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Degrassi is a Scottish indie rock band.
Degrassi are based in Edinburgh. The band formed in late 1999, with the initial line-up consisting of Scott Smith (guitar) and Michael Branagh (drums/vocals) with Stephen McColl and Stuart Turner on guitar and bass.
They recorded a session in 2001 which was aired on BBC Radio 1's Evening Session, and were subsequently invited to perform a Peel session at Maida Vale. By this point, McColl had left the band as work commitments forced a move to New York and then London, however he played on two of the four tracks recorded at Maida Vale. Bass guitar on the remaining tracks was played by Chris Bathgate, formerly touring guitarist for Ganger, and latterly live bassist for Arab Strap and now frontman for Edinburgh outfit Sans Trauma.
Soon after this Peel Session, Chris Bathgate took on guitar and additional vocal duties and Tom Nicol was recruited on bass to help the duo of Branagh and Smith. Shortly thereafter, Bathgate departed and the band welcomed Bob Fairfoull, formerly of Idlewild on bass guitar.
The line up of Michael Branagh and Scott Smith with Tom Nicol and Chris Bathgate released the 'Terminal Ocean' E.P. on SL Records in 2002 and were thereafter for a brief period accompanied by Paul "The Fingers" Phillips (Sans Trauma) incorporating keyboards into the following tours and live shows.
The line up of Scott Smith (guitar/vocals), Michael Branagh (drums/vocals) and Bob Fairfoull (bass) with Tom Nicol (guitar/vocals) recorded an E.P for SL Records 2003's 'The Form' and the 'Tell Charles I'm on my way' 3 track single on the Adorno Records label in 2005.
Signing to SL Records, they played a second Peel Session for the BBC at Maida Vale as part of an SL Records showcase. Degrassi have also appeared at T in the Park three times and played with bands such as Seafood, The 80s Matchbox B-line Disaster, Colour of Fire, The Coral, Faust and Wayne Kramer of MC5 fame.
The band took a break in 2005 to pursue other ventures and the classic line up of Bob Fairfoull, Michael Branagh and Scott Smith re-formed in May 2006.
Their initial recordings were supported by funding from the Scottish Arts Council, and were produced by Michael Brennan, who previously worked with Super Furry Animals and Mogwai.
Discography
Singles and EPs
Terminal Ocean (2002)
The Form (2003)
Tell Charles I'm on My Way (2004)
Scottish rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrassi%20%28band%29 |
Gémino Henson Abad (born February 5, 1939) is an educator, writer, and literary critic from Cebu, Philippines. He is a National Artist for Literature of the Philippines.
Early life and education
His family moved to Manila when his father, Antonio Abad, was offered professorships at Far Eastern University and the University of the Philippines. He earned his A.B. English from the University of the Philippines Diliman in 1964 "magna cum laude". His MA with honors and Ph.D. in English literature degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago in 1966 and 1970, respectively. He is a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi.
Career
He served the University of the Philippines in various capacities: as Secretary of the university, Secretary of the Board of Regents, Vice President for Academic Affairs and Director of the U.P. Institute of Creative Writing. For many years, he also taught English, comparative literature and creative writing at U.P. Diliman.
Abad co-founded the Philippine Literary Arts Council (PLAC) which published Caracoa, a poetry journal in English. His other works include Fugitive Emphasis (poems, 1973); In Another Light (poems and critical essays, 1976); A Formal Approach to Lyric Poetry (critical theory, 1978); The Space Between (poems and critical essays, 1985); Poems and Parables (1988); Index to Filipino Poetry in English, 1905-1950 (with Edna Zapanta Manlapaz, 1988) and State of Play (letter-essays and parables, 1990). He edited landmark anthologies of Filipino poetry in English, among them Man of Earth (1989), A Native Clearing (1993) and A Habit of Shores: Filipino Poetry and Verse from English, ‘60s to the ‘90s (1999).
The UP Diliman has elevated Abad to the rank of University Professor, the highest academic rank awarded by the university to an exemplary faculty member. He currently sits on the Board of Advisers of the U.P. Institute of Creative Writing and teaches creative writing as Emeritus University Professor at the College of Arts and Letters, U.P. Diliman.
In 2009, he became the first Filipino to receive the coveted Premio Feronia in Rome, Italy under the foreign author category.
In 2022, the Philippine government conferred on him the National Artist for Literature distinction. It is the highest recognition for artists who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art.
Works
Poetry
Fugitive Emphasis, 1973
Poems and Parables, 1988
In Ordinary Time: Poems, Parables, Poetics, 2004
Poems and critical essays
In Another Light, 1976
The Space Between, 1985
Father and Daughter, 1996
Poetry and fiction (in the same book)
A Makeshift Sun, 2001
"Care of Light: New Poems and Found", 2010
Fiction and essays (in the same book)
Orion's Belt and Other Writings, 1996
Literary criticism
A Formal Approach to Lyric Poetry, 1978
Getting Real: An Introduction to the Practice of Poetry, 2004
Creative non-fiction
State of Play (essays), 1990
Historical anthologies
Man of Earth: Filipino Poetry and Verse from English, 1905 to the mid-‘50s (co-edited with Ace Palermo), 2017
A Native Clearing: Filipino Poetry and Verse from English Since the ‘50s to the Present, 1993
A Habit of Shores: Filipino Poetry and Verse from English, ‘60s to the ‘90s, 1999
Anthology
The Likhaan Anthology of Philippine Literature in English, 1998
With Ace Palermo..
Translations into other languages
Italian: Dove le parole non si spezzano, edited by Gëzim Hajdari, translated by Andrea Gazzoni, afterword by Carla Locatelli,Ace Palermo 2015 (Rome: Ensemble)
Awards, prizes and fellowships
National Artist for Literature 2022
University Professorship, University of the Philippines
Carlos P. Romulo Professorial Chair, University of the Philippines
Henry Lee Irwin Professorial Chair in Creative Writing, Ateneo de Manila University
Rockefeller Fellowship, University of Chicago
Visiting professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Visiting professor, Saint Norbert College, Wisconsin
Visiting professor, Singapore Management University
International Writing Program Fellowship, University of Iowa
British Council Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford
U.P. Outstanding Faculty Award
U.P. Distinguished Alumnus in Literature
Ellen F. Fajardo Foundation Grant for Excellence in Teaching
U.P. Gawad Chancellor Best Literary Work
Palanca Awards for Poetry
for Literature
Cultural Center of the Philippines Award for Poetry
National Book Awards from the Manila Critics' Circle
Asian Catholic Publishers Inc. Catholic Authors Award
Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas from Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas (UMPIL)
Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan in Literature from the City of Manila
Premio Feronia, Foreign Author, 2009
References
External links
Philippine Social Weather Station
Overseas Writers Workshop, University of Iowa
"Care of Light" by Gemino H. Abad
Highchair.com
Ti Similla, U.P. Baguio
The Best Philippine Short Stories
Manoa, University of Hawaii
Doe Library, University of California, Berkeley
1939 births
20th-century Filipino poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Filipino poets
21st-century male writers
Filipino male poets
Filipino literary critics
Living people
People from Santa Ana, Manila
Cebuano people
People from Cebu
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Philippines
International Writing Program alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9mino%20Abad |
Babinet is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gilles Babinet (born 1967), French entrepreneur
Jacques Babinet (1794–1872), French scientist
Rémi Babinet (born 1957), French creative director
Other uses
Babinet–Soleil compensator
Babinet's principle, physics theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinet |
The Court of Session Act 1808 (also known as the Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1808) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (48 Geo. 3. c. 151) which reformed Scotland's highest court, the Court of Session. Reform of the Court of Session had been proposed as early as 1805 by the Whig government trying to impose a system based on that of England, especially the use of a civil jury trial. That particular government fell before their reform bill was enacted. In 1808, reform was pushed through by a Tory government. The Court was split into two divisions. Judgments of the new divisions could only be appealed to the House of Lords at the leave of the division, or in the case of a dispute between its judges. Decrees of the Lords Ordinary could only be appealed to the House of Lords after being reviews by the Divisional judges. The Act also established a commission to review the processes of the Court of Session, including the possibility of the introduction of jury trial and the creation of permanent Lords Ordinary. The Commissioner's review led to two further Acts, the Court of Session Act 1810 and the Court of Session Act 1813. These two Acts created the existing system of two divisions known as the Outer House and the Inner House. Trial by jury came later with the Jury Trials (Scotland) Act 1815.
It was repealed by the Court of Session Act 1988
References
1808 in British law
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
Court of Session
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1808
1808 in Scotland
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Session%20Act%201808 |
Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529 was an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia aircraft that crashed in the community of Burwell between the cities Bowdon, Georgia and Carrollton, Georgia, on August 21, 1995. Nine of the 29 passengers and crew on board were killed as a result of the accident. The accident bore similarities to Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311, which had occurred four years earlier, and resulted in the deaths of all 23 people on board. The inquiries of both crashes concluded that design flaws in the aircraft's propellers were to blame.
Aircraft and flight information
Flight 529 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in Gulfport, Mississippi.
On August 21, 1995, the flight was operated using an Embraer EMB 120RT Brasilia (registration number N256AS), a twin-turboprop commuter airliner. The aircraft made its first flight in 1989 and was delivered to Atlantic Southeast Airlines on March 3 of that same year. Before the fatal flight, it had made 18,171 cycles (one cycle can be roughly defined as one flight) and accumulated a total of 17,151.3 flight hours. The aircraft was equipped with a cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and a flight data recorder (FDR).
The captain of the flight was Edwin "Ed" Gannaway, age 45, and the first officer was Matthew "Matt" Warmerdam, age 28. Gannaway was a skilled pilot with 9,876 total hours of flying experience, including 7,374 flight hours in the Embraer Brasilia. Warmerdam was hired by the airline in April 1995 and had logged a total of 1,193 flight hours (including 363 hours in the Embraer Brasilia) at the time of the accident. The sole flight attendant, Robin Fech, age 37, was hired by the airline in February 1993 and had completed her last recurrent training in January 1995.
Passengers
Business travelers, ranging from 18 to 69 years of age, comprised just under half of the aircraft's passengers. Six engineers, two deputy sheriffs, two air force personnel, a minister, and a New Orleans woman planning to become a flight attendant were also on the aircraft.
Accident
Flight 529 left the ramp area at Atlanta at 12:10 Eastern Daylight Time, and took off at 12:23. At 12:43:25, while climbing through 18,100 ft, the occupants of the aircraft heard a thud, which First Officer Warmerdam later described as sounding like "a baseball bat striking an aluminum trash can." One of the blades of the Hamilton Standard propeller on the left engine had failed and the entire assembly had become dislodged, deforming the engine nacelle and distorting the wing's profile.
Although the EMB 120, like all transport-category multi-engine airplanes, is designed to fly with one engine inoperative, the distortion of the engine resulted in excessive drag and loss of lift on the left side of the aircraft, causing it to rapidly lose altitude.
The flight crew initially tried to return to Atlanta for an emergency landing, but the rapid descent resulted in them being diverted to West Georgia Regional Airport. The airplane was unable to stay in the air long enough and the pilots began searching for an open space to make an emergency landing, eventually settling on a field in Carroll County, Georgia, near the farming community of Burwell and the city of Carrollton. At 12:52:45, before the emergency landing could commence, the aircraft pitched over and began an uncommanded dive, striking the tops of the trees before it hit the ground nose first with a slight left bank, the force of which ripped off the weakened left wing. The aircraft skidded along the ground for some distance until it hit an incline in the field and briefly became airborne again, then fell back to the ground while yawing uncontrollably, before finally coming to a stop. The force of the final impact split the fuselage in half around the area where the wings were attached, rupturing its fuel tanks, which proved to be fatal during the evacuation of the plane.
Casualties
With the exception of the captain, all of the passengers and crew aboard Flight 529 survived the initial impact; the fatalities were the result of a postcrash fire.
The fire started about one minute after impact, and an oxygen bottle behind the first officer's seat leaked, contributing to the strength of the fire. Despite a dislocated shoulder, First Officer Warmerdam used the cockpit fire axe to cut through the thick cockpit glass. Surviving passenger David McCorkell and Carroll County Sheriff Deputy Guy Pope later assisted by pulling the axe out of the cockpit through the hole Warmerdam had created and struck the glass from the outside to increase the size of the hole and help Warmerdam escape. The emergency crews (including fire chief Steve Chadwick and paramedic Joan Crawford) successfully pulled Warmerdam out of the aircraft, but Captain Gannaway had suffered fatal injuries from the impact and succumbed to his wounds shortly after. Despite his injuries, Warmerdam survived the plane crash. Loudoun County Sheriff's Office Deputy Charles Barton died in a hospital from injuries sustained while allowing other passengers to exit first.
In addition to Captain Gannaway, seven passengers died as a result of the crash and subsequent fire, including three who died within 30 days of the crash, bringing the official death toll to eight. A ninth victim died four months after the crash from severe burn injuries. None of the passengers or crew escaped uninjured; eight had minor injuries. Among the seriously injured were Warmerdam and Fech.
Many of the passengers suffered survivor guilt; some believed that they should have assisted other passengers.
Surviving passenger Mary Jean Adair died of a heart attack eight weeks after the crash. She was included in a dedication to the people killed by the crash in a memorial service at an elementary school gymnasium some years later.
Probable cause
The probable cause of the accident was determined to be the failure of the propeller due to undiscovered metal fatigue in one blade resulting from corrosion from chlorine. Two previous failures of the same type of propeller had occurred, but those aircraft had been able to land safely. The failed propeller blade had undergone scheduled ultrasonic testing on May 19, 1994, which resulted in its rejection and removal from the propeller. The blade was sent to a Hamilton Standard facility, where it was subject to refurbishing work that was incorrectly performed. The propeller blade was then installed on the propeller fitted to the aircraft on September 30, 1994.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) criticized Hamilton Standard, which had maintained the propellers, for "inadequate and ineffective corporate inspection and repair techniques, training, documentation, and communication", and both Hamilton and the Federal Aviation Administration for "failure to require recurrent on-wing ultrasonic inspections for the affected propellers". The overcast skies and low cloud ceiling at the crash site also contributed to the severity of the crash.
Aftermath
The Military Fraternal Organization of Pilots awarded Warmerdam its medallion for his role in the disaster after treatment for burns. As of 2021, Warmerdam is flying for Expressjet Airlines. In 2002, after an estimated 50 surgeries and lengthy therapy, he was able to resume flying for ASA. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons honored his positive attitude during the long recovery with one of their "Patients of Courage: Triumph Over Adversity" awards in 2005.
The area residents built a memorial to the crash at the Shiloh United Methodist Church, near Burwell.
Many surviving passengers credited Robin Fech, the flight attendant, with saving their lives. Tanner Medical Center treated Fech's broken wrist and other lacerations before releasing her. The Georgia State Senate passed a resolution honoring Fech. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency." Fech never worked as a flight attendant again after the ASA 529 disaster.
Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 70 Stewart-Barton bears Deputy Barton's name. It is located in Leesburg, Virginia, in the county where he served.
In media
The events of Flight 529 were featured in "A Wounded Bird", a season-two (2004) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S. and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The dramatization was broadcast in the United States with the title "One Wing Flight". The accident was also included in a Mayday season-six (2007) Science of Disaster special titled "Fatal Flaw", which was called "Fatal Fix" in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Asia.
A book on the disaster, Nine Minutes, Twenty Seconds: The Tragedy and Triumph of ASA Flight 529 by Gary M. Pomerantz, was written in 2001.
Notes
References
External links
The Power of Emergency Training (Archive) - An article about Robin Fech's role
Three dead in Georgia commuter crash CNN
NTSB investigation docket
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by maintenance errors
Airliner accidents and incidents in Georgia (U.S. state)
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1995
Disasters in Georgia (U.S. state)
Accidents and incidents involving the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
529
Carroll County, Georgia
1995 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1995
August 1995 events in the United States
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
1995 meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Southeast%20Airlines%20Flight%20529 |
In atomic physics, a ridged mirror (or ridged atomic mirror, or Fresnel diffraction mirror) is a kind of atomic mirror, designed for the specular reflection of neutral particles (atoms) coming at a grazing incidence angle. In order to reduce the mean attraction of particles to the surface and increase the reflectivity, this surface has narrow ridges.
Reflectivity of ridged atomic mirrors
Various estimates for the efficiency of quantum reflection of waves from ridged mirror were discussed in the literature. All the estimates explicitly use the de Broglie theory about wave properties of reflected atoms.
Scaling of the van der Waals force
The ridges enhance the quantum reflection from the surface, reducing the effective constant of the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surface. Such interpretation leads to the estimate of the reflectivity
,
where is width of the ridges, is distance between ridges, is grazing angle, and is wavenumber and is coefficient of reflection of atoms with wavenumber from a flat surface at the normal incidence. Such estimate predicts the enhancement of the reflectivity at the increase of period ; this estimate is valid at . See quantum reflection for the approximation (fit) of the function .
Interpretation as Zeno effect
For narrow ridges with large period , the ridges just blocks the part of the wavefront. Then, it can be interpreted in terms of the Fresnel diffraction of the de Broglie wave, or the Zeno effect; such interpretation leads to the estimate the reflectivity
,
where the grazing angle is supposed to be small. This estimate predicts enhancement of the reflectivity at the reduction of period . This estimate requires that .
Fundamental limit
For efficient ridged mirrors, both estimates above should predict high reflectivity. This implies reduction of both, width, of the ridges and the period, . The width of the ridges cannot be smaller than the size of an atom; this sets the limit of performance of the ridged mirrors.
Applications of ridged mirrors
Ridged mirrors are not yet commercialized, although certain achievements can be mentioned. The reflectivity of a ridged atomic mirror can be orders of magnitude better than that of a flat surface. The use of a ridged mirror as an atomic hologram has been demonstrated.
In Shimizu's and Fujita's work, atom holography is achieved via electrodes implanted into SiN4 film over an atomic mirror, or maybe as the atomic mirror itself.
Ridged mirrors can also reflect visible light; however, for light waves, the performance is not better than that of a flat surface. An ellipsoidal ridged mirror is proposed as the focusing element for an atomic optical system with submicrometre resolution (atomic nanoscope).
See also
Atomic mirror
Quantum reflection
Atomic nanoscope
Zeno effect
Matter wave
References
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridged%20mirror |
Cosmic Gate is a German DJ duo consisting of trance music producers Claus Terhoeven (born 1972) and Stefan Bossems (born 1967). Both hail from Krefeld, Germany.
On October 28, 2009, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, with Ultra Records artist Cosmic Gate placed #19, 43 spots above the group's ranking the year before. For the 2010 DJ Magazine Top 100 DJ Poll, Cosmic Gate moved to #24.
Career
Cosmic Gate was formed in 1999 when Terhoeven (also known as Nic Chagall) and Bossems (also known as Bossi) decided to assemble a new project in the electronic music field.
Their first single was "The Drums", followed by "Exploration of Space", "Mental Atmosphere" and their "Somewhere over the Rainbow" remix using samples from the film The Wizard of Oz. However, Cosmic Gate did not become well known until their single "Fire Wire" was released in the UK in 2001.
Cosmic Gate have made many remixes for artists such as Tiësto ("Urban Train"), Ferry Corsten ("Punk"), Blank & Jones ("DFF"), Israel Kamakawiwo'ole ("Somewhere Over the Rainbow"), Svenson & Gielen ("Answer the Question") and Vanessa-Mae ("White Bird").
Over the past few years, Cosmic Gate's sound has developed and moved away from the harder edge trance through to their current, more subtle yet still driving energetic music style. Since their third studio album, Earth Mover, they started moving towards the Progressive Trance style.
In 2015, they collaborated with Armin van Buuren on the trance track "Embargo", which was featured on Van Buuren's studio album "Embrace". Two years later, they announced their seventh studio album titled "Materia", which was released on January 20, 2017.
In 2018, Nic & Bossi were nominated for a Grammy Award For Best Remixed Recording for their remix of Gabriel & Dresden feat. Sub Teal "Only Road" on the Anjunabeats Label. They were the first ever trance artists to be nominated in this category.
Touring
The pair have played over 1,000 gigs, typically performing between 100 and 130 nights a year. They have played at clubs such as Ministry of Sound, The Guvernment, and Privilege Ibiza. They have played alongside DJs such as Armin Van Buuren, Ferry Corsten, W&W and Hardwell.
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
Rhythm & Drums (2001)
No More Sleep (2002)
Earth Mover (2006)
Sign of the Times (2009)
Wake Your Mind (2011)
Start to Feel (2014)
Materia Chapter.One (2017)
Materia Chapter.Two (2017)
20 Years [Forward Ever Backward Never] (2019)
Mosaiik Chapter One (2021)
Mosaiik Chapter Two (2023)
Compilation albums
Back 2 the Future - The Classics from 1999-2003: Remixed (2011)
DJ mixes
MaxiMal in the Mix Vol. 5 (with Tillmann Uhrmacher) (2001)
Technics DJ Set Volume Three (with DJ Shog) (2001)
Techno Club Vol. 14 - Talla 2XLC Welcomes Cosmic Gate (2001)
3AM Rush (2002)
Bitte Ein Beat! - Beat 3 (2002)
Back 2 Back - In the Mix (2003)
Back 2 Back Vol. 2 (2005)
Hard NRG 7 (2005)
Back 2 Back 3 (2007)
Privilege - World Biggest Club: Ibiza (with Hardwell) (2009)
Back 2 Back 4 (2010)
A State of Trance 500 (2011)
Trance Nation (2012)
Wake Your Mind Sessions 001 (2015)
Wake Your Mind Sessions 002 (2016)
Wake Your Mind Sessions 003 (2018)
Trance Energy 2018 (2018)
Wake Your Mind Sessions 004'' (2020)
Singles
Other Song
2016: Armin van Buuren & Cosmic Gate - "Embargo"
Remixes
Sash! - Adelante (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
U96 - Das Boot 2001 (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
Green Court - Follow Me (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
Green Court - Follow Me (Cosmic Gate Edit) 1999
Miss Shiva - Dreams (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
Beam vs. Cyrus and The Joker - Launch In Progress (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
Bossi - To The Sky (Cosmic Gate Remix) 1999
Taucher - Science Fiction (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000
Der Verfall - Der Mussolini (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000
E Nomine - E Nomine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000
Aquagen - Lovemachine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000
Balloon - Monstersound (Cosmic Gate Mix) 2000
Beam and Yanou - Sound Of Love (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2000
Talla 2XLC - World In My Eyes (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Blank & Jones - DJs, Fans & Freaks (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Safri Duo - Samb-Adagio (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Vanessa-Mae - White Bird (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Green Court - Inside Your Gates (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Tiësto - Urban Train (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2001
Ferry Corsten - Punk (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
Rank 1 - Awakening (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
4 Strings - Diving (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
DuMonde - God Music (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
Sioux - Pho (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
Svenson & Gielen - Answer the Question (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2002
Age of Love - The Age of Love (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2004
Beam - Amun (Cosmic Gate Mix) 2004
C.Y.B - Now (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2005
64 Bit - Virtual Discotech 1.0 (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2005
Cosmic Gate - Race Car Driver (Back 2 Back Mix) 2005
Cosmic Gate - The Drums (Back 2 Back Mix) 2005
Armin van Buuren and Rank 1 - This World Is Watching Me (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007
Kirsty Hawkshaw Meets Tenishia - Outsiders (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007
Tiësto featuring JES - Everything (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007
Cosmic Gate - Body Conflict (Cosmic Gate Club Mix) 2007
Vincent De Moor - Fly Away (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2007
Messler - Prepare (Cosmic Gate B2B3 Edit) 2007
Cosmic Gate - Fire Wire (Cosmic Gate B2B3 Reconstruction) 2007
Veracocha - Carte Blanche (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008
OceanLab - Sirens of the Sea (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008
Deadmau5 - Clockwork (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2008
Armin van Buuren featuring Cathy Burton - Rain (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
John O'Callaghan featuring Sarah Howells - Find Yourself (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
Fabio XB and Ronnie Play featuring Gabriel Cage - Inside Of You (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
Paul van Dyk featuring John McDaid - Home (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
Markus Schulz presents Dakota - Sin City (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
Kyau & Albert - I Love You (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
JES - Lovesong (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2009
Cosmic Gate - London Rain (Back 2 Back 4 ReDub)
James Horner and Leona Lewis - I See You [ Avatar Main Theme ] (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2010
Andrew Bennett featuring Sir Adrian - Run Till U Shine (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2010
Cosmic Gate - Exploration of Space (Cosmic Gate's Back 2 The Future Remix) 2010
Cosmic Gate - Fire Wire (Cosmic Gate's Back 2 The Future Remix) 2010
Markus Schulz - Away (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2011
Robbie Rivera - Departures (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2011
Ferry Corsten - Punk (Cosmic Gate Essential Rework) 2011
Emma Hewitt - Colours (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2012
Rank 1 and Jochen Miller featuring Sarah Bettens - Wild and Perfect Day (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2012
Manufactured Superstars – Calling All The Lovers (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2012
Late Night Alumni - Sapphire (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2012
Veracocha - Carte Blanche (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2013
Armin van Buuren - Pulsar (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2013
Gareth Emery - Long Way Home (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2015
Cosmic Gate - Exploration of Space (Cosmic Gate's Third Contact Remix) 2016
Gabriel & Dresden featuring Sub Teal - Only Road (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2018
Gareth Emery featuring Evan Henzi - Call To Arms (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2018
Ilan Bluestone - Frozen Ground (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2018
Mauro Picotto - Lizard (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2019
Rank 1 - L.E.D. There Be Light (Cosmic Gate Remix) 2019
Armin van Buuren and Avian Grays featuring Jordan Shaw - Something Real (Cosmic Gate Remix) (2020)
Joe Smooth - Promised Land (Cosmic Gate's No Gravity Remix) (2020)
Andrew Rayel and Olivia Sebastianelli - Everything Everything (Cosmic Gate Remix) (2020)
Awards and nominations
2018 Grammy nomination 'Best Remixed Recording, Non-classical' for 'Only Road' by Gabriel & Dresden.
DJ Magazine
Top 100 DJs Ranking
References
External links
Official site
TranceSound interview with Cosmic Gate, December 2010
Cosmic Gate ranks #39 on ''DJ Magazine'''s Top 100 DJs list 2012
Start To Feel tour interview
Cosmic Gate ranks #69 on ''DJ Mag'''s Top 100 DJs list 2014
German DJs
German electronic music groups
German dance music groups
German trance music groups
German musical duos
Remixers
Black Hole Recordings artists
Electronic dance music DJs
Electronic dance music duos
Musical groups established in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic%20Gate |
An electrostatic detection device, or EDD, is a specialized piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination to reveal indentations or impressions in paper that may otherwise go unnoticed. It is a non-destructive technique (will not damage the evidence in question), allowing further tests to be carried out. It is a sensitive technique capable of detecting indentations on pages several layers below the top sheet and many years after the indentations were created.
EDD equipment and investigative techniques were central to overturning a number of convictions in the United Kingdom, as it was possible to demonstrate that witness statements had been altered or signed as blank pages in reverse order to the main notes. This was central in a number of cases investigated at the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad that were appealed. The allegations of tampering with evidence and witness statements led to the unit being disbanded, and over 60 convictions being quashed, many of the appeals relying on EDD evidence.
How it works
When writing is fashioned on a sheet of paper resting upon other pages, the indentations or impressions produced are transferred to those below. These transferred impressions can be detected using an EDD.
In some situations, a questioned document such as a ransom note, or an extortion letter, may exist which can be determined to be the source of indentations detected on another piece of paper (e.g., an offender's notepad). Alternatively, indentations detected on a business contract might match information present on another such document. In some situations this would be an entirely innocent finding; however, if the two businesses are supposed to be operating independent of one another, then the finding could be significant. Decipherable indentations may also provide valuable information even when a second document is not present or cannot be located. For example, an anonymous letter may bear impressions of writing that relate to some mundane activity of the offender which could ultimately lead an investigator to a particular suspect.
The electro-physical basis whereby an EDD actually works is complex. The original theory suggested that the paper sandwiched between the grounded platen and the mylar charging film acted as a type of capacitor with the change in capacitance being due to differing compression of the paper. This led to models like the 'Thickness Variation Theory' and the 'Surface Variation Theory'. However, it turns out that a detectable 'indentation' is not due to the physical pressure applied to the writing instrument as one might expect. Rather, Seward in 1998 and 1999 proposed an alternative theory explaining the detection capability of an EDD as being due to a surface charge effect created by paper-to-paper friction specifically in the area where a writing instrument is pressed down into the top-most sheet of paper. Seward's model was based upon "charge transport through the Mylar-paper-platen structure" and is appropriately called the 'charge transport model'.
Subsequent testing, demonstrated that the charge transport model, while not perfect, is sound. This testing also clarified that areas of indentation are less negatively charged than surrounding areas. It is this relative difference in potential that causes the toner to be attracted to the areas of indentation, rather than other areas on the mylar surface.
Seward's model also helps to explain two unusual phenomena sometimes observed when using an EDD:
'pure' indentations caused by impact printing, for example, may not produce good EDD results
indirect secondary 'impressions' may appear that are caused by lateral relative motion between two sheets of paper when the source sheet bears significant embossing.
Additionally, indentations can sometimes not develop very well even though they are clearly visible. This may occur, for example, with very heavy or deep impressions or with impressions in glossy heavy-weight paper such as that used for brochures. In such situations, it is possible to use digital scanning and image-processing to document such writing impressions.
Practical use
Despite the complexity of the underlying theoretical mechanism, the practical use of an EDD is straightforward. Most devices are similar in their operation. The following are the key steps in using an EDD to visualize indentations:
Evaluation of material
Assess adequacy of material for examination: an EDD works best when used on a single sheet of clean, smooth paper (that is, paper without wrinkles, creases or stains). The presence of any of these factors may preclude effective examination or, at the minimum, mean that the results will be limited. Heavy-weight, coated or treated papers often produce poor results. The purported age of the document is not generally a factor of concern. Latent indentations have been developed on documents older than fifty years.
Examination using side (oblique) lighting: as a general rule, all items should be examined using side lighting. This is important because visual examination may detect deep indentations even though the EDD may fail to develop those indentations properly.
Documents that have been subjected to high levels of humidity will not generally retain indentations. As a result, other forensic examinations involving the wetting of a document, such as fingerprint development using a ninhydrin solution, should not be done until after examination for indentations.
Preparation
Humidification: an EDD works best when the relative humidity is less than 60%. Some studies have also suggested that absolute humidity is important. To help ensure proper humidification, most manufacturers provide a 'humidification chamber' that can be used to prepare a document for examination. It is important to note that over-humidification is also possible so care must be taken to not actually wet the document.
Fitness-for-use (FFU) test; AKA, control sample: since an EDD may fail to detect indentations when they are actually present (for a variety of reasons), it is important to check on the equipment's performance using a control sample (commonly called a FFU test) known to have indentations. Recommendations include using a FFU test sample at the beginning and end of a series involving the examination of multiple questioned documents, or placing a small FFU test sample adjacent to each questioned document on the platen. The FFU test can be prepared by hand using a similar writing instrument and similar paper. Alternatively, a special device call the 'Gradient®' can be used to produce control indentations that vary in depth in a known manner thereby permitting the examiner to determine not only that the EDD is working but also the degree to which it is sensitive. It is not essential to precisely match the questioned document in terms of paper type or pen type since the objective is to show that the device is functioning properly.
Placement on platen: the goal is to place the questioned document flat on the platen surface with few wrinkles or distortions (ideally, none). The document should not extend beyond the platen edges and enough room should be present around the document to allow the charging film (see below) to seal against the platen surface.
Type of document: as noted above, an EDD works well with a single sheet of paper up to a legal-sized sheet. However, if there are concerns about biological or chemical contamination, due to the condition of the questioned document, it is possible to use a second sheet of clean paper, e.g. copier paper, known to be free of indentations as a barrier between the platen and questioned document. Books and other multipage items can also be examined in some instances but these require additional preparation. Ideally, individual pages should be removed from such items but this is not always possible. As an alternative, a sheet of conductive material (e.g., aluminum foil) can be used to contact the conductive surface.
Covering with charging film: As noted above, the charging film should cover the document completely and contact the platen all the way around the document. The charging film serves two purposes: it protects the document from subsequent toner application and it takes the electrostatic charge required to 'develop' any latent indentations on the document. The film should be laid over the document taking care to avoid wrinkles or excessive stretching of the film. Most EDD devices have a roll of bulk film positioned adjacent to the device for ease in application. The charging film will adhere to the platen due to suction applied through the surface of the platen.
Charging of surface: the top surface of the charging film must be electrostatically charged. To achieve this most EDDs use a shielded (grounded) hand-held unit containing a high-tension corona wire which is usually about 7kV. It is turned on and literally waved over the entire surface of platen for several seconds criss-crossing the platen area. The objective is to produce an evenly distributed electrostatic charge in the air above the surface of the charging film. After passing the unit over the platen, the examiner waits for a few minutes until the charge has been passed to the surface of the charging film.
Application of toner to develop indentations. The EDD is able to visualize indentations because the surface is differentially charged depending upon whether or not an indentation is present. The negatively charged toner particles are attracted to areas where there are indentations in the paper surface. Once an electrostatic charge has been applied to the charging film, the latent indentations can be developed. This is done using a powder toner very much like toner found in any electrophotographic printing device. There are various methods used for this purpose.
Cascade method: Some EDDs have a platen that is hinged on one edge to permit it to be tilted. A mixture of toner and small carrier beads (made of glass or similar non-conductive material) is then poured over the surface of the document from one side to the other. The beads, and excess toner, are captured on the lower edge of the device to be reused. This process can be repeated several times in order to develop all areas of the document.
Aerosol spray method: Some EDDs provide the ability to spray toner over the surface of the charging film. In these systems a protective shell or chamber is fitted that covers the entire platen. At one end there is a nozzle connected to a reservoir of toner. The examiner then manually activates a pump that sprays toner into the chamber creating a cloud of fine toner that settles down onto the surface of the charging film. Ideally the cloud is randomly distributed but often this method produces a relatively distinctive pattern of toner on the film.
Brush method: With some EDDs the toner is applied using a magnetic brush such as would be used for development of latent fingerprints. This is a manual process that is quite tedious and requires meticulous control of the brush. But the method works well for selective development of subtle indentations.
Toner pad method: Similar to the brush method described above but uses a special pad with a built-in toner reservoir. The toner pad is placed on the surface of the charging film and moved across the surface by hand.
Assessment of results. After the development process is complete the examiner must assess the results of the test process.
FFU test results: since the questioned document may or may not have indentations, the correct method to assess the functionality of the EDD is through inspection of the FFU test sample.
If indentations are developed from the FFU test sample, the EDD can be considered as functioning correctly.
If no indentations developed from the FFU test sample, the EDD is not working.
If the FFU test was positive and no indentations are developed in the area of the questioned document, then the assessment will be that no detectable indentations have been developed. It is important to note that this does not mean the questioned document was never in contact with other items of interest. The absence of detectable indentations may be due to one or more limitations causing the indentations to not be detected.
Note that the presence of indentations in the document area is prima facie evidence that detectable indentations exist such that the FFU test is redundant.
Preservation of results. It is important to record and/or preserve the results of a test, especially if the test is positive (i.e., indentations were developed). This can be done in at least two ways.
Adhesive lift: in this method, a sheet of fixing film is used to preserve the developed indentations. The fixing film is usually a relatively rigid sheet of self-adhesive, transparent polymer film. It is applied by removing the backing material and carefully laying the fixing film directly onto the charging film, thus trapping and fixing the toner in place between the films. Pressure is then carefully applied to the top of the fixing film by hand or with a small roller. The resulting sandwich is referred to simply as a "lift", or EDD lift. Interpretation of the developed indentations is generally done using the lift after removal from the document because this permits the examiner to see the developed indentations on their own without interference from any visible markings on the document.
Photography/scanning: the results may also be captured using a camera, either directly from the charging film or from the lift after removal from the document. Scanning is also an option but only when using the lift itself.
Aside from visualizing indentations, the method can be used to detect the presence of fresh fingerprints, fiber disturbance on the paper surface (e.g. relating to mechanical erasure of information), or the presence of footwear impressions on paper.
Manufacturers
An EDD is a highly specialized device and there are only a few manufacturers:
Foster + Freeman Ltd manufactures and markets the ESDA® (from Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) which is the original such device developed in 1978. It was designed to meet the requirements of the UK Home Office and is still in production today in two different forms: the ESDA2® and ESDA-Lite® (portable)
Projectina manufactures the Docustat DS-220
Lightning Powder Company, Inc. manufactures two units: the Electrostatic Vacuum Box and Vacu-Box™ for Indented Writing
Kinderprint (now CSI Forensic Supply) used to manufacture the IMEDD® (from Indentation Materializer Electrostatic Document Device) but their website no longer lists this device in their product line
Notes
External links
Foster + Freeman Ltd. ESDA2 information
CSI Forensic Supply (formerly Kinderprint) site
Projectina CH Docustat 220 information
A more detailed description of the process
A detailed presentation followed with experiments, of how the ESDA device is useful in Forensic Handwriting Examination (in Greek).
Forensic equipment
Forensic techniques
Questioned document examination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic%20detection%20device |
Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique (SNET) is a French electricity generation and distribution company. As the inheritor of Charbonnages de France's thermal power stations, SNET have an installed capacity of 2.4 gigawatts, or around 2% of the capacity of Électricité de France.
Overview
SNET has been a competitor of EDF since the opening of the French electricity market in 1999. In September 2004, the company was acquired by the Spanish company Endesa. According to L'Humanité, this was followed by the downsizing of 30% of the staff.
In June 2008 SNET was sold to the German group E.ON. As of 2012 SNET was building several combined cycle gas turbines, the two first French ones at the thermal plant Emile Huchet in Saint-Avold in northeastern France.
See also
Energy in France
List of French companies
References
External links
Official Website
Green Electricity
E.ON
Energetický a průmyslový holding
Electric power companies of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20nationale%20d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9%20et%20de%20thermique |
A string galvanometer is a sensitive fast-responding measuring instrument that uses a single fine filament of wire suspended in a strong magnetic field to measure small currents. In use, a strong light source is used to illuminate the fine filament, and the optical system magnifies the movement of the filament allowing it to be observed or recorded by photography.
The principle of the string galvanometer remained in use for electrocardiograms until the advent of electronic vacuum-tube amplifiers in the 1920s.
History
Submarine cable telegraph systems of the late 19th century used a galvanometer to detect pulses of electric current, which could be observed and transcribed into a message. The speed at which pulses could be detected by the galvanometer was limited by its mechanical inertia, and by the inductance of the multi-turn coil used in the instrument. Clément Adair, a French engineer, replaced the coil with a much faster wire or "string" producing the first string galvanometer.
For most telegraphic purposes it was sufficient to detect the existence of a pulse. In 1892 André Blondel described the dynamic properties of an instrument that could measure the wave shape of an electrical impulse, an oscillograph.
Augustus Waller had discovered electrical activity from the heart and produced the first electrocardiogram in 1887. But his equipment was slow. Physiologists worked to find a better instrument. In 1901, Willem Einthoven described the science background and potential utility of a string galvanometer, stating "Mr. Adair as already built an instrument with a wires stretched between poles of a magnet. It was a telegraph receiver." Einthoven developed a sensitive form of string galvanomter that allowed photographic recording of the impulses associated with the heat beat. He was a leader in applying the string galvanometer to physiology and medicine, leading to today's electrocardiography. Einthoven was awarded the 1924 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work.
Previous to the string galvanometer, scientists were using a machine called the capillary electrometer to measure the heart’s electrical activity, but this device was unable to produce results of a diagnostic level. Willem Einthoven adapted the string galvanometer at Leiden University in the early 20th century, publishing the first registration of its use to record an electrocardiogram in a Festschrift book in 1902. The first human electrocardiogram was recorded in 1887; however, it was not until 1901 that a quantifiable result was obtained from the string galvanometer. In 1908, the physicians Arthur MacNalty, M.D. Oxon, and Thomas Lewis teamed to become the first of their profession to apply electrocardiography in medical diagnosis.
Mechanics
Einthoven's galvanometer consisted of a silver-coated quartz filament of a few centimeters length (see picture on the right) and negligible mass that conducted the electrical currents from the heart. This filament was acted upon by powerful electromagnets positioned either side of it, which caused sideways displacement of the filament in proportion to the current carried due to the electromagnetic field. The movement in the filament was heavily magnified and projected through a thin slot onto a moving photographic plate.
The filament was originally made by drawing out a filament of glass from a crucible of molten glass. To produce a sufficiently thin and long filament an arrow was shot across the room so that it dragged the filament from the molten glass. The filament so produced was then coated with silver to provide the conductive pathway for the current. By tightening or loosening the filament it is possible to very accurately regulate the sensitivity of the galvanometer.
The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 operators and weighed some 600 lb.
Procedure
Patients are seated with both arms and left leg in separate buckets of saline solution. These buckets act as electrodes to conduct the current from the skin's surface to the filament. The three points of electrode contact on these limbs produces what is known as Einthoven's triangle, a principle still used in modern-day ECG recording.
References
Cardiology
Electrophysiology
Galvanometers
Medical tests
Historical scientific instruments
Dutch inventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20galvanometer |
KTN may refer to:
Television
KTN (television channel), Pakistan
Kenya Television Network
Korean Television Network, a subchannel of WKTB-CD
Television Nagasaki, Japan
Transport
Kentish Town station, London, National Rail station code KTN
Ketchikan International Airport, Alaska, US, IATA and FAA code KTN
Other uses
Known Traveler Number for US Trusted Traveler Programs such as Global Entry
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTN |
Ulrich I of Württemberg may refer to:
Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg, Count of Württemberg in 1241-1265
Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, Duke of Württemberg in 1498-1519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20I%20of%20W%C3%BCrttemberg |
The Court of Session Act 1810 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (50 Geo. 3. c. 112) reforming Scotland's highest court, the Court of Session. This Act was a follow-up Act to the Court of Session Act 1808 in reforming the Court of Session, creating the two divisions known as the Inner House and the Outer House.
Reform continued with the Court of Session Act 1813 which created the final form of the Outer House, and the Jury Trials (Scotland) Act 1815 which introduced trial by jury.
It was repealed by the Court of Session Act 1988.
References
1810 in British law
Court of Session
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1810
1810 in Scotland
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Session%20Act%201810 |
Viorel Morariu (18 October 1931 – 23 May 2017) was a former Romanian rugby union flanker. He was one of the best Romanian rugby players of his generation.
His son Octavian Morariu became president of the Romanian Rugby Federation (F.R.R).
International career
Morariu was a consistent member of the Romanian national team throughout the 1950s and 1960s and was a former captain of the team.
Awards
In 2012, he received the Vernon Pugh Award for Distinguished Service.
Death
Viorel Morariu died on 23 May 2017.
See also
List of Romania national rugby union players
References
External links
Obituary of Viorel Morariu, Romanian Rugby Federation
1931 births
2017 deaths
Romanian rugby union players
Romania international rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Presidents of the Romanian Rugby Federation
Sportspeople from Brașov County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viorel%20Morariu |
The Standard is one of the largest newspapers in Kenya with a 48% market share. It is the oldest newspaper in the country and is owned by The Standard Group, which also runs the Kenya Television Network (KTN), Radio Maisha, The Nairobian (a weekly tabloid), KTN News and Standard Digital which is its online platform. The Standard Group is headquartered on Mombasa Road, Nairobi, having moved from its previous premises at the I&M Bank Tower.
History
The newspaper was established as the African Standard in 1902 as a weekly by Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee, an immigrant businessman from British India. In 1905 Jeevanjee sold the paper to Maia Anderson and Rudolf Franz Mayer, who changed the name to the East African Standard. It became a daily paper and moved its headquarters from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1910. At the time the newspaper declared strongly colonialist viewpoints. The British-based Lonrho Group bought the newspaper in 1963, only a few months before Kenya's independence (they were a colony of Britain). The paper changed its name to The Standard in 1977 but the name East African Standard was revived later. It was sold to Kenyan investors in 1995. In 2004 the name was changed back to The Standard. It is the main rival to Kenya's largest newspaper, the Daily Nation. In 1989, at a time when Kenya was going into multi-party era, the Standard Group acquired the KTN Television Channel. It is the oldest newspaper published in Kenya. The top editors at the Standard Group include Kipkoech Tanui (The Standard, Daily Editions) and John Bundotich (Weekend Editions) with Charles Otieno editing The Nairobian. The head of Radio Maisha is Tom Japanni, KTN Managing Editor is Ellen Wanjiru, while Standard Digital Managing Editor is Carole Kimutai.
Premises raid, 2006
In late February 2006 The Standard ran a story claiming that president Mwai Kibaki and senior opposition figure Kalonzo Musyoka had been holding secret meetings. At 1:00 am local time (2200 UTC), on 2 March, masked gunmen carrying AK-47s raided the editorial office of The Standard, and of its television station KTN. They kicked and beat staff members, forcibly took computers and transmission equipment, burned all the copies of the 2 March edition of the newspaper, and damaged the presses. At KTN, they shut down its flow of electricity, putting the station off the air. Initially, the Kenyan information minister claimed no knowledge of the raid, but has since revealed that Kenyan police were responsible, and stated that the incident was to safeguard state security. "If you rattle a snake you must be prepared to be bitten by it," John Michuki said. Three journalists at The Standard, arrested after the critical story was printed, were released on 2 March on bail of 50,000 Kenyan shillings (US$692).
References
External links
Standard Digital, also a product of The Standard Group Limited
Newspapers published in Kenya
Newspapers established in 1902
1902 establishments in Kenya
Mass media in Nairobi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Standard%20%28Kenya%29 |
The Court of Session Act 1813 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (53 Geo. 3. c. 64) which reformed Scotland's highest court, the Court of Session. The Act continued reforms to the Court of Session begun by the Court of Session Act 1808 and the Court of Session Act 1810, creating the divisions known as the Inner House and the Outer House.
It was repealed by the Court of Session Act 1988.
References
1813 in British law
Court of Session
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1813
1813 in Scotland
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Session%20Act%201813 |
Peter Atherton (born 6 April 1970) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is assistant manager of Bolton Wanderers.
As a player, he was a defender who notably played in the Premier League for Coventry City, Sheffield Wednesday and Bradford City. He also played in the Football League for Wigan Athletic and Birmingham City before finishing his career with non-league Halifax Town. He was capped once at England U21 level.
Since retirement he has worked as assistant manager of Halifax Town before returning to Wigan Athletic as a youth team coach. He was appointed assistant manager of Barrow and later followed manager Ian Evatt to Bolton Wanderers.
Early life
Atherton was born in Wigan, Lancashire.
Playing career
Most famous for captaining Sheffield Wednesday, Atherton started his career at hometown club Wigan Athletic as a trainee and spent three years there before attracting the attention of Coventry City. Atherton was lured away from Wednesday by Bradford City after relegation on the Bosman ruling where he also spent a spell on loan at Birmingham City. Birmingham reached the League Cup final, however, Atherton was unable to play as he was cup-tied. After being released by Bradford on a free transfer he finished his career at Halifax Town, where injury forced him to retire from professional football after playing only 14 games for the club, but came out of retirement because of Halifax's injury crisis and was named as a substitute for their home game against Grays Athletic on 16 October 2007.
Coaching career
In June 2007, Atherton was appointed assistant manager of Halifax Town, replacing Wayne Jacobs. He had previously been coaching in Wigan Athletic's youth set-up.
He also played for Sheffield Wednesday in their 2006 Masters Football campaign, and Wigan Athletic in 2007.
He became assistant manager at Barrow in July 2018.
On 1 July 2020, he was appointed as the assistant head coach of Bolton Wanderers, following Barrow head coach Ian Evatt to the University of Bolton Stadium. After the departure of Director of football Tobias Phoenix on 11 December Atherton's role was changed from Assistant head coach to assistant manager.
Honours
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1990–91 Third Division
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Footballers from Wigan
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football utility players
Bradford City A.F.C. managers
Wigan Athletic F.C. non-playing staff
Barrow A.F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
Halifax Town A.F.C. non-playing staff
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Atherton%20%28footballer%29 |
The 19th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2003, were announced on February 28, 2004. It was hosted by John Waters.
Nominees and winners
{| class="wikitable"
!Best Feature
!Best Director
|-
|Lost in Translation
American Splendor
In America
Raising Victor Vargas
Shattered Glass
|Sofia Coppola – Lost in Translation
Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini – American Splendor
Jim Sheridan – In America
Peter Sollett – Raising Victor Vargas
Gus Van Sant – Elephant
|-
!Best Male Lead
!Best Female Lead
|-
|Bill Murray – Lost in Translation
Peter Dinklage – The Station Agent
Paul Giamatti – American Splendor
Ben Kingsley – House of Sand and Fog
Lee Pace – Soldier's Girl
|Charlize Theron – Monster
Agnes Bruckner – Blue Car
Zooey Deschanel – All the Real Girls
Samantha Morton – In America
Elisabeth Moss – Virgin
|-
!Best Supporting Male
!Best Supporting Female
|-
|Djimon Hounsou – In America
Judah Friedlander – American Splendor
Troy Garity – Soldier's Girl
Alessandro Nivola – Laurel Canyon
Peter Sarsgaard – Shattered Glass
|Shohreh Aghdashloo – House of Sand and Fog
Sarah Bolger – In America
Patricia Clarkson – Pieces of April
Hope Davis – The Secret Lives of Dentists
Frances McDormand – Laurel Canyon
|-
!Best Screenplay
!Best First Screenplay
|-
|Lost in Translation – Sofia CoppolaAmerican Splendor – Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini
A Mighty Wind – Christopher Guest, Eugene Levy (and the rest of the cast)
Pieces of April – Peter Hedges
Shattered Glass – Billy Ray
|The Station Agent – Tom McCarthyBlue Car – Karen Moncrieff
Monster – Patty Jenkins
Raising Victor Vargas – Peter Sollett and Eva Vives
Thirteen – Catherine Hardwicke and Nikki Reed
|-
!Best First Feature
!Best Debut Performance
|-
|Monster
Bomb the System
House of Sand and Fog
Quattro Noza
Thirteen
|Nikki Reed – Thirteen
Anna Kendrick – Camp
Judy Marte – Raising Victor Vargas
Victor Rasuk – Raising Victor Vargas
Janice Richardson – Anne B. Real
|-
!Best Cinematography
!Best Documentary Feature
|-
|In America – Declan QuinnElephant – Harris Savides
Northfork – M. David Mullen
Quattro Noza – Derek Cianfrance
Shattered Glass – Mandy Walker
|The Fog of War
Mayor of the Sunset Strip
My Architect
OT: Our Town
Power Trip
|-
! colspan="2" | Best Foreign Film
|-
| colspan="2" |Whale Rider • New ZealandCity of God • Brazil
Lilya 4-Ever • Denmark
The Magdalene Sisters • England/Ireland
The Triplets of Belleville • France
|}
Special awards
John Cassavetes AwardThe Station Agent
Anne B. Real
Better Luck Tomorrow
Pieces of April
Virgin
Truer Than Fiction Award
Lost Boys of Sudan
Flag Wars
My Architect
The Same River Twice
Producers Award
Mary Jane Skalski – The Jimmy Show and The Station Agent
Callum Greene and Anthony Katagas – Happy Here and Now and Homework
Lauren Moews – Cabin Fever and Briar Patch
Someone to Watch Award
Andrew Bujalski – Funny Ha Ha
Ben Coccio – Zero Day
Ryan Eslinger – Madness and Genius
Special Distinction Award
21 Grams
Films with multiple wins and nominations
Films with multiple nominations
Films with multiple wins
External links
2003 Spirit Awards at IMDb
Full show on Film Independent's YouTube channel
References
2003
Independent Spirit Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th%20Independent%20Spirit%20Awards |
Dollar were a pop vocal duo from the United Kingdom, consisting of David Van Day and Canadian-born Thereza Bazar. The duo were successful in the late 1970s and 1980s, achieving ten UK top-40 singles, including the top-10 hits "Love's Gotta Hold on Me" (1979), "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" (1979), "Mirror Mirror" (1981), "Give Me Back My Heart" (1982) and "O L'amour" (1987).
History
Formation
Thereza Bazar and David Van Day met at 17 when they successfully auditioned for the pop act Guys 'n' Dolls. The group enjoyed a number of hit singles in the mid-1970s and during this time Van Day and Bazar became romantically involved. By 1977, the group was in decline and the pair complained about the choice of material and musical direction. Van Day and Bazar were asked to leave the group in July of that year, with them publicly stating they had decided to leave to concentrate on songwriting. Van Day originally planned to go solo, but ultimately they agreed to form a duo. They were picked up by French label Carrere Records, under the name Dollar.
1978-1982
Dollar's first single, "Shooting Star", was released in late 1978 and, after a slow climb, reached number 14 in the UK Singles Chart. The follow-up, "Who Were You With in the Moonlight?", was released in early 1979 and also reached number 14. After two hit singles featuring Van Day on lead vocals, their third, the ballad "Love's Gotta Hold on Me" was sung by Bazar. It became Dollar's first self-penned hit as it entered the Top 10 and was one of their biggest, climbing to number 4 in the UK chart. Encouraged by this steady run of success, the group released their debut album, Shooting Stars, which made the top 40. In a change of pace, the band released a cover of The Beatles' song "I Want to Hold Your Hand", which reached number 9. At the same time, Dollar had their first (and only) US hit with "Shooting Star", which made it to No.74 on the Billboard Hot 100.
In 1980, Dollar moved to WEA Records. Buoyed by the success of "Love's Gotta Hold on Me", the pair decided to write and produce all the songs for their second album. Attempting a move towards a rockier sound, the album, along with its singles, failed to sell well. In a bid to generate sales, Van Day and Bazar announced their engagement, but this was later revealed to be a publicity stunt. In reality they had split up as a couple months earlier.
In 1981, Bazar approached record producer Trevor Horn, whom she had met during her days in Guys n' Dolls, and asked if he would work with them. He agreed, and produced their 1981 and 1982 material. Horn's production work gave Dollar a more distinctive sound, and their four Horn-produced singles represented the high point in the band's career. It gave them another two Top 10 singles ("Mirror Mirror" and "Give Me Back My Heart") and two more Top 20 hits ("Videotheque" and "Hand Held in Black and White"). All four singles appeared on the duo's third album The Dollar Album, released in October 1982. The production on these four hit singles had brought Horn to the attention of other bands, notably ABC, and it was not long before he was too busy to continue working with the duo. "Give Me Some Kinda Magic", a Top 40 hit Dollar had written and produced themselves was the fifth single taken from their third album, released in September 1982. The Dollar Album was a mixture of Horn's and the duo's own efforts. It became the biggest of their three albums, peaking at No. 18 in the UK and was certified Silver by the BPI.
Split and reformation
During a promotional trip to Japan in February 1983, relations between the duo had become increasingly tempestuous and Van Day quit the band. Their latest single ("Two Hearts") went unreleased in the UK and Dollar split.
Van Day had ambitions to be a solo artist after he and Bazar split. He released the single "Young Americans Talking", which was written and produced by the people behind Bucks Fizz. Meanwhile, Bazar recorded an album, The Big Kiss, with producer Arif Mardin, and a theme song for the US film Gotcha! with composer Bill Conti. This was released as a single.
Neither member of the duo enjoyed the same kind of success as solo artists as they had had as Dollar, and by 1986, they had reformed and released the singles "We Walked in Love" and "Haven't We Said Goodbye Before". Neither of these met with much success and soon the group were looking for another record contract. In late 1987, the group covered the Hi-NRG-style Erasure song "O L'amour". In early 1988, the song became one of their biggest hits and peaked at No. 7. The group then hit a stumbling block in deciding on a follow-up and past ill-feeling between the pair was rising again. Six months later, they finally released another single, "It's Nature's Way", produced bv Phil Harding and Ian Curnow for PWL. Harding described the recording sessions as strained, with the band feeling intense pressure to make a hit. "They were quite fragile sessions," recalled Harding. "I think they were fairly desperate [for a hit], especially Thereza." The single was to be their last release as it flopped, and work on a possible album had been long delayed. In late 1988, Dollar disbanded again.
Van Day again attempted to launch a solo career, but to no avail. Bazar decided to finish with the music industry and moved to Australia where she concentrated on raising her family. During the 1990s, Van Day teamed up with a succession of female singers for a touring version of Dollar. In the latter half of the decade, he joined a rival variation of the group Bucks Fizz with original member Mike Nolan. Two versions of Bucks Fizz were touring the UK and another Bucks Fizz original member, Bobby G brought a case in the High Court against Van Day. In 2001, a judge refused to grant a court injunction against Van Day as he had been operating in Bucks Fizz for five years at the time, while also running a burger van in Brighton.
2000s
In the early 2000s, Van Day persuaded Bazar to rejoin him in Dollar for a reunion tour. In 2002, they took part in the 'Here And Now' tour, a series of arena-sized concerts featuring other singers and bands from the 1980s. They followed this up by appearing on the reality television show Reborn in the USA in 2003. This show involved a number of formerly successful chart acts touring together in America with the public voting off a different act each week. They quickly became the centre of attention when they were involved in an argument with pop star Sonia, which was televised and reported in the newspapers. Dollar were the first act to be voted off and they returned to the UK. Dollar made another live appearance in 2004, in a show celebrating the career of Trevor Horn. It took place at Wembley Arena and Dollar appeared alongside ABC and Pet Shop Boys, amongst other acts who had worked with Horn over the years.
In July 2008, Dollar came together again to take part in a UK reality television programme entitled Pop Goes the Band, in which a number of former pop stars were remodelled and restyled to try to recapture their former glory. The programme aired on Living TV on 23 February 2009. To date, this has been their last activity as an act.
On 15 February 2010, Cherry Red Records re-issued remastered and expanded editions of The Dollar Album and The Paris Collection for the first time on CD. In 2019 Cherry Pop re-released their catalog in a 6-CD/1-DVD box set. The box contains expanded versions of all three of their original studio albums with rare and new-to-CD bonus tracks including demos, single A- and B-sides, backing tracks, outtakes, and 12-inch mixes. A DVD (in Region 2 PAL) has eighteen promo videos and television appearances.
Discography
Shooting Stars (1979)
The Paris Collection (1980)
The Dollar Album (1982)
References
English pop music duos
Male–female musical duos
Musical groups established in 1978
Carrere Records artists
Warner Records artists
Arista Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar%20%28group%29 |
The Catholic Church in Bangladesh is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome. , there are approximately 350,000, approximately 0.2 percent of the population of Bangladesh. About 60% of Catholics come from "tribals", members of minority tribes. By 2022, there were 400,000 Catholics in the country. Bangladesh is otherwise a predominantly Muslim country.
In 1598, the first priest arrived in Bangladesh accompanying the Portuguese.
, the country is made up of eight dioceses including two archdioceses. Patrick D'Rozario was the country's first ever cardinal. He retired in 2020.
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Bangladesh, founded in 1971, is the General Body of the Ordinaries of Bangladesh. The purpose of this Conference is to facilitate common policy and action in matters that affect or are liable to affect the interest of the Catholic Church in Bangladesh and to be of service to the country at large. Pope John Paul II visited Dhaka in November 1986.
The U.S. State Department and human rights groups have cited Bangladesh as a nation of concern with regards to violence against religious minorities, including Hindus and Christians. A notable incident of violence against Christians was a 2001 bomb attack on a Catholic church during Sunday Mass, killing nine and maiming dozens. Since the rise of al-Qaida and ISIS, violence, threats and various forms of oppression against non-Muslims have increased in Bangladesh, and a 2014 State Department report noted insufficient government efforts to protect religious minorities. In January 2014, homes were set ablaze and eight Catholics were injured, allegedly for exercising their right to vote in the nation's parliamentary elections. In July 2014, a mob of 60 stormed a Catholic convent, where they proceeded to beat up nuns and a priest. In April 2015, a mob attacked churchgoers and stabbed a priest during Easter Mass. In December 2015, three adult siblings in a Catholic family were attacked while inside their home. Two of them were injured critically. In early February 2016, a group of 20 raided a church and a convent at night. Nuns were beaten and property was looted. In July 2016, nearly two dozen people were killed by gunman during an attack on a popular restaurant in Dhaka where Christians and other non-Muslims, mostly foreigners, were known to frequent.
Pope Francis visited Bangladesh in November 2017.
Organisation
In 2023, there are 41 bishops in the country. There also over 400 priests and 1000 nuns.
The Apostolic Nuncio, or papal ambassador, normally a Titular Archbishop, heads the Apostolic Nunciature (the Vatican's embassy), to Bangladesh. Archbishop George Kocherry was the Apostolic Nuncio to Bangladesh from 2013 to 2022.
The Catholic Church is noted that the second largest provider of education in the country, with approximately 270 schools.
Dioceses in Bangladesh
Dioceses in Bangladesh:
Archdiocese of Dhaka
Diocese of Dinajpur
Diocese of Mymensingh
Diocese of Rajshahi
Diocese of Sylhet
Archdiocese of Chittagong
Diocese of Barisal
Diocese of Khulna
See also
Religion in Bangladesh
Christianity in Bangladesh
Catholic Church by country
References
External links
Catholic Church in Bangladesh by GCatholic
Profile of the Catholic Church in Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Bangladesh |
The Catholic Church in Belarus is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. The first Latin Church diocese in Belarus was established in Turaŭ between 1008 and 1013. In the subsequent centuries, Catholicism gradually became a dominant religion of Belarusian nobility (the szlachta) and of a large part of the population of West Belarus.
Description
According to official government data, , there were 674,500 Catholics in the country, about 7.1% of the total population. Figures in 2020 state that 10.58% of the population is Catholic. Other surveys put the figure as much higher.
Most Catholics belong to the Latin Church. A small minority are Eastern Catholics who worship according to the Byzantine Rite, forming the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church.
Polish and Lithuanian minorities in Belarus are predominantly Latin-Rite Catholics. The Greek Catholics are mostly ethnic Belarusians, with some Ukrainians.
Hierarchy
The numbers of adherents given below are self-reported by the Catholic Church .
One Latin metropolitan archdiocese:
Minsk-Mohilev - 610,490 Catholics
Three Latin suffragan dioceses:
Grodno - 591,000 Catholics
Pinsk - 50,115 Catholics
Vitebsk - 151,000 Catholics
Metropolitan Archbishop Josephus Romualdovitsche Stanevskiej has been the leader of the Latin Church in Belarus since 2021. The apostolic administrator for the Belarusian Greek Catholics is the Rt. Rev. Mitred Archimandrite Jan Sergiusz Gajek, M.I.C.
History
The first Latin Church diocese in Belarus was established in Turaŭ between 1008 and 1013. Catholicism was a traditionally dominant religion of Belarusian nobility (the szlachta) and of a large part of the population of western and northwestern parts of Belarus. There was once a Ruthenian Uniate Church archdiocese in Polotsk. Josaphat Kuntsevych was archbishop from 1618 to 1623, succeeding another archbishop.
In August 2020, the leader of the Catholic Church in Belarus, Tadevuš Kandrusievič, was banned from returning to Belarus from Poland for several months after condemning violence during mass protests. In July 2021, Alexander Lukashenko tried to intervene in the prayer schedule warning Catholic priests not to perform the religious song "The Almighty God" ().
In 2023, Freedom House rated Belarus’ religious freedom as 1 out of 4.
See also
Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
Apostolic Nunciature to Belarus
Catholic Church by country
Religion in Belarus
Freedom of religion in Belarus
References
External links
The Catholic Church in Belarus - official website and the central Belarusian catholic web-portal
The Apostolic Nuntiature in Belarus
Partał Maładych Katalikoŭ - Young Catholics of Belarus
Belarus
Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Belarus |
The Indian Humanist Union (IHU) is an Indian Humanist organisation established in 1960 by Narsingh Narain.
The genesis of the Indian Humanist Union lay in an earlier society called the Society for Promotion of Freedom of Thought (SPFT) established in 1954 at Allahabad (India) by Narsingh Narain, a former teacher, civil servant and concurrent philosophy scholar. Later, when he learnt of the International Humanist & Ethical Union, as a sequel to the "Amsterdam Declaration" (1952), he changed the nomenclature of SPFT to "The Humanist Union" which he founded in 1960 at Nainital with the primary objective of the diffusion of knowledge concerning moral and social problems considered from the Humanist point of view, which, briefly according to IHU, stood for two basic values - love for fellow beings coupled with the scientific spirit of free enquiry.
IHU is affiliated to the Humanist International (formerly known as International Humanist and Ethical Union IHEU). The official symbol of the IHU is a version of the Happy Human.
The first Chairman of the IHU was P N Sapru, former High Court Judge and Member of Indian Parliament. Narsing Narain who was working as the first General Secretary of the Union succeeded PN Sapru as the Chairman of IHU.
In 1966, Indian Humanist Union commenced the publication of a quarterly journal, The Humanist Outlook, devoted to the furthering of the scientific attitude, ethical values, social reform and communal harmony.
In 1970 at the joint initiative of Narsingh Narain and Abe Soloman, a distinguished humanist & Life Member of IHU the Humanist Endowment Fund Society, was set up by some members of the IHU to provide financial stability to the humanist movement in India. On his death in 1972 Narsingh Narain bequeathed all his life's savings to this Society. The Corpus of HEFS has continued to grow steadily though slowly, mainly through further donations by dedicated members.
After the death of Narsingh Narain, Shyam Kumari Khan, a noted social worker, General Secretary of the Indian Council for Child Welfare, Member of the Indian Parliament and a Founder Member of the IHU was elected as the new Chairperson.
Shyam Kumari Khan was succeeded by Sajid Hussain a former Member of the U.P. Legislative Assembly and Life Member of IHU.
Sajid Hussain was succeeded by Prakash Narain, a Founder Member of IHU with a brilliant academic record and a rich experience in the United Nations and the Government of India which included working as Chairman of the Railway Board and Principal Secretary to the Govt. of India and also as Secretary to Govt. of India in several other Ministries.
IHU is devoted primarily to the furtherance of human values and the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human perceptions and capabilities without linking it with any supra-human entity, that is, on assessments made in a spirit of reason and free enquiry. Its endeavours are oriented towards bringing about attitudinal changes amongst humanists and others through diverse means like bringing out a quarterly journal and other publications, development of humanist music cassettes, staging of street plays, holding of periodical discussions, Symposia and Seminars as well as collaborative network linked voluntary social work.
The annual Narsingh Narain Memorial Seminars specially receive wide coverage in the national and international media which helps in spreading humanist values into a wider spectrum of society. The IHU also participates actively in the International humanist movement in regard to organizational and conceptual matters.
References
Narsingh Narain (ed. A. Solomon), A Commonsense Humanism and Other Essays (Mumbai: Indian Humanist Union and Indian Secular Society, 1996).
Humanist Outlook, vol. 1, No. 9, August 1968.
Ramendra and Kawaljeet, Rationalism, Humanism and Atheism in Twentieth Century Indian Thought (Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation,2015).
External links
IHU Official website
India
Rationalist groups based in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Humanist%20Union |
Nick Pope is a media commentator and former civil servant. Whilst an employee at the British Government's Ministry of Defence (MoD), Pope was responsible, among other duties, for investigating UFO phenomena to determine if they had any defence significance.
He moved to the United States in January 2012.
Ministry of Defence
Pope worked as a civil servant for the Ministry of Defence from 1985 to 2006. From 1991 to 1994, he worked in Secretariat (Air Staff) Sec (AS) 2a more commonly known as the "UFO desk", where his duties included investigating reports of UFO sightings, to see if they had any defence significance.
At the time, while the Ministry of Defence stated that it "remains totally open-minded about the existence or otherwise of extraterrestrial lifeforms", it also stated that there was no evidence to suggest that any UFO sightings posed any threat to the UK or that they were extraterrestrial in origin. It is clear from material that Pope wrote whilst still at the MoD that he did not share the MoD's view that conventional explanations could be found for all UFO sightings.
Pope's final posting in the MoD was to the Directorate of Defence Security. In 2009, MoD announced that UFO sightings would no longer be investigated. He moved to the United States in 2012 in order to pursue a relationship with anthropologist Elizabeth Weiss.
Media work
In November 2006, Mr. Pope stated that the government's "X-Files have been closed down". He came to appear in the media as a commentator, covering subjects that include the unexplained, conspiracy theories, space, science fiction and fringe science.
He does work for a number of film companies and public relations agencies, promoting the release of science fiction films.
On 24 June 2013, he appeared on IGN's comedy show Up at Noon promoting the game The Bureau: XCOM Declassified.
In 2015, he appeared in multiple episodes of UFOs Declassified, airing on Canada's History Television, the UK's Yesterday, and Smithsonian Channel in the US. Since 2019, he has often appeared on the New York Post UFO YouTube series The Basement Office alongside journalist Steven Greenstreet.
Books
Open Skies, Closed Minds is Pope's autobiographical account of his interest in ufology. It provides an overview of the UFO phenomenon, with the emphasis on Pope's three-year employment as the Ministry of Defence desk officer where his responsibilities included investigating UFO sightings and any impact they might have on UK national defense. Pope concludes that an alien race is waging a secret war on humanity, a position he has come to distance himself from since the publication of the book.
In 1997, he released a second book on similar themes entitled The Uninvited. His book Encounter in Rendlesham Forest: The Inside Story of the World's Best-Documented UFO Incident, written with John Burroughs, USAF, Ret., and Jim Penniston, USAF, Ret., was published by Thomas Dunne Books in April 2014.
Pope has also written two science fiction novels, Operation Thunder Child and its sequel Operation Lightning Strike. In 2018, Pope published the political thriller Blood Brothers.
References
External links
2009 Interview (1hr 20 mins).
My time as a UFO investigator for the government bbc.com
Ufologists
UFO writers
British writers
Living people
English civil servants
British journalists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Pope%20%28journalist%29 |
The 21st Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2005, were announced on March 4, 2006. It was hosted by Sarah Silverman.
Winners and nominees
{| class="wikitable"
!Best Feature
!Best Director
|-
|Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Good Night, and Good Luck.
The Squid and the Whale
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
|Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
Gregg Araki – Mysterious Skin
Noah Baumbach – The Squid and the Whale
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Rodrigo García – Nine Lives
|-
!Best Male Lead
!Best Female Lead
|-
|Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote
Jeff Daniels – The Squid and the Whale
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck.
|Felicity Huffman – Transamerica
Dina Korzun – Forty Shades of Blue
Laura Linney – The Squid and the Whale
S. Epatha Merkerson – Lackawanna Blues
Cyndi Williams – Room
|-
!Best Supporting Male
!Best Supporting Female
|-
|Matt Dillon – Crash
Firdous Bamji – The War Within
Jesse Eisenberg – The Squid and the Whale
Barry Pepper – The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
Jeffrey Wright – Broken Flowers
|Amy Adams – Junebug
Maggie Gyllenhaal – Happy Endings
Allison Janney – Our Very Own
Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain
Robin Wright Penn – Nine Lives
|-
!Best Screenplay
!Best First Screenplay
|-
|Capote – Dan FuttermanNine Lives – Rodrigo García
The Squid and the Whale – Noah Baumbach
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada – Guillermo Arriaga
The War Within – Ayad Akhtar, Joseph Castelo and Tom Glynn
|Transamerica – Duncan TuckerThe Beautiful Country – Sabina Murray
Fixing Frank – Ken Hanes
Junebug – Angus MacLachlan
Me and You and Everyone We Know – Miranda July
|-
!Best First Feature
!Best Documentary
|-
|Crash
Lackawanna Blues
Me and You and Everyone We Know
Thumbsucker
Transamerica
|Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room
Grizzly Man
Romántico
La Sierra
Sir! No Sir!
|-
!Best Cinematography
!Best Foreign Film
|-
|Good Night, and Good Luck. – Robert ElswitCapote – Adam Kimmel
Keane – John Foster
Last Days – Harris Savides
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada – Chris Menges
|Paradise Now • Palestine/Netherlands/Germany/FranceThe Death of Mr. Lazarescu • Romania
Duck Season • Germany/Turkey
Head-On • France
Tony Takitani • Japan
|}
Films with multiple nominations and awards
Special awards
John Cassavetes AwardConventioneers
Brick
Jellysmoke
The Puffy Chair
Room
Truer Than Fiction Award
Occupation: Dreamland
Our Brand Is Crisis
Romántico
Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela
Producers Award
Caroline Baron – Capote and Monsoon Wedding
Ram Bergman – Brick and Conversations with Other Women
Mike S. Ryan – Junebug and Palindromes
Someone to Watch Award
Ian Gamazon and Neill Dela Llana – Cavite
Robinson Devor – Police Beat
Jay Duplass – The Puffy Chair
External links
2005 Spirit Awards at IMDb
Full official show on YouTube
References
2005
Independent Spirit Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st%20Independent%20Spirit%20Awards |
The Catholic Church in Belgium, part of the global Catholic Church in Belgium, is under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome and the Episcopal Conference of Bishops.
Dioceses
There are eight dioceses, including one archdiocese, seat of the archiepiscopal residence and St. Rumbolds Cathedral, located in the Flemish city of Mechelen (Malines in French). The Belgian church also oversees the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, the National Basilica of Belgium.
In 2009, Cardinal André-Mutien Léonard was appointed new Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels and thus Belgium's new primate, but only after the 450th anniversary celebration of the Mechelen–Brussels archdiocese and the canonisation of Fr. Damien De Veuster of Molokai. Both events were led by Cardinal Godfried Danneels, his predecessor as archbishop and primate between 1979 and 2010. Before his appointment, Léonard was Bishop of Namur.
From 2015 until 2023, Jozef De Kesel was the Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels and primate of Belgium. Luc Terlinden is the current archbishop.
Education
The Belgian church established the Catholic University of Louvain in 1834, nowadays split into the Université catholique de Louvain and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (acronymic KU Leuven), which together comprise the largest university in Belgium. According to World University Ranking, KU Leuven is the best university in Belgium. The archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels is an ex officio member of the board of trustee in virtue of being the Grand Chancellor of both universities. Founded in Mechlin by the bishops of Belgium in 1834, the Catholic University moved to Leuven in 1835 to replace the State University of Leuven which was closed the same year. Some of its most notable graduates include Georges Lemaître, priest, astronomer, and proposer of the Big Bang theory, Otto von Habsburg, former head of the Habsburg family, Saint Alberto Hurtado, Chilean Jesuit priest who was canonised in 2005, Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin, mathematician who proved the prime number theorem, Christian de Duve, winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1974, among others.
Catholic schools in Belgium include:
Brussels International Catholic School
Collège Matteo Ricci, Brussels
Collège Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur
Collège Saint-Paul (Godinne)
Collège Saint-Servais (Liège)
Collège Saint-Stanislas, Mons
Collège Saint-François-Xavier, Verviers
Flône Abbey
Heilige Drievuldigheidscollege
John of Ruysbroeck College, Laeken
Our Lady College, Antwerp
Sint-Barbaracollege
Sint-Hubertuscollege
St John Berchmans College
St Joseph College, Aalst
St Joseph College, Turnhout
Sint-Leocollege (Brugge)
Sint-Lievenscollege
Sint-Lodewijkscollege (Lokeren)
St Michael College, Brussels
Xaverius College
Health care and Catholic hospitals
Belgium has a mixed private and public health care system. Catholic institutions provide three-quarters of the hospital beds in Flanders and 42% in
Wallonia, French-speaking Belgium. The Church also runs about a third of the nursing homes in the country.
Demographics
About 57% of Belgians identify as Catholic, though actual involvement in the church might be much lower. Like elsewhere in Northwest Europe, many no longer profess faith in the Church; Sunday church attendance has dropped well below 10% as per latest research such as from the "Centrum voor politicologie" of the Catholic University Leuven. Although sources are quoting different figures between 4 and 9%, a church attendance of 6% in 2009 seems to be the most likely figure. Sources are quoting a drop in attendance of 0,5% yearly and in 1998 (the last year during which mass attendance was measured), attendance was just above 11%. Early 2008, the Belgian Catholic Church announced it would gather and publish adherence figures though the current usual Sunday attendance statistics did not seem to bother Cardinal Godfried Danneels (1933-2019), who said he was more concerned with the declining number of new priests.
As of 2010, there were about 1900 priests in the archdiocese of Malines-Brussels, but most of them were either retired or on the verge of retirement. Only two were ordained in 2007.
A poll in 2017 found that 83% of Belgian Catholics supported legal same-sex marriage and 10% opposed it.
Clerical sex abuse scandal
Like several other countries since the mid-1990s, Belgium has been affected by a clerical sex abuse scandal. Priests have been found guilty of sexual conduct with minors.
In 1992, Louis Dupont, the parish priest of Kinkempois, in Liège, was sentenced to five years in prison for the statutory rape of a 14-year-old girl. Dupont was allowed to serve his time under ecclesiastical supervision in a monastery. In 1996, Louis André, parish priest of the hamlet of Ottré was arrested for the rape of two boys. He was set free eight months later. He was then ordered by Church authorities to leave his post and retire to a monastery, but he successfully resisted the order, supported by a group of his parishioners. Four years later, however, André was accused of several additional acts of sexual contact and rape, dating to between 1964 and 1996, including the rape of several girls under 10 years old, one of whom was his own niece. Although he denied any wrongdoing, he was convicted and served three years in prison before dying of cancer in 2003. In 1997, a Belgian priest in Brussels, André Vanderlyn, was arrested for raping a minor, and he subsequently confessed to having intercourse with seven other people between 1968 and 1997.
In January 1998, Luc De Bruyne of the Congregation of the Fratres Van Dale in Torhout was arrested for sexual abuse of four mentally disabled boys, while as a guidance counsellor in a "medico-pedagogic institute". He came to the attention of the institute in 1995, and was fired from his post. His religious order then sent him to Rwanda on the orders of the bishop of Bruges. In November 2005, De Bruyne and his colleague "brother Roger H." were sentenced to ten years in prison for abusing more than 20 mentally disabled people over 16 years. De Bruyne denied the allegations and appealed the verdict. At the time of the verdict he was no longer a member of the religious order, and he was married with two children.
In 1998, it was reported that a catechism textbook for Belgian children called Roeach 3 showed comic-book-style pictures of toddlers asking sexual questions and engaging in sexual play. The Belgian Catholic hierarchy stated that the textbook was intended for adolescents, and that the pictures were meant to convey the idea that young children experience lust, a prevalent theory in contemporary psychology. Nevertheless, the textbook was withdrawn after public protests by Catholics, which elicited media coverage as well as support from Church officials around the world. The editors of Roeach were Prof. Jef Bulckens of the Catholic University of Leuven and Prof. Frans Lefevre of the Seminary of Bruges. The name "Roeach" refers to the Hebrew word Ruach (Hebrew: רוח), meaning "spirit" or "breath".
In 2006, and in January 2010, Robert Borremans, who had officiated at the marriage of the prince and princess of Belgium, was convicted and found guilty of sexual conduct with two boys of 6 and 11 years old over a period of seven years from 1994. In 27 November 2009, Bart Aben of the Diocese of Ghent was arrested for and admitted sexual conduct with two mentally disabled minors.
In April 2010, Roger Vangheluwe, Bishop of Bruges, resigned after allegedly admitting that he had sexually abused an unnamed boy in his "close entourage". The acts remain undisclosed and no criminal charges were against Vangheluwe, who has since retired to a Trappist monastery in Westvleteren.
After the resignation of Vangheluwe, the Catholic Church launched an investigating commission into allegations of clerical child abuse in Belgium, headed by the independent psychologist Peter Adriaenssens. The commission's work came to an abrupt end on 24 June 2010, when the Belgian police raided the offices of the Catholic Church in Belgium and sealed them. There were four raids in all, with thousands of documents seized. One of the raids involved drilling into the tombs of two cardinals. The Vatican was reported as being 'indignant' over the raids, saying they had led to the "violation of confidentiality of precisely those victims for whom the raids were carried out".
Nonetheless, the Adriaenssens commission published a 200-page report on 10 September 2010. According to the report, the commission heard allegations from 488 complainants, concerning incidents that took place between 1950 and 1990. The report contained testimony from 124 people, cited 320 alleged abusers, of whom 102 were known to have been clergy members from 29 congregations. Two-thirds of the complainants were men. Thirteen of the alleged victims committed suicide. In the years 2010 to 2016, 12,442 people in Flanders formally left the Catholic Church; half of these "debaptisms" were in 2010.
Blessings for same sex couples
In 2022, the Flemish bishops approved a blessing ceremony for homosexual couples. The three-page document noted that "such a prayerful moment can be quite simple. The difference with what the Church understands as a sacramental marriage must also be clear." The document frequently quoted the apostolic exhortation, Amoris Laetitia, of Pope Francis. The intent of the initiative, the bishops said, was to welcome homosexuals and instruct dioceses to appoint a contact person "for pastoral work with them."
See also
List of Catholic churches in Belgium
List of Christian monasteries in Belgium
Catholic Church by country
Belgian Pontifical College
Religion in Belgium
References
External links
Searchportal "Catholicism in Belgium" at http://www.parochiesinbeweging.be/zoekportaal/katholieken.html
Belgium
Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Belgium |
The Tricameral Parliament, officially the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, was the legislature of South Africa between 1984 and 1994, established by the South African Constitution of 1983, which gave a limited political voice to the country's Coloured and Indian population groups. The majority African population group was however still excluded, their interests notionally represented in the governments of the black homelands, or "bantustans", of which they were formally citizens. As these institutions were largely politically impotent, its principal effect was to further entrench the political power of the White section of the South African population (or, more specifically, that of the ruling National Party, which in turn mainly drew its support from the Afrikaner community).
History
The Tricameral Parliament can trace its origin back to 1981, when the Senate was replaced with the President's Council (), which was an advisory body consisting of sixty nominated members from the White, Coloured, Indian, and Chinese population groups.
Following a request by Prime Minister P.W. Botha, the President's Council presented a set of proposals in 1982 for constitutional and political reform. This proposal called for the implementation of "power sharing" between the White, Coloured, and Indian communities. The right wing of the NP was very unhappy about this proposal, and a group of its MPs, led by Dr. Andries Treurnicht, a cabinet minister and the leader of the NP in the Transvaal province, broke away to form the Conservative Party (CP) to fight for a return to apartheid in its original form.
However, Botha continued to be in favour of implementing the President's Council proposal, and, in 1983, the NP government introduced a new constitutional framework.
Referendum
To approve the proposed constitution, a referendum among White voters was held on 2 November 1983. Both the Progressive Federal Party (PFP), which objected to the exclusion of Blacks, as well as the CP, which objected to the participation of Coloureds and Indians, campaigned for a "No" vote. The conservative opposition to the reforms used banners with the text "Rhodesia voted yes – vote no!", reflecting on the transition to majority rule in Rhodesia.
However, many PFP followers and parts of the anti-government English-language press supported the new constitution as "a step in the right direction". Consequently, the "Yes" vote won the referendum with 66.3% of the ballots cast. The proposed constitution was consequently enacted by parliament as the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act of 1983.
Opposition
The general election for the House of Representatives and House of Delegates in August 1984 ran into heavy opposition. The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed by a number of (mainly pro-African National Congress) community organisations and trade unions to oppose and boycott these elections. Nevertheless, although the election boycott was widely supported, the new constitution did come into effect, and the general election was held.
The Indian and Coloured chambers of the Tricameral Parliament suffered from a crisis of credibility, with election boycotts leading to notoriously low turnouts (the 1984 elections achieved only a 16.2% turnout). Elected officials in these houses were sometimes scorned for participating in the apartheid system. In 1987, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, the leader of the opposition in the White chamber, quit parliamentary politics, as he saw it as increasingly irrelevant to South Africa's political future.
Structure
Chambers
The parliament had three separately elected chambers:
A 178-member (White) House of Assembly (), which was in effect the existing single-chamber Parliament.
An 85-member (Coloured) House of Representatives ()
A 45-member (Indian) House of Delegates ().
Under the original proposals, the White chamber was to be known as the "Assembly", while the Indian chamber was to be known as the "Chamber of Deputies". The Senate was abolished with effect from 1981.
Each of these three chambers had power over the "own affairs" (as it was termed) of the population group it represented, such as education, social welfare, housing, local government, arts, culture and recreation.
"General affairs", such as defence, finance, foreign policy, justice, law and order, transport, commerce and industry, manpower, internal affairs, and agriculture required approval from all three chambers, after consideration by joint standing committees.
Leadership
The government was led by a State President. The office of Prime Minister was abolished, and its powers were de facto transferred to the State President, which was made an executive post with very broad executive powers. He was to be selected from among the members of the Tricameral Parliament by an 88-member electoral college composed of 50 Whites, 25 Coloureds and 13 Indians, each group chosen by its respective house in parliament, and held office for the parliament's duration—in practice, five years. The State President appointed a Cabinet of ministers who would be in charge of "general affairs" as well as Ministers' Councils for each of the three parliamentary chambers to manage their "own affairs".
Cases of disagreements between the three houses of Parliament on specific legislation would be resolved by the President's Council. It consisted of 60 members—20 members appointed by the House of Assembly, 10 by the House of Representatives, five by the House of Delegates and 25 directly by the State President.
Although ostensibly based on population figures, the numerical composition of the electoral college and the President's Council meant that the white chamber could not be outvoted by the other two chambers. Thus, the real power remained in white hands—and in practice, in the hands of Botha's National Party, which had a large majority in the white chamber. For all intents and purposes, Botha held nearly all governing power in the nation.
The constitution made no provision for the representation of Black South Africans. Botha's government stripped blacks of their South African citizenship and legally considered them citizens of the homelands, in which they were expected to exercise their political rights.
Location
The House of Assembly met in the Assembly chamber at the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town. The House of Representatives met in the former Senate chamber. The House of Delegates met in a new building across the road from the Houses of Parliament which also housed a chamber for joint sittings of the three houses of the Tricameral Parliament.
As of 2020, the National Assembly met in the chamber built for joint sittings of the former Tricameral Parliament while the National Council of Provinces was housed in the old Senate chamber. The decor of the National Assembly chamber retained the theme incorporating wooden panels of tessellating sets of three triangles.
Dissolution
In 1994, ten years after the Tricameral Parliament was formed, one of the last pieces of legislation it passed was the Interim Constitution of 1993, which paved the way for the first non-racial elections that were held on 27 April of that year.
See also
Politics of South Africa
Tricameralism
United Nations Security Council Resolution 554
References
Defunct national legislatures
Defunct organisations based in South Africa
Apartheid government
Organisations associated with apartheid
1984 establishments in South Africa
1994 disestablishments in South Africa
Tricameral legislatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameral%20Parliament |
The DeSoto Powermaster was an automobile built by DeSoto during model years 1952 to 1954. The car debuted during DeSoto's 25th anniversary, taking the place of the entry-level DeSoto Deluxe.
The Powermaster was a full-size car, offered in pillared two and four-door sedan and station wagon models, and powered by Chrysler's DeSoto I6 engine. For both of its years in production, the Powermaster was available as an eight-passenger sedan through the use of jump seats, called the DeSoto Suburban. The Powermaster was also built on a longer wheelbase () than regular six-passenger DeSotos (). A version of the long wheelbase model was used as a basis for the DeSoto Taxi, seen in many Hollywood movies from the late 1930s through the mid-1950s.
The cars also featured a curved windshield, replacing the two piece windshield used on previous models. Passenger compartment heater, electric clock, power brakes, power steering and white sidewall tires were all available as options.
Powermasters built early in the 1953 model year had minimal chrome trim due to Korean War demands; more trim was added as defense demands decreased.
Chrysler of Canada built the DeSoto Powermaster in both 4-door sedan and 2-door hardtop body styles, the latter not offered in the United States. The Canadian DeSoto Powermaster also used Chrysler's flathead I6, an engine that first appeared in the 1952 Chrysler Windsor.
The Powermaster was dropped at the beginning of the 1955 model year, when DeSoto transitioned all of its automotive models to DeSoto Firedome V8 engines.
References
Powermaster
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Coupés
Sedans
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto%20Powermaster |
Corinthian Football Club is an amateur football club based in Fawkham, near Sevenoaks in Kent, England. They are currently members of the and play at Gay Dawn Farm.
History
The club was established by Ron Billings Sr in 1972, initially as a youth team for eight and nine-year-olds. The club was named after the original Corinthian, an amateur club in the early twentieth century. They initially played only friendly matches, although they played over 60 games a season and attracted visits from Charlton Athletic, Norwich City and Tottenham Hotspur. They remained without a league until 1985 when a successful application was made to join the semi-professional Southern League. Despite still being an amateur club, Corinthian finished fifth in Division One South in their first season in the league. However, this proved to be their only top-half finish, and after finishing bottom of the division in 1990–91, they were relegated to Division One of the Kent League.
Despite three moderately successful seasons, Corinthian struggled in Division One, and after finishing bottom of the division in 1996–97 and 1997–98, they withdrew from adult football to concentrate on their youth teams. In 2009 the club rejoined the Kent League, taking the place of Slade Green. The league was renamed the Southern Counties East League in 2013. In 2019–20 they reached the semi-finals of the FA Vase, eventually losing 4–3 on penalties to Hebburn Town after a 2–2 draw. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were promoted to the South East Division of the Isthmian League based on their performances over the two previous seasons, which had been abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, they were relegated back to the Premier Division of the Southern Counties East League at the end of the 2022–23 season after finishing bottom of the South East Division.
Ground
After establishing the club, Billings created a football ground at his Gay Dawn Farm. The farm later became a wider sports complex, featuring golf and footgolf courses. When floodlights were installed Bobby Moore was the guest of honour. A wooden stand with benches is located behind one goal, whilst the two-storey clubhouse has seats on an upper balcony. A new seated stand was built (a converted hay wagon) on one side of the pitch and four small covered areas on the other when the club returned to the Kent League.
Honours
Southern Counties East League
Division One champions 2003–04
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 1993–94, 2020–21
Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 2019–20
See also
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Kent
Association football clubs established in 1972
1972 establishments in England
Sevenoaks
Southern Football League clubs
Southern Counties East Football League
Isthmian League clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian%20F.C.%20%28Kent%29 |
Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt is a British television sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television which originally aired on the ITV network from 1974 to 1978. Initially created by Roy Clarke from a concept by Bill Maynard, most of the series was written by Alan Plater. It starred Maynard as Selwyn Froggitt, a hapless but good-natured council labourer, handyman and working men's club secretary in the fictional Yorkshire town of Scarsdale. The programme was a major ratings success, with Froggitt's catchphrase "magic!" becoming widely known in the United Kingdom. It ran for four series, the last of which carried the title Selwyn and featured only Maynard reprising his role in the new location of a holiday camp.
Plot
The first three series of Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt are set in the fictional Yorkshire town of Scarsdale and centre on the bungling exploits of Selwyn Froggitt, a handyman and a council labourer. Bill Maynard described Froggitt, a burly, balding and good-natured man often clad in a donkey jacket, as "this naïve boy who never grew up". Froggitt has an urge to improve his life and that of everyone around him; he carries The Times and often tells people "there was an article about it in The Times" regarding subjects he has brought up. He lives with his put-upon mother (Megs Jenkins) and his brother Maurice (Robert Keegan), whose romance and eventual marriage to Vera Parkinson (initially played by Rosemary Martin, replaced by Lynda Baron for the second and third series) is sometimes subject to Selwyn's interference. A running gag is Froggitt's mother warning him "don't open that cupboard our Selwyn, things fall out!", to no avail.
Froggitt is on the committee of Scarsdale Working Men's Club and Institute, serving as concert secretary in charge of booking "turns". Froggitt's colleagues are the dour Scouser Jack (Bill Dean), Harry (Harold Goodwin) and excitable, stereotypical Welshman Clive (Richard Davies), often called Taff by Froggitt. All decisions taken by the club committee are taken on a "show of hands..." and "carried unanimously". Though clumsy and somewhat incompetent, Froggitt is honest and hard-working, unlike the other committee members, who usually sit back in comfort while Froggitt does the manual labour. They generally tolerate him because he is prepared to volunteer for unwanted tasks, and they sometimes mislead him for their own amusement. The club steward is Raymond (Ray Mort), often seen answering the telephone with a number of fictitious and fanciful addresses.
In the fourth and final series, the format of the show changed radically. This version of the programme, retitled Selwyn, featured only Maynard from the earlier series and had Froggitt become entertainments officer under the supervision of manager Mervyn Price (Bernard Gallagher) at the seedy Paradise Valley Holiday Camp.
Cast
Bill Maynard as Selwyn Froggitt
Megs Jenkins as Mrs Froggitt (series 1–3)
David Lodge (pilot) and Robert Keegan (series 1–3) as Maurice Froggitt
Rosemary Martin (series 1) and Lynda Baron (series 2–3) as Vera Parkinson
Richard Davies as Clive Meredith (series 1–3)
Bill Dean as Jack Bradshaw (series 1–3)
Harold Goodwin as Harry Nicholson (series 1–3)
Ray Mort as Raymond (series 1–3)
Bernard Gallagher as Mervyn Price (series 4)
Production
Conception
Bill Maynard had the initial idea for the show, wishing to create a sitcom based around the members of the working men's club in his home village of Sapcote, Leicestershire. He later said "every character came from that club". Maynard modelled his lead character on Peter Wright, a larger-than-life patron who often exclaimed "magic!" with his thumbs up and ordered "a pint of cooking and a bag of nuts", both of which would become catchphrases of Maynard's character. Wright had arms too muscular to fold properly so he kept them high on his chest, another attribute Maynard borrowed. Maynard later commented "you couldn't dream up a character like Selwyn. In fact, I played him down." Additionally, Maynard took inspiration from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, with Froggitt as Bottom and the committee at the working men's club as the mechanicals. Robert Keegan believed Maynard based Selwyn "on himself".
Maynard considered Froggitt's interest in reading The Times an important part of the character, explaining "I wanted him to be intelligent, always anxious to improve himself. The easy route would've been to use old clichés, like malapropisms and spoonerisms, but that would have made the character too one-dimensional. By getting him to read The Times and be an ardent student of dynamic word power, we gave him the breadth to spread the comedy over a wide range of subjects. We wanted people to laugh with him, not at him". Maynard characterised Froggitt as someone who causes havoc simply due to "his tremendous enthusiasm and his willingness to help his fellow man", rather than "an idiot". He identified "a lot of drama and a certain amount of pathos" in the character.
Commission and writing
Maynard attempted to get the programme commissioned by Duncan Wood during the latter's 1972–73 tenure as the BBC's Head of Comedy. Wood commissioned a pilot after he had moved to Yorkshire Television to be Head of Light Entertainment. Duncan Wood brought in Roy Clarke, the creator of Last of the Summer Wine, to write the pilot for the series. As Clarke felt he lacked the familiarity to write about a working men's club, Maynard took the train to Leeds to assist him. Clarke devised the title Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt, and the pilot episode was transmitted on 30 September 1974 as part of a six-week season of Yorkshire Television comedy specials. This initial episode rendered Selwyn's surname as 'Froggit'.
The first series of Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt was commissioned in September 1975, following the failure of another sitcom starring Maynard, The Life of Riley. Feeling the pilot had been at odds with his original concept, the actor met again with Clarke to discuss the show's direction. According to Maynard, Clarke admitted he had found it difficult to write about situations he had not thought up himself, and decided he was not right for the job. Maynard approached Alan Plater to take Clarke's place as writer, having worked with the playwright and screenwriter on Trinity Tales (1975). Plater was best known for writing television dramas including Shoulder to Shoulder (1974) and The Stars Look Down (1975); Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt was his only foray into sitcom writing. Plater's involvement has been characterised as indicative of a maverick and prolific approach to television writing. He would later comment that Maynard had "a constitutional resistance to learning the script".
The second series episode "Daze of Hope", in which Selwyn believes he is to feature in an episode of This Is Your Life with Eamonn Andrews, was inspired by Maynard's own experience on the programme in 1974. The series employed little bawdy humour; Maynard said he received letters thanking him for "the cleanest show on television".
Filming and transmission
Filming for the first series commenced in October 1975. It was mainly shot at Yorkshire Television Studios on Kirkstall Road, Leeds, whilst outdoor location filming for the series took place in Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire and Elvington, North Yorkshire. Bill Maynard's wife Muriel frequently attended dress rehearsals and recordings. Megs Jenkins, cast as Froggitt's mother, had initially considered herself the wrong fit for the role and resolved to approach the part straight. The programme's theme tune was written and composed by Bill Dean, who starred as Jack, and performed by the Tony Mansell Singers. The theme would feature different lyrics for each episode. On transmission, the series became a ratings success, topping the national weekly chart and eventually reaching peak viewing figures of 29 million. Froggitt became a cult figure, with his catchphrase "magic!" and thumbs-up becoming widely known in the United Kingdom.
Rosemary Martin, who played Maurice Froggitt's partner Vera, left the programme after its first series. Interviewed in July 1976, she stated "I was sick of playing silly, mindless women. And Selwyn Froggitt, although a very successful show, was one of the unhappiest jobs I have ever had. I left it thinking I must be a quarrelsome, bad tempered person who couldn't get on with anybody." Martin was replaced by Lynda Baron, who had recently appeared as Nurse Gladys Emmanuel in the first series of Open All Hours.
The second series topped the national ratings for four of the seven weeks it was on air. Interviewed during its run, Maynard described the second series as the last, saying the Froggitt role was "starting to take me over". Maynard was uncomfortable with the prospect of being typecast and refused to appear in character as Selwyn for public appearances. When starring in a pantomime production of Jack and the Beanstalk in Norwich, Maynard insisted his character be called "Simple Simon" rather than the scripted "Simple Selwyn". Maynard was signed to Waif Records as a singer and turned down several songs with Froggitt's catchphrase "magic" in the title. After the programme ended, Maynard wrote "Stock Car Racing is Magic", a self-released single credited to Vroom.
The immense popularity of Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt led to the commissioning of a third series by June 1977. Alan Plater, who described both himself and Maynard as "knackered" after the previous run, agreed to return but only to write two episodes. Filming commenced on 5 September 1977, following Maynard's recovery from a slipped disc. A Christmas episode, "On the Feast of Selwyn", concluded the third series.
Maynard had considered the third series the last, but was persuaded by Duncan Wood to return for a new version of the programme, simply titled Selwyn. Maynard believed the programme had got into a rut and considered a new setting and supporting cast the best way to further develop his character. Maynard drew on his 1950s
experience as a comedian at Butlin's for the holiday camp setting. Plater was not involved with this fourth series and Robert Keegan, who had played Maurice, considered the removal of the supporting cast a potential mistake "as I think viewers of situation comedy like to get to know lots of characters". A proposed fifth series was not produced after disappointing audience reactions. Maynard confirmed the series had finished in May 1980, telling the media "if you keep on with the same character all the time, people won't accept you as anything else. If I do [play Selwyn again], it will be when people have begun to forget about him."
Reception and legacy
Following the transmission of the pilot episode in 1974, Terry Dwyer of the Leicester Mercury compared the character to Frank Spencer from the BBC1 sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, commenting "he's another one-man disaster area, but unlike Frank has no feelings of inadequacy – just the reverse in fact. There's nothing he can not do and it was the exuberance and unshakeable optimism of the character that made last night's ITV comedy a lot of fun". During broadcast of the second series, Chris Watson of the Western Daily Press praised Maynard's performance but criticised the "inconsistent scripts and rather obvious humour", commenting "the amiable buffon Selwyn Froggitt is currently the most popular character on TV, and that is a telling indictment of the current choice". Celia Andrews of the Western Daily Press praised "the touch of naivete" in Maynard's performance, describing Froggitt as "a sort of human Aunt Sally meeting life's slings and arrows with a maniacal laugh."
Reviewing the fourth series, Selwyn, Stafford Hildred of the Birmingham Evening Mail considered the axing of the supporting cast a mistake, commenting "now Mr. Maynard provides most of the humour himself, and the ration of laughs is spread very thin indeed". Clem Lewis of Birmingham Evening Mail felt Maynard "now hogs all the funny lines... all two of them per programme". Linton Mitchell of the Bristol Evening Post commented "the character does nothing for me at all – except to make me feel vaguely uneasy."
Retrospectively, Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt has been described as "a kind of Billy Liar for nutters" in The Guinness Book of Classic British TV. The series was an influence on Victoria Wood.
In August 1989, "Gala Performance" was repeated with a specially-recorded introduction by Maynard to celebrate Yorkshire Television's 21st anniversary. The series was regularly repeated on UK Gold between 1997 and 1999 and on Forces TV in 2022. Volumes of selected episodes from the series were released on VHS in the 1990s. Network released a boxset of the complete series on DVD on 11 October 2010.
List of episodes
In total, 29 episodes of Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt, including 7 under the title Selwyn, were produced.
Pilot (1974)
The pilot and the first series were released on DVD by Network on 25 May 2009.
Series 1 (1976)
Series 2 (1977)
The second series was released on DVD by Network on 7 September 2009.
Series 3 (1977)
The third series was released on DVD by Network on 3 May 2010.
Series 4 (1978)
The fourth series was released on DVD by Network on 16 August 2010.
References
External links
ITV sitcoms
1974 British television series debuts
1978 British television series endings
1970s British sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series by Yorkshire Television
Television shows set in Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%20No%20It%27s%20Selwyn%20Froggitt |
Andrew Stuart Murray McCall (born 10 June 1964) is a professional football coach and former player. He is assistant manager at Sheffield United.
McCall played in a total of 763 league games and in 40 full international matches for Scotland during his playing career.
McCall started his career with Bradford City, where he made his first-team debut in 1982. He played six seasons at Valley Parade, during which time he won the Division Three championship, a title which was overshadowed by the Bradford City stadium fire when 56 people died and in which his father Andy was injured. After missing out on promotion in 1987–88, McCall moved to Everton, for whom he scored twice but finished on the losing side in the 1989 FA Cup Final. In 1991, he moved to Rangers, with whom he spent seven seasons and won five league titles, three Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups. McCall returned to Bradford City as captain to take them into the top division of English football for the first time in 77 years. After four seasons he moved to Sheffield United, where he retired as a player in 2005.
Born and raised in England, McCall qualified to play for Scotland through his Scottish father. He won 40 international caps and scored one goal in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. He also played in two European Championships but his international career ended after he was left out of the 1998 World Cup squad.
McCall was part of the coaching staff during his second playing spell at Bradford City, briefly serving as caretaker-player manager in 2000. He continued his coaching at Sheffield United and was assistant manager to Neil Warnock until May 2007, when he returned to Bradford City as their manager. He spent two-and-a-half seasons in charge of Bradford City, leaving in February 2010. Just before the end of 2010, he was appointed Motherwell manager. He stayed at Fir Park for four years, helping the club finish second in the league twice. After a poor start to the 2014–15 season, he resigned in November 2014. McCall was appointed manager of Rangers in March 2015, but left the club at the end of a short-term contract.
McCall returned to Bradford City for a second spell as manager in June 2016. The team reached the play-off final in his first season, but this was lost and he was sacked in February 2018. After a short spell with Scunthorpe United, McCall was appointed Bradford manager for a third time in February 2020.
Early and personal life
Stuart McCall was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Scottish parents Andy, a former professional footballer, and Jean McCall. He was the couple's third child after Leslie and Janette, who were 20 and 15 respectively when Stuart was born. The family home was just round the corner from Leeds United's Elland Road ground where McCall would spend many Saturday afternoons watching United, dreaming of following his father and playing for Leeds, even after the family moved to Wortley.
McCall played football for Upper Wortley Primary School and Thornhill Middle School, even scoring a winning goal for the latter in a cup final when he came on as a substitute with his arm in a sling. While McCall also played table tennis as a schoolboy, football was a focus, and he captained the Leeds under-11 boys team and played for other Leeds representative sides.
McCall's parents split and he made up for his size when he moved to one of Leeds' toughest estates and played for pub sides by the age of 14. He moved schools to Harrington High and also played for local young sides Pudsey Juniors, Holbeck and later Farsley Celtic. McCall thought he had missed his chance of playing professionally after a string of other players were signed by professional clubs, until Farsley played Bradford City's junior side in a friendly and he impressed coach Bryan Edwards enough to be asked for a trial.
Playing career
Club career
Bradford City
McCall was signed by George Mulhall in 1980 from Farsley Celtic on his 16th birthday, before becoming one of the club's two apprentices in June 1981. Mulhall's successor, Roy McFarland, gave McCall his first-team debut at Reading on 28 August 1982 – the opening day of the 1982–83 season – when he deputised for Ces Podd at right back. He had played just six league games by 29 January 1983 when he made the first of 134 consecutive league appearances, all in midfield under new manager Trevor Cherry. City finished 12th in Division Three that season. The following season City struggled to make up for the absence of Bobby Campbell, who had left to join Derby County, and won just one of their first fifteen games, until Cherry bought Campbell back from Derby, and City won a record ten consecutive games on their way to a seventh-place finish.
During the summer of 1984, Cherry made the two key signings of central defender Dave Evans and right winger John Hendrie to build on the previous season's high finish. McCall was an integral part of the team as City won the Division Three championship in 1984–85, during which he scored eight goals as one of two ever-present players. The title was assured in the penultimate game when McCall scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers. The league title was paraded before the final game of the season on 11 May 1985 at home to Lincoln City. However, the club's title was overshadowed when 56 people died in the Bradford City stadium fire when the Valley Parade ground's main stand caught fire after 40 minutes of play, during which McCall's father, who was with other family members, was badly injured. After the fire, McCall, still in his kit, spent several hours driving from the ground to his sister's house, then to Bradford Royal Infirmary and Pinderfields Hospital trying to find his father. His father had suffered severe burns and needed skin grafts on his hands and head and was in hospital for several weeks.
For the following 19 months, the club played games away from Valley Parade. Cherry and the players became a close-knit team, attending funerals of the victims and other engagements in the months that followed, and the club's 13th-place finish in Division Two in 1985–86 was hailed a major achievement. During Bradford's time away from Valley Parade, McCall also turned his back on Leeds United, the team he had supported as a child, after their fans set fire to a chip van at Odsal Stadium. McCall became club captain in November 1986, aged just 21, after Peter Jackson moved to Newcastle United. Under Cherry's replacement, Terry Dolan, the club held off any relegation threats to finish tenth in 1986–87. Like Jackson, McCall and Hendrie were both keen to move to a Division One club, but they agreed in 1987 to stay for one final season.
Dolan brought in Paul Tomlinson, Brian Mitchell and Lee Sinnott in a bid to help McCall and Hendrie realise their dreams with City. They mounted a promotion challenge in 1987–88 and were top for much of the season until they faltered in the New Year. When promotion was missed initially by one point on the last day of the season after a 3–2 defeat against Ipswich Town and then through play-off defeat to Middlesbrough, McCall left the club, signing for Everton for £850,000 in June 1988. He had played 238 league games for the club, scoring 37 goals, and in total played 285 games, scoring 46 goals. McCall was later outspoken in his autobiography, The Real McCall, about City's failure to strengthen the side to secure promotion.
His departure was soured when he was forced to go to the Football League with a Professional Footballers' Association representative to win £8,327.15 of an unpaid signing-on fee.
Everton
McCall joined Everton at a time when its former triumphant side of the mid-1980s had broken up, following the ban on English sides competing in Europe, which marked the start of a period of underachievement at Goodison Park. His Everton debut came in a 4–0 victory over Newcastle United on 27 August 1988 against his former teammate Hendrie, who was making his debut for Newcastle. McCall also returned to Valley Parade for a League Cup tie, but his Everton side were knocked out by Bradford 3–1 on 14 December 1988. He started 29 league games in 1988–89 as well as another four substitute appearances, but failed to score in the league. He was also a substitute in the 1989 FA Cup Final when he scored Everton's stoppage time equaliser in the Merseyside derby against Liverpool to take the game into extra-time. He scored another equaliser during extra-time, but Liverpool's own substitute Ian Rush also scored two to secure a 3–2 victory for Liverpool.
McCall made a second appearance in an Everton shirt at Valley Parade, when he was invited by former teammate Mark Ellis to bring a side for his testimonial. In three seasons at Everton, McCall played 103 league games as well as earned his first caps with Scotland but he failed to lift any trophies as the club finished eighth, sixth and ninth in the league. Apart from the FA Cup final defeat in 1989, the closest he came to winning a trophy at Everton was in the 1989–90 season, when Everton topped the league in late autumn and remained in contention for the title for the most the rest of the season until disappointing form in the run-in saw them finish sixth.
Rangers
In the summer of 1991, McCall signed for Scottish club Rangers for £1.2 million. Rangers had just won their third successive Scottish Premier Division title.
Under newly appointed manager Walter Smith, McCall ended up playing in the final six of the club's nine successive Scottish league titles, and with Rangers also winning a string of cup competitions during that time, McCall picked up a total of ten major trophies north of the border. In his first season at Ibrox, Rangers won the league and cup double, before they achieved greater success in 1992–93, winning both cups 2–1 against Aberdeen and coming nine points ahead of Aberdeen in the league. McCall also enjoyed European success that season when the Glasgow club narrowly missed out on an appearance in the UEFA Champions League 1992–93 final, coming second in the semi-final group stage to eventual winners Olympique de Marseille. Citing the reason for their success as the spirit which Smith instilled in the team, McCall later said: "It was an incredible season. We won the domestic Treble, we went 44 games unbeaten and we did not lose a single game in Europe. And, though we said we would do it again next year, we all knew it was unrepeatable."
In 1993–94, Rangers added another Scottish League Cup title along with the league championship, but lost 1–0 in the final of the Scottish Cup to Dundee United, surprisingly being denied a second successive treble. The following season saw Rangers win the league by their greatest margin as they finished 15 points ahead of Motherwell, but they failed to reach the final of either of the domestic cups. Although their winning margin was reduced to four points, from city rivals Celtic, in 1995–96, Rangers' points tally of 87 was a record-high total.
McCall played in his fourth Scottish Cup final as Rangers defeated Hearts 5–1. His Rangers side again pushed Celtic into second place in 1996–97 and defeated Hearts 4–3 in the Scottish League Cup (McCall had suffered an injury prior to that final which ruled him out until the end of the season, and he did not play in sufficient league games for a medal). But with the club chasing an unprecedented 10th straight title in 1997–98 they had to settle for the runners-up position, with Celtic winning the league by two points on the final day of the season. McCall was substituted in the Scottish Cup final defeat to Hearts as Rangers went the season without picking up a single title for the first season in McCall's time at the club.
In February 2008, McCall became the 71st inductee into the Rangers hall of fame. McCall's former teammate and Rangers assistant manager Ally McCoist presented him with the award.
Return to Bradford City
McCall still had one year left on his Rangers contract in 1998, but much of the team that Walter Smith had built had left and McCall was allowed to leave on a free transfer by new manager Dick Advocaat, as long as he joined an English club. Barnsley and Huddersfield Town were both interested in signing McCall, but he rejoined Bradford City as club captain. Rookie manager Paul Jewell put together a squad which emerged as surprise promotion contenders after two seasons spent battling relegation, adding other new signings, including central midfield partner Gareth Whalley and striker Lee Mills, who went on to be club's top goal-scorer. The season started off slowly with just one win from the first seven games, but by the latter half of the season, City were vying with Ipswich Town and Birmingham City for the second promotion spot behind runaway leaders Sunderland. Loan signing Lee Sharpe and Dean Windass were added to the ranks and City had the chance to seal promotion in their penultimate game against relegation-threatened Oxford United. The game finished as a 0–0 draw, with McCall heading over the goal in the final minutes, taking the promotion bid to the final game of the season. Days later he was named the club's player of the year. A 3–2 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux on 9 May 1999 ensured promotion to the Premier League and denied Ipswich Town – the team that had thwarted McCall and Bradford 11 years before.
Bradford were expected to struggle in their first season in the top flight for 77 years. Jewell signed David Wetherall, Dean Saunders and Neil Redfearn, all experienced top flight performers, but City were in the bottom four teams for most of the season. It was Bradford's home form – they earned 26 of their 36 points at Valley Parade – that was key to City avoiding relegation, which was narrowly averted by two points after a shock 1–0 final day victory over Liverpool in 1999–2000, sending Wimbledon down instead. When Jewell left only days after the season ended, McCall was appointed assistant manager to Chris Hutchings, and subsequently served as caretaker manager for two games when Hutchings was sacked after just 12 games of the 2000–01 league season. City were relegated with just 26 points. During a 6–1 defeat to West Yorkshire rivals Leeds United in the penultimate game, McCall and team-mate Andy Myers fought on the pitch.
McCall stayed on for one more season before he was released by manager Nicky Law in May 2002, shortly before the club went into administration for the first time after finishing 15th in Division One. His playing career at Bradford City had looked uncertain in December 2001 before Law arrived, when previous manager Jim Jefferies had left McCall out of the side in a 3–1 defeat at Manchester City following a training ground dispute. However, it was Jefferies who lost out in the dispute when he resigned his post a week later after summit talks with chairman Geoffrey Richmond. In April 2002, McCall's testimonial match against Rangers attracted a crowd of more than 21,000 to Valley Parade. McCall gave part of the proceeds from his testimonial to the Bradford burns research unit, which was set up following the 1985 fire. Two years after his benefit match, McCall played one more time in City colours in a Save Our City appeal match organised by Bradford's evening newspaper, the Telegraph & Argus, to raise funds for the club, who were now in administration for a second time.
Sheffield United
On 2 July 2002. McCall joined Sheffield United, where he played an integral part in their first-team side, despite being 38, and also coached the reserves to the league title. He played 71 league games over the next two seasons, and scored twice, including a winner against former side Bradford. He was in the side that reached the Division One play-off final in 2003 as well as the semi-finals of both cup competitions that year. However he and Dean Windass, who was also now at Sheffield United, were both left out of the play-off final, as United lost 3–0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. McCall played just two League Cup games in the 2004–05 season, and retired just a few weeks before his 41st birthday. His career total of 763 league games placed him in 13th position on the all-time appearance list of British footballers.
International career
McCall was picked for England and Scotland under-21 sides on the same day in 1984, and chose to join the England under-21 squad for their game against Turkey. However he was only picked as a substitute and the referee blew the final whistle, with McCall waiting to come on. He later told Scottish newspaper Glasgow Herald, "I felt it was a mistake almost from the start. I was put on the bench and they tried to bring me on with a minute to go. But I took my time re-tying my boots and generally warming up and luckily didn't get on, otherwise that would have been that." Since he had not actually played for England, McCall was still eligible for Scotland. He eventually switched allegiances to the latter, for whom he qualified through his father. He made his Scotland debut at under-21 level in March 1988, ironically against England. McCall made one more appearance for Scotland under 21s, against France in 1990.
Later the same year, McCall was called up to the Scottish senior team. He won his first cap on 28 March 1990 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Argentina. He played in five friendlies in 1990 which earned him a call up to the Italia 90 World Cup squad. He played in all three of Scotland's World Cup games. They lost their first game 1–0 to Costa Rica, before McCall scored what would be his only international goal against Sweden in a 2–1 victory. However, Scotland failed to qualify for the knock-out stage when they were defeated 1–0 by Brazil.
McCall represented Scotland at the European Championships in 1992, when they again failed to go beyond the group stage after defeats to Netherlands and Germany, and in 1996 when they were edged out in the first round by Netherlands. Scotland failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1994. McCall played just two qualifying games for the 1998 World Cup and his last cap came in a friendly against Denmark on 25 March 1998, as he was overlooked for the final squad for the finals in France along with team-mate Ally McCoist. He was capped a total of 40 times for Scotland, scoring one goal. McCall's caps included 11 while at Everton and 29 during his career with Rangers.
Coaching and managerial career
Early coaching career
In July 2000, McCall accepted his first coaching role, when he was appointed assistant manager to Chris Hutchings at Bradford City, after Hutchings was promoted from the role to replace Paul Jewell as City manager. Just four months later, Hutchings was sacked, and McCall was appointed as caretaker-player manager. His first game in the role was against his former team Everton, who were led by his former manager Walter Smith, but ended with a 1–0 defeat. He was in charge for one more game, which also ended in defeat, until Jim Jefferies was appointed the new manager. Jefferies brought with him his own assistant Billy Brown, and McCall was appointed first-team coach.
After leaving Bradford City, he joined Sheffield United, where he also took up a coaching role. When he retired in 2004, he remained at Sheffield United as assistant to Neil Warnock. Working alongside Warnock and learning the managerial ropes from him, he helped mastermind The Blades' promotion to the Premier League in 2006. United were relegated to the Championship on the final day of the 2006–07 season and Warnock resigned three days later. McCall had already decided that the 2006–07 season would be his last as assistant manager, and when he was overlooked as a successor to the United manager's position, in favour of Bryan Robson, he decided to leave after five years with the club.
Bradford City (first period as manager)
McCall admitted in his autobiography, The Real McCall, he wanted to manage Bradford.
He had been linked with the manager's position at Bradford City on numerous previous occasions, and after Colin Todd was sacked on 12 February 2007, City chairman Julian Rhodes made McCall his number one target to take over in the summer. Club captain David Wetherall temporarily took over and was later announced as caretaker manager for the rest of the 2006–07 season. On 22 May 2007, it was announced McCall would become manager of the club where he started his career, and on 1 June 2007 he assumed the position. In less than seven years since McCall's first two-game reign, serious financial problems had driven the club to the verge of closure, and although they survived the threat of oblivion, they were unable to avoid a terrible on-the-pitch decline, which continued after the financial nightmare had been relieved. On McCall's return to Valley Parade, the Bantams had just been relegated to League Two—meaning that they would be playing in the bottom division for the first time in 25 years. McCall set himself a target of earning promotion back to League One in his first season.
Bradford had just 13 players when McCall took over, and he made a number of summer signings including defender Darren Williams, midfielders Kyle Nix, Alex Rhodes and Scott Phelan, and strikers Barry Conlon, Guylain Ndumbu-Nsungu and Peter Thorne. McCall recorded his first win as a manager against Wrexham on 25 August 2007 after substitute Luke Medley scored a late winner, but despite his pre-season target his team spent much of the first half of the season in the bottom half of the table. After going unbeaten in January, the club were still 15th in League Two, and McCall told the Telegraph & Argus he did not regret his pre-season target but was carried away with the euphoria at the time. City's form continued to improve during the second half of the season, and McCall led his side to 10th place in League Two.
Despite City finishing outside the play-off places, they were again installed as favourites for promotion by bookmakers for the 2008–09 season. McCall released 13 players from his squad and replaced them with a number of signings with experience in a higher division, as well as Michael Boulding, who was one of League Two's top goalscorers during the 2007–08 campaign. McCall's side made a good start to the season, and after winning five of their opening six league games, went top of the league – the first time City had led the table in seven years.
As a result of maintaining a place in the promotion places during the first half of the season and his "stabling influence" on the club, chairmen Julian Rhodes and Mark Lawn offered McCall a new contract in January 2009. Later in the month, Lawn gave further backing to McCall, who was coming under pressure from the club's fans following a run of one win in nine games; during the run McCall was also charged by The Football Association for the first time of his managerial career after he had contested a refereeing decision during a game with Luton Town. McCall signed a new contract in February, which extended his deal by another two years and would have kept him at the club until 2011. He set himself the goal of earning two promotions to put City in the Championship. However, less than a month later, McCall offered to resign if they did not reach the play-offs after his side lost 4–1 to AFC Bournemouth – their fifth consecutive away defeat. "Nobody is hurting more than me but it's as simple as that, if we miss out I don't deserve to be here," he said. City eventually missed out on promotion, but McCall decided to stay on as manager and took a voluntary pay cut in the process because of the club's budget being reduced.
As a result of the cuts, McCall made a number of changes to his squad during the summer of 2009. His team started the 2009–10 season by going four games without scoring, until they recorded a 5–4 victory against Cheltenham Town. After the game, McCall said: "That was the youngest, and certainly cheapest, team Bradford have put out for a long time and I'm really proud of them." City continued by going ten games unbeaten and reached the area semi-finals of the Football League Trophy where they lost to Carlisle United, managed by McCall's friend Greg Abbott, but at the start of 2010 found themselves 16th in League Two and eight points off the play-offs after a run of five defeats in seven games. McCall laid down a challenge to his team to win three of their next four games, saying: "The bottom line is that the players and me personally will get judged on results. And the results aren't good enough." Despite the club's slide down the table, he denied he would resign, but it was reported that two late goals from summer signing Gareth Evans to give City a late 2–1 away at Torquay United saved McCall from being sacked. However, defeat to Bury in the club's following fixture was McCall's last game as manager, with McCall saying after the game: "It's time for somebody else to come in and take up the reins and hopefully do well." He won a little more than one-third of his 133 games in charge of City. McCall left by mutual consent.
Motherwell
After leaving Bradford, McCall spent some time out of the game before being recruited to work as a scout for Norwich City by Rangers former chief scout Ewan Chester. At the end of 2010, he was among a number of men interviewed for the managerial vacancy at Scottish Premier League club Motherwell to succeed Craig Brown, before being given the job on a two-and-a-half-year contract. His first game in charge was a 0–0 draw away to Hamilton Academical on New Year's Day 2011, with McCall stating: "It was a fair result. You take positives, a clean sheet, but we can be better and we will be better." He followed it up with a 4–0 victory in the Scottish Cup against Dundee before his maiden league victory – and the club's first since November – against Hibernian by the end of January.
McCall was partly selected as new manager because of his knowledge of the lower leagues of English football; he was active in the transfer market in his early days, bringing in Steve Jones – a player he had at Bradford – and Mike Grella from Leeds United, although the latter move was cancelled because of a FIFA ruling limiting the number of clubs a player can sign for in one season. Having operated without an assistant for his first few weeks in charge, McCall chose former Airdrie United manager Kenny Black as his number two. McCall led Motherwell to the semi-finals of both Scottish Cup competitions – they were defeated 2–1 by his former side Rangers in the League Cup but reached the final of the Scottish Cup by defeating St Johnstone 3–0.
At the start of the following season, Motherwell lost only one match in their first six making them joint leaders of the Scottish Premier League, which led to McCall being named the Clydesdale Bank Premier League manager of the month for July and August. Well continued their good form, with McCall winning the award again in October, alongside player of the month Keith Lasley, in a month when the side went unbeaten. Motherwell's final position in the Premier League was in 3rd, allowing them into the Champions League for the first time in the club's history.
At the start of the 2012–13 season, McCall was unable to make signings after losing ten players. In the summer transfer window, he made two signings Simon Ramsden and Fraser Kerr. McCall attempted to sign the returning James McFadden and Ryan Stevenson, but both were unsuccessful. McCall then managed the club's first Champions League match in the second round against Panathinaikos, but they proved to be too strong and Motherwell failed to win either leg losing 2–0 and 3–0 respectively, which McCall described as "cruel". After the match, Motherwell entered the Europa League play-offs to face Levante; McCall wanted to play with an "up-and-at-them approach" against the Spaniards. Once again, their opposition proved to be too strong and they lost each leg 2–0 and 1–0 respectively, ending the club's European competitions; the second game at the Estadi Ciutat de València had Motherwell playing with a youthful and inexperienced squad due to injuries.
On 24 January 2013, it was announced McCall would join the backroom staff of new Scotland national football team manager Gordon Strachan. During the 2012/13 season, the club managed to stay in the top-six. On 28 March 2013, McCall signed a new two-year contract with Motherwell. In April 2013, McCall was awarded March's SPL manager of month for helping the club win three and draw one of their games during the month. At the end of the season, Motherwell finished second for the first time, their highest league position since 1994–95 season, which he described as "incredible". As a result, McCall won Clydesdale Bank Manager of the Year. On 22 May 2013, it was reported that he was set to open talks with Sheffield United about their managerial vacancy in the next 24 hours and that he had cut short a family holiday to intend the interview. Eventually, McCall rejected a move to Sheffield United, following talks between the two and was happy to continue as manager of Motherwell.
At the start of the 2013–14 season, key players Darren Randolph, Nicky Law, Chris Humphrey, Michael Higdon and Henrik Ojamaa all left the club. McCall replaced them by signing Paul Lawson, Iain Vigurs, John Sutton, Fraser Kerr, Gunnar Nielsen and Stephen McManus. He also managed to persuade James McFadden to stay at the club. Motherwell enjoyed another successful season, finishing second in the 2013–14 Scottish Premiership. The position was achieved by winning on the final day against nearest rivals Aberdeen. After a bad start to the 2014–15 season left Motherwell second from bottom, McCall resigned as manager on 2 November.
Rangers
McCall was appointed manager of Rangers on 12 March 2015, agreeing a contract with the club to the end of the 2014–15 season. In his first match in charge Rangers were held to a 1–1 draw at home by bottom-placed Livingston on 14 March 2015. Rangers finished third in the 2014–15 Scottish Championship and in the Premiership play-off final they were beaten 6–1 on aggregate by McCall's former team Motherwell. Insisting he had "done a decent job" he wanted to extend his contract for the following season. Rangers instead opted to appoint Mark Warburton as manager for the new season.
Bradford City (second period as manager)
McCall returned for a second period as manager of Bradford City on 20 June 2016, replacing Phil Parkinson. McCall gave up his coaching role with the Scotland national team. In his first season the team reached the 2017 EFL League One play-off final, but lost 1–0 to Millwall. After a run of six consecutive defeats, McCall was sacked by Bradford on 5 February 2018. The team were still sitting in sixth place in 2017–18 EFL League One when McCall was sacked, but had fallen 13 points behind the automatic promotion places.
Scunthorpe United
McCall was appointed manager of League One club Scunthorpe United on 27 August 2018. After winning four out of their five games in January 2019, and climbing up the table to 14th position (and out of the relegation zone), McCall won the January 2019 League One Manager of the Month award. After this good run, however, the team won only two further matches and had dropped to 18th place when McCall was sacked in March 2019. Shortly afterwards, he stated he might not return to management, preferring the coaching side instead, stating: "It's a hard gig. I just like working with players, so I'd like to go out on a Monday to Friday or whatever it is and work with players and try and help improve them, put plans in there, formations, etc. And on the Saturday when it comes together – no better feeling."
In November 2019 he interviewed for the vacant post at Hearts.
Bradford City (third period as manager)
On 4 February 2020, McCall was appointed Bradford manager for a third time. He left the club on 13 December 2020.
Blackpool
McCall joined newly promoted Blackpool, as assistant head coach to Neil Critchley, on 22 July 2021. McCall's father played for the club in the 1940s and 1950s, and his sister was born in the town.
Sheffield United
On 25 November 2021, McCall left Blackpool to become assistant manager to Paul Heckingbottom at Sheffield United.
Style of play
McCall was a box-to-box midfielder characterised by his tireless running, tackling and also weighing in with an average of one goal every 11 games. Despite his position in the middle of the park he was rarely suspended and was sent off just once in his career – in the final minute of a 2–0 defeat to Charlton Athletic on 4 November 2000. He also had a never-say-die attitude proven by a number of key late goals including his equaliser which sent the 1989 FA Cup Final into extra-time, and a 93rd-minute equaliser against Tottenham Hotspur during Bradford's difficult start to their Premier League campaign in the 1999–2000 season. He was a passionate player with a strong desire to win games.
Career statistics
Club
International appearances
International goals
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.
Manager
Honours
As a player
Bradford City
Football League Third Division: 1984–85
Football League First Division promotion: 1998–99
Everton
FA Cup: Runner-up 1988–89
Rangers
Scottish Premier Division (5): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96
Runner-up 1997–98
Scottish Cup: 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96
Runner-up 1993–94, 1997–98
Scottish League Cup: 1992–93, 1993–94
Individual
PFA Team of the Year:
Second Division: 1987, 1988
Third Division: 1985
As a manager
Individual
Manager of the Month: July/August 2011, October 2011, March 2013
SPL Manager of the Season: 2012–13
League Two Manager of the Month: January 2019
See also
List of footballers in England by number of league appearances (500+)
List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English people of Scottish descent
Anglo-Scots
English men's footballers
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
English football managers
Scottish football managers
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff
Bradford City A.F.C. managers
Motherwell F.C. managers
Rangers F.C. managers
Scunthorpe United F.C. managers
Premier League managers
English Football League managers
Scottish Premier League managers
Scottish Professional Football League managers
Farsley Celtic F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20McCall |
High Chaparall is a Swedish television program which first aired in 2003 on the Kanal 5 network. The show is an interview/adventure series featuring the Swedish comedy duo of Filip Hammar and Fredrik Wikingsson. Although the pair continued to be provocative, this program proved to be less controversial than their previous television work and ultimately became much more successful. The team is known popularly in Sweden as simply "Filip and Fredrik."
Concept
Taking a camera team to America, Hammar and Wikingsson filmed a series of multi-day interviews with minor celebrities and has-beens such as Fabio Lanzoni, Pamela Anderson, Ron Jeremy, Tonya Harding, Uri Geller and Gary Busey. Rather than just sitting down and talking, they follow the stars around for several days and engage themselves in various everyday activities of the celebrities' lives. Aside from instances when the hosts are speaking privately with each other or to the camera or camera operators, the series is almost entirely in English.
With varying levels of success and hilarity, Hammar and Wikingsson are welcomed into the lives of infamous personalities who often introduce them to their families, sing songs with them and take the Swedes to their favorite restaurants or recreation spots. Many speak candidly about their lives before, during and after their greatest successes. Some of their interview subjects seem to become genuinely entertained by and endeared to the duo (Vince Neil of Mötley Crüe and his parents, Charlene Tilton of the soap opera Dallas and her daughter Chastity). However, the subjects of other episodes are either bewildered by Filip and Fredrik or become increasingly more uncomfortable (or even mildly irritated) during the relentless onslaught of questions, games and songs (Lorenzo Lamas, Gary Busey).
The pair have a style of questioning which peppers their friendly, casual conversations with intensely personal or embarrassing questions. Hours of this push-pull gradually opens their subjects up to either annoyance or hugging and bonding. They are unafraid of asking celebrities how much money they have or what it feels like to not be so famous anymore. The home audience in Sweden is generally familiar with their incessant, boyish troublemaking which makes their antics all the more hilarious when the necessity arises for them to quickly, cleverly hide behind the guise of innocent curiosity of foreign journalists.
Regular segments
A short biography segment introduces the program's guest at the beginning, during which seemingly unrelated images quickly appear on the screen. Each picture is in fact a humorous reference to something similar - or related - to the subject matter. A viewer may need to see this one-minute introduction many times - and be well-versed in Swedish pop culture - in order to catch all the rapid, subversive jokes.
A typical 45-minute episode is taped over two full days and features Filip and Fredrik visiting a celebrity at home in Los Angeles, asking them personal questions while taking a tour of their house, singing a song for them (often a Swedish song which has been translated into English), making an outing to one of the star's favorite places to eat, a series of elaborate would-you-rather questions, and frequently concludes with the hosts and subjects drinking alcohol together.
At some point during each episode, they administer a quick quiz called "Bra Eller Anus" (translates to "Good or Anus") in which the interviewee is presented with an idea, a thing or a description of a person, and must deem them "bra" or "anus." The quiz is introduced by an absurd theme song which is played on an equally ridiculously pimped-out cassette jam box that has traveled around America with them. The tape player was spectacularly destroyed in the final episode of the second season after it failed to work for an interview at the Knob Creek Gun Range in Kentucky.
Despite having recurring segments and well-known guests, the program is never taped in a proper studio. Instead it follows a free-form style, consisting entirely of location shoots, constant improvisation and it often changes course unexpectedly. The hosts and subjects are often seen passing or clipping microphones onto each other, and it is not unusual for the cameras to be jostling into position while things are happening. Each episode is a loose adventure, the course of which is largely dependent on the celebrity being interviewed. Hammar has described their approach as "We just turn on the camera and go."
The signature melody for the show is the song I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) by The Proclaimers.
The first three of the program's four seasons have been released on DVD. In 2005, a version of the show's format was used for a meeting with former Swedish prime-minister Ingvar Carlsson.
Episode overview
Season 1:
Season 2:
Season 3:
Season 4:
External links
High Chaparall
Kanal 5 (Swedish TV channel) original programming
Swedish reality television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Chaparall |
The Catholic Church in Kuwait is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
In 2020, Christians made up 17.93% of the population. Of these, 80% were Catholic, or approximately 560,000 people.
Overview
There are no dioceses in the country, but Kuwait falls under the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia. The superior was the Italian bishop Camillo Ballin until his death on April 12, 2020.
There is a cathedral in Kuwait City dedicated to the Holy Family. However, this church is now a co-cathedral with the Cathedral of Our Lady of Arabia in Bahrain.
The other parishes are St. Thérèse Parish, Salmiya, Our Lady of Arabia Parish, Ahmadi and St. Daniel Comboni Parish, Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh. In 2002, the Salesian religious order started an English language school in the country.
There are also some churches belonging to the Eastern Catholic Church: the Syro-Malankara Catholic Community, Syro-Malabar Holy Family Cathedral Parish, and the Patriarchal Vicariate of Kuwait which belongs to the Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch.
In 2020, there were 21 Priests and 11 nuns working across four parishes.
See also
Religion in Kuwait
Christianity in Kuwait
References
External links
Statistics relating to the Catholic Church in Kuwait
Homepage of the Catholic Church in Kuwait
Photo of the cathedral
Kuwait
Kuwait
Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia
Catholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Kuwait |
A. J. Antoon (December 7, 1944 – January 22, 1992) was an American theatre director. He attended the Yale School of Drama. Beginning in 1971, Antoon directed numerous plays at the New York Shakespeare Festival over a period of nearly 20 years. In 1973, Antoon became one of the few directors to have been nominated for two Tony Awards in the same category in the same year. In addition to winning the Tony Award with one of his nominations, Antoon was also the winner of a Drama Desk Award, a New York Drama Critics' Circle Award, and an Obie Award. His career lasted until 1991; he died less than a year later from AIDS-related lymphoma.
Biography
Alfred Joseph Antoon was born in Methuen, Massachusetts, on December 7, 1944. His parents were Alfred J. Antoon, Sr. and Josephine Antoon (née Saba). Antoon attended Lawrence Central Catholic High School in nearby Lawrence, Massachusetts. After high school he studied for priesthood at the Shadowbrook Jesuit seminary in Lenox, Massachusetts, while also attending Boston College. He later dropped out from the seminary and earned his bachelor's degree from Boston College in 1968. He went on to attend the Yale School of Drama for a year and a half before leaving to begin his work in professional theatre. Antoon died at the age of 47 from AIDS-related lymphoma on January 22, 1992, at the NYU Medical Center. After his death, a collection of Antoon's papers and correspondence was donated to Billy Rose Theatre Collection.
Career
Antoon directed his first professional production, Story Theatre, at St. Clement's Church Theatre in 1971. In that same year, Antoon presented Subject to Fits, a play written by his Yale friend Robert Montgomery, to Joseph Papp, founder of the New York Shakespeare Festival. Papp gave Antoon the directing job, and the play opened on February 14, 1971, at the Public Theater. This was the first of many productions he would direct for the New York Shakespeare Festival over a career lasting 20 years. Subject to Fits was successful, and it moved to London where it was staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company at The Place. Antoon continued his success with the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1971 with his direction of Tale of Cymbeline.
In 1972, Antoon directed both the off-Broadway and Broadway debut productions of That Championship Season as well as a Broadway production of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. Antoon was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play for both productions and won with That Championship Season. Since then, no director was nominated for two Tony awards in the same category until Matthew Warchus in 2009. That Championship Season also won the 1972 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director and the 1972 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play. Antoon's production of Much Ado About Nothing was also successful; he directed a television adaptation of it in 1973. Following his success with these two productions, Antoon was awarded an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Boston College.
Antoon went on to direct numerous original Broadway productions, including The Good Doctor, The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, and Sherlock's Last Case. In 1975, Antoon directed a production of Trelawny of the 'Wells' featuring the Broadway debuts of Meryl Streep and Mandy Patinkin. In 1979, Antoon directed a production of The Art of Dining for which he won an Obie Award for Best Direction. In 1984, Antoon directed a production of The Rink with Liza Minnelli and Chita Rivera for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award. Antoon's last production with the New York Shakespeare Festival was a 1990 Wild West-themed production of The Taming of the Shrew in Central Park. His final production came shortly thereafter with Song of Singapore in 1991.
Throughout his career he relied on and worked closely with Elizabeth McGonagle, who was first an assistant and then assistant director on most of his productions.
References
External links
A. J. Antoon papers, 1961-1991, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
1944 births
1992 deaths
American theatre directors
Drama Desk Award winners
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
LGBT people from Massachusetts
Tony Award winners
AIDS-related deaths in New York (state)
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
20th-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20J.%20Antoon |
The posterior triangle (or lateral cervical region) is a region of the neck.
Boundaries
The posterior triangle has the following boundaries:
Apex: Union of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
Anteriorly: Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the trapezius
Inferiorly: Middle one third of the clavicle
Roof: Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
Floor: (From superior to inferior)
1) M. semispinalis capitis
2) M. splenius capitis
3) M. levator scapulae
4) M. scalenus posterior
5) M. scalenus medius
Divisions
The posterior triangle is crossed, about 2.5 cm above the clavicle, by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, which divides the space into two triangles:
an upper or occipital triangle
a lower or subclavian triangle (or supraclavicular triangle)
Contents
A) Nerves and plexuses:
Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
Branches of cervical plexus
Roots and trunks of brachial plexus
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
B) Vessels:
Subclavian artery (Third part)
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Terminal part of external jugular vein
C) Lymph nodes:
Occipital
Supraclavicular
D) Muscles:
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
Anterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene
Levator Scapulae Muscle
Splenius
Clinical significance
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is particularly vulnerable to damage during lymph node biopsy. Damage results in an inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above the head, particularly due to compromised trapezius muscle innervation.
The external jugular vein's superficial location within the posterior triangle also makes it vulnerable to injury.
See also
Anterior triangle of the neck
References
External links
()
- "Identification of the muscles associated with the posterolateral triangle."
Human head and neck
Triangles of the neck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20triangle%20of%20the%20neck |
UFC 58: USA vs. Canada was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on March 4, 2006. It was held at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, and broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States.
Background
In keeping with the theme of the card, most of the fights featured an American fighter against a Canadian fighter.
Five of the seven Canadian fighters featured, Icho Larenas, Sam Stout, Mark Hominick, Georges St-Pierre, and David Loiseau, were at the time champions in the Canadian TKO Major League MMA promotion.
The show drew a live gate of $1,758,450. The disclosed fighter payroll for UFC 58 was $207,000.
The final scorecard for United States vs. Canada was United States 5, Canada 3.
This event also featured the return of the lightweight division to the UFC, which had been suspended since UFC 49
Results
Reported payout
Georges St. Pierre: $48,000
Rich Franklin: $32,000
Nathan Marquardt: $30,000
BJ Penn: $25,000
Tom Murphy: $10,000
Mike Swick: $10,000
David Loiseau: $9,000
Spencer Fisher: $8,000
Yves Edwards: $8,000
Rob Macdonald: $5,000
Joe Doerksen: $5,000
Jason Lambert: $4,000
Mark Hominick: $4,000
Sam Stout: $4,000
Icho Larenas: $3,000
Steve Vigneault: $2,000
Disclosed Fighter Payroll: $207,000
See also
Ultimate Fighting Championship
List of UFC champions
List of UFC events
2006 in UFC
References
Sources
Mixed martial arts show results, Mandalay Bay, March 4, 2006 (PDF), Nevada State Athletic Commission, retrieved March 20, 2006
"Franklin Dominates Loiseau; 'Rush' Beats Penn at UFC 58" by Thomas Gerbasi, UFC.tv, March 5, 2006, retrieved March 5, 2006
UFC PPV Buys Explode in 2006
UFC Fighter Salaries for 2006 (includes fighter salaries for UFC 58)
Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2006 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Las Vegas
2006 in sports in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC%2058 |
This is a list of artists that are, or once were, signed to Polydor Records.
0-9
10cc
2Pac (Polydor UK)
220 Kid
4 Runner (Polydor Nashville)
+44 (Polydor UK)
50 Cent (Polydor UK)
The 1975 (Polydor UK / Dirty Hit)
A
ABBA
Absent Minded (Polydor UK)
Bryan Adams
AFI (Polydor UK)
Abd al Malik
Ace of Base
A-ha
A II Z (Polydor UK)
Alizée
Alphabeat
Alphaville
Alpines
Alquin
The All-American Rejects (Polydor UK)
The Allman Brothers Band
María Conchita Alonso
All Time Low (Polydor UK)
The Amboy Dukes
Thomas Anders
Jon Anderson
Angels and Airwaves (Polydor UK)
Die Antwoord (Polydor UK)
Paul Anka
Army of Lovers (Polydor UK)
Art of Noise (China/Polydor)
Appleton
Asia
Athlete (Polydor UK)
Atlanta Rhythm Section
Audience
Audioslave (Polydor UK, shared with Sony Music Entertainment)
The Automatic
Roy Ayers
Ayọ
Intan Ayu (Polydor Bandung)
B
Tony Banks (Charisma/Polydor) (US/Canada)
Barclay James Harvest
Gary Barlow
Daniel Bedingfield (Polydor UK)
The Bees
Bee Gees (Polydor UK)
Belters_Only
The Big Three
Björk (outside the UK and Iceland)
Black Tide (Polydor UK)
BLACKPINK (Polydor UK)
Blind Faith
Blink-182 (Polydor UK)
Blossom Toes
Boyzone
Brand New (Polydor UK)
Brick and Lace
Alicia Bridges
Bright Eyes (Polydor UK)
Sarah Brightman
James Brown
Ian Brown
Miquel Brown
Roy Buchanan
Buckingham Nicks (outside Canada)
Bucks Fizz
Bully Buhlan
C
Café Tacvba (UK) (Universal Music Latin)
Cast
Cat's Eyes
Cat Mother and the All Night News Boys
Carabao
Celeste (Polydor UK)
The Chakachas
Chapel Club
Grace Chan (Polydor Hong Kong)
Chelsia Chan (Polydor Hong Kong)
Cheryl Cole (Fascination/Polydor)
Chris Cornell (Polydor UK)
Christine Fan (Polydor France)
Clare Maguire
Claire Waldoff
Cover Drive
Eric Clapton (RSO/Bushbranch/Polydor)
Petula Clark
Stanley Clarke
Lloyd Cole and the Commotions
Amie Comeaux (Polydor Nashville)
Commodores
Billy Connolly
Jodie Connor
Crawlers
Cream
Celia Cruz
Cookie Crew
Crystal Castles
Courteeners
The Cure (Fiction/Polydor) (outside US/Canada)
D
D Mob
Daley
Dashboard Confessional (Polydor UK)
Davis Daniel (Polydor Nashville)
Bill Deal
Esmee Denters (Polydor UK)
Deep Purple (outside US)
Lana Del Rey (Polydor UK)
Delays
Delphic
Demi Lovato (Polydor UK/Fascination)
Cathy Dennis
Destinee & Paris (Polydor UK)
Lynsey De Paul
Jim Diamond (PolyGram TV/Polydor)
Diddy (Polydor UK)
Dino
Dirty White Boy
Alesha Dixon
Dodgy
Plácido Domingo
Donel
Double
Dr. Vades
Dr. Dre (Polydor UK)
Duffy (A&M/Polydor) (outside US)
The Duke Spirit
Hilary Duff (Polydor UK)
Durrty Goodz (Polydor UK)
E
Eagles (Polydor UK)
Billie Eilish
E/Eels (signed directly to Polydor US from 1992 to 1993, Polydor UK later distributed his works with Eels on behalf of DreamWorks Records)
Elbow (Polydor UK)
Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Electric Light Orchestra (Polydor UK)
Ellie Goulding (Polydor UK)
Emma Bunton (Polydor UK)
Emma's Imagination (Polydor UK)
Emerson Lake & Powell
Eminem (Polydor UK)
Engine Alley (Polydor UK)
Envy & Other Sins (Polydor UK)
Escape The Fate (Polydor UK)
Paul Evans
F
Fairport Convention (debut album)
Far East Movement (Polydor UK)
Mylène Farmer (Polydor France)
Fat Boys (Tin Pan Apple/Polydor)
The Fatback Band
The Fauves (Polydor Australia)
Feist (Polydor France & UK)
Fergie (Polydor UK)
Findlay (Polydor UK)
Fish (Polydor UK)
Fishmans
The Flaws
Flint
Florence + The Machine
Flyleaf (Polydor UK)
The Fratellis (Polydor UK)
Friend & Lover (Verve Forecast/Polydor)
Focus (Polydor UK)
Frl. Menke
G
G-Unit (Polydor UK)
The Game (rapper, Polydor UK)
Gemma Fox
Gloria Gaynor
Rory Gallagher
Calvin Goldspink
Joey Gregorash
Clinton Gregory (Polydor Nashville)
Gwen Guthrie
Girls Aloud (Fascination/Polydor)
Girls' Generation (Polydor France)
Golden Earring
Skylar Grey (Polydor UK)
Greyson Chance (Polydor UK)
Guillemots
Gun
Guns N' Roses (Polydor UK)
H
Becky Hill
Haircut One Hundred
HAIM (Polydor UK)
Isaac Hayes
Helmet (Polydor UK)
Jimi Hendrix
Hear'Say
The Hill
Molly Hocking (Polydor UK)
Mark Hollis (Polydor UK)
Susumu Hirasawa (Polydor K.K.)
Hollywood Undead (Polydor UK)
Jake Holmes
Samuel Hui (Polydor Hong Kong)
Hundred Reasons
HY (ASSE!! Records/Polydor Japan)
I
Julio Iglesias
Yosui Inoue (Polydor Japan)
INXS (Polydor France)
J
Janet Jackson (Polydor UK)
La Toya Jackson
Millie Jackson
Jagged Edge (Polydor UK)
The Jam
Japanese Voyeurs
Jagjit Singh
Jax Jones
Jean Michel Jarre (Dreyfus/Polydor)
Carly Rae Jepsen (Polydor UK)
Jesy Nelson
Jimmy Eat World (Polydor UK)
Joe Jonas (Polydor UK)
Joe Junior (Polydor Hong Kong)
Madeline Juno
Elton John (US & Canada, 1990–95)
The Jolt
Jon and Vangelis
Jonas Brothers (Polydor UK)
Juanes (UK) (Universal Music Latin)
Juice WRLD
Julia Michaels (UK)
K
K'Naan (Polydor UK)
Ronan Keating
Toby Keith (Polydor Nashville)
The Kelly Family
Michael Patrick "Paddy" Kelly
Kingdom Come
Kitaro
Klaxons
Kristian Leontiou
Kaiser Chiefs
Kelis (Polydor UK)
Kenny Bee (Polydor Hong Kong)
King Crimson (E.G./Polydor)
L
L.A. Guns
Lake (Germany)
Lady Gaga (Polydor UK)
Lawson (Polydor UK)
Lale Andersen
Lara Fabian
Larissa Mondrus (Polydor Germany)
Denny Laine
LANY
James Last
Led Zeppelin (Atlantic/Polydor UK, 1969–71, switched to WEA distribution afterward)
Lee Mead (Fascination/Polydor)
Lena (Polydor Germany)
John Lennon
Leslie Cheung (Polydor Hong Kong)
Level 42 (Polydor UK)
Liam Bailey
Lighthouse Family
Lilian Harvey
Limp Bizkit (Polydor UK)
Little Angels
Cher Lloyd (UMG Polydor)
LMFAO (Polydor UK)
Lolly
La Roux (Polydor UK, until 2014 before switching to self publishing through Supercolour Records)
LuvBug
Lana Del Rey
M
Mabel (Polydor UK)
Maurizio De Jorio (Polydor UK)
The Maccabees
Madeon (Polydor UK)
Madonna (Polydor UK)
Maestro Fresh Wes
Sidney Magal
Magnum
Tim Maia
The Main Ingredient
Mandrill
Man Parrish
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Marilyn Manson (Polydor UK)
Benny Mardones
Maroon 5 (Polydor UK)
Melissa Mars
Masterboy
Lutricia McNeal
Medal
Maximum Balloon (Polydor UK)
Meiko (Polydor UK)
M.I.A.
George Michael (Ægean/Polydor UK)
Mindless Behavior (Polydor UK)
Minor Detail
Missouri
Modestep
The Moffatts (Polydor Nashville)
Monaco
James Morrison
Moxy (Polydor of Canada)
Elliott Murphy
Keith O'Conner Murphy (with Keith Murphy & The Daze)
The Moody Blues (Threshold/Polydor)
Tim Moore
Samantha Mumba
Mungo Jerry
Music for Pleasure
The Music
MSTRKRFT
Mýa (Polydor UK)
N
Akina Nakamori (Polydor Japan/Utahime Records)
The Naked & Famous
Nana Mouskouri
Natalia Kills (Polydor UK)
Nathan Evans
Nelly Furtado (Polydor UK)
Nelson (Polydor UK, distribution of DGC/Geffen-era releases)
N.E.R.D. (Polydor UK)
The New Seekers
Nicola Roberts
Nicole Scherzinger (Polydor UK)
Paul Nicholas
Nine Inch Nails (Polydor UK)
Nino Bravo
Nirvana (Polydor UK)
No Angels
No Doubt (Polydor UK)
N-Dubz (left 2008)
Nerina Pallot
Nimco Happy
O
OneRepublic (Polydor UK)
Yoko Ono
Orianthi (Polydor UK)
The Osmonds
Donny Osmond (Kolob/Polydor; transferred from MGM)
Marie Osmond (Kolob/Polydor; transferred from MGM)
Donny & Marie Osmond (Kolob/Polydor; transferred from MGM)
Oskar Joost
Os Mutantes (Polydor Brazil)
Otto Reutter
Outrage (Polydor Japan)
P
Papa Roach (Polydor UK)
Alex Parks
Paul Godwin
Peaches & Herb
Les Penning
Perfume (Perfume Records/Polydor Japan)
Peter Alexander
Peter Marsh
Physical Graffiti
The Pierces
The Police (Polydor UK)
Cole Porter
Powderfinger
The Pretty Reckless (Polydor UK)
Priscilla Chan (Polydor Hong Kong)
Protocol
Puddle of Mudd (Polydor UK)
Pussycat Dolls (Polydor UK)
P-Model
Q
Queens of the Stone Age (Polydor UK)
Quicksand
Freddy Quinn (Polydor Germany)
R
Rachel Stevens
Rainbow (Oyster/Polydor)
Ramz
Rare Bird
Raye (Polydor UK)
Don Ray
RD (Ruff Diamondz)
Reparata
Return to Forever
Rev Theory (Polydor UK)
Ricky Hui (Polydor Hong Kong)
Rise Against (Polydor UK)
Rivers Cuomo (Polydor UK)
Robot Boy
Romance
The Rolling Stones
Rufus Wainwright (Polydor UK)
Ruti Olajugbagbe
S
Sad Café
Saga
Sam Fender (Polydor UK)
Samuel Hui (Sam Hui) (Polydor Hong Kong)
Saraya
Stefflon Don (54 London/Quality Control/Polydor UK)
The Saturdays (Fascination/Polydor)
The Savage Rose
Scars on Broadway (Polydor UK)
Scissor Sisters
S Club 7
S Club 8
Rudi Schuricke
Sea Girls (Polydor UK)
Sea Stories (Polydor Australia)
Selena Gomez (Polydor UK)
Semi Precious Weapons (Polydor UK)
Sensations Fix
Shane Codd (Polydor UK)
Shakatak
Sham 69
Rocky Sharpe and the Replays
Neil Sedaka (Polydor UK, Polydor Canada)
Shed Seven
Shocking Blue
Shoes (U.S.-band)
Shystie
Siouxsie and the Banshees (original recording label)
Sky Ferreira (Polydor UK)
Slade
Smiley Culture (Polydor UK)
Snow Patrol
Sonic Youth (Polydor UK)
Soraya
Soundgarden (Polydor UK)
Spitz (Polydor Japan)
Spyro Gyra
Ringo Starr (Polydor UK)
Cat Stevens (a.k.a. Yusuf Islam)
Rachel Stevens
Gwen Stefani (Polydor UK)
Street Drum Corps (Polydor UK)
Amy Studt
Christina Stürmer
The Style Council
Sugababes (the original line-up)
Swedish House Mafia
The Sweet
Sweet Connection
T
Take That (Polydor UK)
Talk Talk (Verve/Polydor UK)
James Taylor Quartet
Teddy Robin (Polydor Hong Kong)
Tee-Set
Ten Wheel Drive
Teresa Teng
Tesla (Polydor UK, distribution of Geffen-era releases)
Theo Lingen
Therapy? (Polydor UK)
Tom Jones
Timbaland (Polydor UK)
Toots Thielemans
Thriller U
A Thousand Points of Night
The Tigers (Polydor Japan)
Tonic
Tony Scott
Tove Lo (Polydor UK)
Traffic
Tired Pony
Truth Hurts (Polydor UK)
Turbo B
Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs
TV on the Radio (Polydor UK)
TYP
Taste (Irish band)
U
U2
U.K.
Underground Lovers (Polydor Australia)
V
Dave Van Ronk
Vanessa White (Polydor UK)
Vangelis
Van Halen (Polydor UK)
Van Morrison
The Velvet Underground
Miklós Vig
Visage
Vivian Chow (Polydor Hong Kong)
W
The Waitresses
Wale (Polydor UK)
Albertina Walker (Polydor Gospel Series)
The Wallflowers (Polydor UK)
Walk This Way (band)
Waterfront
Marti Webb
Weezer (Polydor UK)
Tony Joe White
White Lies (Polydor UK)
The Who (original recording label)
The Wild Magnolias
Ulla Wiesner (Germany)
will.i.am (Polydor UK)
Tony Williams
Wolfmother
World Trade
Patrick Wolf
Link Wray
Chely Wright (Polydor Nashville)
Warning (Polydor France)
X
X-Clan
X Japan
Xutos & Pontapés
Xavion
Y
Yeah Yeah Yeahs
Years & Years
Yelawolf (Polydor UK)
Yngwie Malmsteen
Yuksek
Z
Zucchero
References
Polydor Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Polydor%20Records%20artists |
The Humanist Outlook is a quarterly magazine published by the Indian Humanist Union.
History and profile
The first issue of Humanist Outlook was published in Autumn 1966. The founding editor was Narsingh Narain, who also founded the Indian Humanist Union in 1954 under the name The Society for the Promotion of Freedom of Thought. Then the magazine was edited by his son, Prakash Narain. The magazine is based in Delhi.
References
External links
Summer 2008 issue of the magazine
English-language magazines published in India
Magazines established in 1966
Magazines published in Delhi
Quarterly magazines published in India
1966 establishments in Delhi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist%20Outlook |
The Valhalla Cinema was a repertory and arthouse cinema in Melbourne, Australia. Noted for audience participation films, it was named for Valhalla, the "Hall of the slain" in Norse mythology.
History
The cinema opened its doors on 10 June 1976 at 216 Victoria Street, Richmond. The first film to be screened there was Michael Ritchie's "Smile". The cinema was started by two friends from Sydney University: Barry Peak and Christopher Kiely. They had been running short seasons of films by the likes of the Marx Brothers, W.C. Fields & Mae West and Humphrey Bogart in Melbourne for some time. Realising that they needed a permanent home in Melbourne, rather than keep renting venues such as the Palais in St Kilda and the Horticultural Hall in Victoria Street, Melbourne, they leased the cinema at 216 Victoria Street, Richmond.
Although it initially had no seats, and patrons had to bring their own, it soon found a following. Among its more distinctive traits were its calendars, which contained up to six months' worth of upcoming attractions, and its request board, where anyone could add a request for any film with a reasonable expectation of its being screened.
Later, it became the home of two long-running audience participation films, The Rocky Horror Picture Show (from 1978) and The Blues Brothers (from 1980), as well as regular 24-hour film marathons. The marathons were often science-fiction-themed, showing anything from Hollywood blockbusters like "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", B-grade films such as "Them!", or the complete series of Star Trek motion pictures. Animation celebrations were popular with audiences. The cinema also ran regular weekend, or week-long, festivals on a theme: Jacques Tati, New Russian Cinema, Rainer Fassbinder, Werner Herzog, Pink Panther, Bond films, Astaire/Rogers, Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, and Akira Kurosawa.
Shows like these – and the general selections played there – quickly led to the Valhalla becoming firmly associated in the public mind with cult films. At its peak, audiences included 400 patrons and 30 dedicated performers.
From the late 1970s, Valhalla expanded both within Melbourne and around Australia. It opened the Academy Valhalla Twin Cinema in Melbourne on the corner of Swanston and Collins Streets, Valhalla at the Agora at La Trobe University, and late shows at The Astor in St Kilda and then at The National in St Kilda as well as cinemas in Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane.
In 1987, the Valhalla relocated from Richmond to High Street, Westgarth, after the sale of their original venue (it was later demolished). With the characteristic offbeat nature of the cinema, the last film screened at the old premises was the first half of "The Blues Brothers", with the second half being screened at the new venue after intermission. This caused a traffic jam in Richmond at 1 am. The Valhalla closed its doors in 1996 and became the Westgarth Cinema, after the rental costs of their Northcote site became too high to meet.
The owners of the Westgarth cinema building continued to run it, as "The Westgarth", until early 2006. At that point, the cinema business was sold to the Palace Films and Cinemas chain, whilst they retain the ownership of the building. The building recently reopened after extensive renovations and the addition of two more screens. It now screens more traditionally arthouse fare. Ironically, both the expanded number of screens and the films screened have brought it closer to what the Valhalla had always wanted to do with the venue.
Other Valhallas
Glebe in Sydney was also home to a cinema called the Valhalla, which was very similar to the Melbourne version – they produced a calendar of screenings, for example. The Valhalla in Sydney opened in 1979 when Chris Kiely (one of the original Melbourne Valhalla partners) leased the 1937 Art Deco Astor Cinema. It closed in August 2005.
In March 2013, the "Valhalla Social Cinema" began operating in Melbourne. Celebrating the memory of Valhalla's 24-hour marathons, it is operated by Jose Maturana. The portable community cinema does not reside in a permanent location, instead appearing in spaces that are not traditionally associated with movie halls. It specialises in 12- and 24-hour marathons, but also partakes in festival sideshows.
Valhalla People
The original team of people who ran the Val went on to help run a number of the other independent cinemas in Melbourne. The Nova Cinema in Carlton is partly owned by Barry Peak. In the 1980s Barry Peak and Chris Kiely wrote, produced and directed four feature films: Future Schlock, Channel Chaos, The Big Hurt and As Time Goes By. Some of the managers of various Valhalla Cinemas include Ray Pond, Sue Thompson, Jane Kendrik and Peter Castaldi.
External links
Palace Westgarth cinema website
References
1976 establishments in Australia
1996 disestablishments in Australia
Cinemas in Melbourne
Culture of Melbourne
Organisations based in Melbourne
Repertory cinemas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla%20Cinema%2C%20Melbourne |
The Santos-Dumont No. 6 was an airship designed and built by the Brazilian pioneer aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1901 it was used by him to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize for a flight from Parc Saint Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back within thirty minutes.
Background
In April 1900 Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe offered the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize, also simply known as the "Deutsch prize", of 100,000 francs to the first machine capable of flying from the Aéro-Club de France's flying field at Parc Saint Cloud to the Eiffel Tower in Paris and back in less than thirty minutes. The winner of the prize needed to maintain an average ground speed of at least to cover the round trip distance of in the allotted time. The prize was to be available from May 1, 1900 to November 1, 1901.
To win the prize, Alberto Santos-Dumont decided to build dirigible No. 5, a larger craft than his earlier designs. On August 8, 1901 during one of his attempts, the airship began to lose gas, causing the envelope to lose shape and making it necessary to shut down the engine, which also powered the ventilator which inflated the internal ballonet. It started to descend and was unable to clear the roof of the Trocadero Hotel. Santos-Dumont was left hanging in a basket from the side of the hotel. With the help of firemen he escaped without injury, but the airship was a write-off, only the engine being salvaged.
Design
After the wreck of No.5 Santos Dumont immediately started work on a replacement, which was finished by September 1. Similar to the No.5 but slightly larger, it had an envelope of varnished silk from which an elongated uncovered gondola was suspended by steel wires. The envelope was fitted with a single manoeuvering valve and two automatic pressure-relief valves: in addition there were two ripping panels to enable hydrogen to be rapidly vented in an emergency. The triangular section gondola was constructed of lengths of pine connected with aluminium sockets and braced with piano wire. The 12 hp (9 kW) engine was mounted in the centre of the gondola and drove a two-bladed pusher propeller at the rear via a long driveshaft. The pilot stood in a small balloon basket at the front. The triangular rudder was carried between the rear of the gondola and the envelope.
Operational history
After some tethered trials on September 5 Santos Dumont made his first flight in the airship on September 6. After an hour and a half of trials at the Longchamps racecourse he flew the craft to meet friends at a nearby restaurant, but on attempting to return to his base at Chalais-Meudon a series of mishaps ended with the gondola being damaged. However it was soon repaired and a first attempt at the Deutsch de la Meurth prize was made on September 19, ending when the airship was blown against some trees during preliminary trials, resulting in the envelope being punctured. Another more successful flight was made on October 10, followed by an attempt on the prize the following day, which was frustrated by technical problems. Another successful trial flight followed on the 13th.
Further flying was ruled out by the weather until October 19, when Santos-Dumont took off from Saint-Cloud at 2:42 pm. With the wind behind him, he reached the Eiffel Tower in nine minutes, but on the return journey suffered an engine failure. To restart the engine, he had to climb back over the gondola rail without a safety harness. The attempt was successful, and he reached the finish line after 29 minutes 30 seconds. However, there was a short delay before his mooring line was secured, and at first the adjudicating committee refused him the prize, despite de la Meurthe, who was present, declaring himself satisfied. This caused a public outcry from the crowds watching the flight, as well as comment in the press. However a face-saving compromise was reached, and Santos-Dumont was awarded the prize. In a charitable gesture, he gave half the prize to his technicians and donated the other half to the poor of Paris.
After winning the De la Meurthe prize Santos-Dumont took the airship to Monte Carlo in January 1902, making use of the newly built balloon shed belonging to the Prince of Monaco on the Boulevard de la Condamine.
It was badly damaged on February 14, 1902 when superheating of the hydrogen caused the airship, already in a nose-up attitude, to pitch up even further, causing some of the wires supporting the gondola to break. Some of these then began to get entangled with the propeller. Santos-Dumont was forced to stop the motor and in order to prevent himself being blown out to sea, vented hydrogen to bring the airship down in the sea.
The airship was salvaged and returned to Paris where it was repaired, and on Easter Monday (i.e., on March 30, 1902) it was placed on exhibition in the Concert Room in the Crystal Palace Park in south London, where it attracted 10,000 visitors on the first day it was shown. It remained on display throughout April and May, after which a series of exhibition flights were announced. During the static exhibition the envelope had been inflated with air, and when inflated with hydrogen it was found that the envelope had deteriorated and so the flights were cancelled. The airship was on display at Brighton Beach during the whole summer of 1902, a plan for a trip to the Statue of Liberty and back being likewise abandoned.
Specifications
Notes
References
06
Airships of France
Aircraft first flown in 1901
Single-engined pusher aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos-Dumont%20number%206 |
Robert Gothie (October 2, 1929 – June 18, 1993) was an American actor who appeared on television, in the movies and on Broadway in the 1950s and 1960s. Originally from Hazelton, Pennsylvania, Gothie played guest roles in TV series such as Sugarfoot, Sea Hunt, My Three Sons and The Virginian. He got a chance at a regular role as Private Sam Hanson in the short-lived World War II series The Gallant Men.
Gothie also appeared in the movies Sanctuary (1961) and Palm Springs Weekend (1963). On Broadway he was a stage manager and performer in Everybody Loves Opal (1961), and he acted in A Visit to a Small Planet (1957).
Filmography
Sea Hunt (1960) - Season 3, Episode 15
References
External links
TV.com page for Robert Gothie
1929 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gothie |
Air Marshal Timothy Garden, Baron Garden, , FRUSI, FCGI (23 April 1944 – 9 August 2007) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force (RAF) who later became a university professor and a Liberal Democrat politician.
Garden gained degrees from both Oxford and Cambridge universities. He was a pilot in the RAF for 32 years, retiring as an air marshal in 1996. He then moved to academia and was Director of Chatham House before moving to university defence research. He became an adviser to the Liberal Democrats and was their defence spokesman in the House of Lords. He was married to Susan Garden, who was made a life peer as Baroness Garden of Frognal in September 2007.
RAF career
Born in Worcester and educated at King's School, Worcester, Garden joined the Royal Air Force as a university cadet while at St Catherine's College, Oxford reading Physics. He was a member of the Oxford University Air Squadron from 1962 to 1965. He was a squadron pilot on No. 3 Squadron RAF flying English Electric Canberra B(I)8 light bombers in West Germany before becoming a flying instructor on Jet Provosts. He commanded a jet flying training unit, No. 50 Squadron RAF Avro Vulcan bomber squadron and a helicopter base.
Garden completed his staff training with the British Army, and did a postgraduate International Relations degree at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He spent three years as the Director of Defence Studies for the Royal Air Force, lecturing internationally on strategic studies. He was then appointed as station commander of RAF Odiham, where he flew the Westland Puma and Boeing Chinook helicopters. He then spent six years at the Ministry of Defence (MoD) on both the air and central staffs, including a period on the Air Force Board as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff. His last MoD appointment was as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes) with responsibility for long term defence programme planning for all three Services. He was subsequently appointed to be Commandant of the Royal College of Defence Studies and was in post for the 1994 and 1995 courses. He retired from the RAF in 1996 as an air marshal.
Academia and journalism
Garden was a web-site consultant before being appointed as Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, London. From mid-1998, he was a writer, broadcaster and lecturer, and undertook projects for the British Government, the US Department of Defense and NATO. He was joint chief editor for The Source, an internet public management journal, from 1999 to 2002. In 2000, he provided advice to the Palestinian Authority on negotiations with Israel under the auspices of the Adam Smith Institute. He was Distinguished Visiting Fellow and Scholar-in-Residence to Indiana University for the Spring 2001 Semester, and thereafter lectured there regularly by video. He returned to Indiana University Bloomington in early 2004 as the Herman B Wells Professor. He was Visiting Professor at the Centre for Defence Studies at King's College London from 2000, engaged in research projects on improving European defence capabilities, Defence Diplomacy, interoperability for NATO forces and counter-terrorism. He appeared as the military advisor on the BBC television series Crisis Command.
Garden wrote widely on security topics, and his publications include two books: Can Deterrence Last? and The Technology Trap, both written while he was a serving RAF officer. He wrote for a number of security-related projects, including developments in NATO, European defence, missile defence proposals and global security issues. He served as a member of the panel of experts for the UK government's 1998 Strategic Defence Review, and gave evidence to the Defence Committee on the new threats after 11 September 2001.
Liberal Democrat politician
Garden was a member of the team developing defence policy for the Liberal Democrats, and was an adviser to the Lib Dem defence and foreign affairs teams. He was an elected member of the Liberal Democrat Federal Executive from 2003 to 2006 and of the Federal Policy Committee from 2003 to 2005. He became President of Liberal International British Group, and also of the Camden Liberal Democrats. He became a Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords in June 2004, made a life peer as Baron Garden, of Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden. At the time of his death he was the party's defence spokesman in the Lords, and was a member of the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Select Committee from 2004 to 2006. He was made a member of the Select Committee on Regulators, and was convenor of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Global Security and Non-Proliferation. He became President of the Trading Standards Institute in April 2005.
In 2005 and 2006 Garden played a leading role in a cross-party campaign to facilitate electoral participation by armed forces personnel and their partners. According to his obituary in The Independent, cited below,
His great legacy is the Electoral Administration Bill, for which he secured cross-party support to overcome, in the face of dogged Ministry of Defence opposition, the problems of registration and voting for members of the armed forces and their partners.
Memberships
Garden was a Fellow and Council Member of the Royal United Services Institute (FRUSI). He was an Honorary Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford, a Fellow and former Council Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS), a Fellow of City and Guilds of London Institute (FCGI) and an Associate Fellow of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. He was a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Fabian Society, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Foreign Policy Centre, the Centre for European Reform, the Pugwash Conferences, the UK Defence Forum, the Liberal Democrat European Group, the Centre:Forum, and the Anglo-Jordanian Society. He was also a member of advisory boards to the University of Hull Centre for Security Studies, the Königswinter Conference, the Oxford Research Group, and the Cambridge University Centre of International Studies. He was a member of the DERA Analysis Board between 1997 and 2000, and was the UK representative to the NATO Defence College in Rome from 1997 to 2001. He was Chairman of the Rippon Group, which acts a focus for EU issues, from 2000 to 2006, and was a Patron of Saferworld and Crisis Action. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the US Foreign Policy Association in 1997. He was a Commissioner to the Commission on Globalisation from 2002 to 2004. He was a member of the Beefsteak Club, the 63/68 Club, the National Liberal Club (of which he was Vice Chairman), and of the Royal Air Force Club.
Garden retained his connections with the Services as President of London & South East Region Air Training Corps and as Hon. Vice President of the RAF Rowing Club. He was President of the Combined Cadet Force Association from 2000 to 2003. He was a Liveryman of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, President of the RAF Oxford & Cambridge Society, and was also a member of the RAF Historical Society. He was President of the Adastral Burns Club. He was a Founder Member of the British Armed Forces Federation.
Personal life
Garden was son of Joseph, an engineer. He had two daughters with his wife, Sue, who stood for the Liberal Democrats in Finchley and Golders Green at the 2005 general election. Shortly after his death, it was announced on 13 September 2007 that a life peerage was to be conferred on Sue Garden.
His daughters are:
Alexandra Whitfield (The Hon. Mrs Whitfield) (married Paul Whitfield)
Antonia Rolph (The Hon. Mrs Rolph) (married Jon Rolph)
Death
Garden was diagnosed with incurable cancer a few weeks before his death. According to press reports, he adopted a very philosophical attitude to his illness, explaining to a friend how many of his fellow aircrew who had even less luck and were lost in their twenties and thirties.
The then Liberal Democrat leader Sir Menzies Campbell paid tribute to Lord Garden in a statement published on the party's website: "Tim Garden has been an outstanding member of the Liberal Democrat team in the House of Lords where his wisdom and top level military experience were widely recognised. His advice to Charles Kennedy and myself during the Iraq war was invaluable. We have also lost a close friend who was an unfailingly generous and warm-hearted man. The whole party extends its deepest sympathy to his wife and family."
Liberal Democrat deputy leader in the House of Lords, Lord Wallace of Saltaire, echoed Campbell's words: "Tim was both an expert and a radical, he offered invaluable advice on defence and foreign policy. He gave the Liberal Democrats depth in criticising the mistaken policy on Iraq, which was vitally important. He was also a very active parliamentarian, leading an all-party group on defence and conflict issues and on the delegated powers and instruments committee. We will miss him immensely."
Honours
Garden was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1992, which was advanced to Knight Commander in 1994. He was appointed as a Chevalier de l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur by President Chirac in July 2003 for his work on European defence issues. Garden was elevated to the life peerage as Baron Garden, of Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden, in 2004.
References
External links
Tim Garden Archives
Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Mshl The Lord Garden
Lord Garden profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
theyworkforyou.com Record of parliamentary activity
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 14 August 2007
Obituary, The Times, 14 August 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 14 August 2007
Obituary, The Independent, 17 August 2007
1944 births
2007 deaths
Royal Air Force air marshals
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Fellows of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Academics of King's College London
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Deaths from cancer in England
People educated at King's School, Worcester
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Military personnel from Worcester, England
People from Hampstead
Council and directors of Chatham House
Spouses of life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Garden%2C%20Baron%20Garden |
The Prince of Tver () was the title of the ruler of the Principality of Tver. The princes of Tver descended from the first prince, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (). In 1485, Tver was formally annexed by Moscow and became an appanage.
History
Following the Mongol invasions, Tver became an independent principality in 1247 with Yaroslav Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav II of Vladimir, becoming the first prince of Tver. During the 14th century, Tver competed with Moscow for dominance until it declined and was finally annexed by Moscow in 1485 under Ivan III. Tver was given to his son Ivan the Young as an appanage.
List of princes
In 1485, Ivan III conquered Tver, and until 1490, his son Ivan the Young governed the duchy.
See also
List of Russian monarchs
References
Bibliography
External links
Borzakovskiy Vladimir Stepanovich. (1876) (in Russian). History of the Prince of Tver (История Тверского княжества) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats
Grand Duchy of Tver
Tver
Tver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20of%20Tver |
Bukit Beruang is a town in Melaka Tengah District, Malacca, Malaysia named after its eponymous hill with a height of , a famous spot for hiking. The most famous landmark in Bukit Beruang is the state branch of Multimedia University, a private university owned by Telekom Malaysia, a Malaysian telecommunication company.
Residential estates
Rumah Awam Bukit Beruang (the earliest among the earliest)
Taman Bunga Raya- TBRS3 & TBR'Teratai (road to Bukit Beruang)
Taman Bukit Melaka
Taman Kerjasama-(earliest taman in Bkt Beruang)
Taman Faridah-(Only have 6 house)
Taman Megah
Taman Bukit Beruang
Taman Bukit Beruang Utama- 7 Terbalek B.A.Sejagat
Taman Dahlia
Taman Bukit Beruang Permai
Taman Bukit Beruang Indah
Taman Sentosa
Taman Seroja
Kampung Bukit Beruang Jaya
Taman Melawis
Kampung Baru Bukit Beruang
Kampung Saga Bukit Beruang
Kampung Wakaf
Kampung Telok
Flat Polis Seri Temenggong
Ixora MMU Kondom
Taman Saujana Gemok Wan Shairul
Education
Bukit Beruang National School ()
Multimedia University Malacca Branch ()
Bukit Beruang (Chinese) National Type School ()
Hotels
Beruang Hill Urban Resort
References
Populated places in Malacca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit%20Beruang |
UFC 59: Reality Check was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on April 15, 2006 at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California, and broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States and Canada.
This was the first UFC event held in California after the state's legalization of mixed martial arts contests. It was a sold-out show, and was one of the fastest sell outs in UFC history.
According to the California State Athletic Commission, there were 13,060 tickets sold, with a live gate of $2,191,450. The disclosed fighter payroll for the event was $539,000.
Results
Bonus Awards
Fight of the Night: Tito Ortiz vs. Forrest GriffinSubmission of the Night: Evan Tanner
Reported Payout
Tito Ortiz: $200,000
Andrei Arlovski: $90,000
Tim Sylvia: $90,000
Evan Tanner: $40,000
Karo Parisyan: $16,000
Sean Sherk: $16,000
Forrest Griffin: $16,000
David Terrell: $12,000
Nick Diaz: $10,000
Jeff Monson: $10,000
Jason Lambert: $8,000
Thiago Alves: $8,000
Justin Levens: $5,000
Nick Thompson: $5,000
Marcio Cruz: $5,000
Derrick Noble: $3,000
Scott Smith: $3,000
Terry Martin: $2,000
Disclosed Fighter Payroll: $539,000
See also
Ultimate Fighting Championship
List of UFC champions
List of UFC events
2006 in UFC
References
External links
UFC Fighter Salaries for 2006 (includes fighter salaries for UFC 59)
Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2006 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Anaheim, California
Sports competitions in Anaheim, California
2006 in sports in California
Events in Anaheim, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC%2059 |
The Outrigger is a style of Apple Macintosh desktop computer case designed for easy access. Outrigger cases were used on the Power Macintosh 7200, 7300, 7500, 7600 and Power Macintosh G3 Desktop computers from August 1995 to December 1998.
The logic board is mounted at the bottom of the case, with drive bays and a power supply in a separate fold-out section that swings aside as one piece and props open. This allows unfettered access to logic board connections such as the memory, Central processing unit, VRAM and drive/power connections without a screwdriver. The PCI slots were located on the left edge of the case and covered only by a plastic shield, making them accessible without lifting the drive bay assembly.
Apple's next Power Macintosh case design as used in the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White) would also provide easy user access (although the motherboard and power-supply were significantly more difficult to replace by the layman).
References
Macintosh case designs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger%20Macintosh |
Johannes Kelpius (; 1667 – 1708) was a German Pietist, mystic, musician, and writer. He was also interested in the occult, botany, and astronomy. He came to believe with his followers – called the "Society of the Woman in the Wilderness" – that the end of the world would occur in 1694. This belief, based on an elaborate interpretation of , anticipated the advent of a heavenly kingdom somewhere in the wilderness during that year. Kelpius felt that the seventeenth-century Province of Pennsylvania, given its reputation for religious toleration at the edge of a barely settled wilderness, was the best place to be. Philadelphia had been founded in 1682, but the city and the Province of Pennsylvania had quickly become a tolerant haven and refuge for many pietist, communitarian, or free-thinking groups who were leaving the Old World for the congenial religious climate of the British colony. Kelpius and his followers crossed the Atlantic and lived in the valley of the Wissahickon Creek in Philadelphia from 1694 until his death. It is reported that they lived communally, though they also spent time in solitary meditation in caves and small cells scattered about their common living quarters. Though no sign or revelation accompanied the year 1694, the faithful, known as the Hermits or Mystics of the Wissahickon, continued to live in celibacy, searching the stars and hoping for the end.
The so-called Cave of Kelpius is located by a small tributary stream of the Wissahickon in Philadelphia's present-day Wissahickon Valley Park.
Life
Kelpius was born Johann Kelp in 1667, near the town of Schäßburg, Transylvania (modern–day Sighişoara, Romania) and attended the University of Altdorf, near Nuremberg, where his name was Latinized to Johannes Kelpius according to the custom of scholars of his days. By the age of 22 he had taken a master's degree in theology and published several works, including one in collaboration with Johannes Fabricius. At the university he had been drawn to Pietism, initially a reaction against the formalism of orthodox Lutheranism, but a term that sometimes included various esoteric or heretical Christian ideas. He became a follower of Johann Jacob Zimmermann, a mathematician, astronomer, and cleric, whose pastoral position had ended in 1685 due to his prediction of the imminent advent of a heavenly kingdom, as well as his criticism of the state church. Zimmermann was himself attached to the ideas of the mystic Jakob Böhme. After Zimmerman's sudden death, shortly before the group's departure for the New World, Kelpius became the group's magister or leader.
The travel diary of Kelpius has been preserved. Some of the forty or so who traveled with him aboard the Sarah Maria Hopewell were Heinrich Bernhard Koster, Daniel Falckner, and Johann Gottfried Seelig. They disembarked at Bohemia Landing, Maryland, and proceeded to Philadelphia and Germantown. On arrival in Philadelphia (which barely had 500 houses at this time) they moved to Germantown and then to the Wissahickon. There they established a regular program of private study and meditation. They eventually erected a large building for their meetings; some say they lived there communally, but others that they lived separately in caves and other rude shelters and cabins. They created a school for neighborhood children, held public worship services, and shared their medical knowledge. A few newcomers, including Conrad Matthai and Christopher Witt joined the group, but the community began to decline, especially after the death of Kelpius.
Little is known of his death except for an account from years later which states that Kelpius had believed that he would not suffer physical death, but be translated to another existence. The same account suggests that Kelpius possessed the legendary philosopher's stone, which at his direction was cast into the Wissahickon or Schuylkill River shortly before he died near Germantown in 1708.
His literary legacy is a collection of original hymns, a journal that includes many of his correspondences, and a book on prayer and meditation, A Short, Easy, and Comprehensive Method of Prayer, first published in English in 1761, and republished in 1951. A modern translation has been completed by Kirby Don Richards, A Method of Prayer. A Mystical Pamphlet from Colonial America. Richards' book includes both the German original and the new English translation. It also contains background materials that help explain the pamphlet and put it in its historical context.
Kelpius was the subject of one of the first oil portraits in the thirteen British colonies; the painting was by Christopher Witt and was housed in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, also home to Kelpius's journal, two collections of his original hymns, and other research source material. It's said to have been moved to the State Museum of PA located in Harrisburg.
Music
Kelpius was a musician, and he and his followers took with them instruments that became an integral part of church life. Kelpius was also a composer, and is sometimes called the first Pennsylvanian composer, based on his unproven authorship of several hymns in The Lamenting Voice of the Hidden Love. The 70-page hymnbook which he is believed to have composed is the earliest extant musical manuscript compiled in the thirteen British colonies. It is likely that he wrote the text, though the tunes are mostly based on German songs; four come from Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's Neuer Helicon (Nuremberg, 1684), and another four are from other German sources dated 1690 and later. The harmonies show considerable musical talent and skill. The English translations in the collection are attributed to his disciple Christopher Witt, an Englishman who joined the mystics. Witt is said also to have built them a pipe organ, said to be the first privately owned organ in North America.
Literary references
Kelpius has featured in a few scattered references in literature. The novelist George Lippard mentions "the monks of the Wissahikon" in his The Rose of Wissahikon. John Greenleaf Whittier borrowed from one of Lippard's short romances, based more on what should have been than on what actually happened, to include Kelpius in his 1872 poem Pennsylvania Pilgrim:
The novel Woman in the Wilderness by Jonathan D. Scott has a quite different tone. Scott imagines Kelpius shortly before his death offering this advice to a fellow seeker of wisdom: "... how precious are friendships and how difficult are goodbyes! ... grow into a full life of joy as well as wisdom. ... I beg you not to defer your life in expectation of some promised tomorrow, for our gift is the present."
References
Notes
Further reading
"Kelpius, Johannes". Grove Music Encyclopedia.
Miller, Randall M and William Pencak, eds. Pennsylvania: a History of the Commonwealth. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Univ Pr, 2002.
Scott, Jonathan. The Woman in the Wilderness. (Though a novel, notes support the historical events and separate them from created or imagined events. Evokes the context of Kelpius' life in a clear and meaningful way.)
Kelpius, Johannes. "A Method of Prayer. A Mystical Pamphlet from Colonial America." Edited and translated by Kirby Don Richards, Ph.D. Philadelphia: Schuylkill Wordsmiths, 2006.
External links
Kelpius Society - historical organization based in Philadelphia
passtheword.org
1871 map of Wissahickon / Fairmount Park - notes Kelpius Spring by so-called Cave of Kelpius
1876 map of Wissahickon / Fairmount Park - notes Kelpius Spring by so-called Cave of Kelpius
photo of the Cave of Kelpius
Cave of Kelpius
New info on birth date
Monks of Wissahickon
The Legend of Wissahickon
The Johannes Kelpius collection of German hymns, containing hand-written hymns by Kelpius and others, is available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
American Christian religious leaders
German Christian mystics
German Christian religious leaders
German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
German-American culture in Philadelphia
Musicians from Philadelphia
People from Sighișoara
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Protestant mystics
Radical Pietism
Transylvanian Saxon people
Wissahickon Valley Park
1667 births
1708 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
18th-century Christian mystics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Kelpius |
The Valley Baseball League is an NCAA and MLB-sanctioned collegiate summer baseball league in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia.
The league was started in 1923 and sanctioned by the NCAA in 1961. It has been a wooden bat league since 1993. It is one of almost a dozen leagues in the National Alliance of College Summer Baseball. The VBL is funded in part by a grant from Major League Baseball. The Valley League has produced well over 1,000 professional baseball players, including a record 79 former players drafted in the 2008 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft.
In 2007, the Valley Baseball League expanded to include one new team with the addition of the Fauquier Gators. Another team was planned to be added in Lexington, Virginia but difficulties with the lighting system delayed the team's addition to the league. The VBL announced in July 2008 that the Rockbridge Rapids would start play in the 2009 season, but the team folded a couple years later. In 2011 the Strasburg Express entered the league and in 2015 the Charlottesville Tom Sox entered the league.
The league canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Culpeper Cavaliers joined as the league's 12th team in 2023.
Current teams
Former teams
Season structure
The regular season consists of 44 games played beginning the first week of June and continuing until late July. Through the 2019 season, teams played all inter-division opponents 3 times and intra-division opponents 5 or 6 times. Beginning in 2021, teams no longer travel to every other ballpark in a single season: rather, all inter-division meetings were scheduled as a single, 7-inning weekend doubleheader. This format was continued in 2022 but with the home teams reversed.
In 2023, the league eliminated divisions and moved to a scheduling model where each team played each other four times for an expanded 44-game schedule, an addition of two games from the previous 42.
Playoff format
Playoffs begin immediately following the regular season and continue into early August. In all series, the higher seeded team hosts games 1 and 3. No off-days are taken except for rain-outs and while waiting on other series' to finish.
First Round
#1 vs. #8 (Best 2 of 3 games)
#2 vs. #7 (Best 2 of 3 games)
#3 vs. #6 (Best 2 of 3 games)
#4 vs. #5 (Best 2 of 3 games)
Semifinals
#1/#8 vs. #4/#5 (Best 2 of 3 games)
#2/#7 vs. #3/#6 (Best 2 of 3 games)
Championship
Matchup of semifinal series winners (Best 2 of 3 games)
VBL champions
Championships per team
Harrisonburg -13
Winchester -13
Luray-7
Shenandoah -6
Staunton -6
Waynesboro -6
New Market -4
Charlottesville - 3
Strasburg -3
Covington -2
Madison -2
Elkton -1
Front Royal -1
Haymarket -1
Not all teams have been with VBL since 1954. Throughout its history, teams have been removed and added.
The summer of 2008 was highlighted by a promotion called Around the Valley in 60 Days. This promotion was started by Crystal Clear Delivery and S. Carter Studios and encouraged patrons to visit all 11 parks in the 60-day season. The program was deemed a huge success as some fifty fans completed the program and attended all 11 ballparks.
Notable players
Daniel Murphy Luray '04 '05
Brett Gardner, New Market '03 Center Field
Ben Guez, Covington '06
Jason Kipnis, Covington '07, second baseman for the Cleveland Indians
Collin Cowgill, Covington
Javier Lopez, New Market '96
Mike Lowell, Waynesboro '93
Mike Maroth, Staunton '96 '97
Kyle Snyder, Winchester '97
Cory Spangenberg, Winchester '10
Aubrey Huff, Staunton
Luke Scott, Staunton
Juan Pierre, Harrisonburg
Steve Finley, Harrisonburg
Clint Robinson, Harrisonburg '05
Mo Vaughn, Harrisonburg
Jon Rauch, Harrisonburg
David Eckstein, Harrisonburg
Chris Hoiles, Harrisonburg
Chris Devenski, Woodstock
Guido Knudson, Woodstock
Yonder Alonso, Luray '06
Johnny Oates, Waynesboro
Denny Walling, Waynesboro
Wayne Comer, Shenandoah
Jerry May, Staunton
Jon Jay, Staunton '04
Chris Perez, Staunton '04
Ryan Schimpf, Luray '08
Roberto Hernandez, Front Royal
Eddy Rodriguez, Luray '05 & '06
Jim Morris, Charlottesville
Tom Browning, New Market
Dan Pasqua, New Market
Jimmy Key, Winchester
Alex Wimmers, Luray '08
Drew Rucinski, Luray '08
Brian Bocock, Luray '04
Erik Kratz, Waynesboro and Harrisonburg
Mike Cubbage, Charlottesville
Rick Honeycutt, Charlottesville
Billy Sample, Harrisonburg
Kirt Manwaring, Waynesboro
Rich Rodriguez, Staunton
Reggie Sanders, Front Royal
Wayne Tolleson, Staunton
Vic Correll, Staunton
John Kruk, New Market
Sam Perlozzo, Waynesboro and New Market
Jason Michaels, Staunton
John Pawlowski, Staunton
Chad Tracy, Staunton
Tommy La Stella, Haymarket
Darrell Whitmore, Front Royal
Vinnie Pasquantino, Charlottesville '17
Graham Ashcraft, Waynesboro '18
References
External links
Valley Baseball League
Summer baseball leagues
College baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Virginia
Sports leagues established in 1923
1923 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%20Baseball%20League |
Eadwulf (died AD 717) was king of Northumbria from the death of Aldfrith in December 704 until February or March of 705, when Aldfrith's son Osred was restored to the throne.
Osred was a child when his father died, and it is assumed that Eadwulf usurped the throne. Eadwulf's relationship, if any, to the ruling dynasty, descendants of Ida, is not known, but it is quite possible that he was indeed of royal descent as two or more other branches of the Eoppingas are found as kings of Northumbria after the extinction of the main line.
Initially Eadwulf appears to have had the support of ealdorman Berhtfrith son of Berhtred, presumed to be the lord of the north-east frontier of Bernicia, in Lothian and along the Forth. However, a crisis soon arose. Bishop Wilfrid, exiled by Aldfrith, wished to return to Northumbria. Eadwulf aimed to keep the bishop an exile, but Berhtfirth appears to have supported Wilfrid's return. A short civil war, ending with a siege of Bamburgh, was won by Berhtfrith, Wilfrid and the supporters of Osred, and Osred was restored as child-king of Northumbria.
Eadwulf appears to have been exiled to either Dál Riata or Pictland as his death is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 717. His son Earnwine was killed on the orders of Eadberht of Northumbria in 740. Eadwulf's great-grandson Eardwulf and Eardwulf's son Eanred were later kings of Northumbria.
Further reading
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
Marsden, J., Northanhymbre Saga: The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria. London: Cathie, 1992.
Yorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990.
External links
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Northumbrian monarchs
717 deaths
8th-century English monarchs
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadwulf%20I%20of%20Northumbria |
Azur may refer to:
Azur, Landes, France
Azur (satellite), Germany's first scientific satellite
Azur Air, a charter airline and former regional airline in Russia
MPM-10 Azur, train used in the Montreal Metro
MS Royal Iris, formerly named MS Azur and MS The Azur
Azor, Israel, also called "Azur"
Azor, son of Eliakim, mentioned briefly in the Genealogy of Jesus in Matthew 1:13-14
Azour, Lebanon
AZUR may refer to:
AZUR (software), a chromatography software
Actions en zone urbaine (French, Urban Operations)
See also
Azor (disambiguation)
Azura (disambiguation)
Azure (disambiguation)
French Riviera, also known as Côte d'Azur (Azure Coast) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur |
Coronis may refer to:
Coronis (diacritic)
Coronis (mythology)
Coronis (lover of Apollo)
Coronis (textual symbol)
, a repair ship that served in World War II
Coronis, a zarzuela by Spanish composer Sebastián Durón
A genus of butterfly, for species such as Coronis hyphasis
See also
Corone (disambiguation)
Koronis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronis |
The Gaffer is an ITV situation comedy series of the early 1980s, that starred Bill Maynard and was written by businessman Graham White. It was made for the ITV network by Yorkshire Television.
Cast
Bill Maynard – Fred Moffatt
Russell Hunter – Harry
Pat Ashton – Betty
David Gillies – Ginger
Don Crann – Charlie
Keith Marsh – Henry
Chris Langham – Spencer Moffatt (series 2)
Plot
Following the end of the situation comedy (Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt), Maynard's next character couldn't have been more different from the bumbling Selwyn Froggitt. Fred Moffatt is a survivor – just. Bearded, wearing a battered hat and a crumpled suit, his Rover P6 a rusting wreck, he runs a struggling engineering firm and is constantly trying to avoid his creditors, the tax man, the bank manager, and indeed anyone who might want him to pay for something.
The series' background accurately reflected the precarious condition of many small businesses of the era and added a dark undercurrent to the situation comedy. Unlike the physical comedy of Selwyn Froggitt, the scripts for The Gaffer were wordy and sardonic and the plots relatively complex, with Fred Moffatt usually managing to outwit at least some of the people who were chasing him for money.
The cast included Russell Hunter as the radical union shop steward whose interest was in parting Moffatt from as much money as possible to better pay his members, and Pat Ashton as his ineffectual secretary Betty.
Abrupt End
The third and final series (broadcast 1983) saw Moffatt elected to the local council, extending his struggles to local politics. But, disgruntled with the losing battle he was fighting, in the final episode ("Goodbye"), Moffatt upped sticks, sold off the business to his employees and emigrated to Australia to make a new start, only to return and take back the business after having attended his son Spencer's wedding. However the series thus ended abruptly, despite its success, after a two-year run.
In later years, it was suggested that during the production of series 3, White (the creator of the show) protested that Maynard kept changing his scripts too much, thus embittering the relationship between the two and so a planned fourth series was cancelled. White revealed details of the dispute which ended the series in a 2014 newspaper interview . Graham White published a sequel novel entitled "The Gaffer's Guerillas" which takes the story into the present day .
Home media
All three series of The Gaffer have been released on DVD by Network, A 3-disc set of the complete series has also been released.
See also
Cowboys
External links
1980s British sitcoms
1981 British television series debuts
1983 British television series endings
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
Television series by Yorkshire Television
Television shows set in Leeds
Television shows set in Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gaffer%20%28TV%20series%29 |
The untitled seventh studio album by German Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, titled Rammstein on digital platforms and on CD-Text enabled devices, was released on 17 May 2019 through Universal Music. Their first studio album in ten years, it is their first not to be produced by Jacob Hellner; it was instead produced by Emigrate guitarist Olsen Involtini, who also serves as Rammstein's live sound engineer.
The album received positive reviews from critics. It was also commercially successful, reaching number one in over ten countries. It set a record for the most units of an album sold in its first week in Germany during the 21st century, and was the best-selling album of 2019 in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It was also certified 3× Platinum by the BVMI for selling at least 600,000 copies in Germany. The album was supported by the singles "Deutschland", "Radio", and "Ausländer", with "Deutschland" becoming their second number-one hit in Germany and the other two entering the top 5.
Composition
The album features the band's typical sound of Neue Deutsche Härte and industrial metal. "Zeig dich" criticizes the Catholic church. Backed by "powerful thumping guitar riffs", the lyrics demand religious leaders to "stop hiding behind their so-called Lord". The composition also features a Latin-language choir and Spanish-styled finger picking. Louder thought the song is reminiscent of Mutters "Zwitter". "Sex" discusses sex as something "'disgusting', yet life-giving" and reminded the portal of Rob Zombie and Queens of the Stone Age. "Puppe" contains a strong doom metal influence, and tells the story of a child playing with their doll in a room while their sister - presumably underage - prostitutes herself at the room beside theirs. As the sister screams, the child grows increasingly agitated until they start biting the doll's head off. The ending verses suggest the child eventually sneaks into the sister's room, finds her being beaten to death and kills the attacker. The instrumentation was described by Louder as having "eerie synths, jangling guitars and pummelling vocals".
"Was ich liebe" is influenced by Nine Inch Nails' "Closer" and includes an acoustic guitar section similar to one from "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin, while "Diamant" is a soft ballad describing "a breakneck voyage through the multifaceted stages of romantic despair". "Weit weg" has elements of Tangerine Dream and Kosmischer Läufer and its lyrics describe a man secretly watching a woman undress through a window, and could be "an allegory for the way cam girls (or, sex workers more broadly) are put at risk from the blurred realities of some of their clients who believe their interactions to be more than they are". "Tattoo" evokes thrash and heavy metal of the 1980s and early 1990s. The lyrics allude to the identification of inmates in German concentration camps while also discussing tattoos as a modern trend. The ending track "Hallomann" is about a child abuser who lures a girl into his car and drowns her later and features "thrumming bass, eerie synths, kick-your-back-door in riffs and a goosebump-inducing vocal".
Promotion and release
In January 2019, Richard Kruspe said there would be five music videos created for the album. Teaser clips for the first music video were released in late March. These clips featured visuals from the video along with the Roman numerals for the date 28 March 2019. On that day, the song "Deutschland" was released as the album's lead single on digital platforms, and its 10-minute-long music video was uploaded onto YouTube. The single also came with a remix by Kruspe. The band said the album had no title and would be released on 17 May 2019. The music video was viewed 19 million times in the first four days after its release. "Deutschland" was released physically as both a 7-inch vinyl and CD single on 12 April, with the remix acting as the B-side. The track list was revealed between 16 April and 19 April on the band's YouTube channel with snippets of riffs from each song. The cover of the album was also revealed there on 18 April. The twenty-seconds video teaser with the album cover presentation featured shots of Kakhovska square in Ukrainian city of Kherson. Less than a week later, the band began teasing a music video for the song "Radio", which was released on 26 April.
The album was released on 17 May 2019 through Universal Music. It was distributed by Vertigo/Capitol in Europe, Spinefarm Records in the United Kingdom, and Caroline International in the United States. Physically, it received a double-180 gram vinyl release and two different CD releases. Both CD releases featured digipak packaging and booklets, with the deluxe edition having more panels and a larger booklet. On 26 May, the band teased a music video for the album's third single, "Ausländer". The video was released on 28 May and the single was released on 31 May.
Reception
Critical
The album received positive reviews. On review aggregator website Metacritic, it holds an average review score of 82/100, based on 11 reviews indicating "universal acclaim". In a positive review, NME wrote, "this album is undoubtedly a resounding triumph". Nick Ruskell at Kerrang! wrote, "this is a record made with care, craft, and nothing allowed in that isn't just-so". Wall of Sound gave the album 9.5/10 stating: "Rammstein is seemingly a culmination of the previous six studio albums, taking the best parts of the last few decades and putting it all in one album, while throwing in a few unexpected surprises." Kory Grow of Rolling Stone wrote, "In some ways, Rammstein have grown up in their decade of hibernation but mostly they have not. The band had ascended in the anything-goes nu-metal Nineties, blending new-wave synths with air-tight heavy-metal guitar riffs and disco drumbeats... Over time, their sound became more polished and more rigid (and by proxy more Germanic?) but they still held onto their puerile impulses. “Deutschland” is the only song of any lyrical consequence on Rammstein — the rest piddle between the benign and letchy. But because it's all in German, it's not entirely clear which is which." Lukas Wojcicky in his review for Exclaim! commented, "Rammstein's Untitled is believed by many to be the band's swan song, as each member's age hovers around 50. Considering the band hadn't released an album in ten years, a retirement announcement would not have come as a surprise, but instead we got one final album and at least a couple of years of touring to follow. For this reason, this album is a welcome addition to Rammstein's discography and one that will be chanted with equal fervour when they come to a city near you."
Commercial
The album debuted atop the German album charts on issue date 24 May 2019. In the first week in Germany, it moved 260,000 album-equivalent units, making it the best-performing album in the first week from a band in the 21st century. The album spent the next two weeks at No. 2 before climbing back up to No. 1 on 14 June. It spent two more non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 afterward. The album also spent an entire year inside the top 40 of the chart, not leaving it until 12 June 2020. Additionally, it spent 127 consecutive weeks in the chart before leaving it on the week of 29 October 2021.
Elsewhere, the album peaked at No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 12,130 copies and spent three consecutive weeks atop the UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard 200, earning 28,000 album-equivalent units in its first week. The album is the band's first to reach the top 10 in the United States. Additionally, it topped the Hard Rock Albums chart, the second Rammstein album to do so (previously Liebe ist für alle da in 2009) and World Albums chart, which make it the first German-language studio album to top this chart (previously Rammstein: Paris, a live album, topped this chart, in 2017). On 15 April 2020, the album was certified 5× Gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie for sales of over 500,000 album-equivalent units in Germany.
Accolades
Track listing
Personnel
Rammstein
Till Lindemann – lead vocals, music, lyrics
Richard Kruspe – lead guitar, music, lyrics, backing vocals
Oliver Riedel – bass guitar, music, lyrics
Paul Landers – rhythm guitar, music, lyrics
Christian Lorenz – keyboards, music, lyrics
Christoph Schneider – drums, music, lyrics
Additional musicians
The Academic Choir and the Symphony Orchestra of the National Television and Radio Company of Belarus, Minsk – strings, choir (tracks 3 and 6)
Meral Al-Mer – backing vocals (tracks 1 and 10)
Carla Bruhn – backing vocals (track 11)
Technical personnel
Florian Ammon – engineer, editing
Ben Bazzazian – programming (track 4)
Lutz Buch – guitar technician
Daniel Cayotte – studio assistant
Siarhei Chaika – recording engineer (tracks 3 and 6)
Tom Dalgety – additional producer, recording engineer
Svante Forsbäck – mastering
Sven Helbig – choir and string arrangements (tracks 3 and 6)
Olsen Involtini – producer, mixer, recording engineer
Dzmitry Karshakevich – recording engineer
Wilhelm Keitel – conductor (tracks 3 and 6)
Rammstein – producer
Rossi Rossberg – drum technician
Sky van Hoff – additional producer, recording engineer
Other personnel
Jes Larsen – photography
Rocket & Wink – artwork
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2019 albums
German-language albums
Rammstein albums
Universal Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untitled%20Rammstein%20album |
A muscarinic agonist is an agent that activates the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The muscarinic receptor has different subtypes, labelled M1-M5, allowing for further differentiation.
Clinical significance
M1
M1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play a role in cognitive processing. In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid formation may decrease the ability of these receptors to transmit signals, leading to decreased cholinergic activity. As these receptors themselves appear relatively unchanged in the disease process, they have become a potential therapeutic target when trying to improve cognitive function in patients with AD.
A number of muscarinic agonists have been developed and are under investigation to treat AD. These agents show promise as they are neurotrophic, decrease amyloid depositions, and improve damage due to oxidative stress. Tau-phosphorylation is decreased and cholinergic function enhanced. Notably several agents of the AF series of muscarinic agonists have become the focus of such research:. AF102B, AF150(S), AF267B. In animal models that are mimicking the damage of AD, these agents appear promising.
The agent xanomeline has been proposed as a potential treatment for schizophrenia.
M3
In the form of pilocarpine, muscarinic receptor agonists have been used medically for a short time.
M3 agonists
Aceclidine, for glaucoma
Arecoline, an alkaloid present in the Betel nut
Pilocarpine is a drug that acts as a muscarinic receptor agonist that is used to treat glaucoma
Cevimeline (AF102B) (Evoxac®) is a muscarinic agonist that is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug and used for the management of dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome
Muscarinic versus nicotinic activity
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes
The targets for muscarinic agonists are the muscarinic receptors: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5. These receptors are GPCRs coupled to either Gi or Gq subunits.
See also
Muscarine
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic antagonist
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic agonist
Nicotinic antagonist
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20agonist |
A coronis (, korōnís, , korōnídes) is a textual symbol found in ancient Greek papyri that was used to mark the end of an entire work or of a major section in poetic and prose texts. The coronis was generally placed in the left-hand margin of the text and was often accompanied by a paragraphos or a forked paragraphos (diple obelismene).
The coronis is encoded by Unicode as part of the Supplemental Punctuation block, at .
Etymology
Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon gives the basic meaning of as "crook-beaked" from which a general meaning of "curved" is supposed to have derived. concurs and derives the word from (), "crow", assigning the meaning of the epithet's use in reference to the textual symbol to the same semantic range of "curve". But, given the fact that the earliest coronides actually take the form of birds, there has been debate about whether the name of the textual symbol initially referred to use of a decorative bird to mark a major division in a text or if these pictures were a secondary development that played upon the etymological relation between , "crow", and , as in "curved".
Examples
See also
Obelism
Notes
Sources
Chantraine, P., Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (Paris: Éditions Klincksieck, 1968).
Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R., A Greek–English Lexicon, 9th ed. (Oxford: OUP, 1996).
Schironi, F., Τὸ Μέγα Βιβλίον: Book-Ends, End-Titles, and Coronides in Papyri with Hexametric Poetry (Durham, NC: The American Society of Papyrologists, 2010).
Turner, E. G., Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World, 2nd rev. ed. by P.J. Parsons (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1987).
Palaeography
Punctuation
Ancient Greek punctuation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronis%20%28textual%20symbol%29 |
Chong Hwa Independent High School, Kuala Lumpur (, , often abbreviated as CHKL) is one of Malaysia's oldest high schools. Established in 1919 in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, the school was a primary school. It became a high school when the school board purchased a piece of land of 24,000 square metres along Jalan Ipoh and decided to build the high school there. It has remained there ever since.
History
After Malaysian independence, all schools in the country were asked to assimilate into the national school system. Chong Hwa High School was one of the minority of schools that decided to remain apart from that system. Being an independent school means that the school needs to sustain itself through student fees and donations from the public.
Despite the lack of government funding, the school has maintained a 100% passing rate for all government examinations since being established. The school has about 5,400 students and 300 staff members, being one of the largest high schools in Malaysia.
In 2012, the number of classes increased to 95, accommodating more than 5000 students.
The school campus includes 10 main blocks and an outdoor sport arena.
In 2018, Cheong Moey Lian became the first female principal since 1919.
Notable alumni
Political and business figures
Lee Kim Sai (1937–2019) : Malaysia's former Health Minister and former deputy president of Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA).
Arts, cultural and media
C.N. Liew : Malaysian prominent contemporary artist and calligrapher, based in Hong Kong.
Nigel Ng : Malaysian stand-up comedian and YouTuber based in the UK.
Public transportation
The school is accessible from the Jalan Ipoh MRT station on the Putrajaya line. It is within walking distance from the school with entrance B being the closest entry point to the station.
See also
Education in Malaysia
List of schools in Malaysia
Chong Hwa Secondary School
External links
Official website
Official Facebook Page
References
Chinese-Malaysian culture in Kuala Lumpur
Secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur
1919 establishments in British Malaya
Chinese-language schools in Malaysia
Educational institutions established in 1919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chong%20Hwa%20Independent%20High%20School%2C%20Kuala%20Lumpur |
Vasili Dmitriyevich Yermolin () (? – died between 1481 and 1485) was a Russian architect and sculptor.
Vasili Yermolin is known to have been a merchant, contractor, and head of an artel of the Muscovite builders. In 1462, he restored the old parts of the whitestone walls of the Moscow Kremlin from the Sviblov Tower (known as the Vodovzvodnaya Tower today) to the Borovitskiye Gates. Also, Vasili Yermolin rebuilt the Frolovskiye Gates (today's Spasskiye Gates) in 1462-1464 and decorated them with polychrome reliefs depicting St George and St. Demetrius, protectors of the Muscovite princes. A fragment of the St. George relief is now on display in the State Tretyakov Gallery. The second relief was lost. Judging by the looks of the surviving fragment, both of them represented the finest examples of the old Russian sculpture. During the reconstruction of the Spasskaya Tower by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, these reliefs were affixed onto it and remained there until they redesigned its top in 1624–1625. Vasili Yermolin restored a church of the Ascension Monastery (Вознесенский монастырь) in the Kremlin between 1467 and 1469. In 1469, he built a refectory for the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra which did not survive and renovated the church on top of the Golden Gate in Vladimir. In 1471, Yermolin was sent to rebuild the ancient Cathedral of St. George in Yuriev-Polsky, which had just collapsed. In 1472, he took part in preparations for the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin.
At the request of Yermolin, they compiled the so-called Yermolin Chronicle, which contained information on different aspects of architecture and construction. There is speculation that some of the text was written by Yermolin himself.
References
Yermolin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili%20Yermolin |
Ski Dubai is an indoor ski resort with 22,500 square meters of indoor ski area. The park maintains a temperature of -1 degree to 2 degrees Celsius throughout the year. It is a part of the Mall of the Emirates, one of the largest shopping malls in the world, located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was developed by Majid Al Futtaim Group, which also operates the Mall of the Emirates.
Opened in November 2005, the indoor resort features an 85-metre-high indoor mountain (equivalent to a 25-story building) with 5 slopes of varying steepness and difficulty, including a 400-metre-long run, the world's first indoor black diamond run, and various features (boxes, rails, kickers) that are changed on a regular basis. A chairlift and a tow lift carry skiers and snowboarders up the mountain. Equipment such as skis and jackets are provided with the ticket and one can buy equipment in the nearby stores. Adjoining the slopes is a 3,000-square-metre Snow Park play area comprising sled and toboggan runs, an icy body slide, climbing towers, giant snowballs and an ice cave. Ski Dubai also houses a number of penguins who are let out of their enclosures several times a day. Penguin encounters can be booked, allowing the public to interact directly with the penguins.
In 2007 Ski Dubai was awarded the Thea Outstanding Achievement Award by the Themed Entertainment Association. Ski Dubai was designed by Acer Snowmec (part of the 360 Group and designers of the largest indoor ski centre in the world, Harbin Indoor Ski Centre). Acer Snowmec also provides the patented snow making technology to the centre. The Snow Play Area was designed and produced by Thinkwell Group.
See also
SnOasis
SSAWS
Tourist attractions in Dubai
References
External links
Indoor ski resorts
Ski areas and resorts in the United Arab Emirates
Buildings and structures completed in 2005
Resorts in Dubai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski%20Dubai |
A referendum on a new constitution was held in South Africa on 2 November 1983 in which the white population was given the opportunity to approve or reject the Constitution of 1983. This constitution introduced the Tricameral Parliament, in which Coloured and Indian South Africans would be represented in separate parliamentary chambers, while black Africans, who were the majority of South Africa's population, would remain unrepresented. The referendum passed with 66.3% of voters voting "Yes"; consequently the new constitution came into force on 3 September 1984.
Background
In 1981 the Senate was abolished and replaced with the President's Council, which was an advisory body consisting of sixty nominated members from the white, coloured, Indian and Chinese population groups. Following a request by Prime Minister P.W. Botha, the President's Council presented a set of proposals in 1982 for constitutional and political reform. This proposal called for the implementation of "power sharing" between the white, coloured and Indian communities.
The right wing of the ruling National Party (NP) rejected this proposal and a group of its MPs, led by Dr. Andries Treurnicht, a cabinet minister and the leader of the NP in the Transvaal province, broke away to form the Conservative Party (CP) in order to fight for a return to apartheid in its original form. However, Botha continued to be in favour of implementing the President's Council proposal and in 1983 the NP government introduced a new constitutional framework. A referendum was called for in order to determine public support for the reforms amongst white voters. The New Republic Party led by Vause Raw supported the new constitution, although it continued to call for black representation in Parliament.
Opposition
Both the Progressive Federal Party (PFP), which objected to the exclusion of blacks, as well as the CP, which objected to the participation of coloureds and Indians, campaigned for a "No" vote. However, many PFP followers and parts of the anti-government English language press supported the new constitution as "a step in the right direction". The conservative opposition to the reforms used banners with the text "Rhodesia voted yes – vote no!" reflecting on the transformation to majority rule in Rhodesia.
The response of Coloured, Indian and black leaders were mixed. The new constitution was rejected by most Bantustan leaders and the Urban Councils Association of South Africa (representing the black township administrations) because it did not provide for black representation. Coloured and Indian parties that intended to participate in the Tricameral Parliament but also insisted on extending representation to the black majority.
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was launched as a non-racial coalition to oppose the referendum and the subsequent elections for the coloured and Indian chambers in parliament.
Results
By region
For counting purposes the provinces of South Africa were divided into various referendum areas. The following table shows the results in each area.
References
Referendums in South Africa
1983 in South Africa
1983 referendums
Constitutional referendums
November 1983 events in Africa
Apartheid in South Africa
Apartheid government
Suffrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20South%20African%20constitutional%20referendum |
Orang Ulu ("people of the interior" in Malay) is an ethnic designation politically coined to group together roughly 27 very small but ethnically diverse tribal groups in northeastern Sarawak, Malaysia with populations ranging from less than 300 persons to over 25,000 persons. Orang Ulu is not a legal term, and no such racial group exists or is listed in the Malaysian Constitution. The term was popularised by the Orang Ulu National Association (OUNA), which was formed in 1969.
The Orang Ulu tribal groups are diverse, they typically live in longhouses elaborately decorated with murals and woodcarvings. They are also well known for their intricate beadwork detailed tattoos, rattan weaving, and other tribal crafts. The Orang Ulu tribes can also be identified by their unique music - distinctive sounds from their sapes, a plucked boat-shaped lute, formerly with two strings, nowadays usually with four strings. They also practice Kanjet, a form of traditional dance.
A vast majority of the Orang Ulu tribes are Christians with significant Muslim minorities (especially amongst converts to the faith via intermarriages to ethnicities such as Malays and Melanaus who are adherents of the said belief), but old traditional religions are still practiced in some areas.
Orang Ulu classification
There are about 27 small indigenous groups that are classified as Orang Ulu such as:-
Apo Kayan people
Kenyah people
Sebop
Kayan people (Borneo)
Bahau people
Kendayan
Ukit people
Penan<ref
Murut people
Tagol
Kajang
Kajaman
Lahanan
Sihan
Bukitan people
Punan
Uheng Kereho
Hovongan
Lisum
Apo Duat
Kelabit people
Berawan
Kiput
Lun Bawang
Sa'ban people
Notable people
Baru Bian - Former Malaysian minister.
Jacob Dungau Sagan - Former assistant Malaysian minister.
Idris Jala - Former Malaysian Senate and Malaysia Minister.
Henry Sum Agong - Former assistant Malaysian minister.
See also
Sarawak
Penan
Apo Kayan
References
External links
Orang Ulu at Visiting Longhouses
Orang Ulu at Virtual Malaysia
Punan Community website
Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
Dayak people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang%20Ulu |
was a Japanese film actor best known for his roles in the Godzilla film series.
Life and career
Akira Takarada was born in Korea under Japanese rule, and lived for a time in Manchuria, China. His father worked as an engineer on the South Manchuria Railway. After the war, he remained in Harbin, and he was able to speak Mandarin Chinese and English.
Takarada moved to Allied-occupied Japan with his family in 1948. He joined Toho as part of their "New Face" program in April 1953. In his film debut, he had a small role in And Then the Liberty Bell Rang, a biography of the educator Fukuzawa Yukichi. His big break came when he was cast as navy diver Hideto Ogata in the original Godzilla (1954). He became a popular actor at Toho for his good looks and charismatic, sophisticated character. He continued his association with the Godzilla series in Mothra vs. Godzilla (1964), Invasion of Astro-Monster (1965), and Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster (1966). He returned to the series in 1992 with Godzilla vs. Mothra and appeared again in Godzilla: Final Wars (2004). Other Toho science-fiction/special-effects films in which he appeared include Half Human (1955), The Last War (1961), King Kong Escapes (1967), and Latitude Zero (1969).
Toho prepared a musical production of Gone with the Wind with Broadway composer-lyricist Harold Rome for its new Imperial Garden theatre in 1970. Entitled Scarlett, Takarada was originally scheduled to play the role of Rhett Butler. However, injuries sustained in an accident in which he fell off a bulldozer while filming prevented him from participating in this stage production.
Takarada made a guest appearance at the fan convention G-Fest XVII in 2010, and again at G-Fest XIX in July 2012, G-Fest XXIII in July 2016, and G-Fest XXVI in 2019. He received G-FEST's Mangled Skyscraper Award in 2010, and the G-FAN Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019. He has come to be known as "The Godfather of G-FEST." On March 27, 2013, Takarada posed for publicity photographs with director Gareth Edwards on the set of the Legendary/Warner Bros Godzilla reboot, suggesting a cameo of sorts in the new movie. His scenes were filmed, but ultimately cut from the movie. He is still listed in the movie credits.
Filmography
Selected works
Television
Television drama
Shiratori Reiko de Gozaimasu! (1993) (Shōtarō Hakuchō)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1998) (Takatsukasa Masamichi)
Watashi no Aozora (2000) (Jōji Murai)
Shōtoku Taishi (2001) (Mononobe no Moriya)
Rokkā no Hanako-san (2002) (Kaichō Tatsumi)
Saka no Ue no Kumo (2009) (Fujino Susumu)
Carnation (2011) (Seizaburō Matsuzaka)
Keisei Saimin no Otoko Part 3 (2015) (Ikeda Shigeaki)
Dubbing roles
Live action
The Ambushers (Matt Helm)
Cats (Gus "Asparagus" the Theatre Cat (Ian McKellen))
Doctor Dolittle (Doctor Dolittle)
Murderers' Row (Matt Helm)
Animation
Aladdin (1992) (Jafar)
The Return of Jafar
Disney's House of Mouse (Ratigan, Jafar)
Disney's The Great Mouse Detective (Ratigan)
Star Wars Rebels Season 3 (Bendu)
Video games
Adventure of Tokyo Disney Sea ~Losing of Jewel's Secret (Jafar)
Kingdom Hearts (2002) (Jafar)
Kingdom Hearts II (2005) (Jafar)
Kingdom Hearts Re:coded (2010) (Jafar)
Stage productions
My Fair Lady
South Pacific
Other
Tokyo Disneyland attraction: Country Bear Jamboree (Henry)
References
Bibliography
External links
1934 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male voice actors
People from Chongjin
Japanese people of Korea under Japanese rule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira%20Takarada |
Punan Sama is a small village (longhouse) situated along the Rajang River in Sarawak, Malaysia. The longhouse's previous name was "Lovuk Tepeleang". The majority of those inhabiting the longhouse are Punan, with a few Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan, as a result of inter marriage.
Punan Sama (lovuk Tepeleang) Chiefs (Bold):
Bejeang + Beneang (Melanau)
Nyaleang + Inan Jiu (Kenyah Seping)
Jiu + Telen (Kayan)
Lanying + Lahey (Sekapan)
Kulleh Imang (a Lahanan) + Bawe (a punan)
History
Punan Sama (or Lovuk Tepeleang) came into existence through fission of ancient Punan longhouse Kavu Oka. Kavu Oka's elder son, Salui, continued to rule the stem-house, while a younger son, Bejeang, split off with section of the longhouse to form a separate community. Bejeang then move the longhouse across Rajang river, about a few kilometer away from the current Punan Bah longhouse to a place known as ungei Susou or Susou river. Then they move further up the Rajang river to the Meah-Rejang junction. They remain at Meah river for quite a long time; there are kelirieng (a burial pole) erected here for the aristocrats and distinguished persons in the longhouse.
Under Jiui's rule the Punan Tepeleang made their way further up the Rajang river, making their longhouse at ungei Keruang, ungei Pii, ungei Bua' and ungei Bo'on. The longhouse at Bo'on mark the start of the rivalry between the encroaching Ibans and Punan to along the Rajang river. Unable to contend Iban encroachment the Punan Tepeleang then moving further up Rajang river closer to the present Kayan longhouse below Bungan rapid. Their empty longhouse at Boon was later burnt down by the encroaching Ibans.
Location
Where located? Punan Sama longhouse is located about two hours express boat (river transportation) from Kapit, the administrative town of 7th Division. During low water level - the Rajang river is almost impassable by express boat or other bigger river transportation. As such Punan Sama longhouse is only accessible via trunk road build by logging companies from Tatau or Bintulu.
References
Nicolaisen, IDA.1976. Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno-historical Tradition in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No.45 (New Series). Kuching.
The Official Punan Community site
Calvin A. Jemarang
Villages in Sarawak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan%20Sama |
Chad Brown (August 13, 1961 – July 2, 2014) was an American actor, poker player and color commentator, based in Los Angeles, California.
Biography
Early life and acting career
Brown was born in Manhattan, New York, and was raised in The Bronx, where he began playing poker in Italian cafés. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1990s where he began working in Hollywood. Brown has had some minor roles in television series and films, including Basket Case 2 and Miami Hustle. He also appeared as an assistant host on the game show Caesars Challenge in the early 1990s.
Poker career
Brown was the presenter of the Ultimate Poker Challenge television series. He has finished in the money at several events in the World Series of Poker (WSOP), including third in the 2002 $1,500 Omaha hi-lo split event, second to Ted Forrest in the 2004 $1,500 seven-card stud event and second in the 2005 $2,000 seven-card stud hi-lo event. Brown made back to back final tables at 2005 World Series of Poker circuit events, including a third-place finish behind Chris Ferguson and Prahlad Friedman. Brown made 10 Final Tables at the WSOP, but never won a WSOP Bracelet in open competition. He finished runner-up three times and in third place three times. In 2014 he was awarded an honorary World Series of Poker bracelet for his overall contributions to the game of poker.
Brown also made the final table of the World Poker Tour fourth season Bay 101 Shooting Stars Tournament, where he finished 6th. Brown won one of the biggest online poker tournaments in the 2006 World Championship of Online Poker $5000 H.O.R.S.E. event. He bested 174 other players to take down the $223,125 first prize and a gold bracelet. Brown made the finals of the NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship, defeating Yosh Nakano, Gabe Kaplan, Brad Booth, Kristy Gazes, and Gavin Smith before losing to Paul Wasicka 2-0 in the best-of-three final.
In 2007, Brown cashed for the first time in the Main Event, coming in 97th place out of a field of 6,358 players, winning $67,535.
Brown's biggest win came at the 2009 Gulf Coast Poker Championship at the Beau Rivage Resort & Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi. Brown and Vanessa Rousso served as the official celebrity hosts of the tournament. For first place, Brown earned $225,567.
Brown was named Bluff Magazine’s Poker Player of the Year for 2006, and in his own words: “Winning player of the year is like an actor winning an Oscar”.
Brown's total live tournament winnings exceed $3,600,000. His 38 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,220,357 of those winnings.
Death
Brown died on July 2, 2014. In February 2011, he was diagnosed with liposarcoma and had a ten-pound tumor removed from his abdomen. Brown resumed his poker career despite having the rare cancer, only slowing down when he was no longer physically able to compete. Just prior to his death, the World Series of Poker honored him by awarding him an honorary bracelet for his achievements in poker, but Brown was unable to make the ceremony due to his condition. He died in hospice care at Calvary Hospital in his native New York at the age of 52 with his fiancée Stephanie Donahue by his side.
References
External links
Official website
1961 births
2014 deaths
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male film actors
American poker players
American male television actors
Poker commentators
20th-century American male actors
People from Manhattan
Sportspeople from the Bronx
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from liposarcoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad%20Brown%20%28poker%20player%29 |
Please Sir! is a British television sitcom created by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey and featuring actors John Alderton, Deryck Guyler, Penny Spencer, Joan Sanderson, Noel Howlett, Erik Chitty and Richard Davies. Produced by London Weekend Television for ITV, the series ran for 55 episodes between 1968 and 1972.
The theme tune "School's Out" was by Sam Fonteyn.
The title derives from the then-standard request phrase used in Britain when they wish to interrupt the teacher with a question.
Although the series is based around a class of 16-year-old pupils, most of the actors in these roles were in their twenties.
Synopsis
The programme was set in the fictional Fenn Street Secondary Modern School and starred John Alderton as Bernard Hedges, a young teacher fresh out of training college. The supporting cast included Deryck Guyler, Joan Sanderson and Richard Davies. Character actors and actresses formed the guest cast, including Mollie Sugden as a parent of one of the pupils, Barbara Mitchell as Frankie Abbott's mother, and Ann Lancaster as Mrs Pearce in a pair of 1968 episodes.
There were three basic locations for the scenarios: Hedges' classroom, the staffroom and the playground/outer area.
The class nickname for Hedges is "Privet" deriving from privet hedges.
Bernard Hedges and the 5C pupils were replaced by a new teacher and pupils for the final series in 1971–72, while the original pupils continued in a spin-off series, The Fenn Street Gang, which ran for 47 episodes between 1971 and 1973. This was followed by Bowler (1973), following crime boss Stanley Bowler, played by George Baker for 13 episodes.
As with many situation comedies of this era, a film version was developed, released in 1971. This was set in an outdoor pursuit centre, but starred most of the TV cast.
Cast
Staff
John Alderton as Mr Bernard Hedges (1968-1971) (36 episodes)
Deryck Guyler as Mr Norman Potter, the caretaker (55 episodes)
Noel Howlett as Mr Cromwell, the headmaster (55 episodes)
Joan Sanderson as Miss Doris Ewell, the senior mistress (55 episodes)
Richard Davies as Mr Price, the chemistry teacher (55 episodes)
Erik Chitty as Mr Smith (55 episodes)
Bernard Holley as Mr Hurst (1971-1972) (8 episodes)
Vivienne Martin as Miss Petting (1971-1972) (8 episodes)
Richard Warwick as Mr David Ffitchett-Brown (1971) (7 episodes)
Lindsay Campbell as Mr Sibley (1970-1972) (5 episodes)
Glynn Edwards as Mr Dix (1971) (2 episodes)
Arnold Peters as School Governor (1970-1972) (3 episodes)
Geoffrey Hughes as odd job man (series 2)
Pupils
1968–1971
Liz Gebhardt as Maureen Bullock (37 episodes)
Peter Cleall as Eric Duffy (36 episodes)
David Barry as Frankie Abbott (35 episodes)
Peter Denyer as Dennis Dunstable (35 episodes)
Penny Spencer as Sharon Eversleigh (1968-1970) (34 episodes)
Carol Hawkins as Sharon Eversleigh (1971) (1 episode), Hawkins also played the role in the 1971 film spin-off and the sequel series The Fenn Street Gang.
Malcolm McFee as Peter Craven (1968-1970) (34 episodes)
Leon Vitali as Peter Craven (1971) (1 episode)
1971–1972
Charles Bolton as Godber (13 episodes)
Shirley Cheriton as Pat (1971) (3 episodes)
Rosemary Faith as Daisy (12 episodes)
Brinsley Forde as Herman (1971) (2 episodes)
Billy Hamon as Des (12 episodes)
David Howe as Colin Lovelace (1970-1971) (6 episodes)
Linda Joliff as Elizabeth (1971) (2 episodes)
Barry McCarthy as Terry Stringer (12 episodes)
Drina Pavlovic as Celia (12 episodes)
Roderick Smith as Philip Larch (1971) (3 episodes)
Other
Jill Kerman as Penny Hedges (Nee Wheeler) (1968-1972) (36 episodes)
Ann Lancaster as Mrs Pearce (1968) (2 episodes)
Barbara Mitchell as Mrs Abbott (1969–70) (2 episodes)
Susan Richards as Madge Smith (2 episodes)
Episodes
NOTE: All of these episode descriptions have been taken from the DVD sleeves of the Please Sir DVDs, released by Network (In Australia, Series One and Two are available as one set of DVDs, Series Three (along with the 1971 Please Sir movie) as another).
Note: The first series was in an experimental 40-minute format (to fit in a 45-minute slot). Repeats of some first series episodes were later edited down into the standard 25-minute (half hour) runtime, losing a considerable amount of footage (and on occasion, plot detail) as a result. The remaining episodes were in the traditional 25-minute format (to fit in a 30-minute slot)
The transmission dates and times reflect the listings for the London ITV region. Listings for the alternative ITV regions are not indicated.
Series One
This series was recorded and transmitted in black and white on the VHF 405-line TV system.
Series Two
All of these episodes were made in colour, although all the episodes up to The Generation Gap were transmitted in monochrome, as ITV began colour transmission on Saturday 15 November 1969. All were shown in colour in a repeat run, seen in some ITV regions in early 1970.
Series Three
The final three episodes of this series were affected by the ITV Colour Strike, which affected all ITV programmes recorded between November 1970 and March 1971. As a result of this industrial action, these affected episodes were recorded and transmitted in black and white.
Series Four
Unlike the previous series, episodes were initially broadcast on a Saturday. However, there was a week's break in transmission between Episode 14 (Old Fennians Day) and Episode 15 (What Are You Incinerating). When it returned it was broadcast in a Sunday night slot. This was only in London. In the other ITV regions, it continued to be broadcast on Saturdays at 6:30pm, so the rest of the nation saw the last 7 episodes of this series one day before Londoners saw them.
Characters
Staff
Mr Bernard Hedges (Portrayed by John Alderton). A teacher fresh out of training. He was allocated Class 5C, the most unruly form in the
school, at the beginning of term. At first relations were frosty between Bernard and Class 5C, but gradually Bernard gained the respect
of his class and the rest of the staff. As the series progressed, he is shown to be a caring and very fair teacher and would always defend
his form, regardless of how much evidence is put towards them.
In the movie, he met air stewardess Penny Wheeler. After misinterpreting a 'few white lies' made by a pupil accidentally left behind, Penny
began to take shine to Bernard. After a period of dating, Bernard attempted to propose to Penny but she already said yes before he could complete his sentence and they got engaged and later married.
Shortly after Bernard got married, a new term started and he was allocated Class 4C. However, it was not quite the same as 5C. He later resigned and left at the end of Series 4 episode 2 to take a course in Sociology at the University of London..
Mr Norman Potter (Portrayed by Deryck Guyler). The pedantic and officious school caretaker. His speech is peppered with malapropisms. He claimed to have been a Desert Rat and constantly complains about the unruly behaviour of Hedges' class 5C. He is fiercely loyal (to the point of sycophancy) to the headmaster but a thorn in the side of the rest of the staff. His various comeuppances provide much of the ongoing humour of the sitcom. He often talks of his wife Ruby but she is never seen on-screen.
Mr Maurice Cromwell (Portrayed by Noel Howlett). The Headteacher - nicknamed "Oliver" - is a well-meaning, idealistic and liberal figure. He is also utterly ineffectual. He is admired and consistently flattered by his deputy Miss Ewell and caretaker Potter but regarded more ambivalently by Hedges and Price. He is the only person in the school who is unable to see through Potter's trouble-making and incompetence and sometimes ends up in childish arguments with the otherwise mild-mannered Mr Smith. Later in the Series his relationship with Miss Ewell becomes more strained but he does make a bond with new teacher Miss Petting.
Miss Doris Ewell (Portrayed by Joan Sanderson). Nicknamed Doris "Rotten" Ewell or "Old Mother Ewell", she is Mr Cromwell's deputy and is rigorously strict and humourless, not just with the pupils but also the staff and as a result she is an unpopular - but feared - figure. Her icy demeanour initially only breaks when she is with the headteacher to whom she is devoted but later on she strikes up a romantic relationship with careers teacher Mr Sibley who is capable of getting her to relax her strict standards. In Series 4 in particular - possibly linked to her new relationship - Miss Ewell becomes more critical of the Head, becoming increasingly frustrated with his incompetence, limited work ethic and immature behaviour. Just before the final episode she marries Mr Sibley off-screen.
Mr Smith (Portrayed by Erik Chitty). Mr Smith's unusual first name of "Osborne" reflects his rather quaint and old-fashioned personality although he is more commonly called "Smithy" by staff and pupils. He teaches Geography and - rather incongruously given his advancing years - P.E.. An affable man he is occasionally drawn into childish spats with the Headteacher. He is utterly devoted to his wife Madge & often talks about her, even bringing her picture to school which he brings out when he has the lunch she has prepared. Similar to Potter's wife Ruby she is a character much discussed but very rarely seen on screen.
Mr Vaughan Price (Portrayed by Richard Davies). A science and maths teacher nicknamed "Pricey" by staff and pupils, any enthusiasm for teaching he once had had long since disappeared. His personality swings between sarcastic and subversive humour (often with a poetic turn of phrase) to fury, particularly when antagonised by pupils. The only things that seem to enthuse Mr Price are alcohol, women (unrequited) and pride in his Welsh identity.
Mr Gregory Dix (Portrayed by Glynn Edwards). He appears for two episodes in Series 4. A former army physical training instructor he is aggressive and bullying in his manner, showing contempt towards pupils and other staff - especially Potter. He unites pupils and staff against him although the weak Head is reluctant to challenge him.
Mr David Ffitchett-Brown (Portrayed by Richard Warwick). Ffitchett-Brown arrives early in Series 4. He is a very posh former army officer but despite his traditional background he is a flashy dresser, drives a sports car and has liberal and progressive views on education. He has a strong sense of humour and a fearless streak - he is the only member of staff confident enough to confront Mr Dix.
Mr John Hurst (Portrayed by Bernard Holley). Mr Hurst arrives almost half-way through Series 4 - he used to teach at Weaver Street which has just been closed down leading to an influx of its former pupils at Fenn Street. He has a good sense of humour and a mild cynicism but without the more noted eccentricities of other staff.
Miss Gloria Petting (Portrayed by Vivienne Martin). Miss Petting arrives at the same time as Mr Hurst but unlike him she has no experience of teaching secondary school pupils - indeed her only experience has been teaching at nursery school and she tries to use the same techniques at Fenn Street. Although she is good-natured and dedicated she is completely out of her depth and is often left upset by 5C. Her rather innocent nature does though help her make a connection with the similarly naive Mr Cromwell who also likes her desire to please after Miss Ewell drifts away from him.
Pupils
Eric Duffy (Portrayed by Peter Cleall). Eric is the undisputed leader of the pupils. He has a tough demeanour and although - in common with almost all the pupils - he displays little enthusiasm for school he generally does the right thing and is always fair-minded.
Peter Craven (Portrayed by Malcolm McFee) Nicknamed "Cottage", Craven is known for his sharp dress-sense and wise-cracking and after Duffy he is the most influential of the boys.
Dennis Dunstable (Portrayed by Peter Denyer) Dennis has learning difficulties and his misunderstandings are sometimes the source of humour but he always impresses with his good intentions and positivity and therefore is popular with just about everyone in the school (Potter being an occasional exception). In one of the ways in which the show occasionally touched on more serious themes Dennis often talks about the cruelty of his father towards him and his mother and staff and pupils are united in their solidarity with him.
Frankie Abbott (Portrayed by David Barry) Abbott is a trouble-maker and fantasist who often tries to portray himself as tough and talented (e.g. that he is a private eye called "Hank Abbott") but is always exposed as inept and immature. He is regarded with derision by staff and his fellow pupils. He is embarrassed by his mother (played by Barbara Mitchell) who calls him "my little soldier" and makes all-too clear that he has a lot of growing-up to do.
Sharon Eversleigh (Portrayed by Penny Spencer, and later portrayed by Carol Hawkins) Sharon dresses and acts in a flirtatious manner, often to the embarrassment of her teacher Mr Hedges but to the approval of the boys. She is well-versed in relationships, including with Duffy and Craven as well as the unseen "Vic".
Maureen Bullock (Portrayed by Liz Gebhardt) Maureen has two passions in life - her Catholic faith and her very public crush on Mr Hedges, which he does his best not to indulge but is never successful in deflecting her interest. She is generally one of the more dedicated pupils and often talks of her religious leader Monsignor Sopwith - another of the rarely seen (only one episode), much-discussed characters in the show. She is, though, capable of occasional protests and rebellious behaviour, often when she feels overlooked by Mr Hedges. She generally gets on well with Sharon but the two occasionally have their differences with Maureen regarding Sharon as sometimes crossing the line in her appearance and provocative demeanour.
Former Weaver Street pupils (Series 4 only)
Terry Stringer (Portrayed by Barry McCarthy) Stringer is the leader of the former Weaver Street pupils who arrive almost half-way through Series 4. He therefore has some similarities with Eric Duffy but without the latter's good-humour, wit and essential good-naturedness. Also unlike Eric he relies on another pupil (Gobber) to make sure the others follow his lead.
Gobber (Portrayed by Charles Bolton). His actual name is Robin Gibbon but he is almost always referred to as "Gobber". Like Dennis in the first three series Gobber has learning difficulties but unlike Dennis he is aggressive and intimidating, used by Terry Stringer as his "enforcer".
Des (Portrayed by Billy Hamon) Des is almost always seen with his guitar and often interrupts lessons by trying to break into song (often of a protest or blues style) but his attempts at music-making are tuneless, raucous and abysmal. He does seem to have rather more of a talent at football but even then his defiant nature brings him into difficulties.
Celia (Portrayed by Drina Pavlovic) and Daisy (portrayed by Rosemary Faith) are two friends but it is a rather one-sided friendship with Daisy doting on Celia. Daisy lacks confidence, particularly in her appearance, and makes a connection with the similarly-unconfident Miss Petting.
See also
List of films based on British sitcoms
Welcome Back, Kotter
References
External links
1960s British sitcoms
1960s British workplace comedy television series
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace comedy television series
1968 British television series debuts
1972 British television series endings
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
Television series about educators
Television series by ITV Studios
London Weekend Television shows
British high school television series
Television shows adapted into films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please%20Sir%21 |
Paul Laymann (1574 – 13 November 1635 or 1632 ) was an Austrian Jesuit and important moralist.
Laymann was born at Arzl, near Innsbruck. After studying jurisprudence at Ingolstadt, he entered the Society of Jesus there in 1594, was ordained priest in 1603, taught philosophy at the University of Ingolstadt from 1603-9, moral theology at the Jesuit house in Munich from 1609–25, and Canon law at the University of Dillingen from 1625-32. He died of the plague at Konstanz.
He was one of the greatest moralists and canonists of his time, and a copious writer on philosophical, moral, and juridical subjects. The most important of his thirty-three literary productions is a compendium of moral theology Theologia Moralis in quinque libros partita (Munich, 1625), of which a second and enlarged edition in six volumes appeared in 1626 at the same place. Until the second quarter of the eighteenth century it was edited repeatedly (latest edition, Mainz, 1723), and was extensively used as a textbook in seminaries.
Especially in the third edition of his Theologia Moralis, Laymann stands up resolutely for a milder treatment of those who had been accused of witchcraft. The reason why Laymann is often represented as an advocate of the horrible cruelties practised at trials for witchcraft lies in the assumption that he is the author of a book entitled Processus juridicus contra sagas et vene fico (Cologne, 1629). Quite in contrast with Laymann's Theologia Moralis, this book is a defence of the extreme severity at trials for witchcraft. Father Bernhard Duhr, S.J., has proved that Laymann is not the author of this work. See "Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie", XXIII (Innsbruck, 1899), 733-43; XXIV (1900), 585-92; XXV (1901), 166-8; XXIX (1905), 190-2.
At the instance of Bishop Heinrich von Knöringen of Augsburg, Laymann wrote Pacis compositio inter Principes et Ordines Imperii Romani Catholicos atque Augustanæ Confessionis adhærentes (Dillingen, 1629), an elaborate work of 658 pages, explaining the value and extent of the Religious Peace of Augsburg, effected by King Ferdinand I in 1555. Another important work of Laymann is Justa defensio S. Rom. Pontificis, augustissimi Cæsaris, S.R.E. Cardinalium, episco porum, principum et alioram, demum minimæ Societatis Jesu, in causa monasteriorum extinctorum et bonorum ecclesiasticorum vacantium . . . (Dillingen, 1631). It treats of the Edict of Restitution, issued by Ferdinand II in 1629, and sustains the point that in case of the ancient orders the property of suppressed monasteries need not be restored to the order to which these monasteries belonged, because each monastery was a corporation of its own. Such property, therefore, may be applied to Catholic schools and other ecclesiastical foundations. In the case of the Jesuit Order, however, he holds that all confiscated property must he restored to the order as such, because the whole Jesuit Order forms only one corporation.
His work on canon law, Jus Canonicum seu Commentaria in libros decretales (3 vols., Dillingen, 1666–98), was published after his death.
References
Catholic casuists
1574 births
1635 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Ingolstadt
17th-century Austrian Jesuits
Canon law jurists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Laymann |
is a Japanese comedy duo consisting of Yūji Tanaka and Hikari Ōta under the entertainment agency, Titan Inc. The comedians first met when they were students in the Department of Fine Arts at Nihon University, and they formed Bakushō Mondai in 1988 after dropping out of school. The name of the duo means literally "burst into/roaring laughter", "problem/question".
The tsukkomi of the two, Tanaka, had a testicle removed because of testicular cancer, and this frequently elicits jokes by the group's boke, Ōta, as well as other personalities that they may be performing with. Ōta is generally the higher profile of the two, and frequently dominates shows that they host with his long-winded speeches.
From August 1995 through November 1997, Bakushō Mondai was involved with the broadcasting of a number of SoundLink Magazines and Games to owners of the Nintendo Satellaview system:
- SoundLink Magazine (3 days per week between August 1995 - March 1996)
- SoundLink Magazine (April 1996 - March 1997)
- SoundLink Game (June 1997 - November 1997)
The duo currently host many variety and quiz shows, as well as commenting on the occasional radio broadcast.
Awards
In 2006, Bakushō Mondai won an "Art Encouragement" award from the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology recognizing them as facets of modern Japanese culture. They have also won various other awards in the past, including the Golden Arrow award for entertainment in 1997.
References
External links
Bakushō Mondai's profile
Press release about award
Japanese comedy duos
Nihon University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakush%C5%8D%20Mondai |
Young Lions is an Australian TV police drama shown on the Nine Network in 2002 and in Ireland on RTÉ Two. The storyline of the series revolved around the professional and private lives of four rookie detectives, the Young Lions, of South West 101, an inner city Sydney police station.
The program rated poorly and was not renewed after its first season. Competition from other new drama series and several timeslot changes also contributed to the show's demise.
Cast
Main
Alex Dimitriades as Det Snr Constable Eddie Mercia
Alexandra Davies as Det Snr Constable Donna Parry
Tom Long as Det Snr Constable Guy 'Guido' Martin
Anna Lise Phillips as Det Snr Constable Cameron Smart
Penny Cook as Chief Inspector Sharon Kostas
Katherine Slattery as Madeleine Delaney
Alan Cinis as Phil Emerson
Recurring/guests
Socratis Otto as Justin Carmody (15 episodes)
Anna Torv as Irena Nedov (13 episodes)
John Waters as Snr Det Bill Martin (7 episodes)
Maya Stange as Sophie Rinaldi (6 episodes)
John Noble as Adam Gallagher (4 episodes)
John Gregg as George Quinlan QC / Magistrate (4 episodes)
Rhys Muldoon as Justice Paul Bergan (3 episodes)
Jeremy Sims as Rob Carne (3 episodes)
Simon Burke as Rob Watson (3 episodes)
Terry Serio as Det Shane Wesson (3 episodes)
Leeanna Walsman aa Freda Larsen (2 episodes)
Daniel Frederiksen as Chris Doone (2 episodes)
Brendan Cowell as Jason Doone (2 episodes)
Essie Davis as Julie Morgan (2 episodes)
Nadine Garner as Rebecca Ann Sharps (2 episodes)
Kate Beahan as Emma Greer (2 episodes)
Damien Garvey as William Solomons (2 episodes)
Justin Rosniak as Noel Jarvine (2 episodes)
Hayley MacElhinney as Mel Gilham (2 episodes)
Kieran Darcy-Smith as Marty Charlton (2 episodes)
Marta Dusseldorp as Catherine McGregor (1 episode)
Chris Lilley as Mick Dwyer (1 episode)
Peter O'Brien as Daryll Flynn (1 episode)
Kick Gurry as Danny (1 episode)
Ryan Johnson as Alex Brooks (1 episode)
Steve Le Marquand as SPG Officer Stevens (1 episode)
Steven Vidler as Sgt Brian Graham (1 episode)
David Campbell as Grant Fisher (1 episode)
Loene Carmen as Sarah (1 episode)
Jack Finsterer as Tony Kennedy (1 episode)
Zac Drayson as Jay Stubbings (1 episode)
Peter Kowitz as Alan Destin (1 episode)
Leon Ford as Josef Pozinak (1 episode)
Daniel Roberts
Release
Broadcast
The series ran from 17 July through 18 December 2002, and consisted of 23 episodes.
Critical reception
The program rated poorly and was not renewed after its first season. Competition from other new drama series and several time slot changes also contributed to the show's demise. The series has a rating of 6.5 on IMDb out of 152 reviews.
Episode List
List of Australian television series
List of Nine Network programs
References
External links
Young Lions at the National Film and Sound Archive
2002 Australian television series debuts
2002 Australian television series endings
2000s Australian drama television series
2000s Australian crime television series
English-language television shows
Nine Network original programming
Television shows set in Sydney
Television series by Endemol Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Lions%20%28TV%20series%29 |
"Spitting Games" is the lead single from Snow Patrol's third album, Final Straw, released on 15 September 2003.
Original release
Snow Patrol released the song during their first UK Tour during the Final Straw Tour. To mark the release, the band made a previously unheard song for a free download on their official site, titled "Half the Fun of It".
Snow Patrol were one of the acts chosen in AOL Music's "Breakers" in December 2003, a program to promote bands for months leading up to the release of their respective albums in the United States. During the time of the band's promotion, lead UK single "Spitting Games" was downloaded a million times, and was released as a stand-alone single in March 2004 in the week of the band's appearance at South by Southwest Festival.
Track listings
CD
"Spitting Games" – 3:48
"Steal" – 2:44
"Brave" – 4:12
"Spitting Games" (Video)
7" vinyl
"Spitting Games" – 3:48
"Steal" – 2:44
Reception
Music Week reviewed the single positively, calling it a classic indie song. It praised the "British chugging guitar" and "bittersweet melodies". IrishCentral called the song an alternative rock "masterpiece" and said it had made the band "cool".
Yahoo! Music's Simon Ward reviewed the single positively, awarding it 7 stars out of 10, though he criticized the song for being "an indie anthem of the kind Ash used to make ten years ago." He praised the song's "nagging 'do-doo harmonies and driving guitars" though said that it wasn't "going to rewrite rock history." He still felt "it's competent indie-pop that will doubtless signal skies full of water and bouncing moshpits at the rest of the summer's festivals. Which is, frankly, all that's asked of it."
Re-release
"Spitting Games" was re-released on 12 July 2004, on both E-CD and 7" formats. The enhanced CD featured a cover of Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love", which was first performed on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show and another cover of Will Oldham's "New Partner", again from a Radio 1 Session for Steve Lamacq in 2002. The song made the A lists of BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 and 95.8 Capital FM radio station of London. Due to heavy airplay by the radio stations, the single peaked at number six on the UK Airplay Chart. It helped the album Final Straws sales, which reached number five, its highest chart placing after 23 weeks. The re-release of "Spitting Games" was the band's first charting single in the United States, and peaked at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart on June 5, 2004.
Track listings
CD
"Spitting Games" - 3:48
"Crazy In Love" (BBC Live Version) - 4:25
"New Partner" (BBC Live Version) - 4:05
"Spitting Games" (Video version 2)
7" vinyl
"Spitting Games" - 3:48
"Wow (Acoustic)" - 3:09
Promo CD
"Spitting Games (AAA Mix)" - 3:28
Charts
In popular culture
It was featured on the video game MVP Baseball 2004 and numerous Club Football 2005 titles. The track was also featured in "Everything Changes", the first episode of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, and later in the episode "Greeks Bearing Gifts", in 2006. It was featured on an episode of the second season of the teen drama One Tree Hill and in the movie Boy Eats Girl.
References
External links
2003 singles
2004 singles
Snow Patrol songs
Song recordings produced by Jacknife Lee
Songs written by Gary Lightbody
2003 songs
Songs written by Nathan Connolly
Songs written by Jonny Quinn
Songs written by Mark McClelland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting%20Games |
In physics, and especially quantum field theory, an auxiliary field is one whose equations of motion admit a single solution. Therefore, the Lagrangian describing such a field contains an algebraic quadratic term and an arbitrary linear term, while it contains no kinetic terms (derivatives of the field):
The equation of motion for is
and the Lagrangian becomes
Auxiliary fields generally do not propagate, and hence the content of any theory can remain unchanged in many circumstances by adding such fields by hand.
If we have an initial Lagrangian describing a field , then the Lagrangian describing both fields is
Therefore, auxiliary fields can be employed to cancel quadratic terms in in and linearize the action .
Examples of auxiliary fields are the complex scalar field F in a chiral superfield, the real scalar field D in a vector superfield, the scalar field B in BRST and the field in the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation.
The quantum mechanical effect of adding an auxiliary field is the same as the classical, since the path integral over such a field is Gaussian. To wit:
See also
Bosonic field
Fermionic field
Composite Field
References
Quantum field theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20field |
Robert John Page (born 3 September 1974) is a Welsh football manager and former player, who is currently the manager of the Wales national team. In an 18-year career in the Premier League and the English Football League, he made 550 competitive appearances for six different clubs. He both captained a team and scored a goal in each of the top four divisions of English football. He also gained 41 caps for Wales in a ten-year international career, captaining the side once, before he retired from international football in September 2006.
A defender, he began his career with Watford in 1993, whom he would captain to two promotions, winning the Second Division title in 1997–98 and the First Division play-off final in 1999. He went on to be voted the club's Player of the Season in their 1999–2000 FA Premier League campaign. He was sold to Sheffield United for a £350,000 fee in September 2001 and helped the club to reach the First Division play-off final in 2003, as well the semi-finals of the FA Cup and League Cup. He signed with Cardiff City in July 2004, before moving on to Coventry City in February 2005. He joined Huddersfield Town in January 2008, before moving on to Chesterfield in May 2008 and announcing his retirement in March 2011.
He worked as a coach at Port Vale for three years before he was appointed as manager, initially on a caretaker basis, in September 2014. In May 2016, he was appointed manager of Northampton Town on a three-year contract, but was sacked in January 2017. He was appointed Wales under-21 manager two months later, before becoming assistant manager for the senior team, led by Ryan Giggs, in August 2019. He became the team's caretaker manager in November 2020, when Giggs was suspended from duty, and oversaw two victories in the UEFA Nations League that secured Wales promotion into League A. He coached Wales at UEFA Euro 2020, where they would reach the Round of 16. In June 2022, he led Wales to qualification for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the country's first World Cup appearance since 1958.
Early life
Robert John Page was born in Llwynypia Hospital on 3 September 1974 and grew up in the nearby village of Tylorstown, Wales.
Playing career
Watford
Page started his professional career at Watford in 1993, having been with the club from the age of 11. He established himself as a key member of the first team under manager Kenny Jackett, playing 42 games in the 1996–97 campaign. His first major feat with the club came in the 1997–98 season, when new manager Graham Taylor appointed Page as captain and led the "Hornets" to the Second Division title. He made 49 appearances in league and cup competitions, and ensured the "Hornets" earned a vital point at second-place Bristol City in his final game of the season. Dropped at the start of the 1998–99 season in favour of Dean Yates, he soon was returned to the starting eleven alongside centre-back partner Steve Palmer and made 42 First Division appearances to help Watford to a fifth-place finish. After defeating Birmingham City in the play-off semi-finals, Page marshalled the Watford defence to a clean sheet in the final, as Watford defeated Bolton Wanderers 2–0 to win a place in the Premier League. Page was named as Watford's Player of the Season for the 1999–2000 campaign.
As expected Watford were relegated at the end of their maiden season in the Premier League. However Page did play in some memorable moments for the club, including a 1–0 victory over Liverpool at Anfield and another 1–0 victory over Chelsea at Vicarage Road. He also scored against Sheffield Wednesday to win the club a point at Hillsborough. Page was also voted Watford Player of the Season. He remained with Watford for the 2000–01 campaign, making 42 appearances in league and cup competitions. In May 2001, in one of his first acts as manager, Gianluca Vialli transfer listed Page, demanding a £1 million fee from prospective clubs.
Sheffield United
He was loaned out to First Division rivals Sheffield United in August 2001, before moving to Bramall Lane permanently the next month for a £350,000 fee. He went on to make 45 appearances for the club in the 2001–02 campaign. The next season he captained the "Blades" to a third-place finish. He played in the club's play-off semi-final victory over Nottingham Forest, but was powerless to stop Wolverhampton Wanderers winning 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium. He recovered from an ankle injury to make 35 appearances in 2003–04, as United finish two points outside of the play-off zone.
Cardiff City
He moved to Championship rivals Cardiff City on a free transfer in July 2004. Finding himself on the bench under manager Lennie Lawrence, he left Ninian Park in February 2005 after making only nine appearances. His first team opportunities were limited by the fine centre-back partnership of Danny Gabbidon and James Collins.
Coventry City
Coventry City manager Micky Adams signed Page in February 2005. Page was soon struck down with a knee injury. In September 2005 he was handed a three match suspension by The Football Association after fighting with Southampton defender Darren Powell. He made 34 appearances in the 2005–06 season, as Coventry finished mid-table in the Championship. At the end of the campaign he underwent major hip surgery.
Page signed an extended contract in September 2006, and was appointed as club captain in November, though his contribution was more limited in the 2006–07 season as he picked up ten bookings in his 29 league appearances. He also hit the headlines for all the wrong reasons in January 2007, after he and vice-captain Michael Doyle injured each other after fighting each other on the club's training ground following a hard tackle from Doyle on Chris Birchall. Page was then frozen out of the first team by new manager Iain Dowie. After just two appearances in the first half of the 2007–08 season, he left the Ricoh Arena in the January transfer window.
Huddersfield Town
In January 2008, he joined Huddersfield Town in League One as manager Andy Ritchie wanted to add experience to his young defensive back line. On 26 January, he made his Town debut in an FA Cup Fourth Round win at Oldham Athletic. He made his Town league debut three days later in a 1–0 win over AFC Bournemouth at the Galpharm Stadium. In his four games for Huddersfield the "Terriers" recorded four wins and four clean sheets. He scored his first goal for the club in their FA Cup defeat against Carlisle United at Brunton Park on 12 February 2008. Following Ritchie's departure as manager, caretaker manager Gerry Murphy made Page captain of the team until the end of the season, replacing previous captain Jon Worthington. New manager Stan Ternent entered negotiations to offer Page a new contract in the summer, but after Page left the club before a contract was offered Ternent told the press that "he's certainly replaceable".
Chesterfield
In May 2008, Page signed with League Two side Chesterfield. Manager Lee Richardson initially appointed Page as club captain, but after a string of poor performances and a red card at Dagenham & Redbridge, Page was dropped from the squad and his captaincy was relinquished. By the end of the season he made just eighteen starts, and Richardson announced he was willing to listen to offers for the player.
In July 2009, Page was offered a player-coach role at Port Vale under Micky Adams, but he decided to stay at Chesterfield. Richardson was relieved of his duties in summer 2009 and his replacement, John Sheridan brought Ian Breckin to the club, who formed a strong early defensive partnership with Page. He played a total of 42 games in the 2009–10 campaign. After an Achilles tendon injury limited Page to just two appearances in the 2010–11 season, he was released by the club in March 2011.
International career
Page represented Wales, gaining 41 caps, captaining the side once. He said that captaining Wales to a 2–0 victory over Hungary in February 2005 was the proudest moment of his career. He retired from international football in September 2006, at the age of 32, citing a wish to see more of his young family. He made the decision to retire days after being re-called to the Wales squad by manager John Toshack for the Euro 2008 qualifiers.
Management career
Port Vale
In July 2011, Micky Adams again offered Page a coaching role at League Two club Port Vale. Page accepted and was given a role in the club's youth set-up. He was promoted to first-team coach in May 2012, following the retirement of Geoff Horsfield. In October 2012, Page was named as the bookmaker's favourite to become the next AFC Wimbledon manager. The job instead went to Neal Ardley. In May 2013, Page was reported to be one of two names considered for the vacant management position at former club Sheffield United; however David Weir was instead appointed as manager. At the end of the 2012–13 season Port Vale were promoted into League One. On 22 September 2013, Page was put in temporary charge of first team affairs at Vale Park after Micky Adams took the decision to take time off work to have hip replacement surgery. In his first match in charge the "Valiants" recorded a 1–0 win over Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park.
He was promoted to the role of assistant manager in July 2014. He was appointed caretaker manager following Adams' resignation on 18 September 2014 and was initially given "until the end of October" to prove his capabilities as manager. He won his first game in charge at Vale Park two days later after a late Mark Marshall goal gave the Vale a 2–1 victory over Barnsley. He made his first two signings at the end of the month, bringing in defenders Stéphane Zubar and Reiss Greenidge on loan. In October he made his first permanent signing, bringing in free agent striker Dany N'Guessan on a two-month contract. Having taken the club up seven league places within six weeks he was appointed as manager on a permanent basis on 29 October. He introduced a more possession-based style to the club, relying less on direct football. He was nominated for the League One Manager of the Month award in February after overseeing a run of three successive clean sheet victories in the club's six games. Following this the club went on a run of just one win in eleven games, but still finished above the relegation zone. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2015.
Page needed to avoid a poor start to the 2015–16 season as chairman Norman Smurthwaite warned he was prepared to make "ruthless decisions" if the club were struggling by September. Page made nine new signings during pre-season – Sam Kelly, Sam Foley, Anthony Grant, Ben Purkiss, Remie Streete, A-Jay Leitch-Smith, Jak Alnwick, Uche Ikpeazu and Ryan Inniss – citing the need to sign players who "desire success". He was nominated for the League One Manager of the Month award in November following a sequence of three wins out of four which moved Vale to the fringes of the promotion race. However a defeat to League Two side Exeter City in the Second Round of the FA Cup brought speculation over Page's future as manager. He retained his position, however, and was named as Football League manager of the week after his side overcame a 2–0 half-time deficit to beat Peterborough United 3–2 on 12 March. He led the club to a 12th-place finish he was linked with various management vacancies in the summer.
Northampton Town
On 19 May 2016, Page joined Northampton Town as their new manager on a three-year contract; Northampton had just won promotion into League One as champions of League Two. He stated that he saw Northampton as "the next step for me and something I'm really looking forward to", and cited the positivity of chairman Kelvin Thomas as a major factor in his decision to join the club. The Cobblers went unbeaten in his first six games in charge and Page was named as EFL manager of the week after overseeing a 3–2 win over Milton Keynes Dons at Sixfields. The unbeaten run also included a penalty shoot-out victory over Premier League side West Bromwich Albion in the second round of the EFL Cup. Northampton's reward for eliminating West Brom was a home tie with Manchester United. However he apologised for stating that it was "men against girls" after his side slumped to a ninth defeat in eleven games with a 5–0 defeat to Bristol Rovers on 7 January. He was sacked two days later, with Northampton 16th in League One and eliminated from the FA Cup by non-League Stourbridge.
Wales
Page began coaching at Nottingham Forest in January 2017. He was appointed manager of the Wales under-21 team on 15 March 2017, signing a four-year deal. He was also put in charge of the under-17 and under-19 teams, and stood down from his position as a coach at Nottingham Forest. In August 2019, Page was appointed assistant coach to the senior Wales squad under manager Ryan Giggs, taking the place of Osian Roberts. His organisational skills were credited with an improvement in the team's defence.
Page became the caretaker manager of the Wales senior team on 3 November 2020, following Giggs's arrest. Page oversaw a 0–0 draw with the United States in a friendly, as well as UEFA Nations League wins over the Republic of Ireland and Finland that secured Wales promotion out of League B as winners of Group 4. With Giggs on extended leave, Page continued to deputise in his place for the three international games in March 2021. After Giggs was charged with assault in April 2021, it was confirmed that Page would manage Wales at the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 finals. Wales qualified out of Group A in second-place with a 1–1 draw with Switzerland, 2–0 win over Turkey and 1–0 defeat to Italy. They went on to be eliminated at the Round of 16 stage following a 4–0 defeat to Denmark.
For 2022 World Cup qualification, Wales were drawn in Group E with Belgium, Czech Republic, Belarus and Estonia with Page again acting as interim manager. Wales finished second in Group E and progressed to the qualification play-off stage. On 5 June 2022, Page led Wales to a 1–0 win over Ukraine in the European qualification play-off final, to qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the country's first World Cup appearance since 1958. Fifteen days later, Giggs resigned ahead of his trial, making Page the permanent manager until the end of the World Cup. In September 2022, Page signed a four-year contract with the Football Association of Wales. Wales were eliminated from the World Cup in the group stage, having won just one point; they came from behind to earn a draw against the United States, before losing 2–0 to Iran and 3–0 to England. Page said that his team had failed to show their "true colours" in Qatar.
Style of management
Speaking in December 2015, Page described his preferred tactics as including attacking full-backs playing high up the pitch, a defensive midfielder allied to a more attacking central midfielder, and pace in the forward positions and on the wings.
Career statistics
Club playing statistics
International playing statistics
Managerial statistics
Initially caretaker manager of Wales.
Honours
Watford
Football League Second Division: 1997–98
Football League First Division play-offs: 1999
Individual
Watford Player of the Season: 1999–2000
References
1974 births
Living people
People from Llwynypia
Footballers from Rhondda Cynon Taf
People from Tylorstown
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's youth international footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Wales men's B international footballers
Watford F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Men's association football central defenders
Premier League players
English Football League players
Association football coaches
Port Vale F.C. non-playing staff
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
Welsh football managers
Port Vale F.C. managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
Wales national under-21 football team managers
Wales national football team managers
English Football League managers
UEFA Euro 2020 managers
2022 FIFA World Cup managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Page |
Royal School of Military Survey (DCI RSMS) is a joint services survey training facility associated with the Corps of Royal Engineers (RE) but attached to the United Kingdom Defence Intelligence and Security Centre (DISC).
History
The Royal School of Military Survey (RSMS) originates from 1833 when it was established at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich as a survey training branch. After a period of stability the school moved to a number of locations including Chatham, Fort Southwick, Ruabon and Longleat before finally settling at Hermitage, Berkshire in early 1949, when it was renamed the School of Military Survey. The Hermitage site (strictly speaking it is in Curridge) was home to 42 Survey Engineer Group (Royal Engineers) and maintained close links with the Survey Production Centres (Royal Engineers), abbreviated as SPC(RE), at Bushy Park, Teddington and Park Royal (which amalgamated at Feltham in the 1960s and went through changes of name to Mapping and Charting Establishment (Royal Engineers) - MCE(RE) - in the 1970s before becoming part of Military Survey, later absorbed into The Intelligence Collection Group (ICG). In 1979 a major rebuild at Hermitage provided the school with purpose-built facilities. As part of Military Survey’s 250th Anniversary celebrations in 1997, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II awarded the school the Royal accolade. In April 2006 the RSMS became one of four federated schools within the Defence Intelligence and Security Centre (DISC) along with the Defence Schools of Intelligence (DSI), Languages (DSL) and Photography (DSOP). To exploit the growing synergies between Geoinformatics and Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) all Geospatial and Imagery analysis training and education is now the responsibility of RSMS. The school consists of three Training Wings: Geospatial Information Management and Geospatial Exploitation, based at Hermitage, and Imagery Intelligence, based at Chicksands in Bedfordshire.
Courses
Courses taught at RSMS range in duration from three days to 14 months. Geospatial education and training for Royal Engineer (RE) Geographic Officers, Defence personnel, and international students is provided through the MSc in Defence Geographic Information awarded by Cranfield University since 1993. From August 2009, this course has been developed into an MSc in Geospatial Intelligence to provide opportunities for Defence personnel to achieve an MSc through a variety of delivery modes including full-time at Hermitage, part-time, and distance learning. The change was in keeping with the evolution of defence survey and was very little more than a name change.
The premier course offered by RSMS is the 14 month resident Army Survey Course (ASC). The ASC is designed to be a demanding program focusing on the various fields pertaining to geospatial information and its application within the defence community. Successful completion of the ASC results in the conferment of an MSc in Geospatial Intelligence from Cranfield University. In this relationship RSMS is responsible for course content, while Cranfield University is involved with oversight and program accreditation. Cranfield University and RSMS faculty meet regularly to ensure that each student is attaining the high standards required for graduation. Fully successful students graduate from Cranfield Defence and Security (CDS), based at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, during the July following the course.
Trade training for RE Geographic Technicians is recognised through a Foundation Degree in Applied Computing (Defence Geographic Information) accredited by Sheffield Hallam University (SHU). A recent development has been the addition of a bachelor's degree in partnership with SHU to provide RE Geographic Technicians with the opportunity to further develop their technical and academic competencies. In addition to the accredited courses, RSMS also delivers a range of specialist courses to Defence personnel, including Imagery Analysis, Full Motion Video Interpretation, GPS, Map Reading, Land Navigation, Geographic Information Systems and Terrain Analysis. The school is based at Denison Barracks in Hermitage, Royal County of Berkshire.
References
External links
Official website
Intellipedia Page - https://intellipedia.intelink.gov/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Survey
Cranfield University website
RE website
Military Survey Unit Histories (Defence Surveyors' Association)
Military Survey (Geographic) Branch, Royal Engineers Association
Training establishments of the British Army
Military intelligence
Geographic data and information organizations
Further education colleges in Berkshire
Royal Engineers
Cranfield University
Education in West Berkshire District
Chieveley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20School%20of%20Military%20Survey |
Attilio Teruzzi (5 May 1882 – 26 April 1950) was an Italian soldier, colonial administrator, and Fascist politician.
Born in Milan, Teruzzi completed military studies and was promoted colonel in the Italian Army at the unusual age of 28. In 1911, he served in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War – taking part in the victory at Misrata (Misrata). He later captured Nalut, and was wounded in the battle over Fezzan – being awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor.
After service in World War I (when he was again decorated), Teruzzi took leave from the army in 1920, in order to engage in Fascist politics. He was an enthusiastic adherent to Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party, and the party's deputy-secretary in 1921 – the year he also took part in the March on Rome, as a commander of Blackshirt squads from Emilia-Romagna. After the Fascist takeover, Teruzzi was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1924 and gained successive terms.
An undersecretary in the Ministry of the Interior in 1925–26, Teruzzi was governor of Cyrenaica in 1926–28, before returning to the military. He was Chief of Staff for the MVSN (the Milizia formed by the Blackshirts) from 1935; from 1937 to 1939, he was undersecretary in the Ministry for Italian Africa (Libya and Italian East Africa), and titular Minister from 1939 to 1943. During the Spanish Civil War, Teruzzi was promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed Inspector General of the Blackshirts.
After Mussolini's ousting and Italy's exit from the World War II Axis Powers – through the armistice in Cassibile at the end of July 1943, Teruzzi followed Il Duce in his Nazi-backed refuge in Northern Italy, and helped found the Fascist Italian Social Republic. He was also one of its most prestigious military leaders. In 1945, as the regime crumbled, rumors circulated that he died, instead he was kept prisoner in Procida, after receiving a 30-year sentence. He died only 20 days after his release in 1950.
References
External links
1882 births
1950 deaths
Politicians from Milan
Government ministers of Italy
Mussolini Cabinet
Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy
Members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
People of the Italian Social Republic
People of former Italian colonies
Italian soldiers
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian people of World War II
Corpo Truppe Volontarie personnel
Italian prisoners and detainees
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Military personnel from Milan
People convicted of treason against Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio%20Teruzzi |
Osred ( 697 – 716) was king of Northumbria from 705 until his death. He was the son of King Aldfrith of Northumbria. Aldfrith's only known wife was Cuthburh, but it is not known for certain whether Osred was her son. Osred did not directly succeed his father as Eadwulf seized the throne, but held it for only a few months.
At the time that the usurper Eadwulf was overthrown, Osred was only a child, and the government was controlled by the powerful Bishop Wilfrid, presumably assisted by ealdormen such as Berhtfrith son of Berhtred. Osred was adopted as Wilfrid's son at this time. Wilfrid's death in 709 appears to have caused no instability at the time, which, together with the rapid rise and more rapid fall of Eadwulf, speaks to a degree of stability and continuity in early 8th century Northumbria which would not long outlast Osred's reign.
In 711 ealdorman Berhtfrith inflicted a crushing defeat on the Picts, in the area around the upper Forth, but the reign of Osred is otherwise unremarkable politically. Domestically, a variety of ecclesiastical sources portray Osred as a dissolute and debauched young man, and a seducer of nuns. While Bede positively referred to Osred as a new Josiah, Aethelwulf's early ninth-century poem De Abbatibus describes Osred as energetic in deeds and words, mighty in arms and bold in his own strength. Æthelwulf also refers to Osred as rash, foolish, and unable to control his desires (ll. 35–51) and also as a tyrant who forced many political enemies into monastic communities (ll. 49-51 and 65).
Osred reached his majority in 715 or 716, and within a very short period he was killed. The manner of his death is unclear. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that he was killed "south of the border". David Rollason and N.J. Higham presume that the border in question is the southern Pictish border, and that the Picts slew Osred.
References
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
Campbell, Alistair. De abbatibus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
External links
690s births
716 deaths
Northumbrian monarchs
8th-century English monarchs
Medieval child monarchs
Idings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osred%20I%20of%20Northumbria |
PocketMail was a very small and inexpensive mobile computer, with a built-in acoustic coupler, developed by PocketScience.
History
PocketMail was developed by the company PocketScience and used technology developed by NASA. This was the first ever mass-market mobile email. The hardware cost around US$100 and the service was initially US$9.95 per month for unlimited use. Later the monthly fee increased. After the company made a reference hardware design, leading consumer electronics manufacturers Audioxo, Sharp, JVC, and others made their own PocketMail devices. Later a PocketMail dongle was created for the PalmPilot. PocketMail users were given a custom email address or able to synch up PocketMail with their existing email account (including AOL accounts). Although actually a computer, its main function was email. Its main advantages were that it was simple, and that it worked with any phone, even outside the United States. It was a low-cost personal digital assistant (PDA) with an inbuilt acoustic coupler which allowed users to send and receive email while connected to a normal telephone, thus allowing use outside of mobile phone range, or without the need to be signed up with a mobile telephone provider. Popularity of the PocketMail peaked around 2000, when the company stopped investing in new technology development.
In Australia, the company known as PocketMail in 2007 stopped marketing the PocketMail service, changed its name to Adavale Resources Limited and now owns uranium mining prospects in Queensland and South Australia.
References
Websites
Dan's Data Review: http://www.dansdata.com/pocketmail.htm
TechCrunch: Nostalgiamatic: The Sharp TM-20 with PocketMail
Government Computer News: With PocketMail, e-mail access is phone call away
JVC's PocketMail offers e-mail without computer or modem
InfoWorld Review of Sharp PocketMail device
Cracked.com's list of "The 5 Most Ridiculously Awful Computers Ever Made
Mobile computers
Modems
Email devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PocketMail |
The Valley of Knockanure is the name of several ballads commemorating a murder by the Royal Irish Constabulary that occurred during the Irish War of Independence at Gortaglanna (Gortagleanna) near Knockanure, County Kerry, Ireland. The best-known of these was written by teacher and poet Bryan MacMahon (d. 1998) at the request of a local schoolmaster, Pádraig Ó Ceallacháin.
Historical background
On 12 May 1921, a troop of Black and Tans were travelling out from Listowel towards Athea when they arrested four young unarmed men in Gortaglanna. Prior to this the barracks in Listowel had been burnt out and in retaliation the troops, who were under the influence of alcohol, decided to execute the young men. The first to be shot was Jerry Lyons. When this happened, Cornelius Dee decided, as he was going to be shot anyway, to make a run for it. He did, and almost immediately took a bullet in the thigh but managed to keep going. He ran for about three miles and survived. He was never recaptured but remained in hiding until the truce. The other two men were shot on the spot. Today a memorial stands by the roadside where the three died. A film about the events was made in 2009.
Recordings
Willie Brady, 1961
Seosamh Ó hÉanaí: The Road from Connemara (1964), re-issued on Topic TSCD518D/Cló Iar-Chonnachta CICD 143 (October 2000)
Paddy Tunney
Clancy Brothers, 1963
The Wolfe Tones
Daoirí Farrell
Sean Dunphy
Seth Staton Watkins
Bibliography
Paddy Tunney, Where Songs do Thunder (1991)
Gabriel Fitzmaurice, The World of Bryan McMahon
References
External links
Moyvane site with photos of the participants and the local area.
Website of film made about the events
Ballads
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
Irish poetry
Year of song missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Valley%20of%20Knockanure |
Max Falkenstien (April 9, 1924 – July 29, 2019) was an American radio sports announcer. In his 60-year career at the University of Kansas (1946-2006), Falkenstien covered more than 1,750 men's basketball games and 650 football games, a span that included every game played in Allen Fieldhouse until his retirement, and was one of the longest announcing tenures in sports. By comparison, Vin Scully's 67 seasons with the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers is the record for longest broadcasting tenure with a single franchise in all of professional sports.
Biography
Falkenstien's father Earl was business manager of the KU athletic department for 33 years. Falkenstien's biology class at Liberty Memorial High School trooped over to KFKU, then KU's 50-watt radio station, in the early 1940s. "Each of us had to make some kind of comment -- it must have been a boring show," Falkenstien reflected, "and a lady came up to me afterward and asked me if wanted to be in radio because I had such a clear voice."
Falkenstien's first job in radio was at WREN, then a Lawrence radio station. "A guy named Earl Bratten gave me some news copy to read and I got the job," Falkenstien said. He worked before and after school and on weekends, usually 40 hours a week, and earned $90 a month. "The first time I ever went on the air was a Sunday morning to give a promo for an Eleanor Roosevelt broadcast," Falkenstien said, smiling. "It was just a 30-second plug, but I was so scared when that red light came on."
Falkenstien graduated from Liberty Memorial High School in 1942, six months after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. After a semester at KU, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps in hopes of becoming a meteorologist. He left the service in March 1946. After leaving the service, he went back to work for WREN. His first assignment was to do the play-by-play for the NCAA district final game between KU and Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State University). He obtained a degree in mathematics from Kansas University in 1948.
He also did play-by-play on TVS Saturday telecasts of Big Eight Conference games for several years. He was joined by Kansas State University broadcaster Paul Deweese. Credited with founding the KU Sports Network not long after World War II ended, Falkenstien quickly gave up the network because he really wasn't interested in earning a living as a play-by-play broadcaster. He was program and station manager of WREN radio from 1955 until 1967, when he had a falling out with the station's owner, former Kansas Governor Alf Landon. He then became the head of news and sports at WIBW radio and television from 1967 to 1970. After a one-year stint as the first general manager of Sunflower Cablevision, Falkenstien spent 23 years at Douglas County Bank, retiring as a senior vice president in December 1994.
Final broadcasts
Home
Falkenstien's final broadcast in Allen Fieldhouse came on March 1, 2006, in the last home game of Kansas' 2006 basketball season, in which KU defeated Colorado, 75-54. Falkenstien was honored in a special halftime ceremony, which included his family, friends, some former KU players, and a speech from his on-air partner of 22 years, Bob Davis. Athletic Director Lew Perkins presented Falkenstien with a bronze Jayhawk to commemorate his long years of service to the University of Kansas. His name and "number" (60, for the number of years he had broadcast for the Jayhawks), were also hung on a banner in Allen Fieldhouse with those of the great players that have played for KU. This retirement ceremony made Falkenstien the 27th person so honored by the University, and the first non-athlete.
This game was also held on Kansas' senior night, which honored senior players Christian Moody, Jeff Hawkins, and Stephen Vinson in a post-game ceremony.
Away
The last broadcast of Falkenstien's sixtieth season came on March 17, 2006, in the first round of the 2006 NCAA Tournament. The fourth-seed Jayhawks lost the game, 73-77, to the thirteenth-seed Bradley Braves of the Missouri Valley Conference.
The last football broadcast of Falkenstien's career came in the 2005 Fort Worth Bowl, as Kansas defeated the Houston Cougars 42-13.
Death
Falkenstien died on July 29, 2019, at the age of 95.
Accolades
1995: Inducted, College Athletics Hall of Fame
1996: Winner, College Football Hall of Fame's Chris Schenkel Award. The award, named for legendary college football announcer Chris Schenkel, is given annually to a college football broadcaster who has excelled in his field and contributed to his community.
2001: Kansas Sports Hall of Fame; named "Best College Radio Personality" by The Sporting News.
2004: 15th Recipient of the Curt Gowdy Media Award, given by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in recognition of excellence in electronic and print sports reporting.
References
External links
Max's speech during his final game in Allen Fieldhouse
Max has "jersey" retired during halftime, 1 March 2006
Voice of Jayhawks Still Clear - article by Chuck Woodling of the Lawrence Journal-World, Tuesday, August 22, 1995
Honest, Max Set Standard - article by Bill Mayer of the Lawrence Journal-World, Saturday, 4 March 2006
KUSports.com News Page devoted to Max Falkenstien—located on www.kusports.com and updated as news becomes available pertaining to Mr. Falkenstien
1924 births
2019 deaths
American radio personalities
American sports announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Kansas Jayhawks football announcers
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball
Military personnel from Kansas
People from Lawrence, Kansas
Radio personalities from Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Falkenstien |
Librarians in popular culture can be found across many different mediums, including film, television, music and literature. Their portrayal is varied and can represent or subvert various stereotypes. Libraries and librarians are recurring elements in fiction.
Films
According to Ann Seidl, director of the documentary The Hollywood Librarian, librarians in film are often portrayed as meek, timid, and unassertive in nature. After indexing hundreds of appearances of librarians in film, she found that "the shorter the reference to a librarian in a film, the worse the stereotype." Additionally, in an article looking at library stereotypes perpetrated in Hollywood movies, academic librarian Jennifer Snoek-Brown argued that films, as well as TV shows, often get "library call numbers wrong," but stated that "the usefulness, trustworthiness, and purpose of librarians" is often conveyed, and librarians in film are "becoming more ethnically diverse."
By the 1950s, movies had established the stereotype of librarians as "spinsters" and "eggheads". Thus, female movie librarians are usually unmarried, prim, and introverted. They are usually young and may be attractive, but dress drably and are sexually repressed. The "fate-worse-than-death view of librarians" is particularly evident in movies such as It's a Wonderful Life and The Music Man. In It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Mary Hatch Bailey (played by Donna Reed), is depicted as an "old maid." It is also evident in films like Foul Play which features a shy San Francisco librarian fall in love with a "goofy cop." In contrast, male movie librarians – mild, intelligent, and timid – have fewer and less important roles.
Another stereotype mentioned is the staggeringly rude and unhelpful librarian (John Rothman) in Sophie's Choice (1982), who barks at Sophie Zawistowski (Meryl Streep) "Do you want me to draw you a map?!" More recently and continuing the stereotype of unpleasant librarians, in the Disney/Pixar film Monsters University (2013), Alison Nastasi of Flavorwire says the university librarian "isn't fond of noise and doesn't think twice about tossing rowdy students out the window into a pond below". Another example of this librarian type is depicted in Citizen Kane.
These negative portrayals are in contrast with such more well-rounded characters, such as librarian Bunny Watson (played by Katharine Hepburn) who teaches Richard Sumner (played by Spencer Tracy) a few things about modern research methods in the movie Desk Set (1957) and the no-nonsense "Marian the Librarian" (Shirley Jones) in the movie The Music Man. Mary (played by Parker Posey) as the ultimate Party Girl (1995) who discovers, "I want to be a librarian!" in a notable exception to the prim librarian stereotype.
Librarians in film are usually ordinary people caught up in circumstances, rather than being heroes; likewise they are rarely villainous although they may have flaws, such as racism in Goodbye, Columbus. The Public, a 2018 movie by Emilio Estevez depicts a librarian, Stuart Goodson, who is comfortable with the homeless people who use his public library every day. Goodson becomes involved in a fight over doing the right thing: in this case finding shelter for the homeless on a bitterly cold night. Goodson, as the film reveals, has overcome his own personal demons in order to achieve a career as a librarian. Alicia Hull (played by Bette Davis), is a small town librarian, who befriends young Freddie Slater (Kevin Coughlin) but is herself ostracized for refusing to remove a book on Communism from the public library during the height of the Red Scare in Storm Center (1956). This movie was inspired by the real-life dismissal of Ruth Brown, a librarian in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
The comedy film Tomcats (2001) features Heather Stephens as Jill, a seemingly shy, repressed librarian who leads a double life as a lifestyle (nonoccupational) dominatrix. In Only Two Can Play (1962), Peter Sellers portrays a poorly paid and professionally frustrated Welsh librarian and occasional drama critic, whose affections fluctuate between glamorous Liz and his long-suffering wife Jean. In the comedic UHF by "Weird Al" Yankovic, the character Conan the Librarian makes a brief appearance. This character has exaggerated muscles, speaks in Austrian-accented English patterned after Arnold Schwarzenegger's portrayal of Conan, chastises a library patron for not knowing the Dewey Decimal System, and slices a patron in two for returning a book overdue. In an article in January 2021, Brian Cronin of CBR added that this character did not originate in a Monty Python episode.
Librarians can serve a function in fantasy films. In 1994's live-action animated film The Pagemaster, frightened and pessimistic Richard Tyler (Macaulay Culkin) meets an eccentric librarian, Mr. Dewey (Christopher Lloyd), who encourages Richard to get a library card and starting off an adventure. By the end of the film, Mr. Dewey is hinted at being the titular Pagemaster and none of the adventure in the film was a dream. Mr. Dewey introduced Richard to the adventures possible in libraries and books as he "knows just how magical of a place a library can be." Similarly, a librarian appears in the beginning of the 1984 Hollywood box office hit, Ghostbusters and the "bitter old librarian" in Indiana Jones & The Last Crusade who thinks all the banging in the librarian is coming from his stamp, but it is actually coming from Indiana Jones "trying to break the floor apart. Similarly, in the 1983 film, Something Wicked This Way Comes there is a librarian in a small town who is the only person other than the protagonists who wants to face "the mysterious leader of an evil carnival" and Madam Irma Pince in the Harry Potter film series who heads the library at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and is fiercely protective of the books. The protagonist of The Time Traveler's Wife is Henry DeTamble, a reference librarian who travels randomly into his own future or past.
Kettnich and Jaeger discuss dramas that highlight librarians' challenges to access in films.
Finally, the main character of The Mummy (1999) is a librarian named Evelyn Carnahan (Rachel Weisz), who is clumsy and later moves away from her profession in the sequels. A memorable quote from her, upon introduction to the other main character shows a more positive depiction of librarians:
Evelyn: "Look, I... I may not be an explorer, or an adventurer, or a treasure-seeker, or a gunfighter, Mr. O'Connell, but I am proud of what I am."
Rick: "And what is that?"
Evelyn: "I... am a librarian."
From 2004 to 2008, the John Rogers fantasy-adventure television film franchise, The Librarian, aired on TNT. The three films focus on a librarian (portrayed by Noah Wyle) who protects secret artifacts in the Metropolitan Public Library in New York.
Literature
Children's literature offers a generally positive portrayal of librarians as knowledgeable, helpful, amazing, and friendly, becoming more positive over the course of the 20th century. Adult literature, however, portrays the profession more negatively. Between these, portrayals of librarians in young adult fiction are neutral to negative. Here librarians are predominantly female, middle-aged, usually unattractive in some way, and mostly unmarried. Personality is mixed between positive traits such as intelligence, likeability, and kind-heartedness; and negative traits such as strictness, timidity, excess fastidiousness, and eccentricity. While some provide assistance to the main characters, several are the villains of the story. Duties generally include reference, but may only show clerical tasks; however the amount of technology used by librarian characters has increased over time. Ashanti White, author of the 2012 book, Not Your Ordinary Librarian: Debunking the Popular Perceptions of Librarians, wrote that the shushing buttoned-down, older librarian was the most common depiction of librarians, in fiction, followed by the sexy librarian, stereotype.
A disproportionate number of the librarians represented in novels are in the detective fiction genre, frequently as an amateur detective and protagonist. Although the stereotype of the librarian as a "passive bore" does not seem reconcilable with the intensity of a mystery, the stereotypical librarian does share many traits with the successful detective. Their mindset is focused, calm, unbiased in considering viewpoints, and focused on the world around them. By personality they are industrious perfectionists—and eccentric. The drab and innocuous look of the stereotypical librarian is perfect for avoiding suspicion, while their research skills and ability to ask the right questions allow them to procure and evaluate the information necessary to solve the case. The knowledge they have gained from wide reading successfully competes with a private investigator's personal experience. For example, Jacqueline Kirby is drawn into the mystery in Elizabeth Peters' novel The Seventh Sinner (1972) due to her awareness of her surroundings. Wearing the stereotypical bun, glasses, and practical clothes, together with an eccentrically large purse, she is self-possessed and resourceful, knowledgeable in a variety of fields and skilled at research. Batgirl as Dr. Barbara Gorden in DC comics is depicted as working as librarian in Gotham City's Public Library.
Librarians appeared in other literature as well. For instance, Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash features a commercialized melding of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Library of Congress, along with a virtual librarian who assists the main character, and raises questions of the role of the librarian in an increasingly information-rich world. Also, the eponymous character in Garth Nix's Lirael (2001) is an assistant librarian whose curiosity about the library she works in leads her into trouble and whose research skills save her. The head librarian is intimidating and the library itself is a dangerous place.
There are other fictional librarians in literature as well. Allison Carroll in Jo Walton's Among Others serves as a mentor to the main protagonist and Madam Irma Pince is the librarian at Hogwarts during the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. Madam Pince embodies many negative librarian stereotypes — she's controlling, intimidating, she shushes, and she values books over patrons. Similarly, there is the Librarian in Terry Pratchett's Discworld fantasy series, a once-human wizard who manages the library at the Unseen University, Lucien serves on the Dream Castle's staff as chief librarian in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman series, and the podcast Welcome to Nightvale'''s Rabid Librarians will go to incredibly violent ends to ensure that the community is reading. In Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife, Henry, one of the two central characters, is a librarian working in the Newberry Library; one of his fears about his Chrono-Displacement disorder is that he may one day get trapped in the "Cage" in the library.
Television and streamed media
Librarians have often been depicted in broadcast and streamed television series.Last of the Summer Wine, a BBC comedy that ran from 1973 to 2010 was originally titled The Library Mob. Many episodes took place in the local library and featured library staff.
CBS, NBC, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel had a number of shows which depicted librarians. For instance, in season 2 episode 6 ("Caged") of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a CBS show, actor Michael A. Goorjian plays Aaron Pratt, an autistic librarian who witnesses the death of a colleague. Pratt states that he has "a master's in library science and an English degree from UNLV." Additionally, in an episode of another CBS show, The Crazy Ones, "The Monster", actress Melody Thomas Scott plays Flora, a drunk librarian who uses a lot of big and complex words, whose library is on a verge of shutting down but with the help of Simon and the group, her library was saved. NBC also featured librarians in one of its most popular shows. In the 2009 Parks and Recreation episode "Ron and Tammy", Leslie Knope's dreams of a local park are almost squashed by Tammy, the new library director at the Pawnee Public Library and Ron Swanson's ex-wife. Tammy places a claim for the lot that Leslie intended to use for her park. Tammy then tries to sexually manipulate Ron into giving her the lot for the library. Leslie calls librarians "diabolical, ruthless bunch of bureaucrats" as well as "punk-ass book jockeys." In "Ron and Tammy: II", Leslie says Tammy is "just a manipulative, psychotic, library book-peddling, sex-crazed, she-demon." Tammy also has books on "Approved" and "Rejected" shelves, which insinuates that the library operates in a biased manner. The depictions of the library on Parks and Recreation "illuminate the nature of library anxiety." A more positive depiction appears in an episode of Cartoon Network's We Bare Bears, titled "The Library". In the episode, the old librarian lady helps Panda print Chloe's practice test, with the help of outdated technology in one scene. Finally, the Disney Channel featured librarians in the show Big City Greens. In the episode titled "Quiet Please," a librarian at a city library shushes the protagonists and threatens to push them out if they make a sound. As a result, the protagonists communicate with each other using ASL after seeing two deaf library patrons communicating the same way.
CBS, NBC, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel were not alone in having characters who were librarians. In the PBS puppet series Between the Lions, which broadcast from 2000 to 2010, and promotes early reading to little children, features Theo and Cleo Lion as the librarians. Also, in an episode of Are You Afraid of the Dark? called "The Tale of the Quiet Librarian", an elderly librarian named Mercy MacGregor haunts the library during closing hours and uses the box to steal the patrons' voices, mostly noisy children. On the other hand, a SyFy show The Magicians (based on the series by Lev Grossman) has a strong focus on libraries. In the show, the Library of the Netherlands is an archive that contains all of the knowledge in the universe. Librarians formed the Order of the Librarians, a group that protects that knowledge. The Library is staffed by Zelda Schiff, a prim, glasses-and-cardigan-wearing librarian whose biggest concern is the possible defacement of library books. Uniquely, when creating the Australian miniseries The Librarians, co-producers and writers Wayne Hope and Robyn Butler consulted with real librarians for research and took their advice to avoid shushing and cardigan-wearing librarian characters. This contrasts with the stereotypical school librarian, Rupert Giles in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer series. The character wears old-fashioned clothes and spectacles, is intelligent and well-read although he dislikes computers, and is overly concerned with following regulations, although he later is given an opportunity to develop beyond these stereotypes. There was also a TNT series, The Librarians, an extension of the eponymous film franchise of the same name. It follows a new team of librarians who solve mysteries, recover powerful artifacts, and fight against supernatural threats. Additionally, Belle plays a princess-turned-librarian in "Once Upon A Time", which broadcast on ABC.
Various streamed shows have featured librarians. For instance, in Hilda, there is a character known as "The Librarian." One reviewer, a librarian named Burkely Hermann, called her character "among the most positive pop culture depictions of librarians," apart with libraries in Cleopatra in Space and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power. Hermann also states that the nine minutes in the first season of Hilda within a library setting makes a "strong impression," as it includes an episode featuring a special collections room. They further argued that the series makes clear the "importance of librarians and libraries for years to come." In another article by Hermann, they examine the second season of Hilda, calling the character, who gets a name in the season, the "most intriguing librarian characters in recent TV memory," who gets more screen time. This review further said that the season continually highlights the value of libraries and librarians time and again, along with knowledge and proper organization. In another article, Hermann looked at library settings in Cleopatra in Space and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power. In terms of the latter show, they noted the season 2 finale focuses "around two middle-aged gay Black librarians," George and Lance which contrasts with the depiction of a white and long-haired stereotypical librarian in She-Ra: Princess of Power, and argued that the series, as a whole, "shows librarians as helpful, welcoming, and diverse."
Apart from the above-named shows, Orange Is the New Black, which streamed on Netflix as well, featured a librarian. Specifically, Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, within the Litchfield Penitentiary with other women, is an outspoken librarian who is loyal, ambitious, and learned. Another review pointed to an animated web series, Too Loud, describing it as a show which those of all ages can enjoy, especially "its message about the value of libraries." One review in March 2021 pointed to library scenes in the series Mira, Royal Detective, comparing the series to Hilda, while noting that the show's 22nd episode emphasizes the "value of libraries," complete with a bookmobile, and the characters singing a song "about the importance of reading and libraries" while the show's protagonist and her father serve as librarians. The reviewer hoped that the series continues to make clear the "importance of libraries" in the future. He also reviewed libraries and librarians in the series Welcome to the Wayne in April 2021. He argued that in this series a "special and magnificent library" is central, going beyond positive depictions in recent years, with the chief librarian as a Black woman named Clara Rhone, voiced by Harriett D. Foy. This included episodes, he wrote, where "the issues of underfunded libraries and the value of knowledge," were central, as was the focus on librarians as gatekeepers, and others which made clear the value of librarians, and libraries, as "places of knowledge and diversity."
Marienne Bellamy, librarian in the fictional town of Madre Linda, acted by Tati Gabrielle, was a love interest in the third series of You (TV series). Dante Ferguson, another librarian at Madre Linda was played by Ben Mehl.
In the ever-popular Nickelodeon cartoon titled Avatar: The Last Airbender, an elephant-sized black owl by the name of Wan Shi Tong tends a towering library in the middle of the desert. He refers to his library as the "Spirit Library," and to himself as "He Who Knows Ten Thousand Things." Despite being a talking animal, he is given the same strict and intimidating personality that accompanies most fictional librarians. The massively successful mature cartoon Bob's Burgers features a high-strung school librarian named Mr. Ambrose. He is given a personality that does not correspond with the most common librarian stereotypes. Instead of being stoic and controlling, he pays little attention to the students and expresses dissatisfaction with his job.
Other media
Librarians have appeared in interactive entertainment and in online mediums. They are often portrayed as guides and/or purveyors of knowledge who help the user progress within the game like in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.
In 2006, Microsoft introduced an early version of what was to become the Bing search engine that used over 600 pre-recorded video clips of actor Janina Gavankar, portraying the character of "Ms Dewey", described as a sexy librarian character. Ramirose Ilene Attebury, in Library Philosophy and Practice, reported she found that the sexy librarian stereotype was more popular than the old maid stereotype, in YouTube videos.
Similarly, various songs focus on librarians. For instance, the retrospective compilation album of Tori Amos is called Tales of a Librarian, while My Morning Jacket's 2008 album Evil Urges features a song called "Librarian" and 2013 album of the American punk band Swingin' Utters, Poorly Formed includes a song titled "The Librarians Are Hiding Something." Additionally, the song, "Karen" of the Go-Betweens' album Lee Remick (1978), is an ode to a librarian, and Velocity Girl's 1993 album Copacetic contains the song titled "Lisa Librarian." In the same vein, Mrs. Phelps in Matilda was a librarian. She worked to help young readers, giving their advice, saying things like "sit back and allow the words to wash around you, like music."
Librarians appeared in other media too, including model figures. In 2003, Archie McPhee brought out a librarian action figure, modeled on Seattle Public Library librarian Nancy Pearl. 28,000 action figures were sold in the first week of their availability. Wearing a suit, hair bun and glasses, the action figure sparked controversy, particularly for the button-triggered shushing motion. Many librarians took it in a light-hearted spirit, while others felt it perpetuated negative stereotypes. The original version of the action figure was discontinued, but Archie McPhee now sells a super-hero version of Pearl with a "removable cape and a deep understanding of how knowledge is organized."
Stereotypes
Stereotypes of librarians in popular culture are frequently negative: librarians are portrayed as puritanical, punitive, unattractive, and introverted if female, or timid and effeminate if male. Such inaccurate stereotypes are likely to have a negative impact on the attractiveness of librarianship as a profession to young people.
In modern times, the archetype of the "sexy librarian" has also begun to gain some traction, introduced in an effort to subvert the popular matriarchal image and make them more appealing to the average consumer. Both archetypes boil down to a similar idea, however – an authoritative, implacable guardian of the books who, through either power or sex appeal, keeps the library patrons in fear and thus remains exclusive guardian of the otherwise obscure organization system in the library. In 2015, librarian Gretchen Keer gave a broader view, writing that these stereotypes have roots in anxieties about the librarian profession itself:
"We cannot separate our understanding of library stereotypes from the history of librarianship that influenced their development in the first place...There are numerous librarian stereotypes, with the most recognizable being the middle-aged, bun-wearing, comfortably shod, shushing librarian. Others include the sexy librarian, the superhero librarian, and the hipster or tattooed librarian. These stereotypes are all characterized predominantly as feminine, white women. Newer librarian stereotypes, particularly those proffered by librarians themselves, tend to be depicted as younger white women. The original librarian stereotype, which was superseded by the introduction of his prudish sister, was that of the fussy (white) male curmudgeon...Librarian stereotypes can be traced, in part, to cultural anxieties about the emergence of the profession...we can conclude that, despite being beloved by a number of prominent and not-so-prominent individuals, librarianship as we know it is often treated in popular culture as a low- status profession or not a profession at all...It is important to acknowledge that stereotype threat is at work within librarianship because of the raced, classed, and gendered reality of individual librarians' lives."
Notable examples
Books and comics
(Alphabetized by author's surname)
Library War is a manga centered on armed librarians who defend their books from censors. It was later adapted into an anime series, an animated film in 2012, and two live-action films in 2013 and 2015.
Batgirl as Dr. Barbara Gordon, who is depicted as working as librarian in Gotham City's Public Library.
Jorge Luis Borges' short story, "The Library of Babel" (1941), depicts a universe consisting of a library of hexagonal rooms.
In Ray Bradbury's science fiction novel, Fahrenheit 451 (1953), books are outlawed and some rebels fight back by memorizing works, making themselves living libraries.
Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife features Henry, who works in the Newberry Library, and also appears in the film adaptation.
Garth Nix's Lirael (2001) features Lirael, an assistant librarian.
The Elizabeth Peters' novel The Seventh Sinner (1972) features Jacqueline Kirby, a librarian.
In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, The Librarian of the Unseen University is a recurring character that first appears in 1983.
Philip Roth's Goodbye, Columbus features a librarian who is racist.
In J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, the castle of Hogwarts features a library. Madam Irma Pince is the librarian at Hogwarts during the series.
Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash features a virtual librarian.
In Jo Walton's Among Others, Allison Carroll is a librarian.
Yakusoku wa Toshokan no Katasumi de is a manga about a university librarian who works alongside her crush.
Film and stage
(Alphabetical by series or title)
In Angels and Demons (2009), the sequel to The Da Vinci Code (2006), Robert Langdon visits the Vatican Library and the Vatican archives several times to carry out research on the meaning and significance of various symbols.
The Breakfast Club (1985), five high school students serve a Saturday detention in the school's library.
Citizen Kane stars a librarian.
The Day After Tomorrow (2004), a group of people takes shelter from sudden freezing cold in the New York Public Library, burning books to keep warm.
Desk Set (1957) stars Katharine Hepburn as the head of a reference library; she and her staff are seemingly threatened with replacement by an early computer invented by Spencer Tracy's character.
Doctor Strange (2016) features the Kamar-Taj library, which houses ancient books about powerful magical lore.
Fahrenheit 451 (1966), an adaptation of Ray Bradbury's book.
Foul Play features Gloria Mundy, a shy San Francisco librarian.
The opening scenes of Ghostbusters (1984) include a haunted library with three librarian ghosts, filmed at the iconic central branch of the New York Public Library.
Harry Potter films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) feature the Hogwarts Library.
Indiana Jones & The Last Crusade features a trip to a Venetian Library and stereotypical male librarian.
It's a Wonderful Life features Mary Hatch Bailey, an "old maid" librarian in Pottersville.
John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019) features a scene that takes place in the New York Public Library.
In The Librarian franchise, Flynn Carsen (Noah Wyle) is hired by the New York Metropolitan Library, and recruited into an ancient clandestine order of Librarians. He's introduced in the first original film of the franchise, The Librarian: Quest for the Spear (2004), where he is entrusted with the role of protecting the historical, and often magical, contents of a secret section of the library. He returns in The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mines (2006) and in The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008).
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), Gandalf travels to Gondor to research in Lord Denethor's Library the Ring in Bilbo's possession.
The Disney/Pixar film Monsters University (2013) features a librarian.
The Mummy (1999) features Evelyn Carnahan, the female lead who is a clumsy librarian. She also appeared in the two sequels of this film.
The female lead in The Music Man is a librarian at the Madison Public Library and the musical features the song "Marian the Librarian". This Broadway show won five Tony Awards and its cast album won the first Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and spent 245 weeks on the Billboard charts. It was also made into a film of the same name that was nominated for six Academy Awards and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.
The Name of the Rose (1986), an adaptation of Umberto Eco's novel.
Only Two Can Play (1962) stars a Welsh librarian and occasional drama critic.
The Party Girl (1995) stars Mary, a party girl who discovers she wants to be a librarian.
The Pagemaster features Mr. Dewey, an eccentric librarian.
The Public stars librarian Stuart Goodson, who is comfortable with the homeless people who use his public library every day.
Oblivion (2013) takes place in an imagined future amidst the ruins of New York, including those of the New York Public Library.
Red (2010) has Frank Moses (Bruce Willis), a former black-ops CIA agent, visiting a New York college library to look up a book after he obtained a postcard with a Dewey classification number on it.
The musical She Loves Me (1963) includes the song "A Trip to the Library".
Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983) features a librarian.
Storm Center (1956) includes protagonist, Alicia Hull, a small town librarian.
The Time Machine (2002), a film adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel, features a holographic artificial intelligence librarian at the New York Public Library in the year 2030 and afterwards.
UHF (1989) features the character Conan the Librarian.
Television
(Alphabetical by series, then chronological by episode)
A Good Librarian Like a Good Shepherd features a library which contains books which have the histories of every person's lives.
Ascendance of a Bookworm centers on Myne, a former college librarian reincarnated as a sickly young girl who tries to bring printed books to the masses and works as a church librarian.
The Big City Greens episode "Quiet Please" features an unnamed librarian at a city library.
The Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2001) character, librarian Rupert Giles, serves as Buffy Summers' mentor and surrogate father figure; beneath the school library lies a secret gateway to the demon realms.
An episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation features Aaron Pratt, an autistic librarian.
In the Doctor Who episode "Silence in the Library" (2008), Donna Noble and Tenth Doctor visit a planet which is a 51st-century book repository simply called "The Library".
In the Doctor Who episode "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS" (2013), Clara visits the TARDIS library.
In Game of Thrones, several libraries figure prominently: in Oldtown at The Citadel, maintained by maesters; in King's Landing at the Red Keep, maintained by septons; at Winterfell (where in the season 8 "Battle of Winterfell", Arya Stark is stalked by wights), maintained by House Stark's maestre; and at the Wall at Castle Black, maintained by Maester Aemon Targaryen of the Night's Watch; additionally, Shireen Baratheon uses books from her collection at Dragonstone to teach the imprisoned Davos Seaworth to read.
Hilda features Kaisa, the librarian of the Trolberg Library and a witch.
The Inspector Morse episode "Twilight of the Gods" (1993), featured the Bodleian Library
Kokoro Library centers on sisters who work at small rural library in the "middle of nowhere".
In one episode of Mira, Royal Detective, Mira and her father Sahil operate a bookmobile.
In "Once Upon A Time", Belle is a princess-turned-librarian.
Orange Is the New Black features Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, a librarian at Litchfield Penitentiary.
Episodes of Parks and Recreation feature Tammy, a librarian.
Read or Die OVA centers on Yomiko Readman, a spy for British Library's Special Operations Division, who can manipulate paper, while the R.O.D the TV series focuses on others who can do the same, with Readman continuing to have a role.
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power features George and Lance, two gay historians who run a family library.
Silent Library was a television game show with a public library setting that aired on MTV from 2009 to 2011.
In the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "All Our Yesterdays" (1969), Captain Kirk, McCoy, and Spock are transported back in time by the sole remaining inhabitant of a doomed planet: the librarian Mr. Atoz.
In the Stranger Things (2016-2017), in the third episode of both seasons 1 and 2, the librarian of the Hawkins Public Library helps characters research information.
Tatakau Shisho focuses on librarians who guard "books of the dead", with the past lives of people read in a book, after they die.
The Ancient Magus' Bride: Those Awaiting a Star tells the story of a girl who finds a secret library and a librarian who protects her from monsters.
The Crazy Ones features Flora, a drunk librarian.
The Librarians (2007-2010) is an Australian television comedy series that has a librarian as the protagonist.
The Librarians (2014-2018), a continuation of The Librarian film series, features several characters who work for The Library.
In The Twilight Zone episode "The Obsolete Man" (1961), a totalitarian state, having banned books, sentences a librarian to death for the crime of being obsolete.
The We Bare Bears episode "The Library" features an unnamed female librarian.
Welcome to the Wayne features Clare Rhona, head librarian of The Stanza.
Whispered Words includes an openly lesbian protagonist, Kazema, having a crush on her fellow librarian, Sumika.
Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito has a protagonist named Lillith, who is guardian to the library of the worlds, allowing her to search for Eve, a former library caretaker.
Other
"Ms Dewey", a sexy librarian character for the Bing search engine.
Pearl, a librarian action figure, modeled on Seattle Public Library librarian Nancy Pearl.
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim'' features a librarian.
See also
Films set in libraries category
New York Public Library in popular culture
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
I Love Libraries - ALA initiative to promote the value of libraries
Reel Librarians – a blog about librarians in film, plus filmographies, librarian character types, and extra resources
Librarian Wardrobe – a user-submitted blog of what real librarians look like and what they wear to work
You Don't Look Like a Librarian! – a collection of resources relating to the perception of librarians in the Internet age
Libraries at the Movies – a blog about the representation of libraries and librarians in movies
Librarians in the Movies – an annotated filmography
The Hollywood Librarian
Songs about Libraries and Librarians
This is What a Librarian Looks Like – going beyond the bun to challenge outdated librarian stereotypes
Popular culture
Education in popular culture
Librarians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarians%20in%20popular%20culture |
Christopher Trevor-Roberts (died 5 May 2005, aged 77) was a teacher who taught all four children of Queen Elizabeth II.
Christopher Trevor-Roberts is credited with helping Prince Charles overcome his aversion to mathematics. His methods were unconventional, and included teaching children in local restaurants and keeping chickens.
He was born in North Wales and educated at Bromsgrove School. Though he initially trained as an opera singer "TR", as he was known, set up his first school in the early 1960s in his house in the Vale of Health in Hampstead. As the house dining room was not large enough to accommodate the 20 pupils at the school, he regularly led the children to Hampstead's Moonlight Chinese restaurant where they ate from one of the set menus.
When Sir Martin Charteris, the Queen's then private secretary, heard of TR's abilities he summoned him to Buckingham Palace to coach Prince Charles. Trevor-Roberts went on to teach Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward and the children of Princess Margaret.
Several other famous people sent their children to him, including musicians such as Sir George Solti and Lulu.
The preparatory school he founded in London is now run by his son and daughter, and has been described by the Good Schools Guide as a "Small, family-run school with an individualistic ethos."
References
External links
Obituary from the Telegraph
Obituary from the Evening Standard
Trevor-Roberts School profile at the Good Schools Guide
1920s births
2005 deaths
Welsh schoolteachers
People educated at Bromsgrove School
Founders of British schools and colleges
20th-century philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Trevor-Roberts |
Xenophobia is the fear of people who are different from one's self.
Xenophobia or Xenophobe may also refer to:
Xenophobia (Why?), a 1988 rock album
Xenophobe (video game), a 1987 video game
Xenophobe (EP), a 2015 metalcore song
See also
Xenophobe's Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Godwinia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Oxychilidae.
Godwinia is the type genus of the subfamily Godwiniinae.
Distribution
This genus is endemic to Hawaii.
Species
Species within the genus Godwinia include:
Godwinia caperata (Gould, 1864)
Godwinia haupuensis (C. M. Cooke, 1921)
Godwinia newcombi (Reeve, 1854)
References
Oxychilidae
Gastropod genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwinia |
Simone Singh (born 10 November 1974) is an Indian actress and model.
Biography
Singh was born in Jamshedpur on 10 November 1974.
She made her acting debut with the English language series A Mouthful of Sky followed by a role in Sea Hawks in 1995. She played the title role in another popular television series Heena, which gave her wide recognition and was the highest rated show on Indian television at the time. She has been also praised for the role of Sakshi Goenka, a cunning and powerful woman, in Ek Hasina Thi.
She has been acclaimed for her role in Being Cyrus, co-starring Boman Irani, Dimple Kapadia and Saif Ali Khan. She also played the iconic role of Camilla in the blockbuster movie Kal Ho Na Ho and delivered a memorable performance as Rukshar in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.
She is the first Indian TV actress to present at the International Emmy Awards in NYC. She also served on the jury of the International Emmy Awards.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
See also
List of Indian television actresses
References
External links
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Actresses from Jharkhand
Living people
1974 births
Actors from Jamshedpur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone%20Singh |
Indian Ghost Hill is a hill in Meeker County, Minnesota, United States, next to Forest City. The Crow River runs through Forest City and is adjacent to Indian Ghost Hill.
The name comes from an unusual optical illusion which makes it seem that a car with the handbrake off begins to roll up the hill. Local legend had it that the ghosts of Indian children are pushing the cars.
References
Geography of Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Ghost%20Hill |
Dash For Cash (April 17, 1973May 20, 1996) was an American Quarter Horse racehorse and an influential sire in the Quarter Horse breed.
Racing career
Dash For Cash won $507,688 during his career and was the Racing World Champion in 1976 and 1977.
Dash For Cash victories came in the Champion of Champions (1976, 1977), Sun Country Futurity, Los Alamitos Invitational Champ, Los Alamitos Derby, Vessels Maturity, and the Lubbock Downs Futurity.
In May 1996, Dash for Cash developed complications from equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) and was euthanized.
Dash For Cash was inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 1997.
Pedigree
Notes
References
All Breed Pedigree Pedigree of Dash For Cash retrieved on 22 June 2007
Pitzer, Andrea Laycock The Most Influential Quarter Horse Sires Tacoma, WA:Premier Pedigrees 1987
Further reading
Biasatti, Helena "Dash For Cash Wins 1977 Champion of Champions Invitational" Quarter Horse Journal February 1978
Chamberlain, Richard "Inside the Syndicate" Quarter Horse Journal" July 1996 p. 49
Chamberlain, Richard "The Big Red One: In Quarter Horse Racing, Dash For Cash was No. 1" Quarter Horse Journal July 1996 p. 76-79
"Dash For Cash Syndicated for $2.5 Million" Quarter Horse Journal October 1977
Owens, Amy "A Final Chapter: Dash For Cash's Last Crop Heads to the Track" Quarter Horse Journal'' April 1998
1973 racehorse births
1996 racehorse deaths
American Quarter Horse racehorses
Racehorses bred in the United States
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Quarter Horse sires
Thoroughbred family 2-s
AQHA Hall of Fame (horses) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash%20For%20Cash |
Odorico Raynaldi or Rinaldi (1595 – 22 January 1671) was an Italian historian and Oratorian. He is also known as Odericus Raynaldus, or just Raynald.
Biography
Raynaldi was born at Treviso of a patrician family and studied at Parma and Padua. He joined the Oratorians in Rome, where he was twice elected superior-general of his congregation. He was offered the direction of the Vatican library by Innocent X, but declined the position. He died at Rome on 22 January 1671.
Raynaldi's major work was the continuation of the Annales Ecclesiastici of Baronius, extending it from 1198 to 1565 and including reproductions of numerous original documents. This was published at Rome, 1646-77; he also published excerpts in Latin and Italian both from the work of Baronius and his own continuation of it. The Catholic Encyclopedia criticizes his work for "inaccurate chronological data and lack of criticism", while valuing the primary sources reproduced in it.
References
External links
1595 births
1671 deaths
17th-century Italian historians
Oratorians
Historians of the Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorico%20Raynaldi |
is an arcade puzzle game developed by Cave and distributed by Jaleco.
Gameplay
Puzzle Uo Poko is a visual matching game in which one player or two co-operative players (represented by cats) try to clear the screen of coloured bubbles in order to progress to the next level. All the action takes place underwater across 30 stages and with each completed level the cats travel deeper in their submarine.
Development and release
Puzzle Uo Poko was solely designed by Toshiaki Tomizawa, a co-founder of Cave whose previous works include the DonPachi series.
Puzzle Uo Poko was released in Japanese arcades by Jaleco in February 1998. Unlike several other releases by Cave, Uo Poko remained exclusive to arcades and did not see a contemporary port for a home console. The title has since been re-released on the AntStream service.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Puzzle Uo Poko on their April 15, 1998 issue as being the twenty-first most-popular arcade game at the time. Game Hihyō also reviewed the game.
Notes
References
External links
1998 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Cave (company) games
Cooperative video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Jaleco games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle%20Uo%20Poko |
Kraków Army () was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on March 23, 1939 as the main pivot of Polish defence. It was commanded by Gen. Antoni Szylling. Originally, Kraków Army was to be made of seven infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one mountain brigade. On September 1, 1939, General Szylling had the force which consisted of five infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one brigade of mountain infantry. Altogether, the army was made of 59 battalions, 29 squadrons, 352 cannons, 90 tanks, two armoured trains and 44 planes. These forces were not enough to halt German advance, especially in the area north of Częstochowa, where Kraków Army connected with Łódź Army. Main thrust of Wehrmacht panzer units was directed there, and this area was defended only by the Polish 7th I.D., which was destroyed in the early days of September 1939, opening the way towards central Poland.
Creation of Kraków Army
On March 15, 1939, units of the Wehrmacht entered Prague, and two days earlier at Berlin, Joachim von Ribbentrop in a conversation with Polish ambassador Józef Lipski demanded definite answer to German demands of Free City of Danzig and a highway through the Polish Corridor. On March 23, a number of officers of the Polish Army was ordered to come to the General Inspector of the Armed Forces in Warsaw. Together with General Antoni Szylling, these officers (Colonel Jan Rzepecki, Major Władysław Steblik, Major Kazimierz Szpądrowski and Major Franciszek Chmura) were ordered to create staff of the newly created Kraków Army. The army itself was created upon written order of Edward Rydz-Śmigły, which was handed to General Szylling on the same day, together with more detailed demands. On March 25, staff officers of Kraków Army arrived at Kraków, staying at the Jan III Sobieski barracks, where the 5th Military Police Unit was located. On the same day at noon, General Szylling met commanders of the divisions that came under his control, and on March 27, the officers took their oath.
Tasks
Its main task was to delay advancing German troops and withdraw eastwards along the northern line of the Carpathians and defend the heavily industrialized Upper Silesia region, together with western counties of Lesser Poland and the Carpathian foothills. Altogether, Kraków Army defended southwestern border of Poland, from Krzepice near Częstochowa, to Czorsztyn. In the area of Częstochowa, the 7th I.D. (General Janusz Gąsiorowski) was placed, with its right wing supported by the Kraków Cavalry Brigade of General Zygmunt Piasecki. The remaining units were divided into two operational groups. Operational Group Silesia (under General Jan Jagmin Sadowski) was made of the 23rd I.D. (Colonel Władysław Powierza), together with the 55th (reserve) I.D. (Colonel Stanisław Kalabiński), and soldiers manning the Fortified Area of Silesia. Operational Group Bielsko (under General Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz) was made of the 21st I.D. (General Józef Kustroń), and the 1st Brigade of Mountain Infantry (Colonel Janusz Gaładyk). This group was located in the area of Żywiec, Chabówka, and Bielsko-Biała. Furthermore, in the area of Pszczyna was the 6th I.D. (General Bernard Mond), and in the area of Kraków, the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Colonel Stanisław Maczek).
Kraków Army's tasks were as follows:
to defend Upper Silesia,
to protect the general direction towards the city of Kraków from southwest,
to defend the strategic rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza Ząbkowice to Częstochowa,
final line of defence was as follows: Fortified Area of Silesia - Mikołów - Pszczyna - Bielsko-Biała - Żywiec.
Operational history
Battle of the Border
Kraków Army fought against German Army Group South, whose units crossed the border on September 1, 1939, at 4 a.m. In central part of the front, German 10th Army advanced, attacking in the sector from Tarnowskie Góry to Wieluń. North of the 10th Army was the 8th Army (advancing towards Sieradz and Łódź), and in the south was and the 14th Army, advancing towards Kraków. On September 1, the Wehrmacht failed to cause a breach Polish positions, but it was obvious that the Germans tried to bypass Fortified Area of Silesia, attacking both north and south of the fortifications. As early as the night of September 1/2, Polish situation became difficult, as the 7th I.D., operating near Częstochowa, found it hard to halt the advance of the panzers of the XVI Panzer Corps, which fought their way into central Poland. This division was located some 40 kilometers away from other Polish units; close to it was the Volhynian Cavalry Brigade, which itself was attacked by the Germans in the Battle of Mokra.
On September 2, German 1st Panzer Division bypassed Częstochowa north of the city, and supported by the Luftwaffe, managed to cross the Warta river. At the same time, Kraków Cavalry Brigade was attacked by the 2nd Light Division in the area of Woźniki. After heavy fighting, it withdrew towards Zawiercie, which caused a breach in the defensive line, enabling the Germans both to bypass Polish fortifications in Upper Silesia, and to attack the 7th I.D. from the rear. As a result, the 7th I.D. was destroyed on Sept. 2, and its remaining units retreated to the forests near Koniecpol. This defeat enabled German XVI Panzer Corps to move towards Kielce without any problems. Since Polish Army did not have any reserve units east of Częstochowa, Edward Śmigły-Rydz ordered a detachment of the PZL.23 Karaś bombers to attack the advancing panzers. The attack, however, did not result in a success, and the advance of the Wehrmacht continued.
In the south, the Wehrmacht attacked on Sept. 2 in two spots - Mikołów/Pszczyna, and Wysoka/Rabka. Near Pszczyna, Polish 6th I.D. failed to halt the 5th Panzer Division, and in the morning of the same day, the 2nd Panzer Division was stopped in the Battle of Jordanów. At the same time, however, the Germans won the Battle of Węgierska Górka. In the afternoon of September 2, the situation of Kraków Army turned critical. German panzers attacked in large formations in the area of Koziegłowy in the north, and in the area of Jordanów in the south. Furthermore, breach of the Polish lines near Pszczyna caused another problem, as it gave the Germans an opportunity to bypass the Upper Silesian fortifications. As a result, General Szylling, in a conversation with Marshall Śmigły-Rydz stated that it was necessary to withdraw from Upper Silesia and Trans-Olza, and to retreat towards Kraków. The Marshall gave tentative permission at 16:00 on Sept. 2, urging Szylling to press his soldiers to do their best. In the evening of September 2, the situation deteriorated further, as Kraków Cavalry Brigade was pushed behind the Warta, and the distance to the retreating remnants of the 7th I.D. was some 30 kilometres. German 2nd Light Division entered this gap, advancing towards Żarki. The Luftwaffe bombed Polish towns and rail junctions, General Szylling was unable to locate the positions of his divisions, and to get in touch with their commandants. At 18:00, Szylling once again talked with Śmigły-Rydz, and 30 minutes later, the Marshall agreed to the withdrawal of Kraków Army to the line marked by the Nida and Dunajec rivers. It was a difficult decision, as it meant that the pre-war Polish defensive plan (see Plan West) was abandoned. Śmigły-Rydz, however, hoped that the retreat would save Kraków Army from complete destruction.
The Retreat
In the evening of Saturday, Sept. 2, the order to retreat reached Polish units. Kraków Cavalry Brigade, together with the 7th I.D. was to move towards Jędrzejów, halting the advance of the 2nd Light Division. 22nd Mountain I.D. was to withdraw towards Olkusz, and to support Operational Group Silesia (renamed into Operational Group Jagmin), which itself was to retreat behind the Przemsza. Operational Group Bielsko (renamed into Operational Group Boruta) was to withdraw behind the Skawa, and to take positions between Zator and Wadowice. General retreat towards the Dunajec and the Nida was to begin in the night of September 2/3.. General Szylling specified that units located in the centre of the front were to retreat first, to avoid being surrounded by German panzers advancing fast both in the north and the south. This plan failed, as Polish 7th I.D. was completely destroyed in the morning of Sunday, September 3, by the 14th Infantry Division, the 4th Infantry Division, and the 2nd Light Division.
The retreat itself did not improve the situation of Kraków Army, as it lost its fortified defensive positions, together with heavy equipment, which was abandoned. Polish historians Czesław Grzelak and Henryk Stańczyk in their book "Kampania polska 1939 roku" write that several historians question the decision of General Szylling, as in their opinion the decision to withdraw eastwards on the second day of the war was premature. Tadeusz Jurga wrote: "To remain in defensive positions would result in halting the advance of the German 10th Army, which later destroyed Prusy Army (...) Furthermore, defensive positions of Kraków Army were based on fortifications, which had been built before the war. These fortifications eliminated technological superiority of the Wehrmacht. To abandon them and to fight in the open lowered defensive abilities of Kraków Army".
The decision to abandon southwestern Poland had far-reaching consequences, as Kraków Army was the centre point of the defensive plan. Its new line of defence along the Dunajec and the Nida was ill-prepared, and the retreat itself turned out to be very difficult, as Polish units were under constant pressure of the Luftwaffe and German motorized divisions. In the morning of September 3, General Szylling ordered general retreat east of Kraków, dividing his army into Operational Group Jagmin (north of the Vistula, consisting of the 23rd, the 55th and the 22th I.D.'s, together with Kraków Cavalry Brigade, and soldiers of Fortified Group Silesia), and Operational Group Boruta (south of the Vistula, consisting of the 6th and the 21st I.D.'s, the 10th Motorized Brigade, and the 1st Mountain Brigade). Szylling hoped to reach the defensive line by September 7, and first days of retreat were relatively calm, as the Wehrmacht concentrated its efforts in the area of Piotrków Trybunalski.
The End of Kraków Army
On September 5, German 2nd Panzer Division, together with the 3rd Mountain Division and the 7th Infantry Division broke through Polish lines near Pcim, capturing Myślenice, Bochnia and Wiśnicz, thus positioning themselves in the rear of the retreating units of Operational Group Boruta. On the same day, Fall 5 September instruction was issued by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, ordering German divisions to continue their advance towards Tarnów and Rzeszów. On September 6, German 4th Light Division attacked Polish 24th I.D. near Tarnów, crossing the Dunajec south of Zakliczyn. Polish unit managed to halt the Germans, and its commandant, Colonel Bolesław Krzyżanowski hoped to keep the line of the Dunajec for Operational Group Boruta. In the evening of September 6, General Kazimierz Fabrycy ordered him to retreat to the Wisłoka river. On the same day, Polish units abandoned Kraków.
On September 6, Marshall Śmigły-Rydz reorganized the units fighting in southern Lesser Poland. Operational Group Boruta was moved to Karpaty Army, and soon afterwards, Karpaty Army was merged with Operational Group Jagmin, creating Małopolska Army, under General Fabrycy. Śmigły-Rydz was well aware of the fact that it was impossible to hold the line of the Dunajec and the Nida, and that further retreat towards the San was the only option.
Organization
The Army was commanded by general Antoni Szylling; his chief of staff was Colonel Stanisław Wiloch. It consisted of five infantry divisions, one motorized cavalry brigade, one mountain brigade and one cavalry brigade. The 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Colonel Leopold Endel-Ragis) was supposed to be the reserve of Łódź Army, but due to destruction of rail connections, this division never reached its destination in central Poland. It concentrated near Krzeszowice and Trzebinia, and on September 2 joined Kraków Army, replacing the 7th I.D., which had been destroyed near Częstochowa.
References
Armie i samodzielne grupy operacyjne Wojska Polskiego 1939 WIEM Encyklopedia
Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk Kampania polska 1939 roku. Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM Warszawa, 2005.
Further reading
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
Polish armies
Military units and formations established in 1939
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w%20Army |
School Days is a Japanese visual novel developed by 0verflow, released on April 2005, for Windows as an adult game. It was later ported as a DVD game and for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) and PlayStation Portable (PSP). The story, a dramatic slice-of-life, follows Makoto Ito, a high school student who becomes the ambivalent love interest of several girls during his second term, and the effects this has on himself and his relationships with other characters. Though the game requires little interaction from users, School Days engages the player through a plot that they are given opportunities to change the course of during play. The game concludes with an ending specific to the outcome of the story, some of which became notorious for their graphic violence.
0verflow announced work on School Days in October 2004 and marketed it through public venues that showcased the game's innovative use of anime-like cinematics and voice. The game ranked as the best-selling visual novel in Japan for the time of its release, continuing to chart in the national top 50 for nearly five months afterward. 0verflow would then go on to produce multiple sequels including a spin-off of the original story called Summer Days, and a parallel story called Cross Days. Another spin-off, Island Days, has been developed by Klon for the Nintendo 3DS. School Days was remastered as School Days HQ on October 2010, and localized in North America on June 2012. The original game was officially discontinued on April 2011.
Following the game's release, School Days made several transitions into other media. The original story was adapted into a manga and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace; it was later published into two volumes. Comic anthologies, light novels and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. An animated television series, two direct-to-video (OVA) single releases and a concert film were also produced, the first of which became a precursor for an internet meme when its finale was pulled from broadcast.
Gameplay
As a visual novel, School Days contains extremely minimal gameplay. The game's core onscreen presentation is composed of scenes that are viewed from a mostly third-person perspective. At predetermined intervals, the game pauses, and players are presented with one to two responses or actions relevant to the scene in progress to make, or not make, on behalf of characters. Each selection branches the game's progress up to that point in an alternate direction, while also causing the player's love toward a character to blossom, plateau, or diminish, thus providing for a nonlinear storytelling experience. Being an erotic title, relationships between characters may become sexual; scenes of this kind depict a varying combination of French kissing, masturbation, oral sex, intercourse, and nudity (both female and male) or a combination thereof. Genitalia are pixelated in the original Japanese releases, but the Western release of School Days HQ is uncensored. Sex scenes are omitted from the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable ports of the game.
Each route the game takes invariably concludes with an ending specific to the choices made up to that point. Depending on these choices, the outcome of the story will either be good or bad. School Days became popularly known for its bad endings, which depict the deaths of characters. In one ending titled "Bloody End", a yandere Kotonoha slits Sekai's jugular vein open with a dōzuki, causing Sekai to collapse and die in a fountain of blood to the manic laughter of her assailant and the horror of Makoto. In another called "Forever", Kotonoha commits suicide leaning over and falling off the roof of a school, landing headfirst on a sidewalk to the horror of Makoto and Sekai. The game's good endings, by contrast, depict the well-being of characters and their relationships. In the ending "Christmas Eve", Makoto and Kotonoha share an embrace and make love in a hotel room as snow falls around a surrounding cityscape. In another titled "Two Lovers", Kotonoha and Sekai agree to have a polyamorous relationship with Makoto instead of rivaling with each other. Because of the numerous alternate endings that can be achieved, players who wish to watch additional endings and sex scenes will have to play through the game more than once.
Unlike traditional visual novels that consist of static characters with subtitled dialogue, School Days is unusual in that it incorporates motion and voice, making it reminiscent of an animated series. Cinematics naturally play on their own, and players are afforded the ability to pause, fast-forward, and even skip those they've seen before. Male and female voices can be muted, subtitles can be turned on or off and the game can be played from a window or fullscreen ratio. Progress can be saved at any time in up to 100 slots and loaded from either the main menu or during play.
Plot
School Days focuses on the life of Makoto Itou, a first-year high school student living with his divorced and unseen mother in the fictional city of Haramihama. During his second term, he becomes infatuated with Kotonoha Katsura, a shy schoolmate who shares train rides with him to and from campus. When the classroom seating plan of his class is rearranged, he becomes acquaintanced with Sekai Saionji, an upbeat girl who takes a special interest in his newfound crush, introducing the two and providing them the grounds to meet. Despite her triumphant efforts, however, Sekai becomes jealous of the new couple, having developed feelings for Makoto herself.
Development
School Days was 0verflow's tenth game to develop. News of School Days first surfaced on October 5, 2004, when 0verflow posted a link to the game's then-live website and development log on their official site. In the blog, 0verflow revealed that School Days had been in pre-production for roughly two years and would be a fully animated game. Updates on the development of the game were scheduled for Tuesdays and Fridays, and the company encouraged fans to attend Dream Party 2004, an upcoming anime convention at Tokyo Big Sight in Ariake, on October 11, where it would make its first public showcase of the game and characters. A follow-up of the venue was made on October 15. Toward the end of the month on October 26, 0verflow posted that new information about School Days would be circulated in the November issue of Tech Gian, an adult magazine published by Enterbrain.
Promotion for the game began shortly after. In a November 6 development post, 0verflow announced that it was planning a public screening of new game material, but was experiencing difficulty acquiring space for it. The company had initially chosen to have the venue in Akihabara but was unable to find a retailer willing to host it, prompting a visit to Osaka the following week. News that the game would contain music by artists such as Minami Kuribayashi, Haruko Momoi, Yozuca* and YURIA was posted on November 30, along with a release date change to February 25, 2005.
On December 28, 2004, 0verflow released a public trial of School Days and announced that the company would be attending Comiket 67 at Tokyo Big Sight from December 29 to 30, handing out phonecards to the first 50 visitors to their booth. Two months later, on February 2, 2005, the company announced that the game had been postponed again to April 28. From April 5 to April 8, 0verflow concluded their development log with comments from Soyogi Tōno, Kaname Yuzuki, Tatsuya Hirai, Yuki Matsunaga, Hikaru Isshiki and Hana Yamamoto, the respective voices of Kotonoha, Sekai, Makoto, Otome, Hikari and Setsuna. To address bugs that were later found in the game, 0verflow released a patch to bring School Days to a stable build of 1.11.
On June 26, 2007, 0verflow and Lantis-net radio began to air an internet radio drama called "Radio School Days". Broadcasts finished on March 28, 2008, with 39 episodes aired. On April 21, 2011, 0verflow announced via their blog that support for School Days was being discontinued.
Release
School Days was ported to three other platforms. The first of these was by AiCherry, an interactive movie developer, who announced on August 20, 2007, that it had picked up the game for development, releasing it as a four disc DVD game on September 28. That same year, on August 31, Interchannel posted a link on their blog to the official website of School Days L×H, a PlayStation 2 (PS2) port in development by Guyzware, that would be edited of explicit sexual content and fanservice. The game was released on January 17, 2008 and assessed by the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO), Japan's primary video game content rating system, receiving a 15-years-or-older "C" rating for sexual themes and profanity. The third and final port was developed by PalaceGame for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). After postponing the game on May 11, it was released as four UMDs on June 30, 2010.
0verflow opened what would become the homepage for School Days HQ on May 21, 2010, a remastering of the original game initially scheduled for release in August. The site was finished June 3, and on July 16, the game was postponed to September 24. A trial was publicly released for download on August 7, and from August 20 to September 28, 0verflow promoted the game. Customers who had purchased the original School Days would be given the opportunity to upgrade to HQ for a fee until October 11, by either mailing in their game disc or visiting stores in Akihabara, Osaka or Nagoya. Distributors offered collectable phonecards for reservations, and after a second date change on September 10, the game was released October 8.
On March 3, 2011, 0verflow acknowledged Sekai Project, an unofficial fan translation group, who had reportedly begun localizing School Days in April 2006. Partnering with American distributor JAST USA, School Days HQ, uncensored in English, was announced for a North American release on March 11, 2011. Development instead continued into 2012, and on May 18, JAST announced that the company had begun taking pre-orders for the Collector's Edition, a bundled release of the game packaged with a keychain and mousepad. The company announced weeks later on June 1 that School Days HQ had gone gold. Following news on June 26 that the company would exhibit the game at Anime Expo 2012, JAST made an update to the June 1 announcement that School Days HQ had begun shipping. The downloadable version of the game was later released on August 6.
Sales
In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games in PCNEWS, a now-defunct Japanese online magazine, School Days premiered as the number one game sold for the second half of April 2005, the second and seventeenth for the first and second halves of May, the fifth and twenty-sixth for the first and second halves of June, and twenty-seventh for the first half of July. The School Days renewal edition, released a week after the previous ranking, continued to chart on behalf of the game; it ranked as the thirty-third most sold game for the second half of July, before ending as the thirty-fifth and forty-ninth for the first and second halves of August.
Getchu.com, a major distributor of visual novels and domestic anime products, recorded similar sales. School Days for Windows premiered as the number one game sold for the month of its release, and seventh most for May, ranking as the number one game sold for the first half of 2005 and ninth for the year. The following year, the School Days renewal edition charted as the twentieth most sold game for July 2007, dropping to thirtieth from August to October. School Days HQ ranked as the sixth most sold game for October 2010 but failed to chart thereafter.
According to Gamasutra, a video gaming news site, School Days L×H ranked as the number one PlayStation 2 game sold for January 2008.
Media
Related visual novels
0verflow developed several visual novels related to School Days, sharing the same universe. Prior to the development of School Days, 0verflow developed the Radish Vacation visual novel series. The first is Snow Radish Vacation released on December 28, 2001, followed by Summer Radish Vacation on April 1, 2003, and finally Summer Radish Vacation 2 on August 13, 2004.
A prequel titled Summer Days, was released on June 23, 2006, retelling the original game during summer vacation and from the perspective of Setsuna Kiyoura. Unlike its predecessor, however, Summer Days was almost universally panned for its heavily bugged state, loads of patches, and recall. Another spin-off titled Cross Days was released on March 19, 2010. Set in the same continuity as School Days, Cross Days follows the life of another protagonist, Yuuki Ashikaga, a high school freshman who also finds himself caught between the affection of two girls, Roka Kitsuregawa and Kotonoha Katsura, during his second term at Sakakino Academy. The game also features yaoi scenarios, during which Yuuki cross-dresses as a maid. 0verflow released Shiny Days on February 2, 2012, which is a remastered version of Summer Days with a new heroine and higher quality animations. A spin-off, Island Days, was developed for the Nintendo 3DS and was released in Japan on July 3, 2014. The game, developed by Klon, focuses on Makoto and the girls becoming trapped on a remote island and includes tower defense elements.
Manga
Based on the story of the original game, School Days was reimagined as a manga, illustrated by Homare Sakazuki and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace from May 26, 2006 to September 26, 2007. On July 12, 2007, 0verflow announced that the manga had been collected into its first volume, comprising five chapters set to be released on July 24. Later that year, the second and final volume, comprising the remaining seven chapters, was released on November 21.
Various artists also produced short manga of School Days that were compiled into two comic anthologies. The "School Days Comic Anthology" was released by Ohzora Publishing on October 25, 2005, under their P-mate Comics imprint, containing nine short manga by individual artists. On February 25, 2008, Ichijinsha printed the "School Days Kotonoha Anthology" under their DNA Media Comics imprint, a collection of manga primarily featuring the character Kotonoha Katsura.
Books and publications
In addition to the manga, School Days was adapted into other print media. The first of these was the "School Days Visual Guide Book" published by Jive on September 16, 2005, an artbook of character illustrations, model sheets, screenplay, storyboards and a visual hierarchy of the choices and corresponding scenes in the game. Separate editions for the anime television series and Playstation 2 game were also published, on December 1, 2007 and March 21, 2008, respectively. Collections of production work from the Windows game such as character and environment art, screenplay, artist commentaries and all manufactured promotional items were collected in the on December 16, 2005 and also featured in the "SummerDays & School Days Visual Collection" on August 31, 2006.
The first of four light novels, all illustrated by Junji Goto, was written by Ryuna Okada and printed by Harvest Publishing under their Harvest Novels imprint. Released on December 1, 2005, retells the original story from the perspective of Sekai. Okada would follow up the book with on January 1, 2006, switching to the perspective of Kotonoha. Two light novels were also published by Jive, the first of which was written by Takuya Baba, and printed on December 16, 2005, and a second by Hiro Akiduki, "School Days: Innocent Blue", released on April 28.
Anime
School Days was adapted into a twelve-episode anime television series by TNK. Concrete news of this first appeared on June 1, 2007, when 0verflow announced via its blog that the show's official website had gone live. Stations participating in the broadcast included TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, TV Aichi, TV Osaka, TV Saitama and AT-X, the premiere of which would air on TV Kanagawa on July 3. The anime was aired until September 27 and finished its broadcast on AT-X. From September 26, 2007, to February 27, 2008, the series was compiled into six limited and regular edition DVDs.
TNK also produced two direct-to-video (OVA) episodes of School Days. The first, titled "Valentine Days", was bundled with limited edition copies of School Days L×H, and features an unrelated comedic romp through Valentine's Day as Kotonoha, Sekai, and Otome try to give Makoto giri chocos. The second, "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", jaunts the series into magical girl territory, portraying Kokoro Katsura as the superheroine Magical Heart; it was released on March 26, 2008.
Discotek Media has acquired the television series and the "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan" OVA to be released on DVD on June 24, 2014, with English subtitles.
Delay of finale
On September 17, 2007, the day before the twelfth and final episode of the televised anime was to air on TV Kanagawa, a sixteen-year-old girl murdered her forty-five-year-old father in their Kyoto home with an axe. TV Kanagawa promptly cancelled the Tuesday airing of the finale for its similarly violent content, replacing it instead with a thirty-minute video compilation of scenery footage from Europe including Norway, played to August Wilhelmj's "Air on the G String". Newspapers such as The Japan Times and Mainichi Shimbun reported on the killing and episode preempt on September 19. According to Mainichi Shimbun, Chiba TV and TV Aichi had also cancelled their airings, with AT-X the only station remaining indecisive. 0verflow issued an apology through their blog the same day, asking viewers to stay tuned for updates. In the following week, 0verflow announced that it had arranged for two screenings of the edited finale at the Akihabara 3D Theater on September 27. Those wishing to attend would be required to register a seat by email, be at least 18 years old with photo ID, and bring a Windows copy of School Days or Summer Days. That same day AT-X announced that it had decided to air the unedited finale on September 27 and October 1.
In the wake of the broadcast change, a screen capture of the Norwegian M/S Skagastøl from the slideshow surfaced on 4chan alongside the caption "Nice boat.", a phrase which gained popularity in Japan. Google Trends recorded a spike in "Nice Boat" searches around the third quarter of 2007 while Yomiuri Shinbun, a Japanese newspaper, reported that "Nice boat" was the tenth most popular Yahoo! Japan search from September 17 to September 23.
Nice Boat had become so well known that it was used in other media. The meme appeared as an Easter egg in the first episode of Ef: A Tale of Memories., and was parodied on February 13, 2009, when the Kadokawa Pictures YouTube channel uploaded a short montage of sailboats instead of the previously scheduled premiere of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. 0verflow capitalized on the popularity of the phrase, naming their booth at Comiket 73 "Nice boat." and selling meme-inspired merchandise. TNK also paid homage to the meme in "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", a special direct-to-video episode of the animated series.
Concert film
Besides the video releases of the School Days anime, a concert film, the School Days Secret Live DVD, was also produced by HOBiRECORDS. Released on June 26, 2006, in conjunction with Summer Days, the film contains footage of a concert held on June 15, 2005 featuring the performances of Miyuki Hashimoto, YURIA, rino, yozuca* and Minami Kuribayashi.
Audio CDs
From 2005 to 2010, Lantis published six albums of School Days music. The "School Days Vocal Album", a compilation featuring all nine of the game's closing themes, as performed by artists Kiriko, Yozuca*, Miyuki Hashimoto, Yuria, Halko Momoi, Minami Kuribayashi, Rino, and Kanako Ito was the first to be distributed, sharing its April 28, 2005, date with the release of the game itself. The remaining twenty-eight background scores, composed by KIRIKO/HIKO Sound, were released on July 21, officially completing the game's soundtrack. Another compilation, the "School Days Vocal Complete Album" featuring songs from Summer Days and Cross Days, was released on October 8, 2010.
Three weeks after the premiere of the televised anime on July 25, 2007, Lantis published the single "Innocent Blue" by DeviceHigh, a four-track disc featuring the anime opening of the same name, a disco-inspired song called Dancin' Joker, and their instrumentals. Lantis followed with "School Days: Ending Theme+" on August 22, a sixteen-track disc containing all of the show's closing themes and background scores on September 26.
In addition to music albums, six audio dramas were also produced. "School Days Little Promise", a chronicle of Sekai and Setsuna's childhoods, was the first. Featuring music by Kiriko/Hiko Sound and Kanako Ito, Hobirecords published "Little Promise" as a two-disc set, which 0verflow scheduled for release January 27, 2006. Pre-releases were sold at Comiket 69 from December 29 to 30, 2005. Sometime afterward however, 0verflow announced that pre-released copies of Little Promise were defective, and asked customers to mail in their discs for replacements. The release was also postponed to February 24. Lantis released the remaining five dramas. "School Days Drama CD Vol. 1 Himitsu Hanazono" (ヒ・ミ・ツの花園), a merrymaking of the series six main girls, was released on August 8, 2007. A second, "School Days Drama CD Vol 2. Koi no Nou-hau" (恋のノ・ウ・ハ・ウ), was released October 24, 2007. Radio School Days was compiled into three separate albums: was released on November 21, 2007, on February 6, 2008, and on June 21.
Merchandise
Considerable effort was made to market and promote School Days before and after its release, including the sale of brand merchandise and use of incentives. Through public venues and through the company's online store, 0verflow sold brand keystraps, mousepads, phonecards, book covers, mugs, t-shirts, dakimakura cases, PVC figures, lanyards, business card holders and cosplay material such as the girls' school uniforms and plastic dōzuki.
Reception
The anime series has won the Hisashi Maeda Award in the 7th Japanese Otaku Awards in 2007.
Anime News Network'''s Theron Martin enjoyed the anime series and gave it a B+, saying "Despite its efforts to analyze and reinterpret harem series, School Days probably would have sunk into anime obscurity if not for the nature of its final episode and the circumstances surrounding it not airing. However, those analytical efforts give it a value beyond its sensationalism. If viewers find Makoto unlikable, it is because he was meant to be an object lesson, not someone that they should want to relate to. That the actions of him and the others progressively push the series away from what's expected of harem series holds a fascination akin to watching a train wreck play out in very slow motion". UK Anime Network, a British online anime and manga magazine, gave the television series a 7 out of 10, summarizing it as "An utter subversion of the high school romance genre, which is disturbing and unsettling... yet oddly compelling in its own way." Takato of the french website Manga News gave the anime series 17 out of 20, and describes the series as "School Days is not a joyful romance but rather oppressive, destabilizing and unhealthy because of the behavior of the characters. We are certainly shocked, but this is precisely what makes the strength of this unique series. School Days is certainly a series to watch to be amazed, or to be amused by all these humiliations if you are sadistic." THEM Anime Reviews, a website devoted to the review of anime, gave the series a less favorable 1 out of 5 stars, citing "overblown, shallow, and flat" characters and that although "School Days looks fascinating when you see screenshots of it and read episode guides", the reviewer found it to be "annoying, stupid, mean-spirited, and full of some of the biggest idiots [he had] seen in an anime in a long time."
On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed School Days'' among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.
References
Further reading
External links
School Days HQ English website
School Days HQ visual novel at 0verflow
Sekai Project
2005 video games
2007 anime television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings
2007 manga
2008 anime OVAs
Anime television series based on video games
Audio plays
Bandai Namco franchises
Bishōjo games
Censored television series
Days series
Discotek Media
DVD interactive technology
Eroge
Harem anime and manga
High school-themed video games
Lantis (company)
Manga based on video games
Obscenity controversies
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Romance anime and manga
School life in anime and manga
Films with screenplays by Makoto Uezu
Slice of life anime and manga
Fiction about suicide
Television censorship in China
TNK (company)
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Works banned in China
Polyamory in fiction
Regista games
Interchannel games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20Days%20%28video%20game%29 |
Hinda Hicks (born 1976) is a British and Tunisian-born singer, actress and artist who first gained notability with her musical career in the late '90s. She is best known for her debut album Hinda, that charted at #20 on the 1998 UK Top 40 Chart, and led to three nominations in the MOBO Awards and nominations for Best British Female Artist and Best British Newcomer at the 1999 Brit Awards.
Introduction
Hicks was born in Tunisia but was raised in West Sussex, where she soon emerged as "one of the U.K.'s most promising talents". Before her musical career, she had a passion for basketball, which resulted in a coaching qualification, as well as a United States scholarship. However, her sights set on music after her friend overheard her singing along to an Aretha Franklin track, thus encouraging her to sing.
Artists like Ella Fitzgerald and Nina Simone helped to shape the roots of Hicks' musical career, which she later describes in an interview with Ras Kwame as "the balance between my love of hip hop, my love of jazz, my love of soul". She began to sing with an R&B group called the Fabulous Fug Band and, at one time, sent a demo of her own vocals alongside Aretha Franklin's "Something He Can Feel" to Phil Collins. However, she continued to remain unsigned and moved to London, where she worked as a secretary and joined the band Mixed Fruits.
Early success
Hicks was introduced to On Point Productions, the team comprising Jazz Black (music producer) and Dele Rotimi (music manager), which put her on the radar for multiple record companies. In 1997, she signed a five-album deal with Island Records. However, her first single "I Wanna Be Your Lady" did not make the UK Singles Chart.
After performing "high-profile support slots" with Irish boyband Boyzone and English group 911, Hicks' next three singles all reached the Top 40. "If You Want Me" reached #25, "You Think You Own Me" ranked #19, and a re-release of "I Wanna Be Your Lady" topped #14 on the charts.
After Hick's debut album Hinda charted at #20, Hick's received 3 nominations at the 1998 MOBO Awards and also nominations for Best British Female and Best British Newcomer at the 1999 Brit Awards. Later in the year, Hicks fourth Top 40 single "Truly" reached #31 on the charts.
Second album
After the 1999 Brit Awards, Hicks spent the next year recording her second album Everything to Me. She had split from her management and production team that discovered her - On Point Productions. However, due to the Island Records and Universal Records merger and a lack of promotion, her single "My Remedy" was unable to make the UK Top 40. While Hicks' second album received limited release, the launch was aborted commercially and she and Island Records parted ways in 2000.
In between record companies and albums, Hicks recorded vocals on other artists' tracks and musical projects. This included "Let's Do It Again" with the late Lynden David Hall, which featured on his album The Other Side, as well as the compilation album Pure R&B Volume 2. Hicks was also featured in "Brand New Day" from Terri Walker's debut album Untitled, which released on 3 March 2003 with Mercury Records.
Third album and the future
Hicks returned to music production in 2004, with the release of her third album Still Doin' My Thing under the R&B label Shout Out Records. The single "Up Up" was released in the summer of 2004, but she was unable to repeat her earlier success of making the UK Top 40 Chart.
In February 2007, Hicks' MySpace page announced that a fourth album would be released in 2010, however the album was shelved as Hicks focused on other roles. As of November 2008, Hicks was listed as part of a London-based artistic and music collective created by the DJ and producer Yvan Healer Selecta and called Raison d'Etre [sic].
Critical acclaim
In October 1998, Hicks was nominated for three MOBO awards: Best R'n'B Act, Best Newcomer and Best Album. She also appeared on a MOBO Allstars charity single called "Aint No Stopping Us Now". In early 1999, Hicks was nominated at the BRIT Awards in the categories of 'Best Newcomer' and 'Best British Female Artist'.
Other work
Film
Hicks has appeared in two British film productions: G:MT - Greenwich Mean Time in 1999 (for which she performed several of the songs on the official soundtrack) and Circus in 2000.
Hicks took an uncredited role in a well-received US film Love & Basketball in 2000 and wrote the song "Our Destiny" that appeared in the movie but was not featured on the soundtrack. The track did, however, feature on the Everything to Me album, which was not released in the UK.
Discography
Singles
"I Wanna Be Your Lady" (Island Records) (13 December 1997) – UK No. 14
"If You Want Me" / "When You Touch Me There" (Island Records) (7 March 1998) – UK No. 25
"You Think You Own Me" (Island Records) (16 May 1998) – UK No. 19
"Truly" (Island Records) (24 October 1998) – UK No. 31
"Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" single with the MOBO Allstars (Polygram) (11 December 1998) – UK No. 47
"Let's Do It Again" single with Lynden David Hall, (11 September 2000) – UK No. 69
"My Remedy" (Universal/Island Records) (14 October 2000) – UK No. 61
"Up Up" (Shout Out Records) (17 July 2004) – UK No. 99
"Love It* (2010) (Unreleased)
Our Destiny" (Love & Basketball Soundtrack)
Albums
Hinda (Island Records) (29 August 1998) – UK No. 20
Everything to Me (Island/Universal Records) (10 October 2000) – Limited release
Still Doin' My Thing (Shout Out Records) (19 July 2004)
Journey's (2010/2011) (Unreleased)
Music videos
"If You Want Me" Directed by Dani Jacobs
"You Think You Own Me" Directed by Dani Jacobs
"I Wanna Be Your Lady"
"Truly"
"My Remedy"
"Up Up"
"Love It"
Other appearances
"If You Want Me" on the album, Street Jams 1998, by various artists (Telstar) (11 May 1998)
"If You Want Me" on the album, Music in Motion II, by various artists (Stichting CPG (Netherlands)) (1998)
"Tears Are Waiting", "Where is the Love?", "Please Can I Go Now?", "Who Would You Have Me Love?" and "Succumb To You", all on the album G:MT: The Soundtrack, (Island Records) (27 September 1999)
"Burn the Floor" on the album, Burn the Floor: Soundtrack, by various artists (MCA/Universal) (18 October 1999)
"My Remedy" on the album, MOBO 2000, by various artists (Universal) (2 October 2000)
"Let's Do It Again" on the album, Pure R&B Volume 2, by various artists (Telstar) (13 November 2001)
"Let's Do It Again" on the album, Other Side, by Lynden David Hall (BMG International) (12 June 2001)
"If You Want Me" on the album, Girls, by various artists (Spectrum Music) (2 September 2002)
"I Just Wanna Dance", vocals on the 12" white label version by Global Rhythm (Solo Recordings) (2002)
"Brand New Day" on the album, Untitled''', by Terri Walker (Mercury Records) (3 March 2003)
"Dreamin'" on the album, Dance and Urban, by various artists (HMV) (2004)
"Family Affair" on the album, Revival'', by Nate James (MoreThan4) (30 March 2009)
References
External links
Hicks at Discogs
Hicks on MySpace
Living people
Tunisian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British women singers
British contemporary R&B singers
British soul singers
British pop singers
1976 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinda%20Hicks |
This is a list of notable composers of musicals.
See also List of musicals by composer
A-B
C-D
E-F
G-H
I-J
K-L
M-N
O-P
R
S
T-Y
Musical theatre composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20composers%20of%20musicals |
In biology, the word gene (from , ; meaning generation or birth or gender) can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes.
During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. (Some viruses have an RNA genome so the genes are made of RNA that may function directly without being copied into RNA. This is an exception to the strict definition of a gene described above.)
The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.
A gene can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a gene, which may cause different phenotypical traits. Usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair color gene") typically refers to containing a different allele of the same, shared gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection / survival of the fittest and genetic drift of the alleles.
The term gene was introduced by Danish botanist, plant physiologist and geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909. It is inspired by the Ancient Greek: γόνος, gonos, that means offspring and procreation.
Definitions
There are many different ways to use the term "gene" based on different aspects of their inheritance, selection, biological function, or molecular structure but most of these definitions fall into two categories, the Mendelian gene or the molecular gene.
The Mendelian gene is the classical gene of genetics and it refers to any heritable trait. This is the gene described in "The Selfish Gene." More thorough discussions of this version of a gene can be found in the articles on Genetics and Gene-centered view of evolution.
The molecular gene definition is more commonly used across biochemistry, molecular biology, and most of genetics — the gene that's described in terms of DNA sequence. There are many different definitions of this gene — some of which are misleading or incorrect.
Very early work in the field that became molecular genetics suggested the concept that one gene makes one protein (originally 'one gene - one enzyme'). However, genes that produce repressor RNAs were proposed in the 1950s and by the 1960s, textbooks were using molecular gene definitions that included those that specified functional RNA molecules such as ribosomal RNA and tRNA (noncoding genes) as well as protein-coding genes.
This idea of two kinds of genes is still part of the definition of a gene in most textbooks. For example,
"The primary function of the genome is to produce RNA molecules. Selected portions of the DNA nucleotide sequence are copied into a corresponding RNA nucleotide sequence, which either encodes a protein (if it is an mRNA) or forms a 'structural' RNA, such as a transfer RNA (tRNA) or ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule. Each region of the DNA helix that produces a functional RNA molecule constitutes a gene."
"We define a gene as a DNA sequence that is transcribed. This definition includes genes that do not encode proteins (not all transcripts are messenger RNA). The definition normally excludes regions of the genome that control transcription but are not themselves transcribed. We will encounter some exceptions to our definition of a gene - surprisingly, there is no definition that is entirely satisfactory."
"A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a diffusible product. This product may be protein (as is the case in the majority of genes) or may be RNA (as is the case of genes that code for tRNA and rRNA). The crucial feature is that the product diffuses away from its site of synthesis to act elsewhere."
The important parts of such definitions are: (1) that a gene corresponds to a transcription unit; (2) that genes produce both mRNA and noncoding RNAs; and (3) regulatory sequences control gene expression but are not part of the gene itself. However, there's one other important part of the definition and it is emphasized in Kostas Kampourakis' book "Making Sense of Genes."
"Therefore in this book I will consider genes as DNA sequences encoding information for functional products, be it proteins or RNA molecules. With 'encoding information,' I mean that the DNA sequence is used as a template for the production of an RNA molecule or a protein that performs some function.'
The emphasis on function is essential because there are stretches of DNA that produce non-functional transcripts and they do not qualify as genes. These include obvious examples such as transcribed pseudogenes as well as less obvious examples such as junk RNA produced as noise due to transcription errors. In order to qualify as a true gene, by this definition, one has to prove that the transcript has a biological function.
Early speculations on the size of a typical gene were based on high resolution genetic mapping and on the size of proteins and RNA molecules. A length of 1500 base pairs seemed reasonable at the time (1965). This was based on the idea that the gene was the DNA that was directly responsible for production of the functional product. The discovery of introns in the 1970s meant that many eukaryotic genes were much larger than the size of the functional product would imply. Typical mammalian protein-coding genes, for example, are about 62,000 base pairs in length (transcribed region) and since there are about 20,000 of them they occupy about 35–40% of the mammalian genome (including the human genome).
In spite of the fact that both protein-coding genes and noncoding genes have been known for more than 50 years, there are still a number of textbooks, websites, and scientific publications that define a gene as a DNA sequence that specifies a protein. In other words, the definition is restricted to protein-coding genes. Here is an example from a recent article in American Scientist.
... to truly assess the potential significance of de novo genes, we relied on a strict definition of the word "gene" with which nearly every expert can agree. First, in order for a nucleotide sequence to be considered a true gene, an open reading frame (ORF) must be present. The ORF can be thought of as the "gene itself"; it begins with a starting mark common for every gene and ends with one of three possible finish line signals. One of the key enzymes in this process, the RNA polymerase, zips along the strand of DNA like a train on a monorail, transcribing it into its messenger RNA form. This point brings us to our second important criterion: A true gene is one that is both transcribed and translated. That is, a true gene is first used as a template to make transient messenger RNA, which is then translated into a protein.
This restricted definition is so common that it has spawned many recent articles that criticize this "standard definition" and call for a new expanded definition that includes noncoding genes. However, this so-called "new" definition has been around for more than half a century and it's not clear why some modern writers are ignoring noncoding genes.
Although some definitions can be more broadly applicable than others, the fundamental complexity of biology means that no definition of a gene can capture all aspects perfectly. Not all genomes are DNA (e.g. RNA viruses), bacterial operons are multiple protein-coding regions transcribed into single large mRNAs, alternative splicing enables a single genomic region to encode multiple district products and trans-splicing concatenates mRNAs from shorter coding sequence across the genome. Since molecular definitions exclude elements such as introns, promotors and other regulatory regions, these are instead thought of as 'associated' with the gene and affect its function.
An even broader operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.
History
Discovery of discrete inherited units
The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, in Brno, Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic), he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured Wilhelm Johannsen's distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the observable traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.
Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilization process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, from Greek pan ("all, whole") and genesis ("birth") / genos ("origin"). Darwin used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction.
Mendel's work went largely unnoticed after its first publication in 1866, but was rediscovered in the late 19th century by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who (claimed to have) reached similar conclusions in their own research. Specifically, in 1889, Hugo de Vries published his book Intracellular Pangenesis, in which he postulated that different characters have individual hereditary carriers and that inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles. De Vries called these units "pangenes" (Pangens in German), after Darwin's 1868 pangenesis theory.
Twenty years later, in 1909, Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the term 'gene' and in 1906, William Bateson, that of 'genetics' while Eduard Strasburger, amongst others, still used the term 'pangene' for the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
Discovery of DNA
Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication.
In the early 1950s the prevailing view was that the genes in a chromosome acted like discrete entities arranged like beads on a string. The experiments of Benzer using mutants defective in the rII region of bacteriophage T4 (1955–1959) showed that individual genes have a simple linear structure and are likely to be equivalent to a linear section of DNA.
Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.
In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: that of Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.
Modern synthesis and its successors
The theories developed in the early 20th century to integrate Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley.
This view of evolution was emphasized by George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed that the Mendelian gene is a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency." Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of Mendelian genes and the importance of natural selection in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.
The development of the neutral theory of evolution in the late 1960s led to the recognition that random genetic drift is a major player in evolution and that neutral theory should be the null hypothesis of molecular evolution. This led to the construction of phylogenetic trees and the development of the molecular clock, which is the basis of all dating techniques using DNA sequences. These techniques are not confined to molecular gene sequences but can be used on all DNA segments in the genome.
Molecular basis
DNA
The vast majority of organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiraling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align to form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must, therefore, be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.
Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'→3' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.
The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.
Chromosomes
The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.
The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin. The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere. Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequences that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process. The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.
Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.
Structure and function
Structure
The structure of a protein-coding gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include introns and untranslated regions of the mature mRNA. Noncoding genes can also contain introns that are removed during processing to produce the mature functional RNA.
All genes are associated with regulatory sequences that are required for their expression. First, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors that recruit and help RNA polymerase bind to the region to initiate transcription. The recognition typically occurs as a consensus sequence like the TATA box. A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end. Highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that form strong associations with transcription factors, thereby initiating transcription at a high rate. Others genes have "weak" promoters that form weak associations with transcription factors and initiate transcription less frequently. Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.
Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the gene that alter expression. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.
The mature messenger RNA produced from protein-coding genes contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain binding sites for ribosomes, RNA-binding proteins, miRNA, as well as terminator, and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns, which are removed and exons, which are connected together in a process known as RNA splicing. Finally, the ends of gene transcripts are defined by cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) sites, where newly produced pre-mRNA gets cleaved and a string of ~200 adenosine monophosphates is added at the 3' end. The poly(A) tail protects mature mRNA from degradation and has other functions, affecting translation, localization, and transport of the transcript from the nucleus. Splicing, followed by CPA, generate the final mature mRNA, which encodes the protein or RNA product. Although the general mechanisms defining locations of human genes are known, identification of the exact factors regulating these cellular processes is an area of active research. For example, known sequence features in the 3'-UTR can only explain half of all human gene ends.
Many noncoding genes in eukaryotes have different transcription termination mechanisms and they do not have pol(A) tails.
Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The genes in an operon are transcribed as a continuous messenger RNA, referred to as a polycistronic mRNA. The term cistron in this context is equivalent to gene. The transcription of an operon's mRNA is often controlled by a repressor that can occur in an active or inactive state depending on the presence of specific metabolites. When active, the repressor binds to a DNA sequence at the beginning of the operon, called the operator region, and represses transcription of the operon; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur (see e.g. Lac operon). The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.
Complexity
Though many genes have simple structures, as with much of biology, others can be quite complex or represent unusual edge-cases. Eukaryotic genes often have introns are often much larger than their exons, and those introns can even have other genes nested inside them. Associated enhancers may be many kilobase away, or even on entirely different chromosomes operating via physical contact between two chromosomes. A single gene can encode multiple different functional products by alternative splicing, and conversely gene may be split across chromosomes but those transcripts are concatenated back together into a functional sequence by trans-splicing. It is also possible for overlapping genes to share some of their DNA sequence, either on opposite strands or the same strand (in a different reading frame, or even the same reading frame).
Gene expression
In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA). Second, that mRNA is translated to protein. RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protein. The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression, and the resulting molecule is called a gene product.
Genetic code
The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid. The principle that three sequential bases of DNA code for each amino acid was demonstrated in 1961 using frameshift mutations in the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4 (see Crick, Brenner et al. experiment).
Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons) and only 20 standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms.
Transcription
Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed. The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.
In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode a protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.
Translation
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must fold to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.
Regulation
Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources. A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.
RNA genes
A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product. In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, while others such as microRNAs and riboswitches have regulatory roles. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes.
Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized.
Inheritance
Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.
Mendelian inheritance
According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. Most eukaryotic organisms (such as the pea plants Mendel worked on) have two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent.
Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. If you know the genotypes of the organisms, you can determine which alleles are dominant and which are recessive. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems. Mendel's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes, or germ cells, ensuring variation in the next generation. Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes (including a number of well-known genetic disorders) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division.
DNA replication and cell division
The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division; the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication. The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which "reads" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.
The rate of DNA replication in living cells was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected E. coli and found to be impressively rapid. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate of elongation was 749 nucleotides per second.
After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.
Molecular inheritance
The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene. The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.
During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding homologous non-sister chromatid. This can result in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles. The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together (known as genetic linkage). Genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them.
Molecular evolution
Mutation
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur. The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutations. Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon). Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, DNA repair mechanisms can introduce mutational errors when repairing physical damage to the molecule. The repair, even with mutation, is more important to survival than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.
When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift. The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.
Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.
Sequence homology
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequences of their DNA. If the level of similarity exceeds a minimum value, one can conclude that the genes descend from a common ancestor; they are homologous. Genes that are related by direct descent from a common ancestor are orthologous genes - they are usually found at the same locus in different species. Genes that are related as a result of a gene duplication event are parologous genes.
It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.
Origins of new genes
The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way compose a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity. Sometimes, gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene, or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes.
"Orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are less common than gene duplicates. The human genome contains an estimate 18 to 60 genes with no identifiable homologs outside humans. Orphan genes arise primarily from either de novo emergence from previously non-coding sequence, or gene duplication followed by such rapid sequence change that the original relationship becomes undetectable. De novo genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Over long evolutionary time periods, de novo gene birth may be responsible for a significant fraction of taxonomically restricted gene families.
Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions. Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.
Genome
The genome is the total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences. Eukaryotic genes can be annotated using FINDER.
Number of genes
The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses, and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5 million sequences.
Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1950s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes in the 1960s and 1970s were based on mutation load estimates and the numbers of mRNAs and these estimates tended to be about 30,000 protein-coding genes. During the 1990s there were guesstimates of up to 100,000 genes and early data on detection of mRNAs (expressed sequence tags) suggested more than the traditional value of 30,000 genes that had been reported in the textbooks during the 1980s.
The initial draft sequences of the human genome confirmed the earlier predictions of about 30,000 protein-coding genes however that estimate has fallen to about 19,000 with the ongoing GENCODE annotation project . The number of noncoding genes is not known with certainty but the latest estimates from Ensembl suggest 26,000 noncoding genes.
Essential genes
Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which is less than 10% of their genes. Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher, at 1000 genes (~20% of their genes). Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes, mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes (~10% of their genes). The synthetic organism, Syn 3, has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes (necessary for fast growth), although 149 have unknown function.
Essential genes include housekeeping genes (critical for basic cell functions) as well as genes that are expressed at different times in the organisms development or life cycle. Housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression, since they are constitutively expressed at a relatively constant level.
Genetic and genomic nomenclature
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), a committee of the Human Genome Organisation, for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired. The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.
Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.
For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.
See also
References
Citations
Sources
Main textbook
– A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf.
Glossary
Ch 1: Cells and genomes
1.1: The Universal Features of Cells on Earth
Ch 2: Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis
2.1: The Chemical Components of a Cell
Ch 3: Proteins
Ch 4: DNA and Chromosomes
4.1: The Structure and Function of DNA
4.2: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
Ch 5: DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination
5.2: DNA Replication Mechanisms
5.4: DNA Repair
5.5: General Recombination
Ch 6: How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein
6.1: DNA to RNA
6.2: RNA to Protein
Ch 7: Control of Gene Expression
7.1: An Overview of Gene Control
7.2: DNA-Binding Motifs in Gene Regulatory Proteins
7.3: How Genetic Switches Work
7.5: Posttranscriptional Controls
7.6: How Genomes Evolve
Ch 14: Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
14.4: The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Plastids
Ch 18: The Mechanics of Cell Division
18.1: An Overview of M Phase
18.2: Mitosis
Ch 20: Germ Cells and Fertilization
20.2: Meiosis
Further reading
External links
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
DNA From The Beginning – a primer on genes and DNA
Entrez Gene – a searchable database of genes
Genes – an Open Access journal
IDconverter – converts gene IDs between public databases
iHOP – Information Hyperlinked over Proteins
TranscriptomeBrowser – Gene expression profile analysis
The Protein Naming Utility, a database to identify and correct deficient gene names
IMPC (International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium) – Encyclopedia of mammalian gene function
Global Genes Project – Leading non-profit organization supporting people living with genetic diseases
ENCODE threads Explorer Characterization of intergenic regions and gene definition. Nature
Cloning
Molecular biology
Wikipedia articles with sections published in WikiJournal of Medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene |
The Academy of Media Arts Cologne (KHM) is the art and film school of the state of North Rhine Westphalia. It was founded 1989 in Cologne, Germany. Notable artists and filmmakers who studied or taught at the academy include Rosa Barba, VALIE EXPORT, Karen Eliot, Marcel Odenbach, Jürgen Klauke, Phil Collins, Peter Lilienthal, Sophie Maintigneux, Julia Scher, Anthony Moore, Johannes Wohnseifer, Werner Nekes, Hans Weingartner, Jacob Kirkegaard, Sebastian Strasser, Li Yang, Beate Gütschow.
References
External links
Academy of Media Arts Website
Educational institutions established in 1990
Universities and colleges in Cologne
1990 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20of%20Media%20Arts%20Cologne |
Euphoria is a series of dance music compilations that debuted on the Telstar Records label in early 1999. During the first year, Euphoria focused primarily on trance music until mid-2000 when Euphoria released the first chill-out album in the series and the first hard house album in late 2000.
Euphoria was later spun off into a number of associated club nights around the UK, Ibiza and Cyprus. Over the course of three years, in excess of 500 tour dates were chalked up with tour DJs such as Adam White, Robert Van Ryn, Simon Webdale and Darren James.
The compilations included box sets usually priced at around £20.00. The Euphoria albums were of high quality and still are highly collectible and the earlier versions are somewhat rare.
Frequent DJs and/or producers who have mixed albums include Dave Pearce, Matt Darey, Lisa Lashes, John '00' Fleming, Adam White, The Tidy Boys, Jay Burnett, Red Jerry and Andy Whitby.
When Telstar Records folded in 2004, the brand went to Ministry of Sound recordings.
Since the debut release, the Euphoria brand has showcased other genres in electronic dance music including hard house, hard dance, progressive and psy-trance as well as releasing some (thus far) "one offs" that cover old skool, funky house, hardcore and the ever-popular "mash up".
Although focusing mostly on "Best of" compilations in recent years under various guises, the Euphoria brand went "back to its roots" in mid-2008 with its first release of new (all encompassing) trance music in 3 years as opposed to the subgenre releases. Summer Euphoria was also the first digital-only release under the Euphoria brand.
With no new releases for nearly 18 months, Ministry of Sound released Euphoria 2011 in September of that year. This was a new direction for the Euphoria brand in that the album contained the latest dance music including the recent fusion of dance beats with R&B.
Telstar also launched the Breakdown (its full name being The Very Best of Euphoric Dance Breakdown) series in 1999, the same year as the inaugural Euphoria album, and this brand also went to Ministry of Sound following the folding of Telstar. Breakdown too focused on electronic dance music, but was never focused on trance music in particular, focusing on a wide range of subgenres of dance music, including non-electronic genres such as a disco edition. The series was computer mixed, but did not list a DJ on its cover, but instead in its liner notes. In the book The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, the Breakdown series is erroneously listed as being part of the Euphoria series.
List of Euphoria albums by Telstar Records (Telstar TV) (1999–2004)
Unusually, the last installment of the Telstar years, Deeper Shades of Euphoria (volume 2) was a co-release with Virgin Records/EMI, who had been rival labels with Telstar in the past. It has been suggested Virgin and EMI helped support the album as Telstar entered closure.
List of Euphoria albums by Ministry of Sound (2004-2017)
External links
Released Euphoria albums reference
DJ mix album series
Electronic compilation albums
Electronica compilation albums
1990s compilation albums
2000s compilation albums
2010s compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria%20%28compilations%29 |
"Chocolate" is a song by UK alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released as the third single from their third studio album, Final Straw. The music for the track was written by all four members of the band, while the lyrics are by lead vocalist Gary Lightbody.
The single version is slightly different from the album version. The most noticeable alteration is the drums dropping out in the glockenspiel interlude between the 1st chorus and 2nd verse on the single version.
An edited version of "Chocolate" is featured on the trailer for The Last Kiss starring Zach Braff. It also features in the Torchwood episode "Cyberwoman" and it was used for the highlights on the last 'Wales On Saturday'.
Music video
The video was directed by Marc Webb and was filmed in New York City. It shows scenes of panic and despair at what is apparently the "end of the world". The centerpiece or focal point of the action is an hourglass that is quickly running out. The implication here is that darkness and death will descend when the last grains of sand have fallen through the bottleneck to the bottom.
After the lyrics finish lead singer Gary Lightbody walks up and inverts the hourglass. The video fades out to the song's guitar riff repeating.
Track listings
CD
"Chocolate" (video)
"Run" (Jackknife Lee Remix) – 7:28
"One Night Is Not Enough" (Live at the Liquid Rooms) – 4:19
7"
"Chocolate" – 3:09
"Run" (Jackknife Lee Remix) – 7:28
Covers
Charlotte Martin covered this song on her 2007 album, Reproductions.
Brian McFadden covered this song on his 2013 album, The Irish Connection.
Reception
Hot Press' reviewer Paul Nolan reviewed the single negatively. He wrote the song was true to its title, as it was "warm" and "anthemic", making comparisons to bands like Coldplay and Starsailor. He did not feel it was strong enough to match up to "Starfighter Pilot", which he called "a prime-time Snow Patrol number". He criticized the record company's approach, writing that the release was an attempt to capitalize on the success on the previous single "Run", Snow Patrol's breakthrough single.
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
Snow Patrol songs
Song recordings produced by Jacknife Lee
Songs written by Gary Lightbody
Music videos directed by Marc Webb
1998 songs
Songs written by Nathan Connolly
Songs written by Jonny Quinn
Songs written by Mark McClelland
Fiction Records singles
Interscope Records singles
2004 singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate%20%28Snow%20Patrol%20song%29 |
The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics.
Publication history
The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo.
Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 "Civil War" storyline.
Known wearers
Peter Parker
After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after "reformed" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it.
Scarlet Spiders
The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability.
Mary Jane Watson
Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor.
Aaron Davis
Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six.
Amadeus Cho
Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk.
Powers and abilities
Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or "waldoes", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the "Civil War" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during his fight with Captain America.
Other features include short-distance gliding capability, limited bulletproofing, built-in fire/police/emergency scanner, audio/visual amplification (including infrared and ultraviolet), cloaking device, carbon filters to keep out airborne toxins, and a short-range GPS microwave communication system. It grants the ability to breathe under water, and can morph into different shapes due to its "'smart' liquid metal" form. It can also "more or less disappear" when not needed due to reactions to neurological impulses as Tony Stark revealed. The new costume is able to look like other styles of costumes Spider-Man has worn over the years or turn into his street clothes. Part of the costume can detach itself from Spider-Man to cover an object too dangerous to touch, such as a radioactive asteroid. All these features are controlled by a computer system in the chest piece. The suit responds to mental control.
The Iron Spider armor also has a secret override that can be activated by Iron Man in case of emergencies or if Spider-Man ever switches sides. However, unknown to Stark, Peter was already aware of the safety measure and had bypassed it with his own override, Passcode Surprise. Perhaps most sinister, Stark discovered a way to give his own Iron Man armor a "spider-sense" based on Peter's, and the ability to give Spider-Man's sense red herrings.
Other versions
In the pages of Contest of Champions, a variation of Natasha Romanov donned the Iron Spider identity in an unidentified alternate reality where Iron Man used the Reality Gem to rig the Civil War in his favor where he later became President of the United States. She inherited it after Peter defected to Captain America's side and later became a member of the Civil Warriors.
In other media
Television
The Iron Spider armor appears in Ultimate Spider-Man. This version includes repulsors on the palms and feet, similar to those of Iron Man. It is initially used by Peter Parker before Amadeus Cho takes up the Iron Spider mantle. Additionally, the episode "Rampaging Rhino" features a "Iron Spider Hulkbuster" variant created by Dr. Curt Connors.
The Amadeus Cho incarnation of Iron Spider appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled.
Film
The Iron Spider armor appears in films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This version's appearance sports a more "classic" look than that of the comics, with dark red and blue tones throughout, as well as gold highlights. Additionally, the armor uses nanotechnology that allows Peter Parker / Spider-Man to survive at high altitudes and on alien worlds and features a set of four mechanical legs that sprout from the back.
It first appears briefly in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), wherein Tony Stark offers Parker the suit and membership into the Avengers, though Parker declines both.
The armor returns in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), wherein Stark uses it to save Parker after he falls from Ebony Maw's Q-ship and into Earth's atmosphere. Parker uses the suit for the rest of the film while helping Stark, Doctor Strange, and the Guardians of the Galaxy fight Thanos until most of the heroes become victims of the Blip.
The armor returns in Avengers: Endgame (2019) when Parker and the Blip's other victims are resurrected and join the Avengers' battle against an alternate timeline version of Thanos.
The armor briefly returns in the opening of Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), though Parker leaves it at home in favor of focusing on his social life and going on a European school trip.
The armor returns in Spider-Man: No Way Home, during which Parker uses it to fight Otto Octavius, who tears a chunk of the suit's nanotechnology off of Parker and merges it with his mechanical tentacles. However, Spider-Man uses this to remotely subdue him. After Octavius receives a new inhibitor chip for his tentacles, he returns the stolen nanotechnology to Parker.
An unidentified Iron Spider makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society.
Video games
The Iron Spider suit appears as an unlockable costume in the Wii version of Spider-Man: Web of Shadows.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel Ultimate Alliance.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an unlockable alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an alternate costume for Spider-Man 2099 in Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions and Spider-Man: Edge of Time.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
The Iron Spider suit appears in Spider-Man Unlimited, with the MCU version and Mary Jane Watson incarnation appearing in later updates.
The Amadeus Cho incarnation of Iron Spider appears as a DLC character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
The Mary Jane Watson incarnation of Iron Spider appears in Marvel Avengers Academy.
The Iron Spider suit appears as an alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite.
The MCU Iron Spider suit appears as an unlockable alternate costume for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel's Spider-Man, with the comics' version of the suit being released later as part of the "Turf Wars" DLC.
The comics and MCU Iron Spider suits appear as alternate costumes for Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Marvel's Spider-Man 2.
References
External links
Iron Spider Armor at Marvel Wiki
Marvel Comics superheroes
Spider-Man
Fictional armour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Spider |
The Covington Lumberjacks are a collegiate summer baseball team in Covington, Virginia. They play in the Valley Baseball League. The team was founded in 2001 and the Lumberjacks play their home games at Casey Field in downtown Covington.
Since joining the league in 2001,the Lumberjacks claim two league titles in 2005 and 2011. They were league runners-up in 2008 and 2009 and most recently won the leagues Southern Division regular season title in 2018. The Lumberjacks have been consistent in having alumni drafted in the major leagues, including several who have had substantial MLB careers.
Notable players
David Carpenter, catcher/pitcher
Ben Guez, outfielder
Jason Kipnis, second baseman
Collin Cowgill, outfielder
Robby Scott, pitcher
Craig Tatum, catcher
Kevin Munson, pitcher
Brendan Katin, outfielder
Carlos Guevara, pitcher
Sherman Johnson, second baseman
References
External links
Home site
Covington Lumberjacks roster
Amateur baseball teams in Virginia
Valley Baseball League teams
Alleghany County, Virginia
Covington, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington%20Lumberjacks |
"Feelin' Satisfied" is a song by American rock band Boston, released as a single in 1979, and written by Tom Scholz from their 1978 album Don't Look Back. "Feelin' Satisfied" was released as a single and went up to #46 on the Billboard Hot 100. It only reached #84 in Canada. It was the band's last single release for 7 years, until "Amanda" in 1986.
Reception
Paul Grein of Billboard described the song as "an affectionate tribute to the power of music." The same magazine later described the song as an "upbeat track which is totally rock 'n' roll," praising the "clear singing" and "fresh sounds." Cash Box said it has "those Boston characteristics that has made the group a platinum act: tight-skin percussion, majestic guitar lines and do-the-job soaring vocals." Cash Box also called it a "fine track." Record World called it "one of [Don't Look Backs] most powerful rockers" and praised the guitar playing, Brad Delp's lead vocal and the "multi -track vocal hook."
Terry Hazlett of The Observer-Reporter described the song as an "innocent little [ditty]" which comes across like a "rock 'n' roll anthem." Pete Bishop of The Pittsburgh Press claimed that it has "an infectious happy feel." But Press & Sun-Bulletin critic Chris Carson described "Feelin' Satisfied" as being "on par with the filler" on Boston's debut album.
Legacy
AXS contributor Bill Craig described the lyrics as being about "the wonders of rock music." Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci described it as a "simple" song that, in common with many Boston songs, "celebrates rock 'n' roll." Gallucci rated it Boston's 8th greatest song, particularly praising the effect from the hand claps during the refrain. Paul Elliott rated it their 7th greatest song, commenting on its "sense of fun" as Scholz lets go of some of his usual control. Elliott described it as a "grooving hard rocker." Classic Rock History critic Brian Kachejian rated it as Boston's 8th best song.
Charts
References
1978 songs
1979 singles
Boston (band) songs
Songs written by Tom Scholz
Song recordings produced by Tom Scholz
Epic Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27%20Satisfied |
The Catholic Church in Greece is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Indigenous Roman Catholic Greeks numbered about 50,000-70,000 in 2022 and were a religious and not an ethnic minority. Most of them are a remnant of Venetian and Genoese rule in southern Greece and many Greek islands (in both the Aegean and Ionian seas) from the early 13th until the late 18th century, Greeks who converted to Catholicism or descendants of the thousands of Bavarians that came to Greece in the 1830s as soldiers and civil administrators, accompanying King Otto. One very old but still common term to reference to them is Φράγκοι, or "Franks", dating to the times of the Byzantine Empire, when medieval Greeks would use that term to describe all Catholics.
Since the early 1990s however, the number of Catholic permanent residents of Greece has greatly increased; as of 2002, they numbered 200,000 at the very least, and probably more. These Catholics are immigrants from Eastern Europe (especially Poland) or from the Philippines, but also include Western European expatriates that live permanently in Athens, Thessaloniki or the Greek islands (especially Crete, Syros, Rhodes and Corfu).
Today, the majority of Catholics live in Athens, a city of about four million people; the rest of them can be found all over Greece. Most indigenous Catholics live in the islands, and especially the Cyclades, where Syros and Tinos in particular have some entirely Catholic villages and parishes. Catholics can be found also in Corfu, Naxos, Santorini, Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Rhodes, Kos, Crete, Samos, Lesbos and Chios. In the mainland, Catholic communities are smaller, and include those of Patras (a city that was home to a large Italian community until World War II), Thessaloniki, Kavala, Volos etc. In addition to Roman Catholics who represent the vast majority of the faithful, there were about 5,000 members of the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church and a few hundred Armenian Catholics in 2002.
The Catholic Church itself states that "the total population of Catholics in Greece exceeds 350,000". Other estimates suggested that there were 133,000 Catholics in Greece (1.22% of the population) in 2020.
The Catholic Church is recognised by the Greek government and Catholic schools operate in the country.
History
Before the division of the church in 1054, there were structures of the Catholic Church in Greece. Since the 5th century, the Roman Catholic archbishop of Thessalonica led the Illyrian Vicariate of the Latin Church. Until 1054, there was mutual recognition between the Latin and Byzantine communities in Greece.
After the separation of churches in 1054, a split occurred between these communities. After the church split and the conquest of Greece by the Ottoman Empire, the Greek Catholics began to be called "Franks" (Greek Φράγκοι). This name of local Catholics came from the faith professed by the Franks. Orthodox Greeks, distinguishing themselves from the Franks, called themselves the "Romans" (Greek Ρωμαιοι), identifying themselves with the Byzantine Empire, which considered itself the successor to the Roman Empire.
After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the residence of the Latin patriarch with 12 dioceses subordinate to him was established in Constantinople. In 1205, Pope Innocent III established the Latin Archdiocese in Athens. Other Latin church structures were established at the same time. In Greece, various Western monastic orders also operated.
After the conquest of Byzantium by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 in Greece, the activity of the Latin structures gradually ceased and the dioceses of the Latin rite became titular. At the same time, until the 18th century, there were numerous Venetian colonies in Greece, which possessed considerable freedom.
In 1830, a gradual restoration of Church hierarchy began in Greece. That year, Pope Gregory XVI established the first Catholic Church hierarchy, which was called the apostolic delegate. In 1834, Bishop Blancis was appointed apostolic delegate and the Holy See entrusted him with the care of Roman Catholics living in Greece. On 23 July 1875 Pope Pius IX established the archdiocese of Athens and the Peloponnese.
In 1856, a community of Greek Eastern Catholics was formed in Constantinople, which became the basis of the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church.
In 1979, the Holy See established diplomatic relations with Greece.
Popes from Greece
Pope Hyginus
Pope Eleutherius
Pope Sixtus II
Bishops' Conference
The Bishops' Conference of Greece (Hiera Synodos Katholikis Hierarkhias Hellados) has six members:
The archbishop of Corfu and apostolic administrator of Thessaloniki
The archbishop of Naxos and Tinos and apostolic administrator of Chios
The archbishop of Athens and apostolic administrator of Rhodes
The bishop of Syros and Santorini and apostolic administrator of Crete
The exarch of the Greek Catholics of Byzantine Rite (based in Athens)
The ordinary of the Armenian Catholics (based in Athens)
Papal representatives to Greece
Organization
Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Athens
Archdiocese of Rhodos
Archdiocese of Corfù, Zante and Cefalonia
Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos
Diocese of Chios
Diocese of Crete
Diocese of Santorini
Diocese of Syros and Milos
Apostolic Vicariate of Thessaloniki
Dioceses
Catholic Archdiocese of Corfu
Catholic Archdiocese of Rhodes
Catholic Archdiocese of Naxos - Tinos
Greek (Byzantine) Catholic Exarchate
Parishes
Catholic parish of Heraklion
Catholic parish of Kavala
Catholic parish of Patras
Catholic parish of Thessaloniki
German-speaking Catholic community in Greece
Polish Catholic community in Greece
Others
Caritas Hellas
Jesuit Community in Greece
Notable Greek Roman Catholics
Demetrios Kydones, theologian
Ioannis Kyparissiotes, theologian
Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of Morea
Andreas Palaiologos, Despot of Morea
Basilius Bessarion, scholar, theologian and cardinal
Ioannis Argyropoulos, scholar
Ioannis Kottounios, scholar
Marcus Musurus, scholar
Francisco Leontaritis, composer
Vincenzos Cornaros, poet, playwright
Lorentzos Mavilis, poet and martyr
Ioannis Andreas Kargas, bishop of Syros
Dominikos Theotokopoulos ("El Greco"), painter
Constantine Gerachis (Phaulkon), adventurer
Ioannis Marangos, archbishop
Markos Vamvakaris, musician
Antonis Delatolas, publisher of To Pontiki
Maria Korinthiou, actress
Gallery
See also
Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
List of Greek popes
Religion in Greece
Greek Orthodox Church
References
External links
Catholic Church in Greece
Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Greece |
Speakeasy, Inc. was a broadband internet service provider and voice over IP carrier based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Their terms of service described liberal usage policies for home users allowing subscribers to run any number of servers
and allowing them to resell their connectivity to others through a service called "NetShare". They received press coverage for their support of Linux and BSD-derivative operating systems, and were reportedly the first provider to offer a customized version of Mozilla Firefox to customers, in January 2005. The company was acquired by MegaPath Corporation in 2010 which retired the Speakeasy brand. MegaPath in turn was acquired by Fusion Connect which currently houses Speakeasy's network and customers.
History
In 1994, Gretchen Apgar and husband Mike opened a cybercafe in Seattle's Belltown neighborhood with Mike's brother Tyler. They started out with offering connectivity and email services in the area. Customers at the cafe expressed a wish to have the ability to check their email from other locations than just the cafe and a series of terminal stations were set up at various bars around town. These terminals were marketed under the label, "Rainmail." As computing power expanded and the cost of computers diminished, customers began to express the further wish to access their email from home. Speakeasy put together a bank of modems and offered a dial up service. As of 2008, dialup through Speakeasy is still available for $19 a month. The move toward DSL took place in 1998.
In late 1999, the company expanded to a national level, offering DSL services throughout the United States. The Speakeasy backbone consisted of a dedicated fiber ring that circled the continental United States with major points of presence (i.e. POPs) in Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Washington D.C., New York, and Chicago. From the POP to the customers premises a third party vendor was contracted to provide data layer connectivity. This is known in networking as the 'last mile'. In the case of Speakeasy, the data-link protocol used was Asynchronous Transfer Mode rather than PPPoE or Frame Relay in case of T1's.
In 2001, in the face of the collapse of many ISPs as a possible result of the dot-com bust, Speakeasy had marketed a program to allow for simple transfer of accounts, starting with the announcement of the failure of Flashcom, a former DSL internet provider. That same year, the cybercafe burned down in an electrical fire, forcing the company to focus on the internet business.
In September 2003, Bruce Chatterley was made CEO of the company.
In summer of 2004, the company announced simultaneously their entry into VOIP, and their OneLink package, which allowed a DSL subscriber to maintain an ADSL line without the requirement of a traditional landline service.
In spring of 2006 Mike Apgar stepped down as chairman and moved on to a startup company Ookla that he created while at Speakeasy.
On March 27, 2007 press releases by both companies announced the acquisition of Speakeasy by Best Buy, a Fortune 100 retail chain operating in the US, Canada and China. Best Buy planned to offer Speakeasy broadband and VOIP services to small businesses through their Best Buy for Business unit.
On June 10, 2010 Best Buy announced it was reducing its stake in Speakeasy, which would be merging with Covad Communications and MegaPath Corporation to form a new joint company. On September 1, 2010, MegaPath, Covad, and Speakeasy announced regulatory approval and the completion of their merger.
The new combined company took the name MegaPath Corporation.
On December 31, 2014, MegaPath Corporation sold certain of its network assets and direct internet access customers to GC Pivotal LLC dba Global Capacity, in order to raise cash to invest in its wholesale and managed services business.
On May 10, 2018, Fusion Connect announced they will acquire MegaPath. This acquisition has since closed.
See also
United States v. Ivanov – Notable cyber-law case. Ivanov intentionally hacked Speakeasy
References
External links
Official homepage of Fusion Connect
Internet service providers of the United States
VoIP companies of the United States
Companies based in Seattle
Telecommunications companies established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy%20%28ISP%29 |
Gavin Christopher Floyd (born January 27, 1983), is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago White Sox, Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians, and Toronto Blue Jays.
Amateur career
Born in Annapolis, Maryland and raised in Severna Park, Maryland, Floyd attended Mount Saint Joseph High School in Baltimore, alongside fellow major leaguer Mark Teixeira, who grew up on adjacent streets. Teixeira, who is three years older than Floyd, was also selected in the first round of the 2001 MLB Draft.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Philadelphia Phillies selected Floyd out of high school with the fourth overall selection of the 2001 draft. Floyd, who had originally made a verbal commitment to attend the University of South Carolina, opted instead to play in major league baseball.
In his first professional season (2002), Floyd pitched for the Class A Lakewood BlueClaws of the South Atlantic League (SAL). A highlight of his impressive first year (2.77 ERA, .200 BAA) was pitching the first nine-inning no-hitter in BlueClaws history on July 24 against the Lexington Legends. However, Floyd actually lost the game, 1–0, due to a pair of sixth-inning errors, making him the first SAL pitcher since 1966 to lose a no-hitter.
In 2004, Floyd was a non-roster invitee to spring training. He began the season with the Reading Phillies (AA) and did not allow any runs in his first four starts, allowing only one runner to make it past second base. He was named the Phillies farm system Minor League Pitcher of the Week, as well as Phillies Minor League Pitcher of the Month for April (2–0, 0.00 ERA). He was promoted to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons (AAA) in July and made five starts before having his contract purchased by Phillies as a September callup.
Philadelphia Phillies
Floyd made his Major League debut September 3, 2004, against the division rival New York Mets and earned the win pitching seven innings and allowing only one run on four hits, striking out five.
In 2005, Floyd made the Phillies out of spring training. He made his first start of the season on April 9, pitched seven innings of one-run ball in a win against the St. Louis Cardinals. However, Floyd struggled thereafter and was demoted to the minors, where he continued to struggle for the 2005 season. In seven games (four starts) with the Phillies, he was 1–2 with a 10.04 ERA, and 6–9 with a 6.16 ERA in 24 games (23 starts) with the Red Barons. Floyd came to 2006 spring training with barely a consideration and pitched his way into the Phillies rotation as the #4 pitcher, pushing Ryan Franklin to the bullpen. However, once again Floyd struggled, with a 4–3 record and a 7.29 ERA in 11 starts, and on June 2, was demoted to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre for the second straight year.
Chicago White Sox
On December 6, 2006, Floyd was traded with Gio González to the Chicago White Sox for Freddy García. Floyd was expected to be handed the spot vacated by Garcia. However, since he pitched poorly during spring training, Floyd lost the spot and was optioned to Triple-A Charlotte.
On July 5, 2007, Floyd was recalled from Triple-A Charlotte by the White Sox. A day later, he pitched his first start as a South Sider in the second game of a doubleheader against Matt Garza of the Minnesota Twins, earning the loss and yielding six runs in 5.2 innings of work; the White Sox would eventually be blown out of the game, losing 12–0 to the rival Minnesota Twins.
In 2008, Floyd emerged as a legitimate and solid starting pitcher at the back end of the White Sox rotation. Showing flashes of brilliance, he carried near-no-hitters against visiting Detroit (April 12) and Minnesota (May 6) into the eighth and ninth innings, respectively, and also retired 12 consecutive Baltimore Orioles to start an eventual 6–5 extra inning loss in Baltimore on April 17. He finished the regular season with a 17–8 record and a 3.84 ERA in 33 starts, with his final win coming in a game in which the White Sox beat the Detroit Tigers to force a one-game playoff with the Twins to determine the Central's winner. During 2008 he led the majors in stolen bases allowed with 37 – nine more than the next closest pitcher.
Floyd re-signed with the White Sox on March 22, 2009; his four-year contract was worth $15.5 million. During the 2009 season, Floyd started 30 games, posting an 11–11 record and an ERA of 4.06, while cutting the number of stolen bases he allowed to 14.
Floyd only started five games with a 0–4 record and an ERA of 5.18 during the 2013 season. On April 28, 2013, Floyd was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a flexor muscle strain in his right elbow. After an MRI revealed that the elbow had a torn flexor muscle and UCL, Floyd underwent Tommy John surgery on May 7, 2013 and was shut down for the rest of the 2013 season.
Atlanta Braves
Floyd became a free agent at the end of the 2013 season, and he signed a one-year, $4 million contract with the Atlanta Braves on December 16, 2013. In June 2014, Floyd suffered a fractured olecranon, missing the rest of the season. Alex Wood replaced Floyd in the rotation.
Cleveland Indians
Floyd signed a one-year, $4 million deal with the Cleveland Indians on December 16, 2014, but was subsequently placed on the 60-day disabled list on April 5, 2015 after injuring his pitching elbow during spring training. Floyd made his Indians debut on September 2, 2015, pitching a single inning of relief.
Toronto Blue Jays
On February 6, 2016, Floyd signed a one-year, $1 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. Floyd entered spring training in competition for the fifth starter role with Aaron Sanchez, Drew Hutchison, and Jesse Chavez. On March 28, it was announced that Sanchez would be the team's fifth starter, and Floyd would begin the season in the bullpen. Floyd left a game against the White Sox on June 25 with a shoulder injury, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list after the game. On June 28, it was determined that he had torn his right lat muscle and would miss 8–12 weeks recovering. Floyd remained on the disabled list for the rest of the 2016 season. He finished the season with a 2–4 record, 4.06 ERA in 28 games, striking out 30 batters in 31 innings pitched.
On January 5, 2017, Floyd signed a minor league contract with the Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. He did not appear in any spring training games, and was released on April 5.
Pitching style
Floyd throws five pitches, leading with a four-seam fastball at 90–93 mph. He also throws a two-seam fastball (90–93), a slider (85–87), a curveball (79–81), and a changeup to left-handed hitters (mid 80s). His curve is a favored option with two strikes.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Akron RubberDucks players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Indians players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Maryland
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Clearwater Phillies players
Cleveland Indians players
Gwinnett Braves players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Lobos de Arecibo players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mississippi Braves players
Peoria Saguaros players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Sportspeople from Annapolis, Maryland
Toronto Blue Jays players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Floyd |
DB Cargo Polska (formerly DB Schenker Rail Polska and PCC Rail) is a Polish company operating mainly in rail freight transportation. It is presently owned by the German state railway company Deutsche Bahn (DB).
The primary materials transported by the company have traditionally been coal, gas, oil products and sand. In 2008, the volume of freight handled by the company amounted to in excess of 90 million tons.
History
PCC Rail Szczakowa emerged from a local mining-transport company of the Sand Mine Szczakowa (Kopalnia Piasku Szczakowa), having operated as such for over 50 years. During 2000, it was acquired by German chemicals and logistics company PCC SE. On 16 November 2006, the company's name was shortened to PCC Rail. By the end of 2008, PCC Rail reportedly had a market share in the Polish rail freight sector of 8%.
During January 2009, PCC announced the sale of its Polish rail logistics subsidiary to the German state railway company Deutsche Bahn (DB); at the time of the transaction, PCC Rail was the largest privately-owned railway company operating in Poland. The acquisition of the company, which was initially rebranded as DB Schenker Rail Poland, was one part of a wider trend towards consolidation that was occurring across Europe at that time.
By mid-2012, it was reported that almost half of all rail freight in Poland was being carried by one of several open-access operators, the largest being DB Schenker Rail Poland, having proved to be highly competitive with the nation's incumbent operator PKP Cargo. DB's share of the market was reportedly 20.9%. Nevertheless, Hans Georg Werner, the CEO of DB Schenker Rail Poland publicly accused PKP Cargo of conducting anti-competitive practices, specifically that it had unreasonably prevented the company from accessing its terminal outside Lublin, and thus hampering rivals from running their own intermodal freight services; the accusation was disputed by PKP Cargo's management. Three years later, the heads of DB Schenker Rail Polska, Freightliner PL, and CTL Logistics jointly voiced their concerns that high charges for track access and the poor quality of some infrastructure were hindering the development of the rail freight sector in Poland; specifically, there was little modernisation work, a shortage of suitable sidings for loading/unloading, a lack of facilities to handle intermodal freight, and allegations of monopolistic practices by PKP Cargo.
During March 2020, DB Cargo Polska transported thousands of tonnes of humanitarian aid from across Europe to neighbouring Ukraine as a part of the international response to the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. By August 2020, the company was one of several rail freight companies actively participating in the land shipment of grain out of Ukraine and across Europe; traditionally it would have been transported by ship via the nation's ports on the Black Sea, but this route had been blockaded by the Russian Navy.
Rolling stock
In 2010, DB Cargo Polska owned 360 locomotives along with 7,700 wagons and other forms of rolling stock.
During December 2012, following a reportedly successful trial, DB Cargo Polska placed an order for 23 Siemens Vectron electric locomotives; these units, which were assembled at Siemens' Munich plant, were delivered by the end of 2015. The contract includes an option for an additional 13 locomotives. The Vectron was the first locomotive designed to conform with the Technical Specification for Interoperability, facilitating the easier operation of cross-border services.
Dependent companies
DB Port Szczecin Sp. z o.o., Szczecin (Poland) – 93,40%
Infra SILESIA S.A., Rybnik (Poland) – 100%
DB Cargo Spedkol Sp. z o.o., Kędzierzyn-Koźle (Poland) – 100%
See also
Transportation in Poland
List of railway companies
Polish locomotives designation
References
External links
Railway companies of Poland
PCC Rail companies
Deutsche Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB%20Cargo%20Polska |
The Parable of the Weeds or Tares (KJV: tares, WNT: darnel, DRB: cockle) is a parable of Jesus which appears in . The parable relates how servants eager to pull up weeds were warned that in so doing they would root out the wheat as well and were told to let both grow together until the harvest. Later in Matthew, the weeds are identified with "the children of the evil one", the wheat with "the children of the Kingdom", and the harvest with "the end of the age". A shorter, compressed version of the parable is found without any interpretation in the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas.
Narrative
The parable in the Gospel of Matthew goes as follows:
Analysis
The word translated "tares" in the King James Version is (zizania), plural of (zizanion). This word is thought to mean darnel (Lolium temulentum), a ryegrass which looks much like wheat in its early stages of growth. The Weymouth New Testament, a translation of the Greek, translates the word as "Darnel". The Douay-Rheims Bible translates the word as "Cockle", possibly referring to the "White Cockle". Roman law prohibited sowing darnel among the wheat of an enemy, suggesting that the scenario presented here is realistic. Many translations use "weeds" instead of "tares".
A similar metaphor is wheat and chaff, replacing (growing) tares by (waste) chaff, and in other places in the Bible "wicked ones" are likened to chaff.
Interpretation
An eschatological interpretation is provided by Jesus in :
Although Jesus has distinguished between people who are part of the Kingdom of Heaven and those who are not, this difference may not always be readily apparent, as the parable of the Leaven indicates. However, the final judgment will be the "ultimate turning-point when the period of the secret growth of God's kingdom alongside the continued activity of the evil one will be brought to an end, and the new age which was inaugurated in principle in Jesus' earthly ministry will be gloriously consummated."
St. Augustine pointed out that the invisible distinction between "wheat" and "tares" also runs through the Church:
Some Christians understand "the children of the evil one" and "the children of the kingdom" to be something else than humans. Origen for instance offered such an interpretation. He also argued that Jesus's interpretation of the parable needs an interpretation of its own, pointing to the phrase with which Jesus followed his exposition of the parable, namely, "He who has ears to hear, let him hear", which occurs after biblical passages with a hidden meaning (see and ). Here is an abridged version of Origen's commentary on Jesus's interpretation of the parable:
The parable seems to have been interpreted in a similar way by Athenagoras who stated that "false opinions are an aftergrowth from another sowing", and by St. Gregory Nazianzen who exhorted those who were going to be baptized: "Only be not ignorant of the measure of grace; only let not the enemy, while you sleep, maliciously sow tares." Moreover, St. Gregory of Nyssa relates how his sister St. Macrina cited the parable as a scriptural support for her idea that God gave humans a passionate nature for a good purpose and that passions become vices when we fail to use our reason properly. In her opinion, the "impulses of the soul, each one of which, if only they are cultured for good, necessarily puts forth the fruit of virtue within us", are the good seed, among which "the bad seed of the error of judgment as to the true Beauty" has been scattered. From the bad seed, "the growth of delusion" springs up by which the true Beauty "has been thrown into the shade." Due to this, "the seed of anger does not steel us to be brave, but only arms us to fight with our own people; and the power of loving deserts its intellectual objects and becomes completely mad for the immoderate enjoyment of pleasures of sense; and so in like manner our other affections put forth the worse instead of the better growths." But "the wise Husbandman" leaves the growth of the "error as to Beauty" to remain among his seed, "so as to secure our not being altogether stripped of better hopes" by our passions having been rooted out along with it. For "if love is taken from us, how shall we be united to God? If anger is to be extinguished, what arms shall we possess against the adversary? Therefore the Husbandman leaves those bastard seeds within us, not for them always to overwhelm the more precious crop, but in order that the land itself (for so, in his allegory, he calls the heart) by its native inherent power, which is that of reasoning, may wither up the one growth and may render the other fruitful and abundant: but if that is not done, then he commissions the fire to mark the distinction in the crops." Finally, Theophylact of Ohrid believed that the parable has a double meaning, writing that the field "is the world, or, each one’s soul", that the "good seed is good people, or, good thoughts", and that the tares are heretics, or, bad thoughts.
Religious toleration
The Parable of the Tares has often been cited in support of various degrees of religious toleration. Once the wheat is identified with orthodox believers and the tares with heretics, the command Let both grow together until the harvest becomes a call for toleration (at least to some degree). However, the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church explicitly reject such an interpretation, interpreting the tares as bad but right-believing members of the Church, but excluding manifest heretics from the Church altogether.
Preaching on the parable, St. John Chrysostom declared that "it is not right to put a heretic to death, since an implacable war would be brought into the world" which would lead to the death of many saints. Furthermore, he suggested that the phrase Lest ye root up the wheat with them can mean "that of the very tares it is likely that many may change and become wheat." However, he also asserted that God does not forbid depriving heretics of their freedom of speech, and "breaking up their assemblies and confederacies".
In his "Letter to Bishop Roger of Chalons", Bishop Wazo of Liege (c. 985-1048 AD) relied on the parable to argue that "the church should let dissent grow with orthodoxy until the Lord comes to separate and judge them", a remarkable departure from the standard Catholic view of the time of handing over heretics to the secular arm to be punished.
Opponents of toleration, such as Thomas Aquinas and the inquisitors, but also John Calvin and Theodore Beza, did not interpret the parable as excluding the execution of heretics. Some argued that a number of tares can be carefully uprooted without harming the wheat. What is more, the tares could be identified with moral offenders within the Church, not heretics who were never considered to be true members of the Church, or alternatively the prohibition of pulling up the tares could be applied only to the clergy, not to the magistrates. As a millennialist, Thomas Müntzer could call for rooting up the tares, claiming that the time of harvest had come.
Martin Luther preached a sermon on the parable in which he affirmed that only God can separate false from true believers and stressed that killing heretics ends any opportunity they may have for salvation:
From this observe what raging and furious people we have been these many years, in that we desired to force others to believe; the Turks with the sword, heretics with fire, the Jews with death, and thus outroot the tares by our own power, as if we were the ones who could reign over hearts and spirits, and make them pious and right, which God's Word alone must do. But by murder we separate the people from the Word, so that it cannot possibly work upon them and we bring thus, with one stroke a double murder upon ourselves, as far as it lies in our power, namely, in that we murder the body for time and the soul for eternity, and afterwards say we did God a service by our actions, and wish to merit something special in heaven.
He concluded that "although the tares hinder the wheat, yet they make it the more beautiful to behold". Several years later, however, Luther emphasized that the magistrates should eliminate heretics: "The magistrate bears the sword with the command to cut off offense. ... Now the most dangerous and atrocious offense is false teaching and an incorrect church service." Ironically, the Catholic Church considered Martin Luther and the rest of the Protestant Reformers to be heretics themselves.
Roger Williams, a Baptist theologian and founder of Rhode Island, used this parable to support government toleration of all of the "weeds" (heretics) in the world, because civil persecution often inadvertently hurts the "wheat" (believers) too. Instead, Williams believed it was God's duty to judge in the end, not man's. This parable lent further support to Williams' Biblical philosophy of a wall of separation between church and state as described in his 1644 book, The Bloody Tenent of Persecution.
The Protestant John Milton, in Areopagitica (1644), calling for freedom of speech and condemning Parliament's attempt to license printing, referred to this parable and the Parable of Drawing in the Net, both found in Matthew 13:
[I]t is not possible for man to sever the wheat from the tares, the good fish from the other fry; that must be the Angels' ministry at the end of mortal things.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "In the foregoing parable the Lord spoke to such as do not receive the word of God; here of those who receive a corrupting seed. This is the contrivance of the Devil, ever to mix error with truth."
Jerome: "He set forth also this other parable, as it were a rich householder refreshing his guests with various meats, that each one according to the nature of his stomach might find some food adapted to him. He said not ‘a second parable,’ but another; for had He said ‘a second,’ we could not have looked for a third; but another prepares us for many more."
Saint Remigius: "Here He calls the Son of God Himself the kingdom of heaven; for He saith, The kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that sowed good seed in his field."
Chrysostom: "He then points out the manner of the Devil’s snares, saying, While men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares in the midst of the wheat, and departed. He here shows that error arose after truth, as indeed the course of events testifies; for the false prophets came after the Prophets, the false apostles after the Apostles, and Antichrist after Christ. For unless the Devil sees somewhat to imitate, and some to lay in wait against, he does not attempt any thing. Therefore because he saw that this man bears fruit an hundred, this sixty, and this thirty-fold, and that he was not able to carry off or to choke that which had. taken root, he turns to other insidious practices, mixing up his own seed, which is a counterfeit of the true, and thereby imposes upon such as are prone to be deceived. So the parable speaks, not of another seed, but of tares which bear a great likeness to wheat corn. Further, the malignity of the Devil is shown in this, that he sowed when all else was completed, that he might do the greater hurt to the husbandman."
Chrysostom: "In what follows He more particularly draws the picture of an heretic, in the words, When the blade grew, and put forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. For heretics at first keep themselves in the shade; but when they have had long license, and when men have held communication with them in discourse, then they pour forth their venom."
Augustine: "Or otherwise; When a man begins to be spiritual, discerning between things, then he begins to see errors; for he judges concerning whatsoever he hears or reads, whether it departs from the rule of truth; but until he is perfected in the same spiritual things, he might be disturbed at so many false heresies having existed under the Christian name, whence it follows, And the servants of the householder coming to him said unto him, Didst thou not sow good seed in thy field? whence then hath it tares? Are these servants then the same as those whom He afterwards calls reapers? Because in His exposition of the parable, He expounds the reapers to be the Angels, and none would dare to say that the Angels were ignorant who had sowed tares, we should the rather understand that the faithful are here intended by the servants. And no wonder if they are also signified by the good seed; for the same thing admits of different likenesses according to its different significations; as speaking of Himself He says that He is the door, he is the shepherd."
Saint Remigius: "They came to the Lord not with the body, but with the heart and desire of the soul; and from Him they gather that this was done by the craft of the Devil, whence it follows, And he saith unto them, An enemy hath done this."
Jerome: "The Devil is called a man that is an enemy because he has ceased to be God; and in the ninth Psalm it is written of him, Up, Lord, and let not man have the upper hand. Wherefore let not him sleep that is set over the Church, lest through his carelessness the enemy should sow therein tares, that is, the dogmas of the heretics."
Chrysostom: "He is called the enemy on account of the losses he inflicts on men; for the assaults of the Devil are made upon us, though their origin is not in his enmity towards us, but in his enmity towards God."
Augustine: "And when the servants of God knew that it was the Devil who had contrived this fraud, whereby when he found that he had no power in open warfare against a Master of such great name, he had introduced his fallacies under cover of that name itself, the desire might readily arise in them to remove such men from out of human affairs if opportunity should be given them; but they first appeal to God’s justice whether they should so do; The servants said, Wilt thou that we go and gather them out?"
Chrysostom: "Wherein observe the thoughtfulness and affection of the servants; they hasten to root up the tares, thus showing their anxiety about the good seed; for this is all to which they look, not that any should be punished, but that that which is sown should not perish. The Lord’s answer follows, And he saith unto them, Nay."
Jerome: "For room for repentance is left, and we are warned that we should not hastily cut off a brother, since one who is to-day corrupted with an erroneous dogma, may grow wiser tomorrow, and begin to defend the truth; wherefore it is added, Lest in gathering together the tares ye root out the wheat also."
Jerome: "But this seems to contradict that command, Put away the evil from among you. (1 Cor. 5:13) For if the rooting up be forbidden, and we are to abide in patience till the harvest-time, how are we to cast forth any from among us? But between wheat and tares (which in Latin we call ‘lolium’) so long as it is only in blade, before the stalk has put forth an ear, there is very great resemblance, and none or little difference to distinguish them by. The Lord then warns us not to pass a hasty sentence on an ambiguous word, but to reserve it for His judgment, that when the day of judgment shall come, He may cast forth from the assembly of the saints no longer on suspicion but on manifest guilt."
Chrysostom: "This the Lord spake to forbid any putting to death. For we ought not to kill an heretic, seeing that so a never-ending war would be introduced into the world; and therefore He says, Lest ye root out with them the wheat also; that is, if you draw the sword and put the heretic to death, it must needs be that many of the saints will fall with them. Hereby He does not indeed forbid all restraint upon heretics, that their freedom of speech should be cut off, that their synods and their confessions should be broken up—but only forbids that they should be put to death."
Saint Remigius: "It follows, And in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them. The harvest is the season of reaping which here designates the day of judgment, in which the good are to be separated from the bad."
Chrysostom: "But why does He say, Gather first the tares? That the good should have no fears lest the wheat should be rooted up with them:"
Jerome: "In that He says that the bundles of tares are to be cast into the fire, and the wheat gathered into barns, it is clear that heretics also and hypocrites are to be consumed in the fires of hell, while the saints who are here represented by the wheat are received into the barns, that is into heavenly mansions."
Augustine: "It may be asked why He commands more than one bundle or heap of tares to be formed? Perhaps because of the variety of heretics differing not only from the wheat, but also among themselves, each several heresy, separated from communion with all the others, is designated as a bundle; and perhaps they may even then begin to be bound together for burning, when they first sever themselves from the Catholic communion, and begin to have their independent church, so that it is the burning and not the binding into bundles that will take place at the end of the world. But were this so, there would not be so many who would become wise again, and return from error into the Catholic Church. Wherefore we must understand the binding into bundles to be what shall come to pass in the end, that punishment should fall on them not promiscuously, but in due proportion to the obstinacy and wilfulness of each separate error."
Rabanus Maurus: "when He says, Sowed good seed, He intends that good will which is in the elect; when He adds, An enemy came, He intimates that watch should be kept against him; when as the tares grow up, He suffers it patiently, saying, An enemy hath done this, He recommends to us patience; when He says, Lest haply in gathering the tares, &c. He sets us an example of discretion; when He says, Suffer both to grow together till the harvest, He teaches us long-suffering; and, lastly, He inculcates justice, when He says, Bind them into bundles to burn."
Depictions
This parable has been depicted by several artists, including William Blake, Abraham Bloemaert, Albin Egger-Lienz, Domenico Fetti, Jan Luyken, John Everett Millais, Félicien Rops, James Tissot, and Roger Wagner.
Henry Alford used the parable as the primary basis for his harvest hymn "Come, Ye Thankful People, Come".
See also
Five Discourses of Matthew
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
References
Tares, Parable of the
Gospel of Matthew
Satan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Tares |
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