carried out in 1975 by Roger Saidah from the Lebanese Direction Générale des Antiquités (DGA). They uncovered most of the domestic architecture from the Byzantine period. The outbreak of civil war in Lebanon interrupted the work. The mosaics found during these excavations are currently on display in the museum in Beiteddine. Since 2004, research in Jiyeh has been conducted by the Polish-Lebanese archaeological expedition from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), headed by Prof. Tomasz Waliszewski.
Polish-Lebanese archaeological expedition in Jiyeh (Porphyreon)
The Polish-Lebanese Archaeological Mission from the PCMA UW conducts its research in cooperation with the DGA and the Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. In 2004, salvage excavations were conducted due to the construction of a hotel in the area of the necropolis. The team documented graves from the Roman and Byzantine periods, as well as large numbers of Hellenistic and Roman pottery vessels, both imported and locally produced. In the following years, work focused on the basilica and the residential quarter. Test pits in the basilica confirmed its use in the 5th century, although it could have been built earlier, i.e., in the 4th century. About 100 rooms dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods were excavated in the residential quarter. Test pits dug in some of the houses revealed ancient layers, as well as earlier ones – from the Bronze and Iron Ages. Three main phases of the functioning of the domestic architecture were distinguished:
Iron Age II (8th–7th century BC)
Persian-Hellenistic-Roman period (5th century BC–2nd century AD)
Late Antique period (4th–5th century AD) The analysis of finds, mainly coins and ceramics, suggests that the settlement was abandoned in the 7th century.
A pottery production center and remains of a wine production installation were discovered to the north of the residential quarter. The economy of the settlement could have been based on trade in locally-produced goods, such as olive oil, wine, pottery vessels. Fishing was also practiced, as attested by the equipment discovered on the site: fishing hooks and net sinkers.
Religion
Jieh is home to many religious groups, mostly Maronite Christians and Shia Muslims with some Melkites, Druze and Sunni Muslims. The Shiite Muslims of this area mainly occupy the high rise section of Nabi Younes (Prophet Jonah) located in the central western and southern parts of the town on the coast. While the northern and central eastern area is occupied by the Christian and Sunni populous in the section of St. George's and Our Lady of the Star's Cathedrals. The rebuilding of Jieh's two churches took effect a few years after the civil war ended during the construction boom. On the left below is Our Lady of the Star, Maronite Catholic Church whose construction finished in 2017, as well as the new St Georges Church featured to the right.
Many Christian families who fled the town of Jieh have sent money back to rebuild Our Lady of the Star, which is now completed and regularly hosts weddings and other religious events. The rebuilding of St George's has also begun. While the original mosque of the town built directly over the tomb of the Nabi Younes to safe-guard the tomb, built around a century ago by the El Hajj family (one of the predominant Shia families in the village) still lies in ruins due to a dispute between Shia and Sunni factions on the placement and erection of the new facility. This has caused strife between all the religious denominations in the region. More now than ever since Hezbollah stepped into the middle of the dispute and erected a Shia mosque without finding a common ground between both Muslim parties and the consent on placement of the facility with the Christian denominations in the area to confirm that the voluminous call to prayers would not be a hindrance upon their religious practices.
Jieh also hosts many resorts that take advantage of the 7km of sandy beaches as well as the towns close proximity to Beirut that allows for many people staying in Beirut to easily visit for the day.
On the 28 October 2010, St George's Catholic Cemetery was the subject of an attack by graveyard vandals. An exhumed body in the lone casket of one of the tombs was removed, dragged out of its resting place and disfigured.
Tourism
Jieh's main tourist attraction is its 7 km sand strip hosting a set of clean sandy beaches. Close to Beirut and still clean to swim in, Jieh is a go-to destination for beach lovers who like the sand, the sun, and some waves away from the hustle and bustle of the city. The mainly privately owned beach resorts that occupy the beach front range in themes that cater for all classes of society, including women's only beaches.
Education
Jieh is a town that houses the popular St Charbel College. The convent of Saint Charbel and the attached High School are run by the Lebanese Maronite Order of Monks. It was the direct result of repeated demands by the local residents and two decades of planning and negotiations. Construction was completed in 1965.
The mission of this project was to provide education to students of different faiths from Jieh and neighboring villages in the Chouf district south of Beirut.
The convent and school were lightly damaged during the 1975 war and then evacuated in 1985 when the Christian population of the town was forced out. This time the structure sustained heavy damages and for the next six years became a living quarter for Palestinian refugees. Renovations started in 1991 after generous contributions from charitable organizations, local politicians and residents. As soon as the work was completed, 600 students enrolled of whom only 18 were Christians.
Today both the convent and the school are fully restored and became a center of culture and education for students from the southern suburbs of Beirut to Sidon.
Power
Jieh is home to Lebanon's largest and oldest thermal power plant. Located on the southern tip of Jieh's border with neighbouring town Wadi El Zeina, this power station houses 5 units; the first two Toshiba units having been installed in 1970, while the three remaining turbines from the Brown Boveri Company in Switzerland were put into service later on between 1980 and 1981. The Toshiba units produce 65MW while the Brown Boveri Company (BBC) units each produce 72MW of electricity, totalling 346MW for the Jieh plant when at full capacity. Although this is only the second highest total capacity after Zouk from Lebanon's 7 thermal power plants, it must be commended for being the first and only one from during the 1970s and mid 1980s until the first unit at Zouk was put into service in 1984.
The power station at Jieh was closed for a period after the Israeli invasion in 1982, and so technicians who came to repair the older Toshiba turbines were deterred away from the country due to kidnappings of foreigners and the raging of the civil war. Likewise, the three Brown Boveri turbines had managed to get some service from BBC's India technicians rather than from the Switzerland headquarters. This meant that only minor repairs could be done, and so the generators could not run at full capacity. In 1982, the Lebanese Pound fell by a factor of 600 and so Electricite du Liban, Lebanon's government owned power company, could not afford to buy spare parts from overseas for its power stations. Hundreds of communities and ghettos across the country also refused (and still refuse) to pay electricity bills that funded the maintenance. This, as well as significant electricity piracy, resulted in deteriorating conditions of the power plant at Jieh.
On 19 August 1997 the power station was hit by Israeli airstrikes. It was the culmination of a spike in violence which began the day before when two teenagers were killed by a roadside bomb near Jezzine. In response, 18 August, the South Lebanon Army had shelled Sidon, killing seven people. This led to Hizbullah firing a barrage of rockets into northern Israel and hence the airstrike.
On 23 July 1999 the Lebanese headquarters of the Cellis telephone company in Jeih was destroyed by an Israeli airstike. The strike was part of two extensive air raids on 24/25 July which left Beirut without electricity, five bridges on the Beirut to Sidon road destroyed, as well as a radio station in Baalbek demolished. Eight Lebanese were killed and an estimated $52 million damage caused. Two Israeli were killed by Hizbullah rockets in Kiryat Shimona.
Foreign investment, however, helped revive the plant numerous times until presently, although today the main problem is the lack of adequate fuel supply from the government that is needed to run the plant. Recent deals with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf have been sought to receive discounted fuel to ensure good supply to the power plants.
According to current news articles, Jieh's power plant is undergoing extensive maintenance due to neighbouring Syria's recent cut of power supply to parts of Lebanon, meaning that the Jieh plant is on its way to full service again.
The July 2006 war between the Hezbollah and the Israeli Defence Forces resulted in the fuel stores at the power plant being bombed, leading to a catastrophic environmental disaster with crude oil spilling into the sea. On Friday July 14 at around 3am, the Jieh power plant was struck by missiles from navy destroyers off the Lebanese coast aimed at one of its six fuel tanks. It was hit once more the next day when two bridges on the main highway in Jieh were also destroyed by missile attacks. Ongoing black smoke continued to rise from the plant for weeks after the attack as the nearby tankers exploded one after the other from the heat while the remaining tens of thousands of litres of oil spilled endlessly into the Mediterranean sea.
Environmental Problems
As a result of crude violations of the environment directly by the council of Barja up in the nearby mountains, the Jieh coastline has been subject to the continual release of unclean water through the Barja to Jieh sewerage canal. This canal routinely dumps Barja's human faeces and other liquid waste into Jieh's coastal waters and directly affects tourism and the environment in this town.
There have also recently been plans to build a landfill in Jiyyeh. This has met some hard opposition by some government ministers and angry locals who don't want their town being turned into a garbage dump, and so at the moment the solution to the problem is not quite clear.
Jiyeh Power Station Oil Spill
The power station oil spill from a July 14-15th 2006 Israeli airstrike released over 16,000 tonnes of crude oil into the Mediterranean sea and threatened marine life along the coast of Lebanon, mainly from Jieh stretching as far north as Syria and Turkey.
Oil pollution from ships
See Oil pollution from ships in Zouk Mikael.
Jieh Sub-districts
Jieh is divided locally into sub districts namely: , Beit Madi, Beit Chahine, Haret el Kaneese, Qassouba, Nabi Younes, El Sahl & Maqsabe.
Notes
Azzi, C., Technical Opinion On the proposed Landfill
Azzi, A., Jieh Through history Atallah Family Website
United Nations General Assembly Security Council, Letter dated 5 January 1988 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General
Jieh Online, 30 Year Anniversary
The story of the Prophet Jonah and the giant fish
Pictures of Byzantine church excavations, Dec 2004
Bamboo Bay Jieh, 360° Panoramic View
$8 million new resort near Beirut - 5/20/2005
College St Charbel (French)
Electricite du Liban information about Lebanon's power plants
Lebanese ration power after Syria cuts off supplies
Daily Star Article: 'Lebanon will drown in solid waste'
Greenpeace "Right To Know" tour calls for a toxics use and release inventory on chemical-use by industries in Lebanon
Grave robbers raid cemetery in Jiyeh
Footnotes
References
Jieh Of ficial website - www.jieh.gov.lb
JiehOnline
jieh official Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/pages/Jieh/204587569609638?ref=hl
Pollution in Lebanon
USA Trade Online: Lebanon Country Analysis
Blank, S.J. (Ed), Mediterranean Security into the coming Millennium, 1999
St Charbel College Website (French)
Electricite du Liban website
North York Knights of Columbus Website for fundraising the rebuilding of churches where Jesus walked and preached
Bamboo Bay Jieh, 360° Panoramic View
Kazzi, Antoine Naji, 1988, Porphyreon: The path of history, Khalifh publishing, Beirut, Lebanon
Jiyeh, Localiban
Sources
Bibliography - archaeology
Mariusz Gwiazda, Economy of Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Settlement in Jiyeh (Porphyreon), Lebanon, dx.doi.org, 2 marca 2017
Urszula Wicenciak, Porphyreon. Hellenistic and Roman pottery production in the Sidon hinterland (=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Monograph Series 7). Warszawa: PCMA 2016
Tomasz Waliszewski, Magdalena Antos, Piotr Jaworski, Piotr Makowski, Marcin Romaniuk, Rafał Solecki, Agnieszka Szymczak, Preliminary report on the 2012 and 2013 excavation seasons at Jiyeh (Porphyreon): work in sector D (residential Quarter), „Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean”, XXIV (1), 2015 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.0087
Agnieszka Szulc-Kajak, Fishing gear from Jiyeh (Porphyreon)., „Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean”, 22, 2013.
Tomasz Waliszewski, Mariusz Gwiazda, Preliminary report on the 2010 excavation season at Jiyeh (Porphyreon), „Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean”, 22, 2013.
Tomasz Waliszewski, Jiyeh (Porphyreon): Explorations 2003-2004, „Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean”, 16, 2005.
Krzysztof Domżalski, Urszula Wicenciak, Mahmoud El-Tayeb, Tomasz Waliszewski, Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery Production Center at Jiyeh :Rescue Excavations, 2004, „Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean”, 16, 2005.
René Dussaud, Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, Presses de l’Ifpo, 1927, , .
External links - archaeology
Jiyeh, localiban
Polish-Lebanese Archaeological Mission in Jiyeh (Porphyreon)
Populated places in Chouf District
Shia Muslim communities in Lebanon
Sunni Muslim communities in Lebanon
Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon
Melkite Christian communities in Lebanon
Tourist attractions in Lebanon
Tourism in Lebanon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jieh |
Norcross Brothers, Contractors and Builders was a nineteenth-century American construction company, especially noted for its work, mostly in stone, for the architectural firms of H.H. Richardson and McKim, Mead & White. The company was founded in 1864 by brothers James Atkinson Norcross (1831-1903) and Orlando Whitney Norcross (1839-1920). It won its first major contract in 1869, and is credited with having completed over 650 building projects.
History
The Norcross brothers, James Atkinson (b. 24 March 1831) and Orlando Whitney (b. 26 October 1839), were born in Maine to Jesse Springer Norcross, proprietor of the Norcross Mills, and his wife, Margaret Ann Whitney. The brothers moved to Worcester, Massachusetts in 1868. Their pedigree descends from Philip Norcross and his wife, Sarah [Jackson], the brothers' paternal great - great grandparents, originally of Watertown, MA.
Skilled construction carpenters, the brothers formed their own construction company in 1864, and three years later contracted to build the new Worcester high school. The architect of the school was a young, but soon to be famous, Henry Hobson Richardson, and from then on Norcross Brothers became Richardson's favorite contractor, ultimately building more than thirty of his designs, including three considered by many his best work: Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts; the Marshall Fields & Company building in Chicago, Illinois; and the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Following the death of Richardson, the brothers became the contractor for many of McKim, Mead & White's projects. When MM&W opened a new office in New York City, in 1894, the Norcross Brothers had their own space within it. As had been the case with Richardson, much of the value of the Norcross Brothers to MM&W, and other architects derived from Orlando Norcross's engineering skill. Though largely self-taught, he had developed the skills needed to solve the vast engineering problems brought to him by his clients. For example, the size of the dome at the Rhode Island Capitol was expanded very late in the design process, perhaps even after construction had begun, so that it would be larger than the one just completed by Cass Gilbert for the Minnesota Capitol.
Because of their need for stone, a primary building material of the time, was outpacing the supply the brothers eventually acquired their own stone quarries, first in Connecticut (Branford) (now on the National Register of Historic Places) and in Massachusetts, and later in Westchester County, New York and in Georgia. They also established a factory in Worcester where they manufactured architectural building parts
Selected H.H. Richardson projects
Ames Monument, Laramie, Wyoming, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, 1882
William Watts Sherman House, Newport, RI, 1875 - 1876.
Projects for other architects
Juniper Hall, later Masonic Hospital, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, James Earle, architect
Art Institute of Chicago, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Chicago, Illinois, 1892
Cathedral of All Saints, Albany, New York, Robert Gibson, Architect, begun 1884
Congregational Library & Archives, Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge, Boston, Massachusetts, 1889
The Algonquin Club, Boston, McKim, Mead and White, architects, 1886
Adams Memorial, McKim, Mead and White, architects, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington D.C., 1891
Millicent Library, Brigham & Spofford architects, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, 1893, as well as numerous other public libraries, mostly in the north eastern part of the United States.
Crouse Memorial College, Syracuse, New York, Archimedes Russell, architect, 1897
South Station, Boston, Massachusetts with Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, 1897
Worcester City Hall, Worcester, Massachusetts, Peabody and Stearns, architects, 1895–1898
University Club of New York, McKim, Mead and White, architects, 1899
Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, McKim, Mead and White, architects, 1900
Jersey City Public Library, Jersey City, New Jersey, Brite & Bacon, architects, 1901
Low Library, Columbia University, New York City, McKim, Mead and White, architects,
Norcross Mausoleum, Hope Cemetery, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1903
Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington D.C.
Leicester Congregational Church
Leicester Public Library, Stephen Earle, architect, 1895-1896
Harvard Medical Building, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Architects, 1906
Rhode Island State Capitol Building, McKim, Mead and White, architects, 1895–1904
New York Public Library Main Branch, Carrere and Hastings, architects, 1911
Gates for Hope Cemetery, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1915
Gatehouses and Pavilion, Vanderbilt Mansion, McKim, Mead and White, architects, Hyde Park, New York, 1896–1898
Citations
References
Baker, Paul R., Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White, The Free Press, New York, 1989
Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, H.H. Richardson:Complete Architectural Works, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984
Roth, Leland M., McKim, Mead & White, Architects, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY 1983
External links
http://college.holycross.edu/projects/worcester/institutions/norcross.htm
http://norcross.ca
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norcross%20Brothers |
Afro-Germans () or Black Germans () are people of Sub-Saharan African descent who are citizens or residents of Germany.
Cities such as Hamburg and Frankfurt, which were formerly centres of occupation forces following World War II and more recent immigration, have substantial Afro-German communities. With modern trade and migration, communities such as Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich, and Cologne have an increasing number of Afro-Germans. , in a country with a population of 83,000,000 people, there were an estimated 1,000,000 Afro-Germans.
History
African and German interaction 1600 to late 1800s
During the 1720s, Ghana-born Anton Wilhelm Amo was sponsored by a German duke to become the first African to attend a European university; after completing his studies, he taught and wrote in philosophy. Later, Africans were brought as slaves from the western coast of Africa where a number of German estates were established, primarily on the Gold Coast. After King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia sold his Ghana Groß Friedrichsburg estates in Africa in 1717, from which up to 30,000 people had been sold to the Dutch East India Company, the new owners were bound by contract to "send 12 negro boys, six of them decorated with golden chains," to the king. The enslaved children were brought to Potsdam and Berlin.
Africans and German interaction between 1884 and 1945
At the 1884 Berlin Congo conference, attended by all major powers of the day, European states divided Africa into areas of influence which they would control. Germany controlled colonies in the African Great Lakes region and West Africa, from which numerous Africans migrated to Germany for the first time. Germany appointed indigenous specialists for the colonial administration and economy, and many young Africans went to Germany to be educated. Some received higher education at German schools and universities, but the majority were trained at mission training and colonial training centers as officers or domestic mission teachers. Africans frequently served as interpreters for African languages at German-Africa research centers, and with the colonial administration. Others migrated to Germany as former members of the German protection troops, the Askari.
The Afrikanisches Viertel in Berlin is also a legacy of the colonial period, with a number of streets and squares named after countries and locations tied to the German colonial empire. It is now home to a substantial portion of Berlin's residents of African heritage.
Interracial couples in the colonies were subjected to strong pressure in a campaign against miscegenation, which included invalidation of marriages, declaring the mixed-race children illegitimate, and stripping them of German citizenship. During extermination of the Nama people in 1907 by Germany, the German director for colonial affairs, Bernhard Dernburg, stated that "some native tribes, just like some animals, must be destroyed".
Weimar Republic
In the course of World War I, the Belgians, British and French took control of Germany's colonies in Africa. The situation for the African colonials in Germany changed in various ways. For example, Africans who possessed a colonial German identification card had a status entitling them to treatment as "members of the former protectorates". After the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the Africans were encouraged to become citizens of their respective mandate countries, but most preferred to stay where they were. In numerous petitions (well documented for German Togoland by P. Sebald and for Cameroon by A. Rüger), they tried to inform the German public about the conditions in the colonies, and continued to request German help and support.
Africans founded the bilingual periodical that was published in German and Duala: Elolombe ya Cameroon (Sun of Cameroon). A political group of Africans established the German branch of a Paris-based human-rights organization: "the German section of the League to the Defense of the Negro Race".
Nazi Germany
The conditions for Afro-Germans in Germany grew worse during the Nazi period. Naturalized Afro-Germans lost their passports. Working conditions and travel were made extremely difficult for Afro-German musicians, variety, circus or film professionals. Because of Nazi policies, employers were unable to retain or hire Afro-German employees.
Afro-Germans in Germany were socially isolated and forbidden to have sexual relations and marriages with Aryans by the Nuremberg Laws. In continued discrimination directed at the so-called Rhineland bastards, Nazi officials subjected some 500 Afro-German children in the Rhineland to forced sterilization. Afro-Germans were considered "enemies of the race-based state", along with Jews and Roma. The Nazis originally sought to rid the German state of Jews and Romani by means of deportation (and later extermination), while Afro-Germans were to be segregated and eventually exterminated through compulsory sterilization.
Some Black Germans who lived through this period later wrote about their experiences. In 1999 Hans Massaquoi published Destined to Witness about his life in Germany under Nazi rule, and in 2013 Theodor Wonja Michael, who was also the main witness in the documentary film Pages in the Factory of Dreams, published his autobiography, Deutsch Sein Und Schwarz Dazu.
Since 1945
The end of World War II brought Allied occupation forces into Germany. American, British and French forces included numerous soldiers of African American, Afro-Caribbean or African descent, and some of them fathered children with ethnic German women. At the time, these armed forces generally maintained non-fraternization rules and discouraged civilian-soldier marriages. Around 8,000 of these biracial Afro German children were born immediately after the war, making up about 1% of all births in ethnically homogeneous West Germany in 1945. " Most single ethnic German mothers kept their "brown babies", but thousands were adopted by American families and grew up in the United States. Often they did not learn their full ancestry until reaching adulthood.
Until the end of the Cold War, the United States kept more than 100,000 U.S. soldiers stationed on German soil. These men established their lives in Germany. They often brought families with them or founded new ones with ethnic German wives and children. The federal government of West Germany pursued a policy of isolating or removing from Germany those children that it described as "mixed-race negro children".
Audre Lorde, Black American writer and activist, spent the years from 1984 to 1992 teaching at the Free University of Berlin. During her time in Germany, often called "The Berlin Years," she helped push the coining of the term "Afro-German" into a movement that addressed the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexual orientation. She encouraged Black German women such as May Ayim and Ika Hügel-Marshall to write and publish poems and autobiographies as a means of gaining visibility. She pursued intersectional global feminism and acted as an advocate for that movement in Germany.
Immigration
Since 1981, Germany has had immigration from African countries, mostly Nigeria and Ghana, who were seeking work. Some of the Ghanaians also came to study in German universities.
Below are the largest (Sub-Saharan) African groups in Germany.
Afro-Germans in literature
Novel about a multiracial jazz group in Nazi Germany. The band's young trumpeter is a Rhineland Bastard who eventually is taken by the Nazis, while other members of the band are African Americans.
Novel about a faith healer and rock band manager, featuring an Afro-German character, Josef Ehelich von Fremd, an affluent fellow who works in arbitrage and owns fine racehorses.
An autobiography by Hans J. Massaquoi, born in Hamburg, Germany, to a German mother and a Liberian father of Vai ethnicity, the grandson of Momulu Massaquoi.
Ika Hügel-Marshall. (2008) Marshall wrote an autobiography "Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben", the English translation of which is entitled "Invisible Woman: Growing up Black in Germany". She details her life experiences growing up as an "occupation baby" and the struggle to find her identity as she grows up. Marshall details how the society she grew up in taught her to hate her complexion and how meeting her father, a black man, instilled a renewed pride in her heritage. The autobiography culminates in the struggle to find information on her father in the United States and finally getting to meet her American family.
Iljoma Mangold. (2017) Mangold wrote an autobiography "Das deutsche Krokodil", the English translation of which is entitled "The German Crocodile: A literary memoir" (2021), about growing up in Germany in the 1970s.
Afro-German political groups
Initiative of Black People (Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher)
This initiative created a political community that offers support for black people in Germany. Its main goals are to give people a chance to have their voices heard by each other and by those who do not share the same experiences. In the space provided by ISD gatherings, Afro-Germans are able to connect with people who might be in similar situations and who can offer them support.
Teachings from the ISD emphasise the role of history in understanding current politics. This is because of the belief that Germany has committed numerous atrocities in the past (notably in South-West Africa), but has no intentions of paying reparations to communities that still suffer today. The ISD notes that the importance of paying these reparations are for the structural changes made to a broken, discriminatory system.
The ISD combats discrimination in Germany through active support, campaigning through the media, and outreach to the government.
Notable Afro-Germans in modern Germany
Politics and social life
Joe Chialo (born 1970), Berlin State Minister (Senator) for Culture and Social Cohesion.
Karamba Diaby (born 1961), Afro-German politician, member of the Bundestag.
John Ehret (born 1971), Germany's first Afro-German mayor.
Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana (born 1949), The only black MEP to represent Germany following the 2019 European elections.
Charles M. Huber (born 1956), Afro-German politician and former actor, member of the Bundestag.
Ika Hügel-Marshall (1947-2022), wrote about growing up in postwar Germany
Bärbel Kampmann (1946–1999), anti-racist activist and writer
Hans Massaquoi (1926-2013), journalist, wrote about his childhood in Nazi Germany.
Aminata Touré (born 1992), Minister of Social Affairs, Youth, Family, Senior Citizens, Integration and Equality of the State of Schleswig-Holstein
Harald Weyel, politician, member of the Bundestag.
Art, culture and music
The cultural life of Afro-Germans has great variety and complexity. With the emergence of MTV and Viva, the popularity of American pop culture promoted Afro-German representation in German media and culture.
May Ayim (1960-1996), was an Afro-German poet, educator and activist. She was a co-editor of the book Farbe bekennen, whose English translation was published as Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out.
Afro-German musicians include:
Film and television
The SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland (Black Filmmakers in Germany) is a professional association based in Berlin for directors, producers, screenwriters, and actors who are Afro-Germans or of Black African origin and living in Germany. They have organized the "New Perspectives" series at the Berlinale film festival.
Afro-Germans in film and television include:
Adunni Ade (born 1970)
Mo Asumang (born 1963)
Zazie Beetz (born 1991)
Louis Brody (1892–1952)
Nisma Cherrat (born 1969)
Carol Campbell (born 1966)
Elfie Fiegert (born 1946)
Bayume Mohamed Husen (1904-1944)
Florence Kasumba (born 1976)
Günther Kaufmann (1947–2012)
Boris Kodjoe (born 1973)
Leila Negra (born 1930)
Araba Walton (born 1975)
Sport
See also
Demographics of Germany
Afro-European
Notes
References
Further reading
May Ayim, Katharina Oguntoye, and Dagmar Schultz. Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out (1986). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.
Campt, Tina. Other Germans Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2004.
El-Tayeb, Fatima. European Others: Queering Ethnicity in Postnational Europe. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
Hine, Darlene Clark, Trica Danielle Keaton, and Stephen Small, eds. Black Europe and the African Diaspora. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Who Is a German?: Historical and Modern Perspectives on Africans in Germany. Ed. Leroy Hopkins. Washington, D.C: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, the Johns Hopkins University, 1999.
Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette. "'Germany's "Brown Babies" Must Be Helped! Will You?': U.S. Adoption Plans for Afro-German Children, 1950–1955." Callaloo 26.2 (2003): 342–362.
Mazón, Patricia M., and Reinhild Steingröver, eds. Not so Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
Weheliye, Alexander G. Phonographies: Grooves in Sonic Afro-Modernity. Duke University Press, 2005.
External links
Black German Heritage and Research Association
Black German Cultural Society Inc
African Union Diaspora Committee Deutschland Zentralrat der Afrikanischen Diaspora Deutschland mit Mandat der Afrikanischen Union
May Ayim Award - The 1st Black German International Literature Award
Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland
African Diaspora in Germany
cyberNomads - The Black German Databank Network and Media Channel Our Knowledge Resource on the Net
SFD – Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Bibliography
Pocast in which Fatima El-Tayeb (Director of the Critical Gender Studies programme at the University of California, San Diego) talks about the need to reassess Europe’s internalist narrative and the discourse of integration.
African diaspora in Germany
Culture of the African diaspora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Germans |
Kavim () is an Israeli bus company based in Holon. It was founded in 2000 and provided lines in the eastern Gush Dan region - the towns/cities Kiryat Ono, Petah Tikva, Or Yehuda, Givatayim and others. In February 2005, Kavim expanded to the north, where it started providing bus lines in Afula, Bet She'an and the Nazareth area. In 2006, more routes are planned in Petah Tikva and Rosh HaAyin. Many of Kavim's current routes were transferred from the Dan Bus Company. In 2011, the bus company Illit was merged with Kavim. In 2012, Kavim won the tender for the Heshmonaim cluster which includes the cities Ramla, Lod and Modi'in, and the tender for cluster of regional bus routes in the Netanya Hadera area. Kavim started the operate the routes in both clusters in 2013. In 2015, Kavim's bus routes in Afula were transferred to Superbus bus company. In 2017 Kavim won the tender of the Valley of Elah and Beitar Illit cluster that contains routes that Kavim currently operates and few routes of Superbus in the Beit Shemesh area.
Kavim has a fleet of 300 vehicles and a workforce of 450. Kavim's current chief executive officer is Zion Pat.
Ridership by sector
In 2017, each sector had the following annual ridership:
Controversies
Kavim's service has often been criticized, especially in Petah Tikva. In April 2008, Avi Blustein, a member of the city council, proposed to create a committee which would inspect Kavim's operations within the city. Kavim responded that Blustein was 'hurting its good reputation out of political considerations'.
In 2008, a Kavim driver was arrested for dealing drugs on his bus routes. Kavim stated in response that this did not reflect the company or its drivers.
On October 6, 2010, 30 buses belonging to Kavim in Afula were taken out of service following a raid by the police, due to severe safety violations, ranging from broken seats to worn out tires.
Criticism
Involvement in Israeli settlements
On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of companies doing business related in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Golan Heights. Kavim was listed on the database on account of its activities in Israeli settlements in these occupied territories, which are considered illegal under international law.
References
External links
Official website (bus routes)
Bus companies of Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavim |
In Turkey, compulsory military service applies to all male citizens from 21 to 41 years of age. It is 6 months for all males regardless of education degree. Different rules apply to Turks abroad. For Turks with multiple citizenship, the conscription lapses if they have already served in the army of another country.
Conscripts can be deployed in all parts of the Turkish armed forces, except in combat operations or active conflicts. For example, only professional soldiers are used in operations by Turkey against the PKK.
Women are not conscripted, but they are permitted to become officers.
History
The Conscription Law was introduced in 1919 and has stayed in force since then. However, the length of service has been successively reduced over time. Between 1919 and 1998, the average length of service was 18 months for non-educated males and 12 months for educated (university level). In 1998, these lengths were reduced to 12 months for non-educated conscripts and 6 months for educated ones. After 2001, the current length of service was introduced, with a bar on further reductions until 2024.
Legislation
The rules and procedures for conscription are set out in the Military Service Law in accordance with Article 72 of the Turkish Constitution. Ministerial circulars set out the rules and procedures for exemption from military service in exchange for a financial contribution or other form of compensation, and for discharge from military service in exchange for working in other government agencies.
Articles 2, 25 and 26 of Turkey's Military Service Law stipulate that every man in Turkey must be conscripted and registered from 1 January of the year in which he turns twenty. Military service does not apply to women. A conscripted man is conscripted until 1 January of the year in which he turns 41. In the case of mobilization, men can be called up for military service up to the age of sixty-five. Turkish men legally residing abroad are required to do military service from the year they turn 19 until the end of the year they turn 38. Men who voluntarily enlist in the armed forces can do so from the age of eighteen. Turkish women can voluntarily serve in the Turkish army as non-commissioned officers or officers and in that case they can be called up as reservists until their forty-first year of life. Until 2014, the normal conscription period was fifteen months. Thereafter, the maximum conscription period was reduced to twelve months. There are different variants in the conscription system as used until the amendment of the law of 26 June 2019. For persons with two years of vocational training or a low level of education, the maximum conscription period of twelve months applies. Two variants apply to conscripts with four years of secondary school and higher education: either twelve months as an officer (Third Lieutenant), or a reduced conscription of six months as a non-commissioned officer.
Registration and inspection
Each year, approximately 300,000 men over the age of twenty are called up for military service. According to 2018 data from the Turkish government, a total of 1.9 million young men have been deferred from military service because of their studies. Three million other men have asked for a postponement for other reasons. An exception was 2017, the year after the coup attempt, when the Turkish government did not call on new conscripts to register. No professional soldiers were hired in that year either.
Call system
The Ministry of National Defense broadcasts the call for conscription through Turkish state radio and television. Anyone enlisting for the first time that year is called up, along with those who received a temporary exemption or deferment the previous year. Conscripts do not receive a personal call for registration. Everyone who has completed his military service remains a reservist up to the upper limit described. People are expected to respond to the call by presenting themselves with the necessary documents at one of the military registration offices, or in case of residence abroad, at the Turkish consulate or embassy.
If a person has not responded to the general call to register and be examined for military service, the military authorities will send a notice to the address of the person concerned stating that the person concerned must still report to the military authorities in order to complete the relevant procedures. If the registration and examination of the person concerned has still not taken place by the time the other conscripts from the same year are due to take office, this constitutes an offence.
Examination
During the examination, an inventory is made of the conscript's state of health, level of education, profession and special skills such as knowledge of languages. The military registration office sends the conscript a written notification that information about attendance can be obtained from the office. Nowadays, conscripts can also look up this information digitally.
Documents
The legislation makes no mention of the specific time when certain turnout-related documents are provided to conscripts. The only reference is that a military ID (askerlik cüzdanı) will be reinforced during the conscription. It is known that after a person is approved for military service, he receives a written notification from the military registration office stating that he can collect the documents regarding his registration and attendance at that office. These documents also state to which unit one has been assigned and to which training center one must report for basic military training. The Military ID is the official ID for members of the Turkish Armed Forces. Members of the armed forces are required to carry their military ID at all times, even if they are wearing civilian clothes. Conscripts receive the military ID at the beginning of their military service.
The general information collection system is linked to the authorities that issue passports, but also to other authorities, for example the police. As a result, conscription evaders and deserters can be apprehended in various situations, such as at the border or at traffic controls. A 2010 constitutional amendment allowed conscripts to travel out legally. The purport is that the freedom of Turkish nationals to leave the country may only be restricted on the basis of a court decision following a criminal investigation or prosecution. If the Turkish nationality is lost, the citizenship is also lost and one cannot serve in the army.
Induction and placement
The Department of Defense's Directorate General of Drafting Services (ASAL) is responsible for conscript deployment planning. The information about the turnout such as location and date can be viewed by the conscript at the military district registration offices, and can now also be requested by the conscript via the online government website e-Devlet. Conscripts can only object to their placement on the grounds of health complaints.
Deployment of conscripts in armed conflicts
Turkish law does not discriminate between persons of different ethnicity or religion. This also applies to the rules regarding conscription and recruitment. The army stopped using conscripts in combat operations a few years ago. The military operations are only carried out by professional soldiers, both in southeastern Turkey and in Iraq and Syria. While this may have been the case in the 1990s and early 2000s, conscripts are no longer deployed in active conflict or military operations, including counter-terrorism operations.
Components of the Turkish military organization
The Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) consists of the army (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), the navy (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; including the naval air force and infantry) and the air force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri). Turkey has the largest army in NATO after the United States, with an estimated number of more than 615,000 on active duty or in reserve. Since the late 1990s, the proportion of professional soldiers and professionals within the armed forces has increased sharply to about fifty percent of the total number of active duty personnel. Conscripts are deployed in all parts of the TSK, including the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard, but not in elite units. Only professional soldiers are deployed in operations against armed groups such as the PKK.
According to statements by the Chief of Staff at the end of 2017, the army is the largest Turkish military unit with approximately 355,000 troops, including approximately 197,000 conscripts. The army consists of four armies (ordu), namely the First Army, stationed in Istanbul, the Second Army, stationed in the southeast with headquarters in Malatya, the Third Army, stationed in the northeast with headquarters in Erzincan and the Fourth Army (also known as the Aegean Army), stationed on the west coast with headquarters in Izmir. In addition to the Armed Forces that fall under the Ministry of Defence, there is the Gendarmerie. Conscripts can also be posted to the gendarmerie. The gendarmerie (Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) falls under the Ministry of Defense as far as training and education are concerned.
Postponement, exemption and alternative service
Postponement
Deferral of military service can be obtained on the basis of law 1111, article 35:
On request due to indispensability if one works for the government, (defense) industry, or as a sports professional (article 35 e);
If one is still studying, in that case universities will apply for a standard deferral for their students (article 35 f);
When working abroad (Article 35 g);
In case of poor health (with doctor's statement)
One can also request a deferment of conscription because of being held in detention. As a rule, a postponement is requested for one year, which can be extended by one year upon presentation of the correct documents. The Turkish Military Service Law allows conscripted students to first complete their university education (until the year they turn 30) or postgraduate training and research (up to the year they turn 36). Depending on the situation, the person requesting a deferral must provide evidence to the military district registry office that reviews the deferral application. This includes, for example, medical reports, documents from the educational institution, or a document explaining the reasons for detention. These documents form the basis for approving or rejecting the postponement request
Turks abroad who cannot participate in military service for medical reasons must undergo a medical examination at a hospital recognized by the Turkish consulate or embassy. The medical evaluation report approved by a consulate or embassy is shared with the Ministry of Defense, which decides on individual cases. In case of objection to this decision, a subsequent medical examination can be carried out in a military hospital in the country concerned. Persons who have been granted a postponement of conscription will receive a written statement about this from the military registration office.
Exemption
The Military Service Act sets out that persons who are physically or mentally unfit for military service can be exempted from conscription. To obtain this exemption, one must submit a medical report. In the event of non-complete disapproval due to physical condition, the person will have to undergo renewed checks every two years during the period of service to ensure that they are still unfit to stand.
Conscript brothers of conscripts who died in combat automatically receive an exemption from military service. The same applies to brothers and sons of conscripts who die in a terrorist attack during their military service. Turkish citizens who obtained their citizenship through naturalization and who completed their military service in their country of origin can, on application, be exempted from Turkish military service. It is also possible to be exempted from military service by reporting that one is homosexual.
Buy-out
On 25 June 2019, the Turkish parliament approved the government's proposal to amend the law on military service. Conscription is reduced from twelve months to six months for soldiers and non-commissioned officers. Reserve officers remain on duty for twelve months. All Turkish conscripts residing in Turkey must follow a one-month basic military training. After that month, a conscript can be exempted from the remaining conscription by paying a certain amount. After six months of military service, a conscript may, if deemed suitable, continue for six months in paid military service. Soldiers who perform six months of paid military service in the southeast or east, such as in Gaziantep, Şırnak and Hakkâri, receive an additional amount per month. The amounts in may be adjusted semi-annually in connection with inflation. Conscripts residing abroad do not have to follow a month's military training after the buy-out of their conscription. However, prior to the surrender of military service, they must follow an online course from the Turkish Ministry of Defense.
Evasion
The Military Service Act distinguishes between three types of evasion of military service (asker kaçakçılıǧı):
Evasion of registration/examination (yoklama kaçakçılığı)
Evasion of enlistment (bakaya)
Desertion (firar)
Withdrawal from registration and attendance is considered a refusal to conscription and is punishable by law. In practice, the Turkish authorities often impose a lighter sentence than the harshest possible measure of imprisonment. The European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO) indicates that nowadays in Turkey conscientious objectors are not detained because of their refusal to perform military service. A fine is imposed instead. As long as conscientious refusal continues, those involved run the risk of being fined again and from a legal point of view there is still the possibility of being sentenced to a prison sentence. The Turkish Military Penal Code (Article 63) sets out the system of penalties for refusing military service. If a conscript still has not registered and/or has been examined before the attendance date of those who were called up in the same year, this constitutes an offence. The article distinguishes between people who report themselves and people who are arrested. People who turn themselves in within seven days face a maximum of one month in prison, while those apprehended within seven days face a maximum of three months in prison.
Articles 50 and 51 of the Turkish Military Penal Code indicate that the court may convert prison sentences of less than one year into a fine. In addition, prison sentences of less than two years may be conditionally suspended by a judge. In case of desertion, higher penalties apply to both conscripts and professional soldiers.
Conscientious objection
Similar to Israel and South Korea, Turkey does not recognize the right of conscientious objection (vicdani retçi). There is no possibility under Turkish law for exemption from military service for conscientious objections, including objections for religious reasons. Refusing to serve is illegal. Turkey has no alternative military service.
Attitude towards conscription, the army and conscripts (draftees)
Most companies require men to have completed their military service before their job candidacies can be accepted. Traditionally, families do not consent to their daughters marrying men who have not served their terms. The reason behind this requirement is an irregular loss of workforce; the companies are legally bound to discharge draft evaders or face legal consequences, however valuable an asset these people are. It is a common opinion that having completed military service carries a symbolic value to the majority of Turks. It is commonly regarded as a rite of passage to manhood, and most men grow up with the anticipation of serving out their time.
On the other hand, it is held to be one of the main reasons behind the brain drain prevalent among well-educated young professionals.
Turkish Economics Professor Cevdet Akçay has stated that conscription always results in a net loss of wealth for any country, and that politicians do not discuss the topic of conscription based on objective and logical arguments. Akçay states: "One side might say that, mandatory military service is a net loss for our economy and therefore I don't support it. Whereas the other side might support it despite its effect on the economy and explain their reasons, but such discussion does not happen in our country."
References
Military of Turkey
Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription%20in%20Turkey |
The Tri-Cities are an informal grouping of the three adjacent suburban cities of Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, and Port Moody, along with the two villages of Anmore and Belcarra in the northeast sector of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia. Combined, these five communities have a 2016 population of 234,300 residents:
Demographics
Other terms
When referring to schools, residents commonly refer to the Tri-Cities as "District 43," after the public school district that serves this area.
Media
The Tri-Cities area has access to a wide variety of media available in the Lower Mainland. After Glacier Community Media merged several community newspapers, only one remains: the Tri-City News.
CKPM-FM in Port Moody became the first radio station dedicated to the Tri-Cities area when it took to the air in 2011.
Transportation
Roads
For motorists, the Trans-Canada Highway provides freeway access to Burnaby, Vancouver, Surrey, and other municipalities in the Lower Mainland. Lougheed Highway is an alternative route to the Trans-Canada, entering Coquitlam through Maillardville, past the Riverview Hospital area, up to Coquitlam Centre where it turns sharply east to Port Coquitlam and then into Pitt Meadows via the Pitt River Bridge. Barnet Highway begins at the Coquitlam Centre area and heads directly west through Port Moody and on to Burnaby and downtown Vancouver.
Public transit
Bus service in the Tri-Cities is provided by TransLink. The West Coast Express, which runs from Downtown Vancouver to Mission, stops at Port Coquitlam station, Coquitlam Central station and Moody Centre station.
SkyTrain currently serves the area, since the completion of the Evergreen Extension on December 2, 2016. The line serves Lougheed Town Centre in Burnaby, and passes through the southwestern part of Coquitlam into Port Moody and central Coquitlam, where it terminates at Lafarge Lake–Douglas station.
Business
Businesses in the Tri-City area are represented by the Tri-Cities Chamber of Commerce.
Anmore
Belcarra
Geography of Coquitlam
Port Coquitlam
Port Moody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities%20%28British%20Columbia%29 |
Tonfön Television is a Tongan pay TV service commencing in 2002, offering seven 24-hour channels of movies, news, sport and entertainment. Among the channels available are ABC Asia Pacific, BBC World, Fox News, in addition to four locally programmed channels, which include a sports channel, a family channel, a documentary/current affairs channel, and a movie channel.
Since November 2005, Tonfön TV has found itself facing stiff competition from a rival pay TV company, Sky Pacific, which offers more channels and a wider variety of programming to Tongan viewers.
External links
Matangi Tonga article - Tongan television viewers' bonanza
Television stations in Tonga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonf%C3%B6n%20Television |
Disodium aurothiomalate is a chemical compound with the formula AuSCH(CO2Na)CH2CO2Na. In conjunction with its monoprotonated derivative, this coordination complex or closely related species are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, under the tradename Myochrysine. The thiomalate is racemic in most formulation.
Structure
Disodium aurothiomalate is a coordination polymer. The salt CsNa2Au2T(TH) salt (T = thiomalate3−, TH = monoprotonated thiomalate2−) is related to disodium aurothiomalate but is easier to crystallise and characterise by X-ray crystallography. The compound is polymeric with Au-S-Au-S... chains with succinoyl groups attached to the sulfur atoms. The structure of the related drug Aurothioglucose is also polymeric with two-coordinate gold(I) centers. In such compounds, the efficacy results from the compound in solution, the structures of such solution species are often poorly understood. Medical texts sometimes suggest that free Au+ ions exist in this and related gold(I) compounds, but the Au-thiolate bonding is highly covalent and free gold ions do not exist in solution. Whereas simple gold thiolates are lipophilic, the carboxylate substituents render disodium aurothiomalate soluble in water.
Disodium aurothiomalate contains no Au-C bonds, so it is not an organometallic compound in the formal sense.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of disodium aurothimalate is unknown.
Side effects
Disodium aurothiomalate can cause photosensitive rashes, gastrointestinal disturbance, and kidney damage.
See also
Auranofin
Aurothioglucose
Gold salts
Sodium aurothiomalate
References
Gold(I) compounds
Immunosuppressants
Coordination polymers
Gold–sulfur compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20aurothiomalate |
Steven Kons (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1998 until 2010, representing the electorate of Braddon. He served as Deputy Premier under Paul Lennon from 2006 to 2008, and also served as Attorney-General, Minister for Justice and Workplace Relations and Minister for Planning. He retired from state politics in 2010, and was elected Mayor of Burnie in 2011 and 2018. He previously served as Mayor of Burnie from 1997 to 1999.
Kons was born in Melbourne to Greek immigrants who worked in heavy manual employment to help educate him at Caulfield Grammar School. After the family moved to operate a Devonport business, he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Tasmania before returning to Melbourne to practice mainly in the corporate sector. Kons later returned to Tasmania and established a successful business career. From 1997 to 1999, he served as Mayor of Burnie.
He was invited to run for the Labor Party at the 1998 state election by then Labor leader Jim Bacon, and was elected second overall, topping the Labor slate. He was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier, promoted to Secretary to Cabinet, and then to Cabinet as Minister for Primary Industries and Water. He was again promoted to Attorney-General and Minister for Justice, Planning and Workplace Relations following the 2006 state election. On 27 October 2006, he was appointed Deputy Premier, replacing Bryan Green.
Kons resigned as Deputy Premier in April 2008 after admitting that he had made "inaccurate statements" to parliament regarding the appointment of a magistrate. He announced in July 2009 that he would retire at the 2010 election. He has since been an alderman of Burnie City Council, also serving as mayor in 2011-2014 and from 2018.
See also
List of Caulfield Grammar School people
References
External links
Tasmanian parliamentary profile
Steve Kons's maiden speech to parliament
People educated at Caulfield Grammar School
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian people of Greek descent
Deputy Premiers of Tasmania
Living people
1962 births
Attorneys-General of Tasmania
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kons |
Unofficial Member is the name given to individuals who are members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong and Legislative Council of Hong Kong but who are not members of the Hong Kong Government. The terms "unofficial" (or "non-official") and "official" refer to whether the individual holds governmental office; both categories hold full membership of the councils.
Before the direct election of Legislative Council members in 1991, the Government reflected the views and opinions of Hong Kong society by appointing members of the business and social elites to the two councils. These members acted as a bridge between local residents and the Government. From 1960s to 1980, the "unofficial members of both councils, together formed the UMELCO Office which handled the complaints of Hong Kong residents.
These positions were appointments by the Governor of Hong Kong, to sit in the councils together with ex officio members. A Senior Unofficial Member would be appointed by the governor from among the unofficial members. Unofficial members might also be appointed to unelected or partially elected municipal and district councils, where there were ex officio members.
Currently the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ex officio members (official members since 1997) and unofficial members (non-official members since 1997). One of the non-official members is appointed by the Chief Executive (until 1997 the Governor) as the Convenor (until 1994 the senior unofficial member).
See also
List of Legislative Council of Hong Kong members 1843–1941
List of Legislative Council of Hong Kong unofficial members 1946–1985
References
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Executive Council of Hong Kong
Politics of Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial%20Member |
General Piccio may refer to:
Pier Ruggero Piccio (1880–1965), Italian Air Force general
Vicente Piccio, Jr. (1927-2015), Philippine Air Force general | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Piccio |
No. 3 Operational Training Unit (3OTU) was the Royal Australian Air Force's main seaplane training unit during World War II.
Formed by expanding the RAAF's Seaplane Training Flight in late 1942, 3OTU was located at RAAF Base Rathmines in New South Wales and was responsible for converting RAAF aircrew to aircraft such as the Catalina and Kingfisher. In addition, aircraft from 3OTU flew anti-submarine patrols off the coast of New South Wales.
3OTU was disbanded following the end of the war.
3
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%203%20Operational%20Training%20Unit%20RAAF |
Cefn Croes is a wind farm in Ceredigion, Wales. It is located in the Cambrian Mountains on Cefn Croes mountain, 573m (1,880 ft) south of the A44 road between Aberystwyth and Llangurig, in west Wales. The construction of the wind farm commenced in February 2004, and was completed in the spring of 2005 when the 39 wind turbines started producing electricity. The maximum installed nameplate capacity is 58.5 MW.
Nearby is the HuMP Y Glog (Draws Drum).
References
Wind farms in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefn%20Croes%20Wind%20Farm |
Kenya toured Zimbabwe for a series of five One Day Internationals in February and March 2006. Before this tour, Kenya had only played five One Day Internationals since reaching the semi-final of the 2003 World Cup, all of which they had lost. They were keen to acquire more international experience before the 2007 World Cup. Zimbabwe had suffered a series of player disputes and poor results amid continuing political troubles in that country, leading to their self-suspension from Test cricket.
The series ended in a 2–2 draw, with one match abandoned. Kenya had never previously drawn or won a One Day International series.
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
3rd ODI
4th ODI
5th ODI
References
Wisden Cricketers Almanack
External links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
2006 in Zimbabwean cricket
International cricket competitions in 2005–06
2005-06
Zimbabwean cricket seasons from 2000–01 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan%20cricket%20team%20in%20Zimbabwe%20in%202005%E2%80%9306 |
The Planets: A Modern Allegory is a radio play, written in verse, by Alfred Kreymborg. The first performance was on 6 June 1938 by the National Broadcasting Company at the Hayden Planetarium in New York City, and was directed by Thomas L. Riley. The play was originally set to the music of The Planets Suite by Gustav Holst; for the first performance the NBC Symphony Orchestra was conducted by H. Leopold Spitalny. The first broadcast was so enthusiastically received that it was repeated a few weeks later.
The play describes the early history of the twentieth century, including the onset of World War I, and the 'hysterical' 1920s, ending with a mix of dread and uncertainty about the future. The book of the play is dedicated 'to peace'; it was published by Farrar & Rinehart, New York, in 1938. The central figure of the play is the Astrologer, who encounters the various planets in turn, as the events of world history are alluded to in a somewhat prophetic tone.
Cast of the first performance
References
Kreymborg, Alfred: The Planets: A Modern Allegory, Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1938.
External links
1938 in Broadcasting
1938 books
American radio dramas
Farrar & Rinehart books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Planets%3A%20A%20Modern%20Allegory |
The Ministry of Economic Development () was a New Zealand public sector organisation tasked with promoting development of New Zealand's economy. Known as the Ministry of Commerce until 2000, it was renamed in 2000 under the Fifth Labour Government, then replaced with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment on 1 July 2012 by the subsequent National Government.
The Ministry dealt with policy in a wide range of different areas including energy, communications, the radio spectrum, industry and regional development, intellectual property, consumer issues, tourism, international trade, and the regulatory environment.
At the time of its disestablishment, the Ministry supported eight ministerial portfolios: the Minister of Economic Development (Lead Minister for the Ministry of Economic Development), the Minister of Commerce, the Minister for Communications and Information Technology, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, the Minister of Energy and Resources, the Minister of Regulatory Reform, the Minister for Small Business, and the Minister of Tourism, and previously provide support for the disestablished positions of Minister for Industry and Regional Development and Minister responsible for the Government Superannuation Fund, and to the Minister of Broadcasting and the Minister for Sport, Fitness and Leisure before support for these positions was provided by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
See also
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Communications in New Zealand
Copyright law of New Zealand
Economy of New Zealand
Energy in New Zealand
References
External links
Economic Development Group, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Business.govt.nz
Economic Development, Ministry of
New Zealand
2012 disestablishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Economic%20Development%20%28New%20Zealand%29 |
Vasanth is an Indian director well known in Tamil language films for directing films such as Keladi Kanmani (1990), Aasai (1995), Nerrukku Ner (1997), Rhythm (2000) and Satham Podathey (2007).
Career
Vasanth began his career as a journalist and short story writer, before he began working as an assistant director to K. Balachander on 18 films including Sindhu Bhairavi and Punnagai Mannan. He made his first independent film in 1990, the critically acclaimed film Keladi Kanmani, which starred noted playback singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and enjoyed a 285-days-run at theatres. He next directed Nee Pathi Naan Pathi, titled after a song from his previous film, which focussed on an unwed mother's issue. The film features the song "Nivedha", becoming noted for its visualisation and its lyrics consisting of a single word. His third directorial was the thriller Aasai (1995), which became a trendsetter and high financial success that ran for more than 200 days. Produced by Mani Ratnam. as well as the feature film debut of lead actress Suvalakshmi, while Vasanth received the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director.
In 1997, Vasanth's next project, Nerrukku Ner released. Also produced by Maniratnam, the film introduced actor Sivakumar's eldest son Suriya, who played a leading role and Bollywood actress Simran alongside Vijay and Kausalya also became a commercial success and ran for 175 days. Vasanth's subsequent project Poovellam Kettuppar (1999), also starred Suriya, pairing for the first time with Jyothika, who would later become his wife. The film is especially known as being composer Yuvan Shankar Raja's first major musical success. The following year, two of his directorial released, Appu and Rhythm. The former was appreciated for Prakash Raj's performance as a eunuch, whilst the latter is considered a classic, mainly for its theme and realism by critics and public. Rhythm told the tale of two individuals who lose their life partners in the same accident and overcome their sorrow to start a new relationship. The film's soundtrack, scored by A. R. Rahman consists of five songs, each depicting one of the five elements. Vasanth had picked Rhythm to be the film "closest to heart". Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke! (2002) was his following project, with its major attraction being the first ensemble soundtrack in Indian cinema, featuring five songs, composed by five debutant music directors but failed at the box office. In 2007, he made the thriller film Satham Podathey (2007), which was critically acclaimed but not a commercial hit. and a blockbuster at the box office, while fetching him a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Storywriter. 2013 he made the romantic musical Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal, a film involving three love stories. In 2015, he began his next feature film titled Sivaranjaniyum Innum Sila Pengalum, reported to be a "pro-women film", in which he would introduce Carnatic singer Sudha Ragunathan as a music director.
During his sabbaticals from filmmaking, Vasanth has worked on several ad films, short films and documentaries as well. The short films, Thakkayin Methu Naanku Kangal(தக்கையின் மீது நான்கு கண்கள்), for which he won the National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film at the 2005 ceremony, and the critically acclaimed Visaranai Commission, based on Sakithya Academy prize-winning novel by Sa. Kandhasami, are the other notable works in his career. He has directed more than 40 advertising films for multinational brands and co-directed the Vijay TV extravaganza Netru, Indru, Naalai along with Mani Ratnam. Besides, Vasanth has been conducting workshops, too, teaching nuances of filmmaking. His short film Sanath won the National award for the best film on social awareness, in the 64th National Film Awards, 2016. Sanath is an inspiring story of a victim of medical negligence, who initially becoming invalid, struggles and opens educational institutions where thousands can learn and become successful in life. This is his second National award.
Filmography
Web series
Voice artist
Actor
Films
Television
Kadhal Pagadai (1996) as himself (episode 6)
References
External links
Film directors from Tamil Nadu
Tamil film directors
Living people
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
People from Cuddalore district
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Tamil screenwriters
Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
1963 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasanth |
Gilbert Colin Myles (born 18 October 1945) is a former New Zealand politician who entered Parliament for the National Party in 1990, then split from the party in 1991 and sat as an independent, before representing the Liberal Party, the Alliance and the New Zealand First party.
Early life and family
Born in Scotland on 18 October 1945 to David Myles and Janet Duncan, Myles came to New Zealand with his family as an infant. He was educated at Papanui High School. In 1971 Myles married Colleen Kirker, and the couple had two children.
Member of Parliament
He was elected to Parliament for the seat of Roskill in the 1990 election as part of the New Zealand National Party, a previously safe-seat of the previously ruling Labour Party, largely on a platform of opposition to the "Rogernomics" economic reforms that had occurred during the 1980s in New Zealand. He openly identified with the pro-interventionist 'Muldoonist' faction of the National Party, once saying "I joined the National Party because of Sir Robert Muldoon". His campaign slogan was "Let's rescue Roskill".
Myles, however, quickly fell out with the leadership of the National Party (that had simultaneously become the Government) due to the party's own swing toward privatisation and the slashing of the Government's expenditure on social policy enthusiastically implemented by Finance Minister Ruth Richardson (see Ruthanasia). His disgust with the continuation of these reforms by Prime Minister Jim Bolger led to his identification with the rebels within the National Party, like Michael Laws and Winston Peters, who together had major confrontations with the dominant neo-liberals within the party's relatively gargantuan caucus.
Liberal Party
Eventually, the total breakdown of relations between Myles and the majority of the Government led to him and another dissident, Hamish MacIntyre, breaking away to become independents in late 1991 and then proceeding to form the Liberal Party in 1991. The party failed to gain significant popular support, with the problem being that neither of the two MPs of the party had any significant political experience but also the emergence of the left wing Alliance party and Winston Peters continuing to criticise National from within. In June 1992 the Liberal Party joined the Alliance and Myles became an Alliance MP. At the Alliance's inaugural party conference in November 1992 Myles put himself forward for a position of one of the Alliance's deputy leaders but was beaten by Sandra Lee and Jeanette Fitzsimons in a delegate ballot.
Myles instigated a political scandal when in September 1992 he accused former Labour MP Fred Gerbic of operating a graft while he was a minister. Myles, under Parliamentary privilege, alleged that Gerbic took financial donations in exchange for residency approvals in his capacity as associate Minister of Immigration and in support tabled a transcript of an alleged tape recorded conversation between two Auckland Labour Party members. In response Gerbic denied the allegations and maintained his innocence throughout. The claims were investigated by John McGrath QC who found no evidence of impropriety by Gerbic and dismissed Myles' claims.
New Zealand First
During 1993, the Liberal Party merged with the much larger and far more left wing Alliance Party. Myles proceeded to quit the grouping within months in July, particularly over his somewhat conservative social values conflicting with the highly socially liberal policies of the Alliance. He immediately joined the populist New Zealand First party, founded by the now Independent Winston Peters. However he lost his seat during the 1993 election.
Myles re-entered parliament for a brief period during 1999, following the total breakdown of the New Zealand First – National coalition government and the resignation of former NZ First MP turned Independent minister in the National government Deborah Morris over the prioritisation of military expenditure over social expenditure in the 1999 budget. Some controversy emerged as Morris issued a tape-recorded telephone conversation between her and Myles where he admitted that he would immediately quit NZ First upon arrival in Parliament and would support the struggling Jenny Shipley-led National Government (This did not end up occurring, following threats of discipline by Peters and other NZ First party members).
Life after politics
Myles was not re-elected in the election later that year and retired from active politics.
In 2011 he was found guilty on a charge of obstructing the course of justice for faking a receipt book while under investigation for fraud. He was found not guilty on the fraud charges. For the obstruction of justice charge, he was sentenced to community detention and community work. Myles has since resigned as a Justice of the Peace.
References
1945 births
Living people
New Zealand First MPs
New Zealand National Party MPs
New Zealand Liberal Party (1991) politicians
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1993 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1996 New Zealand general election
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1999 New Zealand general election
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
People educated at Papanui High School
New Zealand politicians convicted of crimes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Myles |
Donald Richard Bryant (1948 – 5 December 2019), generally known as Rick Bryant, was a New Zealand blues and rock singer/songwriter.
Bands include Rick Bryant and the Jive Bombers, The Jubilation Gospel Choir, and Windy City Strugglers. With over a fifty-year history in music other bands include Mammal and Bruno Lawrence's Blerta.
He was convicted of possession of cannabis, cannabis oil, ecstasy and cocaine, but appealed his sentence in 2011, blaming his 35-year history of cannabis use.
Bryant died in Auckland on 5 December 2019.
References
External links
NZ Music Commissision entry
Website
1948 births
2019 deaths
20th-century New Zealand male singers
New Zealand male singer-songwriters
New Zealand singer-songwriters
Musicians from Auckland
Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
Musicians from Wellington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Bryant |
Concurrent Haskell extends Haskell 98 with explicit concurrency. Its two main underlying concepts are:
A primitive type MVar α implementing a bounded/single-place asynchronous channel, which is either empty or holds a value of type α.
The ability to spawn a concurrent thread via the forkIO primitive.
Built atop this is a collection of useful concurrency and synchronisation abstractions such as unbounded channels, semaphores and sample variables.
Haskell threads have very low overhead: creation, context-switching and scheduling are all internal to the Haskell runtime. These Haskell-level threads are mapped onto a configurable number of OS-level threads, usually one per processor core.
Software Transactional Memory
The software transactional memory (STM) extension to GHC reuses the process forking primitives of Concurrent Haskell. STM however:
avoids MVars in favour of TVars.
introduces the retry and orElse primitives, allowing alternative atomic actions to be composed together.
STM monad
The STM monad is an implementation of software transactional memory in Haskell. It is implemented in GHC, and allows for mutable variables to be modified in transactions.
Traditional approach
Consider a banking application as an example, and a transaction in it—the transfer function, which takes money from one account, and puts it into another account. In the IO monad, this might look like:
type Account = IORef Integer
transfer :: Integer -> Account -> Account -> IO ()
transfer amount from to = do
fromVal <- readIORef from -- (A)
toVal <- readIORef to
writeIORef from (fromVal - amount)
writeIORef to (toVal + amount)
This causes problems in concurrent situations where multiple transfers might be taking place on the same account at the same time. If there were two transfers transferring money from account from, and both calls to transfer ran line (A) before either of them had written their new values, it is possible that money would be put into the other two accounts, with only one of the amounts being transferred being removed from account from, thus creating a race condition. This would leave the banking application in an inconsistent state.
A traditional solution to such a problem is locking. For instance, locks can be placed around modifications to an account to ensure that credits and debits occur atomically. In Haskell, locking is accomplished with MVars:
type Account = MVar Integer
credit :: Integer -> Account -> IO ()
credit amount account = do
current <- takeMVar account
putMVar account (current + amount)
debit :: Integer -> Account -> IO ()
debit amount account = do
current <- takeMVar account
putMVar account (current - amount)
Using such procedures will ensure that money will never be lost or gained due to improper interleaving of reads and writes to any individual account. However, if one tries to compose them together to create a procedure like transfer:
transfer :: Integer -> Account -> Account -> IO ()
transfer amount from to = do
debit amount from
credit amount to
a race condition still exists: the first account may be debited, then execution of the thread may be suspended, leaving the accounts as a whole in an inconsistent state. Thus, additional locks must be added to ensure correctness of composite operations, and in the worst case, one might need to simply lock all accounts regardless of how many are used in a given operation.
Atomic transactions
To avoid this, one can use the STM monad, which allows one to write atomic transactions. This means that all operations inside the transaction fully complete, without any other threads modifying the variables that our transaction is using, or it fails, and the state is rolled back to where it was before the transaction was begun. In short, atomic transactions either complete fully, or it is as if they were never run at all.
The lock-based code above translates in a relatively straightforward way:
type Account = TVar Integer
credit :: Integer -> Account -> STM ()
credit amount account = do
current <- readTVar account
writeTVar account (current + amount)
debit :: Integer -> Account -> STM ()
debit amount account = do
current <- readTVar account
writeTVar account (current - amount)
transfer :: Integer -> Account -> Account -> STM ()
transfer amount from to = do
debit amount from
credit amount to
The return types of STM () may be taken to indicate that we are composing scripts for transactions. When the time comes to actually execute such a transaction, a function atomically :: STM a -> IO a is used. The above implementation will make sure that no other transactions interfere with the variables it is using (from and to) while it is executing, allowing the developer to be sure that race conditions like that above are not encountered. More improvements can be made to make sure that some other "business logic" is maintained in the system, i.e. that the transaction should not try to take money from an account until there is enough money in it:
transfer :: Integer -> Account -> Account -> STM ()
transfer amount from to = do
fromVal <- readTVar from
if (fromVal - amount) >= 0
then do
debit amount from
credit amount to
else retry
Here the retry function has been used, which will roll back a transaction, and try it again. Retrying in STM is smart in that it won't try to run the transaction again until one of the variables it references during the transaction has been modified by some other transactional code. This makes the STM monad quite efficient.
An example program using the transfer function might look like this:
module Main where
import Control.Concurrent (forkIO)
import Control.Concurrent.STM
import Control.Monad (forever)
import System.Exit (exitSuccess)
type Account = TVar Integer
main = do
bob <- newAccount 10000
jill <- newAccount 4000
repeatIO 2000 $ forkIO $ atomically $ transfer 1 bob jill
forever $ do
bobBalance <- atomically $ readTVar bob
jillBalance <- atomically $ readTVar jill
putStrLn ("Bob's balance: " ++ show bobBalance ++ ", Jill's balance: " ++ show jillBalance)
if bobBalance == 8000
then exitSuccess
else putStrLn "Trying again."
repeatIO :: Integer -> IO a -> IO a
repeatIO 1 m = m
repeatIO n m = m >> repeatIO (n - 1) m
newAccount :: Integer -> IO Account
newAccount amount = newTVarIO amount
transfer :: Integer -> Account -> Account -> STM ()
transfer amount from to = do
fromVal <- readTVar from
if (fromVal - amount) >= 0
then do
debit amount from
credit amount to
else retry
credit :: Integer -> Account -> STM ()
credit amount account = do
current <- readTVar account
writeTVar account (current + amount)
debit :: Integer -> Account -> STM ()
debit amount account = do
current <- readTVar account
writeTVar account (current - amount)
which should print out "Bob's balance: 8000, Jill's balance: 6000". Here the atomically function has been used to run STM actions in the IO monad.
References
Programming languages
Functional languages
Statically typed programming languages
Haskell programming language family
Free software programmed in Haskell
Cross-platform free software
Free compilers and interpreters
Programming languages created in 1996
1996 software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent%20Haskell |
Bonnybridge (; ) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is west of Falkirk, north-east of Cumbernauld and south-southwest of Stirling. The village is situated near the Bonny Water which runs through the town and lies north of the Forth and Clyde Canal. To the south-east of Bonnybridge is a well-preserved section of the Antonine Wall, and the remnants of Rough Castle Fort, the most complete of the surviving Roman forts of the wall.
According to the 2001 Census, the population stands at 6,870 residents. However, the Bonnybridge settlement area, which includes Banknock, Denny, Dunipace and Haggs has a total population of around 24,370.
History
Bonnybridge developed greatly during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Significant industries that were established include paper milling, sawmilling, chemical manufacturing, refractory brick manufacture and whisky distilling. Particularly important for Bonnybridge was the establishment of several iron foundries including the famous Smith and Wellstood Foundry, which was important in introducing the American metal heating stoves to Europe under the 'Esse stoves' brand. The output from these foundries was transported via the Forth & Clyde Canal to local markets, and also to Glasgow for export. Bonnybridge was also particularly well served by rail, with the Glasgow to Edinburgh, Kilsyth and Bonnybridge and the Carlisle to Perth lines both nearby. With the canal and rail links Bonnybridge became a centre for industrial production.
Education
The town has three primary schools: Bonnybridge Primary School, Antonine Primary School and St. Joseph's R.C. Primary School. The former two are catchment primaries for Denny High School and the latter is within the catchment area of St. Mungo's High School.
Notable people
Ruth Connell, theatre, television and film actress and producer
Calum Stevenson Portrait Artist of the Year 2021
See also
List of places in Falkirk council area
References
External links
Falkirk Local History Society – Bonnybridge
Bonnybridge on the Gazetteer for Scotland
St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Bonnybridge
An Illustrated History and Geography of Bonnybridge
Reinstate Bonnybridge Railway Station
Villages in Falkirk (council area) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnybridge |
Custard Records is an American record label, best known for its success with English singer-songwriter James Blunt. The label is run by former 4 Non Blondes member Linda Perry and has a partnership with Warner Music Group's Atlantic Records division.
Roster
Linda Perry
James Blunt
Deep Dark Robot
Ben Jelen
Bigelf
Crash Kings
Hemming
Little Fish
Paper Zoo
Reni Lane
Sierra Swan
Sunshine
Discography
Albums
James Blunt – Back to Bedlam (2004)
Linda Perry – In Flight (2005)
Sunshine – Moonshower and Razorblades (2005)
Sierra Swan – LadyLand (2006)
Ben Jelen – Ex-Sensitive (2007)
James Blunt – All the Lost Souls (2007)
Bigelf – Hex (2007)
Ben Jelen – Wreckage EP (2008)
Bigelf – Cheat The Gallows (2008)
Crash Kings – Crash Kings (2009)
Little Fish – Darling Dear EP (2009)
Reni Lane – Reni Lane (2010)
Little Fish – Baffled and Beat (2010)
James Blunt – Some Kind of Trouble (2010)
Deep Dark Robot – 8 Songs About A Girl (2011)
James Blunt – Moon Landing (2013)
Hemming – Hemming (2015)
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Official Website
American record labels
Pop record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard%20Records |
Nina Ivanivna Karpachova (; born 12 August 1957) is a Ukrainian lawyer and politician. She was the Verkhovna Rada Commissioner for Human Rights from 1998 until 2012.
Early life and career
Karpachova attended Kyiv University and completed a post-graduate course of the Academy of Social Sciences in Moscow (1991).
Political career
Election
She was elected a deputy in the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) in 1994 for the 28th single-member electoral district in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as independent, representing Alushta.
Human rights
Soon after her election, she was appointed deputy head of Verkhovna Rada committee for human rights, national minorities and international relations. Karpachova has been active in adopting international human rights standards into national legislation.
Karpachova has headed a number of governmental and parliamentary delegations of Ukraine at international and European conferences on human rights issues. In 1995 she coordinated parliamentary hearings for Ukraine's ratification process of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. On her initiative the National Centre of the Adoption of Orphan Children was established in 1996 under the Ministry of Education.
Legislation
Karpachova is the author of four draft laws adopted by the Verkhovna Rada:
Adoption of Orphan Children (part of the Marriage and Family Code)
Judicial Procedure of the Adoption of Orphan Children (part of the Civil Procedure Code)
Law on the Verkhovna Rada Commissioner for Human Rights
Article 1241 of Criminal Code, establishing criminal liability for trafficking in human beings
Other posts
From 1996 to 1998, Karpachova was vice-president of the World Congress of Ukrainian Lawyers, when she was appointed the first Verkhovna Rada Commissioner for Human Rights. In 1999 she also was named head of the National Coordination Council for the Prevention of Human Trafficking. She became a member of the European Ombudsman Institute in 1999 and the International Ombudsman Institute in 2000.
Influence
Karpachova is one of the most influential woman in Ukraine according to the Ukrainian magazine Focus. She placed among the top 10 most influential women in 2006, 2009, and 2010.
References
External links
Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights
Ukrainian women lawyers
Ombudsmen in Ukraine
Living people
1957 births
Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Fifth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
People from Gagauzia
Moldovan emigrants to Ukraine
21st-century Ukrainian women politicians
20th-century Ukrainian women politicians
Women members of the Verkhovna Rada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Karpachova |
Rick Bryant and the Jive Bombers were an eleven piece band led by Rick Bryant that performed 1960s and later styles of R&B music in New Zealand. Although it started as a covers band in 1983, it gradually transformed through several line up changes, with a repertoire of Rick Bryant compositions resulting in a CD release of songs by Rick Bryant in 2004 "Time" – the title track with image compilation by Radio Active New Zealand.
In 2007–2008, the band performed shows at The London Bar in Central Auckland.
Rick Bryant had a five-decade music history in bands including Rick Bryant and the Jive Bombers, The Jubilation Gospel Choir, Blerta, the Windy City Strugglers and the Black Soap Boys. He was reported deceased on Facebook on 5 December 2019.
A drawing of Bryant was the cover of "cult classic" rock history Stranded in Paradise by John Dix (1988).
RedRocks Records released "The Black Soap from Monkeyburg" in 2013. The Black Soap Boys made an EP in 2014 which is available online.
Rick Bryant was convicted and jailed on cannabis charges in 2010.
Band members included
Rick Bryant
Mike Croft
Alistair Dougal
Tom Ludvigson
Mike Fullerton
Wayne Baird
Andrew Kimber
Chris Neilson
Andrew Clouston
Jeff Hill
Janelle Aston
Merrin Smith
Joanna Clouston
Andrew Langsford
Cadzow Cossar
Discography
References
New Zealand contemporary R&B musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Bryant%20and%20the%20Jive%20Bombers |
The Whiteinch Railway was a railway line opened in 1874 in Scotland to connect industrial premises that had developed in the area with the Stobcross Railway, giving access to the main line network. It was opened for goods and mineral traffic, and was extended by the Whiteinch Tramway which fed directly into the factories and works.
The Whiteinch Railway was taken over by the North British Railway in 1891 and they started a passenger service on the line in 1897; the terminus was called Whiteinch (Victoria Park).
After 1945 passenger and freight usage of the lines declined, and the passenger service was discontinued in 1951. The Whiteinch goods yard was later used as a construction depot for the electrification of the North Clyde passenger services, but the lines were closed completely in 1967 and nothing remains of them.
History
Before the Whiteinch Railway
The first railways in Glasgow were located on the east side of the city, and were concerned with transporting minerals. In 1832 the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway opened to a terminus at Townhead, bringing coal from the Monklands coalfield to the city. The Polloc and Govan Railway was an 1840 development of an earlier waggonway, improved to get access to shipping on the south bank of the Clyde at Broomielaw (a name then applied to the area both sides of the river). In 1842 the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway opened its intercity line to Edinburgh.
The north bank of the Clyde was not developed for some time, and railway access was difficult. The main lines built at the end of the decade ran east and south, and although construction through, and under, the central area was proposed, opposition was so strong that it was not carried out. The Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (GD&HR) was opened in 1858, but it ran in a broad northern sweep round the city, through Maryhill (then a remote small town) and did not approach the Clyde until it reached Bowling.
The Queen's Dock
Heavy industry expanded in subsequent years and there was pressure to move west of the city where land was available and access to the Clyde was easier. At the same time, berthing of ships in Broomielaw was becoming difficult as shipping volumes, and vessel sizes, increased, and the Clyde Commissioners determined to build a new dock on the north bank west of the city. Work was started in 1872 at Stobcross, and the new dock, to be known as "The Queen's Dock" was formally opened on 18 September 1877.
The Stobcross Railway
By this time the GD&HR had been taken over by the North British Railway. The creation of the new dock was obviously of fundamental concern to the company, and it secured Parliamentary authority for a line to Stobcross to serve the dock. The line, known as the Stobcross Railway, branched from the GD&HR at Maryhill (Stobcross Junction), and it opened on 20 October 1874.
Whiteinch
Some industrial development had taken place in about 1870 at Whiteinch, a mile or so west of Stobcross, on the north bank of the Clyde. There was no rail access to the sites and the promotion of the Stobcross line encouraged the idea of providing a line. The Whiteinch Railway was proposed and obtained its authorising Act on 1 July 1872. It was to connect at a new Whiteinch Junction and run west and then south to a goods yard ("Whiteinch Goods and Mineral Station") on the north side of Dumbarton Road. Whiteinch Junction was located about halfway between the present-day Hyndland and Jordanhill stations, opposite the end of Woodcroft Avenue. The course of the line was dictated by the contours. The construction was partly funded by local industrialists and landowners, all of whom had an interest in the benefits of the line. It opened on 29 October 1874.
The Whiteinch Tramway was authorised on the same date as the Whiteinch Railway, and became operational on the same day as the railway. It ran from the Whiteinch goods depot and crossed Dumbarton Road, then turning east along what became South Street (but at the time simply through fields) to serve the industrial premises. The tramway was horse operated, wagons being worked to and from the railway yard. The tramway was worked by James and William Wood who traded as merchants in coal, sand and iron products, using the tramway as a subsidiary part of their business. The traffic was sufficient to enable the purchase of a locomotive in 1875.
The Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway
In 1882 the Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway opened. It left the Stobcross Railway at Yoker Junction, a little to the west of Whiteinch Junction, and ran west from there just to the north of the first section of the Whiteinch Railway. (Yoker Junction later became the eastern apex of the triangle at Jordanhill.)
Passenger traffic
The North British Railway worked the Whiteinch Railway, and it aspired to incorporate it and the tramway into its own system. This was resisted locally, until in 1891 the NBR agreed a purchase of the Whiteinch Railway, but not the tramway. In due course the NBR converted the Whiteinch Railway into a passenger branch, and next to Whiteinch goods yard they built passenger station. It opened on 1 January 1897, there were no intermediate stations on the short branch.
The Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway
In 1896 the Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway (L&DR) (the company name used the variant spelling of Dumbartonshire) opened its line; it was sponsored by the rival Caledonian Railway and ran along the north bank of the River Clyde, giving a much improved service to industrial premises than the Wood Brothers' tramway. The finances of the tramway declined and in May 1914 the Wood Brothers went into liquidation. A and G Anderson took over the local management of the line, but the North British Railway stepped in and the railway operations were effectively controlled by them, with Anderson handling the merchant activity. In 1916 the NBR took over the working of the tramway completely.
Closed to passengers
Passenger services were suspended from 1 January 1917 until 2 June 1919. After World War II social patterns changed and at the same time road transport, for goods and for passengers, had improved significantly and on 2 April 1951 the passenger service to Whiteinch was withdrawn. Goods traffic continued until closure in March 1965.
The North Clyde passenger train network was electrified in 1960 and the construction work in connection with it had been carried out over several preceding years. An electrification depot was established in Whiteinch goods yard for the purpose. The depot continued as a maintenance depot until 1967.
The line today
The whole of the Whiteinch Railway and the Whiteinch Tramway has been closed and Whiteinch goods yard has been landscaped and is open ground; the Dumbarton Road frontage is now occupied by residential accommodation.
Connections to other railways
Stobcross Railway at Whiteinch Junction.
Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway at Yoker Junction.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Railscot: Whiteinch Railway
Whiteinch Railways (addresses the history of the line and stations in the area).
Railway lines opened in 1874
Railway lines in Scotland
Railway lines closed in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteinch%20Railway |
Nicola Coleti (or Coletti; 1680–1765) was an Italian Catholic priest and historian.
Life and works
Born in Venice, he studied at Padua, where he received the degree of Doctor. He was sent to the church of San Moisè at Venice, and there devoted himself to historical and antiquarian research.
His first work of importance was a new edition of Ferdinando Ughelli's Italia Sacra published in ten volumes from 1717 to 1722. Besides correcting many errors, Coleti continued Ughelli's history to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Coleti then undertook the compilation of his large work entitled Collectio Conciliorum. Up to this time there had been two standard histories of the councils, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio by Philippe Labbe and Gabriel Cossart (1671–72), its supplement compiled by Étienne Baluze (of which only the first volume was published), and the collection of Jean Hardouin (1715). Coleti's collection was based on that of Labbe and Cossart, though he used Baluze and Hardouin. It was published by his brother Sebastiano from 1728 to 1733 in twenty-three volumes. The last two were called Apparatus primus and Apparatus secundus, containing the indexes.
Other works of Coleti's were Series episcoporum Cremonensium aucta (1749), and Monumenta ecclesiæ Venetæ S. Moisis (1758). Coleti also annotated a manuscript of Scipione Maffei, now preserved in the Biblioteca Vallicelliana at Rome.
He died at Venice in 1765.
Bibliography
External links
1680 births
1765 deaths
Republic of Venice clergy
18th-century Venetian historians
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola%20Coleti |
Holbrook is a village situated close to the northern shore of the estuary of the River Stour, in Suffolk, England. It is located on the Shotley Peninsula in Babergh district, around south of the centre of Ipswich.
To the south of the village is the Royal Hospital School, which moved to this site in 1933 after having been housed at Greenwich Hospital since 1693.
Lower Holbrook is a hamlet between the villages of Holbrook and Harkstead.
Governance
An electoral ward of the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 2,467.
Facilities
The village has one pub called the Swan (there was another pub called the Compasses but it closed during lockdown and never reopened) , a Co-op store, a butcher, an art gallery, and a village hall. The area is served by a primary school and Holbrook Academy, which shares a site with the Peninsula Dr Letman Centre. The parish church, dedicated to All Saints, is a Grade II* listed building. The village also has Methodist church.
History
During the Battle of Britain, a German military aircraft crashed into a field on the outskirts of the village. Contemporary newspaper accounts identified the aircraft as a Messerschmitt. Another account possibly shows it crashed into Holbrook Bay instead.
Notable people
Frederick Fryer (1849-1917), first-class cricketer, was born in the village
References
External links
Village website
All Saints' Church Suffolk Churches
Holbrook at genuki
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Babergh District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%2C%20Suffolk |
August Alexander Järnefelt (2 April 1833 – 15 April 1896) was a Finnish general, topographist, governor and senator.
Early life
Aleksander Järnefelt was born in Tohmajärvi, the son of crown overseer Gustav Adolf Järnefelt and Aurora Fredrika Molander. Aleksander married Elisabeth Clodt von Jürgensburg on 22 December 1857 in Saint Petersburg. Their children were Kasper, Arvid, Erik, Ellida, Ellen, Armas, Aino, Hilja and Sigrid. Armas, Arvid and Eero were famous Finnish cultural figures. Aino Järnefelt was married to composer Jean Sibelius.
Military life
After seven year's study in Hamina Cadet School, Järnefelt embarked on a career as an artillery officer in the Russian Army. After working under Wilhelm von Struve at Pulkovo Observatory, Järnefelt was commanded to topographic works in his native Finland which formed his main occupation for decades. By 1870, he was the head if the Russian topographic corps in Finland.
During and after the Turkish war (1877–1879), Järnefelt lead the topographic survey of many areas which Russia conquered from Turkey. These works, on which he also wrote a German-language scientific treatise Die astronomischen, geodätischen und topographischen Arbeiten auf der Balkanhalbinsel in der Jahren 1877, 1878 und 1879, earned him a promotion to general major.
Statesmanship
In the 1880s, Järnefelt was transferred from the military to a civilian administrative career, which allowed him to further his political agenda. Järnefelt was the governor of Mikkeli Province in the 1883–84, the governor of Kuopio Province in 1884–88 and Vaasa Province in 1888–94. During these tenures, Järnefelt used his gubernatorial powers to change the language of civil administration of these provinces to Finnish (in the bilingual Vaasa Province, to bilingualism). In addition, he strove to establish primary schools and poor-houses in his provinces.
Järnefelt's career culminated in the membership of the Senate of Finland, where Järnefelt was tasked as the chief of the military affair's section. The promotion to senator was accompanied with promotion to the rank of a lieutenant general. Järnefelt died at Helsinki on 15 April 1896, of paralysis.
Politically, Järnefelt was a fennoman of the Old Finnish Party. The party strove for the equal rights of Finnish language with the Swedish while stressing the importance of loyalty to the Emperor. Järnefelt took these aims seriously, sending his children to Finnish-speaking schools which was extraordinary for a nobleman of his time.
References
Kopponen, T. (2014) Järnefelt, Alexander. Biografiskt lexicon för Finland. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
1833 births
1896 deaths
People from Tohmajärvi
People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish people of German descent
19th-century Finnish nobility
Finnish Party politicians
Finnish senators
Members of the Diet of Finland
Finnish generals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20J%C3%A4rnefelt |
The corona radiata is the innermost layer of the cells of the cumulus oophorus and is directly adjacent to the zona pellucida, the inner protective glycoprotein layer of the ovum. Cumulus oophorus are the cells surrounding corona radiata, and are the cells between corona radiata and follicular antrum. Its main purpose in many animals is to supply vital proteins to the cell. It is formed by follicle cells adhering to the oocyte before it leaves the ovarian follicle, and originates from the squamous granulosa cells present at the primordial stage of follicular development. The corona radiata is formed when the granulosa cells enlarge and become cuboidal, which occurs during the transition from the primordial to primary stage. These cuboidal granulosa cells, also known as the granulosa radiata, form more layers throughout the maturation process, and remain attached to the zona pellucida after the ovulation of the Graafian follicle. For fertilization to occur, sperm cells rely on hyaluronidase (an enzyme found in the acrosome of spermatozoa) to disperse the corona radiata from the zona pellucida of the secondary (ovulated) oocyte, thus permitting entry into the perivitelline space and allowing contact between the sperm cell and the nucleus of the oocyte.
References
External links
Image at Berkeley
Animation: Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte
Mammal female reproductive system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20radiata%20%28embryology%29 |
Muscinae is a subfamily of the family Muscidae. It includes two of the more familiar genera within the Muscidae family; Musca and Stomoxys.
The bulk of the species are in the tribe Muscini.
From the 19th century, the term "Muscinae" is also an obsolete scientific name for the mosses (modern Bryophyta), once used in the taxonomy of Ernst Haeckel (circa 1899).
Identification
The tip of the scutellum is reddish, cell R5 is somewhat narrowed distally, and all coxae black.
References
Muscidae
Diptera of Europe
Diptera of North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscinae |
General elections were held in South Africa on 6 September 1989, the last under apartheid. Snap elections had been called early (no election was required until 1992) by the recently elected head of the National Party (NP), F. W. de Klerk, who was in the process of replacing P. W. Botha as the country's president, and his expected program of reform to include further retreat from the policy of apartheid. The creation of the Conservative Party had realigned the NP as a moderate party, now almost certain to initiate negotiations with the black opposition, with liberal opposition (the PFP) openly seeking a new constitutional settlement on liberal democratic and federalist principles.
Although the National Party won a comfortable majority of seats (94 of 166) in the House of Assembly, the governing party suffered a setback and received only 48% of the popular vote, the first elections since 1961 in which the NP failed to win a majority of the vote. However, the first-past-the-post system, and a severely fractured opposition as well as the twelve appointed and indirectly elected members entrenched the NP's majority, allowing it to comfortably remain in power.
The Conservative Party (CP), which opposed any form of power-sharing with other races, failed to accomplish a breakthrough beyond its conservative Afrikaner backing as some had expected, but remained the official opposition with 39 seats. By some estimates, the party had received the backing of a slim majority of Afrikaners particularly in the Orange Free State, once the NP's heartland, but with very limited support among English-speaking voters.
Before the elections, the liberal Progressive Federal Party (PFP) had dissolved itself and regrouped as the Democratic Party (DP), winning 33 seats, six seats short of retaking its position as the official opposition. In terms of vote share, it fell a quarter million votes behind the CP, but was favoured by its stronghold in the Cape Province and Natal.
House of Assembly (white)
The White Chamber of Parliament had 178 members, 166 of whom were directly elected (including a seat from Walvis Bay annexed from South West Africa, which was added in 1981) with 8 members indirectly elected by the directly elected members on the basis of proportional representation and four nominated by the State President (one from each province).
The results of the election were interpreted by the government (based on support for the NP and the DP together) as a mandate from the white electorate to reform the apartheid system and seek a compromise with the African National Congress and its leader Nelson Mandela. Mandela was released half a year later, and the 1989 elections were the last under the limited, whites-only franchise and the Tricameral Parliament introduced in 1984.
Of the twelve appointed and indirectly-elected seats, nine were taken by the National Party, two by the Conservative Party and one by the Democratic Party.
House of Representatives (coloured)
All five appointed and indirectly-elected seats were taken by the Labour Party.
House of Delegates (Indian)
Of the five appointed and indirectly-elected seats, three were taken by Solidarity, one by the National People’s Party and one by the Merit People's Party.
References
General elections in South Africa
Events associated with apartheid
General
South Africa
South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Fetească Neagră (); ) is an old pre-phylloxeric variety of Romanian - Moldovan grape, cultivated mainly in several areas in the Romanian regions of Moldavia, Muntenia, Oltenia, Banat, Northern Dobruja and also in the Republic of Moldova.
These grapes produce dry, demi-dry or sweet wines, with an alcohol content of 12-14%, a deep red colour with ruby shades, and a black currant flavour, which becomes richer and smoother with aging.
See also
Fetească (disambiguation)
References
Red wine grape varieties
Moldovan wine
Grape varieties of Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83%20neagr%C4%83 |
Elisabeth Järnefelt (née Clodt von Jürgensburg; 11 January 1839 – 3 February 1929) was a Finnish salonist, known as "the mother of Finnish art and culture".
Life
Elisabeth's parents were the general and wood engraver Konstantin Karlovitj Clodt von Jürgensburg and Catharina Vigné. She was educated first at a girls school and then at home, and raised in Saint Petersburg in Russia.
Elisabeth married August Aleksander Järnefelt on 22 December 1857 at Saint Petersburg, and settled with him in Helsinki in Finland. Their children were , Arvid, Erik, Ellida, Ellen, Armas, Aino, Hilja and Sigrid. Armas, Arvid and Erik were famous Finnish cultural figures. Daughter Aino Järnefelt was married to composer Jean Sibelius. Elisabeth Järnefelt was also a good friend of the writer Juhani Aho.
Her marriage was not a happy one. After the birth of their last child, her spouse decided to live in chastity: he was described as a strict patriarch who disliked spending money, and Elisabeth Järnefelt was reportedly forced to ask friends and relatives for loans to manage the household economy because her refused to give her enough funds. Eventually, the couple spent as much time away from each other as possible: from 1876 onward, they spoke only through messages delivered by their children. Both of them, however, continued to have a good relationship with their children despite their personal relationship. It is possible that she had an affair with Johannes Brofeldt (also called Juhani Aho) in the 1880s, but never confirmed.
Elisabeth Järnefelt became a central figure of Finnish culture as the host of a literary salon in Helsinki, referred to as "Järnefelts skola" (Järnefelt School), centered around Scandinavian, Finnish and Russian literature. It was also the center of discussion of politics, religion and equality. When her sons was at university, her salon became a center of the Fennoman movement of Finnish nationalism, the association K.P.T. or "koko programmi toimeen", which worked to introduce the Finnish language in then Russian Finland, were the Swedish language was leading in the upper classes. The "Elisabeths krets" (Elisabeth Circle), as the salon was also called, is regarded as the starting point of the modern Finnish language realism and the first Finnish language writers. She was a follower of the Tolstoyan movement, likely the first in Finland. She closed her salon when her spouse moved to Vasa in the end of the 1880s.
After the death of her spouse in 1896, she bought her own farm, Vieremä, where she lived until she moved in with her widowed son Kasper in 1906, with whom she lived the rest of her life. She lived on the pension awarded by Tsarist Russia due to her late spouse being a Russian general, but lost it after the Russian Revolution of 1917, and spent her last years in reduced means.
References
1839 births
1929 deaths
People from Helsinki
Baltic German nobility
Finnish people of Baltic German descent
19th-century Finnish nobility
Finnish salon-holders
19th-century Finnish women
20th-century Finnish women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth%20J%C3%A4rnefelt |
The Best of Friends is a compilation album (9th release) by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in late 1976.
It consists of 10 of their most popular and best loved songs in what is essentially a "greatest hits" LP.
The CD release featured the same tracks as the original 1976 LP; "Angry Eyes" is still the shorter version and no additional tracks were added to fill the CD to the 80-minute limit.
Track listing
Side One
"Angry Eyes" (Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina) – 2:23
"Be Free" (Messina) – 6:57
"Vahevala" (Daniel Loggins, Dann Lottermoser) – 4:45
"Peace of Mind" (Messina) – 4:04
"My Music" (Loggins, Messina) – 3:03
Side Two
"Thinking of You" (Messina) – 2:18
"House at Pooh Corner" (Loggins) – 4:20
"Watching the River Run" (Loggins, Messina) – 3:25
"Danny's Song" (Loggins) – 4:14
"Your Mama Don't Dance" (Loggins, Messina) – 2:47
Personnel
Kenny Loggins – vocals, background vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Jim Messina – vocals, background vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, dobro
Merel Bregante – drums, backing vocals
Jon Clarke – flute, oboe, recorder, baritone, soprano & tenor saxophones, steel drum
Victor Feldman – percussion
Al Garth – fiddle, recorder, alto & tenor saxophones, steel drum
Milt Holland – percussion
Michael Omartian – organ, piano, keyboards, clavinet, concertina, steel drum
David Paich – keyboards
Larry Sims – bass, vocals, backing vocals
Production
Producer: Jim Messina
Engineers: Alex Kazanegras, John Fiore
Photography: Annie Leibovitz
Design: Ken Anderson
Liner notes: Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina
Charts
References
Best of Friends, The
Best of Friends, The
Columbia Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician)
Albums produced by Kenny Loggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20of%20Friends%20%28album%29 |
Claude La Colombière, S.J. is a French Jesuit priest and the confessor of Margaret Mary Alacoque. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
His feast day is the day of his death, 15 February. He was a missionary and ascetical writer. Colombière left a large number of writings, including his principal works, Pious Reflections, Meditations on the Passion, and Retreat and Spiritual Letters.
Life
Early life
He was born in 1641 in the city of Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, then in the ancient Province of Dauphiné, the third child of the notary Bertrand La Colombière and of Margaret Coindat. The family soon moved to the nearby city of Vienne, where he began his education, before attending the Jesuit school in Lyon for his secondary studies.
In 1658, at the age of seventeen, Colombière entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Avignon. He did this despite what he recorded as "a terrible aversion for the life embraced". When he completed the two-year novitiate, he started his higher studies in the same city. He was professed there and completed his studies. After this he spent the next five years of his regency teaching grammar and literature at the same school.
Jesuit ministry
Colombière was sent to Paris in 1666 to study theology at the College de Clermont. He was also assigned to be the tutor of the children of the Royal Minister of Finances, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. After completing his studies there, he was ordained a priest in 1669 and initially assigned to teach at his former school in Lyon. He then was assigned to join the preaching team of the Jesuit community, through which he gained notice for the clarity and soundness of his sermons.
In 1674, after 15 years of life as a Jesuit, Colombière did his next period of probation known as the tertianship, which was to prove decisive in his life. As a result of this experience of the Spiritual Exercises, he made a personal vow, as a means of attaining the utmost possible perfection, to observe faithfully the Rule and Constitutions of the Society under penalty of sin. Those who lived with him attested that this vow was kept with great exactitude.
The Sacred Heart
After professing the Fourth Vow of the Society at the end of his tertianship on 2 February 1675, Colombière was appointed the rector of the Jesuit community at Paray-le-Monial, where he also became the spiritual director of the nuns of the Monastery of the Visitation Sisters located next to the church. In this way he came to know Margaret Mary Alacoque. The curiosity of such a promising preacher having been assigned to this remote location has led to the supposition that his superiors had her in mind in making this assignment.
The disbelief of the other religious sisters of her monastery left Alocoque anxious and uncertain. She felt isolated in her situation of having experienced a series of private revelations from Christ in which she felt she was being called to promote devotion to his Sacred Heart. When Colombière came to the community and began to hear the confessions of the sisters, she felt that she had finally found a priest in whom she could truly confide, and opened up her heart to him. She later wrote that she saw that his spiritual gift "was that of bringing souls to God along the Gospel way of love and mercy which Christ revealed to us". After speaking with her a number of times and after much prayer, as a result, he was convinced of the validity of her visions and became both her supporter and a zealous apostle of the devotion.
England
In 1676 Colombière was sent to England as preacher to Mary of Modena, then the Duchess of York, wife of the future King James II of England. He took up residence at the Court of St. James’s, where he still observed all his religious duties as a member of the Society. He was also as active a preacher and confessor in England as he had been in France. Although encountering many difficulties, he was able to guide Alacoque by letter.
Colombière's zeal and the English climate soon combined to weaken his health and a pulmonary condition threatened to end his work in that country. In November 1678, while awaiting a recall to France, he was suddenly arrested and thrown into prison, denounced as being a part of the Popish Plot alleged by Titus Oates against the English throne. Caught up in the anti-Catholic hysteria which resulted from this alleged plot, he was confined in severe conditions at the King's Bench Prison, where his fragile health took a turn for the worse. He is quoted by the historian John Philipps Kenyon as having described the effects of the situation—in which over 20 Jesuits died—on the Society of Jesus, writing: "The name of the Jesuit is hated above all else, even by priests both secular and regular, and by the Catholic laity as well, because it is said that the Jesuits have caused this raging storm, which is likely to overthrow the whole Catholic religion".
Thanks to his position at the Royal Court and to the protection of the King of France, Louis XIV, whose subject he was, he escaped death but was expelled from England in 1679. He returned to France with his health ruined by his imprisonment.
Death and veneration
The last two years of Colombière's life were spent at Lyon, where he was spiritual director to the Jesuit novices, and at Paray-le-Monial, where he returned to improve his health. He died on 15 February 1682.
Colombière left a large number of writings, which, including his principal works, Pious Reflections, Meditations on the Passion, and Retreat and Spiritual Letters, were published under the title, Oeuvres du R.P. Claude La Colombière (Avignon, 1832; Paris, 1864).
Colombière was beatified by Pope Pius XI on 16 June 1929, and the cause for his canonization was opened on 14 November 1934. He was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 31 May 1992. His relics are preserved in the Jesuit Church around the corner from the convent of the Visitation sisters at Paray-le-Monial.
See also
Saint news
Saint Claude La Colombière, patron saint archive
References
External links
Claude at Patron Saints Index
An Act of Hope and Confidence in God, a prayer by Claude
Image
San Claudio de la Colombiere
Jesuit saints
1641 births
1682 deaths
People from Rhône (department)
People associated with the Popish Plot
17th-century French Jesuits
Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage
17th-century Christian saints
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Sacred Heart devotions
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20La%20Colombi%C3%A8re |
Philippe Labbe (; 10 July 1607 – 16 or 17 March 1667) was a French Jesuit writer on historical, geographical and philological questions.
Born in Bourges, he entered the Society of Jesus on 28 September 1623, at the age of 16. After literary, philosophical and theological studies, he successively taught classes of rhetoric and philosophy. He then held the chair of theology for five years. His memory was quick and retentive, his erudition extensive and accurate. He expressed his devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary in elegant Latin verse. Labbe wrote more than 80 literary, philosophical and theological works. Every year witnessed the production of one or more of his works, so that in the field of history Labbe and Denis Pétau have been considered the most remarkable of all French Jesuits.
In 1647 Nicolas Sanson accused the Jesuit Labbe of plagiarizing him in his Pharus Galliae Antiquae; his accusation was published in Sanson's In Pharum Galliae antiquae Philippi L'Abbe disquisitiones (1647–1648).
He died in Paris in 1667.
Selected works
Tirocinium Linguæ Græcæ etc. (1648)
La Géographie royale (1646)
De Byzantinæ historiæ scriptoribus, etc. (1648)
Concordia sacræ et profanæ chronologiæ annorum 5691 ab orbe condito ad hunc Christi annum 1638 (1638)
Bibliotheca antijanseniana (1654)
Bibliotheca bibliothecarum (1664)
Sancrosancti Oecumenici Tridentini Concilii . . . canones et decreta (1667)
Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta (with Gabriel Cossart)
References
See also
Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
LABBE-COSSART, Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam editionem exacta Digitized original Latin text.
1607 births
1667 deaths
17th-century French historians
17th-century French Jesuits
French male non-fiction writers
Lycée Louis-le-Grand teachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Labbe |
The Counter Fraud and Security Management Division protects the staff, assets and resources of the National Health Service in England and Wales. Since 1 April 2006 it has been a division of the NHS Business Services Authority, a special health authority of the Department of Health of the United Kingdom. It was formerly known as the NHS Counter Fraud and Security Management Service (NHS CFSMS).
The NHS CFSMS comprises the NHS Security Management Service (NHS SMS) which develops strategy for improving security in the NHS, and the NHS Counter Fraud Service (NHS CFS), which implements policy on protecting NHS resources from fraud.
The NHS Counter Fraud Service
The NHS Counter Fraud Service was set up in 1998 as part of the Department of Health under the leadership of Jim Gee. The organisation set about discovering the scale of fraud against the NHS, what types of crime were involved and how much money might be being lost to the NHS. The next step was to set up an operational department to investigate cases of fraud and help the police and Crown Prosecution Service bring them to justice.
It was discovered that fraud was being carried out by patients, NHS staff and professionals and contractors. Examples included patients using false identities to gain large numbers of prescriptions for drugs, NHS staff members claiming for shifts they had not done, managers inflating expenses and contractors such as opticians and dentists claiming for services they had not provided.
From 1999-2006 it was estimated that counter fraud work in the NHS benefited the public purse by £811 million. This could pay for 53,000 kidney transplants or 35,000 nurses for a year.
Successes include the investigations into a General practitioner who did private work while off sick from the NHS, who was jailed for 12 months, a manager at a major hospital trust who was jailed for four years for creating fake employees in order to claim their salaries and a bogus psychiatrist who faked his qualifications, jailed for ten years. He lived a lavish lifestyle which included a 5 bedroom house, 30 Armani suits and a Ferrari. Under controversial plans, he was allowed back on duty and maintain the organisations £59 million budget.
The NHS Counter Fraud Service has also helped the NHS to fraud proof its systems leading to much lower rates of fraud than occurred in the past.
The NHS Security Management Service
The NHS Security Management Service was set up alongside the NHS Counter Fraud Service to build on the successes of the latter by extending the remit to security issues. As part of a new Special Health Authority the NHS SMS has begun to introduce the first ever national strategy for security in the NHS, which involves measures to protect staff in England against violence and abuse, prevent theft and damage to equipment and property, ensure the security of drugs and medicines and protect maternity and paediatric units.
The NHS SMS set about ensuring that every health body appointed a Local Security Management Specialist, trained and accredited by the NHS SMS, so that health bodies would be able to focus on the issues that affected them locally. In addition, the NHS SMS set up a Legal Protection Unit which provides cost effective legal advice to the NHS on pursuing sanctions against offenders and if necessary can pursue prosecutions. In 2004–2006, the rate of prosecution for people who assault NHS staff had gone up to 16 times what it had been in 2002-2003 (850 against 51), and increased again to 869 in 2006–2007.
In November 2007 it was revealed that there had been 55,709 physical assaults against NHS staff in England, 2,986 fewer than 2005-2006 and 4,586 fewer than 2004–2005.
In April 2004, the NHS SMS launched the biggest ever training programme in NHS history. Conflict Resolution Training aims to train 750,000 frontline NHS staff members in techniques to manage and prevent violence, looking at methods of communication, cultural awareness, environment and how to de-escalate violent situations as well as how to avoid being physically assaulted if de-escalation fails.
The NHS SMS has also contributed to trials of technology to help protect NHS staff and assets. This includes assisting with the Safer Hospitals Programme to develop environments which can help to reduce violence, and trialling a device for lone workers which will enable them to discreetly call for help to a response centre if in danger and give details as to their location, as well as recording evidence that can be used to prosecute offenders.
See also
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
UK Research Integrity Office
NHS Counter Fraud Authority
External links
Official website
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
Corruption in the United Kingdom
Fraud in the United Kingdom
Fraud organizations
Health in the London Borough of Camden
National Health Service (England)
NHS Wales
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS%20Counter%20Fraud%20and%20Security%20Management%20Service%20Division |
The Italian Rugby Federation () or FIR is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in Italy. The FIR has one seat on the 28-member World Rugby Council, the governing body of World Rugby. (All other members of the Six Nations have two seats on the Council.)
There are two fully professional Italian clubs that play in the United Rugby Championship, in the European Rugby Champions Cup and in the European Rugby Challenge Cup — Benetton and Zebre. There are twelve semi-professional Italian clubs that play in the Top12, four of which qualify to play in the European Rugby Challenge Cup Qualifying Competition to qualify to the European Rugby Challenge Cup.
History
On 25 July 1911 a Propaganda Committee was formed to promote the sport of rugby union in Italy. In 1928 this body became the Federazione Italiana Rugby (FIR). In 1934 the FIR was a founder member of the Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur, now known as Rugby Europe.
The FIR joined the International Rugby Football Board, later known as the International Rugby Board and now as World Rugby, in 1987 when Italy took part in the inaugural World Cup. The Italy national rugby union team has played in the Six Nations Championship since 2000.
Italy bid to host the 2015 Rugby World Cup came close to winning but lost to England by just three votes.
Leadership
Alfredo Gavazzi (2012–present) - founder of Rugby Calvisano
Giancarlo Dondi (1996-2012) - Gained Italy's entry into the Six Nations Championship in 2000
Maurizio Mondelli (1984-1996)
National teams
The FIR is responsible for fielding several men's national teams:
Italy national rugby union team - plays in the Six Nations and in the Rugby World Cup
Emerging Italy - plays in the World Rugby Nations Cup or in the World Rugby Tbilisi Cup
Italy national rugby sevens team - plays in the Sevens Grand Prix Series, has participated in the Rugby World Cup Sevens
Italy national under-20 rugby union team - plays in the Junior World Championship or in the World Rugby Under 20 Trophy and in the Six Nations Under 20s
The FIR is also responsible for fielding several women's national teams:
Italy national women's rugby union team - plays in the Women's Six Nations and in the Women's Rugby World Cup
Italy women's national rugby sevens team- has participated in the Rugby World Cup Sevens
See also
Rugby union in Italy
Italy national rugby union team
Top12
United Rugby Championship
References
External links
Official website
Rugby union in Italy
Rugby
Rugby union governing bodies in Europe
National members of World Rugby
Sports organizations established in 1928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20Rugby%20Federation |
Postcards is an Australian holiday and travel television series on the Nine Network.
History
There were originally three different versions of Postcards, each produced and broadcast within its specific city or market. In 1995, Adelaide's Nine Network produced their first series. It promoted holiday spots within South Australia, encouraging viewers to travel within their state. Soon after, the Nine Network in Melbourne launched their own state-based version and Nine Network in Perth followed in 1999 with Postcards WA.
In 2007, WIN Television purchased Nine Network in Adelaide and Perth. The Perth-based Postcards WA was then renamed Postcards Australia and expanded to cover more parts of the country, using reporters positioned across the WIN network, and in 2011 they axed the original Adelaide-based Postcards SA.
In March 2016, Postcards moved to a new Friday night timeslot and one hour format for Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne markets. Rebecca Judd hosted the show alongside presenters Livinia Nixon, Lauren Phillips, Brodie Harper, Shane Crawford, Glen Moriarty, Scherri-Lee Biggs, Warren Tredrea and celebrity chef Shane Delia.
Postcards Victoria
Postcards Victoria airs on Sundays at 5.30pm on the Nine Network across Victoria,
Presenters
Brodie Harper
Shane Delia
Lauren Phillips
Livinia Nixon
Madeline Spark
Kris Smith
Todd Woodbridge
The show has previously been hosted by Shane Crawford, Rebecca Judd, Giaan Rooney, Bridget McIntyre, Suzie Wilks and Geoff "Coxy" Cox.
Previous series
Postcards
Postcards was produced by the Nine Network in Melbourne and was hosted by Rebecca Judd along with presenters Livinia Nixon, Lauren Phillips, Brodie Harper, Shane Crawford, Glen Moriarty, Scherri-Lee Biggs, Warren Tredrea and celebrity chef Shane Delia. The show aired in Perth, Adelaide and Melbourne market on Friday nights at 7.30pm.
Postcards Australia
Postcards Australia was produced by WIN Television and WIN Digital Media and showcase exciting, engaging and beautiful destinations around Australia and recently New Zealand, highlighting the stunning locations, unique characters and interesting things to do, along with travel tips, local advice and much fun. Hosted by Scott McRae, series two will be seen across Australia and is also seen on Discovery Travel Channel in South East Asia, Korea, China and New Zealand.
Postcards South Australia
Postcards South Australia was produced by Nine Network in Adelaide and was shown every Sunday at 5:30 pm from 1995 to 2011 hosted by Keith Conlon. Other reporters included Lisa McAskill, Ali Carle, Michael Keelan, Chad Cornes, Mark Bickley and Kym Dillon. The series aired its final episode on 20 November 2011.
Postcards Western Australia
Postcards WA was produced by the Nine Network in Perth. It was first launched in April 1998 and was hosted by Philippa O'Connell who was joined by co-host Paul Entwistle in 2003. Reporters for the show included Ryan Campbell, Teresa Spiniello, Craig James and Fiona Argyle. In 2009, a brief series of Postcards WA was broadcast with host Angela Tsun. Soon after, the series expanded and was renamed Postcards Australia.
See also
List of longest-running Australian television series
List of Australian television series
List of Nine Network programs
References
External links
Australian non-fiction television series
Nine Network original programming
Tourism in Australia
1995 Australian television series debuts
2000s Australian television series
2010s Australian television series
Television shows set in Adelaide
Television shows set in Melbourne
Australian travel television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards%20%28TV%20series%29 |
James Cory Snyder (born November 11, 1962) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played nine seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1986 to 1994 for the Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, Toronto Blue Jays, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers, earning a total of $5.7 million. He was known for his powerful throwing arm. He is on the list of Major League Baseball career assists as a right fielder leaders and the list of college baseball career home run leaders. Starting in 2006, he has been a baseball coach and a manager in various minor leagues, and in 2020 also started working as an automobile salesperson in Lindon, Utah.
Early life
Snyder grew up in Canyon Country, Santa Clarita, California, and started playing baseball when he was 6 or 7 years old. When he was 8 years old, he joined Little League Baseball. His father was a pitcher in the Milwaukee Braves organization for three years until he hurt his arm. Snyder attended Canyon High School.
Career
Playing career
Snyder received a full baseball scholarship to Brigham Young University, where he played for the BYU Cougars baseball team. In his first game with BYU, during his first three at-bats, he hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches. He was named 1982 Freshman of the Year.
In 1983, Snyder played collegiate summer baseball for the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He batted .321 for the season, belting a league-record 22 home runs, including homers in four consecutive at-bats on July 7–8. Snyder led the Mariners to the league title, and was named the league's outstanding pro prospect. He was inducted into the Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame in 2003. Snyder played for the USA team in the 1983 Pan American Games in Venezuela and is on the list of Pan American Games medalists in baseball.
In early 1984, he moved to Camarillo, California. In June 1984, Snyder was drafted by the Cleveland Indians as the 4th overall pick in the 1st round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft. He was on the 1984 College Baseball All-America Team.
In August 1984, in the 1984 Summer Olympics, Snyder was on the first United States national baseball team, which earned a silver medal in baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
In 1985, Snyder received the Eastern League Most Valuable Player Award.
In May 1986, while playing for the Maine Guides, Snyder was sued after an incident where he threw his bat towards the backstop, but due to pine tar in his hands, it flew into the stands and hit two women sitting in the front row, breaking one of their noses and cracking the dental plate and bloodying the lip of the other. A judge dismissed the charges in the criminal case. In March 1988, Snyder settled the civil charges out of court.
In June 1986, Snyder was called up to the major leagues.
In 1986, he finished 4th in AL Rookie of the Year voting.
In 1987, along with teammate Joe Carter, Snyder appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated.
In 1989, he suffered a back injury after diving for a ball. A slump in performance followed, leading to an adverse relationship between Snyder and team officials.
On December 4, 1990, the Cleveland Indians traded Snyder to the Chicago White Sox for pitchers Eric King and Shawn Hillegas. His salary was set by an arbitrator at $800,000, a $100,000 raise. There, coach Walt Hriniak forced him to change his hitting style, which Snyder believes was for the worse. He also had a strained relationship with manager Jeff Torborg after being told he would only play part-time. In July 1991, the White Sox traded Snyder to the Toronto Blue Jays for Shawn Jeter and a player to be named later.
In March 1992, after being released by the Toronto Blue Jays, Snyder was signed by the San Francisco Giants. In June 1992, he received the NL Major League Baseball Player of the Month Award. In December 1992, he was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers to a two-year contract at $1.5 million per year. He retired from the major leagues after the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. Snyder's total earnings from major league baseball teams was $5,740,000.
In March 1995, he was signed by the San Diego Padres to a contract with Las Vegas of the Pacific Coast League.
In February 1997, Snyder unsuccessfully tried out for the St. Louis Cardinals.
Coaching career
In 1998, at age 37, Snyder began to think about a career in coaching. At that time, he lived in Laguna Hills, California, where he taught kids baseball in his backyard. He also owned a sporting goods store.
In December 2001, he opened a baseball facility in Lindon, Utah.
In March 2006, Snyder received a 10-day assignment to assist in coaching the minor league players of the Cleveland Indians.
From 2007 to 2009, Snyder managed the St. George Roadrunners of the Golden Baseball League. In 2008, he also managed the San Diego Surf Dawgs. In 2010, he managed the Na Koa Ikaika Maui, of the North American League.
Snyder joined the Seattle Mariners organization as a coach for the Jackson Generals in 2011-2013 and Tacoma Rainiers in 2014-2015.
He managed Pericos de Puebla in the Mexican League, leading the team to their first championship in 30 years by defeating the Tijuana Toros. He is only the fourth American manager to win Mexico's highest professional level baseball championship.
In 2017-2018, Snyder managed the CTBC Brothers baseball team of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL).
In February 2019, Snyder became Director of Public Relations for the Orem Owlz, a Minor League Baseball team.
In February 2022, Snyder was named manager of the Northern Colorado Owlz.
Post-sports career
In 2020, Snyder became an automobile salesperson for Murdock Hyundai in Lindon, Utah.
Personal life
Snyder and his wife Tina have been married since 1985 and have six children, Ashley, Amberley, JC, Taylor, Aubrey, and Autumn. They are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Snyder does not drink alcohol due to his religion. In 1991, Snyder was featured in a public relations campaign by the church to improve the reputation of Mormonism.
In 1998, he moved to Mapleton, Utah.
Amberley Snyder, involved in professional barrel racing, was paralyzed from the waist down after a car accident in January 2010 when she was 18 years old. She is the subject of the biopic Walk. Ride. Rodeo., produced and distributed by Netflix. Cory was portrayed in the film by Bailey Chase.
Snyder enjoys playing golf and had a 2 handicap.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball people in Mexico
American expatriate baseball people in Taiwan
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American Latter Day Saints
Baseball players at the 1983 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Baseball players from Inglewood, California
BYU Cougars baseball players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
CTBC Brothers managers
Harwich Mariners players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Maine Guides players
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Mexican League baseball managers
Minor league baseball managers
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in baseball
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pawtucket Red Sox players
San Francisco Giants players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Waterbury Indians players
Anchorage Glacier Pilots players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory%20Snyder |
Swingsite was an art installation that consisted of a playground swing hanging in the narrow space between two buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The swing was accessed by way of the alley behind Queen Street West, which is known as one of Toronto's best graffiti galleries. Toronto artist Corwyn Lund erected the swing in September 2003 as part of a group show called 'Psychotopes' at YYZ Artists Outlet. As part of that show, Lund made and displayed a video about the installation.
Nicknamed the Secret Swing, its location became more widely known when Toronto bloggers began posting pictures of it online and a number of articles appeared in local newspapers. It has since become a cult icon among street artists and the youth of Toronto. It was located in the alley behind the store fronts on the south side of Queen Street, about a block west of Spadina Avenue.
In November 2005, the swing's seat and two feet of the swing's chains were removed. This was supposedly the work of vandals. Two people named Vince and Kai replaced it on December 13 of the same year. The new swing seat bore a date, signatures, and has writing on it: “The Secret Swing belongs to the people of Toronto.”
The swing installation came to an end in March 2006 when both the swing and the bar holding it up were removed and a fence installed to block the entrance to the space where the swing was installed. This may have been done to thwart any future attempts to replace the swing, as well as deter homeless people from sleeping in the space between buildings.
References
Outdoor sculptures in Canada
Public art in Toronto
2004 sculptures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%20Swing |
Labbe or Labbé may refer to:
People
a variation of the surname Abbé
Alex Labbé, Canadian stock car racer
Arnaud Labbe, French professional racing cyclist'
Bastián Labbé, Chilean teacher
Carlos Labbé, Chilean writer
Carlos Labbé Márquez (1876–1941), Chilean bishop
Charles Labbé (1851–1889), French doctor
Cristián Labbé Martínez, Chilean politician
François Labbé, Canadian mass media businessman; son of Tancrède Labbé
Gilles Labbé, Quebecois politician
Jean-François Labbé, Canadian professional ice-hockey player
Léon Labbé (1832–1916), French doctor and politician
María Luisa Mayol Labbé, Chilean actress
Marc-Antoine Labbé-Fortin, Canadian footballer
Martine Labbé (born 1958), Belgian operations researcher
Matthieu Labbé, French football player
Philippe Labbe (1607–1667), French Jesuit writer
Philippe Labbé, French chef
Pierre-Luc Labbé, Canadian football player
Slugger Labbe, crew chief on the American NASCAR racing circuit
Stephanie Labbé, Canadian soccer player
Tancrède Labbé (1887–1956), Canadian politician and businessman; father of François Labbé
Places
Labbé Point, a point of land projecting into Discovery Bay, Antarctica
Labbé Rock, a landmark lying off the coast of Largo Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula
Lycée Valentine Labbé, a French senior high school
Rhum Vieux Labbé, a brand of Haitian rum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labbe |
Flint Castle () in Flint, Flintshire, was the first of a series of castles built during King Edward I's campaign to conquer Wales.
The site was chosen for its strategic position in North East Wales. The castle was only one day's march from Chester, supplies could be brought along the River Dee and there was a ford nearby across to England that could be used at low tide.
Construction
Building work began in 1277 initially under Richard , who would later become Mayor of Chester in 1304. The castle and its earthworks were built by 18,000
labourers and masons using local Millstone Grit ashlar and sandstone. Savoyard master mason James of Saint George was assigned "ad ordiandum opera castorum ibidem" (to undertake the works of the same castle works (referring to all Welsh castle building projects) in April 1278. November 1280 saw him beginning directly overseeing construction at Flint for Edward I as the initially very slow construction pace was accelerated. He remained at the castle for 17 months. James of Saint George then moved onto Rhuddlan to oversee its completion.
When work ceased in 1284, Flint Castle had an inner ward and an outer bailey. They were separated by a tidal moat and were connected with gatehouse and drawbridge. A plantation town was also laid out beyond the outer bailey. The inner ward had three large towers and a detached keep. This isolated tower protected the inner gatehouse and outer bailey. In total expenditure, Edward I spent £6068.7.5d. creating the fortress and the town (£ in 2008).
Flint, on the western shore of the River Dee estuary, could be supplied by river or sea. Its harbour was protected by a defensive wall. The castle lies opposite to the English shore and Shotwick Castle in England. Before the course was changed in the 18th century, passage across the estuary at this point could be made directly by boat at high tide or by fording at low tide.
Unique fortress design
The castle is based on Savoyard models where one of the corner towers is enlarged and isolated. This independent structure served as both corner tower and keep or donjon, like at Dourdan, France. Flint's keep has been compared to the donjon at Aigues-Mortes, France. Edward I may have been familiar with Aigues-Mortes having passed through the fortress on the way to join the Eighth Crusade in 1270. An alternative possibility is the influence of Jean Mésot on James of Saint George, Mésot having worked in Southern France before influencing Saint George in Savoy. The castle at Flint has also been described as a "classic Carrė Savoyard" as it is very similar to Yverdon Castle. Its ground dimensions are a third bigger but it shares the classic shape and style, along with the use of a corner tower as keep (donjon). Most historians attribute this to input from Edward's premier architect and castle builder James of Saint George Although construction began in 1277 and James of Saint George didn't begin work at Flint until 1280, he was in England from 1278 and was described as "ad ordinandum opera castorum ibidem", that is, charged with the design of the works at Flint.
The keep is an impressive structure. Its stone walls are thick at the base and above. Access was gained by crossing a drawbridge into a central entrance chamber on the first floor. Originally there would have been at least one additional storey. These floors had small rooms built into the thick walls. A timber gallery was built on top of the keep for the visit of Edward, Prince of Wales, in 1301. On the ground floor is a vaulted passage that runs all the way around the inside of the keep.
Flint's design was not repeated in any other castle built by Edward I in North Wales. The layout at Flint remains unique within the British Isles.
History
Flint was the first castle of what would later become known as Edward I's "Iron Ring". A chain of fortresses designed to encircle North Wales and oppress the Welsh. Its construction began almost immediately after Edward I began the First Welsh War in 1277.
Five years later Welsh forces under the command of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, besieged the castle in an attempted uprising against the English Crown. In 1294 Flint was attacked again during the revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn; this time the constable of the castle was forced to set fire to the fortress to prevent its capture by the Welsh. The castle was later repaired and partly rebuilt.
With the conclusion to the Welsh Wars, English settlers and merchants were given property titles in the new town that was laid out in front of the castle. The plantation borough was protected by a defensive ditch with a wooden palisade on earth banking
. Its outline remains visible in streets patterns.
In 1399 Richard II of England was held by Henry Bolingbroke at Flint before being returned to London.
During the English Civil War, Flint Castle was held by the Royalists. It was finally captured by the Parliamentarians in 1647 after a three-month siege. To prevent its reuse in the conflict, the castle was then slighted in accordance with Cromwell's destruction order. The ruins are what remain today.
By the 19th century part of the site's outer bailey was used as Flintshire's County Jail. A quarry operated nearby.
Present day
Flint Castle, which has been managed as public monument for 90 years, is now maintained by Cadw, a Welsh-government body that protects, conserves and promotes the building heritage of Wales. Access is free and via a path. Most parts of the castle, such as the isolated keep, are open to the public.
In mid August 2009, the agency temporarily closed Flint Castle to the public because of problems with anti-social behaviour. Cadw said youths were drinking on the site and vandalising the castle.
Later works
In 1838 J. M. W. Turner painted a watercolour of the castle.
was a Royal Navy launched in 1943, named after Flint Castle.
Constable
From 1284 to 1935 the Constable of Flint Castle served ex officio as the Mayor of Flint. The constable's residence was, prior to its destruction, in the donjon tower.
List of Constables
Gallery
See also
Rhuddlan Castle
List of castles in Wales
Notes
References
External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Flint Castle
Castles in Flintshire
Cadw
Castle ruins in Wales
Grade I listed castles in Wales
Scheduled monuments in Flintshire
Flint, Flintshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint%20Castle |
Thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD) is a theoretical framework in which neuroscientists try to explain the positive and negative symptoms induced by neuropsychiatric disorders like Parkinson's Disease, neurogenic pain, tinnitus, visual snow syndrome, schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, depressive disorder and epilepsy.
In TCD, normal thalamocortical resonance is disrupted by changes in the behaviour of neurons in the thalamus.
TCD can be treated with neurosurgical methods like the central lateral thalamotomy, which due to its invasiveness is only used on patients that have proven resistant to conventional therapies.
Background
At the base of the theory lies diminished excitatory or increased inhibitory input at the thalamic level. This leads to a switch of the thalamocortical neurons from tonic to burst firing and subsequently entrains thalamic and cortical areas with pathological oscillations at around 5 Hz.
Evidence
Evidence for TCD comes from Magnetoencephalography (MEG), and Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings on the scalp as well as local field potential (LFP) recordings in the patients' thalamus during surgery. Analysing the power spectra reveals increased coherence as well as increased bicoherence in the power spectra in the theta band compared to healthy controls. This indicates a close coupling of cortex and thalamus in the generation of the pathological theta rhythmicity.
The thalamic loss of input or gated activity allows the frequency of the thalamo-cortical column to slow into the theta or delta band, and this defeats the lateral inhibition, so faster Gamma band activity appears surrounding the area of slower alpha seen in the theta band, with the theta associated with negative symptoms and the Gamma for positive symptoms. This is documented in Tinnitus (phantom sound) and phantom pain, as well as Parkinsonism and recently even in depression (see current work by Dirk DeRidder, MD, PhD). The thalamocoherence was identified by machine learning, with significant differentiation of each of these clinical entities from normal by the presence of the dysrhythmia, and with the specific disorder differentiated by the spatial/topographic networks involved. It was also proposed that psychotic disorders present in Parkinson disease‐dementia with Lewy bodies depend on thalamic abnormal rhythms.
Therapy
While it is not clear how this happens in detail, surgical intervention by means of lesioning small parts of the central lateral thalamic areas has proven successful as a therapy for Parkinson's Disease as well as neurogenic pain.
Neurofeedback, where the brain is trained to emphasise and de-emphasise brain wave frequencies, amplitudes and coherence can be an effective noninvasive therapy.
References
Further reading
Thalamus
Central nervous system disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamocortical%20dysrhythmia |
Constraint logic programming is a form of constraint programming, in which logic programming is extended to include concepts from constraint satisfaction. A constraint logic program is a logic program that contains constraints in the body of clauses. An example of a clause including a constraint is . In this clause, is a constraint; A(X,Y), B(X), and C(Y) are literals as in regular logic programming. This clause states one condition under which the statement A(X,Y) holds: X+Y is greater than zero and both B(X) and C(Y) are true.
As in regular logic programming, programs are queried about the provability of a goal, which itself may contain constraints in addition to literals. A proof for a goal is composed of clauses whose bodies are satisfiable constraints and literals that can in turn be proved using other clauses. Execution is performed by an interpreter, which starts from the goal and recursively scans the clauses trying to prove the goal. Constraints encountered during this scan are placed in a set called the constraint store. If this set is found out to be unsatisfiable, the interpreter backtracks, trying to use other clauses for proving the goal. In practice, satisfiability of the constraint store may be checked using an incomplete algorithm, which does not always detect inconsistency.
Overview
Formally, constraint logic programs are like regular logic programs, but the body of clauses can contain constraints, in addition to the regular logic programming literals. As an example, X>0 is a constraint, and is included in the last clause of the following constraint logic program.
B(X,1):- X<0.
B(X,Y):- X=1, Y>0.
A(X,Y):- X>0, B(X,Y).
Like in regular logic programming, evaluating a goal such as A(X,1) requires evaluating the body of the last clause with Y=1. Like in regular logic programming, this in turn requires proving the goal B(X,1). Contrary to regular logic programming, this also requires a constraint to be satisfied: X>0, the constraint in the body of the last clause. (In regular logic programming, X>0 cannot be proved unless X is bound to a fully ground term and execution of the program will fail if that is not the case.)
Whether a constraint is satisfied cannot always be determined when the constraint is encountered. In this case, for example, the value of X is not determined when the last clause is evaluated. As a result, the constraint X>0 is neither satisfied nor violated at this point. Rather than proceeding in the evaluation of B(X,1) and then checking whether the resulting value of X is positive afterwards, the interpreter stores the constraint X>0 and then proceeds in the evaluation of B(X,1); this way, the interpreter can detect violation of the constraint X>0 during the evaluation of B(X,1), and backtrack immediately if this is the case, rather than waiting for the evaluation of B(X,1) to conclude.
In general, the evaluation of a constraint logic program proceeds as does a regular logic program. However, constraints encountered during evaluation are placed in a set called a constraint store. As an example, the evaluation of the goal A(X,1) proceeds by evaluating the body of the first clause with Y=1; this evaluation adds X>0 to the constraint store and requires the goal B(X,1) to be proven. While trying to prove this goal, the first clause is applied but its evaluation adds X<0 to the constraint store. This addition makes the constraint store unsatisfiable. The interpreter then backtracks, removing the last addition from the constraint store. The evaluation of the second clause adds X=1 and Y>0 to the constraint store. Since the constraint store is satisfiable and no other literal is left to prove, the interpreter stops with the solution X=1, Y=1.
Semantics
The semantics of constraint logic programs can be defined in terms of a virtual interpreter that maintains a pair during execution. The first element of this pair is called current goal; the second element is called constraint store. The current goal contains the literals the interpreter is trying to prove and may also contain some constraints it is trying to satisfy; the constraint store contains all constraints the interpreter has assumed satisfiable so far.
Initially, the current goal is the goal and the constraint store is empty. The interpreter proceeds by removing the first element from the current goal and analyzing it. The details of this analysis are explained below, but in the end this analysis may produce a successful termination or a failure. This analysis may involve recursive calls and addition of new literals to the current goal and new constraint to the constraint store. The interpreter backtracks if a failure is generated. A successful termination is generated when the current goal is empty and the constraint store is satisfiable.
The details of the analysis of a literal removed from the goal is as follows. After having removed this literal from the front of the goal, it is checked whether it is a constraint or a literal. If it is a constraint, it is added to the constraint store. If it is a literal, a clause whose head has the same predicate as the literal is chosen; the clause is rewritten by replacing its variables with new variables (variables not occurring in the goal): the result is called a fresh variant of the clause; the body of the fresh variant of the clause is then placed at the front of the goal; the equality of each argument of the literal with the corresponding one of the fresh variant head is placed at the front of the goal as well.
Some checks are done during these operations. In particular, the constraint store is checked for consistency every time a new constraint is added to it. In principle, whenever the constraint store is unsatisfiable the algorithm could backtrack. However, checking unsatisfiability at each step would be inefficient. For this reason, an incomplete satisfiability checker may be used instead. In practice, satisfiability is checked using methods that simplify the constraint store, that is, rewrite it into an equivalent but simpler-to-solve form. These methods can sometimes but not always prove unsatisfiability of an unsatisfiable constraint store.
The interpreter has proved the goal when the current goal is empty and the constraint store is not detected unsatisfiable. The result of execution is the current set of (simplified) constraints. This set may include constraints such as that force variables to a specific value, but may also include constraints like that only bound variables without giving them a specific value.
Formally, the semantics of constraint logic programming is defined in terms of derivations. A transition is a pair of pairs goal/store, noted . Such a pair states the possibility of going from state to state . Such a transition is possible in three possible cases:
an element of is a constraint , and we have and ; in other words, a constraint can be moved from the goal to the constraint store
an element of is a literal , there exists a clause that, rewritten using new variables, is , the set is with replaced by , and ; in other words, a literal can be replaced by the body of a fresh variant of a clause having the same predicate in the head, adding the body of the fresh variant and the above equalities of terms to the goal
and are equivalent according to the specific constraint semantics
A sequence of transitions is a derivation. A goal can be proved if there exists a derivation from to for some satisfiable constraint store . This semantics formalizes the possible evolutions of an interpreter that arbitrarily chooses the literal of the goal to process and the clause to replace literals. In other words, a goal is proved under this semantics if there exists a sequence of choices of literals and clauses, among the possibly many ones, that lead to an empty goal and satisfiable store.
Actual interpreters process the goal elements in a LIFO order: elements are added in the front and processed from the front. They also choose the clause of the second rule according to the order in which they are written, and rewrite the constraint store when it is modified.
The third possible kind of transition is a replacement of the constraint store with an equivalent one. This replacement is limited to those done by specific methods, such as constraint propagation. The semantics of constraint logic programming is parametric not only to the kind of constraints used but also to the method for rewriting the constraint store. The specific methods used in practice replace the constraint store with one that is simpler to solve. If the constraint store is unsatisfiable, this simplification may detect this unsatisfiability sometimes, but not always.
The result of evaluating a goal against a constraint logic program is defined if the goal is proved. In this case, there exists a derivation from the initial pair to a pair where the goal is empty. The constraint store of this second pair is considered the result of the evaluation. This is because the constraint store contains all constraints assumed satisfiable to prove the goal. In other words, the goal is proved for all variable evaluations that satisfy these constraints.
The pairwise equality of the arguments of two literals is often compactly denoted by : this is a shorthand for the constraints . A common variant of the semantics for constraint logic programming adds directly to the constraint store rather than to the goal.
Terms and conditions
Different definitions of terms are used, generating different kinds of constraint logic programming: over trees, reals, or finite domains. A kind of constraint that is always present is the equality of terms. Such constraints are necessary because the interpreter adds t1=t2 to the goal whenever a literal P(...t1...) is replaced with the body of a clause fresh variant whose head is P(...t2...).
Tree terms
Constraint logic programming with tree terms emulates regular logic programming by storing substitutions as constraints in the constraint store. Terms are variables, constants, and function symbols applied to other terms. The only constraints considered are equalities and disequalities between terms. Equality is particularly important, as constraints like t1=t2 are often generated by the interpreter. Equality constraints on terms can be simplified, that is solved, via unification:
A constraint t1=t2 can be simplified if both terms are function symbols applied to other terms. If the two function symbols are the same and the number of subterms is also the same, this constraint can be replaced with the pairwise equality of subterms. If the terms are composed of different function symbols or the same functor but on different number of terms, the constraint is unsatisfiable.
If one of the two terms is a variable, the only allowed value the variable can take is the other term. As a result, the other term can replace the variable in the current goal and constraint store, thus practically removing the variable from consideration. In the particular case of equality of a variable with itself, the constraint can be removed as always satisfied.
In this form of constraint satisfaction, variable values are terms.
Reals
Constraint logic programming with real numbers uses real expressions as terms. When no function symbols are used, terms are expressions over reals, possibly including variables. In this case, each variable can only take a real number as a value.
To be precise, terms are expressions over variables and real constants. Equality between terms is a kind of constraint that is always present, as the interpreter generates equality of terms during execution. As an example, if the first literal of the current goal is A(X+1) and the interpreter has chosen a clause that is A(Y-1):-Y=1 after rewriting is variables, the constraints added to the current goal are X+1=Y-1 and . The rules of simplification used for function symbols are obviously not used: X+1=Y-1 is not unsatisfiable just because the first expression is built using + and the second using -.
Reals and function symbols can be combined, leading to terms that are expressions over reals and function symbols applied to other terms. Formally, variables and real constants are expressions, as any arithmetic operator over other expressions. Variables, constants (zero-arity-function symbols), and expressions are terms, as any function symbol applied to terms. In other words, terms are built over expressions, while expressions are built over numbers and variables. In this case, variables ranges over real numbers and terms. In other words, a variable can take a real number as a value, while another takes a term.
Equality of two terms can be simplified using the rules for tree terms if none of the two terms is a real expression. For example, if the two terms have the same function symbol and number of subterms, their equality constraint can be replaced with the equality of subterms.
Finite domains
The third class of constraints used in constraint logic programming is that of finite domains. Values of variables are in this case taken from a finite domain, often that of integer numbers. For each variable, a different domain can be specified: X::[1..5] for example means that the value of X is between 1 and 5. The domain of a variable can also be given by enumerating all values a variable can take; therefore, the above domain declaration can be also written X::[1,2,3,4,5]. This second way of specifying a domain allows for domains that are not composed of integers, such as X::[george,mary,john]. If the domain of a variable is not specified, it is assumed to be the set of integers representable in the language. A group of variables can be given the same domain using a declaration like [X,Y,Z]::[1..5].
The domain of a variable may be reduced during execution. Indeed, as the interpreter adds constraints to the constraint store, it performs constraint propagation to enforce a form of local consistency, and these operations may reduce the domain of variables. If the domain of a variable becomes empty, the constraint store is inconsistent, and the algorithm backtracks. If the domain of a variable becomes a singleton, the variable can be assigned the unique value in its domain. The forms of consistency typically enforced are arc consistency, hyper-arc consistency, and bound consistency. The current domain of a variable can be inspected using specific literals; for example, dom(X,D) finds out the current domain D of a variable X.
As for domains of reals, functors can be used with domains of integers. In this case, a term can be an expression over integers, a constant, or the application of a functor over other terms. A variable can take an arbitrary term as a value, if its domain has not been specified to be a set of integers or constants.
The constraint store
The constraint store contains the constraints that are currently assumed satisfiable. It can be considered what the current substitution is for regular logic programming. When only tree terms are allowed, the constraint store contains constraints in the form t1=t2; these constraints are simplified by unification, resulting in constraints of the form variable=term; such constraints are equivalent to a substitution.
However, the constraint store may also contain constraints in the form t1!=t2, if the difference != between terms is allowed. When constraints over reals or finite domains are allowed, the constraint store may also contain domain-specific constraints like X+2=Y/2, etc.
The constraint store extends the concept of current substitution in two ways. First, it does not only contain the constraints derived from equating a literal with the head of a fresh variant of a clause, but also the constraints of the body of clauses. Second, it does not only contain constraints of the form variable=value but also constraints on the considered constraint language. While the result of a successful evaluation of a regular logic program is the final substitution, the result for a constraint logic program is the final constraint store, which may contain constraint of the form variable=value but in general may contain arbitrary constraints.
Domain-specific constraints may come to the constraint store both from the body of a clauses and from equating a literal with a clause head: for example, if the interpreter rewrites the literal A(X+2) with a clause whose fresh variant head is A(Y/2), the constraint X+2=Y/2 is added to the constraint store. If a variable appears in a real or finite domain expression, it can only take a value in the reals or the finite domain. Such a variable cannot take a term made of a functor applied to other terms as a value. The constraint store is unsatisfiable if a variable is bound to take both a value of the specific domain and a functor applied to terms.
After a constraint is added to the constraint store, some operations are performed on the constraint store. Which operations are performed depends on the considered domain and constraints. For example, unification is used for finite tree equalities, variable elimination for polynomial equations over reals, constraint propagation to enforce a form of local consistency for finite domains. These operations are aimed at making the constraint store simpler to be checked for satisfiability and solved.
As a result of these operations, the addition of new constraints may change the old ones. It is essential that the interpreter is able to undo these changes when it backtracks. The simplest case method is for the interpreter to save the complete state of the store every time it makes a choice (it chooses a clause to rewrite a goal). More efficient methods for allowing the constraint store to return to a previous state exist. In particular, one may just save the changes to the constraint store made between two points of choice, including the changes made to the old constraints. This can be done by simply saving the old value of the constraints that have been modified; this method is called trailing. A more advanced method is to save the changes that have been done on the modified constraints. For example, a linear constraint is changed by modifying its coefficient: saving the difference between the old and new coefficient allows reverting a change. This second method is called semantic backtracking,
because the semantics of the change is saved rather than the old version of the constraints only.
Labeling
The labeling literals are used on variables over finite domains to check satisfiability or partial satisfiability of the constraint store and to find a satisfying assignment. A labeling literal is of the form labeling([variables]), where the argument is a list of variables over finite domains. Whenever the interpreter evaluates such a literal, it performs a search over the domains of the variables of the list to find an assignment that satisfies all relevant constraints. Typically, this is done by a form of backtracking: variables are evaluated in order, trying all possible values for each of them, and backtracking when inconsistency is detected.
The first use of the labeling literal is to actual check satisfiability or partial satisfiability of the constraint store. When the interpreter adds a constraint to the constraint store, it only enforces a form of local consistency on it. This operation may not detect inconsistency even if the constraint store is unsatisfiable. A labeling literal over a set of variables enforces a satisfiability check of the constraints over these variables. As a result, using all variables mentioned in the constraint store results in checking satisfiability of the store.
The second use of the labeling literal is to actually determine an evaluation of the variables that satisfies the constraint store. Without the labeling literal, variables are assigned values only when the constraint store contains a constraint of the form X=value and when local consistency reduces the domain of a variable to a single value. A labeling literal over some variables forces these variables to be evaluated. In other words, after the labeling literal has been considered, all variables are assigned a value.
Typically, constraint logic programs are written in such a way labeling literals are evaluated only after as many constraints as possible have been accumulated in the constraint store. This is because labeling literals enforce search, and search is more efficient if there are more constraints to be satisfied. A constraint satisfaction problem is typical solved by a constraint logic program having the following structure:
When the interpreter evaluates the goal solve(args), it places the body of a fresh variant of the first clause in the current goal. Since the first goal is constraints(X'), the second clause is evaluated, and this operation moves all constraints in the current goal and eventually in the constraint store. The literal labeling(X') is then evaluated, forcing a search for a solution of the constraint store. Since the constraint store contains exactly the constraints of the original constraint satisfaction problem, this operation searches for a solution of the original problem.
Program reformulations
A given constraint logic program may be reformulated to improve its efficiency. A first rule is that labeling literals should be placed after as much constraints on the labeled literals are accumulated in the constraint store. While in theory is equivalent to , the search that is performed when the interpreter encounters the labeling literal is on a constraint store that does not contain the constraint X>0. As a result, it may generate solutions, such as X=-1, that are later found out not to satisfy this constraint. On the other hand, in the second formulation the search is performed only when the constraint is already in the constraint store. As a result, search only returns solutions that are consistent with it, taking advantage of the fact that additional constraints reduce the search space.
A second reformulation that can increase efficiency is to place constraints before literals in the body of clauses. Again, and are in principle equivalent. However, the first may require more computation. For example, if the constraint store contains the constraint X<-2, the interpreter recursively evaluates B(X) in the first case; if it succeeds, it then finds out that the constraint store is inconsistent when adding X>0. In the second case, when evaluating that clause, the interpreter first adds X>0 to the constraint store and then possibly evaluates B(X). Since the constraint store after the addition of X>0 turns out to be inconsistent, the recursive evaluation of B(X) is not performed at all.
A third reformulation that can increase efficiency is the addition of redundant constraints. If the programmer knows (by whatever means) that the solution of a problem satisfies a specific constraint, they can include that constraint to cause inconsistency of the constraint store as soon as possible. For example, if it is known beforehand that the evaluation of B(X) will result in a positive value for X, the programmer may add X>0 before any occurrence of B(X). As an example, A(X,Y):-B(X),C(X) will fail on the goal A(-2,Z), but this is only found out during the evaluation of the subgoal B(X). On the other hand, if the above clause is replaced by , the interpreter backtracks as soon as the constraint X>0 is added to the constraint store, which happens before the evaluation of B(X) even starts.
Constraint handling rules
Constraint handling rules were initially defined as a stand-alone formalism for specifying constraint solvers, and were later embedded in logic programming. There are two kinds of constraint handling rules. The rules of the first kind specify that, under a given condition, a set of constraints is equivalent to another one. The rules of the second kind specify that, under a given condition, a set of constraints implies another one. In a constraint logic programming language supporting constraint handling rules, a programmer can use these rules to specify possible rewritings of the constraint store and possible additions of constraints to it. The following are example rules:
A(X) <=> B(X) | C(X)
A(X) ==> B(X) | C(X)
The first rule tells that, if B(X) is entailed by the store, the constraint A(X) can be rewritten as C(X). As an example, N*X>0 can be rewritten as X>0 if the store implies that N>0. The symbol <=> resembles equivalence in logic, and tells that the first constraint is equivalent to the latter. In practice, this implies that the first constraint can be replaced with the latter.
The second rule instead specifies that the latter constraint is a consequence of the first, if the constraint in the middle is entailed by the constraint store. As a result, if A(X) is in the constraint store and B(X) is entailed by the constraint store, then C(X) can be added to the store. Differently from the case of equivalence, this is an addition and not a replacement: the new constraint is added but the old one remains.
Equivalence allows for simplifying the constraint store by replacing some constraints with simpler ones; in particular, if the third constraint in an equivalence rule is true, and the second constraint is entailed, the first constraint is removed from the constraint store. Inference allows for the addition of new constraints, which may lead to proving inconsistency of the constraint store, and may generally reduce the amount of search needed to establish its satisfiability.
Logic programming clauses in conjunction with constraint handling rules can be used to specify a method for establishing the satisfiability of the constraint store. Different clauses are used to implement the different choices of the method; the constraint handling rules are used for rewriting the constraint store during execution. As an example, one can implement backtracking with unit propagation this way. Let holds(L) represents a propositional clause, in which the literals in the list L are in the same order as they are evaluated. The algorithm can be implemented using clauses for the choice of assigning a literal to true or false, and constraint handling rules to specify propagation. These rules specify that holds([l|L]) can be removed if l=true follows from the store, and it can be rewritten as holds(L) if l=false follows from the store. Similarly, holds([l]) can be replaced by l=true. In this
example, the choice of value for a variable is implemented using clauses of logic programming; however, it can be encoded in constraint handling rules using an extension called disjunctive constraint handling rules or CHR∨.
Bottom-up evaluation
The standard strategy of evaluation of logic programs is top-down and depth-first: from the goal, a number of clauses are identified as being possibly able to prove the goal, and recursion over the literals of their bodies is performed. An alternative strategy is to start from the facts and use clauses to derive new facts; this strategy is called bottom-up. It is considered better than the top-down one when the aim is that of producing all consequences of a given program, rather than proving a single goal. In particular, finding all consequences of a program in the standard top-down and depth-first manner may not terminate while the bottom-up evaluation strategy terminates.
The bottom-up evaluation strategy maintains the set of facts proved so far during evaluation. This set is initially empty. With each step, new facts are derived by applying a program clause to the existing facts, and are added to the set. For example, the bottom up evaluation of the following program requires two steps:
A(q).
B(X):-A(X).
The set of consequences is initially empty. At the first step, A(q) is the only clause whose body can be proved (because it is empty), and A(q) is therefore added to the current set of consequences. At the second step, since A(q) is proved, the second clause can be used and B(q) is added to the consequences. Since no other consequence can be proved from {A(q),B(q)}, execution terminates.
The advantage of the bottom-up evaluation over the top-down one is that cycles of derivations do not produce an infinite loop. This is because adding a consequence to the current set of consequences that already contains it has no effect. As an example, adding a third clause to the above program generates a cycle of derivations in the top-down evaluation:
A(q).
B(X):-A(X).
A(X):-B(X).
For example, while evaluating all answers to the goal A(X), the top-down strategy would produce the following derivations:
A(q)
A(q):-B(q), B(q):-A(q), A(q)
A(q):-B(q), B(q):-A(q), A(q):-B(q), B(q):-A(q), A(q)
In other words, the only consequence A(q) is produced first, but then the algorithm cycles over derivations that do not produce any other answer. More generally, the top-down evaluation strategy may cycle over possible derivations, possibly when other ones exist.
The bottom-up strategy does not have the same drawback, as consequences that were already derived has no effect. On the above program, the bottom-up strategy starts adding A(q) to the set of consequences; in the second step, B(X):-A(X) is used to derive B(q); in the third step, the only facts that can be derived from the current consequences are A(q) and B(q), which are however already in the set of consequences. As a result, the algorithm stops.
In the above example, the only used facts were ground literals. In general, every clause that only contains constraints in the body is considered a fact. For example, a clause A(X):-X>0,X<10 is considered a fact as well. For this extended definition of facts, some facts may be equivalent while not syntactically equal. For example, A(q) is equivalent to A(X):-X=q and both are equivalent to A(X):-X=Y, Y=q. To solve this problem, facts are translated into a normal form in which the head contains a tuple of all-different variables; two facts are then equivalent if their bodies are equivalent on the variables of the head, that is, their sets of solutions are the same when restricted to these variables.
As described, the bottom-up approach has the advantage of not considering consequences that have already been derived. However, it still may derive consequences that are entailed by those already derived while not being equal to any of them. As an example, the bottom up evaluation of the following program is infinite:
A(0).
A(X):-X>0.
A(X):-X=Y+1, A(Y).
The bottom-up evaluation algorithm first derives that A(X) is true for X=0 and X>0. In the second step, the first fact with the third clause allows for the derivation of A(1). In the third step, A(2) is derived, etc. However, these facts are already entailed by the fact that A(X) is true for any nonnegative X. This drawback can be overcome by checking for entailment facts that are to be added to the current set of consequences. If the new consequence is already entailed by the set, it is not added to it. Since facts are stored as clauses, possibly with "local variables", entailment is restricted over the variables of their heads.
Concurrent constraint logic programming
The concurrent versions of constraint logic programming are aimed at programming concurrent processes rather than solving constraint satisfaction problems. Goals in constraint logic programming are evaluated concurrently; a concurrent process is therefore programmed as the evaluation of a goal by the interpreter.
Syntactically, concurrent constraints logic programs are similar to non-concurrent programs, the only exception being that clauses includes guards, which are constraints that may block the applicability of the clause under some conditions. Semantically, concurrent constraint logic programming differs from its non-concurrent versions because a goal evaluation is intended to realize a concurrent process rather than finding a solution to a problem. Most notably, this difference affects how the interpreter behaves when more than one clause is applicable: non-concurrent constraint logic programming recursively tries all clauses; concurrent constraint logic programming chooses only one. This is the most evident effect of an intended directionality of the interpreter, which never revises a choice it has previously taken. Other effects of this are the semantical possibility of having a goal that cannot be proved while the whole evaluation does not fail, and a particular way for equating a goal and a clause head.
Applications
Constraint logic programming has been applied to a number of fields, such as automated scheduling, type inference, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, digital circuit verification, air traffic control, finance, and others.
History
Constraint logic programming was introduced by Jaffar and Lassez in 1987. They generalized the observation that the term equations and disequations of Prolog II were a specific form of constraints, and generalized this idea to arbitrary constraint languages. The first implementations of this concept were Prolog III, CLP(R), and CHIP.
See also
B-Prolog
BNR Prolog (aka CLP(BNR))
Constraint Handling Rules
Ciao
CLP(R)
Distributed Oz Mozart
ECLiPSe
GNU Prolog
SWI-Prolog
References
References
Logic programming
Constraint programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20logic%20programming |
Mutford is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk District of the English county of Suffolk. The village is south-west of Lowestoft and south-east of Beccles in a rural area. The parish borders Barnby, Carlton Colville, Gisleham, Rushmere, Henstead with Hulver Street, Ellough and North Cove. The village gave its name to the Half Hundred of Mutford which is named in the Domesday Book.
The parish had a population of 471 at the 2011 United Kingdom census. The A146 Beccles to Lowestoft road runs to north of the parish, cutting through the north-western corner. The Hundred River marks the southern boundary with Henstead with Hulver Street.
Culture and community
The majority of the parish is rural, with the main centre of population centred on an area in the centre of the parish. The post office closed in 2013, with few services remaining beyond a village hall and playing field. The medieval church of St Andrew is one of around 40 round-tower churches in Suffolk and is a Grade I Listed Building.
Notable people
Sir Stanley Rous, former president of FIFA, was born in Mutford in 1895. Also born in the village was Bill Crooks, manager of Eastwoodhill Arboretum, Ngatapa, Gisborne, New Zealand from 1967 to 1974.
Notes
References
External links
Mutford Village website
Website with photos of Mutford St Andrew, a round-tower church
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Waveney District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutford |
The Romanian Rugby Federation (), abbreviated as FRR, is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in Romania. Romania currently comprises 24,610 players, 9,810 members of which are registered and 113 clubs in the whole country.
History
The Romanian Rugby Federation was founded in 1913, shortly after rugby union was introduced to Romania by French University students who moved to study in Romania and were also one of the founding members of the Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur, now known as Rugby Europe.
The federation became affiliated to the International Rugby Football Board, now known as World Rugby, in 1987 when Romania were invited to take part in the inaugural World Cup the same year.
Octavian Morariu was a former president of the FRR, and was considered by many the pioneer in the reconstruction of rugby union in Romania as well as the federation itself. Due to his success, he later became the President of the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee (COSR) and was replaced by George Straton, one of his closest associates. The current president of FRR is Alin Petrache, another former rugby union player for Romania.
Presidents
See also
Rugby union in Romania
Romania national rugby union team
List of Romania national rugby union players
Sport in Romania
References
External links
Official website
Rugby union in Romania
Rugby union governing bodies in Europe
National members of World Rugby
Rugby
Sports organizations established in 1913
1913 establishments in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20Rugby%20Federation |
Von Francis Hayes (born August 31, 1958) is an American former professional baseball player whose Major League Baseball (MLB) career spanned from 1981 to 1992 for the Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies, and California Angels.
Early years
Hayes was born to an American father, Donald Hayes, who was a tail gunner on a B-17 in World War II, and a Puerto Rican mother, Leonor Rosario, who grew up on a rural country farm without electricity. Leonor was determined to get an education and pursue a life helping others. After receiving a college degree, she migrated from Puerto Rico to Stockton at the age of 22 and became a nurse. While attending St. Mary’s High School, Hayes and his older brother, Mike played football. Hayes also played in the school's baseball team as a third and later first baseman. He began his career in baseball when in June 1979 the Cleveland Indians drafted him in the seventh round draft pick.
Playing career
Hayes was acquired by the Phillies from the Indians for Manny Trillo, George Vukovich, Julio Franco, Jerry Willard, and Jay Baller at the Winter Meetings on December 9, 1982. The Indians received offers for Hayes from various teams, with the Phillies being the most persistent. The trade inspired his nickname "Five-for-One" which was coined by Pete Rose.
Hayes enjoyed his most successful seasons playing for the Phillies in the late 1980s. He finished 8th in NL MVP voting in 1986, when he led the National League (NL) in runs, doubles, and extra base hits. Hayes achieved an on-base average of .404 in 1987. In 1989, Hayes made his only appearance on the NL All-Star team, while posting a career-high OPS+ of (140).
On June 11, 1985, Hayes became the first player in MLB history to hit two home runs in the first inning of a baseball game. After leading off the game with a home run off Tom Gorman, Hayes hit a grand slam later that inning off Calvin Schiraldi. The Phillies beat the Mets 26-7, the most single-game runs scored by a major league team in over 40 years.
Hayes also hit two two-run home runs in a June 8, 1989, game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, at Veterans Stadium. It was in that game that, after the Pirates scored 10 runs in the top of the first inning, Pirate broadcaster Jim Rooker said on the air, "If we lose this game, I'll walk home." Hayes's two homers triggered a comeback, with the Phillies eventually winning the game 15-11. (After the season, Rooker kept his word, by conducting a charity walk from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.)
Playing against the Cincinnati Reds on June 14, 1991, Hayes was hit by a pitch by Tom Browning, breaking Hayes’s arm. He returned to action on September 6, 1991, against the Houston Astros. Hayes was traded to the Angels in the off-season, but would later cite Browning's pitch as having ended his career, "I broke my arm when I was hit by a pitch from Tom Browning ... and I was finished. I tried to make a comeback (with California) in 1992, but it was no good."
An indie rock band named themselves after Hayes. Hayes was the inspiration for one of ESPN announcer Chris Berman's "Bermanisms" — Von "Purple" Hayes — a nod to the Jimi Hendrix song "Purple Haze."
Career statistics
Hayes played 555 games at right field, 401 games at first base, 398 games at center field, 207 games at left field and 23 games at third base.
Managerial career
In November 2007, Hayes was named manager of the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Hayes debuted with the South Central Pennsylvania-based franchise in the 2008 season. Hayes has also managed Minor League teams in South Bend, Modesto, and Midland, and was California League Manager of the Year in 2004 and Texas League Manager of the Year in 2005.
On Oct. 26, 2009, the Camden Riversharks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball announced they hired Hayes as their new manager.
He became the manager of the Alexandria Aces in United League Baseball in 2013. In 2015, he was named the manager of the Pericos de Puebla in the Mexican League, but after a slow start he was replaced early in the season by Matías Carrillo. In 2016, he became the manager of the Algodoneros de San Luis Rio Colorado in the Northern Mexican League, an affiliate of the Mexican League. In 2017, Hayes returned to the Pericos de Puebla as the manager. However, after a 26-28 start to the season, he was fired on June 3, 2017.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
List of Puerto Ricans
References
External links
Von Hayes at Baseballbiography.com
Von Hayes advanced stats
Von Hayes 2006 article
Hayes to Manage Barnstormers
Von Hayes 'The Band'
1958 births
Living people
Major League Baseball outfielders
National League All-Stars
Cleveland Indians players
Philadelphia Phillies players
California Angels players
Saint Mary's Gaels baseball players
Baseball players from Stockton, California
Mexican League baseball managers
Minor league baseball managers
Waterloo Indians players
Charleston Charlies players
Clearwater Phillies players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
St. Mary's High School (Stockton, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Hayes |
The Bibi-Khanym Mosque (; ; also variously spelled as Khanum, Khanom, Hanum, Hanim) is one of the most important monuments of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. In the 15th century, it was one of the largest and most magnificent mosques in the Islamic world. It is considered a masterpiece of the Timurid Renaissance. By the mid-20th century, only a grandiose ruin of it still survived, but major parts of the mosque were restored during the Soviet period.
History
After his Indian campaign in 1399, Timur (Tamerlane) decided to undertake the construction of a gigantic mosque in his new capital, Samarkand. When Timur returned from his military campaign in 1404 the mosque was almost completed. However, Timur was not happy with the progress of construction, and immediately had various changes made, especially on the main cupola.
From the beginning of the construction, problems of structural integrity of the structure revealed themselves. Various reconstructions and reinforcements were undertaken in order to save the mosque. However, after just a few years, the first bricks had begun to fall out of the huge dome over the mihrab. The scale of Timur's plans pushed the building techniques of the time to their limit, and the building's integrity was not helped by the rushed nature of its construction.
In the late 16th century, the Abdullah Khan II (Abdollah Khan Ozbeg) (1533/4-1598), the last Shaybanid Dynasty Khan of Bukhara, cancelled all restoration works in Bibi-Khanym Mosque. After that, the mosque slowly deteriorated and became a ruins gnawed at by the wind, weather, and earthquakes. The inner arch of the portal construction finally collapsed in an earthquake in 1897. During the centuries the ruins were plundered by the inhabitants of Samarkand in search of building material, especially the brick of the masonry galleries along with the marble columns.
A first basic investigation into securing the ruins was made in Soviet times. Late in the 20th century, the Uzbek government began restoration of three dome buildings and the main portal. In 1974 the government of the then-Uzbek SSR began the complex reconstruction of the mosque. The decoration of domes and facades was extensively restored and supplemented.
During these restorations, a band of inscriptions revealing Surat al-Baqarah of the Quran was added to the main sanctuary iwan of the mosque. As of 2016, work on the mosque restoration was ongoing.
Architecture
According to the manuscripts, the mosque was erected by the order of Timur in 1399-1405. It possesses the traits typical for many Muslim medieval constructions, especially aivanyard compositions. The mosque follows the basic plan of the courtyard mosque. Its outer walls enclose a rectangular area which measures 167 metres (182.63 yards) in length and 109 metres (119.20 yards) wide and runs roughly from northeast to southwest — the Qibla accordingly. However the size of the site vacant of covered galleries was only 78 by 64 meters.
Entering the Mosque from the northeast through the vast (35 metres high) parade portal leads to the courtyard. A monumental dome above a square base, around 40 m high, rises on the opposite site of the courtyard. The dome is the largest cupola of the mosque. Nevertheless, the dome cannot be seen from the courtyard, for whole building is covered up from inside by the grandiose pischtak, which framed a monumental, deeply embedded iwan. The iwan does not allow getting inside the underlying construction supporting the dome; this can only be done from the sides. Two other domes associated with the iwans, more modest in size, face the center of the long sides of the courtyard. Thus the Bibi-Khanym Mosque implements the classic architectural type of the "four-iwan scheme".
Formerly, there were open galleries measuring 7.2 m high inside the courtyard. Their cover was formed from the juxtaposition of many small, flat brick vaults and domes supported by a forest of more than 400 marble columns and buttresses. Today, only hints of the galleries can be seen.
Four minarets at the outer corners of the site have been restored. Four other, more majestic minarets that flanked the Portal arch of the entrance and the Pischtak of the main domed building are not completed yet.
In the middle of the courtyard is located the stone pedestal — the huge Quran stand — crafted from ornate marble blocks. This remarkable sight originates from the time of Timur.
The huge Bibi-Khanym Mosque with its three domed rooms, the covered galleries and the open courtyard was intended to gather the entire male population of Samarkand city for the joint Friday prayers.
In the construction of three domes of Bibi-Khanym mosque, sophisticated in Timur's time, one important innovation was applied: a two-fold construction, where the internal dome hall neither by the form nor by height corresponds to the dome's shape from outside. There is a hollow space between the inner ceiling and the outer cupola. This dome construction allowed the main hall of the mosque to be committed to the proportions and the aesthetics of the 30 m high interior above the mihrab. Meanwhile, the 40 m high outer dome of the main building could be designed for maximal impression and visibility. This scheme was applied also to the lateral dome structures that allowed making modest buildings the figuration tower-like structures with elegant melon-shaped and longitudinally ribbed outer domes.
The interiors of the mosque contain gilding, imitating local brocade embroideries. Bibi-Khanym mosque was one of the most ambitious architectural projects of the Timurid period and influenced the architecture of Central Asia as well as of Iran and Afghanistan.
Gallery
See also
Gur-e Amir
Shah-i-Zinda
Registan
Tourism in Uzbekistan
History of Persian domes
References
External links
Bibi-Khanym Mosque photos and information
360° view of the Mosque
Location of the Mosque
Square Kufic on the Bibi Khanum Mosque
Buildings and structures completed in 1404
15th-century mosques
Mosques in Uzbekistan
Buildings and structures in Samarkand
Timurid Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi-Khanym%20Mosque |
The Best of Loggins & Messina is a compilation album by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in late 1980. This album was released by their new label, Embassy Records (see 1980 in music).
It consists of 14 of their later recordings and a few of their early hits. However, it omits some of their highest charting songs.
Track listing
"Vahevala" – 4:45 (KL, DL)
"Danny's Song" – 4:14 (KL)
"Nobody But You" (JM)
"Whiskey" (KL)
"House at Pooh Corner" – 4:20 (KL)
"Angry Eyes" – 2:23 (KL, JM)
"Golden Ribbons" (JM)
"My Music" – 3:03 (KL, JM)
"Brighter Days" (KL)
"Watching the River Run" – 3:25 (KL, JM)
"Keep Me In Mind". (JM)
"Peacemaker" (KL, ES, JT)
"I'm Moving On"
"Til The Ends Meet" (KL)
Songwriter credits
KL – Kenny Loggins
JM – Jim Messina
ES – Ed Sanford
JT – John Townsend
DL – Dann Lottermoser
Musical credits
Kenny Loggins (vocals, background vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica, acoustic guitar)
Jim Messina (vocals, background vocals, lead guitar, mandolin, acoustic guitar, dobro)
Murray MacCleod (vocals)
Ed Sanford (vocals)*
John Townsend (vocals)
Merle Brigante (drums)
Chris Brooks (koto)
Jon Clarke (Horn)
Vince Denham (Saxophone)
Victor Feldman (percussion)
Steve Forman (percussion)
Al Garth (Violin, Horn)
Richard Greene (violin)
Milt Holland (percussion)
Michael Omartian (Keyboards)
David Paich (Keyboards)
Marty Paich (strings)
Mike Rubin (piano)
Dan Roberts (Saxophone)
Larry Sims (Bass)
David Wallace (synthesizer)
Loggins and Messina albums
1980 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20of%20Loggins%20%26%20Messina |
In neuroanatomy, the parieto-occipital sulcus (also called the parieto-occipital fissure) is a deep sulcus in the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the cuneus and precuneus, and also between the parietal and occipital lobes. Only a small part can be seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface.
The lateral part of the parieto-occipital sulcus (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length.
The medial part of the parieto-occipital sulcus (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases, it contains a submerged gyrus.
Function
The parieto-occipital lobe has been found in various neuroimaging studies, including PET (positron-emission-tomography) studies, and SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) studies, to be involved along with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during planning.
Gallery
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070316043257/http://www2.umdnj.edu/~neuro/studyaid/Practical2000/Q30.htm
Sulci (neuroanatomy)
Articles containing video clips
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parieto-occipital%20sulcus |
Kathryn Isobel Hay (born 24 November 1975 in Launceston) is an Australian Labor politician and former member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the electorate of Bass. She was first elected in the 2002 election.
Hay was the first woman of Aboriginal descent to be elected in Tasmania (in her maiden speech she points out that her Aboriginal ancestors are Western Australian, not Tasmanian). She was chosen as Miss Tasmania (1999) and Miss Australia (1999).
Hay did not re-contest her seat at the 2006 election. Her term ended when parliament was dissolved on 17 March 2006.
In February 2009, Hay announced she would stand for the Legislative Council division of Windermere, but was defeated by the incumbent, Ivan Dean, at the May 2009 election.
In 2023 Kathryn Isobel Hay was charged with emotional abuse or intimidation of her husband of more than 10 years. Tasmanian Police allege, the offending was committed by Kathryn, against her husband and occurred between 22 October 2011 and 13 February 2022.
References
External links
Kathryn Hay's maiden speech to parliament
1975 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian politicians
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian beauty pageant winners
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Women members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn%20Hay |
Piezo ignition is a type of ignition that is used in portable camping stoves, gas grills and some lighters. Piezo ignition uses the principle of piezoelectricity, which, in short, is the electric charge that accumulates in some materials in response to mechanical deformation. It consists of a small, spring-loaded hammer which, when a button is pressed, hits a crystal of PZT. This sudden forceful deformation produces a high voltage and subsequent electrical discharge, which ignites the gas.
No external electric connection is required, though wires are sometimes used to place the sparking location away from the crystal itself. Piezo ignition systems can be operated by either a lever, push-button or built into the control knob. An electric spark is usually generated once per turn of the knob or press of the button.
References
External links
Piezo Disassembly — Exposing the piezo element in a barbecue lighter
Piezo Igniter Life — A destructive test of igniter lifetime
Firelighting using electricity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezo%20ignition |
Eccles Road railway station is on the Breckland line in the east of England, serving the villages of Eccles, Quidenham and Wilby in Norfolk. The line runs between in the west and in the east.
Eccles Road is situated between and , from London Liverpool Street via . The station is managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates most of the services calling at the station. Some East Midlands Railway also stop at Eccles Road.
The station takes its name from being outside of the now abandoned original village of Eccles although the church Eccles St. Mary still stands and is one of 124 original round-tower churches in Norfolk. A new settlement, also called Eccles, has developed around the station. The station is situated in the civil parish of Quidenham, about 2 miles (3 km) north of that village, and 1 mile (1.5 km) north-east of Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit.
The station is unstaffed and has two platforms, adjacent to a level crossing. Wooden level crossing gates used to be opened and closed manually by a signaller in the local signal box, which is dated 1883. However, in 2012 the signal box was closed and the crossing was renewed with automatic barriers controlled from Cambridge. The redundant signal box stands across the road from the westbound (Cambridge) platform, and was expected to be demolished when the barriers were replaced in 2017.
History
The Bill for the Norwich & Brandon Railway (N&BR) received Royal Assent on 10 May 1844. Work started on the line in 1844 and the line and its stations were opened on 30 July 1845. , The line ran from Ely to Trowse, in Norwich. The link into Norwich was delayed due to the need to build a bridge over the River Wensum that kept the river navigable. One month before the N&BR opened a Bill authorising the amalgamation of the Yarmouth & Norwich Railway with the N&BR came into effect and so Eccles Road station became a Norfolk Railway asset.
Services
, from Monday to Saturday there are two trains per day eastbound to , both timed to arrive in Norwich before 09:00 and operated by Greater Anglia.
Westbound, there are two trains per day on weekday afternoons, one operated by East Midlands Railway which calls at , , and , before reversing and continuing to ; and the other to , operated by Greater Anglia. On Saturday afternoons there are two westbound services to via Cambridge, both operated by Greater Anglia.
There is no Sunday service.
References
External links
St Mary's on the European Round Tower Churches Website
Railway stations in Norfolk
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
1845 establishments in England
Quidenham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccles%20Road%20railway%20station |
The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain of humans and other primates. Its name comes from the Latin "calcar" meaning "spur". It is very deep, and known as a complete sulcus.
Structure
The calcarine sulcus begins near the occipital pole in two converging rami. It runs forward to a point a little below the splenium of the corpus callosum. Here, it is joined at an acute angle by the medial part of the parieto-occipital sulcus. The anterior part of this sulcus gives rise to the prominence of the calcar avis in the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle. The cuneus is above the calcarine sulcus, while the lingual gyrus is below it.
Development
In humans, the calcarine sulcus usually becomes visible between 20 weeks and 28 weeks of gestation.
Function
The calcarine sulcus is associated with the visual cortex. It is where the primary visual cortex (V1) is concentrated. The central visual field is located in the posterior portion of the calcarine sulcus, and the peripheral visual field is located in the anterior portion.
History
The name of the calcarine sulcus comes from the Latin "calcar" meaning "spur".
Additional images
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090310124713/http://www2.umdnj.edu/~neuro/studyaid/Practical2000/Q31.htm
- "The Visual Pathway from Below"
NIF Search - Calcarine Fissure via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Sulci (neuroanatomy)
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
Occipital lobe
Anatomic Landmarks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcarine%20sulcus |
Goulburn Airport is a general aviation airport located south of Goulburn, New South Wales. Throughout the 1990s, suggestions were put forward to have Goulburn airport as a secondary international airport to service Sydney.
The Windellama Rd facility was advertised for sale in the United States, Asia Pacific as well as within Australia, it was determined in February 2011 that Goulburn Mulwaree Council sell the Airport to John Ferrara. Initially the Airport is to be leased and operated by Ferrara for up to two years. Goulburn Airport has been under consideration as a freight hub for Canberra, as the city's international airport expands. In what is believed to be a first for an Australian airport, Goulburn airport has installed a series of hybrid wind and solar powered street light systems.
Airport Facilities
The primary runway is 04/22, with a paved surface measuring 1,283 m × 30 m (4,209 ft × 98 ft). 04/22 is equipped with pilot activated low intensity runway lighting. The secondary runway 08/26 measuring 676 m × 30 m (2,218 ft × 98 ft) is suitable for day operations only as it is not equipped with runway lighting and is unsealed.
There is no control tower located at the airport and pilots must co-ordinate arrivals and departures using a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (127.15), aided by an Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit (AFRU), which notifies pilots that their transmissions have been received on the frequency and activates lighting systems as appropriate. The nearest radio navigation aid for pilots is the Goulburn Non-Directional Beacon installation located within the airport boundary. Fuel is available for piston, turbine and jet powered aircraft and an automated weather service (AWIS – 136.30) also operates at the airport.
Parachute Drop Zone
Adrenaline Skydive received permission from the New South Wales Parachute Council to begin operation as of 5 March 2011. Adrenaline Skydive is the closest student free-fall training facility to Canberra, offering tandem skydive packages, learn to skydive courses and ongoing training, coaching and advice for all experience levels. Their skydiving drop zone is located 45 minutes from Canberra.
Skydiving in Goulburn NSW, goes back over 20 years, it was a successful and popular drop zone in the 90's attracting over 200 jumpers a weekend and had an outstanding record for safety.
Adrenaline Skydive, started by Bill Tuddenham, first operated in the Newcastle / Hunter area, it was a successful tandem and student operation that attracted thousands of people from the area.
John Ferarra – Now (CEO) of Adrenaline Skydive and owner of Goulburn Airport teamed up with Tuddenham to re-open the facility. It was a work in progress for over 9 years, approval in February 2011, and operations commencing in March 2011.
In August 2012, the NSW parachute council approved the appointment of Matt Chambers as chief instructor.
John Ferarra (CEO), Ken Enright (General Manager) and Chambers (Chief Instructor) have a vision to promote skydiving in the Canberra and surrounding area, giving the public opportunity experience free-fall as a tandem, offering students learning to skydive.
Flight Training
Goulburn Flight Training Centre is based at Goulburn Airport, operating a fleet consisting of Twin Turbine Embraer EMB110, Skyfox Gazelles, Cessna 150, Cessna 172RG, Cessna 182, Piper Cherokee, Beechcraft Duchess and Grumman aircraft. The centre is certified to provide training in both Recreational Aviation and General Aviation Private Pilot and Commercial Pilot licensing.
Goulburn Aviation also has its home at Goulburn Airport with a satellite base at nearby Canberra Airport. For flight training they use the Piper Warrior while also having available to hire a Cessna Hawk XP, Piper Archer, and Jabiru J170. Goulburn Aviation has been providing flying training since 1993.
Rural Fire Service
The airport is occasionally used by the NSW Rural Fire Service for loading retardant and refueling fire bombing aircraft.
Accidents and incidents
20 November 2010 – A 48-year-old Goulburn man was killed on Saturday evening when his aircraft crashed just 250m after taking off from Goulburn airport.
29 January 2012 – A pilot and his passenger escaped serious injury when their vintage De Havilland Chipmunk aircraft crashed shortly after take-off from Goulburn Airport.
21 November 2015 – Tony Rokov, 44, a skydiving instructor, died during a tandem jump. The tandem jumper, a 14-year-old boy was critically injured and airlifted to hospital, and is recovering from his injuries. A gust of wind caused the parachute canopy to collapse and the jumpers fell from approximately . Rokov is credited with protecting the boy with his own body.
28 December 2015 – A 44-year-old skydiver from Sydney was killed.
27 June 2021 – A 32-year-old skydiver and 37-year-old instructor, from Canberra and Sydney respectively, died when their equipment got caught on the plane from which they were jumping.
See also
List of airports in New South Wales
References
Airports in New South Wales
Goulburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn%20Airport |
Victor Bailey (March 27, 1960 – November 11, 2016) was an American bass guitar player. He was the bassist for Weather Report during their final years from 1982 to 1986, and launched a solo career in 1988. As a musician, Bailey was known for his signature scat-bass solos.
Biography
Born in Philadelphia, on 27 March 1960, Victor Randall Bailey was raised by a highly musical family. His father, Morris Bailey Jr., was an active musician and composer, while his uncle, Donald "Duck" Bailey, was a jazz drummer, who played on numerous Blue Note records (e.g., Jimmy Smith Trio, Hampton Hawes, Carmen McRae, Dizzy Gillespie). As a child, Bailey played the drums, but ultimately switched to bass guitar after the bassist in his neighborhood band walked out of a band practice. Because young Victor took an immediate liking to the instrument, his father encouraged him to become a bass player. Beginning in 1978, at the age of 18, Bailey attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston after being disqualified from naval service due to asthma.
Like his father, Bailey suffered from Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease for most of his adult life. As the disease progressed, Bailey began using a cane to offset his weakened legs. The weakness finally spread to his upper body, necessitating his 2015 retirement from performing and from his teaching position at Berklee College of Music. He died on 11 November, 2016 in Stafford, VA, likely from complications from Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease).
Bailey played a 1986 Pensa-Suhr J-4 koa bass and a fretless Ibanez Roadstar among others. His instruments were auctioned by Skinner. The J-4 sold for $10,455 US Bailey had a series of remarkable contributions as the main bassist for American jazz fusion band Weather Report, for which he played on four of their studio albums between 1983 and 1986.
Fender released a Victor Bailey Signature acoustic bass guitar, as well as the Victor Bailey Jazz Bass (Artist series), available in 4, 5-string, fretted and fretless versions. Bailey also used Markbass amplifiers.
Discography
As leader
Bottom's Up (Atlantic, 1989)
Petite Blonde (with Dennis Chambers, Mitch Forman, Chuck Loeb, and Bill Evans) (1992)
Low Blow (Zebra, 1999)
That's Right! (ESC, 2001)
Electric (with Larry Coryell and Lenny White) (Chesky, 2005)
Traffic (with Larry Coryell and Lenny White) (2006)
Slippin' 'n' Trippin''' (2010)
Michael Brecker
Now You See It... (Now You Don't) (GRP, 1990)
Omar Hakim
Rhythm Deep (GRP, 1989)
Steps Ahead
Magnetic (Elektra, 1986)
Vibe (NYC, 1995)
Weather Report
Procession (Columbia, 1983)
Domino Theory (Columbia, 1984)
Sportin' Life (Columbia, 1985)
This Is This!'' (Columbia, 1986)
References
External links
1960 births
2016 deaths
Berklee College of Music alumni
Weather Report members
Jazz fusion bass guitarists
21st-century American bass guitarists
American jazz bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
Neurological disease deaths in Virginia
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Chesky Records artists
Guitarists from Philadelphia
20th-century American bass guitarists
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Steps Ahead members
The Zawinul Syndicate members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Bailey%20%28musician%29 |
Congress House is the headquarters of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), a British organisation that represents most of the UK's trade unions. It is also an events venue, Congress Centre.
In 1948, David du Roi Aberdeen won an architectural competition to design the new TUC headquarters building in Great Russell Street, London. Staff began to move into the offices in 1956. Congress House was officially opened on 27 March 1958 along with the unveiling of a giant pietà-style statue of a woman holding her dead son. Carved in place in the internal courtyard by Jacob Epstein, it was intended as a memorial to the dead trade unionists of both world wars.
The front of the building is dominated by a bronze sculpture by Bernard Meadows representing the spirit of trade unionism with the strong helping the weak. The main facing material of the façade is polished grey Cornish granite.
Congress House was one of the earliest post-war buildings to be listed at Grade II*, in 1988.
In 2015, an ETFE roof was installed over the internal courtyard which enabled the glass roof of the conference centre below to be reinstated and affords protection to the Epstein statue.
In 2018, an extensive redevelopment of the rear of the building was carried out, creating a new entrance, reception, offices and staff facilities. Known as 'The Rookery', the new development includes a public artwork by German artist Eva Berendes inspired by traditional trade union badges.
Gallery
References
External links
TUC's webpage with details of the history of the building
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden
Office buildings completed in 1958
Trades Union Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20House |
General elections were held in South Africa in August 1984 to elect Coloured and Indian representatives to their respective houses of the Tricameral Parliament. The Coloured elections for the House of Representatives took place on 22 August, and resulted in a victory for the Labour Party, headed by the Reverend Allan Hendrickse, which won 76 of the 80 seats. The Indian elections for the House of Delegates were held on 28 August and saw the National People's Party emerge as the largest party, winning 18 of the 40 seats. The Indian elections were opposed by the United Democratic Front and were marked by boycotts and protests. Despite the Prohibition of Political Interference Act of 1968 which banned mixed-race political parties, nine Indian members of Hendricke's Labour Party stood as independents, one of whom won a seat and subsequently joined the NPP.
Background
In addition to the whites-only House of Assembly, a November 1983 referendum had approved the creation of two new houses an 80-member House of Representatives for Coloureds and a 40-member House of Delegates for Asians.
Results
House of Representatives
By constituency
House of Delegates
By constituency
Reactions
The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 554 (1984) condemning the election, declaring it null and void as it was designed to entrench minority rule.
References
External links
BBC News report on the elections and reforms to Apartheid BBC Archive video
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
Events associated with apartheid
August 1984 events in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Aboubakar Abdel Rahmane (died 1979) was a Chadian warlord active during the civil war. His early life is very undocumented, and his date of birth is unknown. A semi-literate Muslim Kanembu, he originally belonged to Goukouni Oueddei's People's Armed Forces (FAP). A member of the FAP's Comité Militaire Interarmées Provisoire (CMIAP), he was expelled in 1977 from the organization for having protested against the neglect of his area, Kanem. Aboubakar formed the Third Liberation Army of the FROLINAT, later called Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad (MPLT) in January 1978. It was a small militia composed mostly of Kanembu and active around Lake Chad. It early became Nigeria's chief agent in the country, and also for this Aboubakar as head of the MPLT was one of the four Chadian leaders invited at the Kano peace conference in Nigeria in March 1979. Aboubakar played here an important role, being the only Chadian leader to advocate the withdrawal of French troops from Chad, a key aspect of the following Kano Accord, as the proclaimed necessity of an "African solution" (i.e. Nigerian). A government of national unity was created, and Aboubakar became Interior Minister. A month later, through Nigerian help he even obtained an associate of his, Lol Mahamat Choua, to be made president of the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT). Some time after this Aboubakar died, and the importance of the MPLT waned, also through the new Lagos Accord.
References
Chad: A Country Study
Year of birth missing
1979 deaths
Chadian rebels
Date of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboubakar%20Abdel%20Rahmane |
Gisleham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Suffolk. It is on the edge of Lowestoft, around south-west of the town centre. The parish is in the East Suffolk district, situated between Carlton Colville and Kessingland.
The parish had a population of 778 at the 2011 United Kingdom census. The main A12 road cuts through the eastern portion of the parish close to the North Sea coast. The coastal section of the parish to the east of the main road has developed as a series of holiday parks, including a large Pontins park. The parish extends south as far as the Hundred River where it borders Henstead with Hulver Street and Rushmere parishes.
History
The place name of Gisleham derives from the Old English gysla and ham, meaning "Gysla's Village".
Gisleham Manor is a moated site dating to the 13th-century. A house once existed that was enclosed within the moats, and is likely to have been a fortified manor house. The house and associated buildings no longer exist.The site is a scheduled monument.
The lordship of Gisleham Manor was held by a number of families in succession.
Culture and community
Residential development at Bloodmoor Hill on the edge of Carlton Colville has led to a rapid growth in the parish population since the 1980s when it stood at 456. The South Lowestoft Industrial Estate, including a number of large retail stores, has also been built where the parish borders Pakefield on the southern edge of Lowestoft.
The traditional area of the village is centred around the parish church and extends in a linear style. It includes an area of housing at Black Street in the south of the parish and development to the north around the site of the former Gisleham Middle School. This was closed in 2011 as part of a reorganisation of schools in parts of Suffolk, and is now the site of Carlton Colville Primary School.
Holy Trinity church
Holy Trinity church is one of around 40 round-tower churches in Suffolk. The church has a late Saxon or early Norman round base topped with a 15th-century octagonal brick crown. The medieval church was restored in 1861 and 1887, and the chancel in 1902 to 1908. It is a Grade I listed building.
Notes
References
External links
Website with photos of Gisleham Holy Trinity, a round-tower church
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Waveney District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisleham |
The Robert Fitzgerald Prosody Award is awarded to scholars who have made a lasting contribution to the art and science of versification. The award was named after the poet, critic, and translator Robert Fitzgerald. It was established in 1999 at the Fifth Annual West Chester University Poetry Conference. Each awardee has been interviewed at the conference by linguist and literary historian Dr. Thomas Cable of the University of Texas at Austin.
Winners
2014: Brennan O'Donnell
2012: Charles O. Hartman
2010: Thomas Cable
2009: Annie Finch
2008: Lewis Turco
2007: Robert B. Shaw
2006: John Hollander
2005: Marina Tarlinskaja
2004: Timothy Steele
2003: George T. Wright
2002: Paul Fussell
2001: Edward Weismiller
2000: T. V. F. Brogan
1999: Derek Attridge
See also
Poetry
List of years in poetry
List of poetry awards
List of literary awards
References
Thomas Cable 'The Robert Fitzgerald Prosody Award' in R. S. Gwynn and April Linder (editors) The West Chester University Poetry Conference: A History, Kelly-Winterton Press, New York, 2004.
American poetry awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Fitzgerald%20Prosody%20Award |
LGBT Humanists UK, founded in 1979, is a special interest section of Humanists UK which campaigns for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) equality and human rights in the United Kingdom. It also organises social events for LGBT humanists and public awareness initiatives around Humanism.
It was founded as a separate humanist organisation, the Gay Humanist Group, later the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association (GALHA). It became a part of the British Humanist Association in 2012, and took on the name Galha LGBT Humanists before becoming LGBT Humanists UK in 2015. The British Humanist Association (BHA) became Humanists UK in 2017.
For many years, its President was the poet Maureen Duffy, who became a Patron of the BHA when the organisations merged. As GALHA, the group was independently affiliated with the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) and the NGO Amnesty International. The group is led by volunteers. Past chairs include Andrew Copson, the chief executive of the BHA, who is also President of IHEU.
History and Current Work
The Gay Humanist Group was originally founded in response to the Gay News 'blasphemy' trial by members of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality at their Brighton conference in August 1979. The group had been responded in response to unfounded accusations by Mary Whitehouse that a "gay humanist lobby" was influencing public opinion and public policy. The founding members of the Gay Humanist Group thought that, while Whitehouse's claims were unfounded and untrue, that a gay humanist lobby group was a good idea and indeed one urgently needed.
From its inception, the Gay Humanist Group worked to combat widespread prejudice and religious bigotry towards LGBT people in the UK, at a time when attitudes to homosexuality were still fairly negative on the whole. Since that time the organisation has played key roles in UK-wide campaigns for LGBT equality, particularly marriage rights for LGBT couples. The group had provided non-recognised humanist marriage ceremonies for same-sex couples since the 1980s, and coordinated a number of such ceremonies outside Parliament to inspire legislative action, which it credits with inspiring Mayor of London Ken Livingstone's London Partnership Register in 2001. This was in turn an inspiration for the 2005 Civil Partnership Act which preceded the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act in 2013.
LGBT Humanists UK remains the only organisation representing LGBT+ non-religious people and humanists in the UK. LGBT Humanists UK provides fellowship for LGBT+ non-religious people and continues to lead the fight to ban conversion therapy in the UK. LGBT Humanists works closely with organisations including Stonewall and Faith to Faithless to campaign against so-called 'conversion' therapy and to support and empower survivors of this discredited and harmful practice.
The Gay Humanist Group became GALHA (Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association) in 1987. It later became Galha LGBT Humanists in 2012, and then LGBT Humanists in 2015. LGBT Humanists is led by the Coordinator Chris Lynch, and the committee also includes a permanent Secretary, Volunteer Manager, Events Coordinator, Newsletter Lead and Outreach Lead.
In recent years, LGBT Humanists has also played a role in supporting and providing guidance and event co-ordination for the annual Transgender Day of Remembrance.
See also
Pink Triangle Trust
References
Sources
Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association (GALHA) by Bishopsgate Institute
Gay refugees need asylum by Peter Tatchell, writing for The Guardian newspaper
Consortium
International Humanist and Ethical Union
National Secular Society
GALHA LGBT Humanists on the UK LGBT Archive wiki
LGBT Humanists UK Homepage
Humanist associations
LGBT organisations in the United Kingdom
1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20Humanists%20UK |
Mount Pico () is a currently quiescent stratovolcano located on Pico Island, in the mid-Atlantic archipelago of the Azores. It is the highest mountain in Portugal, at above sea level, and is one of the highest Atlantic mountains; it is more than twice the elevation of any other peak in the Azores. It has been a designated nature reserve since 1972.
Eruptive history
Historical eruptions of Pico have occurred from vents on its flanks rather than the summit crater. In 1562–1564, an eruption on the southeast flank produced lava flows which reached the sea. Another flank eruption in 1718 also produced flows which reached the coast. The most recent eruption occurred in December 1720.
On 29 September 2009 there were reports from local news sources that indicated that a fumarole existing at the pinnacle of the mountain (Piquinho) began emitting volcanic gas. The region's seismic and volcanological monitoring centre () indicated that the phenomenon occurred in the early morning, turning intense and visible in various points throughout the island and from Faial. Although the event resulted from exceptional meteorological conditions and was visible in the Central Group, there was no liberation of anomalous volcanic gases and all other parameters fell within norms.
Geology
Mount Pico volcano is part of the Madalena Volcanic Complex, one of three volcanological units that comprise the island of Pico, associated with three historic eruptions in 1562, 1718 and 1720. Current morphology suggests an age dating to the Holocene age, confirmed by radiocarbon dates younger than 6000 years. Structurally, this complex can be subdivided into two other sections: the Pico Volcano and the East Fissural Zone.
Pico is a stratovolcano (or composite), with a pit crater on its summit. Pico Alto is the round crater about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in diameter and 30 meters deep that tops the volcano, with Piquinho or Pico Pequeno (both names meaning "small peak" in Portuguese), a small volcanic cone, rising 70 metres within it to form the true summit. Meanwhile, the East Fissural Zone comprises several alignments of Hawaiian/Strombolian cinder cones and associated lava flows, which overflowed many of the cliffs, cut in older units and originated lava deltas ().
The tectonic structure is characterized by two fault systems. The main WNW-ESE structures are the dextral faults of Lagoa do Capitão and Topo, that merge to the east, forming a narrow shallow graben (or trench). To the west, the graben is completely covered by the Pico stratovolcano occurring less than 10,000 years ago, and infilled by lava flows and cones of the Eastern Fissural zone, that includes many of the volcanic alignments and scarps. The second fault zone, running NNW-SSE, are markedly less in number and includes normal left lateral, oblique slip faults responsible for the main volcanic eruptions: the Lomba de Fogo-São João fault (basis of the 1718 eruption) and the Santo António volcanic alignment.
On top of Pico (at Piquinho) there is an area of permanent degasification characterized by the emission of water vapour at a temperature of between 50 °C to 75 °C. In addition, other vents also exist between and above sea level, as well as diffuse degasification along the graben between the Lagoa do Capitão and Topo faults. There is also a carbon dioxide-rich spring in the locality of Silveira (along the southern coast of Lajes do Pico, formed in the base of Pico.
Observatory
Mount Pico's long topographic isolation and low altitude marine boundary layer makes it an ideal place for the study of aerosol particles. In 1998, an observatory station (PICO-NARE) was placed on the summit caldera at altitude. The observatory was founded and is operated by the University of the Azores, with the cooperation of the Michigan Technological University, the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, and the University of Colorado Boulder, along with other international scientists, and is designed to study the impacts that air pollutants emitted in North America and Europe have on the atmosphere over the North Atlantic Ocean.
See also
List of European ultra prominent peaks
Mons Pico
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Photographic chronicle of a climb to the top of the Pico volcano.
Pico - A Ilha Montanha Atlantica - Flickr Group
Photo Gallery
Recent pictures of a climb to the top of Pico volcano.
Mountains of Portugal
Extreme points of Portugal
Stratovolcanoes of Portugal
Pico Island
Two-thousanders of Portugal
Geology of the Azores
Highest points of countries
Holocene stratovolcanoes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pico |
The peso moneda corriente was a non-convertible Argentine paper currency which circulated between 9 January 1826, and 4 November 1881. It was worth eight reales. Its symbol was $m/c. It was also known as the peso papel (paper money).
It was also known by the name of the peso papel as opposed to the Peso Fuerte ($F) and the gold or silver coins of previous issues. It circulated almost exclusively in the Buenos Aires Province, since in the interior of the country only metallic coins were used during that time, such as the old Bolivian silver peso, and also, to a lesser extent, coins from other countries. “It was the role of the province of Buenos Aires –or current currency- that really imposed the monetary practices, evicting silver and gold from circulation.”
Overview
The peso moneda corriente was not the first paper money issued in Argentina as the Banco de Buenos Aires had already issued paper money in 1822, but it was convertible into cash. The inconvertibility decreed in January 1826 was due to the economic problems caused by the War in Brazil. There was an exception: the period from January 3, 1867 to May 17, 1876 in which it was convertible at the rate of $m/c 25 = $F 1 at the Exchange Office of the Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. The return of inconvertibility was due to the exchange rate run caused by the crisis of the 70s. gold first and the strong peso later.
The peso moneda corriente was introduced at par with the peso fuerte ($F) but was devalued several times during its life. In the period from 3 January 1867 to 17 May 1876, the peso moneda corriente could be converted to gold, at the rate 25 = , in the Oficina de Cambios (exchange office) of the Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. The office closed in 1876 because the people exchanged pesos for gold in large quantities. The peso moneda corriente was replaced by the peso moneda nacional at the rate of 25 pesos moneda corriente = 1 peso moneda nacional.
During the period the peso moneda corriente was in use, currencies from other countries were also used (especially the Bolivian boliviano).
The peso moneda corriente was replaced by the "Peso Oro Sellado" or gold weight at a rate of $m/c 25 = o$s 1 as of November 1881, at that time also equal to the Argentine peso moneda nacional. Article 13 of Law 1,130 -which established the gold weight- mandated that "Issuing Banks that exist in the Republic must, within two years of enactment of this Law, renew all their issuance in banknotes, to national currency".
Banknotes
Source:
Banco de Buenos Ayres issues
Banco Nacional de la Provincias Unidas issues
Casa de Moneda de Buenos Ayres issues
Banknotes issued during the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas (1835–1852). They included the legend "Viva la Federación".
Casa de Moneda de Buenos Ayres issues
A second series was issued during the government of Rosas. The legend ""Viva la Confederación Argentina... Mueran los Salvajes Unitarios" was introduced.
References
External links
Base de datos de Rodolfo Frank - El valor de la moneda (MS-Word document)
Peso moneda corriente
1826 establishments in Argentina
1881 disestablishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20peso%20moneda%20corriente |
Flor Meléndez Montañez (born January 12, 1947) is a Puerto Rican retired basketball player and current coach. He is a former head coach of Puerto Rico’s men’s national basketball team, Argentina men's national basketball team, and Panama men's national basketball team. Currently, he coaches in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional as an assistant coach for Gigantes de Carolina.
Biography
Early life
Meléndez is the son of Florencio Meléndez and Emilia Montañez. He grew up alongside seven brothers and three sisters. Two of his brothers, Jorge and Diego, also had notable careers as basketball players.
Meléndez enjoyed sports since a young age. He moved to Cantera, a San Juan area that is close to the childhood homes of salsa singer Andy Montañez and world boxing champion Ossie Ocasio, when he was still a child. At Cantera, he was enrolled at the Oratorio San Juan Bosco school, where he participated in one of Puerto Rico's best known Association football programs, the "Don Bosco" teams. He also enjoyed playing baseball.
Although Meléndez would have probably been chosen to play on Puerto Rico's Liga de Baloncesto Superior (Puerto Rico's professional basketball league) he decided to pursue basketball as a future career, playing in the YMCA before entering the Puerto Rico's professional basketball league in 1965, with San Juan's squad.
Professional career
Meléndez began his coaching career in 1967, coaching a youth team. In 1968, Meléndez became a member of the Puerto Rican national basketball team that competed at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. He also represented the country in Spain, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic as a player with the national team.
Meléndez won four youth championships as head coach between 1967 and 1973, year in which he was traded from San Juan to the Gigantes de Carolina team in the BSN. Meléndez became head coach of the Puerto Rican national women's basketball team in 1976. He helped the Gigantes reach the BSN finals in 1979, but they lost to Raymond Dalmau's Quebradillas Pirates for the championship. That year, Meléndez retired as a player and decided to concentrate on his coaching career. In 1978, he stepped off as coach of the women's national team, having won two gold medals with the women's youth team and a bronze one with the veteran's team, earned at the Central American and Caribbean Games held in Medellín, Colombia.
Upon retiring as head coach of the female national team, Meléndez made his debut as BSN head coach, with the Gigantes. He coached them into two more consecutive finals, but they again fell short to the Dalmau led Piratas de Quebradillas, in 1978 and 1979. His first year as head coach of the Gigantes, Meléndez won the BSN's coach of the year award. That same year, he became head coach of the men's national team, leading them to a gold medal in the Pre-Olympics. Because United States President Jimmy Carter announced a boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, Meléndez was deprived of participating in his second Olympic Games. In 1981, Meléndez returned to the finals, this time coaching the Bayamón Cowboys, who, helped by stars such as Rubén Rodríguez, Jose Sosa and Roberto Valderas, won the national championship by defeating Fico Lopez, Mario Morales and the Julio Toro coached Guaynabo Mets. Meléndez and Toro sustained a coaching rivalry during the early 1980s that lasted a few years. In 1982, the Cowboys lost to the Mets in the tournament's semifinals.
Meléndez remained as head coach of the men's national team until 1983, when he retired as head coach of that organization, having led them to a silver medal at the 1979 Pan American Games held in San Juan, and at the 1981 Centrobasket tournament as well as the 1982 Central American and Caribbean games.
From 1982 to 1985, Meléndez coach the Obras Sanitarias and guided the team to the 1983 FIBA Intercontinental Cup title, becoming the first Puerto Rican coach to win the competition.
In 1985, Meléndez led José Ortiz and the Atleticos de San German to that franchise's first championship in 30 years. He then moved to Argentina, where he was named head coach of that country's national team. He coached in Argentina's professional league, and had a stint as head coach of a professional team in Venezuela. Meléndez would later on move to Panama, where he also was head coach of the national team.
In 1992, Melendez earned his second BSN coach of the year award, and he repeated it in 1993. Back at the helm of the Bayamón Cowboys, Meléndez won his third national championship in 1995, leading the team to back to back titles when they also conquered the 1996 championship. In 1999, Meléndez made history by taking Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, the Brazilian basketball team to the McDonald's Cup final, facing NBA champion San Antonio Spurs. With Vasco, Meléndez won the Brazilian Championship and South American basketball champion. Meléndez was still coaching the Cowboys in 2004, when, as assistant coach, he finally attended his second Olympic Games, after Puerto Rico's national men's basketball team won a bronze medal at the 2003 pre-Olympic Games to qualify for the Athens sports celebration.
Meléndez has also coached the Ponce Lions in the BSN. He recorded his 600th career win on April 24, 2017. As a basketball player, Meléndez retired as one of only 65 players in history to reach the 5,000 points mark in the BSN, having scored 5,088 points during his career.
In 2020 Meléndez was managing the Indios de Mayagüez team until the season was postponed on account of a global pandemic.
In 2021, Melendez began as the head coach of Mayagüez. He resigned in mid-August, and became an assistant coach at Carolina.
Personal life
Melendez's grandson Jhivvan Jackson plays college basketball for UTSA. At the end of March 2020, Melendez was hospitalized after contracting the coronavirus during the 2020 pandemic. He recovered and tested negative by April. His wife who had also tested positive, recovered as well.
References
External links
Statistics in BSN
Puerto Rican basketball federation's page about Meléndez
1947 births
People from Cidra, Puerto Rico
Living people
Puerto Rican men's basketball players
Baloncesto Superior Nacional players
BSN coaches
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista basketball coaches
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama basketball coaches
Shooting guards
Gigantes de Carolina basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%20Mel%C3%A9ndez |
Scots College or Scots School may refer to:
Catholic seminaries
Scots College, Paris, France, (founded 1325)
Scots College, Douai, France, (founded 1573)
Scots College, Rome, Italy, (founded 1600), also known as The Pontifical Scots College
Royal Scots College, Spain (founded 1627)
Other establishments
Argentina
Australia
Scots College (Sydney), in Bellevue Hill, Sydney
Scots PGC College, in Warwick, Queensland, formed by the merger of The Scots College, Warwick and The Presbyterian Girls' College
Scots School Albury, New South Wales
Scots School, Bathurst, New South Wales
France
Collège des Écossais, Montpellier ('Scots College')
Scots College (Paris)
New Zealand
Scots College, Wellington
See also
Bombay Scottish School
Scotch College (disambiguation)
Scots Kirk (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots%20College |
Tanglewood Numbers is the fifth studio album by Silver Jews, released in 2005.
Like on all of their other albums, Silver Jews' principal song writer and constant band member is David Berman. On this album fourteen other musicians are involved in the performance and creation.
Tanglewood Numbers marked the return of Pavement members Stephen Malkmus and Bob Nastanovich into Silver Jews. Malkmus had last appeared on American Water while Nastanovich had last appeared on the band's debut album Starlite Walker. Cassie Berman, David Berman's then wife, also appears, as does Will Oldham.
The album's cover is a photograph by famed Southern photographer William Eggleston.
Background
In the four years between Bright Flight and Tanglewood Numbers, Silver Jews frontman David Berman had suffered from substance abuse, depression and a suicide attempt. However, Berman was able to rehabilitate and he became more deeply involved into his Jewish faith.
During its recording, Tanglewood Numbers was nearly destroyed in a fire that burned down Memphis' historic Easley-McCain studio, where the album was going to be mastered.
Reception
Tanglewood Numbers has received mostly positive reviews. According to Metacritic, the album has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 32 critics reviews, indicating "Universal acclaim."
Giving the album a 4.5 out of 5 stars, Heather Phares of Allmusic, in references to Berman's past problem, wrote "Hopefully the circumstances around Tanglewood Numbers will never repeat themselves, but there's no denying that this is a uniquely powerful and moving set of songs." Popmatters' Josh Berquist also gave the album a positive review, writing "Even if it’s not their finest work, it certainly feels like it is. There is a visceral vitality to Tanglewood Numbers that has never inhabited any album prior."
In a more mixed review, Dusted Reviews' Nathan Hogan criticized Berman's less prominent vocals, writing "...Berman’s a brilliant lyricist with 30 or 40 minutes to spare every couple of years, and his voice seems oddly absent from this record." However, Hogan concluded his review with "In the end, disliking Tanglewood Numbers leaves me feeling a bit like one of the schlubs who groused about Dylan going electric... I suppose it’s possible this record’s a grower. For the time being, that’s the best there is to say about it."
Track listing
Personnel
The following people contributed to Tanglewood Numbers:
Silver Jews
David Berman
Brian Kotzur
Mike Fellows
Stephen Malkmus
Bob Nastanovich
Cassie Berman
Tony Crow
Paz Lenchantin
Azita Youssefi
Bobby Bare, Jr.
Will Oldham
Duane Denison
Pete Cummings
William Tyler
John St. West
Recording personnel
Joe Funderburk - Mixing
David Henry - Vocal Engineer
Mark Nevers - Engineer
Roger Seibel - Mastering
Additional personnel
Alexander Graham Bell - Drawing
William Eggleston - Photography
Gerônimo - Drawing
Jessica Jackson Hutchins - Drawing
Charts
References
2005 albums
Silver Jews albums
Drag City (record label) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood%20Numbers |
Ian Parrott (5 March 1916 – 4 September 2012) was a prolific Anglo-Welsh composer and writer on music. His distinctions included the first prize of the Royal Philharmonic Society for his symphonic poem Luxor, and commissions by the BBC and Yale University, and for many leading British musicians. In 1958 his cor anglais concerto was first performed at Cheltenham Festival, and in 1963 his cello concerto was given by William Pleeth and the Hallé Orchestra – both concertos were conducted by Sir John Barbirolli.
Early life
Ian Parrott was born in Streatham, London, in 1916. He first studied at the Royal College of Music. He was a music scholar at New College, Oxford, from 1934 to 1937, where he studied the viola with André Mangeot, and was awarded his doctorate in 1940. War service with the Royal Corps of Signals during World War II took him to Egypt.
Career
After the war, Parrott became a lecturer at Birmingham University from 1946 to 1950. After about 1951, Parrott's compositions became deeply influenced by his interest in the Welsh landscape and culture, when he was appointed Gregynog Chair of Music at Aberystwyth until he retired in 1983,
In 1955 Parrott became a founder member of the Guild for the Promotion of Welsh Music. That year he revived the Gregynog Festival, originally held from 1933 until 1938 by the art patrons Gwendoline and Margaret Davies. He ended it in 1961, but the festival, revived again in 1988, has continued.
Amongst Parrott's writings is The Spiritual Pilgrims, a book on the Davies sisters. He also wrote a book on Elgar for the Master Musicians series. A leading authority on Elgar, Parrott was elected a vice-president of the Elgar Society in 1973. He was also a vice-president of the Peter Warlock Society. Parrott wrote a study of the piano music of Cyril Scott. In 1994 he published The Crying Curlew for Peter Warlock's centenary. His autobiography Parrottcisms appeared in 2003. He died in Aberystwyth, and his funeral was held in St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr, where in 1985 he donated a stained glass window entitled "Music in Praise of the Lord".
Parrott composed five symphonies, four operas and many chamber works.
Selected works
Stage
The Black Ram, opera in 2 acts (1957); libretto by Idris Bell; Welsh text by T. H. Parry-Williams
Once Upon a Time, opera (1959)
Orchestral
Pensieri for string orchestra (1950)
Family Prelude and Fugue for strings and piano (1958)
Symphony No. 2 (1960)
Symphony No. 3
Partita (1967)
Harrow March (1970)
Homage to Two Masters (1970)
Reaching for the Light for chamber orchestra (1971)
El Alamein, symphonic prelude
Fanfare Overture
Luxor, symphonic poem
Romeo and Juliet, solemn overture
Seithenin, concert overture
Suite of Four Shakespeare Dances
Three Moorish Princesses
Variations on a Theme of Dufay
Y fair (Three Ladies Suite)
Wind band
Land of Song, fantasia on Welsh tunes (1969)
Concertante
Concerto for English horn (cor anglais) and orchestra (1958)
Concerto breve for cello and orchestra (1963)
Concerto for trombone and wind band (1968)
Concertino (1973)
Concerto for piano and orchestra
Prelude and Waltz for recorder or flute and string orchestra
Sinfonia Concertante for recorder, solo violin, string orchestra and percussion
Suite for violin and orchestra
Chamber music
Minuet for oboe and piano (1950)
Aquarelle for clarinet or viola and piano (1952)
Welsh Airs, arrangements for 2 descant recorders with piano or harp ad libitum (1955)
String Quartet No. 2 (1955)
String Quartet No. 3
Septete 1962 for flute, clarinet, 2 violins, viola, cello and piano (1962)
String Quartet No. 4 (1963)
Pantglas for violin and piano (1967)
Two Dances for flute and piano (1969)
Fresh about Cook Strait, Wind Quintet No. 2 for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon (1970)
Devil's Bridge Jaunt for cello and piano (1974)
Fanfare and March for 2 trumpets, trombone and tuba (1976)
Gleaming Brass, for 2 trumpets (or cornets), horn, trombone and tuba (1977)
Rhapsody for trumpet and organ (1977)
Fantasy-Sonata for clarinet and piano (1982)
Kaleidoscope for violin, cello and piano (1985)
Duetto for violin and viola (1986)
Autumn Landscape for oboe and piano (1987)
Duo for 2 guitars (1988)
Fun Fugato and Awkward Waltz for bassoon and piano (1989)
Arabesque and Dance for flute and piano (or treble recorder and harpsichord) (1990)
Fantasising on a Welsh Tune: Dygan Caerws, trio for recorder or flute, oboe and piano (1995)
Portraits for treble recorder or flute and piano (1999)
Rondo giocoso for bassoon and piano (1999)
Dialogue and Dance for recorder and organ (2002)
The Choral Preludes for cello and piano
Harp
Ceredigion, 3 pieces with interludes (1962)
Soliloquy and Dance (1974)
Organ
Toccata in C major (1965)
Suite [No. 1] (1977)
Suite No. 2 (1986)
Piano
Betinka, romance (1940)
Fanatasy and Allegro for 2 pianos (1946)
Theme and Six Variants (1947)
Westerham, rhapsody (1948)
Aspects (1975)
Fantasy (1986)
Theme from a Symphony for piano 4-hands (1986)
Vocal
I heard a linnet courting for voice and piano (1948); words by Robert Bridges
In Phaeacia for high voice and piano (1948); words by James Elroy Flecker
Leaves for voice and piano (1949); words by Elizabeth Ward
Dafydd y gareg wen for voice and piano (1969)
Flamingoes for medium voice and piano (1973); words by Jane Wilson
Two Thoughtful Songs for high voice and piano (1977); words by William Blake and Gerard Manley Hopkins
No Complaints for voice and piano (1984)
Eastern Wisdom, 3 songs for voice and small orchestra (1987); words by Luo Yin, Rabindranath Tagore and from Ecclesiasticus
Song of Joy for voice and piano (1988)
Aphorisms and Arias of Death and Life for soprano, baritone and piano (1996)
Nothing like Grog for voice and piano
Choral
Psalm 91 for bass solo, chorus, semi-chorus and orchestra (1946); Biblical words
Carol plygain (Dawn Carol) for mixed chorus and piano (1958)
Can mewn bar salwn (Song in a Saloon Bar), part-song for male voices (tenor, baritone, 2 basses) and piano (1963); words by A. S. J. Tessimond; Welsh words by T. H. Parry-Williams
The Song of the Stones of Saint David's for chorus and organ (1968)
Offeren yn arddull canu gwerin (Welsh Folk-Song Mass) for unison chorus, organ or piano and percussion (1974)
Surely the Lord Is in This Place, introit for mixed chorus a cappella (1977)
Money Talks for male chorus and piano (1978); words by A. S. J. Tessimond; Welsh translation by T. H. Parry-Williams
My Cousin Alice for soprano, tenor, mixed chorus, piano and optional tape of North American birds (1982)
Anthem of Dedication for mixed chorus and organ (1985)
The Christ Child (The "Mother Christmas" Carol) for mixed chorus with piano or organ (1987); words by Barbara Bonner-Morgan
My Sweetheart's Like Venus, Welsh folk-song arranged for baritone solo and mixed chorus (1987)
Master Hughes of Saxe-Gotha (An Unknown Musician) for mixed chorus and piano (1987); words by Robert Browning
Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, setting for treble voices and organ (1987)
Adam lay y bounden for unison voices and piano or organ (1990)
Arglwydd ein Iôr ni (O! Lord Our Sovereign), Psalm 8 for mixed chorus a cappella (1993)
Literary
Pathways to Modern Music (A. Unwin, 1947)
A Guide to Musical Thought (Dennis Dobson, 1955)
Method in Orchestration (Dobson, 1957)
The Music of "An Adventure" (Regency Press, 1966)
The Spiritual Pilgrims (Llandybie: C. Davies, 1969)
Elgar (Dent, 1971)
The Music of Rosemary Brown (Regency Press, 1978)
Cyril Scott and His Piano Music (Thames Publishing, 1991)
The Crying Curlew: Peter Warlock, Family & Influences, Centenary 1994 (Gomer, 1994)
Parrottcisms: The Autobiography of Ian Parrott (British Music Society, 2003)
Awards (selected)
1977, John Edwards Memorial Award from the Guild for the Promotion of Welsh music
1994, the first recipient of the Glyndŵr Award for an Outstanding Contribution to the Arts in Wales
Bibliography
The Spiritual Pilgrims (C. Davies, Llandybie, 1969)
Elgar (Master Musicians Series) (Dent, London, 1971)
The Crying Curlew: Peter Warlock, family & influences (Gomer, Llandysul, 1994)
Parrottcisms (British Music Society, Upminster, 2003)
References
"Ian Parrott" by Paul Conway (1999); biography, works
Michael Kennedy (editor): The Oxford Dictionary of Music (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994)
External links
Ian Parrott, works at Boosey & Hawkes
1916 births
2012 deaths
English composers
English classical violists
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Academics of Aberystwyth University
British Army personnel of World War II
People from Aberystwyth
People from Streatham
Musicians from London
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Parrott |
Adrian Byran Murrell (born October 16, 1970) is a former professional American football running back. He was drafted by the New York Jets in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft after playing collegiately for the West Virginia Mountaineers. Murrell played in nine National Football League (NFL) seasons from 1993 to 2000 and 2003.
High school
Murrell attended Leilehua High School in Wahiawa, Hawaii.
Collegiate career
Murrell arrived at West Virginia University in 1990, when Michael Beasley started for the Mountaineers. The Mountaineers went 4-7 that season, with Murrell only seeing limited time. He only rushed for 48 yards on seven attempts that season.
In his sophomore year, 1991, Murrell and the Mountaineers began to increase their product. The Mountaineers went 6-5 that season, while Murrell saw the starting role. He rushed for 904 yards and seven touchdowns on the year, with an added 100 receiving yards.
In his final season as a Mountaineer, his junior year of 1992, Murrell produced the best season of his college career. While the Mountaineers sunk back, going 5-4-2, Murrell made national headlines. He rushed for 1,145 yards and six touchdowns, along with 244 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.
Murrell is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.
Professional career
New York Jets
Murrell left West Virginia after his junior season, and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft by the New York Jets. In his first two seasons as a Jet, Murrell rushed for a total of 317 yards and a touchdown.
In 1995, Murrell began to break out as a player. He rushed for 795 yards on the season, along with a touchdown. He also added 495 yards and two touchdowns receiving. The following year, 1996, Murrell posted his best performance of his professional career. He rushed for 1,249 yards (4th in AFC, 7th in NFL) and six touchdowns that season, along with a receiving touchdown.
In 1997, Murrell recorded 1,086 yards rushing with seven touchdowns and caught two receiving touchdowns.
Arizona Cardinals
Following the 1997 season, Murrell was traded to the Arizona Cardinals. Murrell gained 1,042 yards and eight touchdowns in 1998 playing in all 16 games. He went on to rush for 95 yards and catch 2 passes for 16 yards and a touchdown in the Cardinals 20-7 Wildcard playoff win over the Dallas Cowboys, a team that had beaten Arizona twice in the regular season. This was Arizona's first postseason win since 1947. In 1999, he only rushed for 553 yards, but caught 49 passes for 335 yards.
Washington Redskins
Following the Arizona stint, Murrell arrived in Washington with the Redskins for the 2000 season. But Murrell only saw limited action during the season, and recorded 50 rushing yards.
Carolina Panthers
Murrell was signed by the Carolina Panthers in the 2001 offseason to serve in a backup role, but was cut before the season began to make room for Richard Huntley on the active roster.
Dallas Cowboys
After a two-year break from the NFL, Murrell returned in 2003 to play for the Dallas Cowboys. In Murrell's final professional season, he recorded 107 yards rushing.
Personal life
His younger brother, Marques Murrell, was a defensive end on the Appalachian State University football team. He signed a contract with the New York Jets on November 7, 2007.
His father, a career soldier, was a Command Sergeants Major at the time of his draft. Stationed at Ft. Bragg. Married to Tonia Peck Murrell. They have three children.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
American football running backs
Arizona Cardinals players
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Jets players
Washington Redskins players
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
Players of American football from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Sportspeople from Honolulu County, Hawaii
Players of American football from Hawaii
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Murrell |
, also known as , was a Japanese film director, film actor, and screenwriter. He is well-regarded in Japan for his youth films but is best known abroad for Lady Snowblood and Lady Snowblood 2: Love Song of Vengeance, films not typical of his usual style.
Life and career
Fujita was born in Pyongyang, Korea. After graduating from Tokyo University, he joined the Nikkatsu studio in 1955. At Nikkatsu, he worked as a publicist, screenwriter, cinematographer and assistant director until he made his debut as a director in 1967. His first film, about a juvenile delinquent, Hikō shōnen: Hinode no sakebi, won him the 1967 New Directors Award from the Directors Guild of Japan. After a successful sequel, Hikō shōnen: Wakamono no toride , Fujita was tapped by Nikkatsu to direct two installments in their youth-oriented Alleycat Rock series which had been initiated in 1970 by director Yasuharu Hasebe with Alleycat Rock: Female Boss. Fujita's two episodes, Stray Cat Rock: Wild Jumbo and Alleycat Rock: Crazy Riders '71, both starred actress Meiko Kaji.
Fujita's August 1971 film for Nikkatsu, Wet Sand in August, a melodramatic look at disenchanted youth in a beach setting, was both a popular hit and a major critical success. Three months later Nikkatsu inaugurated their Roman porno era of big budget softcore pink films. Fujita stayed on with Nikkatsu and his two sequels to Wet Sand in August, the 1972 Scent of Eros in August and the 1973 Sweet Smell of Eros were both produced as part of the Roman porno line. Fujita, however, was able to forge a compromise with the sex and nudity demands of the Roman porno genre to bring these films, especially Sweet Smell of Eros, close to mainstream acceptance.
In the 1970s, Nikkatsu was still producing non-adult films as well as Roman porno and Fujita made a number of realistic dramas about youth and the generation gap including the 1973 Did the Red Bird Escape? (Akai tori nigeta) and two works from 1974, Virgin Blues and The Red Lantern, the latter film having been described as a young couple's "futile attempt to escape from a restrictive society." The two films for which Fujita is best known outside Japan, Lady Snowblood (1973) and its sequel Lady Snowblood 2: Love Song of Vengeance (1974), were produced by an independent company during a short hiatus from Nikkatsu. These violent action movies, quite different from Fujita's usual style, reunited him with Meiko Kaji, the star of his earlier Alleycat Rock films.
Fujita continued directing Roman porno films for Nikkatsu in the mid and late 1970s but the studio seldom interfered as long as the requisite nude scenes were provided and Fujita was able to produce works about relationships with a deft feel for characterization. He returned to his early roots in juvenile delinquent dramas with Female Delinquent: A Docu-Drama (1977) based on the autobiography of real life bad girl Mako Minato. His 1978 film Kaerazaru hibi told the story of a teenaged boy returning to his home town after the death of his father. In 1979 Fujita directed two films focusing on the problems of family life. So Soft, So Cunning, considered one of Fujita's best films, is "a somber look at family life in contemporary Japan", while Tenshi o yūwaku is a serious portrayal of the problems faced by a young couple (Momoe Yamaguchi and Tomokazu Miura) in the suburbs.
Fujita made only a few movies in the 1980s including the 1981 romantic drama Play It, Boogie-Woogie for Kadokawa Pictures. He returned to Nikkatsu for the 1983 film Double Bed about a disillusioned group of friends in their thirties and their illicit affairs. Fujita had also established himself as an actor with appearances in director Seijun Suzuki's 1980 film Zigeunerweisen and Juzo Itami's Tampopo (1985). In 1984 Fujita directed the crime thriller The Miracle of Joe Petrel and his last film as a director was Revolver, where a single gun connects the lives of several people.
Fujita continued his acting career up to the time of his death in August 1997 at age 65.
Awards
Toshiya Fujita was nominated twice for the Award of the Japanese Academy: in 1979 for Best Director and Best Screenplay for Kaerazaru hibi and 1981 as Best Supporting Actor for Zigeunerweisen. He also won the Readers' Choice Award given by Kinema Junpo in 1979 as Best Japanese Film Director for Kaerazaru hibi.
Filmography
Director
(June 1967)
(April 1970)
(Aug. 1970)
(Oct. 1970)
(Jan. 1971)
(Aug. 1971)
(Aug. 1972)
(Oct. 1972)
(Feb. 1973)
(Mar. 1973)
(Dec. 1973)
(Mar. 1974)
(June 1974)
(Aug. 1974)
(Nov. 1974)
(Dec. 1974)
(Dec. 1975)
(May 1977)
(July 1977)
(Mar. 1978)
Kaerazaru hibi (Aug. 1978)
(April 1979)
(Aug. 1979)
(Dec. 1979)
(April 1981)
(May 1982)
(Aug. 1983)
The Miracle of Joe Petrel (April 1984)
(July 1986)
(Oct. 1988)
Actor
Zigeunerweisen (1980)
Tampopo (1985)
References
External links
1932 births
1997 deaths
People from Pyongyang
University of Tokyo alumni
Pink film directors
Japanese male film actors
Samurai film directors
20th-century Japanese male actors
Japanese film directors
20th-century Japanese screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiya%20Fujita%20%28director%29 |
Benjamin Tett (Feb 14, 1798 - May 15, 1878) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Leeds South as a Conservative member of the 1st Parliament of Ontario.
He was born in Hinton St. George in England in 1798, the son of John Tett who manufactured cloth for ships' sails, and came to Perth, Upper Canada in 1820, later moving to Newboro. He served on the district council of the Johnstown District representing North Crosby. Around 1830, he set up a sawmill north of Kingston at Bedford Mills, anticipating the completion of the Rideau Canal. In partnership with the Chaffey family and others, he established a booming timber business in the area. He also constructed a gristmill and opened a general store. In 1833, he married Julianna Poole. Tett ran unsuccessfully in Leeds for a seat in the legislative assembly of Upper Canada in 1838. He was again unsuccessful when he ran for the South Leeds seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1854 but went on to represent South Leeds in the assembly from 1858 to 1863. In 1863, he was defeated by Albert Norton Richards for the same seat. Tett also served as a justice of the peace.
His daughter Elizabeth married doctor Robert Henry Preston, who later represented South Leeds in the provincial assembly. His great-grandson John Tett is the namesake of Kingston's Tett Centre for Creativity and Learning.
External links
History of Leeds and Grenville, Thaddeus William Henry Leavitt
The Canadian parliamentary companion : first year HJ Morgan (1862)
Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
1798 births
1878 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Politicians from Somerset
People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties
Immigrants to Upper Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Tett |
James Glennister Cox (born 1 October 1945) is a former Tasmanian Labor politician and member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly who represented the electorate of Bass. He held office from 1989 to 1992, and again from 1996 to 2010.
Before entering Parliament, Cox co-hosted The Saturday Night Show on TNT-9 with Graeme Goodings and was a radio announcer in northern Tasmania. Cox won Logie Awards for most popular male on Tasmanian television in 1979 and 1981.
Cox ran in the 1989 Tasmanian state election. He defeated Labor incumbent Gill James and was seated in the House of Assembly.
In 1989, Tasmanian media magnate Edmund Rouse, Chairman of forestry enterprise Gunns, attempted to bribe Cox with $110,000 to cross the floor of parliament in an attempt to prevent Labor forming government in alliance with the five Green Independents, and attempting to secure the return of the pro-logging Liberal Party government of Robin Gray. Cox reported the bribery attempt to police, and ultimately Rouse served 18 months in jail.
James ran against Cox again in 1992, defeating him. In 1996, Cox ran against, and defeated, Tasmanian Green Lance Armstrong. Cox was re-elected again in the 2002 and 2006 elections. He did not run in the 2010 elections and retired.
Cox was made a member of the Order of Australia in 2017.
References
External links
Jim Cox's maiden speech to parliament
1945 births
Living people
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian radio presenters
Australian television presenters
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
21st-century Australian politicians
Members of the Order of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Cox%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
Andreas Kofler (born 17 May 1984) is an Austrian former ski jumper.
Career
Andreas Kofler grew up in Tyrol, in the Austrian Alps. He is a member of the ski jumping club SV Innsbruck-Bergisel, together with Gregor Schlierenzauer.
Kofler won his first individual competition in the World Cup on 4 February 2006. Two days later, he came in second place in the team competition. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Kofler won the silver medal in the individual competition, finishing only 0.1 points behind Thomas Morgenstern, his teammate on the squad with whom he would later win the Olympic gold medal in the team competition. At the Nordic Ski World Championships 2007 in Sapporo, Japan, Kofler won the gold medal in the team competition and finished in sixth place in the individual competition. At the end of the season, he arrived in second place at the Nordic Tournament, beaten only by Adam Małysz.
After starting well into the 2007/08 season, finishing in second place behind Morgenstern twice, Kofler crashed twice during competitions, in Engelberg and in Oberstdorf. Despite not being seriously injured, Kofler struggled to shake off his poor form for this and the next season.
In the 2009-2010, Kofler came in third place in Engelberg, ending his bad streak. During the same season, Kofler managed to win the prestigious Four Hills Tournament, ahead of Janne Ahonen and Wolfgang Loitzl, after winning the first event of the tournament in Oberstdorf. Kofler could not meet expectations in the first event (on the normal hill) of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, coming in 19th place. Nonetheless, he finished in fourth place on the large hill, only one point from the podium, and won the team competition with his teammates Wolfgang Loitzl, Thomas Morgenstern and Gregor Schlierenzauer—his second Olympic gold medal after 2006.
During the 2010/11 season, Kofler recorded three individual wins, including the first event of the season in Kuusamo, Finland.
Despite a training deficit due to back problems related to his spinal discs, Kofler started the 2011/12 season by winning the first two events, which took place in Lillehammer, Norway.
World Cup
Standings
Wins
Personal life
In 2007, Andreas Kofler started a four-year formation to become a member of the Austrian police force, as part of a program for competitive athletes. In May 2011, Kofler passed his final examinations and hence concluded his formation.
His hobbies include telemark skiing, football, surfing and climbing.
Andreas Kofler currently resides in Thaur, Tyrol.
References
External links
1984 births
Austrian male ski jumpers
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic ski jumpers for Austria
Ski jumpers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Innsbruck
Olympic medalists in ski jumping
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Austrian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Kofler |
Eisenhower State Park is the name of two state parks in the United States:
Eisenhower State Park (Kansas), a state park in Kansas
Eisenhower State Park (Texas), a state park in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower%20State%20Park |
Lambert McKenna S.J. ( (16 July 1870 – 27 December 1956) was a Jesuit priest and writer.
He was born Andrew Joseph Lambert McKenna in Clontarf, and studied in Europe. He collected and edited religious and folk poetry in the Irish language. Working with the Irish Texts Society, he edited the famous Contention of the bards and many anthologies of Irish bardic poetry and historical works. He was an editor of the Irish Monthly and An Timire. He also served as principal of Belvedere College.
He was awarded an honorary Doctorate for his contribution to Celtic Studies (D. Litt. Celt) by UCD in 1947 on the same day that Jack Butler Yeats was also awarded an honorary Doctorate. McKenna was a committed social reformer and an outspoken critic of capitalism. In the first tract of his book The Church and Labour (1914) he wrote:"The wealthy few now rule the world. They have done so before, but never precisely in virtue of their wealth. They were patriarchs, patricians, chieftains of clans, feudal nobles acknowledging responsibilities and bearing heavy burdens. Today wealth making no sacrifices for the public good, rules in its own right, and exercises a more despotic sway than any form of authority hitherto known. It has armies and fleets at command. It has myriads of placemen, or would-be placemen, in utter dependence. It is highly centralised, and can exert a great power at any point. It can at any moment cast thousands of households into intolerable misery. Yet, though centralised, it is not open to attack. It does not, as the kings of old, dwell in castles that can be stormed by an angry people. On the contrary it stands as the embodiment of legality, order, security, peace—even of popular will. Capitalism, using the work of the labouring classes, has vastly increased the wealth of the world; yet it strives to prevent these labouring classes from benefiting by this increase. It is constantly drawing up into itself that wealth and diverting it from useful purposes."
Works
English-Irish Phrase Dictionary (1911)
The Church and Labour:Series of Six Tracts (1913–14)
Dánta do chum Aonghus Fionn Ó Dálaigh (1919)
Iomarbháigh na bhfileadh (1918–20)
The Social Teachings of James Connolly (1920)
Dán Dé (1922)
Life and Work of Rev. Aloysius Cullen S.J. (1924)
Philip Bocht Ó hUiginn (1931)
English-Irish Dictionary (1935)
Dioghluim Dána (1938)
Athdioghluim Dána (1939–40)
Bardic Syntactical Tracts (1944)
Leabhar Méig Shamhradháin (1947)
Leabhar Í Eadhra (1951)
References
External links
1870 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Irish Jesuits
Irish scholars and academics
Linguists from Ireland
Irish lexicographers
Christian clergy from County Dublin
People educated at Belvedere College
Place of death missing
Writers from County Dublin
People from Clontarf, Dublin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20McKenna |
Songs for Drella is a 1990 studio album by Lou Reed and John Cale, both formerly of the Velvet Underground; it is a song cycle about Andy Warhol, their mentor, who had died following routine surgery in 1987. Drella was a nickname for Warhol coined by Warhol superstar Ondine, a contraction of Dracula and Cinderella, used by Warhol's crowd but never liked by Warhol himself. The song cycle focuses on Warhol's interpersonal relations and experiences, with songs falling roughly into three categories: Warhol's first-person perspective (which makes up the vast majority of the album), third-person narratives chronicling events and affairs, and first-person commentaries on Warhol by Reed and Cale themselves. The songs, in general, address events in their chronological order.
Recording
Lou Reed and John Cale spoke to one another for the first time in years at Warhol's memorial service at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on April 1, 1987. The painter Julian Schnabel suggested they write a memorial piece for Warhol. On January 7 and 8, 1989, Cale and Reed performed an almost-completed Songs for Drella at The Church of St. Anne's in Brooklyn. Still, as Cale was wrapping up Words for the Dying, and Reed had finished and was touring with his New York studio album (both 1989), the project took another year to complete. The first full version (notably with the inclusion of "A Dream" in one performance) was played on November 29–30, and December 2–3 at the Next Wave Festival at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. On December 4–5, 1989, a live performance—without an audience—was filmed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, directed by Ed Lachman, and released on VHS and LaserDisc formats. Over the following two months, Reed and Cale proceeded to record the material for the album, which was released on April 11, 1990 by Sire Records.
The album was the pair's first full collaborative record since the Velvet Underground's second studio album White Light/White Heat (1968), and by the end of recording Cale vowed never to work with Reed again due to personal differences; plans to support the album with a tour were shelved. Nevertheless, Songs for Drella would prove to be the prelude to a Velvet Underground reunion: after playing a Drella selection on June 15, 1990, at a Warhol/Velvet Underground exhibition at the Cartier Foundation in Jouy-en-Josas, Reed and Cale were joined onstage by Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker for a rendition of the Velvet Underground song "Heroin", which eventually led to the first and last Velvet Underground reunion, which took place in 1993 (after which Cale and Reed, again, vowed never to work with one another again).
Critical reception
Songs for Drella received positive reviews and critical praise upon release. In a four-star review, Rolling Stone writer Paul Evans stated "Both nearing fifty, Reed and Cale are the survivors Warhol wasn't fated to become. In popular music, only bluesmen and country greats have managed the maturity these two display." Spin described Songs for Drella as "a moving testament to one of the '60s most important icons" and named it one of the Top 20 albums of 1990.
Track listing
Singles
"Nobody But You" b/w "Style It Takes" – 7" Germany 1990
"Nobody But You"; "Style It Takes" b/w "A Dream" – 12" & CD-single Germany 1990
Personnel
John Cale – vocals, keyboards, viola
Lou Reed – vocals, guitar
Charts
References
External links
Lou Reed albums
John Cale albums
1990 collaborative albums
Albums produced by Lou Reed
Albums produced by John Cale
Concept albums
Cultural depictions of Andy Warhol
Albums in memory of deceased persons
Sire Records albums
Tribute albums to non-musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20for%20Drella |
Mădăras (; ) is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania, 3 km from Salonta, located nearby the Hungarian border - on the European road E671, and the Körös River canal. In 2011, it had 2,828 inhabitants. The commune Hungarian name means "fowler", the Romanian name derives from that as well. It is composed of four villages: Homorog (Oláhhomorog), Ianoșda (Jánosd), Marțihaz (Marciháza) and Mădăras.
Homorog has a Romanian Orthodox church; built in the 1830s, it is decorated with a valuable mural from the 1840s.
References
Communes in Bihor County
Localities in Crișana
Slovak communities in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83d%C4%83ras |
Madaras () is a village in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary.
Populated places in Bács-Kiskun County
Places in Bačka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaras |
Anthony David Bernard Sylvester (21 September 1924 – 19 June 2001) was a British art critic and curator. Although he received no formal education in the arts, during his long career he was influential in promoting modern artists, in particular Francis Bacon, Joan Miró, and Lucian Freud.
Life and career
Born in London, his father was a Russian-Jewish antiques dealer. Sylvester had trouble as a student at University College School and was thrown out of the family home. He wrote for the paper Tribune and went to Paris in 1947 where he met Alberto Giacometti, one of the strongest influences on him.
Sylvester is credited with coining the term kitchen sink originally to describe a strand of post-war British painting typified by John Bratby. Sylvester used the phrase negatively but it was widely applied to other art forms including literature and theatre.
During the 1950s, Sylvester worked with Henry Moore, Freud and Bacon but also supported Richard Hamilton and the other "Young Turks" of British Pop art. This led him to become a prominent media figure in the 1960s. During the 1960s and 1970s Sylvester occupied a number of roles at the Arts Council of Great Britain serving on advisory panels and on the main panel. He was also a trustee of the Tate Gallery, among a number of such positions. In 1969, he curated a Renoir exhibition at the Hayward Gallery for which he was assisted by a young Nicholas Serota. During the 1970s, he became interested in and collected early oriental carpets. and in 1983, he co-curated (with Donald King of the Victoria and Albert Museum) an exhibition, The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, at the Hayward Gallery.
Sylvester was awarded a Golden Lion at the 1993 Venice Biennale for curating an exhibition of Francis Bacon's work. He was married to Pamela Briddon (three daughters; marriage dissolved). He was also the father of the artist Cecily Brown with the writer Shena Mackay.
Books
King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983,
David Sylvester "Interviste con artisti americani" Castelvecchi editore, 2012
Notes
External links
Guardian obituary June 20, 2001
David Sylvester, 'Interviews with Francis Bacon (1963, 1966, 1979)', The Guardian, 13 September 2007
John Tusa. 'Interview with David Sylvester', BBC Radio 3
1924 births
2001 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
English art critics
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
People educated at University College School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Sylvester |
In electronics, electric power and telecommunication, coupling is the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another, or between parts of a circuit. Coupling can be deliberate as part of the function of the circuit, or it may be undesirable, for instance due to coupling to stray fields. For example, energy is transferred from a power source to an electrical load by means of conductive coupling, which may be either resistive or direct coupling. An AC potential may be transferred from one circuit segment to another having a DC potential by use of a capacitor. Electrical energy may be transferred from one circuit segment to another segment with different impedance by use of a transformer; this is known as impedance matching. These are examples of electrostatic and electrodynamic inductive coupling.
Types
Electrical conduction:
Direct coupling, also called conductive coupling and galvanic coupling
Resistive conduction
Atmospheric plasma channel coupling
Electromagnetic induction:
Electrodynamic induction — commonly called inductive coupling, also magnetic coupling
Capacitive coupling
Evanescent wave coupling
Electromagnetic radiation:
Radio waves — Wireless telecommunications.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) — Sometimes called radio frequency interference (RFI), is unwanted coupling. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requires techniques to avoid such unwanted coupling, such as electromagnetic shielding.
Microwave power transmission
Other kinds of energy coupling:
Acoustic coupler
See also
Antenna noise temperature
Coupling loss
Aperture-to-medium coupling loss
Coupling coefficient of resonators
Directional coupler
Equilibrium length
Fiber-optic coupling
Loading coil
Shield
List of electronics topics
AC Coupling
Impedance matching
Impedance bridging
Decoupling
Crosstalk
Wireless power transfer
References
Communication circuits
Electromagnetic compatibility
Electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling%20%28electronics%29 |
OGP may refer to:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, a global forum for petroleum producers
Open Graph Protocol, enables web developers to integrate their pages into Facebook's social graph.
Open Graphics Project, open source architecture and standard for graphics cards
Open Government Partnership, an international organization launched in 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGP |
Joan Pau Pujol (; baptized 18 June 1570 – 17 May 1626) was a Catalan and Spanish composer and organist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. While best known for his sacred music, he also wrote popular secular music.
Life
Pujol was born in Mataró. In 1593 he became the assistant maestro de capilla at the cathedral in Barcelona, but he only held this post for a few months, taking the post of maestro de capilla (master of the chapel) at the cathedral in Tarragona, and then in 1595 at Nuestra Señora del Pilar in Zaragoza, a post which he kept for 17 years. While in Zaragoza, in 1600, he became a priest. In 1612 he returned to Barcelona, becoming maestro de capilla at the cathedral, a distinguished post which he held until his death. Most of his music dates from the time he was in Barcelona. Evidently a condition of his employment was to produce a fixed quantity of new liturgical music each year. Unusually for many composers of the time, most of it has survived.
Also while in Barcelona he served as an organ consultant, and helped in various organ building projects in Catalonia. He died in Barcelona.
Music
Pujol wrote much of his music for the patron saint of Catalonia, St. George, and most of his compositions are based on Gregorian chant. He was a prolific composer, writing 13 masses, 8 settings of the Magnificat, 6 settings of the Nunc dimittis, 12 antiphons, 12 responsories, 9 complete settings of the Passion, litanies, lamentations, sequences, motets, hymns, and no less than 74 psalm settings. In addition he wrote 19 sacred villancicos, a form unique to the Iberian peninsula. Surviving secular music includes romances, letrillas, liras, novenas, tonos, a folia, and 16 other works, some of which were collected in groups of madrigals of the time; they were evidently popular in Spain in the early part of the 17th century.
His missa pro defunctis—the Requiem mass—is a formal and staid setting, contrasting to the intensely emotional setting by his Spanish contemporary Tomás Luis de Victoria, who wrote his at almost exactly the same time. Its use of cantus firmus technique is conservative, and even archaic; most cantus firmus masses had been written more than a hundred years before. Yet many of his masses and psalm settings are polychoral, borrowing the style of the contemporary Venetian school; however the musical language is of the late Renaissance, rather than the early Baroque, which was then developing in Italy and Germany.
Sources
Article "Juan Pujol," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Emilio Ros-Fábregas: "Joan Pau Pujol," Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 1, 2005), (subscription access)
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
External links
Short biographical sketch
Renaissance composers
Spanish Baroque composers
1570 births
1626 deaths
Composers from Catalonia
Spanish male classical composers
17th-century classical composers
17th-century male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Pau%20Pujol |
Adrian Lungu (born September 5, 1960) is a Romanian former rugby union player. He played 76 times as a center or wing for the Romanian national team. He is the father of Remus Lungu, who is himself a rugby union international.
Born in Năvodari, Constanța County, Lungu played for CSS Locomotiva Bucuresti, and then for Steaua București with whom he won two SuperLiga titles in 1980, 1981. He also played for Farul Constanţa and Dinamo București. He made his international debut against Italy in 1980. In 1993, Adrian played for Castres when they won the French championship who beat Grenoble 14-11 in the final, in a match decided by an irregular try by Castres' Gary Whetton accorded by the referee, alongside a try scored by Grenoble' Olivier Brouzet, which was denied by the referee as well.
At international level, Lungu took part at the 1987 and 1991 World Cups before retiring at thirty-four at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa. His final game was against Australia on June 3, 1995.
After his retirement, he coached the youth team of Castres.
References
External links
Adrian Lungu International Statistics
1960 births
Living people
People from Năvodari
Romanian rugby union players
Romanian rugby union coaches
Rugby union wings
Rugby union centres
Castres Olympique players
Romania international rugby union players
Romanian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in France
Sportspeople from Constanța County
1987 Rugby World Cup players
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Lungu |
The 2004–05 season of the División de Honor de Futsal is the 16th season of top-tier futsal in Spain.
Regular season
League table
Playoffs
Championship playoffs
The Finals were broadcast in Spain on TVE2 and Teledeporte.
Relegation playoff
PSG Móstoles remained in División de Honor.
External links
2004–05 season at lnfs.es
See also
División de Honor de Futsal
Futsal in Spain
Spain
futsal
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Divisi%C3%B3n%20de%20Honor%20de%20Futsal |
Rough Castle Fort is a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall roughly 2 kilometres south east of Bonnybridge near Tamfourhill in the Falkirk council area, Scotland. It is owned by the National Trust for Scotland.
Context
The Antonine Wall dates from about 143 AD. The ends of the wall were uncertain for many years. In the east Carriden near Bo'ness on the Forth was a likely endpoint. In the west is Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde, although there were also forts beyond that at Bishopton and Barochan Hill. The fort is one of the best-preserved of the forts constructed along the Wall. Built against the southern rear face of the Wall, the fort was defended by 6 metre thick turf ramparts and surrounded by defensive ditches. Gateways were provided through the main wall to the north, and also through the walls on the other three sides of the fort. Causeways were then constructed across the main Antonine and secondary defensive ditches, affording easy access to and from the fort.
The fort was the second smallest on the Wall and had an area of about 4,000 square metres. The fort contained several buildings, made of stone from a time when this was a less common construction material. The traces of the commander's house, the barracks, the headquarters, the bath house and a granary have been discovered. Although the original buildings have not survived, these buildings' foundations were discovered during excavations in 1902-03, 1932 and 1957-61. A video reconstruction of the site has been produced.
Finds
Inscriptions found on recovered artefacts indicate that the fort based 480 men of the Cohors VI Nerviorum of Nervii, foot soldiers drawn from a north-eastern Gallic tribe. The military road on the south side of the Wall, which enabled transport between all forts, is still well defined and there is also a fine length of rampart and ditch still intact to the west. An altar to Victory was found in 1843 to the south of the fort. Other finds include a bangle, some glass from a window and leather shoes.
A series of pits were discovered during the excavations lying to the north west of the causeway across the Antonine ditch. These pits, known as lilia, would originally have contained sharpened stakes at the bottom. They were positioned to help defend the vulnerable northern gateway through the wall. Near the fort were a turf platform (beacon platform or signalling platform) and gravel pits for building of the military road. The bath house was built on an annexe. The fort was defended by Nervii, and Flavius Betto was a commanding officer.
One of the best overviews of the site is the video of the Bridgeness Slab by Falkirk Council, presented by Geoff Bailey, Keeper of Archeology and Local History at Falkirk Museum, from about 10 minutes. For early discoveries see Sir George Macdonald's writings.
Events
A sound and light show was organised at Rough Castle in November 2018 to promote tourism.
See also
List of places in Falkirk district
References
External links
Antonine Wall: Rough Castle at Historic Environment Scotland website
Rough Castle Fort on the Gazetteer for Scotland
Falkirk Local History Society
Forts of the Antonine Wall
Archaeological sites in Falkirk (council area)
Roman auxiliary forts in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Falkirk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough%20Castle%20Fort |
Libertyville is the name of some places in the United States:
Libertyville, Alabama
Libertyville, Illinois, the largest community bearing this name and hometown of Adlai Stevenson II.
Libertyville, Indiana
Libertyville, Iowa
Libertyville, Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyville |
Ulikkal is a growing town in Kannur District in Kerala. It is the HQ of Ulikkal Grama Panchayat in Iritty Taluk. Kerala State Hill highway SH 59 passes through Ulikkal Town.
Location
Ulikkal is situated 7.5 km north of Taluk HQ Iritty, 49 km from District HQ Kannur and 10 km away from Kootupuzha (Kerala-Karnataka border).
Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Ulikkal Grama Panchayat had total population of 35,429, of which 17,457 are males and 17,952 are females. The sex ratio of Ulikkal was 1,028 lower than state average of 1,084. Population of children in the age group 0-6 was 3,648 (10.3%) where 1,895 are males and 1,753 are females. Ulikkal had an overall literacy of 94.8% higher than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 96.6% and female literacy was 93.1%.
Ulikkal Grama Panchayat consists of two revenue villages like Nuchiyad and Vayathur under its administration limits.
History
This village is near Vayathur village panchayat area and contains the Bythoor or Baithur (Vayathur) temple. Bythoorappa (Vayathoorappan) Vayathur Kaliyar Shiva Kshethra dating back to more than 300 years is one of the temples in the panchayat, situated on the banks of Valapattanam river 3 km from the town. This river starts from Kodagu and flows through Parikkalam and Nuchyad villages. This Eshwara (Shiva or Mahadeva) temple is in Kodagu (which is nearby) and is a major pilgrimage temple for the Kodavas (natives of Kodagu). The Kodavas and the Malayalis celebrate the annual temple festival together As per tradition. The temple priests of Kodagu were Namboothiri. Kodagu is the district neighbouring Kannur district of which Ulikkal forms a part. The temple Gods of Kodagu are of Kerala origin. Folklore says that the Gods entered Kodagu from Kerala, thousands of years ago, via Vayathur (Bythoor) in Kerala and near the Kodagu border. Formerly Ulikkal formed a part of Vayathur.
Places of worship
St Mary's church, Thermala, near parikkalam
Vayathur Kaliyar Shiva (Bythoorappa) temple of Ulikkal
Church of God in India,Ulikkal
Assemblies of God church(Pentecostal church), Ulickal
India Pentecostal Church of God, Kolithattu
Assemblies of God church, Arabi
St. Joseph's Latin Church, Infant Jesus Church
Kodaparambu maqam, 6 kilometers from Ulickal (Ulikkal) and two Mosques (Sunni and Mujahid) within Ulickal Panchayath.
Infant Jesus Church Ulikkal
St Joseph's Church Arabi
St. George's Church Puravayal
St Thomas' Church Manikkadavu
St Mary's Church Manippara
St Antony's Church Anara
St Joseph's shrine Korayenga
St Jude Chapel&Shrine Vengalode
St Alphonsa Church Vatiamthode
St Mary's shrine Vatiamthode
St Mary's Church Mattara
A mosque Nuchiayad
A mosque Karimakayam
St Sebastian's Forana Church Nellicampoil
Arohanam marathoma church Arabi
Geography
Ulikkal is a hilly village on the eastern side of Kannur district. The terrain is undulating in nature and the extreme eastern side has forests bordering Karnataka state.
Economy
Ulikkal Panchayat is mainly an agrarian economy. The major crops are Rubber, Cashew, Coconut and Areca nut here. Ulikkal was one of the Panchayats in Kannur district that were severely affected by 2018 Kerala floods which caused heavy economic loss for the farmers. 12 hectares of cropped area (mostly rubber and cashew) was destroyed by strong winds. The main affected areas in the Panchayat were in the side slope of midlands (43 m) and mid-highlands (178 m) like Kalanki, Kolithatt, Vayathur, Arabikulam and Kokkad.
Educational institutions
Government Higher Secondary school, Ulikkal
Floweret English Medium School, 1 km from Ulikkal at AKG Nagar
St. Thomas High School, Manikkadavu
St. Joseph High School, Arabi
There are many primary schools nearby Ulikkal, mainly the ones at Vayathur, Arabi, Mattara, Nuchiyad, Nellickampoyil and Perumballi, as well as the GLPS Puravayal and Sharada Vilasam AUP School Parikkalam.
Transportation
Kerala State Highway SH 59 passes through Ulikkal town which connects nearby towns and villages in the hilly terrains of Kannur district. Taluk HQ Iritty is away. The road to the east of Ulikkal connects to Mysore and Bangalore.
National Highway NH 66 passes through Taliparamba town of 43 km away. Mangalore and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The nearest railway station is Kannur on Shoranur-Mangalore section line.
The nearest airport is Kannur International Airport 27 km away. Thalassery, Kannur and Taliparamba are equidistant from Ulikkal.
References
Villages near Iritty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulikkal |
Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for Microsoft's Common Language Infrastructure, the Java Platform and Cocoa. Oxygene is based on Delphi's Object Pascal, but also has influences from C#, Eiffel, Java, F# and other languages.
Compared to the now deprecated Delphi.NET, Oxygene does not emphasize total backward compatibility, but is designed to be a "reinvention" of the language, be a good citizen on the managed development platforms, and leverage all the features and technologies provided by the .NET and Java runtimes.
Oxygene is a commercial product and offers full integration into Microsoft's Visual Studio IDE on Windows, as well as its own IDE called Fire for use on macOS. Oxygene is one of six languages supported by the underlying Elements Compiler toolchain, next to C#, Swift, Java, Go and Mercury (based on Visual Basic.NET).
From 2008 to 2012, RemObjects Software licensed its compiler and IDE technology to Embarcadero to be used in their Embarcadero Prism product. Starting in the Fall of 2011, Oxygene became available in two separate editions, with the second edition adding support for the Java and Android runtimes. Starting with the release of XE4, Embarcadero Prism is no longer part of the RAD Studio SKU. Numerous support and upgrade paths for Prism customers exist to migrate to Oxygene. As of 2016, there is only one edition of Oxygene, which allows development on Windows or macOS, and which can create executables for Windows, Linux, WebAssembly .NET, iOS, Android, Java and macOS.
The language
The Oxygene language has its origins in Object Pascal in general and Delphi in particular, but was designed to reflect the guidelines of .NET programming and to create fully CLR-compliant assemblies. Therefore, some minor language features known from Object Pascal / Delphi have been dropped or revised, while a slew of new and more modern features, such as Generics or Sequences and Queries have been added to the language.
Oxygene is an object-oriented language, which means it uses classes, which can hold data and execute code, to design programs. Classes are "prototypes" for objects, like the idea of an apple is the prototype for the apple one can actually buy in a shop. It is known that an apple has a colour, and that it can be peeled: those are the data and executable "code" for the apple class.
Oxygene provides language-level support for some features of parallel programming. The goal is to use all cores or processors of a computer to improve performance. To reach this goal, tasks have to be distributed among several threads. The .NET Framework's ThreadPool class offered a way to efficiently work with several threads. The Task Parallel Library (TPL) was introduced in .NET 4.0 to provide more features for parallel programming.
Operators can be overloaded in Oxygene using the class operator syntax:
class operator implicit(i : Integer) : MyClass;
Note, that for operator overloading each operator has a name, that has to be used in the operator overloading syntax, because for example "+" would not be a valid method name in Oxygene.
Program structure
Oxygene does not use "Units" like Delphi does, but uses .NET namespaces to organize and group types. A namespace can span multiple files (and assemblies), but one file can only contain types of one namespace. This namespace is defined at the very top of the file:
namespace ConsoleApplication1;
Oxygene files are separated into an interface and an implementation section, which is the structure known from Delphi. The interface section follows the declaration of the namespace. It contains the uses clause, which in Oxygene imports types from other namespaces:
uses
System.Linq;
Imported namespaces have to be in the project itself or in referenced assemblies. Unlike in C#, in Oxygene alias names cannot be defined for namespaces, only for single type names (see below).
Following the uses clause a file contains type declarations, like they are known from Delphi:
interface
type
ConsoleApp = class
public
class method Main;
end;
As in C#, the Main method is the entry point for every program. It can have a parameter args : Array of String for passing command line arguments to the program.
More types can be declared without repeating the type keyword.
The implementation of the declared methods is placed in the implementation section:
implementation
class method ConsoleApp.Main;
begin
// add your own code here
Console.WriteLine('Hello World.');
end;
end.
Files are always ended with end.
Types
As a .NET language, Oxygene uses the .NET type system: There are value types (like structs) and reference types (like arrays or classes).
Although it does not introduce own "pre-defined" types, Oxygene offers more "pascalish" generic names for some of them, so that for example the System.Int32 can be used as Integer and Boolean (System.Boolean), Char (System.Char), Real (System.Double) join the family of pascal-typenames, too. The struct character of these types, which is part of .NET, is fully preserved.
As in all .NET languages types in Oxygene have a visibility. In Oxygene the default visibility is assembly, which is equivalent to the internal visibility in C#. The other possible type visibility is public.
type
MyClass = public class
end;
The visibility can be set for every type defined (classes, interfaces, records, ...).
An alias name can be defined for types, which can be used locally or in other Oxygene assemblies.
type
IntList = public List<Integer>; //visible in other Oxygene-assemblies
SecretEnumerable = IEnumerable<String>; //not visible in other assemblies
Public type aliases won't be visible for other languages.
Records
Records are what .NET structs are called in Oxygene. They are declared just like classes, but with the record keyword:
type
MyRecord = record
method Foo;
end;
As they're just .NET structs, records can have fields, methods and properties, but do not have inheritance and cannot implement interfaces.
Interfaces
Interfaces are a very important concept in the .NET world, the framework itself makes heavy use of them. Interfaces are the specification of a small set of methods, properties and events a class has to implement when implementing the interface. For example, the interface IEnumerable<T> specifies the GetEnumerator method which is used to iterate over sequences.
Interfaces are declared just like classes:
type
MyInterface = public interface
method MakeItSo : IEnumerable;
property Bar : String read write;
end;
Please notice, that for properties the getter and setter are not explicitly specified.
Delegates
Delegates define signatures for methods, so that these methods can be passed in parameters (e.g. callbacks) or stored in variables, etc. They're the type-safe NET equivalent to function pointers. They're also used in events. When assigning a method to a delegate, one has to use the @ operator, so the compiler knows, that one doesn't want to call the method but just assign it.
Oxygene can create anonymous delegates; for example methods can be passed to the Invoke method of a control without declaring the delegate:
method MainForm.MainForm_Load(sender: System.Object; e: System.EventArgs);
begin
Invoke(@DoSomething);
end;
An anonymous delegate with the signature of the method DoSomething will be created by the compiler.
Oxygene supports polymorphic delegates, which means, that delegates which have parameters of descending types are assignment compatible. Assume two classes MyClass and MyClassEx = class(MyClass), then in the following code BlubbEx is assignment compatible to Blubb.
type
delegate Blubb(sender : Object; m : MyClass);
delegate BlubbEx(sender : Object; mx : MyClassEx);
Fields can be used to delegate the implementation of an interface, if the type they're of implements this interface:
Implementor = public class(IMyInterface)
// ... implement interface ...
end;
MyClass = public class(IMyInterface)
fSomeImplementor : Implementor; public implements IMyInterface; //takes care of implementing the interface
end;
In this example the compiler will create public methods and properties in MyClass, which call the methods / properties of fSomeImplementor, to implement the members of IMyInterface. This can be used to provide mixin-like functionality.
Anonymous methods
Anonymous methods are implemented inside other methods. They are not accessible outside of the method unless stored inside a delegate field. Anonymous methods can use the local variables of the method they're implemented in and the fields of the class they belong to.
Anonymous methods are especially useful when working with code that is supposed to be executed in a GUI thread, which is done in .NET by passing a method do the Invoke method (Control.Invoke in WinForms, Dispatcher.Invoke in WPF):
method Window1.PredictNearFuture; //declared as async in the interface
begin
// ... Calculate result here, store in variable "theFuture"
Dispatcher.Invoke(DispatcherPriority.ApplicationIdle, method; begin
theFutureTextBox.Text := theFuture;
end);
end;
Anonymous methods can have parameters, too:
method Window1.PredictNearFuture; //declared as async in the interface
begin
// ... Calculate result here, store in variable "theFuture"
Dispatcher.Invoke(DispatcherPriority.ApplicationIdle, method(aFuture : String); begin
theFutureTextBox.Text := aFuture ;
end, theFuture);
end;
Both source codes use anonymous delegates.
Property notification
Property notification is used mainly for data binding, when the GUI has to know when the value of a property changes. The .NET framework provides the interfaces INotifyPropertyChanged and INotifyPropertyChanging (in .NET 3.5) for this purpose. These interfaces define events which have to be fired when a property is changed / was changed.
Oxygene provides the notify modifier, which can be used on properties. If this modifier is used, the compiler will add the interfaces to the class, implement them and create code to raise the events when the property changes / was changed.
property Foo : String read fFoo write SetFoo; notify;
property Bar : String; notify 'Blubb'; //will notify that property "Blubb" was changed instead of "Bar"
The modifier can be used on properties which have a setter method. The code to raise the events will then be added to this method during compile time.
Code examples
Hello World
namespace HelloWorld;
interface
type
HelloClass = class
public
class method Main;
end;
implementation
class method HelloClass.Main;
begin
writeLn('Hello World!');
end;
end.
Generic container
namespace GenericContainer;
interface
type
TestApp = class
public
class method Main;
end;
Person = class
public
property FirstName: String;
property LastName: String;
end;
implementation
uses
System.Collections.Generic;
class method TestApp.Main;
begin
var myList := new List<Person>; //type inference
myList.Add(new Person(FirstName := 'John', LastName := 'Doe'));
myList.Add(new Person(FirstName := 'Jane', LastName := 'Doe'));
myList.Add(new Person(FirstName := 'James', LastName := 'Doe'));
Console.WriteLine(myList[1].FirstName); //No casting needed
Console.ReadLine;
end;
end.
Generic method
namespace GenericMethodTest;
interface
type
GenericMethodTest = static class
public
class method Main;
private
class method Swap<T>(var left, right : T);
class method DoSwap<T>(left, right : T);
end;
implementation
class method GenericMethodTest.DoSwap<T>(left, right : T);
begin
var a := left;
var b := right;
Console.WriteLine('Type: {0}', typeof(T));
Console.WriteLine('-> a = {0}, b = {1}', a , b);
Swap<T>(var a, var b);
Console.WriteLine('-> a = {0}, b = {1}', a , b);
end;
class method GenericMethodTest.Main;
begin
var a := 23;// type inference
var b := 15;
DoSwap<Integer>(a, b); // no downcasting to Object in this method.
var aa := 'abc';// type inference
var bb := 'def';
DoSwap<String>(aa, bb); // no downcasting to Object in this method.
DoSwap(1.1, 1.2); // type inference for generic parameters
Console.ReadLine();
end;
class method GenericMethodTest.Swap<T>(var left, right : T);
begin
var temp := left;
left:= right;
right := temp;
end;
end.
Program output:
Type: System.Int32
-> a = 23, b = 15
-> a = 15, b = 23
Type: System.String
-> a = abc, b = def
-> a = def, b = abc
Type: System.Double
-> a = 1,1, b = 1,2
-> a = 1,2, b = 1,1
Differences between Delphi and Oxygene
: Replaced with the namespace keyword. Since Oxygene doesn't compile per-file but per-project, it does not depend on the name of the file. Instead the unit or namespace keyword is used to denote the default namespace that all types are defined in for that file
and : is the preferred keyword, though and still work.
: In Oxygene all methods are overloaded by default, so no special keyword is needed for this
: This constructor call has been replaced by the keyword. It can still be enabled in the for legacy reasons
: Characters in strings are zero-based and read-only. Strings can have nil values, so testing against empty string is not always sufficient.
Criticism
Some people would like to port their Win32 Delphi code to Oxygene without making major changes. This is not possible because while Oxygene looks like Delphi, there are enough changes so as to make it incompatible for a simple recompile. While the name gives it the appearance of another version of Delphi, that is not completely true.
On top of the language difference, the Visual Component Library framework is not available in Oxygene. This makes porting even more difficult because classic Delphi code relies heavily on the VCL.
See also
C#
Object Pascal
Embarcadero Delphi
Free Pascal
Eiffel
Java
References
External links
.NET programming languages
Class-based programming languages
Mono (software)
Object-oriented programming languages
Pascal (programming language) compilers
Pascal programming language family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene%20%28programming%20language%29 |
Kunigunde of Austria (16 March 1465 – 6 August 1520), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1487 to 1508, by her marriage to the Wittelsbach duke Albert IV.
Biography
Early life
Kunigunde was born in Wiener Neustadt, the fourth of five children to Emperor Frederick III and his wife Eleanor, daughter of King Edward of Portugal. However, only she and her elder brother Maximilian survived to adulthood. Frederick blamed her mother for the deaths of her older siblings, saying that she had fed them too much Portuguese sweet food. When Kunigunde fell ill, Frederick rushed into the women's quarter, took the baby from the cradle and moved her to his own bedchamber, removing her from the mother's supposed harmful care. Eleanor quickly fell ill herself. It is unknown whether mother and child ever saw each other again before her death.
She was raised in Wiener Neustadt and at the Inner Austrian court in Graz, Styria, where she grew up in an informal and open atmosphere, without rigid court etiquette. Contrary to former practice, she learned not only to read, write, and embroider, but also received instruction in riding and hunting, astronomy and mathematics.
Kunigunde's family had left the Imperial residence at the Hofburg in Vienna after lengthy quarrels with Frederick's younger brother Archduke Albert VI of Austria. Though Albert had unexpectedly died in 1463 and the emperor proclaimed a general Landfrieden peace, armed hostilities in the Austrian lands continued.
Like most daughters of royal families, since her early years Kunigunde was involved in the political intrigues of her time. In 1470 the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus requested her hand; however, Emperor Frederick, a rival for the Crown of Saint Stephen and also for the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, refused him. As her mother had died in 1467, Kunigunde made her formal presentation at the side of her father at the age of fifteen, in 1480, during the visit of Duke George of Bavaria, called "the Rich", to Frederick's court in Vienna. George was solemnly enfeoffed with the Imperial estate of Bavaria-Landshut and after the celebrations Kunigunde was sent to Burggraf Ulrich III von Graben to Graz for her safety; however, after a plot against the emperor was discovered, he moved to Linz and sent Kunigunde to the Tyrolean court in Innsbruck with Archduke Sigismund of Austria, Frederick's first cousin and former ward.
Duchess of Bavaria-Munich
In Innsbruck Kunigunde met Duke George's cousin, Albert IV, then ruler of Bavaria-Munich and about 18 years her senior, who she married on 2 January 1487. Her father had initially given his consent, however, when Albert's forces occupied the Imperial City of Regensburg, he changed his mind. The couple wed at the Innsbruck Hofburg residence, against the will of Kunigunde's father. Her brother Maximilian mediated between her and Emperor Frederick; he was able to prevent an imperial ban.
Kunigunde followed her husband to Bavaria and served as joint regent for their eldest son William IV, born in 1493. In spite of her resignation from the Imperial court, she tried to influence the politics of the state as she acted in favour of the rights of her younger sons. She stayed in close contact with her brother, Emperor Maximilian I, and with other rulers and relatives in Europe.
After the death of Albert in 1508 she later joined the Convent of Püttrich which she favoured and lived there until her death in 1520.
Dowager Duchess
She was very pious and able to exert influence in her brother on religious matters. In 1509, relying on the influence of Kunigunde, and the Cologne Dominicans, the anti-Jewish agitator Johannes Pfefferkorn was authorized by Maximilian to confiscate all offending Jewish books (including prayer books), except the Bible. The confiscations happened in Frankfurt, Bingen, Mainz and other German cities. Responding to the order, the archbishop of Mainz, the city council of Frankfurt and various German princes tried to intervene in defense the Jews. Maximilian consequently ordered the confiscated books to be returned. On May 23, 1510 though, influenced by a supposed "host desecration" and blood libel in Brandenburg, as well as pressure from Kunigunde, he ordered the creation of an investigating commission and asked for expert opinions from German universities and scholars. The prominent humanist Johann Reuchlin argued strongly in defense of the Jewish books, especially the Talmud.
In 1512, Kunigunde exposed the fraud of the self-appointed saint Anna Laminit (1480-1518) of Augsburg, who had duped the population and enriched herself using her fame as a "hunger saint" for decades. Laminit had managed to approach even Maximilian himself, who paid personal visits to her and provided her and her maid with clothing. In 1503, Laminit attained her greatest success in persuading Bianca Maria Sforza, her brother's Queen (later Empress), to lead a penitent procession with the city's leading officials – probably the largest one the city had ever seen. Rumours arose though, that some people had seen the "saint" eat. Kunigunde decided to carry out an investigation herself. She invited Laminit to her monastery. When Laminit arrived on 16 October 1512, she was quartered in a guest room, which had been prepared beforehand with peepholes. As soon as the door was locked, Laminit unpacked bags of fruit that she had hidden under the bed. Despite Laminit tried to cover the scandal, on 13 October 1513, Kunigunde demanded a just punishment from the Imperial City Council Of Augsburg. On 30 January 1514, Maximilian personally decreed that Laminit would not be allow to approach him or the city within a day's travel distance. Laminit then arrogantly left Augsburg and moved to Freiburg, where she married a widowed crossbow-maker and established herself as a herbalist. After a new fraud was exposed and one of her herbal drinks caused the death of a person in Freiburg though, she was condemned as a witch and executed by drowning.
Among her four daughters, Sidonie died young, so her sister Sibylle married Ludwig von der Pfalz who had been betrothed to Sidonie. Susanne married twice – the first husband was a Margrave of Brandenburg, the second a Count Palatine. Sabine was married to Duke Ulrich of Württemberg, as a reward for having supported Albert in the war against George. The marriage turned out to be a disaster. Ulrich was a lazy ruler and a dissolute man who got into debt and physically abused Sabine. When he murdered the husband of his lover in broad daylight in 1515, it was too much for Kunigunde. She called Sabine back to her and told Maximilian to impose an imperial ban on Ulrich, which her brother did in 1516.
She lived her last years in "quiet meditations and pious prayers", also for her brother who died in 1519 (she outlived him for a year).
Issue
With Duke Albert IV of Bavaria, Kunigunde had seven children:
Sidonie (1 May 1488 – 27 March 1505). Betrothed to Louis V, Elector Palatine, she died before the wedding took place.
Sibylle (16 June 1489 – 18 April 1519), married in 1511 to Louis V, Elector Palatine.
Sabina (24 April 1492 – 30 April 1564), married in 1511 to Duke Ulrich I of Württemberg.
William IV, Duke of Bavaria (13 November 1493 – 7 March 1550).
Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (18 September 1495 – 22 April 1545).
Ernest (13 June 1500 – 7 December 1560), an ecclesiastical official in Passau (1517–40), Archbishop in Salzburg (1540–54) and Eichstädt.
Susanna (2 April 1502 – 23 April 1543), married firstly in 1518 to Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg and secondly in 1529 to Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Neuburg, since 1556 Elector Palatine.
Ancestry
References
External links
Women in power
Cloister of Püttrich
Biography
Article in the Biographische Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich
Habsburg, Kunigunde of Austria
Habsburg, Kunigunde of Austria
16th-century women rulers
Duchesses of Bavaria
House of Wittelsbach
15th-century House of Habsburg
16th-century House of Habsburg
Austrian princesses
Daughters of kings
Daughters of emperors
Burials at Munich Frauenkirche
Mothers of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigunde%20of%20Austria |
Abram William Lauder (June 6, 1834 – February 20, 1884) was a Canadian lawyer and political figure. He represented Grey South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1874 and Grey East from 1875 to 1884.
Biography
Lauder was born at Bewcastle in England in 1834, studied in Scotland and later came to Canada West. He taught school for a while, then moved to Toronto, articled in law and was called to the bar in 1864.
In 1856, he and writer Maria Elise Turner Lauder were married. They had one child, the pianist William Waugh Lauder.
In 1871, it was found that one of Lauder's supporters had used bribery to obtain votes. Lauder himself was not implicated, but was unseated as a result and then was reelected in the by-election that followed. Lauder later proved that a government land valuator, John L. Lewis had influenced voters in Proton by promising benefits from a Liberal government; also implicated were Archibald McKellar, Adam Oliver and James Kirkpatrick Kerr, the law partner of Ontario Premier Edward Blake. In 1872, Lauder defended the strike committee of the Toronto Typographical Union against charges brought forward by the Master Printers' Association; Canadian law at the time was not clear on the status of labour organizations.
In 1881, Lauder Township was named in his honor. He died in Toronto in 1884.
References
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1834 births
1884 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Canadian Methodists
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Immigrants to the Province of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram%20William%20Lauder |
Faidherbe may refer to:
Faidherbe (train), a former train in France
ST Faidherbe, a Senegalese tugboat
People with the surname
Henri Brosselard-Faidherbe (1855–1893), French military officer and explorer, the stepson of Louis Faidherbe
Louis Faidherbe (1818–1889), French general and Governor of Senegal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faidherbe |
Grant Heslov (born May 15, 1963) is an American actor and filmmaker known for his producing and writing collaborations with George Clooney, which have earned him four Oscar nominations. As a co-producer of Argo (2012), he received the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2013. As an actor, he has appeared in films including True Lies (1994), Black Sheep (1996), Enemy of the State (1998) and The Scorpion King (2002), as well as performing supporting roles in several films made with Clooney.
Personal life
Heslov was born in Los Angeles, California, and was raised in its Palos Verdes area. His father, Arthur Heslov, was a dentist, and his mother, Jerrie (née Rosen), a businesswoman. He has two older brothers, Steven and Michael. Heslov is Jewish.
He attended Palos Verdes High School, then the University of Southern California . He is a member of Phi Kappa Psi.
Heslov is married to Lysa Hayland-Heslov, a producer.
Career
Heslov's acting credits include the films True Lies, Dante's Peak, Enemy of the State, The Scorpion King, Good Night and Good Luck, Congo, Black Sheep, and Catch Me If You Can. He has also appeared in such TV series as Murder, She Wrote, Happy Days, Family Ties, Spencer, Mama's Family, L.A. Law, Matlock, Sleeper Cell and The X-Files.
In August 2006, Heslov and George Clooney started Smokehouse Pictures and began writing screenplays for production. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (with Clooney) and as producer for Best Film for Good Night, and Good Luck. Heslov also appears in the film as Don Hewitt, the director of the TV series See It Now, around which the movie is centered. He directed a screen adaptation of The Men Who Stare at Goats, starring Clooney, Ewan McGregor, Jeff Bridges, and Kevin Spacey and co-produced The American starring Clooney in 2012. He also worked on 2011's The Ides of March. In June 2012, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
In 2013, Heslov, alongside Clooney and Ben Affleck, won the Academy Award for Best Picture for Argo (2012). The three men also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama and the BAFTA Award for Best Film.
Heslov directed the first and fifth episodes of the 2019 miniseries Catch-22, on which he was also executive producer.
Filmography
Executive producer
Playground (2009) (Documentary)
The Art of Political Murder (2020) (Documentary)
Ticket to Paradise (2022)
How to Build a Truth Engine (2023) (Documentary)
Untitled Ohio State Scandal Project (Documentary)
Acting roles
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
Film producers from California
Jewish American male actors
People from Palos Verdes, California
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Best Screenplay AACTA International Award winners
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Heslov |
The Lighthouse at the End of the World () is an adventure novel by French author Jules Verne. Verne wrote the first draft in 1901. It was first published posthumously in 1905. The plot of the novel involves piracy in the South Atlantic during the mid-19th century, with a theme of survival in extreme circumstances, and events centering on an isolated lighthouse. Verne was inspired by the real lighthouse at the Isla de los Estados, Argentina, near Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn.
The novel was adapted into the 1971 movie, The Light at the Edge of the World.
Plot summary
Verne sets the plot by stating, "The Argentine Republic had displayed a happy initiative in constructing this lighthouse at the end of the world," within Elgor Bay and the harbor of Saint-Jean "forms a kind of pendant to Elgor Bay." The despatch boat Santa-Fé arrived on Oct. 1858 to construct the lighthouse, which was inaugurated on 9 Dec. 1859, standing 103 feet in height on top of a mound 120 feet high, and illuminated by oil. The lighthouse guided ships into the Le Maire Strait or south of the island, and was to be staffed by 3 keepers over the next 3 months, until the return of the Santa-Fé.
Unbeknownst to Vasquez, Moriz, and Felipe, the chief lighthouse keeper and his helpers, the island was the domain of a dozen marooned pirates, who bide their time in wrecking.
Two of them are murdered by a band of newly arrived pirates led by one Kongre. Vasquez, the only survivor, spends several months until the dispatch boat Santa-Fé is due to return, surviving off the pirates' hidden stores of food in a cave. After the Century, an American ship from Mobile, Alabama, crashes on the island due to the light's having been put out by the pirates, Vasquez bands with the sole survivor of the wreck – First Officer John Davis – to stop the pirates from escaping into the South Pacific.
They manage to scavenge a cannon from the wreckage and shoot the pirates' ship, the Maule, as it is about to leave the bay they are situated in. The shell only causes minor damage, however, and the pirates' carpenter is able to fix it in only a few days. The night before the ship is about to attempt to leave again, Vasquez swims to the Maule at its mooring and plants a bomb in the rudder. This causes, yet again, only minor damage, and is fixed in only one day. The next day however, Carcante, the second-in-command of the pirate ship, spots the Santa-Fé on the horizon. Fortunately for the pirates, it will not arrive until nighttime, and the Santa Fe can't possibly get into the bay without light from the lighthouse. This will give the pirates the perfect chance to slip out and sail around the southern side of the island, which they know quite well by now.
Vasquez and Davis, however, return to the lighthouse and turn the light back on. The troop of pirates tries to regain the lighthouse and kill the two, but they find the bolted iron door to the staircase too reinforced to break down. Kongre, the band's leader, orders Carcante and the carpenter to climb the side of the lighthouse and murder Vasquez and Davis at the top, but they are shot as soon as their heads peek over the banister. Kongre and the remaining pirates realize it is all over for them and flee to the island's interior. Most surrender afterward, a few starve, and Vasquez watches as Kongre commits suicide. Vasquez returns home with the Santa-Fé after making sure the island is safe for the new lighthousemen.
See also
Jamaica Inn
References
External links
Map of the island with key geographical points referenced in the novel
Further reading
Google Books online version
1905 French novels
French adventure novels
Novels by Jules Verne
Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina
Novels about pirates
French novels adapted into films
Novels published posthumously
Novels set on islands
Novels set in Argentina
Novels set in lighthouses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lighthouse%20at%20the%20End%20of%20the%20World |
James Leslie Binks (born 1951) is a Northern Irish heavy metal drummer. He was the drummer for Judas Priest from 1977 to 1979.
History
Previously working for Eric Burdon, Binks was a drummer on Roger Glover's album The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast (1974). The album project began as a soundtrack for an animated film based on a well-known English children's book, but a promo for the film never gained any interest, so the project was scrapped. Glover went on to release the soundtrack as a "Roger Glover and Friends" title. One of the featured vocalists, Eddie Hardin, later released his own albums, the first of which was Eddie Hardin's Wizard's Convention (1976), which again included Binks on drums.
Binks played for the pop band Fancy who had two U.S. hits in 1974 with a cover of "Wild Thing", and "Touch Me".
Through his connection to Roger Glover who had just wrapped up production of their album Sin After Sin, Binks joined the up-and-coming heavy metal act Judas Priest in March 1977 for their world tour – their first on American soil. Binks remained with the band for two and a half years, until July 1979, recording the studio albums Stained Class and Killing Machine and the live album Unleashed in the East. While with Judas Priest, he received a writing credit for the song "Beyond the Realms of Death" from the album Stained Class. Binks made a home demo of the track with friend Steve Mann of the Michael Schenker Group helping on guitar, and at a band rehearsal he picked up a guitar to show them the song. The band loved the song and vocalist Rob Halford then crafted the song's lyrics and title.
Binks left the band just before the start of the North American leg of the "Killing Machine" (Hell Bent for Leather) tour. Binks said in 2017 that he left because he felt he was essentially hired as a "freelance session drummer" by the band and was never made an official member. He felt insulted when the band's then-manager Mike Dolan suggested that he "waive his fees" (i.e. not get paid for his performance) on the live album Unleashed in the East, a RIAA-certified platinum seller.
In 1979, Binks joined Charlie Whitney and Axis Point and remained active in the British hard rock/heavy metal underground. In 1981, he was a member of Lionheart which featured Dennis Stratton (ex-Iron Maiden) on guitar and Jess Cox (ex-Tygers of Pan Tang) on vocals, though this was only a brief stint. Also in 1981, Binks played on the album Finardi by Italian rock singer Eugenio Finardi.
Binks toured with the bands Lionheart (1981) and Tytan (1982–1983) soon after their first single release.
Since then, Binks has appeared in a classic rock cover band around South London called The Shakers, with Dave Bunce, guitarist Pete Friesen (formerly with Jeff Beck and with Alice Cooper), and vocalist/guitarist Tom Lundy (of The Poor Mouth). Rounding out the band was bassist Phil Rynhart, co-founder member of The Poor Mouth. Binks and Pete Friesen have also done time in Metalworks, along with ex-Iron Maiden guitarist Tony Parsons, playing covers of Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, and other legendary metal bands around London.
In 2013, he joined the band Raw Glory, which also featured singer Paul Manzi (of Arena).
In 2015, Binks played live around London in Broken Bones with ex-Bad II The Bone members Ed Hudson and Paul Smith, and in original prog-folk-rock band Kindred Spirit with whom he recorded the album Phoenix Rising.
During 2017 and 2018, he performed classic Judas Priest songs live with a new band called Les Binks' Priesthood. He then intended to join the band KK's Priest after a one-time show in late 2019 playing Judas Priest songs at KK's Steelmill, along with other former Judas Priest members K. K. Downing (guitar) and Tim "Ripper" Owens (vocals). Other participants included David Ellefson (bass) of Megadeth and A.J. Mills (guitar) of the UK band Hostile. However, Binks reportedly suffered a fractured wrist prior to the recording of KK's Priest's first album in 2020, so he was replaced by Sean Elg (The Three Tremors).
In 2022, Binks was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Judas Priest via the Award for Musical Excellence. On 14 October, K. K. Downing confirmed that he and Binks would be joining Judas Priest for a performance at the induction ceremony.
Binks played a three-song set with Judas Priest at their Rock and Roll hall of fame induction on 5 November 2022, marking his first appearance with the band in 43 years.
References
External links
Living people
Male drummers from Northern Ireland
British heavy metal drummers
Judas Priest members
People from Portadown
1951 births
20th-century drummers from Northern Ireland
21st-century drummers from Northern Ireland
20th-century male musicians from Northern Ireland
21st-century male musicians from Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Binks |
The Humanist Association of Ireland (HAI) is a Republic of Ireland secular humanist organisation that was founded in 1993 to promote Humanism, which they describe as:
an ethical philosophy of life, based on a concern for humanity in general, and for human individuals in particular. This view of life combines reason with compassion. It is for those people who base their interpretation of existence on the evidence of the natural world and its evolution, and not on belief in supernatural power. It hosts an annual lecture, usually at Trinity College Dublin, to mark Darwin Day and holds regular public meetings.
The HAI is also active in providing Humanist alternatives to traditional wedding, baptism and funeral ceremonies.
The HAI is a member organisation of the European Humanist Federation and is affiliated with the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU). The official symbol of the HAI is the Happy Human.
Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, son of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, helped to set up the organisation.
In April 2009 the Association started an advertising campaign on the DART against religious oaths of office for Irish judges and presidents.
Dick Spicer, the then chairman, has criticised the educational system, claiming that it discriminates against non-believers. He resigned as chairman of the board of HAI in July 2010.
In November 2010 the Association objected to a pilot programme called "Goodness me, Goodness you" on the grounds that it separated children into believers and non-believers at an early age. They said that faith classes should take place outside school hours.
See also
Humanism Ireland
Irreligion in the Republic of Ireland
Secularism in the Republic of Ireland
References
External links
Humanist Association of Ireland website
Archive of articles published by HAI members
Mid-west Branch
Ireland
Political organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
European Humanist Federation
Atheism in Ireland
Atheist organizations
1993 establishments in Ireland
Organizations established in 1993
Secular humanism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist%20Association%20of%20Ireland |
Belfast Exposed is a photography gallery in Belfast, established in 1983. It was Northern Ireland's first dedicated photographic gallery and in 2018 Sean O'Hagan in The Guardian described it as "the key independent space for contemporary photography" there. Belfast Exposed houses a 20×7 m gallery for the exhibition of contemporary photography, digital archive browsing facilities, a spacious black and white photographic darkroom and a digital editing suite in its Donegall Street premises.
It was established "to challenge and subvert media representations of the Troubles-torn city". The gallery has focused on the production of socially and politically engaged work, the development and exhibition of community photography. Training is used to encourage local communities to use photography to record and understand their environment.
Belfast Exposed hosts an archive of half a million images, which were to be published online in a digital archive by March 2004.
The gallery is used as a venue during both the Belfast Film Festival and the Belfast Festival at Queen's.
References
External links
Culture in Belfast
Buildings and structures in Belfast
Art museums and galleries in Northern Ireland
Photography museums and galleries in Northern Ireland
Tourist attractions in Belfast
Art galleries established in 1983
1983 establishments in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast%20Exposed |
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