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Nicholas Brown Sr. (July 26, 1729 – May 29, 1791) was an American slave trader and merchant who was a co-signer of the founding charter of the College of Rhode Island in 1763. In 1771, Nicholas Brown Sr. was instrumental in convincing Baptist authorities to locate a permanent home for the college in his hometown of Providence. In 1804, the college was renamed Brown University following a gift made by Brown's son Nicholas Brown Jr.
Biography
Born in 1729, the second child of James Brown II (1698–1739) and Hope Power Brown (1702–1792), Nicholas Brown Sr. was apprenticed to his uncle Obadiah Brown (1712–1762) from the age of 16. Just before his 21st birthday, his older brother Captain James Brown (1724–1750) died at sea. Nicholas took his role as head of the family very seriously, delaying his marriage to Rhoda Jenckes (1741–1783) until he was 33 years old. Following the death of his uncle Obadiah, the family business conglomerate that included maritime trade along the Eastern Seaboard, with the Caribbean and with England; a rum distillery; spermaceti candle manufacturing; an iron foundry (the Hope Furnace); and a network of shops, was renamed Nicholas Brown & Co. Until 1771, Brown worked in partnership with his three younger brothers Joseph (1733–1785), John (1736–1803), and Moses (1738–1836), who were known in Rhode Island annals as the "Four Brothers." Thereafter, the brothers continued to collaborate on ventures but were no longer partners.
Brown served in the Rhode Island Legislature and became a civic leader, funding or fundraising for the paving of Providence streets, a library, a market house, the College of Rhode Island's first building, the First Baptist Church, a fire engine and other civic improvements. During the Revolution, he speculated in war bonds, supplied the Continental Army with gunpowder and foodstuffs, transformed the Hope Furnace into cannon works, and funded several privateering ventures. During the post-war "critical period," Brown was a leader of the Federalist faction in Rhode Island that opposed paper money and supported ratifying the U.S. Constitution.
Shortly after taking over the family business, Brown ordered a nine-and-a half foot mahogany desk-and-bookcase crafted by Daniel Spencer, who was the nephew of John Goddard. It was sold for his descendant, Nicholas Brown VI by Christie's Auctioneers on June 3, 1989, for $12,100,000, (~$ in ) the highest price ever paid for a piece of decorative art at that date, to fund the restoration of the Nightingale-Brown House, which today is the John Nicholas Brown Center for Public Humanities and Cultural Heritage at Brown University. The desk-and-bookcase currently resides in a Private Collection.
Following Rhoda Brown's death in 1783, Brown remarried Avis Binney (1749–1807). He fathered ten children with Rhoda and one with Avis, of which only two survived: a son Nicholas Brown Jr. (1769–1841) and a daughter, Hope (1773–1855) who married Thomas Poynton Ives (1769–1835). When Brown died in 1791, the Rev. Dr. Stillman of Boston gave a eulogy:
He was the affectionate husband, the tender father, the compassionate master, the dutiful son, the loving brother, and the steady, faithful friend. He took much pains, by reading and by conversation, to inform his mind, and had acquired much general knowledge. But religion was his favorite subject. To Christianity in general, as founded on a fulness of evidence, and to its peculiar doctrines, he was firmly attached. * * * He was a Baptist from principle, and a lover of good men of all denominations. Blessed with opulence, he was ready to distribute to public and private uses. In his death the college in this place, this church and society, the town of Providence, and the general interests of religion, learning, and liberality have lost a friend indeed.The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical, Volume 6, by the American Historical Society, Inc., 1920. Pages 188 - 191 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/article3.html
Controversy
As head of the family business, Nicholas Brown Sr. made a number of controversial decisions regarding smuggling, attempting to corner the tobacco market in Surinam, rigging elections, and most notably attempting a slave trading voyage in 1764 to fund his new iron foundry. The disastrous 1764 voyage of "The Sally" is described in detail in the final report of Brown University's Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice. Thereafter, Brown never again attempted slave trading and ensured his son was mentored by George Benson, an ardent abolitionist.
References
External links
Encyclopedia Brunoniana
Brown University Charter
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
1729 births
1791 deaths
Brown University people
People of colonial Rhode Island
University and college founders
Nicholas Brown Sr.
Baptists from Rhode Island
American mass murderers
American slave traders
18th-century American slave traders
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Colonial American merchants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Brown%20Sr. |
Dorian Blues is a 2004 comedy-drama film about a gay teenager coming to terms with his identity in upstate New York. The film was written and directed by Tennyson Bardwell and is loosely based on Bardwell's college roommate.
Plot synopsis
High school senior Dorian Lagatos realizes he is gay and meets another gay youth locally, but remains confused, and finally comes out to his brother, Nicky. Nicky is a scholarship-winning quarterback and favorite son to their hetero-normative and argumentative father. Dorian starts therapy, then resorts to confession in the Church. When his therapist and the church politely avoid offering any real help, Dorian has his first intimate encounter with a local gay youth. Dorian goes back to Nick, who was at first reluctant to accept his brother's sexuality. Nick attempts to teach Dorian how to fight and arranges to have him spend a night with a prostitute in order to make him become straight; from these efforts Dorian gains only a concussion and lesson in dancing, respectively.
After much soul-searching, Dorian comes out to his father (while wearing a fuchsia shirt) for which he is kicked out of the house after a very surreal argument over whether or not Dorian is gay. His father is very preoccupied with who else may know of Dorian's defective nature although Nick confesses that he knows and an anticlimactic scene resolves with Dorian packing his bags. Dorian moves to New York City, a city he adores. Dorian expresses all kinds of angst over his life style, defending his true nature to his father over the Christmas holidays. Returning to New York, Dorian experiences a series of encounters with the darker side of life. Dorian finds a boyfriend, but he gets dumped after two months with no given reason. Dorian develops a deep depression and finally, in despair gives in to it, coincidental to Nicky visiting Dorian in the city.
Nicky reluctantly joins Dorian with friends at Dorian's favorite local gay bar. Just as Dorian pleads with a friend to flaunt his newly found popularity, Nicky reunites with obsequious football friends—stealing Dorian's thunder. Dorian then learns his ex-boyfriend dumped him for another. The after-discussion of the evening revolves around Nick defending his sexuality to Dorian in the face of Nick's football friends being gay and Dorian defending his own sexuality to his brother. Later that night, Dorian awakes to Nicky crying and learn that Nick was cut from the football team and was stripped of his scholarship. In the middle of the discussion, they both learn their father has died of a heart attack. At the funeral, Dorian's mother, finally freed of the overbearing influence of Dorian's father, tells Dorian she regrets not stopping his father from being angry with him.
Cast
Michael McMillian as Dorian Lagatos
Lea Coco as Nick "Nicky" Lagatos
Steven Charles Fletcher as Tom Lagatos
Mo Quigley as Maria Lagatos
Austin Basis as Spooky
Ryan Kelly Berkowitz as Tiffany
Chris Dallman as Andrew
Carl Danna as Priest
Leslie Elliard as Therapist
Sian Heder as Ellie
Cody Nickell as Ben
Jeff Paul as Social worker
Jack Abele as Ben's father
Filming locations
Some of the film took place in Delmar, New York and Glenmont, New York. Including scenes of Empire State Building, New York Public Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art and Central Park.
Reception
Critical response
The New York Times said that "Bardwell’s writing remains acridly clever".
Richard Mellor of eyeforfilm.co.uk stated it is "an indie slow-burn" and "understated coming-out drama".
Dennis Harvey of Variety said "nothing special in outline, but sharp performances and writing lend it a fresh appeal" and "assured debut for writer-director".
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 65% based on reviews from 23 critics. On metacritic it has a score of 52% based on reviews from 16 critics.
Accolades
Dorian Blues won eight awards at the first nine film festivals it screened at and has won its fourteenth award, including the Best First Feature Award at Outfest in Los Angeles.
Dorian Blues won the audience award and the Emerging Maverick Director's Award at the Cinequest Film Festival in San Jose where it had its world premiere. The film won a special jury award at the Fort Lauderdale Film Festival, the audience award at the Lake Placid Film Festival and best screenplay award at the New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival, which was sponsored by the Writers Guild East. The film won the audience award for best first feature at Outfest, which included a $5,000 cash award sponsored by HBO. The film also won the audience award for best feature film at the Long Island International Film Forum and the audience award at the Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. At the Bahamas International Film Festival, The film won the Torchlight Best Feature award sponsored by New York University. Dorian Blues won the audience award the 2005 Out Far! Lesbian & Gay Film Festival in Phoenix, Arizona. In Torino, Italy, it got the audience and best film awards. It also received the audience award at film festival in Copenhagen.
Home video
Dorian Blues was released on Region 1 DVD (US and Canada), and on Region 2 DVD on 26 January 2009 (Europe).
References
External links
Dorian Blues
Tennyson Bardwell
New York Times review
Dorian Blues facebook fanpage
Tennyson Bardwell facebook fanpage
New York Times review
Union College: Union in the News: Barnes, Steve, "Union makes the 'indie' movie circuit", The Times Union, December 16, 2005
2004 films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2004 independent films
2004 LGBT-related films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American independent films
American teen LGBT-related films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
LGBT-related coming-of-age films
Films directed by Tennyson Bardwell
Gay-related films
2004 comedy films
2004 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian%20Blues |
Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music is the sixth studio album by the British rock band Hawkwind, released in 1976. It reached No. 33 on the UK album charts.
The title makes references to old science fiction magazines (Astounding and Amazing Stories), the concept being that each piece of music (and its title) would be interpreted as an individual science fiction story. The record cover is a parody of the cover of these magazines, while the inner sleeve carried small ads, with each band member having their own product (e.g. Dr Brock's cure for piles, Paul Rudolph's Manly Strapon, and Simon King's Pleasure Primer). The cover was double sided, one side illustrated by Calvert's childhood friend Tony Hyde, the other by Barney Bubbles signed as Grove Lane, with initial print-runs having either as the front cover. Bubbles original design was to have been Steppenwolf looming over the city.
This album marked the start of a new era for Hawkwind, having left the management of Douglas Smith for Tony Howard and changed record companies from United Artists Records to Charisma Records. Musically, the dirty heavy metal lead bass guitar playing of Lemmy was replaced by the cleaner, formally trained bass playing of Paul Rudolph. All members of the band were now contributing to the writing and arrangement of the music leading to more width in style, and the recording and production is better defined than previous albums.
The greatest change is in the return of Robert Calvert, this time as a permanent vocalist rather than the peripheral poet role he occupied on Space Ritual. Not only did he bring crafted lyrics to the band, but he was intent on turning live shows into a piece of music theatre with specific characters for him to act out, Calvert explaining in a 1976 interview that "We're writing numbers now with visual ideas in mind, rather than trying to think of things to impose on numbers we've already got. We're trying to get the visual side of the band focussed on individuals rather than on screen projections. Nik, Dave and myself are, in some parts of the show, playing the parts of actors... All in all, it works up to quite a nice piece of theatre, spontaneous theatre that is."
The group performed at Cardiff Castle on 24 July as "special guests" to Status Quo, featuring also Strawbs, Curved Air, Budgie and MC John Peel. They promoted the album with a 17-date British tour from 15 September through to 5 October, with support from Tiger featuring Nicky Moore and Big Jim Sullivan, and the Atomhenge stage set designed by Larry Smart of Exploding Galaxy. Soundboard recording from these concerts have been issued on Weird Tape Volume 5 (1982) and Atomhenge 76/Thrilling Hawkwind Adventures (2000). After the tour, the group dismissed Turner and Powell, recorded the single "Back on the Streets" and then undertook another 8 date tour in December.
Songs
"Reefer Madness" lyrics are inspired by the 1936 anti-marijuana propaganda film Reefer Madness. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the set until the formation of the Hawklords in 1978. The song was added to the setlist in 1990/1 to be performed by Bridget Wishart, a version appearing on the live album California Brainstorm.
Calvert had written the lyrics to "Steppenwolf" when Adrian Wagner, for his album Distances Between Us, "wanted a song about living in cities and I was re-reading Hesse's Steppenwolf at the time. It seemed to me that there was a strong myth in it about city life and it gave me the basic idea." It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the band's set until Calvert left in 1978, versions included on Weird Tape 4 and 5. The song has occasionally been re-instated into the live set, between 1982 and 1984 it was performed by Turner, in 1996 by Ron Tree, in 2003 by Arthur Brown and in 2017 by Mr Dibs during the Into The Woods tour.
"City of Lagoons" is a Powell composed instrumental, although erroneously credited to House on the album's release.
"The Aubergine That Ate Rangoon" is an instrumental, its title references Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band's 1967 hit single "The Eggplant That Ate Chicago".
"Kerb Crawler" was released as a single backed by "Honky Dorky" which is the band jamming on "Reefer Madness". There are reportedly two versions of the A-side, the original and a re-mix by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour – it is the latter that appeared on the album.
"Kadu Flyer" lyrics were written by Turner, who credited them to Jamie Mandelkau for legal reasons (Turner was still under contract either to United Artists or Douglas Smith). Calvert is also given a writers credit on some releases. Kadu is an abbreviation of Kathmandu.
"Chronoglide Skyway" is a House composed psychedelic instrumental, featuring saxophone and guitar solos, although erroneously credited to Powell on the album's release. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76.
Critical reception
The NME journalist Dick Tracy (a pseudonym of John May) reviewed the album as "Hawkwind are back on form... their music has acquired about fifteen new levels since the old churn-churn days". He highlights "Reefer Madness" as the "stand-out" track and notes that "Simon House has injected a big shot of tuneful keyboarding into the mix".
Track listing
Personnel
Hawkwind
Robert Calvert – vocals
Dave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Nik Turner – saxophone, flute, vocals (on "Kadu Flyer")
Paul Rudolph – bass guitar, electric guitar
Simon House – violin, keyboards, mellotron, sitar (on "Kadu Flyer")
Simon King – drums
Alan Powell – drums
Credits
Recorded at Roundhouse Recording Studios, February to March 1976.
Produced by Hawkwind, recorded by Mark Dearnley.
"Kerb Crawler" remixed by David Gilmour (as Dave Gilmour).
Cover by Tony Hyde and Barney Bubbles.
Release history
August 1976: Charisma, CDS4004, UK vinyl – some copies were printed with the front and back cover reversed. Original copies contained an inner sleeve.
August 1976: Charisma, 9211–4004, Canada - disc label says "Amazing Music, Astounding Sounds"
March 1983: Charisma, CHC14, UK vinyl
April 1989: Virgin, CDSCD 4004, UK CD
August 1995: Griffin Music, GCD483-2, USA CD; GCD345-0, USA CD with the Michael Butterworth The Time of the Hawklords book.
2005: Sunrise Records, LC12774, USA CD
January 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1005, UK CD
References
External links
Discogs.com Discography details
Collectable Records – Original cover and inner sleeve
Atomhenge Records
1976 albums
Hawkwind albums
Charisma Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding%20Sounds%2C%20Amazing%20Music |
Nicholas Brown Jr. (April 4, 1769 – September 27, 1841) was an American businessman and philanthropist from Providence, Rhode Island, and the namesake of Brown University.
Early life
Brown was the son of Rhoda Jenckes (1741–1783) and Nicholas Brown Sr. (1729–1791), a merchant and co-founder of Brown University (which was then called College of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations). He was the nephew of John Brown (1736–1803) and Moses Brown (1738–1836) and a descendant of English colonist and Baptist minister Chad Brown (c. 1600–1650), who co-founded Providence. His maternal grandfather was Daniel Jenckes (1701–1774), a judge from a prominent family.
Career
Both Nicholas Brown Jr. and his father were members of and large donors to the First Baptist Church in America. Brown Jr. graduated from the College of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1786. After the death of his father, he created the company of Brown & Ives with his future brother-in-law Thomas Poynton Ives, and served in the state legislature as a Federalist.
After inheriting his father's estate in 1791, Brown became such a great benefactor to the school that it was renamed Brown University in 1804 when he donated $5,000 to the college. His total gifts to it were over $150,000. He also co-founded the Providence Athenaeum and was active in various Baptist and literary causes. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813.
Personal life
He was married to Ann Carter (1770–1798), daughter of John Carter (1745–1814), a prominent printer in Providence. Their children were:
Nicholas Brown III (1792–1859), who married his 2nd cousin, Abby Mason (1800-1822), daughter of James Brown Mason (1775–1819), in 1820. After her death, he married Caroline Matilda Cements (1809–1879) in 1831.
Moses Brown (1793–1794), who died as an infant
Anne Carter Brown (1794–1828), who married John Brown Francis (1791–1864), the grandson of her father's uncle, John Brown, in 1822.
John Carter Brown II (1797–1874), who married Sophia Augusta Brown (1825–1909), daughter of Patrick Brown and Harriot Theyer, and a descendant of minister Roger Williams (1603–1683).
After his death September 27, 1841, Brown was interred in North Burial Ground in Providence. He left a $30,000 bequest to found a mental hospital, which eventually became Butler Hospital.
See also
Nightingale-Brown House
References
External links
Encyclopedia Brunoniana - Brown Family
1769 births
1841 deaths
Brown University alumni
Brown University people
University and college founders
Rhode Island Federalists
Philanthropists from Rhode Island
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century American businesspeople
Baptists from Rhode Island
Nicholas Brown Jr.
Burials at North Burying Ground (Providence)
People of colonial Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Brown%20Jr. |
PXR5 is the ninth studio album by the English space rock group Hawkwind, released in 1979. It reached No. 59 on the UK album charts.
A new remix and surround mix of the album by Steven Wilson was released in 2023 by Atomhenge Records as part of the Days Of The Underground boxed set.
Overview
Allmusic referred to PXR5 as "the last in the sequence of brittle, pop-inflected records the band launched with Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music", saying that Hawkwind "both understood and allowed themselves to absorb the energies of new wave" on PXR5.
The album was recorded and mixed at Rockfield Studios in January and February 1978. "Uncle Sam's on Mars", "Robot" and "High Rise" were originally recorded on the preceding UK tour but were partly overdubbed in the studio, particularly Robert Calvert's double-tracked vocals. "Infinity" and "Life Form" were originally to have been part of a solo album Dave Brock was working on.
After the album was recorded and mixed, the band split up during a US tour in March when Simon House left to join David Bowie's band and Robert Calvert suffered a bout of clinical depression. With the band in temporary hiatus and no pending promotional tour, the album's release was shelved.
The band re-emerged in mid-1978 as the Hawklords to record the 25 Years On album. Two tracks were released as singles, "Psi Power" and "25 Years", which featured "Death Trap" and "PXR5" respectively on their B-sides. The PXR5 album was eventually released on 15 June 1979, and the cryptic message on the cover "This is the last but one" refers to the fact that it was recorded prior to 25 Years On.
The album's cover featured a British BS 1363 mains plug wired in a dangerous way. Shortly after the album's release, the illustration of the plug was covered by a sticker obscuring the image.
Lyrical references
The lyrics of "Jack of Shadows" are inspired by Roger Zelazny's book Jack of Shadows.
"Uncle Sam's on Mars" evolved from the Neu!-esque "Opa Loka", with a Calvert-penned anti-US rant over the top of it. Its first performance was at the Cardiff Castle Festival in summer 1976 as "Vikings on Mars", read by Calvert from his clipboard notes, and with the aid of a megaphone, on stage after "Opa Loka". "Robot" also made a brief appearance as a poem at this historic gig. The song title itself is a twist on Gil Scott-Heron's "Whitey on the Moon".
"Infinity" uses a Calvert poem from Space Ritual.
"Robot" references Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics.
The lyrics of "High Rise" are inspired by J.G. Ballard's book High-Rise and short story "The Man on the 99th Floor".
The lyrics of "PXR5" deal with Hawkwind's transitional period between Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music and Quark, Strangeness and Charm.
CD Versions
The Virgin CD issue was mastered with tapes different from those used for the original vinyl version. The most notable difference is that "High Rise" is the live version without studio overdubs, so starts with a clunk rather than the portamento bass intro and has a coarser vocal from Calvert. Also "PXR5" gains an introduction that's missing from the original.
The Atomhenge CD issue restores the original version of the album, and includes the different versions of "High Rise" and "PXR5" as bonus tracks 14 and 15 respectively.
On 31 March 2023, Atomhenge Records (via Cherry Red) issued a new Steven Wilson mix and surround mix of the album as part of Days Of The Underground (The Studio & Live Recordings 1977-1979) 8CD/2BR boxed set.
Track listing
Side 1
"Death Trap" (Robert Calvert, Dave Brock) – 3:51
"Jack of Shadows" (Calvert, Simon House, Adrian Shaw) – 3:28
"Uncle Sam's on Mars" (Calvert, Brock, House, Simon King) – 5:44
"Infinity" (Calvert, Brock) – 4:17
"Life Form" (Brock) – 1:44
Side 2
"Robot" (Calvert, Brock) – 8:14
"High Rise" (Calvert, House) – 4:36
"PXR5" (Brock) – 5:39
Atomhenge CD bonus tracks
"Jack of Shadows" [live studio version] – 3:40
"We Like to Be Frightened" – 2:46
"High Rise" [live studio version] – 4:43
"Robot" [first studio version] – 9:24
"Jack of Shadows" [Adrian Shaw vocal version] – 3:54
"High Rise" [alternate mix] – 4:37
"PXR5" [alternate mix] – 5:40
"Quark, Strangeness and Charm" [live 1978] – 2:38
Personnel
From album liner notes
Hawkwind
Robert Calvert – vocals (1–3, 6, 7)
Dave Brock – guitar (except 5), bass (1, 4), synth (1, 3, 4–8), vocals (1, 3, 4–8), backing vocals (2)
Simon House – keyboards (2, 3, 6–8) vocals (2, 7), violin (6, 8), synth (8)
Adrian Shaw – bass guitar (2, 3, 6–8), backing vocals (2, 3, 8), vocals (6, 7)
Simon King – drums (except 5)
Credits
Tracks 1, 2 and 8: Recorded at Rockfield Studios, January 1978
Track 3: Recorded at Hammersmith Odeon, 5 October 1977
Tracks 4 and 5: Recorded at Week Park Farm, 1978
Tracks 6 and 7: Recorded at Leicester De Montfort Hall, 29 September 1977
Mixed at Rockfield Studios, February 1978. Engineered by Dave Charles and Anton Matthews.
Artwork by Phillip Tonkyn.
Release history
June 1979: Charisma, CDS4016, UK vinyl – first 5000 contained Pete Frame's Hawkwind Family Tree poster. The original cover had artwork of an incorrectly wired UK electric plug which caused controversy on safety grounds, so subsequent copies were released with a supposedly unremovable sticker covering the offending artwork. Subsequent prints had the artwork blanked out.
March 1984: Charisma, CHC25, UK vinyl
April 1989: Virgin, CDSCD4016, UK CD
March 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1010, UK CD – the extensive sleeve notes include a reference to the artwork controversy, and the original image is reinstated. The booklet also includes the Hawkwind Family Tree.
31 March 2023: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD101050, UK 8CD/2BR
References
External links
Atomhenge Records
Collectable Records – Original cover
1979 albums
Hawkwind albums
Charisma Records albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PXR5 |
Mark Anthony Davis (born April 26, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the NBA, among other leagues.
Career
Davis, a 6 ft 7 in small forward, attended Howard College in Big Spring, Texas, and Texas Tech University before being selected 19th in the second round (48th overall) by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1995 NBA draft. He also spent time with the Philadelphia 76ers, Miami Heat, and Golden State Warriors, amongst others.
College
1991–93 Howard College: 58 games
1993–95 Texas Tech Red Raiders: 58 games
Professional
1995–96 Minnesota Timberwolves (National Basketball Association, 2nd round, 48th): 3.3 ppg
1996–97 Philadelphia 76ers (NBA): 8.5 ppg
1997–98 Philadelphia 76ers: 4.0 ppg
1998–99 January '99 signed by La Crosse Bobcats (Continental Basketball Association); signed by Miami Heat (NBA): 4 games, 2.3 ppg
1999–2000 Golden State Warriors (NBA): 6.2 ppg; December '99 signed by La Crosse Bobcats (CBA)
2000 Golden State Warriors: two ten-day contracts
2000–01 Signed with Viola Reggio Calabria (Serie A); then played shortly with Toronto Raptors (NBA)
2001–02 Signed with Phoenix Eclipse (American Basketball Association) but saw no playing time; signed with Dakota Wizards (CBA): 4 games; signed with Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA): 16 games
2003–04 Hapoel Galil Elyon (Ligat Winner): 12 games; Maccabi Rishon LeZion (Ligat Winner): 9 games
2007 Science City Jena (Basketball Bundesliga): 27 games
2009 Lappeenrannan NMKY (Korisliiga)
References
External links
Official Site
1973 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Finland
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Louisiana
Dakota Wizards (CBA) players
Golden State Warriors players
Science City Jena players
Hapoel Galil Elyon players
Howard Hawks men's basketball players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
La Crosse Bobcats players
Maccabi Rishon LeZion basketball players
Miami Heat players
Minnesota Timberwolves draft picks
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA) players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Thibodaux, Louisiana
Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball players
Wonju DB Promy players
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Sta. Lucia Realtors players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Davis%20%28basketball%2C%20born%201973%29 |
Australia participated in the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Torino, Italy, from 10 to 19 March 2006. The Turin games represented Australia's ninth appearance at the Winter Paralympic Games. Australia were represented by 10 athletes, which made it their largest ever Winter Paralympic Games contingent. Australia competed in three sports: alpine skiing, biathlon, and cross-country skiing, but not ice sledge hockey or wheelchair curling. Prior to the games, the Australian Paralympic Committee set a target of two medals, down from the seven that were won four years earlier in Salt Lake City. This was due to the retirement of three-time medallist Bart Bunting, as well as changes made to the disability classification system. This target was met with Australia winning a silver and a bronze medal to finish equal 13th on the medal tally.
Notable Australian performances included:
Emily Jansen, a below-knee amputee skier, was Australia's first ever female Winter Paralympic competitor.
James Millar, who was born without his right forearm, was Australia's first Paralympic Cross-Country skier since Peter Rickards in 1980. He also competed in the Biathlon.
Michael Milton, a leg amputee skier, who won a silver medal in the standing downhill competition in his fifth and final Winter Paralympic Games.
Toby Kane, a leg amputee skier, who at 19 years old was the youngest member of the Australian team. He won a bronze medal in the standing Super-G.
Background
The 2006 Winter Paralympics took place in Turin, Italy. This was the second time the country had hosted the Paralympics, following the 1960 Summer games in Rome, and the first time the Winter Paralympics had been hosted in Italy.
This was Australia's ninth appearance at the Winter Paralympics, having competed in every games since the inception of the Winter Paralympics in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976. These games also represented Australia's largest ever contingent to be sent to the Winter Paralympics, with 10 athletes, including the countries first ever female Winter Paralympian, Emily Jansen.
Logo
The 2006 Winter Paralympics marked the debut appearance of the new Paralympic logo. The logo was officially approved in 2003, but due to time restraints, was not used at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens. With three coloured elements, or 'agitos', which is Latin for 'I move' encircling a single middle point, the logo represents the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) bringing athletes from all corners of the earth to a single location to enable them to compete with and against each other. It also represents the IPC's new motto, "Spirit in Motion". The colours chosen represent the three colours that are most widely represented on national flags from around the world, red, blue, and green.
As part of the revamped look, the logo will be displayed with the logos of National Paralympic Committees and organising committees as of the Torino games. The logo chosen for the 2006 Winter Paralympic games used the colours displayed on the Paralympic logo with a similar logo design to that of the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Mascot
The official mascot of the 2006 Winter Paralympic Games was Aster, the star-shaped snowflake. The snowflake was chosen as snowflakes are unique, and so to are the athletes competing in the Paralympics. It aims to depict the originality of the athletes, rather than focusing on their disabilities The complexity and originality of the mascot represents the unique way in which an individual can practice sport, and also their unique way in life. The mascot was designed by Pedro Albuquerque.
Opening Ceremony
The opening ceremony was held on 10 March at the Stadio Olimpico, Turin. The ceremony was attended by an audience of approximately 25,000 people, and was officially opened by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. The theme for the opening ceremony was 'overcoming limitations', which celebrated those who chose not to surrender.
Alpine skier, and gold medal winning Winter Paralympian, Michael Milton was given the honour of official flag bearer for the opening ceremony in his final Winter Paralympic games.
Media coverage
The Torino Paralympics saw unprecedented media coverage on Australian television, with ABC Television gaining exclusive broadcast rights. For the duration of the games, the ABC broadcast a nightly 30-minute prime-time highlights programme on the networks main channel, which was hosted by ABC Sports presenter Shaun Giles, as well as a replay on the digital channel ABC2. In addition, the ABC held a one-hour special highlights broadcast of the opening ceremony and day 1 of competition. For their coverage, the ABC was awarded the 2007 Paralympic Media Award for best Broadcast Coverage by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
The 2006 Paralympics also saw history made, with the IPC in conjunction with Narrowtep Inc., launching a live internet television channel dedicated to the broadcasting of the Games free around the world via web-stream. President of the IPC Sir Phillip Craven officially launched the channel on February 20, 2006, stating "For the Torino 2006 Paralympic Winter Games, ParalympicSport.TV is expected to provide over 100 hours of live coverage from all four winter sports - Alpine skiing, Ice Sledge Hockey, Nordic Skiing and Wheelchair Curling - as well as the Opening and Closing ceremonies." In addition the channel also streamed daily highlights of the best performances each day. As of 2016 the channel is no longer active, however the IPC do still live stream Paralympic games on their official YouTube page.
In total, there were 871 media articles produced relating to the Winter Olympics in Australia, with 134 print articles, 410 television stories, and 327 on the radio, reaching a total combined audience of approximately 34,707,153 people.
Medal tally
Further information on the medal tally : 2006 Winter Paralympics Medal Table
With one silver and one bronze medal, Australia finished the games placed equal thirteenth overall, tied with Slovakia, Spain, and Switzerland. This result was Australia's equal fourth best result in Winter Paralympic history, equal with the Nagano 1998 games where they won a gold and a bronze medal.
Medallists
Further information on the final medallists: 2006 Winter Paralympics Medallists
Classifications
Every participant at the Winter Paralympics is grouped into one of five categories based on their disability type. These categories are:
Amputation: The minimum qualification for this category is at least one major joint or limb is missing. This condition may be congenital or sustained through illness or injury.
Cerebral Palsy: A disorder of movement and posture due to damage to areas of the brain that affect the participants balance, movement and general muscle control.
Vision Impairment/ Blindness: Any condition which interferes with 'normal' range of vision, can range from requiring contact lenses or glasses, to full blindness.
Wheelchair Athletes: Athletes in wheelchairs often also fall into one of the other categories as well.
Les Autres: Any physical disability that is not covered under any of the other categories. This includes such disorders as dwarfism, congenital deformities of the limb, and multiple sclerosis.
For the Torino games, changes have been implemented to the classifications of the Alpine skiing event, where the 'three class system' will be used, which had previously been used in the World Cup events for several years prior. This system categorises athletes into 3 competition groups: standing, sitting, and vision impaired. Skiers with a physical impairment who compete in the 'standing' class are classified from Locomotor Winter (LW)1-9: LW1-4 are athletes with lower limb impairment, LW5-8 are athletes with upper limb impairment, and LW9 classification is for athletes with a combination of upper and lower limb impairment. Classification classes LW10-12 are for skiers in the sit-ski event, with physical impairment affecting the legs. For the vision impaired event, athletes compete with a guide and are split into 3 classifications: B1-3, with B1 skiers having limited visual acuity in both eyes.
Events
Alpine skiing
The Alpine skiing events were held at the Kandhar Banchetta - Giovanni Nasi slope, at the Borgata venue in Sestriere, 100 km from the city of Turin.
In the Alpine skiing discipline, there are four separate events an athlete may compete in. These are:
Downhill: Each competitor completes one run down a long, steep course which includes obstacles such as jumps and turns, and gates which must be passed through. Failure to do so results in disqualification.
Slalom: Competitors complete two runs down two separate courses over a single day. The Slalom course are generally shorter than those for the other Alpine events, but have a much higher number of gates that must be passed through (55-75 for men and 40-60 for women). The penalty for missing a gate is disqualification. The times for the two runs are added together and the winner is the competitor with the combined fastest time.
Giant slalom: Competitors complete two runs down two separate courses over a single day. While the Slalom uses a shorter course with a large number of gates, the giant slalom uses a longer course with fewer turns which are wider and smoother. The penalty for missing a gate is disqualification, and the winner is the competitor with the fastest combined time over the two courses.
Super-G: A speed event where athletes complete one run down a course that is shorter than the downhill but longer than the other alpine events. The number of gates to be passed through is dependent on the vertical drop of the course, but must include 35 direction changes for the men and 30 for women, and gates must be set at least 25m apart. The penalty for missing a gate is disqualification.
The alpine skiing competition was by far the most represented event by Australian athletes, with all but one member of the team competing in one or more of the Alpine skiing events. Shannon Dallas was Australia's sole competitor in the sitting classification events, while Scott Adams, Dean Calabrese, Toby Kane, Marty Mayberry, Michael Milton, Cameron Rahles-Rahbula, Nicholas Watts, and Emily Jansen all competed in the standing events.
Emily Jansen also made Australian Winter Paralympic history as the first female to ever represent Australia at the Winter Paralympics.
Results
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
The Nordic Skiing events (Cross-country skiing and Biathlon) were held in the valley at Pragelato Commune, which was located at an altitude of 1620m.
Cross-country skiing is only open to those athletes with a physical impairment, or blindness/vision impairment. There are three individual events athletes may compete in. Short distance (5 km), middle distance (10 km), and long distance (20 km), as well as a team relay event.
The qualification of James Millar into the cross-country event marked the first time an Australian had qualified for the discipline since Peter Rickards in the 1980 Winter Paralympics. Millar competed in all three individual cross-country events.
Results
Men
Biathlon
The Biathlon event is open to those competitors with a physical impairment, or blindness/vision impairment. Competitors race around a 2 km or 2.5 km circuit for a total of either 7.5 km or 12.5 km, which are the two event distances for the men's competition (women's is 7.5 km and 10 km). Between each lap, competitors must shoot at a target located 10m away with a rifle 5 times before moving on. Each miss results in a time penalty. Blind athletes must use an electronical rifle which allows aiming by hearing. The closer the rifle is pointed to the target, the louder the higher the tone of the sound is.
James Millar was Australia's only competitor in the Biathlon event, and he competed in the 7.5 km and 12.5 km standing classification events.
Results
Men
Administration
Australia's support team for the games was consisted of:
Chef de mission and Paralympic Committee CEO: Darren Peters
Assistant Chef de mission: Nick Dean
Administration officer: Natalie Jenkins
Attaché: Angus Mckenzie
Press Attaché: Margie McDonald
Coaches: Steve Graham (Head Coach), Andrew Bor (Coach)
Technical Officer: Alan Dean
Medical: Fiona Peat (Medical Officer), Alison Daniel (Trainer)
Also accompanying the team was a Joint Management Committee, which was made up of:
Chair: Steve Gibb
Member: Ron Finneran
Funding and sponsorship
The Australian Paralympic Committee set a budget of $740,000 for the 2006 Winter Paralympics. The total cost to send the team and support staff came to $656,000.
The official partners for the Australian team were Disabled WinterSport Australia (DWA), who identified and developed the Australian athletes over the Paralympiad leading up to the games, and the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), who provided the resources, as well as technical and sports advice to enable the team to travel and compete.
The 2006 Australian Winter Paralympic team was sponsored by the following organisations and companies: Major sponsors: The Australian Sports Commission, Telstra, Toyota. Official sponsors/supporters: Healthe, Motor Accidents Authority, Queensland Government, NSW sports and recreation, Workcover NSW, South Australia office of sport and recreation. Suppliers: Clayton Utz, Media Monitors.
Closing Ceremony and post games legacy
Australia met its overall goal at these Winter Paralympics, winning 2 medals.
Michael Milton was originally chosen to carry the flag at the closing ceremony, but following the bronze medal winning performance of Toby Kane, he sought and gained permission to transfer the honour to Kane.
On the last day of competition, Milton, along with Scott Adams announced their retirements from Paralympic competition. Milton's career spanned 5 Winter Paralympics, and he finished as Australia's most successful winter Paralympian ever, with 6 Gold, 3 Silver, and 2 Bronze medals. In 2014, Milton returned to the Australian Winter Paralympic Team as a ski coach for the Sochi games.
See also
Australia at the Winter Paralympics
2006 Winter Paralympics
Australia at the 2006 Winter Olympics
References
2006
Nations at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Paralympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Paralympics |
Protais Mpiranya (30 May 1956 – 5 October 2006), also known as Sambao Ndume, was a Rwandan war criminal who was internationally wanted for his alleged role in the Rwandan genocide. Regarded as Rwanda's most wanted fugitive, he was described in 2022 as "one of the world’s most brutal killers", and was internationally recognised as the most sought génocidaire.
Born to a Hutu family in Gitarama, Mpiranya was a major in the Rwandan Armed Forces at the time of the war and commanded the Presidential Guard. He became highly involved with the leadership of the Interahamwe shortly thereafter, and was radicalised as an avowed Hutu supremacist. Leading Hutu militias, forces under his command tortured, sexually mutilated and murdered Prime Minister Agathe Unwilingiyimana and a force of UN peacekeepers from Ghana and Belgium assigned to protect her. Many more government officials, such as Faustin Rucogoza, were murdered by Mpiranya before he and his forces embarked on the genocide of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians. He became a fugitive from justice after the RPF defeated the genocidal government in the Rwandan Civil War, and disappeared without a trace in the aftermath. Initially believed to be hiding in the DR Congo or Zimbabwe, Mpiranya was indicted on multiple genocide-related charges by the United Nations in 2002, war crimes and crimes against humanity. His whereabouts remained unknown, but in 2012, under pressure from Kigali, the Zimbabwean government admitted that he could possibly be at large in the country, and promised to find him "dead or alive". However, no new leads were found.
In 2022, DNA evidence which was extrapolated during the exhumation of a grave in Harare confirmed that the body of a man who died in October 2006 is that of Mpiranya. According to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which has investigated Mpiranya for almost thirty years, Mpiranya fled to Zimbabwe in 2002 and his entry was facilitated by local officials. Then, he brought his associates and family to Zimbabwe, along with a series of “trusted subordinates”. For four years, Mpiranya evaded capture by living under the assumed name Sambao Ndume, living in affluence in Harare while he continued "his engagement with Zimbabwean military officials” and received a series of visitors from overseas. Having never been tried, he is considered one of the worst war criminals in history to escape justice.
Background and role in genocide
An ethnic Hutu, Mpiranya was born in Gitarama prefecture. In 1993, he held the rank of major in the Rwandan Armed Forces and was second-in-command of military operations and intelligence (S2 and S3) in the Presidential Guard Battalion. Later the same year, he was appointed Commander of the Presidential Guard Battalion.
The ICTR indictment alleges that between 1990 and 1994, Mpiranya and other officers conspired to exterminate the Tutsi civilians and political opponents, and helped to train interahamwe and militia groups who committed the genocide.
On 5 January 1994, the day that the Broad-Based Transitional Government specified by the Arusha Accords was to be sworn in, Mpiranya prevented the access of political opponents onto the premises of the Conseil national de développement, particularly Lando Ndasingwa and his Liberal Party. This had the result that the only member of the Transitional Government who had been sworn in was President Habyarimana.
After Habyarimana's death and the start of the genocide, members of the Presidential Guard presumedly led by Mpiranya "tracked down, arrested and killed" Rwandan Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana. They also took into custody 10 Belgian peacekeepers from UNAMIR who had been guarding her house, who were later gruesomely killed. They were accompanied in this by members of the Para-Commando Battalion and the A company of the Reconnaissance Battalion, led by Captain Innocent Sagahutu.
Simultaneously, other members of the presidential guard and other army units undertook similar actions against other opposition figures.
On the morning of 7 April, Mpiranya was told by members of the Presidential Guard that Faustin Rucogoza, the Minister of Information, and his wife were presently being detained at the Presidential Guard camp. He allegedly responded by asking his soldiers why they were keeping them. Shortly afterwards, both were killed in the camp.
After the genocide
Mpiranya fled Rwanda after the RPF victory.
For several years Mpiranya was still at large and believed to be with other Rwandan émigrés in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or in Zimbabwe.
On 25 September 2002, Mpiranya was indicted by the U.N.'s International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). He was charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, complicity in genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Mpiranya remained at large and was one of the most wanted men by the Tribunal. The US government put a prize on his head in the Rewards for Justice Program.
Shelter in Zimbabwe
In February 2010, Mpiranya was reported by Belgian authorities to be sheltered by the Zimbabwean government, operating businesses in Harare, on top of acting as mercenary for the ruling party ZANU-PF to silence the opposition.
In August 2010, Rwanda appealed for United Nations intervention in its diplomatic row after the Zimbabwean government refused to extradite Protais Mpiranya to the ICTR. Mpiranya allegedly stayed in Norton, about 40 km west of the capital Harare, where he allegedly stayed since his arrival in Zimbabwe in 2001. Security sources said that the Harare authorities were not keen on giving up the fugitive to whom they feel indebted over his reconnaissance role during the 1998–2001 Democratic Republic of Congo civil war. Mpiranya was instrumental during the DRC war after he worked side by side with southern African Allied forces, which included Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia. He is believed to have supplied strategic information about the Rwandan military and also mobilised and trained Rwandans in refugee camps in eastern DRC to fight against the Rwandan army. Rwanda's Prosecutor General Martin Ngoga said the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR) should move and bring Proitas Mpiranya to book. The two nations backed opposite sides in the DRC war. The row escalated after Zimbabwe accused Rwandan secret agents of illegally entering the country in pursuit of Mpiranya. Kigali denied the allegations, saying it would follow proper procedures to seek the extradition of Mpiranya. This was the second time that Zimbabwe has refused to extradite African officials accused of genocide in their own countries. It has refused to hand over former Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam who is wanted in his country for mass murder.
Despite a Zimbabwean official denying he was in the country in 2011, Zimbabwe's police announced in September 2012 that they had commenced a manhunt for Mpiranya. The UN's war crimes tribunal on Rwanda offered a 5 million reward for his capture.
Discovery of death
In April 2022, Mpiranya's body, conclusively identified by DNA testing, was exhumed from a grave in Harare, Zimbabwe at the request of UN investigators; it had been buried under the name "Sambao Ndume". He had died in October 2006 of a heart attack. Zimbabwe's foreign affairs minister, Frederick Shava, denied any involvement of Zimbabwe in harbouring Mpiranya and any other criminals, and highlighted the Zimbabwe's cooperation with UN investigators regarding the Mpiranya's case.
See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
Notes
External links
TRIAL International: Protais Mpiranya
U.S. State Department press release about Mpiranya
1960 births
2006 deaths
Fugitives wanted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Fugitives wanted on crimes against humanity charges
Fugitives wanted on genocide charges
Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges
Hutu people
Rwandan soldiers
People from Southern Province, Rwanda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protais%20Mpiranya |
101 Things Removed from the Human Body and 101 More Things Removed from the Human Body is a British "shockumentary" series directed by Eric Schotz, which is narrated by Mitch Lewis.
The program features tales of foreign objects that have been removed from human bodies in the form of a countdown from 101 to 1. Items included are javelins, a boat anchor, a bicycle pump, a bag of nails, an ice pick, and a human body.
The documentary series was first broadcast on Sky One in October 2003. When the show was re-broadcast on the terrestrial Channel 4 in July 2004, the British television watchdog OFCOM received complaints over the show causing offence.
A one-off program of the same name was also broadcast on Fox in United States in July 2003. The show received high ratings, and was number one in its time slot.
In 2006, 101 More Things Removed from the Human Body was released. It features items that have been removed from people such as tree boughs, a 3/4" drill bit, a pipe, a knife, a swordfish, and a maggot. All persons featured in the program who had items removed from their body survived. This program also aired in the USA on the Discovery network's "The Learning Channel" in October 2007.
The program contains stories, including a man having a uterus and a man with a teratoma, a type of large tumor. The large jaw tumor segment featured the work Mercy Ships, who have operated floating hospital ships in impoverished areas around the world.
See also
Darwin Awards
Phineas Gage
References
External links
101 Things Removed from the Human Body
101 More Things Removed from the Human Body
OFCOM complaints register
2003 British television series debuts
British medical television series
Channel 4 documentary series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101%20Things%20Removed%20from%20the%20Human%20Body |
Axungia is a kind of soft animal fat, usually from around the kidneys of geese or pigs, used in pre-modern western medicine. It differs from lard, which is firm, and suet or adeps, which is dry.
The ancient Romans distinguished fat into pinguedo or axungia, and adeps or sebum; but writers often interchange the terms.
In pre-modern medicine, physicians made use of the axungia of the goose, the dog, the viper, and some others, especially that of humans, considered of "extraordinary service in the drawing and ripening of tumors, etc." (see attrahent)
Etymology
From French axunge, adapted from Latin axungia 'axle grease' = axis 'axle' + ungere 'to grease'.
References
Notes
Animal fat products
Cooking fats
History of pharmacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axungia |
Mark Anthony Eichhorn (born November 21, 1960) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher best known for his tenure with the Toronto Blue Jays in the late 1980s and the early 1990s when he often served as a middle reliever/set-up man for All-Star closer Tom Henke. He was the 1986 American League Rookie Pitcher of the Year for the Blue Jays, a campaign in which he set team records for rookie relief in ERA, games, wins, and strikeouts.
Career
Eichhorn made his major league debut with the Blue Jays in 1982 but suffered a severe shoulder injury after which he did not return to the majors until 1986. The shoulder injury had robbed Eichhorn of most of his fastball velocity and had forced him to turn to an unconventional sidearm motion in which his arm angle was well below the belt when he released the ball. Eichhorn was notable for an exceptionally low velocity for a major league pitcher though his control and unusual delivery made him an effective player.
In his first year of the new pitching style, 1986, he was the easy American League ERA leader with 1.78, .70 ahead of winner Roger Clemens, but fell 5 innings pitched short of qualifying for the award. Manager Jimy Williams offered him a chance to make those 5 innings with a start at the end of the season, but Eichhorn declined.
Eichhorn pitched with four different ballclubs during his career: the Toronto Blue Jays (1982, 1986–1988, 1992–1993), Atlanta Braves (1989), California Angels (1990–1992, 1996), and Baltimore Orioles (1994). Eichhorn appeared in his final game on September 14, 1996.
Eichorn was a solid fielding pitcher in his 11-year major league career, posting a .992 fielding percentage, committing only two errors in 243 total chances over 885.2 innings and 563 games. His only miscues occurred on August 19, 1987, against the Oakland A's and on July 4, 1992, against the Toronto Blue Jays.
Eichhorn is currently the pitching coach for Aptos High School in Aptos, California.
Children
Mark coached his 12-year-old son, Kevin, on the Aptos Little League team which won the Little League West Regional and played in the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in 2002, as chronicled in the movie Small Ball.
Kevin was later drafted in the third round, 104th overall, by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 2008 MLB Draft, deciding to sign instead of attending Santa Clara University, where he had been committed since his junior year of high school.
On January 24, 2011, Kevin was traded to the Detroit Tigers organization in a deal for pitcher Armando Galarraga, pitching through the 2014 season, finishing with a career mark of 26-23 and a 3.73 ERA in 89 games.
Mark has five children, four sons and one daughter. Kevin (1990), Brian (1991), Steven (1995), Sarah (1999), and David (2001).
References
External links
, or Retrosheet
Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)
1960 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from San Jose, California
Cabrillo Seahawks baseball players
California Angels players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Durham Bulls players
Kinston Eagles players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
People from Aptos, California
Baseball players from Santa Cruz County, California
Richmond Braves players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Eichhorn |
The Dog and Its Reflection (or Shadow in later translations) is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 133 in the Perry Index. The Greek language original was retold in Latin and in this way was spread across Europe, teaching the lesson to be contented with what one has and not to relinquish substance for shadow. There also exist Indian variants of the story. The morals at the end of the fable have provided both English and French with proverbs and the story has been applied to a variety of social situations.
The fable
A dog that is carrying a stolen piece of meat looks down as it is walking beside or crossing a stream and sees its own reflection in the water. Taking that for another dog carrying something better, it opens its mouth to attack the "other" and in doing so drops what it was carrying. An indication of how old and well-known this story was is given by an allusion to it in the work of the philosopher Democritus from the 5th century BCE. Discussing the foolish human desire for more, rather than being content with what one has, he describes it as being "like the dog in Aesop's fable".
Many Latin versions of the fable also existed and eventually the story became incorporated into mediaeval animal lore. The Aberdeen Bestiary, written and illuminated in England around 1200 (see above), asserts that "If a dog swims across a river carrying a piece of meat or anything of that sort in its mouth, and sees its shadow, it opens its mouth and in hastening to seize the other piece of meat, it loses the one it was carrying".
Versions
Although the outlines of the story remain broadly similar, certain details became modified over time. The fable was invariably referred to in Greek sources as "The dog carrying meat" after its opening words (Κύων κρέας φέρουσα), and the moral drawn there was to be contented with what one has. Latin sources often emphasised the fact that the dog was taken in by its own reflection (simulacrum) in the water, with the additional moral of not being taken in by appearances.
Other words used to mean reflection have contributed to the alternative title of the fable, "The Dog and its Shadow". In the Latin versions of Walter of England, Odo of Cheriton and Heinrich Steinhöwel's Aesop, for example, the word umbra is used. At that time it could mean both reflection and shadow, and it was the latter word that was preferred by William Caxton, who used Steinhöwel's as the basis of his own 1384 collection of the fables. However, John Lydgate, in his retelling of the fable earlier in the century, had used "reflexion" instead. In his French version of the story, La Fontaine gave it the title Le chien qui lâche sa proie pour l'ombre (The dog who relinquished his prey for its shadow VI.17), where ombre has the same ambiguity of meaning.
Thereafter, and especially during the 19th century, the English preference was to use the word shadow in the fable's title. By this time, too, the dog is pictured as catching sight of himself in the water as he crosses a bridge. He is so represented in the painting by Paul de Vos in the Museo del Prado, dating from 1638/40, and that by Edwin Henry Landseer, which is titled "The Dog and the Shadow" (1822), in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Critics of La Fontaine had pointed out that the dog could not have seen its reflection if it had been paddling or swimming across the stream, as described in earlier sources, so crossing by a bridge would have been necessary for it to do so. However, a bridge had already been introduced into the 12th-century Norman-French account of Marie de France and Lydgate was later to follow her in providing that detail. Both also followed a version in which it is a piece of cheese rather than meat that the dog carries.
Indian analogues
A story close to Aesop's is inserted into the Buddhist scriptures as the Calladhanuggaha Jataka, where a jackal bearing a piece of flesh walks along a river bank and plunges in after the fish it sees swimming there. On returning from its unsuccessful hunt, the jackal finds a vulture has carried off its other prey. A variation deriving from this is Bidpai's story of "The Fox and the Piece of Meat". There a fox is on its way home with the meat when it catches sight of some chickens and decides to hunt one of them down; it is a kite that flies off with the meat it had left behind in this version.
Proverbial morals
In his retelling of the story, Lydgate had drawn the lesson that the one "Who all coveteth, oft he loseth all", He stated as well that this was "an olde proverb" which, indeed, in the form "All covet, all lose", was later to be quoted as the fable's moral by Roger L'Estrange.
Jean de la Fontaine prefaced his version of the fable with the moral it illustrates before proceeding to a brief relation of the story. The point is not to be taken in by appearances, like the dog who attacks his reflection and falls into the water. As he struggles to swim to shore, he relaxes his grip on his plunder and loses "shadow and substance both". An allusive proverb developed from the title: Lâcher sa proie pour l’ombre (giving up the prey for the shadow).
When this idiom was glossed in a dictionary of gallicisms, however, it was given the English translation, "to sacrifice the substance for the shadow", which is based on the equally proverbial opposition between shadow and substance found in English versions of the fable. Aphra Behn, in summing up Francis Barlow's 1687 illustrated version of "The Dog and Piece of Flesh", coalesced the ancient proverb with the new:
The wishing Curr growne covetous of all.
To catch the Shadow letts the Substance fall.
In Roger L'Estrange's relation of "The Dog and a Shadow", "He Chops at the Shadow and Loses the Substance"; Brooke Boothby, in his translation of the fables of Phaedrus, closes the poem of "The Dog and his Shadow" with the line "And shade and substance both were flown". The allusive proverb is glossed as "Catch not at shadows and lose the substance" in a recent dictionary.
One other author, Walter Pope in his Moral and political fables, ancient and modern (1698), suggested that the alternative proverb, "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush", could be applied to the dog's poor judgment.
Alternative applications
16th-century emblem books used illustrations in order to teach moral lessons through the picture alone, but sometimes found pictorial allusions to fables useful in providing a hint of their meaning. So in his Book of Emblemes (1586), the English poet Geoffrey Whitney gives to his illustration of the fable the Latin title Mediocribus utere partis (Make use of moderate possessions) and comments in the course of his accompanying poem,
Whome fortune heare allottes a meane estate,
Yet gives enowghe eache wante for to suffise:
That wavering wighte, that hopes for better fate,
And not content, his cawlinge doth despise,
Maie vainlie clime, but likelie still to fall,
And live at lengthe with losse of maine and all.
Others also treated the subject of being content with what one already has in an emblematic way. They include Latin versions of the fable by Gabriele Faerno, whose De Canis & Caro warns not to prefer the uncertain to the sure (Ne incerta certis anteponantur); Hieronymus Osius, with his comment that the more some folk have, the more they want (Sunt, qui possideant cum plurima, plura requirunt); and Arnold Freitag, who points out the stupidity of changing the sure for the uncertain (Stulta certi per incertum commutatio). At a later date the financial implications of "throwing good money after bad" for uncertain gain were to be summed up in the English phrase "It was the story of the dog and the shadow".
The fable was also capable of political applications as well. John Matthews adapted the fable into an attack on "the brain-sick Demagogues" of the French Revolution in pursuit of the illusion of freedom. In a British context, during the agitation running up to the 1832 Reform Act, a pseudonymous 'Peter Pilpay' wrote a set of Fables from ancient authors, or old saws with modern instances in which appeared a topical retelling of "The Dog and the Shadow". Dedicated "to those who have something", it turned the fable's moral into a conservative appeal to stick to the old ways. And in the following decade, a member of parliament who had given up his place in order to stand unsuccessfully for a more prestigious constituency was lampooned in the press as "most appropriately represented as the dog in the fable who, snatching at the shadow, lost the substance".
It is under the title "The Dog and the Bone" that the fable was set by Scott Watson (b. 1964) as the third in his "Aesop's Fables for narrator and band" (1999). More recently, the situation has been used to teach a psychological lesson by the Korean choreographer Hong Sung-yup. In his ballet "The Dog and the Shadow" (2013) the lost meat represents the accumulated memories which shape the personality. That same year, the fable figured as the third movement of five in the young Australian composer Alice Chance's "Aesop’s Fables Suite" for viola da gamba.
References
External links
15th-20th century illustrations from books
17th-20th century French Prints
Aesop's Fables
La Fontaine's Fables
Jataka tales
Fictional dogs
Animals in Buddhism
Indian folklore
Indian literature
Indian fairy tales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dog%20and%20Its%20Reflection |
Sonic Attack is the eleventh studio album by the English space rock group Hawkwind, released in 1981. It spent five weeks on the UK albums chart peaking at #19.
After the departure of drummer Ginger Baker and keyboardist Keith Hale following the previous album Levitation, former Hawklords drummer Martin Griffin accepted the opportunity to re-join the group, while guitarist Dave Brock and bassist Harvey Bainbridge decided to forgo a dedicated keyboardist and to handle synthesisers and sequencers themselves.
The album was recorded June through August 1981 at Rockfield Studios, but during recording drummer Griffin contracted German measles, curtailing his contributions and resulting in him having to overdub some of his drum parts. Of Brock's tracks, Bainbridge explained the recording process as "Dave turned up with his eight track, dumped what he had onto the multi-track and the rest of us somehow had to play around what he'd done". Science fiction author Michael Moorcock, a long-standing associate of the group, contributes lyrics and vocals to the album, his theme being social control through the use of language.
Musically, it is one of the group's most heavy metal-influenced albums. The title track, "Sonic Attack", is a re-recording of the Space Ritual spoken piece with a new electronic backing. "Virgin of the World" is credited as being from Church of Hawkwind, and it appeared on that album in a different form as "Experiment with Destiny". "Angels of Death" was released as a single backed by the non-album "Transdimensional Man".
The group undertook a 28 date UK tour in September and October to promote the album, with support from Mama's Boys. An additional seven date Christmas followed, which saw former members Robert Calvert, Nik Turner and Moorcock guest on the London Rainbow date. A 13 date European tour in March 1982 followed, supporting Krokus.
Track listing
Side 1
"Sonic Attack" (Michael Moorcock, Hawkwind) – 4:47
"Rocky Paths" (Huw Lloyd-Langton) – 4:00
"Psychosonia" (Moorcock, Hawkwind) – 2:32
"Virgin of the World" (Harvey Bainbridge) – 4:32
"Angels of Death" (Dave Brock) – 5:42
Side 2
"Living on a Knife Edge" (Brock) – 4:48
"Coded Languages" (Moorcock, Bainbridge) – 4:50
"Disintegration" (Brock) – 1:05
"Streets of Fear" (Brock) – 4:09
"Lost Chances" (Moorcock, Brock) – 5:44
1996 CD bonus track
"Transdimensional Man" (Brock) – 5:05 (last 60 seconds is filled by silence)
Atomhenge bonus CD
"Angels of Death" [single version] - 3:40
"Transdimensional Man" [single B-side] - 4:00
"Sonic Attack" [first version] - 3:30
"Out of the Void" [demo of "Joker at the Gate" from Church of Hawkwind] - 2:07
"Lost Chances" [extended alternate version] - 7:08
"Streets of Fear" [alternate version] - 5:49
"Devilish Dirge" [demo of "The Church" from Church of Hawkwind] - 3:52
"The End of Earth City" [demo of "The Fall of Earth City" from Church of Hawkwind] - 6:29
"Living on a Knife Edge" [extended version] - 6:45
"The Speed of Light" [demo of "Transdimensional Man"] - 7:57
Personnel
Hawkwind
Dave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, vocals
Huw Lloyd-Langton – electric guitar, vocals
Harvey Bainbridge – bass guitar, keyboards, vocals
Martin Griffin – drums
Michael Moorcock – vocals (on "Coded Languages")
Credits
Recorded at Rockfield Studios, Wales, June to August.
Engineers – Ashley Howe, Pat Moran, Paul Cobbold.
Sleeve designed by Jim Mountjoy and Andrew Christian.
Release history
October 1981: RCA/Active, RCALP 6004, UK vinyl – initial copies came with a lyric sheet insert.
October 1996: Emergency Broadcast System Records, EBSCD123, UK CD
October 1996: Griffin Music, GCD612-2, USA CD
February 2010: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD2019, UK 2CD
External links
Atomhenge Records
References
1981 albums
Hawkwind albums
Active Records albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios
Songs with lyrics by Michael Moorcock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%20Attack |
The Holy Cross Mountains Brigade () was a controversial tactical unit of the Polish National Armed Forces established on 11 August 1944. It did not obey orders to merge with the Home Army in 1944 and was a part of the Military Organization Lizard Union faction. Its soldiers fought simultaneously with the Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Polish communist underground, though it sometimes collaborated with the Nazis to further its anti-communist, anti-Jewish and totalitarian goals.
Second Polish Republic background
In 1934, within the National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe, SN), a secret radically right-wing faction emerged, known as the Internal Organization. They were critical in respect to the democratic traditions of the SN and in April 1934 gave rise to the splinter National Radical Camp (Obóz Narodowo Radykalny, ONR). The movement was quickly delegalized by the Sanation regime and many ONR activists ended up in the Bereza Kartuska camp for political opponents. In 1935 the ONR split further into the National Radical Camp Falanga and the National Radical Camp "ABC", the latter dominated by members of the Internal Organization. The ONR "ABC" promoted an extreme "social-national" ideology, which included the call for expulsion of the ethnic minorities in Poland, specifically in the Kresy macro-region especially the Germans, Lithuanians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Jews, and allowing only ethnical Poles who could prove their racial purity up to the fourth generation back (cultural assimilation was excluded) in state leadership positions. The state model proposed by ONR "ABC" activists was indeed fascist. In practice, the state was to be part of the party, and no political party apart from ONR "ABC" would have the right to exist.
World War II background
After the Polish defeat in September 1939, the ONR "ABC" people formed the conspiratorial Szaniec Group. They refused to recognize the authority of the Polish government-in-exile. Szaniec's Military Organization Lizard Union (ZJ) did not become associated with the Home Army (AK), the main Polish underground force. Together with a splinter group from the National Military Organization (NOW) they created the National Armed Forces (NSZ), but the NSZ leaders soon became engaged in rivalry and disagreements over the issue of reaching an understanding with the Polish Underground State and acknowledging the Home Army command, which the individuals from the Lizard Union continued to refuse to do. The rivalry became violent to the point of the Szaniec faction murdering NSZ officers who joined the AK. The split resulted in the establishment of a conspiracy known as the NSZ-ONR, whose leaders, obsessively preoccupied with the issues of treason and pro-communist "fifth column" even killed the top NSZ-ONR commander, Stanisław Nakoniecznikow, whom they previously installed themselves. At the time of the formal Polish-Soviet alliance (1941–43), the "NSZ Declaration" equally considered Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union enemies and stressed the organization's determination to fight communist attempts to establish their rule in Poland.
Creation
The Soviet military successes on the Eastern Front caused the NSZ to adjust its program in mid-1943. Because of indirectly benefiting the Soviet Union, anti-German activities were to be discouraged. The main enemies were now considered to be the Soviet Union and its "communist agencies" in Poland: the People's Guard (GL) and its successor People's Army (AL), the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and the Soviet partisans, who were active also in Poland.
Lacking a large military unit, the nationalists issued on 11 August 1944 an order establishing the Holy Cross Mountains Brigade. The brigade was created in August 1944 in the Kielce region out of the 204th infantry battalion and Special Action Groups of the NSZ-ZJ. It varied in number from 822 soldiers in December 1944 to 1418 soldiers in May 1945. The purpose of the brigade was the realization of the political and military program of the NSZ-ONR. The commander of the brigade was Colonel Antoni Szacki ("Bohun-Dabrowski").
Military engagements in Poland
The formation fought most of all against the Soviet NKVD forces, the Polish communist partisans of the People's Army (at Fanisławice and Borów) and the partisans of other Polish non-communist ressistance movement military organizations, such as the Home Army (AK), the Peasant Battalions (BCh) and the actual National Armed Forces (NSZ) that mantaining internal organizational autonomy merged with the AK in April 1944.
Although the brigade occasionally fought also against the Germans (among others at Brzeście, Zagnańsk, Caców, and Marcinkowice), it avoided confrontations with the occupier and stressed a "clearing of the Polish territories", not only of "red banditry" (i.e. communists), but also of "their fifth column", which from the point of view of this formation included all Polish political trends standing to the left of the Szaniec faction, such as socialists, peasant movement, Christian democrats and even pro-democratic nationalists. The brigade portrayed themselves as the only truly Polish force representing Polish national interests. They stood against democracy in any form because of its supposedly "Judeo-Masonic origin", striving to the establishment in Poland the rule of one ideology and one "national" organization, i.e., to put it bluntly, a fascist, totalitarian dictatorship.
The brigade's major success was its defeat of a joint People's Army and Soviet partisans force in a battle fought on 8 September 1944 near Rząbiec. The battle took place after a patrol of the brigade was captured by the communist formations, and its members tortured and slated for summary execution. One of the captured prisoners managed to escape and alerted the brigade to the situation. The brigade attacked and defeated the AL and Soviet soldiers. The Soviet captives were executed and several Poles of the AL who were accused of banditry as well. Thirteen of the captured Polish communists joined the brigade. In individual actions units of the brigade killed several hundred members and sympathizers of the PPR and the AL, in what one historian, Rafał Wnuk, described as a bloody and brutal civil war fought between communists and nationalists in the Kielce province.
Evacuation out of Poland
As the Soviet Red Army approached Poland, the leaders of the NSZ-ONR decided to evacuate the brigade to the territories controlled by the Western Allies. In January 1945 it began a retreat through Silesia into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. At first the brigade was attacked by the Germans because it lacked their permission for the movement. By January 15 the consent was obtained and the retreat continued. The partisans received German food rations and accepted Wehrmacht and Gestapo liaison officers to accompany them during the trip.
In April 1945, now in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the brigade found itself in an area surrounded by substantial German forces and its German contacts began insisting on closer collaboration. As a result, the commanders of the brigade agreed to a limited plan whereby small units of the force were to cross or be parachuted by the Germans back into Poland in order to carry out intelligence work and possibly sabotage at the rear of the advancing Red Army. According to former soldiers, they were all instructed by the brigade's command to ignore their German assigned tasks once in Poland and instead try to make contact with NSZ-ONR headquarters. Out of the units sent, two turned around and made their way back to the main force, while several ran into Soviet and Polish communist forces and were liquidated. During the same period, the second in command, Władysław Marcinkowski pseudonym "Jaxa", took part in a German sponsored conference involving various collaborationist and fascist organizations during which, according to Marcinkowski, the Germans made an offer of forming a Vlasov style formation out of the brigade. Marcinkowski refused the offer and tried to stall by claiming not to have the authority to agree to it.
According to the historian Rafał Wnuk, the brigade command dispatched about one hundred men to the German intelligence Abwehr training center, from where most of them were sent or were in process of being sent to Poland for anti-Soviet diversionary activities.
Marcinkowski, along with Hubert Jura, pseudonym "Tom", who was the main liaison officer between the Germans and the brigade, were members of the extreme-right faction Szaniec within the NSZ-ZJ (which was itself a far-right faction of the pre-1944 NSZ). Jura's role in the actions undertaken by the unit during this time have not been fully explained. Jura was a Gestapo or SD agent and he used internal politics of the NSZ-ZJ to settle personal scores (under the guise of "fighting communism within NSZ-ZJ"). There were outstanding death sentences for collaboration issued against him by both the Home Army and the portion of the pre-1944 NSZ which merged with it.
While the brigade was in Bohemia, Col. Szacki made contacts with the anti-German Czech underground and became involved in clandestine plans for an uprising in Plzeň.
On 5 May the Brigade liberated a part of the Flossenbürg concentration camp at Holýšov. The brigade made contact with the U.S. Third Army on 6 May 1945. On the following day, the brigade fought alongside troops of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in the assault that liberated Plzeň and restored it to Czechoslovakia.
Following the end of the war in Europe, the presence of the brigade in Czechoslovakia became a contentious political issue for the U.S. forces. The British War Office declined to accept the brigade as a reinforcement unit for the Polish forces under their command. On 6 August 1945, the brigade was disarmed and moved to a displaced persons camp in Coburg. Subsequently, men of the brigade were used in the formation of 25 Polish guard companies in the American-occupied zone of Germany. The U.S. CIC kept tabs on the brigade's leadership during this time as the U.S. Army did not want any incidents with the Soviet forces. The brigade was demobilized on 17 June 1946 and, under the pressure from communist diplomacy, most of the Polish guard companies were disbanded in 1947. Some of the senior officers of the brigade resettled in the United States.
The Holy Cross Mountains Brigade tried to join the Polish Armed Forces in the West, but the Polish government-in-exile in London did not agree to allow members of a formation which did not cooperate with the Home Army, did not recognize the Polish Underground State, and collaborated with the Germans to become recognized combatants of the Polish Armed Forces. In the years that followed, the brigade veterans repeatedly sought the status of former Polish soldiers but their petitions were consistently denied. Only in 1988, when prominent Polish political and military leaders during the World War II were already dead, the NSZ-ONR soldiers were recognized as combatants.
Nazi collaboration
Extent of collaboration
Documents uncovered in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz contain correspondence between the Gestapo and the NSZ-ONR indicating close collaboration as far as tracking Jews was concerned. This included in particular the Holy Cross Mountain brigade in the district of Radom. By the end of 1943 and beginning of 1944, the cooperation of the brigade with the German police in the Radom district acquired a permanent character. This cooperation included the lookout for Jews hiding in the forests to deliver to the Germans. In 1944, members of the High Command of the Home Army were abducted from their offices by the NSZ-ONR and handed to the Germans.
During the closing days of the war, on 13 January 1945, the 850-strong Brigade began, with German approval and under German protection, the trek westward through Silesia to Czechoslovakia. They were permitted to continue to march southwest to Bohemia, where their unit was confined at an encampment in March. The collapsing Third Reich was hoping to use the Holy Cross Brigade for propaganda purposes and to deploy it at the front On 6 May 1945, the Holy Cross Brigade made its way to the American-occupied zone of Germany.
The Polish command agreed to assign a small number of volunteer troops to be sent, including by air, behind the Soviet lines. The volunteers were given confidential orders to shoot any German assigned to them upon landing. In any event, no Germans were attached, and a small number that made it back to Poland promptly reported back to the NSZ-ONR leadership and re-entered the struggle against the communists.
The brigade refused participation in the anti-German military Operation Tempest; this lack of participation was allegedly aimed at preventing the communist takeover of Poland.
According to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, there were no documented cases of Holy Cross Brigade soldiers directly murdering Polish Jews due to their ethnic origin. Representative of the veterans Jan Józef Kasprzyk described the claims of Nazi collaboration as a product of postwar communist propaganda meant to smear the unit's legacy. This opinion was not agreed by prof. Andrzej Friszke.
Collaboration in Home Army reports
As stated in reports by the Polish Home Army, the brigade was well armed and trained and operated in an almost open environment, and its units were resented by the civilian population. The head of the intelligence service of the Home Army Kielce Inspectorate noted that the cooperation with the Gestapo "was basically open and individual commanders did not hide the fact that they received weapons and ammunition to fight against communism from the occupying authorities". A report of the commander of the Home Army in the Radom district from 2 January 1945 states: "The clear cooperation with Germans and the plague of the society as a result of the use of props. On November 22nd, during the march of the NSZ-ONR through Oleszno, the Germans pulled in the posts. Contacts with the Gestapo are recorded." Another note of the Home Army reports on NSZ-ONR officers discussing the manhunts on the PPR.
Other
The agrarian People's Party, one of the main components of the Underground State, accused the NSZ-ONR and its Holy Cross Mountains Brigade of contacts with and enjoying support of the Germans. The movement's periodicals described the extreme nationalists as "openly treasonous", and of being a "political fascist creation". After the end of the war, the People's Party under the leadership of Wincenty Witos decided to support Stanisław Mikołajczyk. However at the same time Polish communists named one of their proxy parties , and the old People's Party, now loyal to Mikołajczyk, changed its name into Polish People's Party (PSL). After Mikołajczyk's defeat in the rigged 1947 Polish legislative election, the remains of the Polish People's Party were merged (in 1949) into the communist-allied United People's Party (ZSL).
Even the portion of the NSZ which merged with the Home Army cut oneself from the Holy Cross Mountains Brigade. In one of the NSZ's periodicals from November 1944, they stated that "the National Armed Forces have nothing to do with the so-called ′Holy Cross Mountains Brigade′ and the black legend created by the latter".
See also
Detached Unit of the Polish Army (operating in the same region several years earlier)
National Armed Forces
Notes
Further reading
Brigades of Poland
Military units and formations established in 1944
Units and formations of Polish resistance during World War II
History of Lesser Poland
Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1944 establishments in Poland
1946 disestablishments in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Cross%20Mountains%20Brigade |
The lightweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 16 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing between 57 and 60 kilograms.
Competition format
Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. This event consisted of 28 boxers who have qualified for the competition through various tournaments held in 2003 and 2004. The competition began with a preliminary round on 16 August, where the number of competitors was reduced to 16, and concluded with the final on 29 August. As there were fewer than 32 boxers in the competition, a number of boxers received a bye through the preliminary round. Both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals.
All bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.
Schedule
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)
Qualifying Athletes
Results
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Light
Amir Khan (boxer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Lightweight |
Klüver–Bucy syndrome is a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus). Klüver–Bucy syndrome may present with compulsive eating, hypersexuality, insertion of inappropriate objects in the mouth (hyperorality), visual agnosia, and docility. Klüver–Bucy syndrome is more commonly found in rhesus monkeys, where the condition was first documented, than in humans. Pathology on the syndrome is still controversial with Norman Geschwind's theory and Muller theory offering different explanations for the condition. Treatment for Klüver–Bucy syndrome is minimal with no current cure.
Symptoms
The list of symptoms generally include the following:
Docility, characterized by exhibiting diminished fear responses or reacting with unusually low aggression. This has also been termed "placidity" or "tameness".
Dietary changes and hyperphagia, characterized by eating inappropriate objects (pica), or overeating, or both.
Hyperorality, described by Ozawa et al. as "an oral tendency, or compulsion to examine objects by mouth".
Hypersexuality, characterized by a heightened libido or a tendency to seek sexual stimulation from unusual or inappropriate objects.
Visual agnosia, characterized by an inability to recognize familiar objects or people.
While this cluster of syndromes is common to such sources as 1997's The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders, 2005's Functional Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas and 1997's "Single-Photon Emission CT and MR Findings in Klüver-Bucy after Reye syndrome", an article in the American Journal of Neuroradiology, the three vary thereafter.
Inconsistent criteria include:
Hypermetamorphosis, characterized by Ozawa et al. as "an irresistible impulse to notice and react to everything within sight". This is included under the classification systems described by The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders and "Single-Photon Emission CT and MR Findings in Klüver-Bucy".
Lack of emotional response, diminished emotional affect. This is a symptom under The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders and is included under "Single-Photon Emission CT and MR Findings in Klüver-Bucy" along with apathy under docility.
Amnesia, characterised by an inability to recall memories. This only occurs when the damage extends bilaterally into the hippocampus.
Pathology
There are a few theories that attempt to explain the processes behind Klüver–Bucy syndrome and its symptoms. This topic still remains controversial as complete Klüver–Bucy syndrome is rare in humans especially compared to monkeys. Klüver–Bucy syndrome is thought to occur from damage to temporal sections of the limbic networks, which connects to other structures that regulate emotional behavior. Norman Geschwind's theory states that Klüver–Bucy syndrome is caused by disconnect syndrome (a condition of the brain where the two hemispheres develop separately or at different rates) and that the initial contributor for this is the blockage of visual input to the limbic circuit. Another theory, called Muller theory, attributes Klüver–Bucy syndrome to the disconnection of pathways used for emotional regulation and memory, such as those connecting the dorsomedial thalamus to the prefrontal cortex. The medial temporal sections of the limbic system can be associated with more primitive functions such as reproduction, food, and defence. This can be seen in the symptoms of increased hypersexuality, hyperorality, and general aggression.
In rhesus monkeys
As part of an investigation by Heinrich Klüver in the 1930s into the area affected by mescaline, Klüver arranged to have the temporal lobes of a number of rhesus monkeys bilaterally removed by Paul Bucy, a neurosurgeon. Klüver did not find the expected impact in response to mescaline, but did observe a series of changes in the subject animals. The six points of difference that Klüver recorded were visual agnosia, an increased tendency to explore items by mouth, hypermetamorphosis, dampening of emotional expression, altered sexual behavior and differences in diet. Klüver later discovered similar observations by Sanger Brown and Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer that had been published in 1881 and drew on these to substantiate his own observations.
Monkeys in the Klüver-Bucy experiment evidently had normal vision and motor skills, but exhibited "psychic blindness", what Rusiko Bourtchouladze described in 2004 as an inability to recognize "the emotional importance of events". They did not display fear for items that would ordinarily frighten members of their species; they displayed an appetite for improper foods such as rocks or live rats and sought intercourse with unusual partners, including members of other species. They became extremely interested in exploring items in their environment and became placid when approached.
In humans
Klüver–Bucy syndrome was first documented among certain humans who had experienced temporal lobectomy in 1955 by H. Terzian and G.D. Ore. It was first noted in a human with meningoencephalitis in 1975 by Marlowe et al. Klüver–Bucy syndrome can manifest after either of these (lobectomies can be medically required by such reasons as accidents or tumors), but may also appear in humans with acute herpes simplex encephalitis or following a stroke. Other conditions may also contribute to a diagnosis of Klüver–Bucy syndrome, including Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, anoxia, progressive subcortical gliosis, Rett syndrome, porphyria and carbon monoxide poisoning, among others.
It is rare for humans to manifest all of the identified symptoms of the syndrome; three or more are required for diagnosis. Among humans, the most common symptoms include placidity, hyperorality and dietary changes. They may also present with an inability to recognize objects or inability to recognize faces or other memory disorders. Social neurosciences research shows that changes in temporal lobe is identified as a cause for aberrant sexual and hyper-sexual behaviors.
In children
Klüver–Bucy syndrome has been shown to occur more in adults than in children. In children certain conditions such as herpes simplex encephalitis has the potential to manifest the syndrome. Children exhibit many of the same symptoms as adults with Klüver–Bucy syndrome, however they display these symptoms in different ways than adults. Hypersexuality, as a symptom of Klüver–Bucy syndrome in children is characterized by "frequent touching of genitals, intermittent pelvic thrusting movements, and rubbing of genitals on the bed while lying prone". Observations of hypersexuality in children were recorded from children primarily under the age of 4. It is thought that since these behaviors have yet to be learned by children that they display themselves in more ambiguous ways. The underlying conditions that lead to Klüver–Bucy syndrome can have an effect on the pattern of symptoms observed.
Treatment/management
Treatment for Klüver–Bucy syndrome focuses on controlling the present symptoms because no current intervention will cure the condition. Medications used to treat the symptoms include carbamazepines and leuprolide, which help reduce sexual behavior associated with Klüver–Bucy syndrome. For carbamazepines it has been shown to have the greatest effect when treating traumatic brain injury-derived Klüver–Bucy syndrome. Other medications commonly utilized are mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and various antipsychotic drugs.
In popular culture
Klüver–Bucy syndrome was featured in the Radiolab episode, "Blame". The lead story featured a man who developed Klüver–Bucy syndrome after his second neurosurgery for epilepsy. The story was revisited by Radiolab in June 2017 (following parodious homage in Mac's turn when "The Gang Gets Analyzed" in season 8, episode 5 of It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia), augmented with further discussion with neurologist Dr. Robert Sapolsky, who addresses the syndrome and the associated legal significance of neurological defenses. Klüver–Bucy syndrome was featured in the Black Box episode, "The Fear", the episode "Taboo" of the TV series Criminal Minds, the episode "Whistleblowers" of the TV series Blue Bloods, and the episode "Comfort's Overrated" of the TV series Royal Pains.
See also
Frontal lobe disorder
Lawrence Weiskrantz
Urbach–Wiethe disease
References
Sources
External links
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke – Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Anatomic Basis of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
Monkeys With Amygdala Lesions
Six distinct case studies of KBS in India
Sexual arousal
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Amygdala
Psychopathological syndromes
Rare syndromes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy%20syndrome |
Lim Kim Choon is a Singaporean civil servant and former major-general who served as Chief of Air Force between 2001 and 2006.
After leaving the Air Force in 2006, Lim served as the chief executive officer and director-general of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) between 2007 and 2009.
Education
Lim was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) Overseas Scholarship in 1977 and graduated from Loughborough University with a Bachelor of Science (Second Upper Class Honours). He also holds a Master of Science in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He attended the Air Command and Staff Course in the United States. He attended the six-week Advanced Management Program in Harvard Business School in 2009.
Military career
Lim enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1976 and served in the Air Force as an F-16 pilot. Throughout his military career, he held various appointments, including: Head, Air Intelligence Department; Head, Air Operations Department; Commander, Tengah Air Base; Chief of Staff, Air Staff (1998–2001). He was appointed as the Chief of Air Force on 1 April 2001. During his tenure as Chief, the Air Force acquired many new systems, such as the F-15SG, AH-64 Apache and SH-60 Seahawk. Lim also directed the Air Force's involvement in humanitarian assistance operations, including: Operation Flying Eagle in Aceh, Indonesia in 2005; Singapore's response in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. in 2005.
Lim retired from the SAF on 24 March 2006 and was succeeded by Ng Chee Khern as the Chief of Air Force.
Post-military career
Lim joined the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore as its Senior Deputy Director-General from May 2006 to July 2007 before serving as Director-General and Chief Executive Officer from July 2007 to 2009. Lim was appointed as a Non-Executive and Non-Independent Director of Stratech Systems on 19 May 2011. He is also a member of the boards of various governmental organisations, including: Changi Airports International; Singapore Technologies Aerospace; Singapore Aerospace Manufacturing; Ascott Group.
Awards
Public Administration Medal (Military) (Gold)
Long Service Medal (Military)
References
|-
|-
Living people
Singaporean civil servants
Singaporean military leaders
Chief of the Republic of Singapore Air Force
Alumni of Loughborough University
Singaporean chief executives
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
1958 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Kim%20Choon |
Imette Carmella St. Guillen (March 2, 1981 – February 25, 2006) was an American graduate student who was raped and murdered in New York City. She was studying criminal justice at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Her murder captured national attention; together with the later murder of Jennifer Moore, it was a catalyst for passage of legislation to require background checks of bouncers in bars and a security plan for nightclubs. Darryl Littlejohn, a bouncer, was convicted of St. Guillen's murder.
Life and murder
Imette St. Guillen was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Seimundo Guillen and Maureen St. Hilaire. Her surname–and that of her elder sister– was a combination of their parents' surnames. Their mother was French Canadian. Their father, Seimundo Guillen, a Venezuelan immigrant, died of AIDS when Imette was nine years old. Her widowed mother later remarried.
St. Guillen graduated from Boston Latin School in 1999 and moved to Washington, D.C. to attend George Washington University. Like her father, St. Guillen studied criminal justice. She graduated magna cum laude in 2003 and enrolled at John Jay College of Criminal Justice to pursue a master's degree. Although originally intending to study forensic psychology, St. Guillen changed her major to criminal justice. Ranked in the top 5% of her class, she was scheduled to graduate in May 2006.
After celebrating her upcoming birthday with her mother and sister in Florida, St. Guillen took a plane back to New York. On February 24, 2006, St. Guillen met with her best friend Claire Higgins to continue celebrating her birthday, a few days away. Out at a nightclub around 3:30 a.m. on February 25, the two women argued over whether to go home. Higgins left; later, in a 3:50 a.m. phone call, St. Guillen assured Higgins that she would soon be leaving for home. She was last seen at 4:00 a.m at a bar named 'The Falls'.
Seventeen hours after St. Guillen spoke with her friend, police in Brooklyn received an anonymous phone call alerting them to a dead woman's body on Fountain Avenue in Spring Creek Park. They soon identified it as St. Guillen. Her body was nude, wrapped in a comforter. Her broken fingernails showed she fought against her attacker. Her hands and feet were tied, a sock had been shoved down her throat, and her head was wrapped in packing tape. Some of her hair had been cut off. An autopsy revealed that she had been beaten and sexually assaulted before being asphyxiated. According to forensic psychologist Dr. Stephanie Stolinsky, the killer "tried to dehumanize her completely. ... Whenever you hide someone's face, it means that you don't want to see them as a human being. You want to pretend that they're just an object".
The murder case of Imette St. Guillen was handled by the Special Victims Squad and Brooklyn North Homicide Squad of the NYPD.
Arrest
Darryl Littlejohn, one of two bouncers at The Falls where St. Guillen was seen the night she was murdered, was charged with first-degree murder, kidnapping, and unlawful imprisonment. DNA that was proven to be Littlejohn's, most likely caused from a nosebleed, was found in blood on the plastic ties used to bind St. Guillen's hands. Littlejohn was asked to escort St. Guillen out of The Falls just before closing, and was later seen talking to the young woman in front of the bar. His basement apartment in Queens and vehicles were searched by police and crime scene investigators. Carpet fibers found in Littlejohn's home were a match to fibers discovered on the adhesive tape wrapping St. Guillen's face. Additional evidence that Littlejohn was in the area at the time, date, and place where St. Guillen was killed and dumped was found using cell phone tower records. These "indicated movement from his home to near the spot in Brooklyn where Ms. St. Guillen's body was found."
Due to the nature of St. Guillen's murder and other high-profile crimes, The Village Voice suggested that the Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB) was devoting more of its time to tracing the cellular phones of detectives. The article discussed efforts to uncover leaks to the media in these cases. A source that communicated with The Village Voice said that police in St. Guillen's murder case had received "punitive 'letters of instruction' in their files and were docked days of pay."
Littlejohn, an ex-convict, had spent more than 12 years in prison for drug possession and robbery charges. He was on parole at the time of his employment at The Falls and, by working late hours at the bar, was violating the curfew of his parole agreement. He was initially held by authorities because of the parole violation, and was later charged with one count of first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder for the death of St. Guillen. During that time, Littlejohn was tried and convicted in the attempted abduction of a Queens woman on October 19, 2005; this abduction attempt was later linked to St. Guillen's case, as the woman called police after seeing the suspected van on TV news reports.
Littlejohn's initial defense attorney was Kevin O'Donnell, but he was dismissed after Littlejohn complained about his work. Littlejohn's second lawyer, Joyce David, was known for her book What You Should Know If You're Accused of a Crime. She filed a 36-page legal brief on her defendant's behalf alleging a "wide-ranging conspiracy" related to Littlejohn and the St. Guillen murder.
According to prosecutors, Littlejohn started his criminal career at age 12, first stealing a 70-year-old woman's purse with the help of a friend. Prosecutors in the 2005 abduction sought court permission to discuss Littlejohn's crimes, and prosecutor Frank DeGaetano said that the crimes "fairly reflect his character." Littlejohn's lawyer wanted discussion of his past banned from the trial.
License for The Falls bar
During the investigation, there were revelations that The Falls bar manager, Daniel Dorrian, had allegedly lied about elements of St. Guillen's disappearance and murder. Jeff Ragsdale, a New York City writer, organized a group of people through Craigslist to start a protest demonstration in front of The Falls bar. The demonstrations lasted a few months, and around June 2006 The Falls bar lost its liquor license. The Pioneer bar was associated with the disappearance of St. Guillen that night, but it is not related to her murder. Nevertheless, the bar suffered negative publicity, and news reports showed images of its facade in coverage of the murder, leading the bar to change its name to the R Bar.
Littlejohn's pre-trial and trial in previous abduction
Littlejohn went on trial in 2007 for the 2005 abduction, which was held before the murder trial for St. Guillen. Observers were concerned that this suggested that St. Guillen's murder case was not strong enough. Prosecution, however, stated that they were prepared to proceed with the murder trial.
In January 2009, Littlejohn was convicted of kidnapping a college student, Shanai Woodard, in October 2005. The victim testified that he had approached her while dressed as a police officer, handcuffed her, and forced her into a vehicle. She escaped. Littlejohn was sentenced to 25 years-to-life in prison.
Trial
Pre-trial hearings began on September 11, 2007. Littlejohn's defense attorney Joyce David challenged the autopsy findings as well as the search warrants giving police the authority to search Littlejohn's van, his apartment, and to investigate his cell phone records.
Opening arguments were given on May 11, 2009. Prosecution headed by Kenneth Taub laid out the case that Littlejohn was a sex fiend. According to the Daily News, Taub said that "He [Littlejohn] did the same thing to two other women three months before" and "Until this case, he got away with it." They briefly described the circumstantial evidence against Littlejohn. Littlejohn wore glasses in the courtroom. Some defense lawyers have described this as the "nerd defense, which is a tactic used to make felons and other criminals appear less menacing to the jury during a trial."
The defense was headed by Joyce David, who said that the case was a "racially charged frame-up by police eager to close a blockbuster case," according to the Daily News. David said, "He's a black man with a long criminal record," and "Who's going to care about him?" David pointed her finger at bartender Daniel Dorrian of The Falls bar and said that "Darryl Littlejohn is being framed to protect Danny Dorrian".
Prosecution's case
Claire Higgins, St. Guillen's best friend, was among the first to take the witness stand. She described the time she had shared with St. Guillen on the night of her disappearance. Daniel Dorrian, manager of the bar where St. Guillen was last seen, indicated during the trial that Littlejohn and St. Guillen had "a screaming match" that night. According to the Daily News, "Dorrian insisted he didn't lie when he initially stonewalled cops about St. Guillen's kidnapping and murder." However, he later admitted telling police that he did not remember St. Guillen being in The Falls bar, having attributed his initial statements to a fear of backlash against his bar. Defense lawyers suggested that Dorrian might have been the real killer and that St. Guillen might have returned to The Falls bar and "hooked up with Dorrian", though NYPD never investigated him as a possible suspect.
Littlejohn's ex-girlfriend, Sandra Smith, testified on May 14, the fourth day of the trial, testifying that after St. Guillen's death, he asked her to lie about using her Chrysler Sebring. Nicholas Petraco, a retired NYPD forensics evidence expert, testified about the presence of fibers from two coats and a jacket at Littlejohn's home in his van, on tape, and on a quilt, though he indicated that fiber analysis is not as good as DNA evidence. A representative of the medical examiner's office testified that Littlejohn's DNA was found on a snow brush found alongside St. Guillen's body, while Littlejohn's mother's hairs were on the quilt. Hairs were also identified as coming from eight other people. Medical examiner Ewelina Bajda said that traces of Littlejohn's blood were found in the locking mechanism of one of the zip-ties found in the Windstar used to bind St. Guillen.
Prosecutors called several witnesses to testify to previous cases in which Littlejohn was alleged to have abducted young women. Woodard, the victim in the 2005 attack, testified about her kidnapping attempt, and the district attorney who prosecuted him testified about the evidence that had led to his conviction, though Justice Gerges warned jurors should not take Woodard's testimony as proof of Littlejohn's "propensity" to commit such crimes. Prosecutors later called a Japanese woman, also a student, who had been raped four months before St. Guillen's death in a manner similar to Woodard's case. David, who objected to both Woodard's and the Japanese woman's testimonies, verbally attacked the second victim's inability to identify Littlejohn in a lineup. While Littlejohn had not been charged in the Japanese student's attack, prosecutors insisted there was "compelling proof" that he was her attacker. Prosecution rested its case on May 28.
Defense
The defense continued to suggest that the DNA-testing of evidence that the city-hired firm, Bode Technology, may have been contaminated in order to frame Littlejohn and to clear bar manager Danny Dorrian. The prosecution criticized the defense's argument that police framed Littlejohn. David in reply said the evidence may suggest her client dumped the body, but it did not prove that Littlejohn killed her. After questioning two detectives about the 25-hour search for evidence in Littlejohn's residence, concluding that none of the more than 50 items confiscated was linked to St. Guillen, and DNA testing had failed to yield a match, the defense rested its case.
Verdict
The jury of six men and six women took less than seven hours to convict Littlejohn of murdering Imette St. Guillen and found him guilty of first degree murder. Before the jurors' verdict, David said to CNN that she believed in the innocence of her client. She repeated that Littlejohn was framed and another man was a likely suspect. Afterward, David said: "We're going to appeal. We're disappointed. I'm hoping this gives the family of the victim some closure. But I think that the wrong man was convicted."
Sentencing
Speaking to St. Guillen's relatives, Judge Abraham G. Gerges said, "I hope that the conclusion of these proceedings today will provide you with some small measure of solace." Judge Gerges directed comments to and about Littlejohn, calling him an unrepentant "predator" who should never taste freedom again. He sentenced him to life without parole. The Judge also paid tribute to St. Guillen, describing her as a 'promising woman who never deserved to die' saying, "If there were truly justice in this world, I would have the power to bring her back to you," addressing Maureen and Alejandra, who cried in the courtroom. He said, "To my great sorrow, that is not possible."
Littlejohn is to serve his sentence consecutively with his previous 25-year-to-life term for kidnapping a Queens woman. David indicated after the sentencing that she would file a notice of appeal and indicated that Littlejohn remained silent. She maintained that he was framed to protect Dorrian.
Civil lawsuits
In 2009 St. Guillen's family settled a confidential suit they brought against The Falls bar in 2007.
In early 2008, St. Guillen's mother brought a civil action against the federal government for US$200 million for their failure to keep track of Littlejohn under his parole. The suit names the Department of Justice, and the U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Program as defendants. The suit was dismissed in May 2010 by Court of Claims Judge Faviola A. Soto, quoting an NYS Appeals decision that reaffirmed the standard that, "an agency of government is not liable for the negligent performance of a governmental function unless there existed 'a special duty to the injured person, in contrast to a general duty owed to the public.'" In March 2011, the St. Guillen family settled with the Federal government for $130,000. Tracking software for post-release offenders was later named after St. Guillen.
Legacy
Legislation
According to New York's NightLife Association, after St. Guillen's death, crime rates around bars and clubs in New York City had decreased. Her death was one of several high-profile incidents of women murdered after leaving a nightclub. The combined media scrutiny resulted in new and modified laws governing nightclub operations, including their screening of personnel.
Soon after authorities realized that a bouncer may have been the perpetrator, nightclub owners and local politicians met to discuss ways to improve nightlife safety. In February 2007, New York City enacted a law requiring enhanced security and bouncer vetting. New York City club owners also agreed to voluntary guidelines which encourage the use of scanning machines to record the identification of their patrons and also encourage screening patrons for weapons. The guidelines provide for more care in dealing with intoxicated female patrons who are alone. The following month, Boston enacted a similar law, and Boston Mayor Thomas Menino signed an executive order authorizing the cancellation of liquor licenses granted to anyone found to have hired a violent felon.
A joint fundraising effort resulted in establishing the Imette St. Guillen Scholarship for second-year students at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Another scholarship in her name was endowed at Boston Latin School.
Representation in other media
The murder has been fictionalized in the novels Killer Heat by Linda Fairstein and Angel's Tip by Alafair Burke.
St. Guillen's murder is discussed in the Jodi Picoult novel House Rules.
New York band Interpol wrote a song titled "Pioneer to the Falls," which is believed to refer to St. Guillen's murder. The title likely refers to the walk from the Pioneer bar to The Falls bar.
St. Guillen is memorialized by Periel Aschenbrand in "In Memory of Imette", an article in A Memory, A Monologue, A Rant, and A Prayer. This collection of writings edited by Eve Ensler, author of The Vagina Monologues, is read as part of annual V-Day performances that raise funds to stop violence worldwide against women and girls.
The case is featured on HLN's "Forensic Files II" in an episode entitled "Blanket Denial."
See also
Murder of Romona Moore
Nightlife legislation of the United States
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The Spirit of Imette Foundation
2006 in New York City
2006 murders in the United States
2000s crimes in New York City
2000s trials
2000s in Brooklyn
Crimes in Brooklyn
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by person in New York City
February 2006 crimes in the United States
Female murder victims
Incidents of violence against women
Murder in New York City
Murder trials
Rape in the 2000s
Rape trials in the United States
Rapes in the United States
Violence against women in the United States
Women in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Imette%20St.%20Guillen |
Grand Concourse can refer to:
Grand Concourse (Bronx), a boulevard in New York City
Grand Concourse (St. John's), an integrated walkway network in Newfoundland and Labrador
Grand Concourse (restaurant), an eatery owned by Landry's, Inc. in Pittsburgh
See also
Grand Concourse Apartments, in Miami
Grand Concourse buses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Concourse |
Church of Hawkwind is the twelfth studio album by Hawkwind, released under the band name Church of Hawkwind in 1982. The name change reflects the fact that this was a musical departure for the band, being a more experimental electronic offering rather than the usual heavy rock that the band were known for at the time.
Dave Brock resurrects the "Dr Technical" alias which he had previously used for production of the band's 1972 hit single "Silver Machine". This is almost a Dave Brock solo album considering the heavy bias towards his work, and none of these tracks were performed live by the band, save "Looking in the Future" which was re-recorded as "Letting in the Past" on It is the Business of the Future to be Dangerous.
"The Phenomenon of Luminosity" features a sample of John Glenn on the Friendship Seven spacecraft during the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission on 20 February 1962. An alternative version of "Experiment With Destiny" had appeared on the preceding year's Sonic Attack album as "Virgin of the World".
Although credited to Dave Brock, the track "Some People Never Die" borrows much of its material from the track "They Call Me Gun" on an obscure LP by "On The Seventh Day" (US Mercury Records 61248, 1970), right down to the Robert F. Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald shooting commentaries. Alternative versions of "Some People Never Die" appear on Spacebrock and the Dave Brock solo album Earthed to the Ground (as "Assassination").
The CD bonus tracks on the 1994 Griffin release were recorded in the 1990s and seem at odds with the overall feel of the album, and they were placed in the middle of a resequenced side 2 by Dave Brock, disrupting the flow of the album, for example the rowing that linked "Some People Never Die" with "Light Specific Data" now has 5 tracks in between. The 2010 Atomhenge CD restores the original running order and provides a different set of bonus material.
Track listing
Side 1: Space
"Angel Voices" (Dave Brock, Harvey Bainbridge) - 1:21 – Brock; Bainbridge
"Nuclear Drive" (Brock) - 3:39 – Brock; Lloyd-Langton; Griffin
"Star Cannibal" (Brock) - 5:31 – Brock; Lloyd-Langton; Griffin
"The Phenomenon of Luminosity" (Brock) - 2:40 – Brock
"Fall of Earth City" (Brock, Bainbridge, Huw Lloyd-Langton) - 3:24 – Brock; Bainbridge; Lloyd-Langton; Griffin
"The Church" (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) - 1:32 – Brock; Lloyd-Langton
Side 2: Fate
"Joker at the Gate" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 1:51 – Brock; Bainbridge; Griffin
"Some People Never Die" (Brock) - 3:52 – Brock; Sperhawk; Bodi
"Light Specific Data" (Brock) - 3:48 – Brock; Bainbridge; Griffin
"Experiment with Destiny" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 2:31 – Brock; Bainbridge; Griffin
"The Last Messiah" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 1:27 – Brock; Bainbridge; Madam X
"Looking in the Future" (Brock) - 4:03 – Brock; Bainbridge; Lloyd-Langton; Griffin
Atomhenge CD bonus tracks
Angel Voices" [Extended Version] (Brock, Bainbridge) - 2:21
"Harvey's Sequence" (Bainbridge) - 3:01
"Fall of Earth City" [Alternate Version] (Brock, Bainbridge, Lloyd-Langton) - 4:50
"Water Music (Light Specific Data)" (Brock) - 4:42
"Looking in the Future" / "Virgin of the World" (Brock) - 10:23
Griffin CD
"Angel Voices" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 1:21
"Nuclear Drive" (Brock) - 3:39
"Star Cannibal" (Brock) - 5:31
"The Phenomenon of Luminosity" (Brock) - 2:40
"Fall of Earth City" (Brock, Bainbridge, Lloyd-Langton) - 3:24
"The Church" (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) - 1:32
"Identimate" (Brock) - 3:45 – bonus track – Brock; Davey; Chadwick
"Some People Never Die" (Brock) - 3:52
"Damage of Life" (Brock) - 5:50 – bonus track – Brock; Davey; Chadwick
"Experiment with Destiny" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 2:31
"Mists of Meridin" (Brock, Alan Davey) - 5:13 – bonus track – Brock; Davey; Chadwick
"Looking in the Future" (Brock) - 4:03
"Joker at the Gate" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 1:51
"Light Specific Data" (Brock) - 3:48
"The Last Messiah" (Brock, Bainbridge) - 1:27
Personnel
Hawkwind
Dave Brock – electric guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, vocals
Huw Lloyd-Langton – electric guitar, vocals
Harvey Bainbridge – bass guitar, keyboards, vocals
Martin Griffin– drums
with
Marc Sperhawk – bass guitar
Capt Al Bodi – drums
Alan Davey – bass guitar
Richard Chadwick – drums
Kris Tait (Madam X) – crying
Credits
Recorded at Rockfield Studios December 1981 to February 1982.
Produced by Dr Technical, engineered by Pat Moran and Ashley Howe.
Cover by Andrew Christian and Partridge/Rushton. Booklet illustrations by John Coulthart and Tim.
Equipment listed
Korg 700 Keyboard
Korg Analogue Seq
Korg MS-20
Korg Polyphonic
Roland Jupiter 4
Roland Sho9
EMS Synthi
2 Roland 201 Space Echoes
Koorlander Time Module
Koorlander Multichorus Delay Module
Pubison
Westone Thunder HI Guitar
Westone Paduak Guitar (stated as "Westone Padewak Guitar" on the original LP sleeve.)
Westone Thunder 1Bass
Release history
May 1982: RCA Active, RCALP9004 – initial copies came with a 12-page lyric book
June 1994: Dojo, DOJOCD86, UK CD
March 1994: Griffin Music, GN0932-2, USA CD
April 2010: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1021, UK CD
References
External links
Atomhenge Records
Collectable Records – Original cover and booklet
1982 albums
Hawkwind albums
Active Records albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Hawkwind |
Sergio Arturo Bernal Hernández also known as "El Puma Mayor" (The Eldest Puma) (born 9 February 1970) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Club career
Bernal played as a goalkeeper for Club Universidad Nacional, a Mexico City team commonly known as the Pumas. He joined the Pumas in 1988 from the UNAM Fuerzas Basicas. He has been champion with Pumas 4 times, in 1991, and was a major part in getting the golden year back to back "bicampeones" in 2004. He was also the team captain. He made his 500th Primera Mexico Division appearance on 21 February 2010. Pumas won the match 1–0 against Atlante FC.
He announced his retirement on 9 December 2010 after 21 years of playing for the UNAM Pumas.
International career
Bernal participated in the 2001 USA Cup under Hugo Sánchez and had been called by Hugo Sánchez to the Mexico National Team twice but he was unable to play on either occasion because of shoulder and knee injuries.
Career statistics
Club
Fuerzas Básicas del Pumas – (México)
Pumas – (México)
Correcaminos UAT – (México)
Puebla F.C. – (México)
Honours
Pumas
Campeón de Liga (México): 1990–91
Campeón Clausura (México): 2004, 2009
Campeón Apertura (México): 2004
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Mexico City
Men's association football goalkeepers
Mexico men's international footballers
Club Universidad Nacional footballers
Club Puebla players
Liga MX players
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Mexican men's footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Bernal |
Forgotten Worlds, titled in Japan, is a side-scrolling shooter video game by Capcom, originally released as a coin-operated arcade game in 1988. It is notable for being the first title released by Capcom for their CP System arcade game hardware.
Plot
Set in the 29th century, an evil god known as Bios has destroyed most of the Earth, turning it into a desolate wasteland known as the Dust World. Two nameless supersoldiers are created by the people to defeat Bios and the eight evil gods who serve him.
Gameplay
Forgotten Worlds can be played by up to two players simultaneously. The player controls a flying muscle-bound soldier armed with a rifle with unlimited ammo. The Player 1 character is equipped with a long-range automatic rifle, while Player 2 has a short-range wide shot. The controls in the original coin-op version consist of an eight-way joystick for moving the character in the air while flying and a unique rotatable button known as the "roll switch". Rotating the switch left or right allows the player to adjust their character's aim in one of sixteen directions, while pressing it causes the player character to shoot his gun. This allows for the player to move their character anywhere while keeping their aim in one direction. Pressing the switch rapidly will cause the character to perform a "megacrush" attack which will destroy all on-screen enemies, but at the expense of a portion of their vitality gauge.
The player character is accompanied by a satellite module orbiting near him that will provide backup firepower every time the player fires their gun. Like the main character, the satellite can also be rotated with the roll switch. Rotating the character while firing will only rotate the aim of the satellite, while rotating the character without firing will not only rotate the satellite's aim, it will also move its relative position around the player.
The player can obtain blue-colored coins known as Zenny from defeating enemies throughout the game. Zenny is used as currency to obtain new power-up items from shops located at certain points in each stage. When the player enters an item shop, they are given a choice of the items available and a limited time to make any purchase they wish. These items consist primarily of new weapons for the satellite module, but also include a health kit to restore lost vitality, armor that allows the player to sustain additional damage, and even tips on how to defeat the boss awaiting at the end of the current stage.
Forgotten Worlds consists of nine stages each with its own boss. The player will lose if their vitality gauge runs out, but will be given a chance to continue.
Development
The game took two years to develop, with a production budget of and four megabytes of sprite data. The game started off as a regular side-scrolling shooter, but Yoshiki Okamoto wanted a more imaginative game. During development, Capcom tried to make the game easier to play, having received criticism about how hard it was to dodge enemy projectiles in previous games. As this was the first game to use the CPS-1, Capcom tried to fully maximize its software capabilities. The game did not generate enough income upon its release due to large numbers of shooter games in the market and there were increased expenses due to a shortage of chips needed for the CPS-1 boards.
Home versions
Forgotten Worlds was first ported to various home computers in Europe by U.S. Gold in 1989. Versions were produced for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and IBM-compatible PC. These versions of the game were developed by Arc Developments. The development team had four months to make the conversions. Every graphical frame was digitised directly from the arcade version's screen using a DigiView Gold device and stored the data on an Amiga 500 computer. The God of War was hand sketched, redrawn on the computer and colored with Deluxe Paint, although the mirroring function saved time. Even the shop scene was hand sketched from scratch.
All the home computer version required a joystick controller in order to be played and could not be played with the keyboard only (with the exception of the IBM PC, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC versions). The player rotated the character in these versions by holding the fire button while pushing the joystick left or right. In the Spectrum sales charts, it was number two, behind Robocop, which was number one every month for most of the year.
The Sega Mega Drive/Genesis version, produced by Sega, was released in Japan on November 18, 1989, with subsequent releases in North America and the PAL region the following year. The Mega Drive version simulated the controls of the arcade version by using A and C buttons to rotate the character in either direction and the B button for shooting. Unlike in the arcade version, both players are equipped with long-ranged automatic rifles. This version has only seven of the arcade's nine stages and provides an auto-fire feature that can be toggled on or off on the game's settings. In 2008, the Mega Drive version was released on the Wii Virtual Console in North America on November 17 and in Europe on November 28.
The Master System version was also released by Sega in Europe and Brazil. This version is 1-player only and due to the presence of only two buttons on the Master System's standard controller, the buttons are used solely to rotate the character, who shoots automatically. The megacrush attack is performed in this version by pressing both buttons simultaneously.
The PC Engine version (published by NEC Avenue) was released in Japan on March 27, 1992 as a Super CD-ROM² title which supported a specialized 3-button controller that NEC released only in Japan. The North American version for the TurboGrafx-16 CD was released by Turbo Technologies Inc. With the 3-button controller, the player can control their character as they would in the Mega Drive version, with two buttons to rotate the character and one to shoot. With the standard TurboGrafx-16 controller, the Run button is used in the place of the third button to rotate the character to the left. The TG16 CD port is one-player only, but allows the player to select between either of the two unknown soldiers at the start of the game (with their respective abilities from the arcade version retained).
A version for the Capcom Power System Changer was planned and previewed but never released.
An emulation of the original arcade version is included in the 2005 compilation Capcom Classics Collection Vol.1 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, 2006's Capcom Classics Collection: Remixed for the PlayStation Portable, and also for the Nintendo Switch as part of Capcom Arcade Stadium, as well as the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows via Steam. The PS2 and Xbox versions allow the player to use their respective controllers' right analog sticks to control the player character's aim. In 2008 the Mega Drive version was ported to the Wii as part of the Virtual Console.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Forgotten Worlds on their September 1, 1988 issue as being the second most-successful table arcade unit of the month, outperforming titles like Sky Soldiers and Ninja Spirit.
The game was met with highly positive reviews from critics. Upon release, the arcade game received positive reviews from Computer and Video Games, The Games Machine, Your Sinclair, and Commodore User. Critics compared the arcade game favorably to earlier shooters including Capcom's Side Arms (1986), Konami's Nemesis (Gradius) and Sega's Space Harrier.
The Games Machine gave the Amiga version a score of 94%, praising the title's graphics and faithfulness to the arcade version.
Accolades
At the 1988 Gamest Awards in Japan, the arcade game received the "Best Graphics" award.
The home computer conversions received the "CVG Hit!" award from Computer + Video Games. The ZX Spectrum version received the "Crash Smash!" from Crash and the "SU Classic" award from Sinclair User.
Retrospective
Notes
References
External links
1988 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arc Developments games
Arcade video games
Atari ST games
Cancelled Capcom Power System Changer games
Capcom games
Commodore 64 games
CP System games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Master System games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sanritsu Denki games
Sega Genesis games
TurboGrafx-CD games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Mark Cooksey
Video games scored by Tamayo Kawamoto
Virtual Console games
ZX Spectrum games
Turbo Technologies games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten%20Worlds |
Helen Day Stevenson Meyner (March 5, 1928 — November 2, 1997) was an American politician from New Jersey. A Democrat, Meyner served as a U.S. Representative from New Jersey from 1975 to 1979. As the wife of New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner, she was First Lady of New Jersey from 1957 to 1962. Meyner also served as a Red Cross nurse in Korea during the Korean War.
Early life and early career
Helen Stevenson was born in New York City to William E. and Eleanor B. Stevenson. Her parents were prominent Democrats. William E. Stevenson was a founder of a law firm that later became Debevoise & Plimpton. He also served as president of Oberlin College and as Ambassador to the Philippines. They were members of the Stevenson family, which included Illinois governor and two-time Democratic nominee for president Adlai Stevenson II.
Helen Stevenson graduated from Rosemary Hall (now part of Choate Rosemary Hall) in 1946 and from Colorado College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1950.
American Red Cross
Stevenson was a field worker for the Red Cross in Korea from 1950 to 1952. Her time as an American Red Cross (A.R.C.) nurse and Clubmobile worker is well documented in her own personal letters. In these letters she writes to her family about her time in Japan and Korea during the Korean War, giving a personal account of her duties and experiences working abroad in wartime. Meyner's letters from her time serving in the A.R.C. can be found in the Meyner Papers, located in Skillman Library at Lafayette College.
Letters
Meyner's serving papers take the form of either letters or postcards written to her family during her time in the Korean War. These documents describe her experiences as a hospital nurse in Japan from 1950 to 1951 and a clubmobile worker in Pusan, Korea from 1951 to 1952. Throughout her time at the A.R.C., Meyner continuously expressed her discontent with the administration and the mistreatment of the volunteers.
During her time in Japan, Meyner worked as a nurse in an American military hospital. As the hospital was severely understaffed and under-equipped, soldiers did not receive the health care that they needed, especially with regard to their mental well-being. Through her patients, Meyner learned of the chaos in Korea. She emphasized that the western media coverage of the war was not reflecting the actual situation.
In April 1951, Meyner arrived in Pusan, Korea, as a clubmobile. She served coffee and doughnuts to soldiers who were returning to the base. She describes Korea as “dirty” and “extremely impoverished” in comparison to Japan.
Although her work was in recreational services, she was able to collect information about the war from soldiers. Meyner specifically reflected on her role as a white woman; often, soldiers enjoyed her company due to the lack of American women serving in Korea.
She indicates that the troops included soldiers from many nations. However, the hierarchy within the military prioritized white American soldiers over other nationalities.
{{bquote|“... I must say that the foreign troops are ever so much more polite...than our own G.I’s. American soldiers are treated better than any soldiers in the world” (April 30th, 1951).}}
In February 2019, Kara Dixon Vuic wrote the book The Girls Next Door: Bringing the Home Front to the Front Lines'', which pulled from Helen Stevenson Meyner's letters as well as other women's writings in similar lines of wartime work to explore gender roles in the war environment. Vuic highlighted Meyner in the chapter “Dancing for Democracy.”
Images
Images of Meyner from this time period are accessible in the online exhibit “Coffee, Doughnuts, and a Witty Line of Chatter”.
First Lady of New Jersey
Stevenson married Robert B. Meyner, then governor of New Jersey, on January 19, 1957 in Oberlin, Ohio. Helen Stevenson Meyner served as first lady of New Jersey. Robert Meyner left office as governor in 1962 due to term limits.
U.S. House of Representatives
In 1972, Meyner ran as the Democratic nominee for Representative from New Jersey's newly redistricted 13th Congressional District that included her home in Phillipsburg and included Hunterdon, Sussex and Warren Counties and portions of Mercer and Morris Counties. She lost in the Republican-leaning district to the Republican candidate, Joseph J. Maraziti.
In 1974, with the Watergate scandal leading to Democratic congressional gains throughout the country, Meyner ran for the seat again, this time beating Maraziti. She won a second term in the 1976 elections in a close race against William E. Schluter, but lost her bid for a third term in 1978 to Republican James A. Courter. Meyner was known as a liberal Democrat.
In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Meyner's name and picture.
Death
Meyner died on November 2, 1997, in Fort Myers, Florida.
See also
Women in the United States House of Representatives
References
Sources
Boyd, Ruby, Rachel Mead, and Sarah Ulstrup. "“We Cannot Change the World but We Can Change the People in It.” The Eleanor Bumstead Stevenson Papers." Digitizing American Feminisms. Accessed April 15, 2019. “We cannot change the world but we can change the people in it.” The Eleanor Bumstead Stevenson Papers – Digitizing American Feminisms.
Stevenson, Eleanor. I Knew Your Soldier: An Intimate Picture of Our Boys Overseas. Penguin Books, 1945.
"The Robert B. and Helen Stevenson Meyner Papers, 1910-1998." Lafayette College Special Collections & College Archives. August 16, 2000. Accessed April 15, 2019. The Robert B. and Helen Stevenson Meyner Papers
"WILLIAM E. AND ELEANOR B. STEVENSON PAPERS 15 INVENTORY." Oberlin College Archives. Accessed April 15, 2019. .
1929 births
1997 deaths
Colorado College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
First ladies and gentlemen of New Jersey
People from Phillipsburg, New Jersey
Women in New Jersey politics
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Stevenson%20Meyner |
Paul Gruchow (May 23, 1947 – February 22, 2004) was an American author, editor, and conservationist from Montevideo, Minnesota. A student of poet John Berryman, he is well known for his strong support of rural communities, as expressed in his first book, "Journal of a Prairie Year" published by University of Minnesota Press. His essays in Grass Roots: The Universe of Home, document his ideas with stories of growing up in rural Chippewa County Minnesota.
Career
Gruchow was editor and co-owner of the highly respected Worthington Daily Globe in Worthington during the late 1970s and 1980s. When the newspaper was sold, he moved to Northfield, Minnesota, where he was an instructor at St. Olaf, Northfield, Minnesota and Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota. His essays appeared in Minnesota Monthly Magazine (published by Minnesota Public Radio), the Utne Reader, and book reviews in the Hungry Mind Review. In addition to Journal of a Prairie year, Gruchow's books include Discovering the Universe of Home and Boundary Waters: The Grace of the Wild; "the Necessity of Empty Places", St. Martin's Press, "Worlds Within Worlds", Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and "Images of Home" with photographer Jim Brandenburg, by the Blandin Foundation of Grand Rapids, Minnesota. A travel essay from "Empty Places" appeared in the Sunday NY Times. He wrote occasionally for The Utne Reader, and the Hungry Mind Review.
Death and legacy
Gruchow died by suicide on February 22, 2004, in Duluth, soon after completing the first draft of a book about depression. In memory of his literary contributions, an annual Paul Gruchow Essay Contest is conducted by Writers Rising Up to Defend Place, Natural Habitat and Wetlands through the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum.
In 2007 a collection entitled The Grace of Grass and Water: Writing in Honor of Paul Gruchow was published by the Ice Cube Press.
Letters to a Young Madman: A Memoir, Gruchow's seventh and final book was released in September 2012 by Levins Publishing in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Books
Boundary Waters: The Grace of the Wild
Grass Roots: The Universe of Home
Journal of a Prairie Year
The Necessity of Empty Places
Travels in Canoe Country
Letters to a Young Madman: A Memoir
References
External links
Minnesota Authors Biography Project
Paul Gruchow May 23, 1947 – February 22, 2004
The Paul Gruchow Foundation
Empty Places: Remembering Paul Gruchow, A chronicle of a death foretold Minnesota Monthly, November 1, 2004
Paul Gruchow Essay Contest
Minnesota Progressive Project: Remembering Paul Gruchow
"Prairie tribute: Paul Gruchow's voice echoes in essays"
1947 births
2004 suicides
2004 deaths
People from Montevideo, Minnesota
People from Worthington, Minnesota
People from Northfield, Minnesota
Editors of Minnesota newspapers
Writers from Minnesota
Suicides in Minnesota
St. Olaf College faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Gruchow |
Gamma Sigma Sigma () is a national service sorority founded on October 12, 1952, at Beekman Tower in New York City. It partners with other organizations such as March of Dimes, National Coalition for Homeless Veterans, American Cancer Society, and Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation. It has 53 active collegiate chapters and 18 active alumni chapters.
History
The weekend of October 10–12, 1952, student representatives of Boston University, Brooklyn College, Drexel Institute of Technology, Los Angeles City College, New York University, Queens College, University of Miami, and the University of Houston met at Beekman Tower in New York City. They decided on the name Gamma Sigma Sigma and the colors of Maroon and White, and charters were then given to these groups. As the group from University of Miami did not commit to membership at the founding meeting, they are not counted as a founding group.
a. Sigma Lambda Phi from University of Miami did not attend the final day of convention. Eta Chapter was reserved for this group. They later joined as Upsilon Chapter in 1958.
Service and organizational structure
Collegiate and alumni chapters are required to perform a defined number of service hours during the year as defined in their individual bylaws. Chapters/individuals may receive awards for their service or for participating in special emphasis projects.
Collegiate chapters are led by an executive board with the following roles. President, Service Vice President, Membership Vice President, Treasurer, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Financial Secretary, Public Relations Coordinator, National Representative, and Alumni Liaison. All are elected by the chapter except for the Parliamentarian, who is appointed by the President.
The sorority's national governing body is the National Convention, held biennially in odd-numbered years. During each convention, the delegation elects the National Board of Directors, which coordinates the sorority's activities. The delegation also chooses two service project areas for emphasis during the next two years. All members are encouraged to participate in these areas in particular, known as project I.M.P.A.C.T. (Individuals Making Progress Across Communities Together). The current I.M.P.A.C.T. areas are Anti-bullying and Suicide Prevention and Invisible Disabilities and Diseases.
The sorority partners with other charitable organizations, with the longest standing partnership held by the March of Dimes. Other partners include: National Coalition for Homeless Veterans, American Cancer Society, and Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation.
Membership
Gamma Sigma Sigma is not selective. The sorority does not discriminate based on race, sex, or gender nor do they tolerate hazing in any form. Membership is determined by guidelines set by each chapter, within guidelines set by the national organization and academic institution. These tasks are in direct relationship to both chapter and national service programs. Members-in-training are not required to perform personal services for members, or any activity that can be construed as hazing. Gamma Sigma Sigma also accepts individuals who are members of other organizations, including social sororities, as members.
Controversy
On February 2, 2021, a post on Twitter detailed a series of racist, nationalist blog posts made by a member of the University of Georgia's (UGA) chapter of Gamma Sigma Sigma. One offending post stated the enslavement of Black people in the United States “does not begin to compare to” Sept. 11, 2001. Another post stated that Black people should not get their own holiday celebrating independence because “July 4th is about America. Not about race. Without America, the slaves would still be under British control and who knows how long slavery would’ve lasted.” Other members of the chapter were outraged by the posts and demanded that the offending member be removed from her executive leadership position in the chapter.
The issue was brought up in a February 9 chapter meeting which was attended by members of the sorority's national board. The national board members' efforts to impair the recall of the offending member along with the discovery that the national board had been informed about the hurtful posts months prior and had ignored them increased discontent within the UGA chapter.
In the month directly after the chapter meeting, the majority of the UGA chapter's members and all but one member of the executive board resigned. A new organization has since been created on UGA's campus focused on the same ideals of Gamma Sigma Sigma while also emphasizing inclusive practices.
National conventions
The Woman of the Year also receives National Honorary membership.
Active chapters and colonies
As of February 18, 2023, Gamma Sigma Sigma has 38 active undergraduate chapters and 3 rechartering chapters. It has 42 Active Alumni chapters and colonies.
Notable alumni
Dr. Janette Hoston Harris - Alpha Delta - civil rights activist, DC Government Official
Jessye Norman - Alpha Eta - opera singer
National Honorary Members
Barbara Bush - National Honorary Member (1987)- first lady
Mae Jemison M.D. - National Honorary Member - first African-American woman to travel to space
P. Buckley Moss - National Honorary Member (1991) - Artist
Pat Mitchell - National Honorary Member (1993) - "Auntie Litter"
Ellen Ahlgren - National Honorary Member (1995) - Founder of ABC Quilts
Patricia Wetterling - National Honorary Member (1997) - Founder of the Jacob Wetterling Foundation
Karolyn Nunnallee -National Honorary Member (1999) - President of MADD
Beatrice Gaddy - National Honorary Member (2001) - Founder of Bea Gaddy's Family Center
Amy Callahan -National Honorary Member (2003) - Founder and President of the Better Days Foundation
Barbara Irvine - National Honorary Member (2005) - Founder of Alice Paul's Institute/Women's Rights
Liz Scott - National Honorary Member (2007) - Founder of Alex's Lemonade Stand
Ann McGee - National Honorary Member (2009) - Founder and National President of Miracle Flights for Kids
Enitan Doherty-Mason - National Honorary Member (2011) - Founder of Eduwatch
Paula Goldberg - National Honorary Member (2013) - Founder of the PACER Center
Carrie Newcomer - National Honorary Member (2015) - Singer
Chapter Honorary Members
Pat Nixon - Michigan State University honorary member - first lady.
References
External links
Student organizations established in 1952
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
Service organizations based in the United States
1952 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20Sigma%20Sigma |
Munja of Goguryeo or Munjamyeong of Goguryeo (died 519, r. 491–519) was the 21st monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the grandson of Taewang Jangsu (413–491). Though Munja's father Gochudaega Joda () had been named Crown Prince by Taewang Jangsu, Joda died before assuming the throne. He is considered as a ruler of Goguryeo at its zenith from Gwanggaeto the Great.
In 472, Goguryeo had relocated its capital from the area around modern Ji'an along the upper Yalu River to Pyongyang (the modern capital of North Korea). This move came in the context of heightened rivalries with the other two of the Three Kingdoms, the then-allied Silla and Baekje.
Maintaining the success of long-distance diplomacy of Jangsu, Munja nurtured close relations with Chinese dynasties, notably Northern Wei, Southern Qi and Liang. Though North Wei went through several wars with its northern neighbour, Rourans and Song, it finally disrupted further attacks of Song, resulting the shift into Liang dynasty. Because of power shift, Goguryeo initiated diplomatic ties with Liang also: the Book of Qi says the title was bestowed upon the king of Goguryeo, which means bilateral relationship was fulfilled within the two. Simultaneously, Munja continued to stabilize the occupation of Liaodong peninsular based on friendly relationship with North Wei.
In terms of inter-Korean relationship, the 12th century Korean history the Samguk Sagi relates that the remnants of the Buyeo kingdom submitted to Goguryeo in 494 after their defeat by the nomadic Mohe people. After occupying Dongbuyeo (Eastern Buyeo) in Gwanggaeto's reign, Goguryeo finally completed subjugating whole Buyeo (current Harbin) area. In the meantime, the alliance of Baekje and Silla strengthened its ties by serving each other in terms of battlefields with Goguryeo. Baekje with its continuous efforts under King Muryeong tried to attack its northern boundary with Goguryeo, notably in 505, mobilizing more than 3,000 soldiers. Korean records also mentions the provocative actions of Baekje several times, which called upon the counterattack of Munjamyeong in 506 but it failed without distinct fruits because of harsh famines.
Buddhism in Goguryeo gained its continuous momentum after its acceptance into the kingdom during the reign of Sosurim. As his grandfathers did, Munja also boosted the expansion and distribution of Buddhism, especially via Liang and Wei. Under his reign, it is said nine monks were firstly sent to Northern Wei with a view to investigating Buddhist books and others. In 7th year (498), he constructed the Buddhist temple Geumgangsa.
Munjamyeong was succeeded by his eldest son Anjang of Goguryeo.
Family
Father: Prince Joda/Juda (조다, 助多)
Grandfather: King Jangsu (장수왕, 長壽王)
Unknown wife
Son: Prince Heungan (흥안, 興安; d. 531)
Son: Prince Boyeon (보연, 寶延; d. 545)
See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Korean monarchs
References
Goguryeo monarchs
519 deaths
5th-century monarchs in Asia
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Korean Buddhist monarchs
5th-century Korean people
6th-century Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munjamyeong%20of%20Goguryeo |
Wolfson College may refer to:
Wolfson College, Cambridge
Wolfson College, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson%20College |
The Lakeside Apartments District neighborhood, also known as The Gold Coast, and simply as The Lakeside, is one of Oakland's historic residential neighborhoods between the Downtown district and Lake Merritt. In the context of a Cultural Heritage Survey, the City of Oakland officially named most of the blocks of the neighborhood "The Lakeside Apartments District," and designated it as a local historic district with architecturally significant historic places, and Areas of Primary Importance (APIs). The greater neighborhood includes the interior blocks officially designated as a local historic district and the 'Gold Coast' peripheral areas along Lakeside Drive, 20th Street, and the west edge of Lake Merritt, areas closer to 14th Street and the Civic Center district, and blocks adjacent to downtown along Harrison Street.
The district is characterized by a predominance of rent-stabilized apartments, mixed-use buildings, and a long history of regional mass transit connections serving its central location. In recent years, mid-rise, mixed-use, market rate, and affordable rental housing has been planned, proposed, approved, constructed, and inhabited. At the present, other developers have proposed market-rate condominium skyscrapers and other high-rise towers which have idled in various stages of the planning process. From 2007 to 2009, the Oakland Planning Commission revised zoning and building height regulations for the neighborhood.
History
The neighborhood was built on what was originally an encinal or Coast Live Oak oak grove on the west shore of the San Antonio Slough, which was later dammed to form Lake Merritt. Prior to the California Mission era, locations around the Slough were fishing and waterfowl hunting grounds for the Ohlone. Later in the Mission era, under the proclaimed authority of his Crown, King Ferdinand VII of Spain deeded the land to Sergeant Luis Maria Peralta in 1820 to become his Rancho San Antonio.
After gold was discovered in 1848 in present-day Coloma to the northeast, Anglo squatters led by lawyer Horace W. Carpentier took control of the East Bay area which was to become downtown Oakland, including land along the San Antonio Slough.
Before Oakland was even incorporated by the State legislature, by 1850, a trio of three ambitious men, to include Carpentier, had leased land from one of Luis' sons, Vincente Peralta. They hired a Swiss engineer, Julius Kellsburger, to prepare a street grid map. They began selling lots, whether through a good faith belief that US sovereignty superseded Mexican claims, or through deliberate fraud perpetrated on Peralta.
The street grid of Kellsburger's map starts at the Oakland Estuary waterfront, and ends at 14th street, the neighborhood's Southeast boundary. The current streets of the neighborhood show up on E.M. Sessions' 1869 map of Oakland, with long sweeping blocks north of 14th Street. That same year, the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad at Seventh and Broadway brought passengers from New York that had been confined to a train for a week, eager for the comforts and amenities of a city. By this time, horse-drawn streetcars brought passengers up Broadway to 14th Street and points beyond. By the 1890s, the neighborhood had become home to large homes on the lake and interior streets.
By the 1920s, apartment buildings and luxury hotels began to sprout up within walking distance from nearby streetcar lines, and Downtown Oakland.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the neighborhood saw continued development of multi-family, mixed-use apartment buildings with the planning and construction of nearby Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) underground rail lines. Starting in 1961, Oakland's "Downtown Property Owner's Association," and the "Central Business District Association" repeatedly advocated for extending Alice Street directly through Snow Park, which was then the grounds of the Snow Museum, past the Schilling Gardens and the Bechtel Building, and down to 20th Street to alleviate traffic congestion that might be caused by the closure of Broadway during construction of the nearby BART line underneath Broadway. The plan met stiff opposition from Oakland's City Council in October 1964, and caused then Mayor Houlihan to remark that "One of the things which has bothered me about Oakland is the presence of these small time feuds. The city could be better advanced by using their (downtown businessman's) energies in more progressive ways." As reported by the Staff of the Oakland Tribune at the time, the City Council in essence told downtown business interests to "quit wasting its time."
In the early 21st century, the area continues to be attractive to developers as AC Transit's bus rapid transit lines are currently being planned for 12th and 11th Streets in the neighboring Civic Center district, and on Broadway downtown.
Historic places and landmarks
The district has an outstanding concentration of club buildings, historic luxury apartments, and a significant cluster of Deco structures, including the terra cotta Charles Jurgens Co. building, the Elks Hall on Alice Street (now the Malonga Casquelord Arts Center), the Hill Castle Apartments on Jackson Street, The Hotel Harrison on Harrison Street, the Scottish Rite Center at the lake's edge on Lakeside Drive, the Alameda County Courthouse in the neighboring Civic Center district, which also features the Civic Center Post Office on 13th Street. The "Ideal Cleaners" shop features a neon sign and period appointments in the Art Deco style. Many of these historic buildings are protected as official city landmarks. During a city Cultural Heritage Survey in the 1980s most of the district was designated as featuring historically significant architectural resources. The Survey was conducted by the city of Oakland's Planning Department and its Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board from 1980 to 1985. Other historic places include the Victorian Camron-Stanford house on the shore of Lake Merritt at 14th Street and Lakeside Drive, the Municipal Boathouse on Lakeside Drive, the Greek revival Scottish Rite Center on Lakeside Drive, the eleven story Bechtel Building at 244 Lakeside, the Alician apartments on Alice Street with its ornate marble entrance, the Regillus condominiums on 19th street, the mission revival Scottish Rite Temple on Madison Street, and the historic Schilling Gardens on 19th Street.
One of the least likely structures to be overlooked—easily visible from a few blocks south of the neighborhood looking up Madison Street, is Tudor Hall. Its distinct architecture resembles the namesake period of the late 15th-early 17th centuries.
The district also features other historic assets in several three to eight story apartment buildings, this height being a character-defining feature of most of the historic district. Some exceptions to this character punctuate the neighborhood, to include Noble Tower on Lakeside Drive, and the Essex Condominiums at 17th and Lakeside, completed in 2001.
Parks and community assets
Lakeside park
The district is adjacent to Lakeside Park, which lies to the east and northeast of the district. Lakeside Park is a public city park ring and green space surrounding Lake Merritt and is often called the Crown Jewel of Oakland's parks. Lakeside park is historically significant as featuring North America's first official wildlife refuge, designated in 1870. The state legislature voted the Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge into law in 1870, making it the first such refuge on the North American continent. No hunting of any sort was to be allowed and the only fishing was to be by hook and line. Under the name Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, the site became a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1963. It also features a garden center with several cultivated gardens, and the Municipal Boat House on Lakeside Drive. A large restaurant has opened in the Boat House building, which has undergone extensive renovations, and was re-dedicated by city staff in 2009 in anticipation of its re-opening.
Malonga Casquelourd Center for the Arts
The neighborhood also features the Malonga Casquelourd Center for the Arts on Alice Street, a public community asset owned and administered by the City of Oakland and its Department of Parks and Recreation. Formerly known as the Alice Arts Center, this building was renamed in 2004 in honor of Malonga Casquelourd, a Congolese dancer, choreographer, singer, percussionist, and cultural ambassador of the arts who was killed in 2003 by a drunk driver traveling in the wrong direction on a blind curve on Lakeside Drive in front of the Essex condominium building.
The Alice Arts Center was opened in 1987 under then-Mayor Lionel Wilson. It has a 400-seat theater and fine arts and dance studios where numerous dancers, percussionists, and other musicians study and create music and visual arts. It has become a vibrant center for dance and music, particularly African- and African-American-influenced dance forms from Congolese, Guinean and Afro-Brazilian to jazz and hip-hop. City officials estimate that the center serves 50,000 people a year through classes and performances. The Oakland Ballet has had offices and rehearsals at the center.
The building also features 74 S.R.O. hotel rooms where artists in residence reside. In 2003, then-Mayor Jerry Brown proposed expanding his Oakland School for the Arts, which was at the time housed in the basement and first floor of the Alice Street building, to the entire six-floor center. Numerous hotel rooms were withheld and kept vacant while plans were made to displace the artist tenants from their S.R.O. hotel rooms and studios in the center.
The building also features a prominent ground floor retail space adjacent to its main entrance. Over the years the space was the home to a cafe with poetry readings. From late 2003 until early 2007, the space was home to the "Jahva House" cafe, owned by Oakland musician Dwayne Wiggins of the music group Tony! Toni! Toné!. The cafe relocated there following its move from a Lakeshore Avenue space. The cafe featured Wednesday night poetry slams, a traditional African drum craftsman with a sidewalk workshop, and regular live music performances. At present Oakland's Real Estate Division is seeking a retail tenant for the space.
Oakland main library
The neighborhood is also walking distance to the Main Branch of the Oakland Public Library on 14th Street between Madison and Oak Street.
Oakland Museum of California
The Oakland Museum of California is located at 11th and Oak Streets in the neighboring Civic Center district.
Snow Park
The district is also adjacent to Oakland's Snow Park a , public city park bordered by 19th Street, the Schilling Gardens Parcel, Harrison Street and Lakeside Drive. Snow Park, which is named after Oakland resident Henry Snow, was once the site of the first Oakland Zoo, the Sidney Snow Zoo, named after Henry Snow's son, which opened in 1943. It currently features public restroom facilities, sitting benches, mature shade trees, a grassy, sunlit meadow, and a golf putting green, which many neighborhood and citywide residents, and nearby office workers enjoy.
Schools and colleges
Residents of the neighborhood are zoned to schools in the Oakland Unified School District. Zoned schools include Lincoln Elementary School (K-5), which is the local public elementary school.
Westlake Middle School, and Oakland Technical High School are the respective intermediate and secondary schools.
Laney College is a public community college located at the south end of the Civic Center neighborhood. Cal State East Bay has the Oakland Professional Development and Conference Center at Broadway and 11th Street. Continuing education courses are offered.
Land development
The neighborhood is located between Lake Merritt and Downtown Oakland. In recent years, market-rate housing developers have proposed constructing a variety of residential and residential mixed-use buildings which have been proposed to be anywhere from five to forty-two stories high. Neighborhood residents have voiced their concerns and objections to various proposed developments. Others have pressed developers to include meaningful community benefits to improve proposed projects at "community meetings," and before Oakland's Preliminary Design Review Committee, the City's Planning Commission and City Council.
In recent years Oakland city planning authorities have approved proposed residential mixed use development projects in this neighborhood in part because they are considered by some to be "infill". In other words, they are "filling in" under-utilized "vacant" lots in an urbanized setting. Most all such lots have had daily commercial use such as surface parking for the neighborhood's drive-in workforce by day, and for some of the neighborhood's automobile driving residents and drive-in bar and restaurant patrons by night. One such vacant lot on 14th Street at Madison, directly adjacent to the boundaries of the neighborhood, is used as a preschool playground for several neighborhood children who attend the school, as it is within walking distance for their 'car-free' parents. A developer recently proposed a project for this particular lot which has been tentatively titled "1301 Madison".
Some developers purport that projects proposed for the district's parcels, developed and undeveloped, are substantially exempted from the environmental review provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act(CEQA) because they are considered "infill" parcels. In other words, CEQA has a special provision for streamlined environmental review for infill projects located in urban areas of Oakland. Conversely, some activists have pointed to the applicability of the "Cumulative Impact" provisions of CEQA arguing that the residents of the neighborhood have already been subjected to several consecutive years of construction, dust, pile-driving and general construction noise, and carcinogenic diesel fumes from idling trucks and heavy equipment.
Mid-rise, mixed-use apartment buildings
An unfinished building languished in the neighborhood from 2003 to 2009. Originally planned as "Jackson Courtyard Condominiums," the mixed-use building at 1401 Jackson Street features transit oriented development characteristics such as ground-floor retail shop spaces and a dedicated bicycle parking room at street level. For several years, the incomplete project sat partially finished, shrink-wrapped in white plastic sheeting, reminiscent of a condom, hence its local nickname: "Trojan Tower." In September 2008, the shrink-wrap was removed for the second time from the building. In the summer of 2009, after years of extensive reconstruction work, the building finally received its certificate of occupancy and has been replanned for monthly rental apartments. Its first residents began moving into the building in August 2009, a full six years after the original developer of the project broke ground.
In 2008, "Affordable Housing Associates", a Berkeley, California non-profit completed a seven-story, 76-unit apartment building which has been funded in part with affordable housing entitlement funds and pre-development loans from the California Department of Housing and Community Development and the City of Oakland. It includes studio and one-, two- and three-bedroom units that feature a combination of traditional floor plans as well as two-story lofts with flexible layouts. The building features transit-oriented development characteristics to include multiple ground floor retail shop spaces, a transit information kiosk, and 54 parking spaces for 73 units, a ratio of .74 parking spaces per unit, which departs from Oakland's current 'one to one' parking ratio planning law. This project came under intense scrutiny from neighborhood activists for its architectural design which contrasts with the character of a mosque next door to the project, the Islamic Cultural Center of Northern California, a historic mission-revival building that was originally the Scottish Rite masonic temple.
Proposed condominium skyscrapers
(a.k.a. "222 19th Street"/"19th Street Residential Condominiums Project")
In 2005, a group of land speculators purchased a historic 1920s luxury apartment building at 244 Lakeside Drive on Lake Merritt. The Greenfield land behind the building features the historic Schilling Gardens. The Shilling Gardens is the last remaining portion of a cultivated Japanese garden originally planted in 1886 behind spice magnate August Schilling's Victorian mansion once located on the West shore of Lake Merritt. Today the garden features a shaded grove of several mature Coast Redwood trees, ferns, a sunny lawn area, and hundreds of other cultivated plants laid out into a multi-tiered, brick masonry landscape design, with artistic concrete floral canopy arbors and walking paths. The garden as a whole is considered by the City of Oakland's Register of Historical Resources, and Oakland's Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board, to be a landmark "of highest importance."
After purchasing the parcel, the owners divided the parcel into two pieces, one along Lakeside Drive featuring the apartment building, and another parcel behind the building featuring the gardens. The owners then sought to donate the gardens parcel to the City of Oakland in exchange for Historic Preservation property tax credits. Oakland's Real Estate Services Division and Office of Parks and Recreation Staff entered into discussions with the owners. City staff asserted the parcel would need disability accessibility improvements as per the ADA and its own dedicated bathroom facilities, despite bathroom facilities immediately next door at Snow Park. The city staff also insisted the owners pay $760,000 for the aforementioned upgrades, and an additional $178,000 per year, in perpetuity, for ongoing maintenance.
Subsequently, the negotiations fell apart and Oakland's office of Parks and Recreation Director said she didn't bring the decision before the Oakland City Council because she thought that the department dealing with the owner, Oakland's CEDA Real Estate Services Division, was doing that. The director of Oakland Community and Economic Development Agency, Real Estate Services Division denied any responsibility for the missed opportunity. He said he was presented with "budget restraints" and that, in any case, his role was limited to providing "real estate-related expertise.".
In 2006, the owners, two Santa Clara County residents, and a former San Francisco Building Inspection Commissioner, and pari mutuel racehorse owner, proposed a 42-story high-rise condominium skyscraper for the historic Schilling Gardens parcel. They have tentatively labeled the project "Emerald Views" though the official planning documents on file with the city of Oakland refer to the project as "222 19th Street." This parcel is approximately one half block from the lake's current shoreline, at 222 19th Street between Jackson and Alice Streets. Standing at approximately tall measured from grade to the top of roof spires., the Emerald Views skyscraper would become the tallest building in Oakland If constructed, the project's architect concedes that "the entire site has to be dug up" and the trees completely destroyed, to construct the new tower, due to its size and extent However, the architect claims the developers intend to replant some of the existing shrubs, plants, and ferns in a new garden area that will abut the sides and back of their proposed building.
While any project on the parcel could diminish the neighborhood's tree canopy, the proposed skyscraper's height and bulk could cast a shadow over a significant portion of Lakeside Park in the afternoons, and the remaining areas of Snow Park that currently receive easterly sunlight every morning, since trees currently shade much of Snow Park. Because of its height, the building would also be anticipated to cast a long shadow over Lake Merritt, Lakeside Park, and the bird sanctuary within Lakeside Park to the east of the parcel. To date the developers have only publicly circulated a sunlight and shadow impact rendering for high noon on the summer solstice, the time of the year with the most sun and the least shadow. The other sunlight and shadow study renderings will be published in the project's upcoming draft Environmental Impact Report (EIR) which may also include hydro-geological issues, air and noise pollution, among other potential environmental impacts.
Former San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown previously owned a 20 percent stake in the Schilling Gardens parcel, but sold out his share to the other owners in 2006 and maintains that he fears that an adjacent high-rise will hurt the value of the building he bought into. Speaking about the project to investigative reporter Phil Matier, Brown claimed in 2006 that "I ain't in that deal."
Since 2006, the owners have assembled a real estate development team led by San Francisco resident Michael Joseph O'Donoghue, more commonly known as Joe O'Donoghue, who is credited with dramatically changing the landscape across the bay in San Francisco through his long history of a variety of lobbying activity for development projects on behalf of the San Francisco Residential Builders Association (RBA). The parcel owners have also retained the services of Oakland's "Go-To-Lobbyist"
who resigned from his job as a legislative aide to the current Oakland City Council President Ignacio De La Fuente during a time of controversy over conflicts on interest on zoning matters affecting his personal real property portfolio. This former legislative aide's corporation, "Terra Linda Development Services," is an Oakland-based consulting firm which labels itself as "a land development and entitlement consulting company."
In late 2007, the aforementioned "go to" lobbyist was involved in the founding of the "Oakland Builder's Alliance" which purports to achieve its goals "through the promotion and development of innovative policies, through supporting leaders that promote economic growth in Oakland, and through direct organizing in support of leaders and policies that address the needs of our members and the broad building community of Oakland."
On August 8, 2008, the Oakland CEDA Planning and Zoning Division posted Tree Removal Permit Application notices on the gates to the parcel. The gardens feature a grove of several mature Coast Redwood trees that would be completely destroyed by the buildings bulk and mass. This tree removal application is a 'Development Application' regulated by the City of Oakland, and subject to City Council oversight and appeal.
In early 2007, a developer, proposed the construction of a 37-story market-rate condominium skyscraper at 1439 Alice Street, directly across the street from the Malonga Casquelourd Center for the Arts, and adjacent to the three story 1920s Cliff Apartments. The building would be one of the tallest in Oakland, second only to the Ordway Building in the neighboring Downtown district. The building would be built on a parcel that currently features a combined two story parking garage and retail shop space with an active, longtime retail tenant. The project would maintain the current parking garage facade, with its existing design for the first two levels, with a modern, angular glass tower springing out of the top, and rising to a height of . Though the developer did propose a ground floor wine bar/cold food cafe space for a small portion of the first floor, he proposed an overall reduction in the square footage of the existing ground floor retail space and a substantial square footage for the proposed building resident lobby, and elimination of a current first floor exterior retail space entrance. The developer also proposed a mid-building "wellness center"/"personal services" commercial space. Depending upon a final zoning designation and the planning process however, this commercial space could also be used as medical or professional office or an inclusive, approachable space with a neighborhood-serving retail tenant. Supporters of the Arts Center had concerns that those would move into the building could eventually have a reverse sensitivity to the music and drumming across the street.
Political representation
The entire neighborhood lies within the boundaries of Oakland City Council District 3, represented by Carroll Fife, who defeated incumbent Lynette Gibson McElhaney in the 2020 City Council election.
At the county level, the neighborhood lies within Alameda County Board of Supervisors District 5 and is represented by Supervisor Keith Carson.
At the state level, the neighborhood is in , and .
Retail
Most neighborhood restaurants, shops, and services are locally owned and independently operated and enjoy a good business relationship with neighborhood residents who walk to them. Immediately within the neighborhood are small ground floor retail shop spaces which currently feature six grocery and liquor markets, two laundry and dry-cleaner shops, a fabric shop, a tattoo parlor, a gym, a sidewalk cafe one block from Lake Merritt open into the evenings, a pet shop, a diner, a sandwich shop, and two bars. In the fall of 2008, several new ground floor retail shop spaces will be available for lease at two new mixed-use developments on 14th Street in the neighborhood.
Transportation
Mass transit legacy
In 1871, Oakland's first horse-drawn streetcar line running down Broadway was not three years old when Hiram Tubbs opened his luxurious "Tubbs Hotel" at Fifth Avenue in what was then "Brooklyn," an independent municipality on the east side of the tidal slough which is now lake Merritt. Tubbs, flush with cash from his hemp cordage business and Comstock Lode silver bullion, wanted his hotel to be the on par with the finest in the state. He spared no expense, investing US$110,000 in 1871 dollars for the building and over US$100,000 more on furniture for the rooms.
Hoping to lure passengers from overland trains, Tubbs had rail laid at his own expense, for his own horse-drawn streetcar line, the "Tubbs Line," to carry passengers from the Train Depot at 7th and Broadway eastward to his hotel. The line went up Broadway to 12th Street, and then down 12th Street through what is now the Civic Center neighborhood, out to 13th Avenue. Tubbs' choice of track routing later evolved into the Oakland Brooklyn and Fruitvale Railroad, and eventually, the "A line" of the Key System of electric streetcars which later ran down 12th and 13th Streets. Today, the 12th Street corridor serves articulated AC Transit buses and is currently being planned for a bus rapid transit line.
In the 1960s, on the Broadway corridor, the BART system was planned and constructed, opening for service in 1972 at three stations, each approximately 1/3 mile from the neighborhood.
Rapid transit
Many residents in this neighborhood do not own or drive cars and walk to transit connections such as the Oakland City Center/12th Street, 19th Street, and Lake Merritt BART stations.
Within the neighborhood, AC Transit's 26 line carries passengers to and from the neighborhood along 14th Street, routing directly to nearby BART stations. AC Transit's Uptown Regional Transit Center bus mall on nearby Thomas L. Berkeley Way (20th Street) is now in full farebox service, and features multiple bus shelters with seating, NextBus arrival prediction signs, local and Rapid Bus service to Oakland's streetcar suburbs. These stations host local service, Rapid service, Transbay Express, and All Nighter service. A Translink Add Value Machine is located at AC Transit Headquarters on Franklin Street. The number 1 line running along the neighborhood on 12th Street, between San Leandro and Berkeley, is years into the planning process for the implementation of a full scale bus rapid transit line. The most substantial planning alternative proposed for this system would feature double-articulated buses with five to six doors at boarding platform level, a separated bus-only lane, center median platforms with proof-of-payment ticket machines to speed boarding, and signalization priority to allow bus drivers to change traffic lights in their favor.
Bicycle and pedestrian Facilities
Other residents use bicycle infrastructure in the area such as the neighborhood's class three Arterial Bike Route: 14th Street, 'BikeLink' bicycle lockers at the nearby 12th Street /City Center, 19th Street, and Lake Merritt BART Stations, and numerous city-installed bike racks to which they can lock their bikes. A Bicycle Rental business rents bikes by the hour nearby on the East side of Downtown. Oakland's Bicycle Master Plan, and Oakland's Measure DD park improvement plan for Lake Merritt calls for an automobile lane reduction and re-striping of bike lanes onto two of the district's streets: Lakeside Drive and Madison Street, and on nearby Webster and Franklin Streets, North of 14th Street. The plan also calls for the installation of a separated class one bikeway and multi-use trail immediately around the perimeter of Lake Merritt, and class two bicycle lanes on all arterial streets surrounding the lake, such as Grand Avenue, between Harrison and Macarthur, where a bike lane already exists, and on Lakeshore Boulevard, onto which a bicycle lane has been planned and contracted to be striped.
Taxicabs and carsharing
An officially zoned taxicab stand is located at the Northeast corner of 19th and Harrison Streets, next to Snow Park. Automobile taxis are available, and a local bicycle pedicab service is on-call during daytime and early evening hours.
A locally based car sharing service, City CarShare, has a shared car and shared truck at 14th and Jackson, and one car at the Lakehurst Apartment Hotel at 17th and Jackson. An hourly carsharing provider, Zipcar, has three locations in the neighborhood, two cars at 15th and Jackson, and one at 15th and Harrison. A former Zipcar location at 17th and Harrison was removed in early 2008 for environmental scoping on that corner parcel, which has recently been repaved and re-striped for the resumption of parking lot operations. Nonetheless, the lot is currently fenced in anticipation of proposed development on the parcel.
Private vehicle storage
Due to high demand for parking within the neighborhood, both from a density of residents and from numerous nearby parking "attractors," parts of the streets of the neighborhood have been zoned into Oakland's Area-F Residential Permit Parking (RPP) zone which includes most streets in the neighborhood. This program allows for annual fee-based issuance of one sticker per residence or business from the Parking Enforcement Division of Oakland's Finance and Management Agency. The sticker allows those permit-holders who can find a safe space in the public right-of-way to store a car for three days with exemption from the posted parking restrictions, which are two hours in most areas, reducing cold starts and resulting vehicle emissions.
Violent crime
Crime and census statistics published by Oakland police and government circa 2017–2020 indicate a lowering of violent crime correlated to Oakland's sustained economic revival, hypergentrification in general, and the influx of affluent residents to the district in particular.
Nonetheless, property crimes and acts of violence occur periodically, directly within the interior of the neighborhood. The neighborhood lies completely within Oakland's Police Beat 4x, one of 35 across the city. Eleven years ago, in 2009, violent crimes, as reported by the Oakland Police Department, included five burglaries, twelve robberies, and multiple assaults during the summer of 2009.
Oscar Grant murder riots
In the days following BART Police Officer Johannes Mehserle's shooting of Oscar Grant on New Year's Morning 2009, and the ensuing reaction by the Alameda County District Attorney's office, justice activists and community members organized response actions and demonstrations. On January 7, about 200 people marched in protest into Oakland's Central Business District. Some became violent and began rioting. Police lines pushed the rioting east from Downtown along 14th Street and into the neighborhood, where rioters continued rioting on Jackson Street and Madison Street. After helicopter-mounted television cameras broadcast images of rioters smashing the windows at a McDonald's restaurant at 14th and Jackson, the rioting briefly wound down after Mayor Ron Dellums and other Oakland leaders came out to the scene to plead with the crowd for calm. Rioters caused over $200,000 in damage while breaking shop and car windows, burning several cars, to include one on Madison Street, setting trash bins on fire, and throwing bottles at police officers. Police arrested over 100.
See also
Community land trust
Gentrification
Inclusionary zoning
Planned shrinkage
Rent Control
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Transit Oriented Development
Transit-proximate development
Urban renewal
References
Further reading
External links
Lakeside Apartment Neighborhood Association
The Downtown Lake Merritt Neighborhood Group Website
The Downtown Lake Merritt Neighborhood Group Listerv
Downtown Lake Merritt Neighborhood Group Blog
Downtown (Oakland) Lake Merritt Neighborhood Group's Facebook page
Neighborhoods in Oakland, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside%20Apartments%20District%2C%20Oakland%2C%20California |
The Chronicle of the Black Sword is the fourteenth studio album by the English space rock group Hawkwind, released in 1985. It spent two weeks on the UK albums chart peaking at #65. The album is based upon the adventures of Elric of Melniboné, a recurring character in the novels of science fiction author Michael Moorcock, a long-standing associate of the group, who contributes lyrics to one track on the album.
Background
After two years of constant line-up changes, guitarist Dave Brock (the only member who has remained since the band's formation) settled on a line-up of himself, guitarist Huw Lloyd-Langton, keyboardist Harvey Bainbridge, bassist Alan Davey, and drummer Danny Thompson (son of Pentangle's bassist Danny Thompson).
Though the album is largely inspired by Elric, "Needle Gun" is a reference to Jerry Cornelius, another of Moorcock's fictional characters. In keeping with the album's title, the track's inclusion refers to the wider Multiverse created by Moorcock, in which the characters Elric of Melniboné and Jerry Cornelius are both incarnations of The Eternal Champion, and the Needle Gun is the form in which the Black Sword manifests itself to Cornelius. The lyrics for "Needle Gun" were ghostwritten by Roger Neville-Neil.
The outer cover was designed by John Coulthart, the last work he would do for the group, and the inner by Bob Walker. The album was originally intended to be titled after the name of the sword Stormbringer, but was changed due to it having been used by both Deep Purple and John Martyn and Beverley Martyn.
Prior to the recording of the album, the group appeared on Channel 4's ECT on 26 April and recorded a session for BBC Radio 1 on 19 July. They headlined an anti-heroin festival at Crystal Palace on 24 August, with a guest appearance from Lemmy and a final sing-song of "We'll Meet Again" led by Vera Lynn.
The group undertook a 29 date UK tour in November and December to promote the album, with support from Dumpy's Rusty Nuts. The Hammersmith Odeon shows on 3 and 4 December were filmed and recorded, released as the video The Chronicle of the Black Sword and album Live Chronicles, and featured a guest appearance from Moorcock.
It has been issued on CD multiple times, each with differing bonus tracks. The latest issue in 2009 includes 1984's The Earth Ritual Preview EP.
Track listing
Personnel
Hawkwind
Dave Brock – guitar, keyboards, vocals
Huw Lloyd-Langton – guitar, vocals
Harvey Bainbridge – keyboards, vocals
Alan Davey – bass guitar, vocals
Danny Thompson Jr. – drums
Dave Charles – percussion
Credits
Recorded at Rockfield Studios, August/September. Produced with Dave Charles.
"The War I Survived" and "Voice Inside Your Head" recorded at Hammersmith Odeon, 22 April 1988
Outer sleeve by John Coulthart, inner sleeve by Bob Walker
Release history
November 1985: Flicknife Records, SHARP033, UK vinyl, first 10000 with inner sleeve including typed lyrics
1986: Flicknife Records, SHARP033D, UK CD
August 1992: Dojo, DOJOCD72, UK CD
May 1994: Griffin Music, GCDHA 0142-2, USA CD
29 June 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1012, UK CD
External links
Atomhenge Records
References
1985 albums
Hawkwind albums
Science fiction concept albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios
Michael Moorcock's Multiverse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chronicle%20of%20the%20Black%20Sword |
is a Japanese actor. His on-screen acting debut was in the drama 「ボクの就職」 (Boku no Syūshoku) in 1994, after winning a modeling contest. He regularly appears in commercials.
Filmography
TV series
Boku no Shūshoku/My First Job (TBS, 1994), Sanshirō Sasaki
Tokyo Daigaku Monogatari/Tokyo University Love Story (TV Asahi, 1994), Kōichi Asakura
Hoshi no Kinka/Heaven's Coins (NTV, 1995) – Takumi Nagai
Mada Koi wa Hajimaranai/Love Has Yet to Come/Love Still Hasn't Begun (Fuji TV, 1995)
Long Vacation (Fuji TV, 1996), Shinji Hayama
Zoku Hoshi no Kinka/Heaven's Coins 2 (NTV, 1996), Takumi Nagai
Risō no Kekkon/An Ideal Marriage/Wedding Story (TBS, 1997), Tsutomu Otaki
Beach Boys (Fuji TV, 1997), Kaito Suzuki
With Love (Fuji TV, 1998), Takashi Hasegawa
Seikimatsu no Uta/The Last Song (NTV, 1998), Itaru Noa
Kōri no Sekai/Inanimate World/The World of Ice (Fuji TV, 1999), Eiki Hirokawa
Manatsu no Merry Christmas/Merry Christmas in Summer (TBS, 2000)
Dekichatta Kekkon/Shotgun Marriage/Shotgun Wedding (Fuji TV, 2001), Ryūnosuke Hirao
Toshiie to Matsu: Kaga Hyakumangoku Monogatari/Toshiie and Matsu: Love Shines Through (NHK, 2002), Yoshiyuki Sawaki
Psycho Doctor (NTV, 2002), Kyōsuke Kai
Time Limit (TBS, 2003)
Yankee Bokō ni Kaeru/Drop-out Teacher Returns to School (TBS, 2003), Yoshimori Masaya
Ruten no Ōhi: Saigo no Kōtei/Princess Hiro / China's Last Princess (TV Asahi, 2003), Aishinkakura Fuketsu
Rikon Bengoshi (Fuji TV, 2004), Yoshiyuki Hirosawa(Guest in episode 1)
Ningen no Shōmei/Proof of the Man (Fuji TV, 2004), Kōichirō Munesue
Ruri no Shima (NTV, 2005), Tatsuya Kawashima/Makoto Takahara
Rondo/Dance Music/Yeonmogok (TBS, 2006), Shō Nishijima/Takumi Kanayama
Kazoku: Tsuma no Fuzai, Otto no Sonzai (TV Asahi, 2006), Ryōhei Kamikawa
Tomorrow: Hi wa Mata Noboru (TBS, 2008), Kōhei Moriyama
Boss (Fuji TV, 2009), Shinjirō Nodate
Fumō Chitai (Fuji TV, 2009–2010), Shinichirō Hyōdō
Nagareboshi (Fuji TV, 2010), Kengo Okada
Boss 2 (Fuji TV, 2011), Shinjirō Nodate
Mō Ichido Kimi ni, Propose (TBS, 2012), Haru Miyamoto
Olympic no Minoshirokin (TV Asahi, 2013), Masao Ochiai
Suteki na Sen Taxi (KTV, 2014), Edawakare
Blues of Stepmother and Daughter (TBS, 2019), Ryōichi Miyamoto
Idaten (NHK, 2019), Hyozo Omori
Ichikei's Crow: The Criminal Court Judges (Fuji TV, 2021), Michio Iruma
The Days (Netflix, 2023)
Films
Calmi Cuori Appassionati (2001), Junsei Agata
Best Wishes for Tomorrow (2008)
Ano Sora o Oboeteru/Wenny Has Wings (2008)
The Hovering Blade (2009), Takashi Oribe
Taiheiyō no Kiseki: Fokksu to Yobareta Otoko (trans. Miracle of the Pacific: The Man Called Fox ; English title: Oba: The Last Samurai) (2011), Captain Ōba Sakae
A Honeymoon in Hell: Mr. and Mrs. Oki's Fabulous Trip (2011), Nobuyoshi Ōki
The Apology King (2013), Masaomi Minowa
The Tale of Nishino (2014), Yukihiko Nishino
Jinsei no Yakusoku (2016), Yūma Nakahara
Shin Godzilla (2016), Hideki Akasaka
The Last Recipe (2017), Miyake
Birds Without Names (2017), Shun'ichi Kurosaki
The Blood of Wolves (2018), Kōsuke Nozaki
Talking the Picture (2019)
Shin Ultraman (2022), Government official
Six Singing Women (2023), Kayashima
Ichikei's Crow: The Movie (2023), Michio Iruma
Life of Mariko in Kabukicho (2023), Masaya
Shin Kamen Rider (2023) as Government Man
Dubbing
The Little Prince (2015), the Snake
References
External links
Japanese male television actors
1971 births
Living people
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male models
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutaka%20Takenouchi |
Pyeongwon of Goguryeo (ruled 559–590) the 25th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Pyeongwon was also known as 'Pyeonggangsanghowang'. His birth name was Yangseong (though the Suishu and Tangshu have him as Tang).
Reign
The years of Pyeongwon's rule are generally agreed upon by historians, but his year of birth has not been established with any degree of certainty. It is known that he was the eldest son of Yangwon of Goguryeo and became crown prince in 557, two years before assuming full power. He is said to have been courageous, and skilled in horseriding and archery.
By this time, royal power had been significantly eroded by the aristocracy. Concerned for the people, he encouraged agricultural and sericultural developments and reduced the royal cuisine.
He maintained tense but relatively peaceful relations with the Göktürks and the various Chinese dynasties, briefly battling the Northern Zhou at the Liaodong Peninsula in 577. He frequently sent tributes to the Chen Dynasty, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasty. As the Sui Dynasty united China, King Pyeongwon prepared for the impending war.
The southern border with the other two Korean kingdoms was relatively peaceful as the Silla-Baekje alliance fell apart. In 586, he moved the capital to Jangan fortress.
In 590(32nd year of regin), the king received the news that the state of Chen had fallen and was greatly alarmed. For defense purposes he ordered troops into training and the augmentation of military provisions.
The rule of Pyeongwon came to an end in 590, which is the year of his death according to Samguk Sagi, but there is no specific documentation to confirm the circumstances.
He was given the posthumous royal title of King Pyeongwon.
Family
Father: King Yangwon (양원왕, 陽原王)
Grandfather: King Anwon (안원왕, 安原王)
Grandmother: Middle Lady (중부인, 中夫人)
Unknown wife
Daughter: Princess Pyeonggang (평강공주, 平岡公主) – married On Dal (온달, 溫達).
1st son: Prince Won (원, 元)
2nd son: Prince Geonmu (건무, 建武)
3rd son: Prince Daeyang (대양, 大陽); father of King Bojang.
Popular culture
Portrayed by Kil Yong-woo in the 2009 KBS2 TV series Invincible Lee Pyung Kang.
Portrayed by Lee Yong-jik in the 2017 Netflix TV series My Only Love Song.
Portrayed by in the 2021 KBS2 TV series River Where the Moon Rises.
See also
History of Korea
List of Korean monarchs
On Dal
References
Goguryeo monarchs
6th-century births
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown
6th-century Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongwon%20of%20Goguryeo |
Faustin Rucogoza (died 7 April 1994) was a Rwandan politician and the Minister of Information in the Broad-Based Transitional Government between late 1993 and April 1994. He was killed at the beginning of the Rwandan genocide. He was a Hutu.
In November 1993 and again on 10 February 1994, Rucogoza issued warnings to the extremist radio station RTLM against broadcasting material that could incite ethnic hatred. These followed similar sentiments expressed by Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana in November 1993.
On 6 April, one day before the genocide began, Rucogoza and his wife were taken into custody by the army and detained in the camp of the Presidential Guard. On the morning of 7 April, the commander of the Guard, Major Protais Mpiranya, was told that Rucogoza and his wife were in the camp. He allegedly responded by asking his soldiers why they were keeping them. Shortly afterwards, both were killed.
References
1994 deaths
People who died in the Rwandan genocide
Rwandan murder victims
Government ministers of Rwanda
Year of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin%20Rucogoza |
The Xenon Codex is the fifteenth studio album by the English space rock group Hawkwind, released in 1988. It spent two weeks on the UK albums chart peaking at #79.
The group's line-up remained unchanged for three years. The album was recorded at Loco Studios, Caerleon and Rockfield Studios, Monmouth in February and March 1988. It was produced with Guy Bidmead, who had previously been Vic Maile's assistant.
The lyrics to "The War I Survived" and "Heads" were written by Roger Neville-Neil, who was a Hawkwind fan. "Lost Chronicles" is banded as separate track, but it forms the instrumental middle section of "Neon Skyline".
The cover is by Bob Walker, who had also illustrated the inner sleeve for The Chronicle of the Black Sword and adapted Michael Butterworth's Ledge of Darkness in graphic novel form. It is an Art Deco design derived from the hawk by Barney Bubbles on the rear cover of Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music. Initial copies came in a fold-out sleeve with a die-cut front.
The group undertook a 25 date UK tour in April to promote the album. The Hammersmith Odeon show on 21 April was recorded by BBC Radio 1 for broadcast as a 60-minute in-concert programme.
After the tour, drummer Thompson left the group. He was replaced by former Dumpy's Rusty Nuts drummer Mick Kirton for some September dates, but the group felt he was unsuitable. Richard Chadwick, a veteran drummer of groups involved with English free-festival scene, then joined for an 18 date UK tour in November and December. The Nottingham Rock City show on 7 December was recorded, and part released on Undisclosed Files Addendum (1995), with these tracks being included as bonus tracks on the 2010 re-issue.
Track listing
Personnel
Hawkwind
Dave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, vocals
Harvey Bainbridge – keyboards, vocals
Huw Lloyd-Langton – electric guitar
Alan Davey – bass guitar, electric guitar, vocals
Danny Thompson Jr – drums
Credits
Recorded at Loco Studios, Caerleon and Rockfield Studios, Monmouth, February and March 1988.
Produced with Guy Bidmead.
Cover by Bob Walker.
Release history
April 1988: Great Western Records, GWLP 26, vinyl and CD - initial vinyl copies came in a fold out cover.
1989: Enigma/GWR, 7 75407–1, USA CD and vinyl
February 1992: Castle Communications, CLACD 281, UK CD
July 1999: Essential Records, ESMCD 737, UK CD digipak
May 2010: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1022, UK CD
Reception
External links
Atomhenge Records
References
1988 albums
Hawkwind albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Xenon%20Codex |
The Hello Kitty murder case () took place in Hong Kong in the spring of 1999, when a nightclub hostess was abducted in Lai Yiu Estate, where the victim was tortured and raped in an apartment in Tsim Sha Tsui after stealing a wallet owned by one of her frequent customers. Fan Man-yee (, 23) was held captive by three men and one girl before dying between April 14 and April 15, 1999. Her body was decapitated and her skull placed inside of a Hello Kitty mermaid plush, which gave the name for the murder case.
Background
Born in 1976 in Shenzhen, Fan Man-yee was abandoned by her family as a child, resulting in her being raised in an all girls' orphanage in Ma Tau Wai. When she turned 15, she was told to leave the orphanage because they had an age restriction. Becoming homeless and addicted to drugs, Fan was forced into street prostitution until the age of 21, when she began working at a brothel named Romance Villa, located in Sham Shui Po. Fan eventually married one of her clients, a fellow drug addict named Ng Chi-yuen (), in 1996. She gave birth to their son two years later in approximately November 1998, not long before her murder. The couple and the child formerly lived in Mong Kok. Fan's husband was described as abusive and neighbors would report being woken-up by sounds of the couple's fights and the child's screaming and crying from their apartment. Upon the pregnancy and then birth of her son, Fan decided to turn her life around in order to protect her son and provide him a safer life. She quit drugs and prostitution, got a job as a hostess at a nightclub named Empress Karaoke Club, and eventually left her violent husband shortly before her murder. Due to these sacrifices, she had a much lower income and struggled to support herself and her family.
Kidnapping
Chan Man-lok (, alias Ah Lok or Ah Hsi, born May 17, 1965), a 33-year-old Wo Shing Wo triad member who had problematic behavior since middle school and previous convictions for drug trafficking (in 1991), was one of Fan's regular clients at the brothel. In early 1999, Fan stole Chan's wallet, which contained about $HK4,000 (roughly US$500). When Chan realized what had happened, he demanded Fan return the money in addition to a fee of $HK10,000. Although Fan immediately returned the stolen money, she needed more time to secure the additional fee.
On March 17, 1999, Fan was abducted by three men and one girl at her flat in the Fu Yiu section of Lai Yiu Estate: Chan; his grooming victim Lau Ming-fong (, alias Ah Fong, 14), Leung Wai-lun (, alias Gangsta 1, 21), and Leung Shing-cho (, alias Gangsta 2, possibly 26, boyfriend of Lau). The group took Fan to an apartment at No. 31 Granville Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, where they imprisoned her for a month. The apartment was rented by Chan himself, but was owned by two men referred to as Ah Sam and Ah Kao, who were not involved in gang activities. Initially, Chan had intended to make money off of Fan by pimping her out to other men.
Prior to the kidnapping, both Leung Wai-lun and Leung Shing-cho worked at a retail store nearby Granville Road.
Ordeal
During her imprisonment, she was tortured and raped. According to one source, she was beaten with metal bars, sometimes while being strung up and used as a punching bag. On one occasion, Fan was kicked in the head around fifty times. Spices were rubbed into Fan's wounds, her legs and feet were burned with candle wax and hot plastic so that she was unable to walk, she was forced to consume human feces and urine, and she was forced to smile and say she enjoyed the beatings; if she refused, they subjected her to even harsher torture. This treatment eventually led to traumatic shock and ultimately death.
Fan succumbed to her wounds between April 14 or April 15, 1999. Some sources claim that she died while her captors were out, while others say she died overnight. Upon discovery of Fan's body, her captors dismembered and boiled the remains; her skull was sewed inside of a Hello Kitty doll filled with dead insects while the rest of the body was discarded. Only her skull, one tooth, and some internal organs were recovered in a plastic bag, after Lau led the Yau Ma Tei police to the scene on May 24. Three police officers, Chiu Ka-hsue, Sin Tim-wah and Andrew Yip Yan-ling, all from the Yau Ma Tei Police Division No. 539, were the first officers who arrived at the scene. Other parts were recovered from trash dumps in Sham Shui Po, Wan Chai and Tai Kok Tsui. At the time of the arrest, Chan was living with his wife Ah Pui (real name Tse Pui-ling, ) and his newborn baby at an apartment in the Shek Ning section of Shek Lei Estate. The apartment was raided by SWAT officers on the early morning hours of May 28. Tse was first suspected to be involved in the murder, but was quickly released after no evidence was found. After finding out the murder made it to the media via a Macau-based local newspaper, Leung Wai-lun fled to mainland China (Guangxi) before getting caught by the police on February 14, 2000, after irregularities were found in his passport. Prior to the arrest, Leung was put on Interpol's most wanted list. He was sent back to Hong Kong on February 17 for trial.
Fan's skull was identified on June 3, after a "photo overlapping method" at Lockhart Mortuary, and the skull was moved to Kowloon Public Mortuary after the trial.
Trial
On December 7, 2000, after a trial which started on October 20, the three men were convicted of manslaughter with a vote of 6:3, as the eight-man and one-woman jury ruled the remains were not sufficient to show whether Fan was murdered or died from a drug overdose. While the jury could not rule that the men intended to kill Fan, they did determine that she had died as a result of their abuse. Lau testified at the trial in exchange for immunity. During the trial, Chan and Leung Shing-cho denied killing Fan, although they did not deny dismembering her body. Chan's wife Tse Pui-ling, Fan's husband Ng Chi-yuen and Fan's aunt also testified in court. After the guilty verdict, Leung Wai-lun's sister reportedly experienced a mental breakdown, while Leung's brother slammed and broke the court door, causing damage.
Justice Peter Nguyen, who sentenced the trio to
life in prison with the possibility of parole, stated, "Never in Hong Kong in recent years has a court heard of such cruelty, depravity, callousness, brutality, violence, and viciousness." Psychiatric reports of Castle Peak Hospital and Siu Lam Hospital described the three as "remorseless". There would be no review for parole for twenty years, i.e. until 2020. Chan Man-lok and Leung Wai-lun are currently serving their life sentences in Stanley Prison.
Former TVB reporters Carmen Luk and Mimi Yeung attended the trial, with Luk describing the court scene as "crazy and scary".
Chan lost his appeal on 13 August 2007, by the request of the court.
Aftermath
Fan's skull was the only exhibit in the case. After the trial, it was kept by the forensic pathologist in the Kowloon Public Mortuary until the appeal process of the prisoners was completed, and her birth family was notified in March 2004 that the skull would be returned and cremated on March 26.
The apartment building in which the crime took place was demolished in September 2012 and has been rebuilt as a hotel named Soravit in 2016. Three buddha portraits were placed in the hotel as a memorial.
A necklace that belonged to Fan was handed over to Fan's son after it was discovered in the refrigerator during the investigation. It is rumored that Fan's son and husband now reside in Singapore.
The publicity around the case resulted in the production and release of films that told the story. Both Human Pork Chop (烹屍之喪盡天良) and There is a Secret in my Soup were released in 2001.
Leung Shing-cho, who managed to reduce his sentence from life to eighteen years on appeal in March 2004, was released in April 2014. Eight years later, Leung was arrested and sentenced to jail once again for twelve months in August 2022 for sexually assaulting a ten-year-old girl.
See also
Eight Immortals Restaurant murders
Murder of Junko Furuta
Murder of Abby Choi
References
Notes
External links
Trio sentenced to life in jail for gruesome killing in H.K – Asian Economic News, 11 December 2000
People murdered in Hong Kong
1999 crimes in Hong Kong
1999 murders in China
April 1999 events in Asia
April 1999 crimes
Hello Kitty
Kidnappings in Hong Kong
Murder in Hong Kong
1990s murders in Hong Kong
Triad (organized crime)
People murdered by organized crime
Incidents of violence against women
Violence against women in Hong Kong
Female murder victims
History of women in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%20Kitty%20murder%20case |
Kunzea is a genus of plants in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Australasia. They are shrubs, sometimes small trees and usually have small, crowded, rather aromatic leaves. The flowers are similar to those of plants in the genus Leptospermum but differ in having stamens that are longer than the petals. Most kunzeas are endemic to Western Australia but a few occur in eastern Australia and a few are found in New Zealand. The taxonomy of the genus is not settled and is complicated by the existence of a number of hybrids.
Description
Plants in the genus Kunzea are shrubs or small trees, usually with their leaves arranged alternately along the branches. The flowers are arranged in clusters near the ends of the branches, which in some species, continue to grow after flowering. The flowers of most species lack a stalk but those that have one are usually solitary or in groups of two or three. In some species, the flowers are surrounded by enlarged bracts. There are five petals, five sepals and a large number of stamens which are always longer than the petals. The fruit is a usually a woody capsule. Kunzeas are similar to species in other genera of the Myrtaceae, especially Leptospermum but are distinguished from that genus by having stamens that are longer than the petals.
Taxonomy and naming
The first formal description of a kunzea was published in 1828 by Ludwig Reichenbach in his book Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis. Reichenbach referred to three species – K. capitata, K. ericifolia and K. corifolia (now K. ambigua) – but did not nominate a type species. In 1981, Hellmut Toelken nominated K. capitata as the type species. Reichenbach named the genus after his "distinguished friend", the German naturalist Gustav Kunze, professor of botany in Leipzig. The taxonomy of the genus is not settled and hybrids often occur where two species occur in the same area.
Distribution
The majority of Kunzea species are endemic to the south-west of Western Australia but there are species in every Australian state and in New Zealand.
Use in horticulture
Some species of Kunzea are suitable for use in gardens. Kunzea ambigua is described as a "handsome shrub which attracts numerous birds and colourful soldier beetles when in flower". A form of this species from southern Victoria reputedly flowers profusely with sprays of scented flowers. Kunzea capitata and K. pulchella are red-flowering species from Western Australia and are described as "indeed outstanding" although they are sometimes difficult to establish in eastern states and need to be grafted onto hardier rootstock.
Species
Sourced from the authoritative Australian Plant Name Index and Australian Plant Census and the Kew Gardens World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
Kunzea acicularis – WA
Kunzea acuminata – WA
Kunzea affinis – WA
Kunzea amathicola , rawiritoa – NZ
Kunzea aristulata – NSW
Kunzea ambigua , tick bush – NSW, TAS, VIC
Kunzea axillaris – NSW
Kunzea badjaensis – NSW
Kunzea baxteri , scarlet kunzea – WA
Kunzea bracteolata – NSW, QLD
Kunzea caduca – QLD
Kunzea calida – QLD
Kunzea cambagei – NSW
Kunzea capitata , pink kunzea – NSW, QLD
Kunzea ciliata – WA
Kunzea cincinnata – WA
Kunzea clavata – WA
Kunzea dactylota – NSW
Kunzea ericifolia , spearwood, pondil – WA
Kunzea ericoides , manuoea, titira, atitira, kanuka - NZ
Kunzea eriocalyx – WA
Kunzea flavescens , – QLD
Kunzea glabrescens , spearwood – WA
Kunzea graniticola – QLD
Kunzea jucunda – WA
Kunzea juniperoides – NSW
Kunzea leptospermoides , Yarra burgan - VIC
Kunzea linearis , rawiri manuka – NZ
Kunzea micrantha – WA
Kunzea micromera – WA
Kunzea montana , mountain kunzea – WA
Kunzea muelleri , yellow kunzea – NSW
Kunzea newbeyi – WA
Kunzea obovata – NSW, QLD
Kunzea occidentalis – NSW
Kunzea opposita – NSW, QLD
Kunzea parvifolia , violet kunzea – NSW, QLD, VIC
Kunzea pauciflora – WA
Kunzea peduncularis – VIC
Kunzea petrophila – NT
Kunzea phylicoides – NSW, VIC
Kunzea pomifera , muntries – VIC, SA
Kunzea praestans – WA
Kunzea preissiana – WA
Kunzea pulchella , granite kunzea – WA
Kunzea recurva – WA
Kunzea robusta , manuka, kanuka, kopuka, rawirinui, maru, rauriki – NZ
Kunzea × rosea – WA
Kunzea rostrata – WA
Kunzea rupestris – NSW
Kunzea salina – WA
Kunzea salterae – NZ
Kunzea sericothrix – QLD
Kunzea serotina , makahikatoa – NZ
Kunzea similis – WA
Kunzea sinclairii , Great Barrier Island kanuka – NZ
Kunzea spathulata – WA
Kunzea × squarrosa – WA
Kunzea strigosa – WA
Kunzea sulphurea – WA
Kunzea tenuicaulis , geothermal kanuka, geothermal kunzea, prostrate kanuka – NZ
Kunzea toelkenii – NZ
Kunzea triregenis , Three Kings kanuka – NZ
Kunzea truncata – QLD
Gallery
References
Myrtaceae genera
Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
Australasian realm flora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunzea |
Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan (born 3 January 1931) is an Indian physicist, specializing in condensed matter physics.
Vijayaraghavan pioneered active research in the areas of metal physics, magnetic resonance in biophysical systems, and fine particle physics, a forerunner to nanoscience. He is a fellow of several science academies and twice elected as a member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics commission on magnetism.
Early life
He was born in a well-off family. He was the grandson of Mahawidwan R. Raghava Iyengar, a renowned Tamil and Sanskrit scholar of the 20th century.
Career
After graduating from the Annamalai University in 1951, he joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Bombay as a Research Student, eventually rising to the position of Distinguished Professor and Dean (Physics Faculty). He formally retired in 1996 . He was deputed twice by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, as an Expert to set up the Magnetic Resonance Laboratory at the Atomic Energy Centre, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He was awarded an Indian National Science Academy Senior Scientist position from 1996 to 2001, during which he worked at SAMEER, Mumbai, in collaboration with TIFR. In the 1950s, he constructed a crossed circle wide line NMR spectrometer which could detect deuterium and oxygen-17 isotopes in their natural abundance. Using oxygen-17 as a probe, he demonstrated chemical shifts in organic liquids due to electronic bonding. He subsequently developed an interdisciplinary group which used NMR and susceptibility measurements in metals to show that susceptibility and the hyperfine field at the nucleus were related and could be modified by alloying. The oscillatory nature of the conduction electron polarisation was established in rare earth alloys. The findings from experiments performed in bulk samples of transition metals, rare earths, Heusler alloys and spin glass were related to results obtained from microscopic techniques such as NMR, Mossbauer and neutron diffraction. In 1986, his group organized one of the first international conferences on high Tc superconductors. He and his collaborators, are credited with the discovery of superconductivity in borocarbides with magnetic elements (under the leadership of R. Nagarajan and L. C. Gupta) and new valence fluctuating materials, heavy fermions, rare earth magnetism phenomena and highly correlated electron systems. His group also made early contributions to the detection of tumors by magnetic resonance.
As a tribute to his contribution to physics, two felicitation volumes were published in 1991 on the occasion of his 60th birthday: Frontiers in solid state series, Superconductivity (Vol.1), and Magnetism (Vol. 2), by World Scientific Publishing, in Singapore. These volumes incorporate articles written by leading international scientists, including Nobel laureates.
Vijayaraghavan was conferred the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1976, and received the UGC Raman award in Physical Sciences in 1983. Apart from science, he is well versed in Hindu philosophy and Tamil literature.
References
1931 births
20th-century Indian physicists
Living people
Tamil scientists
Annamalai University alumni
Scientists from Chennai
Indian condensed matter physicists
Rare earth scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja%20Vijayaraghavan |
Nespithe is the only album recorded by Finnish death metal band Demilich. Originally issued by Necropolis Records in 1993, it was reissued in 1996 for the European market by Repulse Records and in 2003 by Century Media. The reissued version includes The Four Instructive Tales... of Decomposition demo and new artwork.
A remastered edition of the album was released in 2009 on both CD and vinyl by Xtreem Music. This version, unlike the previous Necropolis Records and Century Media releases, is approved by the band.
The album title, "Nespithe", is the anagram of "The Spine", constructed by reversing order of three-letter groups from the end of the word. The track title "Erecshyrinol", meaning "No Lyrics Here" was constructed using the same algorithm.
In 2016, music website No Echo included Nespithe in a feature called "1993: The Year of Death Metal Albums With Killer Groove Parts."
Track listing
Original track listing
All lyrics by Antti Boman. Music by Demilich. Arranged by Demilich.
"When the Sun Drank the Weight of Water" – 3:43
"The Sixteenth Six-Tooth Son of Fourteen Four-Regional Dimensions (Still Unnamed)" – 3:29
"Inherited Bowel Levitation - Reduced Without Any Effort" – 3:22
"The Echo (Replacement)" – 4:27
"The Putrefying Road in the Nineteenth Extremity (...Somewhere Inside the Bowels of Endlessness...)" – 2:40
"(Within) The Chamber of Whispering Eyes" – 4:12
"And You'll Remain... (In Pieces in Nothingness)" – 3:12
"Erecshyrinol" – 3:17
"The Planet That Once Used to Absorb Flesh in Order to Achieve Divinity and Immortality (Suffocated to the Flesh That It Desired...)" – 3:17
"The Cry" – 3:42
"Raped Embalmed Beauty Sleep" – 3:42
Reissued track listing
"When the Sun Drank the Weight of Water"
"The Sixteenth Six-Tooth Son of Fourteen Four-Regional Dimensions..."
"Inherited Bowel Levitation - Reduced Without Any Effort"
"The Echo (Replacement)"
"The Putrefying Road in the Nineteenth Extremity (...Somewhere Inside the Bowels of Endlessness...)"
"(Within) The Chamber of Whispering Eyes"
"And You'll Remain... (In Pieces in Nothingness)"
"Erecshyrinol"
"The Planet That Once Used to Absorb Flesh in Order to Achieve Divinity and Immortality (Suffocated to the Flesh That It Desired...)"
"The Cry"
"Raped Embalmed Beauty Sleep"
"Introduction (Embalmed Beauty Sleep)"
"Two Independent Organisms → One Suppurating Deformity"
"And the Slimy Flying Creatures Reproduce in Your Brains"
"The Uncontrollable Regret of the Rotting Flesh"
Personnel
Demilich
Antti Boman - Vocals, Guitars
Aki Hytönen - Guitars
Ville Koistinen - Bass
Mikko Virnes - Drums
Additional personnel
Turkka G. Rantanen - Cover art, Photography
Tuomo Valtonen - Recording, Mixing, Engineering
Antti Boman - Logo art
Stilgu - Photography
Luxi - Photography
References
External links
Nespithe download at An Entity
Demilich (band) albums
1993 albums
Albums free for download by copyright owner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nespithe |
Southern Power District is a publicly owned electric distribution system providing electricity and related services to customers in south-central Nebraska. Based in Grand Island, Nebraska, its wholesale power provider is Nebraska Public Power District.
Southern Power's additional offices are at Central City, Franklin, Hastings, and Holdrege.
Employee Information
Southern Power employs 108 people across its entire service area:
Grand Island: 62
Holdrege: 14
Hastings: 12
Central City: 14
Franklin: 6
External links
Southern Power District
SPD Blog Site
Official Facebook Page
Official Twitter Page
Power districts in Nebraska
Public utilities of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Power%20District |
On the Bondage of the Will (, literally, "On Un-free Will", or "Concerning Bound Choice", or "The Enslaved Will") by Martin Luther argued that people can achieve salvation or redemption only through God, and could not choose between good and evil through their own willpower. It was published in December 1525. It was his reply to Desiderius Erasmus' De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio or On Free Will, which had appeared in September 1524 as Erasmus' first public attack on some of Luther's ideas.
The debate between Erasmus and Luther is one of the earliest of the Reformation over the issue of free will and predestination, between synergism and monergism, as well as on scriptural authority and human assertion.
Erasmus' Arguments
Despite his own criticisms of contemporary Roman Catholicism, Erasmus argued that it needed reformation from within and that Luther had gone too far. He held that all humans possessed free will and that the doctrine of predestination conflicted with the teachings and thrust of the Bible, which continually calls wayward humans to repent.
Erasmus argued against the belief that God's foreknowledge of events caused those events, and he held that the doctrines of repentance, baptism, and conversion depended on the existence of free will. He likewise contended that divine grace first called, led, and assisted humans in coming to the knowledge of God, and then supported them as they then used their free will to make choices between good and evil, and enabled them to act on their choices for repentance and good, which in turn could lead to salvation through the atonement of Jesus Christ (Synergism).
Luther's response
Luther's response was to reason that original sin incapacitates human beings from working out their own salvation, and that they are completely incapable of bringing themselves to God. As such, there is no free will for humanity, as far as salvation is concerned, because any will they might have is overwhelmed by the influence of sin.
Luther concluded that unredeemed human beings are dominated by obstructions; Satan, as the prince of the mortal world, never lets go of what he considers his own unless he is overpowered by a stronger power, i.e. God. When God redeems a person, he redeems the entire person, including the will, which then is liberated to serve God.
No-one can achieve salvation or redemption through their own willpower—people do not choose between good or evil, because they are naturally dominated by evil, and salvation is simply the product of God unilaterally changing a person's heart and turning them to good ends. Were it not so, Luther contended, God would not be omnipotent and omniscient and would lack total sovereignty over creation.
He also held that arguing otherwise was insulting to the glory of God. As such, Luther concluded that Erasmus was not actually a Christian.
Several writers express concern that Luther went too far, in expression at least. Some historians have said that "the spread of Lutheranism was checked by Luther’s antagonizing (of) Erasmus and the humanists."
Erasmus' rebuttal
In early 1526, Erasmus replied to this work with the first part of his two-volume Hyperaspistes ("defender" or "shieldbearer"), followed 18 months later by the 570-page volume II: a very detailed work with a repetitive paragraph-by-paragraph rebuttal of On the Bondage of the Will. Luther did not answer Hyperaspistes, and it never gained widespread scholarly engagement or popular recognition, not even being translated into English for almost 500 years.
Erasmus satirized what he saw as Luther's method of repetitively asserting that tenuous scriptural phrases prove his position, by illustrating how he thought Luther would explain the Lord's Prayer:
Luther's later views on his writings
Luther was proud of his On the Bondage of the Will, so much so that in a letter to Wolfgang Capito written on 9 July 1537, he said:Regarding [the plan] to collect my writings in volumes, I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the one On the Bound Will and the Catechism.
Notes
English translations
Luther, Martin. The Bondage of the Will: A New Translation of De Servo Arbitrio (1525), Martin Luther's Reply to Erasmus of Rotterdam. J.I. Packer and O. R. Johnston, trans. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1957.
Erasmus, Desiderius and Martin Luther. Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation. The Library of Christian Classics: Ichthus Edition. Rupp, E. Gordon; Marlow, A.N.; Watson, Philip S.; and Drewery, B. trans. and eds. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1969. (This volume provides an English translation of both Erasmus' De Libero Arbitrio and Luther's De Servo Arbitrio.)
Career of the Reformer III. Luther's Works, Vol. 33 of 55. Watson, Philip S. and Benjamin Drewery, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972.
External links
Bondage of the Will, by Martin Luther, translated by Henry Cole, London, March, 1823.
Works by Martin Luther
Philosophy books
1525 books
1525 in Christianity
16th-century Christian texts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Bondage%20of%20the%20Will |
The list of ship launches in 1919 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 1919. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Unknown date
Summary
References
Sources
1919
Ship launches
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201919 |
Composition studies (also referred to as composition and rhetoric, rhetoric and composition, writing studies, or simply composition) is the professional field of writing, research, and instruction, focusing especially on writing at the college level in the United States.
In most US and some Canadian colleges and universities, undergraduates take freshman or higher-level composition courses. To support the effective administration of these courses, there are developments of basic and applied research on the acquisition of writing skills, and an understanding of the history of the uses and transformation of writing systems and writing technologies (among many other subareas of research), over 70 American universities offer doctoral study in rhetoric and composition. These programs of study usually include composition pedagogical theory, linguistics, professional and technical communication, qualitative and quantitative research methods, the history of rhetoric, as well as the influence of different writing conventions and genres on writers' composing processes more generally.
Composition scholars also publish in the fields of teaching English as a second or foreign language (TESOL) or second language writing, writing centers, and new literacies.
Basic writing
Many historians of Composition Studies argue that the matter of who exactly should be defined as a "basic writer" and what counts as "basic writing" is complex. The definition of "basic" has been disputed when framed around issues of writing proficiency in "Standard English," increasingly racially/ethnically diverse college demographics, which both resulted from post-secondary desegregation mandates. For example, the term "basic writing" has been attributed to the SEEK program started by Mina P. Shaughnessy at the City University of New York, which she designed to help incoming college students from open admissions who had not historically been able to attend college. Consistent with then-current educational theories, many of these courses focused on what were at that time believed to be core concepts of formal English, like spelling, usage, and organization, though as the field has advanced these courses are increasingly aligned with the curricula found in mainstream first-year composition. Basic writing coursework has diversified considerably since its beginnings in non-credit-bearing 'pre' college courses, including stretch, studio, and accelerated offerings, although they remain typically understood as precursors to or supplements for mainstream first-year composition.
First-year composition
Most US universities have a required first-year composition course, also referred to as FYC. Although both are typically housed in Departments of English, these courses are not the same as literature courses, which focus on literary analysis and interpretation. While some colleges and universities do incorporate literature and other humanities into their composition courses, it is much more often the case that composition coursework offers intensive instruction in writing non-fiction, expository texts using academic discourse conventions. Writing curricula vary considerably from institution to institution, but it may emphasize many stages of different writing processes (invention or brainstorming, drafting, revision, editing, proofreading), different forms of writing (narration, exposition, description, argumentation, comparison, and contrast), different portions of the written product (introductions, conclusions, thesis statements, presentation and documentation of forms of evidence, inclusion of quotations, etc.), along with different modalities of composing to expand the concept of 'writing'. Pedagogies or approaches to teaching writing are grounded in a range of different traditions and philosophies.
Advanced composition
Some universities require further instruction in writing and offer courses that expand upon the skills developed in first-year composition. Second level or advanced composition may emphasize forms of argumentation and persuasion, digital media, research and source documentation formats, and/or genres of writing across a range of disciplines and genres (see below). For example, the skills required to write business letters or annual reports will differ significantly from those required to write historical or scientific research or personal memoirs.
Graduate studies
Doctoral programs in Composition Studies are available at 94 universities, and Masters programs are available in over 170 universities. Such programs are commonly housed within English Studies or Education programs. However, recently there are an increasing number of departments specifically dedicated to this field of study (e.g. Composition Studies, Writing & Rhetoric, Composition & Linguistics, etc.).
Second-language writing
Second language writing is the practice of teaching English composition to non-native speakers and writers of English. Teaching writing to ESL students does not receive much attention because even in ESL classes teachers focus on speaking, listening, and reading, not just writing. Paul Kei Matsuda in his article "Situating ESL Writing in a Cross-Disciplinary Context" stresses the importance of teaching writing specifically with understanding the needs of ESL students to help them improve their writing. Teaching writing has progressed through several approaches during the history of education in the United States. ESL teachers might need to explore common methods which are the cognitive, social and expressive theories to create an approach that meets the needs of ESL writers and help them to overcome their difficulties.
The first one of these approaches is the cognitive view which says that writing is progressing from one stage to another in a series of single steps. That means "good" writing is a planned process, which includes planning, translating, and reviewing. "Understanding Composing" by Sondra Perl explains in detail this approach. She suggests that the composition of writing occurs as a recursive process. She took this idea from her observation of different writers. She thinks that writers return to backward parts of the process in order to move "forward" with the overall composition. ESL teachers may find this approach helpful at first in teaching beginning ESL students because at this level students do not have large amounts of vocabulary and grammar or knowledge of the style of essays which is the basis of writing English. Al-Buainain Haifa in her article "Student Writing Errors in EFL," points out that, when a researcher asked ESL students by using a survey what they would like to have learned or learned better in their writing classes, they found that the largest percentages expressed specific needs in vocabulary and grammar. Many kinds of grammar make ESL students confused, especially because there are many exceptions. Because writing styles are different in different languages, ESL students need time to master them. Therefore, ESL teachers should find an effective way to teach ESL students vocabulary, grammar, and style because the writing of English requires them. The cognitive approach can meet these needs because it emphasizes the steps, organization, and process of writing.
Another approach is the social view which shows the importance of teaching writing by making students learn the different languages of discourse communities. This is what David Bartholomae emphasizes in his article "Inventing the University". He uses "Inventing the University" as a phrase that describes the writing process that a student will experience when writing teachers ask them to write about a topic that relates to a discourse community that is new for them. A discourse community can be thought of as members of an academic discipline or a select audience. When ESL students have become good at grammar and style, they face a large problem when they enter their chosen academic field. Bartholomae in this article illustrates that each academic community has a particular language or vocabulary. The problem is that any academic field has its own language, even jargon, that differs from one to another. This problem is faced not only by ESL students, but all American students will struggle with this when they begin the first year of their academic life. The social approach can be used by ESL teachers as a second step but they should make sure that their students master the basics of English writing such as grammar and style.
Moreover, the expressive view which is represented in Donald Murray's article "Teach Writing as a Process Not Product", allows for wittier creating and freer movement. It suggests three elements for "good" writing which are integrity, originality, and spontaneity. However, it is difficult to evaluate them in a paper. Therefore, these standards cannot be relied upon to judge writing. In addition, these elements are not the important elements that help to assess "good" writing. ESL teachers might use this approach but it can only be used for highly advanced ESL students. It is difficult to ask ESL students to write freely if they possess limited vocabulary or grammar. They need examples to help them which they can find in the cognitive approach.
ESL teachers may use these common ways of teaching writing, but they need first to understand their student's difficulties. Learning writing is one of the essential difficulties that ESL students find in studying English, especially since writing is important in an academic community. Some ESL students may need to jump from being a student who does not speak English ever to a student who uses academic language in a short time which may put a large burden on their shoulders. Hence, teaching writing to ESL students is different than teaching native speakers. ESL teachers need to choose an effective way to meet the needs of ESL students. It would be helpful if ESL teachers look at these different ways of teaching writing to see which one addresses ESL students' difficulties in the best way or if a combination of these theories may be better.
Multicultural pedagogies
Basis in composition studies
While multicultural pedagogies are not specifically tied to second-language writing pedagogies, compositionists have often considered how students' cultural knowledge and use of idioms, dialects, and/or languages other than American Edited English (AEA) can enhance their instruction in English composition. For example, Maxine Hairston's "Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing" advocates for students' expressivist writing to be central in a composition course, and believes students "need to write to find out how much they know and to gain confidence in the ability to express themselves effectively" (186). Hairston also believes that teachers can design writing assignments to encourage "cross-cultural awareness" (191). In addition, Beth Daniell's approach in "Narratives of Literacy: Connecting College Composition to Culture" describes how studies in "little narratives [that] almost all examine literacy in particular local settings" championed by scholars who "seldom make theoretical statements that claim to be valid for literate cultures in general or literate cultures in general," which would allow students to engage in cultural critique (403). Aaron Schutz and Anne Ruggles Gere's article for College English, "Service Learning and English Studies," described how Schutz's course, while it was mainly focused in service-learning and local activism, engaged students in collaborative research and writing surrounding campus-wide issues, such as an instance of racial discrimination that occurred in the local student union; this allowed students to engage in cultural awareness as well as a cultural critique (129-39).
Furthermore, In Empowering Education, Ira Shor delineates a pedagogy in which the teacher facilitates discussion of generative themes produced by the students, using the example of his basic writing course with working-class students at "a low-budget college in New York City" several decades ago (10). The Freirean approach for teaching literacy and writing that Shor reviews in Empowering Education demonstrates how the generative words manifested themselves "[through] researching local issues and language in the students' communities. From the many linguistic and sociological items...the educators selected some key concerns—generative themes expressed through generative words" (55). In this framework, teachers and students research these items collaboratively, and once students have presented their research on problems in their community, they may begin to decide how they might analyze and upend power structures or rhetorical situations that contribute to and exacerbate such issues. For Shor's classroom, "[t]he generative themes [that have] emerg[ed]...from student culture have most often related to sex, abortion, drugs, family, education, careers, work, and the economic crisis" (56). Shor believes it is important to allow students to build a basis for problem-posing upon their prior knowledge and experiences to make it multicultural.
Shor also reviews Paolo Freire's literacy project in Brazil as described in Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which enforces the idea that all people are creators of culture through visuals, oral discussion, and creation of word lists that are the basis for which the people begin to use language to express how the dominant culture operates, how their home culture operates, and how these systemic actions impact themselves and the world. In this way, both Freire and Shor believe problem-posing education can be situated in multicultural practices as well as critical literacy practices. Shor insists "subject matter is best introduced as problems related to the student experience, in language familiar to them".
Critical reception
Overall, previous scholars' discussion of multiculturalism in the classroom seems to privilege "cross-cultural interactions" and valuing students' home languages as well as their cultural ideologies. However, in Donald Lazere's Political Literacy in Composition and Rhetoric, Lazere criticizes Hairston, Daniell, Schutz, Gere, and other scholars for their approaches because of their singular focus on localism in lieu of more "global" and critical approaches to the study of culture in the composition classroom (152-153). In addition, Lazere was critical of scholars' tendency to diminish the power of Edited American English (EAE) and misrepresent the power of the students' regional code (116). While Lazere supports Shor's approach to multicultural critical pedagogy, he admits some level of discomfort with applying it in his own classroom especially with respect to how much responsibility and stock Shor places in students (39).
Current approaches
Lazere's critique of previous scholarship related to multiculturalism pedagogies, in Political Literacy in Composition and Rhetoric and elsewhere, has prompted current composition theorists, both in second-language writing and in the field of composition in general, to consider how multicultural pedagogies can embrace globalism as much as localism.
For example, Lisa Eck's "Thinking Globally, Teaching Locally" describes how Eck teaches world literature courses in which students read cultural narratives and problematize them—in the article, she references her use of Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions in her composition classroom. Through her teaching, she is attempting to answer the question of how multicultural pedagogical practices could still be based in research, critical literacy, and problem-posing education. In her approach, she engages students in the kind of literary criticism that is necessary for analyzing and evaluating critical discourse: "I work to make hybrid postcolonial identities familiar, even analogous at times, to what we understand as the process of identity formation for the average postmodern college student....I [also] use the Otherness of the cultures reproduced in foreign texts to estrange the American familiar" (579). The kinds of inquiry students are using to analyze the text are to show how the text is both "not about you" and "about you," and how these processes of identity formation are the kinds of processes necessary to critically evaluate public discourse.
Furthermore, Jennifer S. Wilson's approach to critical pedagogy in second-language writing as she describes it in her article, "Engaging Second Language Writers in Freshman Composition: A Critical Approach," utilizes a perspective that provides opportunities for the types of writing necessary for students to critically analyze and evaluate ideologies entrenched in the dominant discourse, even as they are learning English as their second language. In other words, the four major elements of the course that Wilson describes, especially with respect to the ideas she offers for critical writing assignments, create alternative pathways for students to produce writing that has the potential to disrupt cultural and political ideologies represented in various avenues and niches of the dominant public discourse. For example, in addition to incorporating "local topics," Wilson provides options for students to "investigate language use in certain communities, societies, or cultures" as well as "investigating" the relationships between language and power (8-9). Even more important, she insists that "[c]ritical pedagogy is concerned with minimizing the power differential between student and teacher; in composition classrooms, one way for students to maximize their voices is to publish their work in authentic ways" (9).
Writing across the curriculum
Because academic discourse is not monolithic (in other words, there are curricula that address that the concept of academic discourse can be applied to specific parts of a writing curriculum), many compositionists have created writing across the curriculum (WAC) movement that situates writing-intensive instruction in specific academic discourse communities.
The reading and apprenticeship connections
According to some writing theorists, reading for pleasure provides a more effective way of mastering the art of writing than does a formal study of writing, language, grammar, and vocabulary.The apprenticeship approach provides one variant of the reading connection, arguing that the composition classroom should resemble pottery or piano workshops—minimizing dependence on excessive self-reflection, preoccupation with the audience, and explicit rules. By watching the master, according to Michael Polanyi, an "apprentice unconsciously picks up the rules of the art, including those which are not explicitly known to the master himself." Writing instructors, according to this approach, serve as models and coaches, providing explicit feedback in response to the learner's compositions. Students focus their attention on the task at hand, and not on "an inaccessible and confusing multitude of explicit rules and strategies."
Writing in the disciplines
Many university writing programs include writing in the disciplines (WID) courses, which focus on the genres and writing procedures that occur within specific fields of research.
Writing center
Many colleges and universities have a writing center, which offers supplementary tutorial support for writing specifically in English classes and/or across the curriculum. Many universities not in North America only offer writing instruction via writing centers. The European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW), for example, specifically concerns itself with the study and advancement of writing centers in Europe.
Writing centers serve the purpose of writing as a social process that demands engaging both tutors and writers.
Since multimodality has resonated with Composition Studies, many writing centers have developed associated centers to support students' multimodal, multimedia composing. Some models for this work include the digital studio and the multiliteracy center.
See also
Cognitive rhetoric
Comics studies
Communication studies
Composition (language)
Conference on College Composition and Communication
Contrastive rhetoric
Digital rhetoric
English studies
Media theory of composition
National Writing Project
Professional communication
Technical communication
Technical writing
Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy
Writing assessment
Writing center
Writing center assessment
References
Further reading
Bartholomae, David The tidy house: Basic writing in the American curriculum.. Writing on the Margins. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005. 312–326.
Berlin, James A. Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900–1985. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1987.
Connors, Robert J. Composition–Rhetoric: Backgrounds, Theory, and Pedagogy. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1997.
Corbett, Edward P.J. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford UP. Several editions; last in 1999.
Crowley, Sharon. Composition in the University: Historical and Polemical Essays. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1998.
Cushman, Ellen. The Struggle and the Tools: Oral and Literate Strategies in an Inner City Community. SUNY P, 1998.
Faigley, Lester. Fragments of Rationality: Postmodernity and the Subject of Composition. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1992.
Finer, Siegel, and White-Farnham, Jamie. Writing Program Architecture: Thirty Cases for Reference and Research. U of Utah P, 2017.
Horner, Winifred Bryan, and Lynee Lewis Gaillet, eds. The Present State of Scholarship in the History of Rhetoric: A Twenty-First Century Guide. U of Missouri, 2010.
Miller, Susan. Textual Carnivals: The Politics of Composition. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1991.
Miller, Susan. The Norton Book of Composition Studies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
North, Stephen. The Making of Knowledge in Composition Studies. Upper Montclair, N.J.: Boynton/Cook, 1987.
Perryman-Clark Staci M. "African American Languages, Rhetoric, and Students' Writing: New directions for SRTOL [students' right to their own language]. College Composition and Communication 64.3 (2013): 469–495.
Phelps, Louise Wetherbee. Composition as a Human Science. New York: Oxford UP, 1988.
Royster, Jacqueline Jones. Traces of a Stream: Literacy and Social Change Among African American Women. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000.
Tate, Gary. Teaching Composition: 12 Bibliographical Essays. Fort Worth: TCU P, 1986.
External links
College Composition and Communication (CCC) Online Archive
Composition Studies
Computers and Composition
Conference on College Composition and Communication
European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW)
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication
Rhetoric Society of America
Rhetoric
Composition (language)
Writing
Educational programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition%20studies |
Tarika may refer to:
Tarika (moth), a genus of moth
Tarika (musical group), musical group from Madagascar
Tariqah, school of Sufism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarika |
Cupid? is the first album by Canadian rock band Stabilo with a major record label and their first with their new modified name (originally "Stabilo Boss"). It contains seven songs, including the hit "Everybody". The songs "Stone", "Any Other Girl" and "Enemy" were new songs recorded specifically for the album. "Paperboy", "Everybody", "One More Pill" and "?" were re-recordings of older material.
Track listing
"Paperboy" – 3:26
"Everybody" – 3:35
"Stone" – 3:53
"Any Other Girl" – 4:44
"One More Pill" – 3:49
"?" – 4:27
"Enemy" – 3:42
Stabilo (band) albums
2004 albums
Cupid in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid%3F |
Man Overboard may refer to:
Man overboard, an emergency in which a person has fallen off a boat or ship into the water
Games
Man overboard (dominoes), situation in dominoes when a player has no matching tiles and is forced to draw from the boneyard
Literature
Man Overboard!, a 1936 novel by Freeman Wills Crofts
Man Overboard, a nonfiction book by Jose Dalisay Jr.
Man Overboard (book), a 1995 nonfiction book by Burl Barer
Man Overboard, a novel by Monica Dickens
Man Overboard!, a novel by Francis Marion Crawford 1903
Film and TV
Man Overboard (film), a 1921 German film directed by Karl Grune
"Man Overboard" (Yes, Prime Minister), a 1987 episode of Yes, Prime Minister
Music
Man Overboard (band), an American pop punk band
Albums
Man Overboard (Man Overboard album), 2011
Man Overboard (Bob Welch album), 1980
Man Overboard (Buck 65 album), 2001
Man Overboard, an album by Ian Hunter
Songs
"Man Overboard" (Blink-182 song)
"Man Overboard" (Do-Re-Mi song), 1985
"Man Overboard", a song by Blondie from Blondie
"Man Overboard", a song by The Caretaker Race
"Man Overboard", a song by Eric Clapton from Money and Cigarettes
"Man Overboard", a song by Polytechnic from Down til Dawn
"Man Overboard", a song by Status Quo from Perfect Remedy
"Man Overboard", a song by Puscifer from Conditions of My Parole
"Man Overboard", a song by Far from Water & Solutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20Overboard |
The following is the list of characters from the Japanese magical girl anime television series Ojamajo Doremi.
Ojamajos (Witch Apprentices)
Doremi is the main protagonist of the series. She is a lively and kind girl, who always cares about the people around her. Yet she also longs for love, and can come across as a little confused at times. She is very interested in witches and magical things. At first, she hoped to use magic to give herself the courage to confess to the person she liked, but eventually she learned that this can be achieved even without magic. She often proclaims herself to be "the unluckiest girl in the whole world" when things do not go her way. Her favorite food is steak, but in the series she has almost failed to eat it. Her favorite instrument is the piano, but because of the shadow of her childhood performance failure, she also has a complicated mood about piano.
Doremi's spell is "Pirika Pirilala Popolina Peperuto", while in Magical Stage her spell is .
Her theme color is pink.
Hazuki is a passive, gentle, and smart girl. She is a rich family girl and Doremi's childhood friend. She dared not express her thoughts to her parents because she was afraid of their sadness, even though she had her own opinion. Finally, she overcame this problem. She likes lame jokes and is very afraid of ghosts. She has a talent for playing the violin and composing music. At the end of the story, she decided to go to Karen Girls High School to realize her violin dream.
Hazuki's spell is "Paipai Ponpoi Puwapuwa Puu", while her spell in Magical stage is .
Her theme color is orange.
Aiko is a transfer student from Osaka. She is a tomboy with a vigorous personality, reliable, and good at sports. Her parents are divorced, so she lives with her father. She loves both her parents very much and wishes for them to get back together. Finally, with the efforts of her and the others, her parents regrouped after reflecting on and solving their problems. Her favorite instrument is a harmonica because it was bought for her by her parents before they divorced. Her favorite food is Takoyaki (chocolate chip cookies in the English version).
Aiko's spell is "Pameruku Raruku Laliloli Poppun", while her spell in Magical Stage is .
Her theme color is sky blue.
Pop is Doremi's younger sister. She attends Sonatine Kindergarten for the first half of the series and then moves on to Misora First Elementary School. Pop accidentally discovers Doremi's magical powers in the first season and as such becomes a witch apprentice as well. She acts older than her age and is more responsible than her older sister.
Pop's spell is "Pipito Purito Puritan Peperuto", while her spell in Magical Stage is .
Her theme color is red.
Onpu is a famous Japanese child idol who became a witch apprentice of Majoruka, a rival of Majorika. She is a little headstrong, has a closed heart, and used to abuse forbidden magic to change the minds of others because she has an amulet to protect her from being backlashed. Eventually, however, she becomes kind and selfless by spending time with Doremi and the others, then joining them. She is eager to do well in everything, especially her acting job. She lives with her mother, who used to be an idol herself before an accident traumatized her. Her favorite instrument is a flute, and favorite food is Crêpe.
Onpu's spell is "Pururun Purun Famifami Faa", while her spell in Magical Stage is .
In Japanese, her name Onpu means "musical note".
Her theme color is purple.
Momoko is a Japanese-American transfer student from New York City and was the apprentice of the late Majo Monroe. At the beginning of Motto, she only speaks English and is unfamiliar with Japanese culture, but she can use a translator intercom with her patissiére uniform, with which she can fluently understand and speak Japanese. She becomes friends with Doremi and the others, who teach her how to speak Japanese. She has a straightforward personality. She is proficient in baking, and her dream is to open a pastry shop. Her favorite instrument is a guitar.
Momoko's spell is "Perutan Petton Pararira Pon", while her spell in Magical Stage is .
Her theme color is yellow.
Hana is a witch baby born from a large light blue rose in the Witch Queen's Garden that produces a new baby every 100 years as the successor to the throne. Hana is given to Doremi and the others to be cared for after she stumbles across her. In Sharp, Doremi, Hazuki, Aiko, and Onpu serve as Hana's mothers (especially Doremi). Then in Motto, Momoko joined them also as Hana's mother. Although she is just a baby, she has powerful magic. In Dokkān, Hana transforms herself into a 12-year-old preteen girl so she could attend school with her mothers and takes on the name of . Because of this incident, her crystal ball broke into pieces, which the source of magic used by a witch, so she also became a witch apprentice in this period.
Hana's spell is "Pororin Pyuarin Hanahana Pii", while in the light novel series her spell in Magical Stage is .
Her theme color is white.
Witch World
The Witch World is referred to as the Lunaverse in the 4Kids English dub. In here means witch.
Witches
A witch that owns and unsuccessfully manages the MAHODO. This short-tempered witch dubs herself and lives in the human world. Caught by Doremi, she was cursed and transformed into a magic frog. Majo Rika later gains more witch apprentices, each a bit of a handful for her, thus leading her to call them (especially Doremi) . In reality, she does care for them and thinks of them as her daughters. In the end, she returns to her original form and goes back to the Witch World with Hana and the fairies. Her crystal used to be a lime-green sphere, but after being turned into a witch frog, it became a lilac sphere.
Dela is the Witch World's tax collector. She visits the MAHODO often to collect monthly and overdue payments. Her entrances usually involve coming out of various objects like closets, from behind doors, or even from inside vases and cups. In the dubbed version, she has an accordion playing in the background while she sings her entrance greeting; in the Japanese version, her singing is more mystical and softly sung. She also shows up occasionally bearing deliveries for the girls, like their Witch Apprentice Certificates (Certiwands), or information regarding their tests. Dela rarely gives anything away (even information) without a price.
The Queen of the Witch World, who hides her face behind a veil. She watches over the apprentices as they progress, also using her power to provide Hana with the ability to transform. At the end of Dokkan, she is revealed to be Ms. Yuki, who had been following Doremi's potential and putting her on the path to become a great witch.
The Queen's royal attendant. She also drives the Queen's carriage and is a loyal servant and apprentice.
and
Mota
Motamota
Mota and Motamota are a witch duo that serves as the proctors for the apprentice examinations. While they both speak very slowly, Mota's thin figure is in stark contrast to Motamota's plump body type. During the second season, they took care of two babies named Deki and Dekipaki. They examined the witch apprentices in season 1 and Pop from Sharp onward.
Majo Rika's rival and the main antagonist of Season 1. She first appeared when Majo Rika lost the Maho-do to Dela in a heated card game, who then sold the shop to Majo Ruka. To help her out in the shop, Majo Ruka turned a bat and a rat into her servants. After Majo Rika got her shop back, Majo Ruka retreated to a beach where Onpu happened to discover her in the act of using magic, causing her to turn into a witch frog. She then makes Onpu her witch apprentice. During Sharp and Motto, Majo Rika and Majo Ruka are on mostly good terms. By Dokkan, she returned to her original form.
Majo Don is the head of the Witch World's market exchange.
The head doctor of the Witch World, who manages the health examinations that Hana is required to pass in Ojamajo Doremi Sharp.
Majo Miller is the head of the Witch World's kindergarten.
Majo Monroe is a deceased witch who was Momoko's teacher in America. She befriended Momoko when she was younger, teaching her English and bakery, before making her witch apprentice after being discovered and turned into a magical frog. She eventually died due to illness, leaving Momoko with an earring. She is based on actress Marilyn Monroe.
The head pastry chef of the Witch World, who is Majo Monroe's identical twin sister as they were born from the same rose.
Majo Sloan is the director of the Witch Museum, who used to go on many adventures.
The mayor of a village for magical frogs, who is hiding the fact she became a magical frog herself.
Majo Ran is Majo Heart's foster daughter, who doesn't like to rely on magic.
Generally referred to as the , Majo Tourbillion is the main antagonist of Ojamajo Doremi Dokkaan. Majo Tourbillon was once the queen of the Witch World, who left her throne to marry a human, but in the end the longevity gap between humans and the witch created a gap between her and her grandchildren. This left her with distrust in humans and she became enveloped in sadness, sealing off the two worlds and placing a curse.
Fairies
Lala is Majo Rika's fully-grown fairy.
The personal fairies of Doremi, Hazuki, Aiko, Onpu, Momoko, Hana, and Pop respectively, which they each received after passing their Level 2 Apprentice examinations. They have similar personalities to their owners and can transform into their appearance, generally to substitute for their owners to avoid suspicion, but they are only able to say their names except under certain circumstances. They can also be used to operate certain devices, during which they take a more mature form.
Hehe is Majo Ruka's fully grown fairy and the opposite of Lala, whom she doesn't get along with because she calls Lala "old".
Baba is the personal fairy of the former queen Majo Tourbillon who resides inside of a magical chest. She serves as the main clue about the items needed to awaken Majo Tourbillon from her slumber. She quickly gains a fondness for cola, often demanding it before sharing any information.
Wizards
Oyajide is a thief from the Wizard World and the main antagonist of Ojamajo Doremi Sharp. For his actions, he was trapped inside a notebook PC and forced to help the Ojamajos track down bad cards. Afterwards, Oyajide is forced to work part-time at the Witch World's kindergarten, as punishment for his actions. He has two main forms: one being a suave human form, and the other being a small onion-like creature.
A group of young wizards collectively known as Flat 4, who are tasked with trying to capture Hana during Sharp. They tried to flirt with Doremi, Hazuki, Aiko and Onpu during the mission, and in the end fall in love with the girls (especially Akatsuki with Doremi).
Others
Pao is mysterious white flying elephant who Hana befriends in Dokkan. When Hana uses an accordion that was found around her neck, she can suck up the darkness caused by the thorns that had trapped Majo Tourbillon.
Human World
Misora Elementary School
Teachers
Miss Cooper
Ms. Seki is Doremi's homeroom teacher.
Miss Shannon
Ms. Yuki is the school nurse, who has helped students from all across the world. At the end of Dokkan, she is revealed to be the true identity of the Queen of the Witch World.
Yuka Nishizawa is the homeroom teacher of class 5-2 and 6-2 in Ojamajo Doremi Motto and Ojamajo Doremi Dokkaan respectively.
Principal Hamburg
The school's principal.
Vice Principal Shoople
The strict vice principal.
Ms. Hinako is Pop's homeroom teacher during elementary school.
Class 1 (in 5th and 6th grades)
Former Class 1 (in 3rd and 4th grades)
Takuro Hagiwara (萩原たくろう Hagiwara Takurō) is a boy who plays guitar as his father, Tetsuro Hagiwara, was a member of a rock band Evergreen.
Takeshi Hasebe (長谷部たけし Hasebe Takeshi) is Mutsumi's old friend.
Ichiro Hirano (平野いちろう Hirano Ichirō) is a student in Misora Elementary.
Koji Ito (伊藤こうじ Itō Kōji) is Kotake's good friend.
Hajime Kikuchi (菊池はじめ Kikuchi Hajime) is a boy who loves railways. Hajime was once worried by the fact he does not have a dream for his future.
Hiroko Kine (木根ひろこ Kine Hiroko) is a girl with a strong sense of justice.
Junji Manda (万田じゅんじ Manda Junji) is the younger brother of Manda twins.
Miho Maruyama (丸山みほ Maruyama Miho) is one of Doremi's classmates. Gifted in the visual arts, Miho draws a manga based on a story by Nobuko. Although she often conflicts with Aiko over her close friendship with Nobuko, Aiko helps her overcome her apparent inferiority complex.
Sora Miyamae (宮前空 Miyamae Sora) is a student in Misora Elementary. He built a human-powered airplane called Stay Gold, inspired by the book of the same name.
Dai Morikawa (森川だい Morikawa Dai) is a boy who loves cycling.
Kayoko Nagato (長門かよこ Nagato Kayoko) is a girl who refuses to go to school due to bullying.
Masayoshi Nakajima (中島正義 Nakajima Masayoshi) is a son of a policeman. Masayoshi ran away from his home a few times, but he respects his father deep inside.
Kenji Ogura (小倉けんじ Ogura Kenji) is part of the comedy duo Toyoken with Toyokazu.
Kotaro Okajima (岡島小太郎 Okajima Kotarō) is a boy who practices kendō.
Masato Rinno (林野まさと Rinno Masato) is the smart yet arrogant son of a doctor.
Natsumi Sato (佐藤なつみ Satō Natsumi) is a daughter of a family running the Christian church. She is Nobuaki's good friend, although their families suffer from a persistent conflict.
Keiko Yamamoto (山本けいこ Yamamoto Keiko) is a serious book officer, who later learns to be more flexible.
Former Class 2 (in 3rd and 4th grades)
Itoko Hamada (浜田いとこ Hamada Itoko) / Juliet Kojuro is a girl who is good at taking care of babies.
Tetsuya Kotake (小竹哲也 Kotake Tetsuya) / Todd Washington is a childhood friend of Doremi who often calls her "Dojimi". Around other boys, they see him as a leader. He confesses his feelings to Doremi in the last episode of Dokkan.
Mutsumi Kudo (工藤むつみ Kudō Mutsumi) / Melissa is a girl who loves wrestling.
Nanako Okada (岡田ななこ Okada Nanako) / Autumn Harrison is a girl who refuses to take care of the school's animals because she once lost her beloved dog named Lulu. After the students learn about her past, Hazuki helps her overcome her trauma.
Naomi Okuyama (奥山なおみ Okuyama Naomi) Gia is an athletic girl who is often ridiculed by boys because of her tall stature.
Kaori Shimakura (島倉かおり Shimakura Kaori) / Penny is a school newspaper reporter wearing glasses and who always bears a camera.
Toyokazu Sugiyama (杉山豊和 Sugiyama Toyokazu) / Stewart is wannabe comedian who always makes jokes. He is a member of SOS Trio in the 3rd and 4th grades, as well as Toyoken in the 5th and 6th grades.
Reika Tamaki (玉木麗香 Tamaki Reika) / Josie Huffington is a rich girl with a very big ego. She often quarrels with Doremi and others.
/ Justin Bailey is Hazuki's childhood friend who appears to be quiet and loves playing the trumpet. Although Yada seems quite poor at handling social situations (something that improves as the series progresses), he is a kind-hearted person. This becomes more evident when Shiori has a serious disease, and he practices a new song for her to help her recover more quickly. Surprisingly, he is well aware of his special relationship with Hazuki, which appears to be somewhere between friends and lovers. Hazuki teaches him the "Majorika" chant to help him mount his courage.
/ Belinda Higgins is a girl who likes to fabricate tall tales, but her classmates do not usually mind because they are used to it. She writes a fictitious series about a detective called , whose name is based on her own.
Class 2 (in 5th and 6th grades)
Former Class 1 (in 3rd and 4th grades)
Kenta Iizuka (飯塚けんた Iizuka Kenta) is a boy who attempts to escalate Mount Fuji by bicycle with Kotake and some of the other students.
Sachiko Ijuuin (伊集院さちこ Ijūin Sachiko) is a model student. Because both of her parents are teachers, she always tries to be a good child, though severely restricting herself in the process.
Noriko Kano (加納のり子 Kanō Noriko) is a sober girl who surprises Reika with her breasts.
Yuko Koyama (小山ゆうこ Koyama Yūko) likes to volunteer and can use sign language.
Yoko Manda (万田ようこ Manda Yōko) is the older twin of Junji who likes to make model aircraft.
Aya Matsushita (松下あや Matsushita Aya) is the daughter of a family who runs a sushi restaurant.
Jun Sato (佐藤じゅん Satō Jun) is a boy who becomes a member of SOS Trio in Motto after Sugiyama left to join Toyoken.
Manabu Takagi (高木まなぶ Takagi Manabu): A tall boy who is one of the baseball club members.
Yukari Umeno (梅野ゆかり Umeno Yukari) is the daughter of a family who runs a public inn.
Mint Wada (和田みんと Wada Minto) is a girl who does not get along well with Aiko.
Kazuya Yoshida (吉田かずや Yoshida Kazuya) is an attention seeker who often gets Nishizawa-sensei into trouble. His father runs a taiyaki store.
Former Class 2 (in 3rd and 4th grades)
Kota Amano (天野こうた Amano Kōta) / Keith Lennon is a boy who loves Tokusatsu series, Battle Ranger.
Shino Hanada (花田志乃 Hanada Shino) / Carey Wilson is a foreign-grown girl who often receives culture shocks from living in Japan.
Ryota Hayashi (林りょうた Hayashi Ryōta) / Peter is a boy who loves monster series.
Maki Higuchi (樋口まき Higuchi Maki) / Shannon Marley is a girl who is good at rollerblading and supports her brother.
Kanae Iida (飯田かなえ Iida Kanae) / Haley is the daughter of a family who runs a steak house.
Takao Kimura (木村たかお Kimura Takao) / David is one of Kotake's good friends.
Marina Koizumi (小泉まりな Koizumi Marina) / Amanda is a girl who loves flowers and takes care of them.
Masaharu Miyamoto (宮本まさはる Miyamoto Masaharu) / Scooter is very bright boy and one of the top students in his class. Masaharu never seems to come in "first" at anything, prompting him to run against Tamaki in the class elections, which he subsequently wins.
/ Nicholas Schmorff is a computer geek who idolizes Onpu.
/ Suzie Williams is a girl who appears sparingly throughout the series due to illness.
Yutaka Ota (太田ゆたか Ōta Yutaka) / Oliver is a member of SOS Trio.
Yuji Sagawa (佐川ゆうじ Sagawa Yūji) / Simon is a member of SOS Trio with short stature who has an inferiority complex to Naomi.
Shota Taniyama (谷山将太 Taniyama Shōta) / Phillip Taniyama is a boy who is good at shōgi.
Michiaki Watabe (渡部みちあき Watabe Michiaki) / Mackenzie is a boy who is skilled at magic.
Nobuaki Yamauchi (山内信秋 Yamauchi Nobuaki) / Steven Yamauchi is a son of the Buddhist temple Yamauchi-dera. He is Natsumi's old friend, although their families suffer from a persistent conflict. In Episode 30, Doremi and classmates go to Nobuaki's temple for a sleepover where they listen to scary stories.
Susumu Yanagida (柳田すすむ Yanagida Susumu) / Hanson is a boy who loves agepan.
The main characters' family
Keisuke Harukaze (春風渓介 Harukaze Keisuke) / Mr. Goodwyn (voiced by Dan Green (English)) is Doremi and Pop's father. A fishing writer.
Haruka Harukaze (春風はるか Harukaze Haruka) / Mrs. Goodwyn (voiced by Erica Schroeder) is Doremi and Pop's mother.
Akira Fujiwara (藤原明 Fujiwara Akira) / George Griffith (voiced by Tom Wayland (English)) is Hazuki's father. A film director.
Reiko Fujiwara (藤原麗子 Fujiwara Reiko) / Mrs. Griffith is Hazuki's mother. A lady from a rich family.
Baaya (ばあや), real name Koyuki Ichikawa (市川小雪 Ichikawa Koyuki) / Miss Suki is the Fujiwara family's housekeeper and nanny to Hazuki.
Koji Senoo (妹尾幸治 Senō Kōji) / Mr. Haywood is Aiko's father. A taxi driver.
Atsuko Okamura (岡村あつこ Okamura Atsuko) / Miriam Haywood is Aiko's mother. A caregiver. She remarries Koji at the end of Dokkan and becomes Atsuko Senoo (妹尾あつこ Senō Atsuko).
Tsuyoshi Segawa (瀬川剛 Segawa Tsuyoshi) / Mr. Craft is Onpu's father. A tram driver.
Miho Segawa (瀬川美保 Segawa Miho) / Mrs. Craft is Onpu's mother. A former idol, she is now Onpu's manager.
Kenzo Asuka (飛鳥健三 Asuka Kenzō) is Momoko's father. An architect.
Minori Asuka (飛鳥みのり Asuka Minori) is Momoko's mother. A photographer.
Others
is originally the captain and often premier soccer player at Misora Elementary, he returns in later series as a coach due to an injury. Though often the subject of Doremi's infatuation (unbeknownst to him), he develops a relationship with Maki Takahashi, the soccer team's oft-reserved manager.
is Aiko's childhood friend from Osaka and claimed her fiancé.
(voiced by Taeko Kawata), affectionately known to Doremi as "Non-chan", only appears in episode 12 of Ojamajo Doremi Naisho. A leukemia patient who aspires to be a witchling, she becomes close to Doremi, who helps her fulfill her dream prior to her death.
(voiced by Kumiko Watanabe) is a mysterious girl who only appears in the last episode of Ojamajo Doremi Naisho to visit Doremi. She is later revealed to be her future granddaughter that traveled through time using magic.
References
Lists of anime and manga characters
Characters
Magical girl anime and manga characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ojamajo%20Doremi%20characters |
Ada Ciganlija (, ), colloquially shortened to Ada, is a river island that has artificially been turned into a peninsula, located in the Sava River's course through central Belgrade, Serbia. The name can also refer to the adjoining artificial Lake Sava and its beach. To take advantage of its central location, over the past few decades, it was turned into an immensely popular recreational zone, most notable for its beaches and sports facilities, which, during summer seasons, can have over 100,000 visitors daily and up to 300,000 visitors over the weekend. Owing to this popularity, Ada Ciganlija has been commonly nicknamed "More Beograda" ("Belgrade's Sea"), which was officially accepted as an advertising slogan in 2008, stylised as More BeogrADA.
Location
Ada Ciganlija is located on the southern bank of the Sava River, 4 km away from its mouth, and entirely belongs to Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica. Its eastern tip roughly borders the urban neighborhood of Senjak on the west (across an inlet called Čukarica Bay), and the body of the peninsula borders the neighborhoods of Čukarica and Makiš (both across Lake Sava). Across the river, Ada Ciganlija borders Novi Beograd (specifically residential blocks and the urban neighborhoods of Savski Nasip) and another artificial peninsula called Mala Ciganlija ("Little Ciganlija"). Between Ada Ciganlija and Novi Beograd lies Ada Međica, a wholly insulated river island.
Geography
Formerly an island, Ada Ciganlija is now an elongated peninsula, stretching for 6 km from west to east and 700 m from north to south at its widest, and covering an area of 2.7 km2. The entire Ada Ciganlija ecological complex, which stretches into the municipality of Novi Beograd, covers an area of 8 km2, including the islands of Ada Ciganlija and Ada Međica, waterways between the two Adas and Lake Sava, and some of Makiš itself. Lake Sava, formerly a branch of the Sava, was turned into a lake with two dams, while the remaining section on the northeast was turned into Čukarica Bay. There is another small lake on Ada Ciganlija itself, known as Ada Safari.
Thanks to the combination of factors, Ada Ciganlija is privileged with a microclimate. Situated between a river, an artificial flowing lake, various islands, and a heavily wooded area, air humidity is heightened compared to the rest of the city, helping to nullify Belgrade's high temperatures during summer.
Hydrology
Lake Sava
Lake Sava (Serbian: Савско језеро, Savsko jezero), often also referred to as Ada, was created from the right arm of the Sava with the building of two dams near the northern and southern tips of the island in 1967. The lake is long, has an average width of and is deep. It covers and area of and is above sea level, one of the lowest areas of Belgrade. of its shores on both sides have been transformed into a gravel beach. The water regularly reaches during summer.
Both dams allow water to flow through tubes and pumps. This way, the main body of the lake is connected to the smaller body of water on the southwest, which is itself separated from the river by the third dam. This mini "buffer" lake called Taložnik ("depository") is used as a purifier for the waters of both Lake Sava and city waterworks, which also use this water. Filtered water is constantly being pumped into the lake while on the northeast, the water is pumped out by electrically powered pumps through another dam into Čukarica Bay. In this way, an artificial flow of water through the lake is created. Because the water is also used for drinking, sanitation and environmental protection of the lake are imperative and the lake is under rigorous environmental protection. Weeds are groomed on the lake's bottom to purify the water by bonding phosphorus, nitrogen and dirt. Use of motorboats is strictly prohibited in the lake and dogs are not allowed on the beach.
Wildlife in the lake mostly consists of the fish species which were introduced since the 1950s. The most common fish in the lake are the introduced silver carp and grass carp, but large autochthonous wels catfish, weighing over , can also be found, causing concern among the swimmers so the authorities issued a statement that they are harmless. In March 2019, a long catfish was caught in the lake. Catfish of this size is a rarity and, as required by the law, it was returned in to the lake. Other catfishes of this size were reported by the divers in previous years, but they lay lazily on the bottom of the lake, not swimming to the surface.
There are 20 to 25 fish species in the lake, including the autochthonous carp, northern pike, zander, common bream, asp and European perch, and the imported, and highly invasive brown bullhead, Prussian carp and pumpkinseed. There are also crayfish and crabs, and since the 2010s, the red-eared slider inhabits the lake, too, probably being released in the lake by the owners who kept them as pets.
The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi was discovered in 2008, garnering much attention for the lake. These anthomedusae begin their life as polyps and develop into jellyfish only if conditions, such as purity and water temperature over 25 °C, are right. However, authorities claim that these harmless and almost invisible jellyfish (they are only to wide, bell is in diameter and have no sting cells) actually have been present in the lake for over 20 years. The first specimens were discovered in 1994 and they can also be found in the Danube. They live only for several days.
Ada Safari
Ada Safari () is a small, irregularly shaped lake on the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, primarily used for fishing. In the late 1960s, the hole was formed as the sand was dug to construct the permanent embankment which connected Ada Ciganlija to the mainland, turning it into the peninsula by 1974.
It was the last remaining marshy area during the transformation Ada Ciganlija, infested by undergrowth and reeds, until its conversion into a lake in 1994, long, with an area of . It was officially opened in 1995. The water pumps are used to fill the lake, bringing water from the Sava Lake. Rare species of fish were introduced in order to create a fishing resort, which now consists of 300 numbered fishing seats around the lake with an obligatory special permit for fishing. Fish species include common carp, grass carp, crucian carp, wels catfish, Prussian carp, zander and tench, which is rare in Serbia. Fish are mostly released back into the lake as fishermen can keep their catch in case if the fish is lighter than , if they pay extra and if it is not a tench, which is protected by the law.
Some animals roam freely in the area, like rabbits, ducks, geese and swans. A small zoo has been built next to the lake, chiefly containing swamp birds, as well as more exotic animals such as peacocks, pheasants and pygmy goats. There is also a restaurant on the shore and a typical Serbian 18th century house from Šumadija which was deconstructed from the Central Serbia and transferred here. The house was originally built around 1735 in the village of Junkovac, near Topola. There is also a "Magical forest", an area for the kids with reproductions of the fairytale characters: Evil Witch, Cinderella, Wolf and the Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man, etc. There is a small stream over which the bridge and the cross, both made from timber, have been constructed. Fish are especially prepared for the winter in the process of "winter carp bathing". In the second week of November each year, fish (up to 9 tonnes in total) are taken from the lake to the shore by the professional fishermen. The lake is then emptied and the largest fish specimens are "bathed" in the small bathtubs with the water mixed with the medical, healing ingredients.
In 2022, new city administration headed by mayor Aleksandar Šapić included relocation of the Belgrade Zoo from the Belgrade Fortress in the city's urban plan. In February 2023, Šapić announced relocation of the zoo to Ada Safari. This would also include relocation of the Partizan settlement. The relocation was planned to last several years. Šapić added that the "political decision was made to handle this", and, if everything goes by the plan, the relocation might be finished in three years.
The new zoo will be double in size, from to . In order to ease the access to the zoo on an island, city will push the construction of the pedestrian bridge and revitalize the project of gondola lift from New Belgrade to Košutnjak, via Ada. Public and expert's backlash against the project was massive, especially regarding hastiness, arbitration, irrelevance, legality and selected location. Public speculated that the residents of the newly built affluent K-Distrikt residential complex across the zoo are bothered by the smell, or that some more lucrative structures might be built instead of the zoo on such exceptional location. Additionally, this area of Ada is a floodplain with high level of underground waters, and is an area under sanitary protection.
Šapić then back-pedaled a bit, stating that this is just a "political idea" which is not hastily made, that only now analyses and surveys will be done to check the viability, that nothing will be built instead of the zoo but the fortress will be conserved, and that there is no set time frame for the project.
Čukarica Bay
The arm of the Sava river which separated the island from the mainland was called Čukarica Arm (Чукарички рукавац). Serbian Shipping Society, which was founded in 1890, decided to use the arm as the zimovnik, or winter shelter for ships and boats. Upstream from Čukarica, at the time suburban village of Belgrade, the Society dammed the arm with slanted, shackled, thick triangular piles, called pilotne. Facing the stream, they stopped the ice which would then elevate itself slab by slab until it reaches over the top of the piles and breaks into pieces. The stream would then take smaller pieces next to the docked ships. In the case of complete freezing of the river, the tugboats were deployed, with crew members being armed with axes, grappling hooks and dynamite.
As the Society built and kept zimovnik on its own, without state help, they charged the use of the object. In the arm's central section, on Čukarica bank, the first shipbuilding facility in Serbia was opened. Though the engines had to be acquired abroad, the shipyard was producing smaller and medium-sized steamboats. Known as the Čukarica Shipyard (Čukarička brodarnica), it also repaired all Serbian ships and continuously produced iron-made barges of all kinds and sizes for Serbian and Bulgarian markets.
When Ada was connected to the mainland via the embankments in 1967, northern section of the arm was transformed into the Čukarica Bay (Чукарички залив), though the previous name survived, too. The arm is elongated in the southwest–northeast direction, bounded by the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, the embankment and the right bank of the Sava (neighborhoods of Careva Ćuprija and southern stretch of Bara Venecija, formerly known as Šest Topola). This is where the Topčiderka river flows into the Sava. Near the connection point with the main flow of the Sava, the bay is today crossed by the Ada Bridge.
The bay is used for the sports and leisure activities as the kayaking clubs were located in it, so as the marina for small boats, while the banks are encircled with the bicycle paths. The bay is long and wide. Surface of the bay itself is , but the area which city administration included in the bay locality includes and additional of aquatorium and of the surrounding land. In March 2018 city announced an urban design competition for the adaptation of the total bay area (). The forested area on the mainland, at the entrance into the bay, administratively belongs to the municipality of Savski Venac and covers .
Since the early 1980s there is a constant ecological problem due to the massive pollution of the bay as a result of the polluted waters of the Topčiderka river. The garbage and highly polluted silt fills the bay and creates shoals. During low-tide, the bay is unusable for the boats in the marina, located in the middle of the bay or for the kayakers of Partizan and Crvena Zvezda who use the bay for practice. The silt is up to thick, smells bad and is poisonous so the swimming in the bay is forbidden.
In 2011 the estimated amount of garbage sludge in the bay was . The sludge cannot simply be dredged and thrown in the Sava further downstream due to the toxicity. The plan to build a treatment plant on the bank near the Belgrade Fair which would detoxicate the sludge and produce fertilizer from it was scrapped due to the high costs. At the time, the silt is being dredged and vegetation cut just enough to make it navigable for the small boats in the marina. The bay was partially dredged in 2016.
The pollution of the bay continued, including two atmospheric precipitation collectors which overspill into the bay, to which the fecal sewage is illegally connected, and the bay was described as the ecological time bomb. In December 2019 the winning project was announced. It includes the transformation of the bay into the artificial whitewater and the proper marina. A project by Aleksandar Nedeljković, named "Flight of the gull" envisions the reconstruction and elevation of all embankments along the bay's banks, turning them into the vertical retaining walls. Pumps for the creation of the whitewater by day, would be used to purify the water by night and prevent the sludge from depositing on the bottom. Proposed name for the marina and sports center is "Whitewater Arena". However, this project, just like some others from the competition (conducting the Topčiderka directly into the main Sava riverbed by the pipes) does not tackle the problem of the already existing sludge deposits or the toxicity of the waste. Also, it was outright labeled as way too expensive, even by its authors (up to €70 million).
An experiment was conducted when the water from the bay and river was pumped into the special pools in the nursery gardens of the state company for the forest management "Srbijašume". The water was treated by various selected plants, in the process called phytoremediation, and the quality of the water improved from the fifth to the second category, but the technology wasn't pursued any further. Instead, in 2019 and 2020, it was applied at the Lake Trešnja, in the suburb of Ripanj, where it proved to be highly successful in reducing pollutants in the water. After several months of bad smell which spread from the bay, the dredging began in November 2020. Until February 2021, the was removed, thus creating a channel to allow the water to flow out of the bay into the river. The dredged sludge is spread along the central section of the Danube's flow, upstream from the Pančevo Bridge.
Instead of revitalization, the bay turned out to be polluted more than ever. By April 2021 the water was classified as the lowest, fifth category. The water was anoxic, full of ammonium-nitrogen and orthophosphates. The red wastewater from the sewage also influenced water's organoleptic qualities – changed color, murkiness, strong smell and visible residues of organic matter, but in May city administration announced it inspected the Topčiderka's watershed, founded the polluting factories and closed them, fixing this problem.
Wildlife
Plants
Ada Ciganlija has a unique ecosystem, creating an oasis in the urban area. Most of the peninsula is forested. The original, thick deciduous forest mainly consists of oaks, elms, birches and willows. In the mid 20th century, further planned forestation of Ada Ciganlija included the planting of Northamerican poplars and green ash. In total, some 450 plant species inhabit Ada, including white poplar, black poplar, white willow, pedunculate oak, narrow-leaved ash, Canadian poplar, European white elm, box elder, American ash. In 2010, total forested area covered , or two thirds of the island. This characteristic of Ada gives its visitors an illusion of being in complete wilderness, aided by the fact that city ambient noise is completely muted by the thick forest.
Most of the forest on the island is protected, including the entire central, northern and western sections. These parts of the peninsula are entirely wild with uncultivated vegetation and very little or no human presence, making it unique compared to other European city islands and peninsulas. Part of the Ada's central forested complex was declared a protected habitat "Fungi of Ada Ciganlija" by the city on 29 November 2013. Apart from the wood fauna characterized for the wet soils, it hosts 250 species of fungi, many of which are listed on Serbian and international lists of rare or endangered species. It is the only known habitat in Serbia of Myriostoma coliforme. Location starts away from the lake. The fungi was discovered on the island in 1993, and in 2022 covered .
Animals
In terms of fauna, besides having numerous amphibians and 94 species of insects, Ada Ciganlija contains several mammal species, considered special due to the setting of the peninsula in an urban area. Foxes, hares and roe deer inhabit the peninsula. However, with environmentalists warning that the island's biocoenosis has been overly affected, a new population of 60 hares and 100 pheasants was introduced into the ecosystem in 2006.
Bird species include more common lapwings, mallards, quails and pheasants. Common woodland and parkland birds during the nesting season include song thrush, great tit, blue tit, long-tailed tit, Eurasian nuthatch, European green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, golden oriole, nightingale, blackcap, common chaffinch, hooded crow, European magpie, common wood pigeon, feral pigeon, white wagtail and barn swallow.
Unlike other rivers and wetlands in Belgrade, swans rarely visited the lake, including occasional black swans. Starting in September 2020, swans began to arrive at the lake, until several dozens flocked in total, and remained on Ada. The number of swans in Belgrade had been constantly growing since the 2010s, reaching some 600 birds by the winter of 2021. They are mostly mute swans and are quickly adapted: more and more of them becoming sedentary rather than migratory, accustoming to humans who regularly feed them, becoming popular among the residents, and turning into the mascots of the neighborhoods they inhabit.
Ada is also the wintering ground for some threatened migratory birds, most notably the pygmy cormorant which winters in Belgrade in large numbers. Pygmy cormorant inhabited the Pančevački Rit marshland, just north of Belgrade, in the early 20th century, but after that area was drained and urbanized, they disappeared. Several hundreds of birds in the early 1990s began spending winters on the Malo Ratno Ostrvo, in the Danube. When their number exceeded 1,000, they resettled to three new locations: first at the willow grove on the Sava's bank (Belgrade Fair) and then to the area near the tip of Ada and the neighboring Mala Ciganlija. Their number rose every year to 6,750 in 2007/08, but since then is generally reducing and in 2015 it was 3,850 which is still 5,4% of the European and 2% of the world's pygmy cormorant population. There were concerns that the building of the new Ada Bridge in 2008–12 would disturb the habitat, but the birds endured it well. Their habitat was protected by law in 2008. Any destruction, clearing or pruning of the vegetation is forbidden, so as scaring, disturbing or killing of the birds.
In c. 1900, the last nests of yellow-legged gull in Serbia were spotted on Ada. The nesting couples are spotted again only in 2021, but in the Đerdap Gorge, some to the east.
In April 2022, it was announced that plans are to declare Ada Ciganlija a protected area, as a landscape of outstanding features, by the end of 2022. It will cover .
Settlements
Partizan
The only settlement on Ada Ciganlija is in its northern section, located behind another dam. It is called Partizan, because of the nearby Partizan Rowing Club. First stilt houses were built right after World War II as the summer houses for the army officers. In 1959 the construction of the proper settlement was suggested, and the first houses were built in 1960. Those were small, serial weekend houses with an area of . Most of the original construction was finished from 1964 to 1966. As the nearby Ada Safari wasn't adapted yet and was a marshland, original settlers, who were from the upper classes, were leaving and instead the workers who migrated from the interior of Serbia settled in. During the various works on Ada Ciganlija, workers would use the houses as tool sheds. Additional boost was an influx of refugees from the Yugoslav Wars since 1991.
City authorities planned to relocate the settlement. During the 2006 European floods, city authorities urged them to move to the mainland from the settlement, which was located almost below the dam, as the Sava reached a record height of . The wall of the dam, on the brink of collapse, was hastily strengthened and elevated in an effort to prevent catastrophe, but even in these conditions, the populace refused to relocate, claiming the city to just be using the situation to relocate them.
As their families grew, inhabitants expanded the houses. As of 2016 Partizan had some 1,000 inhabitants in 260 houses covering an area of . By the latest urbanistic plans, the settlement is still to be evacuated as it is built without any permits and is located in the zone of the sanitary protection. In the 2016 plan for the area, city envisioned thermal and outdoor pools, spa center, small hospitality and catering venues, children's playgrounds and outdoor exhibition area.
Announcement of the relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada in February 2023, also included statement of the relocation of the settlement. Despite claims from the city officials that the idea was not made hastily, residents confirmed that already in July 2022 they were approached by the city to move out, but the zoo was not mentioned to them, which they took as a proof that the relocation of the zoo was an ad hoc idea. The residents were reluctant to move and refused compensations offered by the city.
Old Bath
Close to the northern tip, as the northeastern extension of Partizan settlement, there is an Old Bath "Partizan" (Staro Kupatilo). Since 1983 it has been a location of an artistic colony, occupied by the painters and sculptors. In the 1980s the venue organized many artistic exhibitions. After the 2006 floods a project of reconstruction of the embankment to prevent the flooding was introduced. The embankment, which was to prevent 25 Renney water wells from being flooded, passes right through the bath building which was to be demolished so that this gap in the embankment can be filled. The gap, which is considered the weakest section of the entire embankment system on the island is just from the Partizan settlement. Next to the building is the parking for the communal vehicles used for the works on Ada. In 2011, the management ordered the artists to move out. As of 2023, the building still stands and serves as an atelier. One of the artists working there was Ratko Vulanović (1941–2023), author of the sculptural composition at the Ada's entrance, called Stone City, or popularly nicknamed Adahenge.
History
Nomenclature
The etymology of the name could be Celtic in origin, which probably is the most likely scenario. Some believe that it is derived by some form of the word for Romani (cigani, "gypsies"), attested in 1717 as when it was mentioned as a depopulated village after the Austrian takeover of Belgrade.
An Italian work from 1788 mentions it as Isola degli Zingari. The original toponym might have been singalia, from Celtic Singi (cf. Singidunum). During World War II it was renamed "Serbian Ada" (Srpska ada). The first part of Ada Ciganlija's name, ada, means "river island" in Serbian, a word of Turkish origin (meaning "island"), but in landlocked Serbia it specifically denotes river islands, beside the already existing Serbian word for island, ostrvo. A river island can also be referred to as ostrvo (e.g. Veliko Ratno Ostrvo) but never vice versa.
Human history
Antiquity
The remains belonging to the Scordisci, a Celtic tribe which founded Singidunum and Taurunum, the predecessors of Belgrade and Zemun, respectively, were found.
1680s–1914
Area of Ostružnica, near the southern tip of Ada Ciganlija, was a location of the Long Bridge, the first permanent bridge in Belgrade's history. As the opposing, Syrmian side across the Sava was a vast marsh at the time (modern New Belgrade), the bridge didn't stop at the bank but continued for some length above the swamp. Because of that, the people also called it the Bridge above the marsh (Most preko močvare). The bridge was built by the Austrians to help them conquer Belgrade from the Ottomans during the 1688 Siege of Belgrade. According to the records, a seasoned Belgrade master craftsman Đorđević "in only one month, with the help of his 400 workers, built the Long Bridge, using 2,000 tree trunks, 1,100 wooden piles, 15,500 bundles of palings and 12,000 palisade pickets." Right next to it, bit closer to Ada Ciganlija, the Austrians constructed another, classical pontoon bridge, which "leaned on the Long Bridge".
The Romani settlement which existed on Ada in the 17th century was displaced from the island to the Sava's right bank, at the mouth of the Topčiderka, before the Austrian occupation of Belgrade from 1717 to 1739. It is not known whether it happened some time before or during the fighting from 1716 to 1718. One map from the Austrian period shows a Romani settlement with 24 houses at the mouth of Topčiderka. Maps also show that the settlement existed during the next Austrian occupation from 1788 to 1791.
When the Austrian army attacked Belgrade in the 18th century, the Ottomans expelled Serbian population from the city, so they temporarily settled on Ada. When Belgrade was liberated by the Serbian rebels in the First Serbian Uprising, leader of the uprising, Karađorđe, granted the island to Mladen Milovanović, the first city chief. After the collapse of the uprising, Milovanović fled to Hungary, but returned in 1813 and unsuccessfully tried to find the gold which he has dug and hidden somewhere on Ada.
Starting in 1821, the state government decided to organize food trade and to check the quantity and quality of the goods imported to the city. The project included introduction of the excise on the goods (in Serbian called trošarina) and setting of a series of excise check points on the roads leading to the city. One of those check points, which all gradually also became known as trošarina, was located next to Topiderka's mouth into the Sava, across the northern tip of Ada. Built in the 1830s and 1840s, it became known as Gospodarska Mehana. It was also a location of the ferry which transported pigs across the Sava into the Austria. This trošarina also functioned as a customs house. On 25 January 1859, when prince Miloš Obrenović and his son Mihailo Obrenović returned to Serbia, they disembarked here. In this period, Ada became a home to ferrymen and numerous smugglers, who operated both ways. The island was sort of a base where the goods was prepacked either for the customs, or was simply smuggled.
The importance of Ada Ciganlija can be traced back to 1821, when it was declared a protected public domain by then Prince of Serbia, Miloš Obrenović. The first official urban plan for Belgrade was drafted in 1867. It was a work of Emilijan Josimović, the first Serbian trained urbanist. He envisioned Ada as the main sports' center of Belgrade and was to be transformed in the "source of fresh air", a term Josimović used for large forests. Neglected since then, Ada came to the spotlight in 1908 when the Society of the Belgrade's journalists organized the first journalists' ball on the lower tip of Ada. In 1911, the first Serbian feature-length motion picture, The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vožd Karađorđe was filmed on the island.
World War I
On 28 July 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, thus triggering the World War I, Serbian forces spread over the island to prevent Austrians to use it as the starting point of entering Serbia. Two major battles ensued, on 22–24 September 1914 and in September 1915. In an effort to exploit the withdrawal of the Serbian army from Syrmia in September 1914, Austro-Hungarian Lieutenant field marshal decided to conduct the feint attack on the Sava rivers (Ciganlija and Međica) which was to be followed by the landing operation on the Serbian side of the river, conquering of the neighborhoods of Banovo Brdo and Topčider and then, using the western route, entering downtown Belgrade. Attack began on 22 September when the first group of the Austrians attempted to land on the southern tip of Ada. The location was defended from the blockhouse "He-goat", across the river in the Makiš forest. Under strong fire from the blockhouse, Austrians landed more to the north, in the area which Serbs didn't even defend because it was the plain marsh and it was thought that no one will land there. That way, Austrians successfully landed on the island without much resistance. Major Dobrivoje Mojsilović, acting commander of the Ada's defense, engaged the Austrians in an effort to force them to retreat across the river. Serbian reserve was sent to the battle and major Mojsilović, who was wounded, was replaced by major Svetomir Đukić. After several charges which resulted in hand-to-hand combat, Serbs cornered Austrians on the Ada's northern tip. During that time, behind Serbian back, Austria landed more troops from Međica so the Serbian forces ended being encircled. They managed to break out but by that time they were attacked from the flank by the new Austrian forces. Serbs retreated to the easternmost section of the island and started to dig in. On 23 September Austrians conducted three charges on Serbian positions, coming close to only 30 steps from the trenches, but were backed off. As Austrian army had problems with the invasion of western Serbia and attack on Šabac, General asked from the commander of the forces for the entire Balkans, Oskar Potiorek, to send him two regiments from Lütgendorf. Potiorek not only agreed but he ordered Lütgendorf to reroute all forces to Šabac. On 24 September the Austrians withdrew. Serbs followed them to make sure it is not another ploy, but the withdrawal was complete. Serbs lost 1 officer and 17 soldiers, while the Austrian fatalities included 4 officers and 310 soldiers.
There was a year long shootout between the two armies, with long calm periods in between, before the German army interfered and began non-stop heavy artillery beating of the island in the late September 1915. Hand-to-hand battle ensued and the German fighters pushed the Serbs from the island. Serbian loses were heavy, turning effectively Ada into an open graveyard, earning a moniker "Island of death".
Interbellum
During Interbellum, Ada wasn't the most popular recreational area as the major beach area was across its northern tip, in the Gospodarska Mehana section of the Senjak neighborhood. Still, even then, one of major Serbian writers Branislav Nušić, nicknamed it Vodeni cvet (watery flower) because of its beauty.
In 1920 city decided to arrange the Ada as part of the international design competition concerning the arrangement and expansion of Belgrade. Competition was announced in 1921. One of the submitted works, titled Urbs Magna ("Great City"), proposed construction of the large, multi-functional stadium and transformation of the island into the sports park. First facilities of the swimming and rowing clubs on the island were built after that. The Belgrade's first general urban plan, completed in 1924, envisioned the island as an excursion and leisure area. In 1936 city government adopted a new general urban plan which projected Ada as the "sports island".
By the early 1930s, state rowing championships, and Danube States Rowing Championship have been held at Ada Ciganlija. The 1932 European Rowing Championships was held 2–4 September 1932 at the island. A straight, long track was arranged. Hangars and stands ("water stadium") were built, so as the administrative headquarters of the Belgrade Rowing Club at the mouth of the Topčiderka.
World War II and after
During the German occupation, as the food became scarce and parts of population began to starve, city administration parceled part of the island and awarded the lots to its clerks and other employees to grow vegetables and other food. Occupational administration planned to establish a concentration camp on the island, right after the capitulation of Yugoslavia in April 1941. They decided to push the idea after the attack on Soviet Union in June 1941, but ultimately had to drop the idea of the island camp due to the constant flooding of Ada. Instead, they decided to use the barracks of the 18th Infantry Regiment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Banjica, creating the Banjica concentration camp in July 1941.
Until 1941, a prison was located on Ada Ciganlija. On the night of 17 July 1946, new Communist authorities executed a number of former politicians on Ada Ciganlija, while military officers were tried as collaborators with the Nazis during World War II, including Chetniks leaders Draža Mihailović and Kosta Mušicki, and ministers in the government of Milan Nedić: Tanasije-Tasa Dinić, Đura Dokić and Velibor Jonić. Despite other plans, Ada was a prison from 1928 to 1954 and was nicknamed the "Little Serbian Alcatraz". It was established on the notion of the king Alexander I of Yugoslavia and the prisoners include Milovan Đilas, Moša Pijade and Borislav Pekić.
In 1947, a public swimming pool was built behind the premises of the "Crvena Zvezda" rowing club. Known as the "Sever pool" (Severov bazen), it became quite popular as it was one of the rare such venues in Belgrade in those days. Many swimmers held preparations for the Olympic games in it. In the 1950s, as part of the Youth work actions, the filling of the bank on the swampy island was organized, which in total employed some 15,000 youth workers.
In 1957 city government decided to put in order the neglected, feral island. The beach was gradually prolonged as the overgrowth and trees were cut and cleared, under the strict control by the experts from the University of Belgrade Forestry Faculty. Works on transforming the island began in 1960. That year, the army constructed a temporary, pontoon bridge to connect the island with the mainland. This prompted opening of numerous beach baths on the island: first was Partizan, followed by Grafičar, Zvezda, Beograd and others, including many unregulated. This marked the end of beach locations on the opposite side of the river, as they all were closed in the next several years. By September 1961 an embankment on the outer side of the island was finished. It is long, wide at the crown and prevented the Sava to flood the island every spring, like it used to do. Already at the time, Ada was the largest and the most visited swimming and excursion site.
The military removed the pontoon bridge in 1966, and transferred it to the Great War Island. This was when the filling of the permanent embankment which was to connect Ada with the mainland began. , engineer and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts suggested the dual solution for Ada, as both the source of the drinking water and a sports and recreation center. His plan was conducted by 1967 when Ada was connected to the mainland on both the north and south tips, and the Sava Lake and the settling basin Taložnik. In the 1968 season, the first visitors came to the lake. An underground pipeline was built in 1969 which conducted water from the river into the newly formed lake. The water is being purified in the Taložnik, before being conducted further into the lake and to the Belgrade's major water facility in Makiš. The shanty settlement along the mainland bank of the Sava was demolished, and number of barge-houses on the island began to grow.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the first sporting championships were organized, such as the kayaking championships in 1971, prompting the construction of special facilities. The popularity of Ada was further increased in the 1980s with the music and entertainment show Leto na Adi ("Summer on Ada"), televised live by the Radio Television of Serbia. Also in the 1980s, partial clearing of the wood on the Makiš side began, so as the filling of the beach on that side. In time, a continuous, over long beach around the entire lake was formed. On 21 August 1996, the tall bungee jumping platform became operational. Makiš side was officially declared a swimming area in the season of 2010. In June 2017 construction of two new pipelines which would increase the amount of water transferred from the Taložnik to the water treatment facility in Makiš began. As a result, during the works in the off-season 2018–2019, the lake level was significantly lowered.
Ada Ciganlija is today managed by the municipal government via the Public Enterprise "Ada Ciganlija" (JP "Ada Ciganlija"), which maintains the grounds of the recreational areas and, especially, the beach and Lake Sava. It is responsible for cleanliness, maintenance such as trimming of the underwater algae, public safety (lifeguards), and so on. Even though the island is a public asset, the island itself is not exclusively managed and owned by the city. There are numerous private entities that administer businesses and recreation facilities, such as the golf course. Notably, many famous Serbian sports personalities have invested in the area.
Facilities, activities and tourism
Apart from the sport facilities, a 7 kilometer-long beach of Lake Sava has a closely supervised, fenced-off children's swimming area. Ada Ciganlija features a tall sports observation tower and bleachers on multiple levels which is its most prominent structure as well and one of very few permanent solid structures. One of those structures is the "Jezero" hotel at the entrance.
The northern edge of the island is lined with attached floating barges, or houses on the water owned by many inhabitants of Belgrade as a weekend refuge given the peninsula's exceptionally quiet and green environment. In addition, many city dwellers come to enjoy fishing excursions, picnics and barbecues.
Sport
The island has been conceptualised as Belgrade's focal point for mass sporting activity and recreation. As such, it features a great number of facilities, which get more numerous every year. They include:
American football
Ada Ciganlija has in the past been a host to a number of local and international water sporting events such as competitions in rowing and kayaking. The very first golf course in Serbia has been built on this island in recent years along with a golf club house, a golfing store, golfing school and a practice range. This golf course is also the seat of the first and so far only Serbian golfing association. Also there is a separated cycling and rollerblading path that goes full circle around the lake (approximately 8 km long) and is connected to the path that goes all the way by the Sava river in downtown.
The island is home to the "Rowing Sport Club" and several rowing societies like VK Partizan, VK Crvena Zvezda, and VK Grafičar. A sailing school and club, in addition to all accompanying sailing facilities, can be found on Ada Ciganlija.
Within the complex of the Belgrade Football Association, a monument to (1875–1941 or 1942) was dedicated on 22 May 2021. On 12 May 1896 Buli brought the first football to Serbia, and on 19 May organized the first football match in the state.
Restaurants and nightlife
For decades, Ada Ciganlija was popular among loners and fishermen, including the famous actor Pavle Vujisić. After his death in 1988, it was proposed that the access road to Ada should be named after him, but another street in the new neighborhood of Altina in Zemun was later named after him. Other famous bohemians which dwelled occasionally on Ada after the 1960s were actor Dragan Nikolić, writers Momo Kapor and Zuko Džumhur and opera singers and Milka Stojanović. Nobelist author Ivo Andrić called Ada the "Boka Kotorska of Belgrade" and the "Green jewel of our Pannonian rivers".
Number of splavovi (float barges) began to grow by the late 1970s and the visitors began to include the members of the political and business elite also, including mayor Živorad Kovačević. One of the first barges was "JAT", opened in the late 1970s. It was originally intended only for the employees of the JAT Airways, but soon became a gathering place for the regular clientele, becoming a famous venue in the city. It was derelict by the 2000s, when it was sold to a private owner. Before it was renovated, the barge detached and was taken by the river downstream. The owner took only emergency measures to keep it afloat, but in January 2019 it sank under the heavy snowfall. The barge itself was considered one of the best on the river. "Argument", the first restaurant on splav in Belgrade was opened in 1983. It looked like a "railroad car", without any specificities. In the 1990s it was relocated to the neighborhood of Ušće. At the time, Ada wasn't that well connected to the rest of the city which gave this venues a certain aura of exclusivity. Splav "Sara" was the very first venue in Belgrade with solely electronic music. It was opened only for a year in 1994.
Belgrade has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife, and many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city. The most recognizable nightlife features of Belgrade are the splavovi, spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers. The island has over 70 restaurants, bars and cafés as well as a café-cinema.
Ada Mall
First ideas of building a shopping mall on Čukarica side, across the Ada Ciganlija entrance where the former "Minel Dinamo" company was, appeared in 2007. Construction began in March 2017 and the object was opened on 24 May 2019, under the name of Ada Mall (Ada Mol). It has 5 floors, total floor area of over and atypical, attractive design, compared to the usual box-shaped malls in Belgrade: it has wavy façade with terraces and step-like floors.
Construction itself was already problematic, both financially (connections with the mayor Siniša Mali) and in terms of building process. After a while, investor reached a bedrock and decided to use dynamite. As the mall is embedded into the cliff which is fully urbanized on top, and dynamite explosions were used for almost a year, houses and buildings of the residents cracked in time. The roof tiles were falling off, while window frames separated from the walls. In the end, the residents received no support from either the investor or the city government, as municipal inspector concluded that the cracks on dozen houses are not caused by the explosions below.
As the opening of the facility was hurried, so that it could be opened ceremonially by the politicians, it wasn't fully finished when it was opened. Some sections were empty, dirty and covered in dust, the walls were naked, without panels, floor panels were badly placed, and electric wires were protruding into the corridors. The façade wasn't completely finished either, while some works on the access paths and the building itself have been reported as "slack". In the next several months, streak of bad luck for the object continued. Already in June it was evacuated two times in just couple of days, after it got flooded during the heavy rains. This gave the facility a nickname "Kada Mol" (kada, Serbian for bathtub). In July it was evacuated again because of the faulty alarm system, and in September due to the sabotage of the same system.
Footbridges
The original project of Ada Mol also envisioned a footbridge (pasarela), which would directly connect the mall with the pedestrian section of the Radnička Street. The footbridge hasn't been constructed, but the investor, who estimated the cost of the short pedestrian bridge to €1 million, promised it will be built by the end of 2019. Construction of the footbridge began in May 2020. It is not going to only connect the mall with the bus stop across the Paštrovićeva Street, as originally planned, but will continue from there across the Radnička Street, reaching the entrance area of Ada Ciganlija. Deadline was set for September 2020. The project was described as "not really complicated", yet the deadline was first moved to 1 December 2020, and then to 15 March 2021, before being moved to 30 April 2021.
Though construction works were effectivelly completed in May 2021, it remained closed, and the opening was moved to March 2022, then prolonged to August, late September, November 2022, and then to January 2023, as all necessary permits still weren't issued, and the city still had to officially take over the ownership of the footbridge. After 30 months of delays, the footbridge was opened for pedestrians on 13 February 2023, without ceremony, official takeover by the city, functional connection to the mall itself, and without any of the three elevators working.
The residents petitioned for the footbridge on another location in 2012, a bit further from the present Ada Mol. City began some procedures in 2019. In June 2020, construction was announced. The footbridge will directly connect the neighborhood of Čukarička Padina with hypermarket Tempo Centar, and further with Ada Ciganlija, over the 8-lane Obrenovac Road. Deadline is set for June 2021. In April 2022 the deadline was moved to July, and then to the autumn of 2022. The steel footbridge will be long, and roofed. Construction began in late September 2022, and while majority of works were finished by November, as of February 2023 the bridge was still not in use. It was opened for pedestrian traffic on 25 May 2023.
Landmarks
One of the island's most noted landmarks is the fountain, based on the famous Jet d'Eau (water-jet), situated in Lake Geneva. The Belgrade one is also 140 metres high and it was installed in 1996. The fountain operates during the day all year round, except in case there is frost or a particularly strong wind. It also operates in the evening between spring and autumn and is lit by a set of lights. During the summer months in the later hours, the island stages a special laser light spectacle for those still present at the beach.
This Island also has an artistic sculpture workshop located at the eastern end in the direction of the city. Ada Ciganlija also has a children's theatre featuring scheduled performances, as well as a Robinson Crusoe-themed entertainment feature that stages themed performances.
Transportation
Roads
Although there are land routes leading to the island across the artificial dams, they are seldom used due to poor accessibility to the city's main roads and public transport system. Numerous routes of the city's public transport (GSP Beograd) pass close to the eastern entrance: bus routes 23, 37, 51, 52, 53, 56, 56L, 57, 58, 88, 89, 91, 92, 511, 551 and 552, while tram lines 12 and 13 also pass relatively nearby. Due to the ever-larger number of visitors, GSP Beograd introduced special seasonal bus lines, specifically designated for transport to Ada Ciganlija from distant parts of Belgrade. They have been expanding in recent years: Ada1 (Central Belgrade and Vidikovac), Ada2 (Zemun, Blokovi), Ada3 (Konjarnik), Ada4 (Mirijevo), Ada5 (Bežanijska Kosa, Novi Beograd).
Bridges
Ada Bridge
A new cable-stayed bridge is being built across the Sava, over the eastern tip of the Ada Ciganlija. The bridge is set to be a future landmark due to its height and grandeur. The central abutment is to be 200 meters tall, carrying hundreds of cables suspending the bridge. It will provide a direct land link to the island via the elevators as well as a planned light rail station that will stop mid-bridge to service passengers to and from the island.
Ada Bridge II
When plans were made for the Ada Bridge, one of the proposals was the location on the opposite, upstream tip of Ada Ciganlija, instead of the downstream one, where it was built in the end. It would connect Makiš on the right, and Savski Nasip on the left bank of the Sava. When Ada Bridge was close to be finished, architects suggested this other location as the place where the next Belgrade bridge might or should be built.
New Belgrade-Ada Ciganlija Bridge
In March 2020, it was announced that the construction of the first pedestrian-cyclist bridge in Belgrade will commence in 2021. It will connect New Belgrade with the island of Ada Ciganlija across the Sava, as the continuation of the Omladinskih Brigada street in Block 70. Public, partially underground garage with 300 parking spots will be built at the end of the street. This is the second part of the project city administration alleged is the result of citizens' online voting (first part is relocation of the Old Sava Bridge on dry land, in the Park Ušće to become an "attraction"). Reporters and public distanced from the voting or debunked it as being rigged. City then announced plans for a completely new bridge and in December 2020 announced it will be finished in 2022.
New project includes a two-level parking lot on the New Belgrade's side, in the Block 70. This was one of the reasons for the protests of the local residents, who claimed the bridge will disrupt neighborhood's green zones, create even larger traffic jams, and turn Block 70 into the vast parking lot for Ada visitors. The 2020 petition against the bridge was signed by 8,000 residents. City said the bridge will be built regardless, but moved the beginning of the construction for the late 2023 or early 2024. When the plan was opened for public viewing in December 2022, citizens filed 3,500 complaints. With the announcement of the relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada, mayor Aleksandar Šapić also announced expedition of this project, stating that by the early 2025 the bridge should be finished.
River
There are regular ferry services to take people from Belgrade's river banks onto the island. In 2008, experimental introduction of public transport by boat began, one of whose routes is from Blok 44 (Novi Beograd)-Ada Ciganlija. There is also a small electric road vehicle that tours the island called the "tourist train". There is also an impromptu recreational marina on the island's downstream end. There are plans to expand this marina and make it permanent. Boating in the lake, as well as car traffic on land, is strictly forbidden. There is a large parking lot on the Makiš side of the river.
Gondola lift
In 1922 company "Čavlina and Sladoljev" from Zagreb drafted the project of connecting two banks of the Sava river by the cable car. In 1928, building company "Šumadija" again proposed the construction of the cable car, which they called "air tram" but this project was planned to connect Zemun to Kalemegdan on Belgrade Fortress, via Great War Island. The interval of the cabins was set at 2 minutes and the entire route was supposed to last 5 minutes. The project never realized. Engineer and CEO of the Yugoslav institute for urbanism and dwelling "Juginus", Mirko Radovanac, revived the idea in the 1990s. After conducting extensive surveys (traffic analysis, interviews with the commuters, climatic, geological, urban and other researches), "Juginus" presented the project in 1993. They proposed that the terminuses should be at the Sports Center Košutnjak and Block 44 in the neighborhood of Savski Blokovi in New Belgrade, across the Sava. Stops in between would include the major public transportation roundabout in Banovo Brdo, Makiš and Ada Ciganlija, five in total. They called it the "ideal route". The plan also included construction of commercial areas around the terminuses, which would cover and help with the profitability of the project. Apart from being ecological and an attraction, it was estimated that it would shorten the trip for 45 minutes.
City government included the project into the city's General Urban Plan, which envisioned the construction in phases, the first being a long section Block 44-Ada Ciganlija. It would lay on 8 steel pillars, above the ground and the trip would last for 3 minutes. The cabins were projected to receive not just the commuters, but also the bicycles, skateboards, sledges and skis, as the cableway was planned to work year-round. The complete facility would have of 27 pillars, it would be long which would be travelled in 15 minutes by 2,000 commuters per hour.
Despite the project has been publicly revived by the mayors Dragan Đilas (2008–2013) and Siniša Mali (2013–2018), it remained on hold. The idea was included in the Belgrade's General Regulatory Plan in December 2021, including two phases: New Belgrade-Ada Ciganlija-Makiš, and Makiš-Banovo Brdo-Košutnjak. After announcing relocation of the zoo to Ada, mayor Aleksandar Šapić announced execution of the project, expanding its New Belgrade starting point from the Blokovi neighborhood to Delta City. He announced reactivation of the publicly unknown city project from 2009.
Social aspect
Ever since Ada Ciganlija began gaining popularity, there have been varying views of its importance. During the economic hardship of the 1980s and subsequent wars of the 1990s, it was often regarded as a "necessary evil", as the only resort available to masses of economically disadvantaged people. Use of this recreation area has always been free of charge, leading to it often being overcrowded and regarded as having poor hygiene, because, for decades, Ada had no proper facilities or institutionalised care. That has changed however, and the zone is today properly maintained, and has suitable infrastructure and appropriate commercial and recreational content. It is now possible to play sports that were not even invented when transformation of Ada began and it has become a highly popular gathering place, especially among youth, and a must-see destination for foreign tourists visiting Belgrade.
See also
Sava
Belgrade
Ada Bridge
References
External links
The island's official website (Serbian only)
City of Belgrade's Ada Ciganlija Page (Serbian, English, German and French)
Picture gallery of Ada Ciganlija (Serbian only)
Belgrade Golf Club, school and association (Serbian and English)
Images of the new planned bridge over Ada — Belgrade's Land Development Agency
An interactive map of Ada — detailed (Serbian only)
An address book to help you find your way — detailed (Serbian only)
Ada 360° Virtual tour (Serbian only)
Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Geography of Belgrade
River islands of Serbia
Lakes of Serbia
Tourist attractions in Belgrade
Beaches of Serbia
Čukarica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Ciganlija |
The Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 is a United States federal law that amended the federal criminal code to make it a federal offense to violate the Lanham Act by the intentional use of a counterfeit trademark or the unauthorized use of a counterfeit trademark. The act established penalties of up to five years imprisonment and/or a $250,000 fine ($1,000,000 fine for a corporation or other legal entity) for selling or attempting to sell counterfeit goods or services. It increased such penalties for a second or subsequent conviction under the Act.
Trademark infringement
Trademark infringement involves the determination of the probability of confusion by consumers between two marks. Similarity of appearance, phonetics, and meaning as well as channels of trade, direct competitiveness, strength of the famous mark, and evidence of actual confusion can determine trademark infringement.
Remedies of trademark infringement include, but are not limited to; attorneys' fees, destruction of infringing products and any other materials bearing the infringing mark, profits obtained by the counterfeiter from the infringing products, and injunction relief.
History
Trademark Act of 1870
Trademark law dates back to the age of President Ulysses S. Grant starting in the late 19th century with the Trademark Act of 1870. The Trademark Act of 1870 was the first trademark act passed in the nation and grounded trademark protection into Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. The act covered many different aspects of trademark law but failed to cover trademark counterfeiting. After much protest from merchants and manufactures around the country, Congress amended the act to make counterfeiting a crime. This, however, was short-lived, as the case U.S. v. Steffens in 1879 ruled that Article One of the Constitution could not serve as a basis of authority and thus making the Trademark Act of 1870 unconstitutional. All trademark acts after the 1870 one, including the 1881 Trademark Act and the 1946 Trademark Act (The Lanham Act), make no mention of the trademark counterfeiting provision of the 1870 act.
By the 1970s, counterfeiting was costing U.S. companies billions of dollars, upwards of $100 billion in the years leading up to the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984. Unless the counterfeiting manufacturer was large enough, little could be done to prosecute illegal counterfeiters. Most counterfeit manufactures were small companies that once a civil suit was filed against them, would virtually disappear. Lack of penalties for counterfeiters also meant that products could be sold that were not safe and up to regulatory standards including medications, cosmetics, and machinery parts.
In October 1984, after much lobbying by industry groups, mainly the International AntiCounterfeiting Coalition (IACC), President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 (S.875). Senator Charles Mathias Jr., the Chairman of the subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Senate Judiciary Committee sponsored the act. In enacting the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984, Congress sought to provide trademark owners with more powerful weapons against persons involved in trademark counterfeiting, including protection of not only intentional copying of trademarks, but also entire products as well. Those who were in favor of the act were pleased with it while those against it claimed it was "manifestly unfair", "heavy-handed", and "overreaching".
Penalties under the act
The Senate and House bills both aimed at accomplishing three primary changes in the law: First, creation of criminal penalties for intentionally dealing in materials that one knows to be counterfeit; second, authorization for mandatory or virtually mandatory awards of treble (sic) damages and attorneys fees in civil counterfeiting cases; and third, authorization for ex parte court orders for the seizure of counterfeit materials when it can be shown that the defendant would be likely to attempt to conceal or transfer the materials.
The Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 made it illegal for anyone to intentionally traffic or attempt to traffic goods or services knowingly using a counterfeit mark, which is defined as
a spurious mark and spurious designations (1) used in connection with trafficking in goods or services (2) identical with, or substantially indistinguishable from, a mark registered for those goods and services on the United States Patent and Trademark Office's Principal Register (whether or not the defendant knew the mark was registered) and in use and (3) the use of which is likely to deceive, confuse, or cause mistake on the part of the consuming public.
These counterfeit goods include numerous things such as labels, stickers, wrappers, charms, cases, tags, and patches. Originally under the act, the penalty for being convicted for trademark counterfeiting was a fine up to $100,000 and a prison sentence of up to five years plus paying attorney fees to the trademark owners. These penalties were later amended and called for a fine of up to $2 million and/or imprisonment for up to 10 years, with large companies being fined up to $5 million. If charged more than once for trademark infringement, individuals can be fined up to $5 million and/or be imprisoned for up to 20 years while corporations may be fined up to $15 million. Counterfeiters of safety-sensitive products, such as pharmaceuticals, would get the maximum penalty set forward in the act.
Provision 1: ex parte seizure
One of the most powerful provisions under the Trademark Act of 1984 is that of ex parte seizure. Under this part of the act, an aggrieved party may seize the counterfeit goods, business documents, and machines used that the counterfeiter has without notice to the counterfeiter. The section on ex parte seizure amends the Lanham Act, creating stronger remedies in civil cases involving the intentional use of counterfeit trademarks.
Trademark registrants may apply for an ex parte seizure through the courts without notifying the counterfeiting party. The courts, however, will not grant the ex parte seizure unless
the applicant knows where the goods to be seized are located
the ex parte seizure will show that there was in fact trademark infringement
an ex parte seizure is the only order that is adequate
the applicant specifies the time period the seizure will occur within a limited time frame
the seizure is not publicized
the harm to the trademark holder is greater than the harm to the counterfeiter
immediate harm will occur without the seizure to the trademark holder and
the person obtaining the order provides security to cover the damages the adverse party may suffer due to the ex parte seizure.
Provision 2
The second provision of the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 deals with damages that may be recovered against users of counterfeit trademarks; treble profits or damages (damages awarded in an amount that is three times the amount for which the wrongdoer is found liable for), whichever is greater, and reasonable attorney fees.
Counterfeiting today
Counterfeiting remains a growing problem in the modern world economy. The garment industry is one of the largest areas of counterfeit goods. Louis Vuitton estimates two to three million counterfeit Louis Vuitton pieces are produced each year—about twice the number of genuine products it manufactures. Because of this, Louis Vuitton spends upwards of 5% of its revenue fighting off counterfeiters; about 1,500 actions/civil proceedings. According to the International Trademark Association, between 1991–1995, apparel and footwear companies lost 22 percent of their sales, around $2.1 billion, due to trademark counterfeiting.
In addition to the garment industry, automotive parts is also a large area of counterfeit goods. The U.S auto industry alone said it would employ another 200,000-plus employees if it could manage to put counterfeit supplies out of business.
References
Sources
Library of Congress
1984 in American law
United States federal trademark legislation
98th United States Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark%20Counterfeiting%20Act%20of%201984 |
Sigma Omicron Pi () is an Asian American interest sorority. Founded in 1930 at San Francisco State University, the college social organization has active chapters on twelve campuses in the United States. The stated objective of the sorority is to "further the awareness of women in Asian culture" and "to promote unity, lifelong friendships, leadership, and community service".
History
In 1930, ten Asian American women came together on the campus of San Francisco State University to form a sorority for women who were interested in teaching. They adopted the Greek letters ΣΟΠ or Sigma Omicron Pi to represent "Sisters of Pedagogy". It was the first Chinese sorority on that campus. Elizabeth Ling-so Hall was a founder and the sorority's first president.
Sigma Omicron Pi expanded to the University of California, Berkeley campus in 1936. The sorority became active in the Asian community. Annually, they held a fashion show to raise scholarship money with the UC Chinese Alumni Association.
However, both chapters were forced to become inactive during World War II. Sigma Omicron Pi was revived at the University of California, Berkeley in 1946. The educational focus fell away, changing to providing fellowship, philanthropy, and cultural awareness for and among Asian American women of many Asian backgrounds.
In 1994, the sorority created an Inter-Chapter Council with six elected officers to help unite the various chapters.
Symbols
The sororities colors are green and gold. Its flower is the daisy and its jewel is the pearl.
Chapters
Active chapters are in bold. Inactive chapters are in italics.
Notes
Notable alumni
Tiffany Lam – Miss Hong Kong 2002, Miss Chinese International 2003 runner up, and TVB actress
References
Student societies in the United States
Asian-American culture in San Francisco
Asian-American fraternities and sororities
Student organizations established in 1930
1930 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20Omicron%20Pi |
Syncarpia is a small group of trees in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) described as a genus in 1839. They are native to Queensland and New South Wales in Australia.
They are unusual among the Myrtaceae in that the leaves are opposite rather than alternate as is the norm for the family.
The species are commonly known as turpentine trees due to the odour of their resin.
Species
Syncarpia glomulifera (Sm.) Nied. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl - Queensland, New South Wales; naturalized in Hawaii and in parts of Africa
Syncarpia hillii F.M.Bailey - Queensland, New South Wales
Syncarpia verecunda A.R.Bean - Queensland
S. glomulifera is considered a weed in Hawaii.
Formerly included
now in Choricarpia Xanthostemon
Syncarpia leptopetala - Choricarpia leptopetala
Syncarpia subargentea - Choricarpia subargentea
Syncarpia vertholenii - Xanthostemon verus
References
Myrtales of Australia
Myrtaceae genera
Myrtaceae
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Endemic flora of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncarpia |
Steven Avery (born 1962) is an American convicted of murder.
Steven, Stephen, or Steve Avery may also refer to:
Steve Avery (American football) (born 1966), American football running back
Steve Avery (baseball) (born 1970), American baseball pitcher | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Avery%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Gao Lingwei (; Hepburn: Kō Ryōi); (1870–1940) was a Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China.
A Tianjin native, he was appointed to Hubei where he held many offices relating to finance and education including a stint as superintendent of the provincial military academy. There he became a protégé of Zhang Zhidong in China's modernization effort and was appointed governor of Hunan. After the Xinhai Revolution, he returned to Tianjin and subsequently became a minister in many Warlord era cabinets. In 1923, he became the Acting President while Cao Kun "campaigned" for the presidency by bribing the National Assembly. Finally, he served briefly as Cao's first premier.
Biography
Early career
Gao Lingwei was born in Tianjin in 1868. He successfully passed the Imperial examinations and was afterwards assigned to the province of Hubei for official appointment. He was the sub-director of the high school attached to Chin Hsin College, and superintendent of the Military Academy in Hubei. Later, he became the director of the Hubei Government Mint. While holding the position of Viceroy of Hunan and Hubei, Zhang Zhidong ordered the establishment of an arsenal, industrial plants and copper and silver mints, and also encouraged the establishment of schools in his territory. Gao Lingwei participated in all these activities to the satisfaction of the Great Viceroy. In 1906, he was promoted to be the Commissioner of Education in Hubei. It was at a time when the Central Government tried to concentrate power in Beijing and local finances were consequently stringent and funds for education became very scant. Despite such circumstances Gao Lingwei found the necessary funds was able to increase the number of schools in that province by tenfold in a few months. In 1909 Gao Lingwei was promoted to be the Provincial Treasurer, a very high provincial appointment at that time. After serving in that important capacity for some time, one of his parents died, and according to the ancient custom, he had to retire from official duties for three years.
Warlord era politician
When the Xinhai Revolution came in 1911, Gao Lingwei went to Tianjin and continued living in retirement. During his retirement in Tianjin, at the request of his friends, he did all he could to direct the organization of banks along modern lines in different parts of the country. In August 1913 he was appointed the acting chief of the Financial Bureau of Zhili Province. In September 1913 he was ordered to act concurrently as Chief of the Preparation Bureau for the Collection of National Taxes in Zhili. He was relieved of these two posts in April 1914. In 1915 Gao Lingwei was the High Advisor to the Office of the Tuchun of the Three Eastern Provinces. In August 1917, he became a member of the Legislative Yuan from Zhili. In August 1920, he was appointed as the Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. In January 1921 he received the Second Class Tashou Chiaho. In July 1921 he was appointed as the Vice-President of the Bank of Agriculture and Commerce. In October 1921 he was appointed as the Minister of Finance and awarded the First Class Tashou Chiaho. In November 1921 he was ordered to become the concurrently Director General of the Currency Bureau and also the Director General of the Salt Administration. In December 1921, he was transferred to become the Minister of the Interior. In this capacity he served in January 1922 the following concurrent positions: Director-General of Famine Relief; Director General of the Metropolitan Municipal Administration; and President of the Yangtze River Commission. In March 1922 Gao Lingwei was awarded the First Class Wenfu. In May 1922 he was ordered to act concurrently as Minister of Communications. This acting post was only held by him for half a month. In June 1922 Gao Lingwei was relieved of the portfolio of the Interior Ministry. On the 18th of the same month he was appointed to be the Civil Governor of Zhili, but he did not assume office and on the 24th he was relieved of the post of governor. In August 1922 he was appointed as the Acting Minister of Finance, in September he was transferred to become the Acting Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. In October 1922 Gao Lingwei was awarded the First Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho. In November 1922 he was transferred to be the Acting Minister of the Interior. In January 1923 he was appointed as the Minister of the Interior. In February he was ordered to hold concurrently the Presidency of the Yangtze River Commission.
In October 1923 Gao Lingwei was appointed Premier of China. He held this position was held until January 1924, when he was appointed to be the Director General of the Customs Administration to succeed Sun Baoqi, who had been appointed as the Premier. However, in October 1924, the armies of the warlord Feng Yuxiang overthrew President Cao Kun, and Gao Lingwei fled to Tianjin, and from there to Shanghai.
Later career
In 1926, Gao Lingwei returned from Shanghai to Tianjin, where he lived at the Japanese concession. He came into contact there with Duan Qirui, Wang Yitang and Zhang Yanqing, the future foreign minister of Manchukuo) and was active in promoting Sino-Japanese relations. He began cooperating with the Japanese secret services from 1930. In 1935, Gao Lingwei was made a member of the Hebei-Chahar Political Council. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he joined the pro-Japanese Provisional Government of the Republic of China led by Wang Kemin, who appointed him acting Mayor of Tianjin. From December 17, 1937 he was appointed governor of Hebei province. However, he resigned his post in May 1938 and moved to Beijing, where he died of a heart attack in 1940.
References
Dryburgh, Marjorie. North China and Japanese Expansion 1933-1937. Routledge (2013)
Li, Chien Nung. The Political History of China, 1840-1928. Stanford University Press (1967)
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1870 births
1939 deaths
Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
Presidents of the Republic of China
Mayors of Tianjin
Premiers of the Republic of China
Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
20th-century Chinese heads of government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%20Lingwei |
"Keep It Together" is a song by American singer Madonna from her fourth studio album, Like a Prayer (1989). It was released as the album's fifth (sixth overall) and final single in the United States, Canada and Japan on January 30, 1990, by Sire Records. In the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, "Dear Jessie" served as the album's final single and "Keep It Together" was not released there. Written and produced by both Madonna and Stephen Bray, the main inspiration behind the song was Madonna's relationship with her family—whom she dearly missed after her divorce from Sean Penn in 1989. The song was dedicated to the American band Sly and the Family Stone, and its lyrics deal with the realization of how important Madonna's family has been to her life. A pop, funk, deep funk and R&B song consisting of an upbeat rhythm and groove, "Keep It Together" features instrumentation from percussion, banjo and a conga.
"Keep It Together" received generally positive reviews from music critics upon release, with some reviewers alluding that it was simply Madonna's take on Sister Sledge's 1979 hit "We Are Family". Commercially, "Keep It Together" was a success, reaching a peak position of number eight on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart and US Billboard Hot 100, while topping Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. In Australia, it reached the top of the ARIA Singles Chart as a double A-side single with "Vogue". Madonna has performed "Keep It Together" only on her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, where it was the closing song of the set list. The staging of the performances was inspired by the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange and during the introduction, Madonna sang a verse from Sly and the Family Stone's 1971 hit "Family Affair".
Background and release
When Madonna started work on her fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, she was already in an emotional state of mind, following her divorce from Sean Penn, her 30th birthday, and unfavorable reviews for her acting endeavors. She had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album. Madonna realized that as she was growing up, so was her core audience. Feeling the need to try something different, she wanted the sound of her new album to indicate what could be popular in music. However, being raised as a Catholic, Madonna felt guilty about the failure of her marriage. She said, "Because in Catholicism you are a born sinner and you are a sinner all your life. ... I could not escape my past, nor could I relax." Saddened by what was happening with her, Madonna missed her family, her father and her siblings. She confessed to Becky Johnston for Interview magazine:
"Keep It Together" was released as the fifth (sixth overall) and final single from Like a Prayer on January 30, 1990, by Sire Records. It was one of the first singles to be released in a CD maxi format, accompanied by an assortment of remixes. The single remix stripped the song of its original instrumentation and added a new jack swing-house beat with the other remixes following this style. In Australia, "Keep It Together" was released as a B-side with "Vogue" and charted as so; however, it was distributed as a stand-alone 12-inch single by WEA Records International and later released as a stand-alone CD maxi-single in 1993. The song was not released in the United Kingdom at all, where "Dear Jessie" served as the fourth single from Like a Prayer instead of "Oh Father" and "Keep It Together", respectively.
Recording and composition
"Keep It Together" is a pop, funk, deep funk and R&B song with an upbeat rhythm and groove. It was produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray, and features Paulinho da Costa on percussion, brass playing by David Boruff and Steven Madaio, Bill Bottrell as the audio engineer and guitars by Chester Kamen. Prince also played guitar on the song according to Madonna, though he was not credited.
Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noted that the song is influenced by the 1971 Sly and the Family Stone song "Family Affair". "Keep It Together" starts as the sound of slap bass plays along with sequenced synth bass, as Madonna sings the opening lines, "Keep, keep it together, keep people together forever and ever". As the first verse starts, a guitar comes into play with Madonna's voice being backed by percussion and banjo. After the second chorus comes near the end, Madonna utters the line "Brothers and sisters, They hold the key, To your heart and your soul, Don't forget that your family is gold", the percussion sound is thinned out and a mixture of the sound from a live drummer and conga comes into the picture. The song ends with the main groove sound gradually fading out.
According to Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, although "Keep It Together" sonically pays tribute to Sly and the Family Stone, the lyrics talk about the realization of how important Madonna's family has been as a form of stability in her life, especially in the line "Brothers and sisters, They've always been there for me, We have a connection, Home is where the heart should be". The lyrics follow the course of Madonna's rise from figuratively being a "hungry sibling" ("I'm gonna leave this place, So I can forget every single hungry face") to being a superstar ("I hit the big time but I still get the blues, Everyone's a stranger, City life can get to you").
Critical reception
Mark C. Taylor, author of Nots: Religion and Postmodernism, felt that "Keep It Together" was a "striking instance of her repeated invocation of family values". He believed that Madonna's fascination for family was reflected in the song. Carol Benz, one of the authors of The Madonna Connection, believed that the song was successful in asserting the necessity of family ties. J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of Madonna: An Intimate Biography described it as "an uptempo romp about the trials and tribulations, and the joys of having a family". Martha Bayles, author of Hole in Our Soul, felt that it failed to become an anthem for emotional commitment, because of the funk nature of the song. Christopher Anderson, writer of Madonna, Unauthorized, proclaimed "Keep It Together" as a worthy number-one single, and complimented the song's theme of allegiance to one's family, despite the turmoil and dissensions that occur. Lucy O'Brien, author of Madonna: Like an Icon, described it as an "upbeat meditation on sibling power" and believed that the purpose behind the song was to present a homey image of brothers and sisters happy and together, and Madonna's need to restore bonds and relationships that had become fraught or distant in her life then. Bill Coleman from Billboard stated that "the Material Girl rises above the beat and unveils a most riveting vocal performance". Hadley Freeman from The Guardian described "Keep It Together" as "amazing, purely for being Madonna's take on Sister Sledge's 'We Are Family', a concept no one foresaw, and the fact that she later disowned various members of her family gives it, shall we say, an interesting tinge of irony."
USA Todays Edna Gunderson wrote that "Keep It Together" evoked an "R&B groove" that was successful in adding more variation to Like a Prayer. Conversely, Ian Blair of the Chicago Tribune thought that the different funk tempo of the song distracted from the emotional quotient of Like a Prayer. Blair added that the song "hits a groove that is one of the funkiest things Madonna has ever done". Scott Benarde from The Palm Beach Post listed it as one of the album's "downpour" moments. Writing for The Jerusalem Post, Andy Goldberg listed "Keep It Together" as one of the highlights of Like a Prayer, and complimented the family oriented lyrics. Bruce Britt from Boca Raton News believed that it was one of the songs from the album, that exemplified the personal approach to songwriting by Madonna.
Spins Joe Levy named "Keep It Together" the only "great" dance record on Like a Prayer, and also observed that it was a "girly-disco" song that drew influences from Sister Sledge's "We Are Family" and Madonna's own "Into the Groove". Stephen Holden from The New York Times believed that the song brought the pop-funk style and hippie happiness of Sly and the Family Stone. J. D. Considine, while reviewing Like a Prayer for Rolling Stone, felt that "Keep It Together" portrayed "an impressive invocation of the importance of family". Considine was concerned that since the confessional nature of the songs on the album evoked strong emotions from the listener, "Keep It Together" would probably seem almost trivial by comparison to them. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic believed that the song constituted of deep funk music. Jose F. Promis from the same website complimented the single remix of "Keep It Together", calling it one of Madonna's "best and funkiest tunes, and a prime example of late-'80s/early-'90s dance/house/R&B music". Louis Virtel of The Backlot gave the song a positive review, calling it a "rollicking family reunion" that is the "sunny side of 'Oh Father' grim familial reckoning". Kenneth Partridge from Billboard described it as a mid-tempo synth-funk tune with a "tense" groove, on which Madonna offers an olive branch to her estranged father and siblings.
Chart performance
In the United States, "Keep It Together" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at position number 56, on the issue dated February 3, 1990. The next week, it jumped to number 41, becoming one of the greatest gaining singles. It eventually peaked at number eight on the issue dated March 31, 1990. "Keep It Together" became Madonna's eighteenth Top 10 hit in the United States, breaking the record previously held by Aretha Franklin as the female solo artist with the most Top 10 hits in history. During the next few weeks, the single fell quickly from its peak as Madonna's next release, "Vogue", began to get massive radio airplay. Its final appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 was at number 83 on the issue dated April 28, 1990. "Keep It Together" topped Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and peaked at number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Three months since its release, the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipment of 500,000 units. In Canada, it debuted at position number 85 on the RPM Top Singles chart on February 10, 1990, and after eight weeks, it peaked also at number eight. It was present on the chart for 15 weeks and was placed at number 86 on the RPM Year-End chart for 1990.
In Australia, "Keep It Together" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart along with "Vogue". It debuted on the chart at number 19 and reached the top the next week, remaining there for five consecutive weeks. It was present for a total of 35 weeks on the chart and reached number three on the ARIA Year-End chart for 1990. The single was certified double-platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipment of 140,000 units. After its release in Japan, "Keep It Together" appeared for two weeks on the Oricon Singles Chart and peaked at position number five. It was not released in the United Kingdom, where "Dear Jessie" was the final single from Like a Prayer instead.
Live performance
Madonna has performed "Keep It Together" only on her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, where it was the closing song of the set list. The staging of the performances was inspired by the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film, A Clockwork Orange. The shows featured an introductory verse from Sly and the Family Stone's 1971 song "Family Affair". Madonna wore an all-black ensemble involving a cage vest, the longline bra, skintight shorts, knee-pads and a bowler hat. Her getup was a nod to Liza Minnelli in the 1972 film Cabaret. The performance started with Madonna's dancers appearing on the stage, with chairs on their back. Madonna appeared in their middle and started doing push-ups on the stage. She started singing "Family Affair", then midway through the song, changed to "Keep It Together". During the intermediate music, Madonna and her dancers performed an intricate choreography with the chairs. At the end, all the musicians, dancers and collaborators from the Blond Ambition Tour came to say good-bye to Madonna. The singer was left alone on stage to finish with a powerful repeat of her line "Keep people together, Keep people together forever and ever".
In an interview with Stephen Holden from The New York Times, Madonna explained the significance of the performance: "Finally, right when you think I'll end [the concert] on a happy note, I come out with my family to do a Bob Fosse-meets-'Clockwork Orange' rendition of 'Keep It Together'. It's the show's ultimate statement about the family, because we're absolutely brutalizing with each other, while there's also no mistaking that we love each other deeply." Author Lynne Layton complimented the performance, saying that "as in her double attitude to materialism, femininity, and everything else, what marks the performance is not that Madonna is in control, but that she is open about the pros and cons of family life and obviously echoes the experience of many." Her thoughts were shared by John LeLand from Newsday, who complimented the aerobics performed onstage by Madonna and her dancers. Conversely, author Allen Metz commented that although the performance was tightly choreographed, the overall feel was marred due to the song's own "shortcomings". Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune felt that the addition of lines from "Family Affair" underlined the "home-is-where-the-heart-is" theme of "Keep It Together". Louis Virtel from The Backlot praised the performance, stating that it served as the "perfect concluding performance". Two different performances were recorded and released on video: the Blond Ambition – Japan Tour 90, filmed in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and the Blond Ambition World Tour Live, filmed in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990. It was also shown on the HBO special titled Madonna Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour, and was added in her 1991 documentary, Truth or Dare.
Track listing and formats
US and Canadian 12-inch vinyl single
A1. "Keep It Together" (12" Remix) – 7:44
A2. "Keep It Together" (Dub) – 7:00
A3. "Keep It Together" (12" Extended Mix) – 7:20
B1. "Keep It Together" (12" Mix) – 6:48
B2. "Keep It Together" (Bonus Beats) – 3:56
B3. "Keep It Together" (Instrumental) – 5:52
US CD maxi-single
"Keep It Together" (Single Remix) – 4:35
"Keep It Together" (12" Remix) – 7:50
"Keep It Together" (12" Mix) – 6:59
"Keep It Together" (12" Extended Mix) – 7:20
"Keep It Together" (Instrumental) – 6:00
US and Canadian 7-inch vinyl and cassette single
A. "Keep It Together" (Single Remix) – 4:35
B. "Keep It Together" (Instrumental) – 5:52
Japanese mini CD single
"Cherish" (Extended Version) – 6:21
"Keep It Together" (12" Remix) – 7:51
"Keep It Together" (Dub) – 7:01
"Keep It Together" (12" Extended Mix) – 7:20
"Keep It Together" (12" Mix) – 6:50
"Keep It Together" (Bonus Beats) – 3:27
"Keep It Together" (Instrumental) – 5:52
Credits and personnel
Madonna – writer, producer, lead vocals
Stephen Bray – writer, producer
Paulinho da Costa – percussion
Chester Kamen – guitar
David Boruff – brass, strings
Steven Madaio – brass
Bill Bottrell – audio engineer, mixing
Herb Ritts – photography
Jeri Heiden – design
Credits are adapted from the Like a Prayer album and 12-inch vinyl single liner notes.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
See also
List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1990 (US)
List of number-one singles of 1990 (Australia)
References
Bibliography
External links
"Keep It Together" on Spotify
1989 songs
Madonna songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Madonna
Songs written by Stephen Bray
Song recordings produced by Madonna
Song recordings produced by Stephen Bray
Funk songs
Songs about families
Number-one singles in Australia
Sire Records singles
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep%20It%20Together%20%28song%29 |
Varsity Field may refer to:
Varsity Field (Albany, New York), the University at Albany college baseball stadium
Varsity Field (Binghamton, New York), the Binghamton University college baseball stadium
See also
Varsity Stadium, the University of Toronto college football stadium
Varsity Stadium (Vancouver), the University of British Columbia's defunct multi-sport stadium in Vancouver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity%20Field |
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) was an Ottoman statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier in the beginning of Abdul Hamid II's reign between 5 February 1877 and 11 January 1878. He resigned from that post after the Ottoman chances on winning the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) had decreased. He furthermore served numerous administrative positions in the Ottoman Empire including minister of foreign affairs in 1856, then ambassador to Berlin in 1876, and to Vienna from 1879 to 1882. He also served as a military engineer and as Minister of Interior from 1883 to 1885. In 1876–1877, he represented the Ottoman Government at the Constantinople Conference.
Early life
He was born in Chios of Greek ancestry, in a Christian Greek Orthodox village on the island of Chios. Strangely, his connection to Chios is not well-documented: his son Osman Hamdi Bey claimed that he was a member of the Skaramanga family, but Edhem Pasha himself tried to efface his Greek connections.
As a young boy in 1822, he was orphaned and captured by Ottoman soldiers during the massacre of the Greek population of Chios. He was sold into slavery, brought to Constantinople, and adopted by the (later) grand vizier Hüsrev Pasha. Lacking his own children and family, Hüsrev Pasha raised about ten children who had been orphaned or bought as slaves, many of whom ascended to important positions.
The child, now named İbrahim Edhem, quickly distinguished himself with his intelligence and after having attended schools in the Ottoman Empire, he was dispatched along with a number of his peers, and under the supervision of his foster father, then grand vizier, and of the sultan Mahmud II himself, to Paris to pursue his studies under state scholarship. There he returned a Bachelor of Arts, and was one of the top pupils at the École des Mines. He was a classmate and a friend of Louis Pasteur. He thus became Turkey's first mining engineer in the modern sense, and he started his career in this field.
Family and legacy
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha was the father of Osman Hamdi Bey, a well-known archaeologist and painter, as well the founder of the Istanbul Archaeology Museum and the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Another son, Halil Edhem Eldem took up the archaeology museum after Osman Hamdi Bey's death and had been a deputy for ten years under the newly founded Turkish Republic. Yet another son, İsmail Galib Bey, is considered as the founder of numismatics as a scientific discipline in Turkey. Later generations of the family also produced illustrious names. The architect Sedat Hakkı Eldem, a cousin, is one of the pillars of the search for modern architectural styles adopted by the Republic of Turkey (called the Republican style in the Turkish context) in its early years and which marks many important buildings dating from the period of the 1920s and the 1930s. A great-grandson, Burak Eldem, is a writer while another, Edhem Eldem, is a renowned historian. More names include Erol Eldem, Tiana Eldem, Levent Eldem and Ercan Eldem, an architect.
See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers
Greek Muslims
References
External links
Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey
1819 births
1893 deaths
19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to Austria-Hungary
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to Germany
Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Greek Orthodox Christians
Government ministers of the Ottoman Empire
People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent
Turks from the Ottoman Empire
Greek slaves from the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Politicians from Chios
Greek Muslims
Greek former Christians
Ottoman people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
19th-century diplomats
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Ottoman Empire
Members of the Senate of the Ottoman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Edhem%20Pasha |
The acronym XPG can refer to the following:
XPG ("Xtreme Performance Gear"), the gaming hardware and accessories product line of the Taiwanese memory and storage manufacturer ADATA
Paris Gare du Nord, railway station, IATA airport code.
X/Open Portability Guide, which specifies the requirements for any system which is intended to be a Unix system, and a predecessor to the POSIX standard
Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G, a genetic disorder and a possible source of skin tumors
an endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPG |
Devdas is a 1955 Indian Hindi-language period drama film directed by Bimal Roy, based on the Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay novel Devdas. It starred Dilip Kumar in the title role, Suchitra Sen in her Bollywood debut as Parvati "Paro", Vyjayanthimala in her first dramatic role where she played tawaif named Chandramukhi. Motilal, Nazir Hussain, Murad, Pratima Devi, Iftekhar, Shivraj were playing other significant roles along with Pran, Johnny Walker in extended cameo appearances.
In 2005, Indiatimes Movies ranked the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films. Devdas was also ranked at #2 on University of Iowa's List of Top 10 Bollywood Films by Corey K. Creekmur. The film was also noted for its cinematography and lighting under Kamal Bose, that enhanced the emotional torment of the tight-lipped protagonist played by Dilip Kumar. Forbes included Kumar's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Although Devdas was a moderate success at the box-office when initially released, partly due to its heavy theme and release of several Kumar's films around the same time including Azaad (1955), Uran Khatola (1955), and Insaniyat (1955), it found greater success in re-releases in subsequent years up till 1980s. The subsequent popularity of the film made the role essayed by Kumar amongst his most famous. The particular version of Devdas is considered to be the best-known and finest rendering of the novel.
Plot
Set against the backdrop of rural Bengal during feudal times, Devdas is a young man from a Minor Zamindar Bengali family in India in the early 1900s. Parvati, alias Paro is a young woman from a middle-class Bengali Brahmin family, but belonging to a slightly lower status in terms of caste, affluence, and status. The two families lived in a village, and Devdas and Paro were childhood friends.
Devdas goes away for some years to live and study in a boarding school in the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata). When, after finishing school, Devdas (Dilip Kumar) returns to his village, Paro (Suchitra Sen) looks forward to their childhood love blossoming into their lifelong journey together in marriage. Of course, according to the prevailing social custom, Paro's parents would have to approach Devdas' parents and propose a marriage of Paro to Devdas as Paro has longed for.
When Paro's grandmother (Sarita Devi) makes the proposal to Devdas' mother (Pratima Devi), the latter rejects her. To demonstrate his own social status, Paro's father, Nilkant (Shivraj) then finds an even richer husband for Paro.
When Paro learns of her planned marriage, she risks her honor to meet Devdas at night, desperately believing that Devdas will quickly accept her hand in marriage. Devdas meekly seeks his parents' permission to marry Paro, but Devdas' family was against him.
In a weak-minded state, Devdas then flees to Calcutta, and from there, he writes a letter to Paro, saying that they were only friends and there was no love between them. But soon realizing his mistake, he goes back to the village and tells Paro that he is ready to do anything needed to save their love.
By now, Paro's marriage plans are in an advanced stage, and she declines to go back to Devdas and chides him for his cowardice and vacillation. Parvati's marriage is finalized with a wealthy zamindar and widower (Moni Chatterjee) with children older than his young second wife-to-be.
In Calcutta, Devdas' carousing friend, Chunni Babu (Motilal), introduces him to a tawaif named Chandramukhi (Vyjayanthimala). Devdas takes to heavy drinking at Chandramukhi's place, but the tawaif falls in love with him and looks after him. His health deteriorates because of a combination of excessive drinking and despair of life — a drawn-out form of suicide. Within him, he frequently compares Paro and Chandramukhi, remaining ambivalent as to whom he really loves.
Sensing his fast-approaching death, Devdas returns to meet Paro to fulfill a vow that he would see her before he dies. He dies at her doorstep on a dark, cold night. On hearing of the death of Devdas, Paro runs towards the door, disregarding "purdah", but her family members prevent her from stepping out of the door.
The movie powerfully depicts the prevailing social customs in Bengal in the early 1900s, which are largely responsible for preventing the happy ending of a genuine love story.
Cast
Dilip Kumar as Devdas
Suchitra Sen as Parvati "Paro"
Vyjayanthimala as Chandramukhi
Motilal as Chunnilal
Nazir Hussain as Dharamdas
Murad as Zamindar Narayan
Pratima Devi as Harimati
Shivraj as Neelkanth
Iftekhar as Dwijdas
Kanhaiyalal as teacher
Sarita Devi as Paro's grandmother
Moni Chatterjee as Bhuvan Choudhury
Nana Palsikar as Street Singer
Dulari as Street Singer
Parveen Paul as Devdas' sister-in-law
Pran as Chandramukhi's Patron
Johnny Walker as Chandramukhi's Patron
Naaz as Young Parvati
Production
Dilip Kumar was Bimal Roy's first choice for the role of Devdas. Roy wanted Meena Kumari as Paro, and Nargis as Chandramukhi, but, Meena Kumari could not take the role because her husband Kamal Amrohi laid down certain conditions which Roy did not agree with. Nargis rejected the role of Chandramukhi as she wanted to play Paro. The role of Paro was already given to Suchitra Sen. Bina Rai and Suraiya were approached to play Chandramukhi, who refused the role for the same reason as Nargis. Ultimately, Vyjayanthimala was approached and she agreed to play Chandramukhi. About Vyjayanthimala's casting, script writer Nabendu Ghosh said:"I did not approve of Vyjayanthimala [as Chandramukhi], but we had no option – no one wanted to play Chandramukhi, and we were committed to our distributors. We were in dire straits, and Bimalda's unit was big. He never compromised in the making [of his film]. That meant expenses. And we needed money."
Soundtrack
The Soundtrack of Devdas consists of 12 songs composed by S. D. Burman and the lyrics were penned by the veteran poet-lyricist Sahir Ludhianvi. Some of the songs were inspired by the Baul tradition. Apart from this, it also features some Thumris at Chandramukhi's place as to demonstrate tawaif culture.
Awards
Bibliography
References
External links
Devdas review
"An analysis of the film at Let's talk about Bollywood"
1955 films
1950s Hindi-language films
Devdas films
Films scored by S. D. Burman
Films directed by Bimal Roy
Films set in Kolkata
Indian romantic drama films
Films based on Indian novels
Indian epic films
1955 romantic drama films
Films about courtesans in India
Indian black-and-white films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas%20%281955%20film%29 |
Coelophysidae is a family of primitive carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. Most species were relatively small in size. The family flourished in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods, and has been found on numerous continents. Many members of Coelophysidae are characterized by long, slender skulls and light skeletons built for speed. One member genus, Coelophysis, displays the earliest known furcula in a dinosaur.
Under cladistic analysis, Coelophysidae was first defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as the most recent common ancestor of Coelophysis bauri and Procompsognathus triassicus, and all of that common ancestor's descendants. However, Tykoski (2005) has advocated for the definition to change to include the additional taxa of "Syntarsus" kayentakatae and Segisaurus halli. Coelophysidae is part of the superfamily Coelophysoidea, which in turn is a subset of the larger Neotheropoda clade. As part of Coelophysoidea, Coelophysidae is often placed as sister to the Dilophosauridae family, however, the monophyly of this clade has often been disputed. The older term "Podokesauridae", named 14 years prior to Coelophysidae (which would normally grant it priority), is now usually ignored, since its type specimen was destroyed in a fire and can no longer be compared to new finds.
Classification
Characteristics
Coelophysids are characterized by slender, skinny builds and long, narrow skulls with large fenestrae to allow for a lighter skull. They are fairly primitive theropods, and so have fairly basal characteristics, such as hollow air sacs in the cervical vertebrae and obligate bipedalism. Their slender builds allowed them to be fast and agile runners. All known members of Coelophysidae are carnivores. One species, Coelophysis bauri has the oldest known furcula (wishbone) of any dinosaur.
It has also been speculated that some species within Coelophysidae, namely Coelophysis bauri, displayed cannibalism, although the fossil evidence behind these claims has been heavily debated (Rinehart et al., 2009; Gay, 2002; Gay, 2010).
Phylogenetics
Coelophysidae is part of the larger superfamily of Coelophysoidea, which contains Dilophosauridae, Liliensternus, and Zupaysaurus in addition to Coelophysidae. Coelophysoidea, in turn, is part of the larger clade of Neotheropoda.
The cladogram below was recovered in a study by Matthew T. Carrano, John R. Hutchinson and Scott D. Sampson, 2005.
The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Martin D. Ezcurra and Stephen L. Brusatte, modified with additional data by You Hai-Lu and colleagues in 2014.
This cladogram follows the 2017 analysis by Ezcurra, with added results of the Martinez & Apaldetti analysis from their description of Lucianovenator.
Biogeography
Fossils of members of Coelophysidae have been found across many continents, including North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Powellvenator podocitus was discovered in Northwestern Argentina. Procompsognathus triassicus was discovered in Germany, and Camposaurus arizonensis is from Arizona in North America. No coelophysid fossils were known from Asia until the discovery of Panguraptor lufengensis in 2014 in the Yunnan Province of China. The genus Coelophysis has been found in North America, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
See also
Timeline of coelophysoid research
Coelophysoidea
Coelophysis bauri
References
Late Triassic dinosaurs
Early Jurassic dinosaurs
Prehistoric dinosaur families
Late Triassic first appearances
Early Jurassic extinctions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelophysidae |
The Australian Dental Association (ADA) is a national body for the dental profession in Australia established in .
References
External links
Australian Dental Association Website
Dental organizations
Medical associations based in Australia
Dentistry in Australia
1928 establishments in Australia
Health care industry trade groups based in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Dental%20Association |
The Daly Memorial Hall, is a heritage building located in Bangalore, Karnataka that houses the Mythic Society. The Mythic society, founded in 1909, is a pioneering institution of Catholic-Indic studies in South India. Daly Memorial Hall, built at a cost of INR 24,783, was inaugurated on 25 July 1917 by the Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar (the Yuvaraja of Mysore. The Hall is named after Sir Hugh Daly, who served as the Resident of Mysore State and Chief Commissioner of Coorg (1910-).
Mythic society
Origins
It was the creation of both the British as well as Indian residents who were eager to know India's life, society and history, in the hope that useful and interesting information might be gathered of the history, growth and source of the civilization in which people lived. The society was the brainchild of F. J. Richards who was the Collector, Bangalore cantonment District under the Madras Presidency. Richards visualised the Mythic Society as an academic 'club'. At a meeting held at his residence on 5 May 1909, a list of members likely to be interested in this 'club' was drawn up. It had seventeen names of both European and Indian residents of Bangalore. Thus was born the Society.
To the great surprise of the founders, the first year membership of the club touched 174.
Father Tabard
It was a French priest who was destined to come to India and to leave his indelible mark on Bangalore in the form of the Daly memorial Hall. Arriving in Bangalore in 1886, the Reverend Father Antoinette Marie Tabard was attached to St. Joseph's College. However, since had come out to India to be a Missionary, teaching did not satisfy his inner urge and so he appealed to his Bishop Dr. Kleiner to send him out in the District. He wanted to identify himself with the people amongst whom he had to work. He was sent to Mysore to study the regional language Kannada under Rev. Father Reautearu.
Upon the death of the Rev. Father Quenard, the Parish Priest of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Father Tabard returned to Bangalore to fill the post. From 1891 to 1926 he remained its Chaplain and Chaplain to the British troops stationed in Bangalore.
Father Tabard was essential to the creation of the Mythic Society. It is said that the late Col. Desaraj Urs once offered him a pair of white mules. Father Tabard remarked that a cash donation equivalent to their value would be more welcome to the Mythic Society. The next day the Colonel sent him the pair of mules with a cheque for Rs 500. Father Tabard soon succeeded in obtaining land on Cenotaph Road and he erected the "Daly Memorial Hall" and provided it with an extensive reference library. He started its quarterly journal and established a reserve fund of Rs 10,000. The Mythic Society was founded and has rendered services to the State and continues to do so for the United Karnataka.
Daly Memorial Hall
Construction
The foundation of the Daly Memorial Hall was laid on 30 August 1916 by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the Maharaja of Mysore. The construction cost was INR 24,783, out of which INR 10,000 was granted by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, and the rest from other patrons such as Maharaja of Baroda, Begum of Bhopal and the Raja of Travancore. The completed Daly Memorial Hall was inaugurated on 25 July 1917 by the Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar, Yuvaraja of Mysore.
Architecture
The facade of the hall is reminiscent of the Greco-Roman style, with fluted columns capped with capitals featuring Acanthus leaves. The floor is made of reclaimed French terracotta tiles and the roof is finished with Mangalore tiles. As of 2017, the hall had been standing for a hundred years.
Hugh Daly
The Daly Memorial Hall is named after Sir Hugh Daly, who served as the Resident of Mysore State and Chief Commissioner of Coorg (1910-). He played a vital role in signing the 1913 Treaty of Mysore, which made the Mysore Government equal to the British India Government. He was also involved in negotiating with the Madras Presidency with regards to sharing the Cauvery River water, on behalf of the Mysore State. He also served as the first honorary president of the Mythic Society.
Eminent members
The Mythic Society ranks among many pioneering institutions of its kind like the Royal Asiatic Society of Calcutta or the Bharath Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandal of Pune, which had strived to reconstruct India's past. Eminent historians and researchers on South India like Dr. J. F. Fleet, Dr. B. L. Rice, Dr. Jouveail Dubreuil, Sir John Marshall, Fred Goodwill, Prof. S. Krishnaswamy Aiyangar, T.A. Gopinath Rao, Mahamahopadhyaya R. Narasimhachar, V. Venkayya, H. Krishna Shastry, Dr. A. Venkatasubbiah, Dr. R. Shama Shastry, Prof. K.N. Shastry, Prof. B.M. Srikantaiah, T.T. Sharman and Dr. M.V. Krishna Rao were closely associated with the Mythic Society and many of their publications have appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. The Society published a quarterly journal with academic articles written by peers. The list of council members of the society reveal that the Society had among its patrons Maharaja of Mysore and the Maharaja of Baroda.
Rev. Fred Goodwill, one of the founding members of the Mythic Society, carried out research on behalf of the society on the early history of Kolar Gold Fields and Bangalore. His scholarly work on the 'Prison Song in Bangalore', based on the experiences of A Narrative of the Captivity and Sufferings of the Officers, Soldiers and Sepoys, who fell into the Hands of Hyder-Ali, after the Battle of Conjeveram (Kanchi), September 10, 1780, is acknowledged to be part of the history of Bangalore.
Library
The Society houses a library which has many rare books in its collection over 46,000 books. The library is also now the home to the personal book collections of eminent individuals like Diwan C. Hayavadana Rao, Diwan V. P. Madhava Rao, R. Ananda Rao, Prof. K. N. V. Shastry and Prof. Mugali.
References
Buildings and structures in Bangalore
Buildings and structures completed in 1917
Libraries in Bangalore
20th-century architecture in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly%20Memorial%20Hall |
約定: Commitment is Michael Wong's fourth solo album release. It consists of two CDs. The first disc includes new tracks and songs originally written for other singers while the second disc is compiled of piano instrumental renditions of his previously released songs.
Disc 1 – Vocal side
Disc 2 – Piano side and MV
01 Computer Data
02 Commitment 約定 (Music Video)
03 It's all you 都是你 (Music Video)
04 Courage 勇氣 (Music Video)
05 Fairy Tale 童話(演奏篇)
06 Heaven 天堂(演奏篇)
07 The First Time 第一次(演奏篇)
08 Palm 掌心(演奏篇)
09 Missing You 想見你(演奏篇)
10 Oversensitive 多心(演奏篇)
11 Everytime I Call For You 每一次喊你(演奏篇)
12 Was It You That Changed? 是你變了嗎(演奏篇)
13 Sadness Subway 傷心地鐵(演奏篇)
14 If You Still Love Me 如果你還愛我(演奏篇)
Cover versions
Singaporean pop singer, Aliff Aziz covers Tong Hua song. The cover's title song is Cinta Arjuna.
Michael Wong (singer) albums
2006 albums
Mandopop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commitment%20%28Michael%20Wong%20album%29 |
The brown violetear (Colibri delphinae) is a large hummingbird that breeds at middle elevations in the mountains in Central America, and western and northern South America (primarily the Andes and the tepuis) with isolated populations on Trinidad and in the Brazilian state Bahia.
The breeding habitat is forest at altitudes between 400 and 1600 m, but the brown Violet-ear will spread widely into the lowlands when not nesting. It is replaced at higher altitudes by its relative, the lesser violetear (C. cyanotus), but their ranges overlap widely.
The brown violetear is typically found high in the canopy of the rainforest, tall second growth and coffee plantations, but it will feed at lower levels at edges and clearings. The nest is a small cup of plant down saddled on a twig 1–3 m. high in a bush, into which two white eggs are laid.
The 11.5 cm long, 6.5-7 g weight brown violetear is unmistakable; it is mainly dull brown, with a rufous rump and greyer underparts. There is a violet patch running back and down from the eye, a hermit-like malar stripe, and a glittering green and blue throat stripe. The bill is relatively short and almost straight.
The female is similar to the male, but has a smaller throat patch. Immature bird have rufous fringes to the upperpart plumage, and little or no violet behind the eyes. The song is a vigorous repetition of the chit call, and is delivered by up to several dozen breeding males in loose leks.
The brown violetear feeds on nectar from small flowers of trees, shrubs and epiphytes. It also takes insects, often caught in flight (hawking), as an essential source of protein. Although not particularly territorial, this species is highly aggressive, and at feeders seems to spend far more time attacking other hummingbirds than actually feeding.
References
Hilty, Birds of Venezuela by,
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
External links
Brown Violet-ear videos on the Internet Bird Collection
brown violetear
Hummingbird species of Central America
Hummingbird species of South America
Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
Birds of the Guianas
Birds of the Northern Andes
Birds of the Venezuelan Coastal Range
brown violetear
Taxa named by René Lesson
Birds of the Tepuis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20violetear |
American Airlines Flight 1572 was a flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Bradley International Airport on November 12, 1995. The McDonnell Douglas MD-83 struck trees and an instrument landing system (ILS) antenna during landing, causing $9 million in damage to the aircraft.
Aircraft
American Airlines Flight 1572 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois to Bradley International Airport near Hartford, Connecticut. On November 12, 1995, Flight 1572 was operated using a McDonnell Douglas MD-83, a twin-engine, narrow-body jet airliner (registration N566AA). The aircraft was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-219 engines. The MD-83 had accumulated a total of 27,628 flight hours at the time of the accident.
Flight history
Flight 1572 was scheduled to depart from O'Hare at 21:25 Eastern Standard Time. Because of bad weather and delayed connecting passengers, however, the flight was delayed and did not depart until 23:05. While en route to Hartford, the flight crew, Captain Kenneth Lee (39), and First Officer John Richards (38), received an ACARS printout for the weather at Hartford. It noted an altimeter setting (reference atmospheric pressure) of , adding that pressure was falling rapidly in the area. The flight cruised uneventfully from Chicago to Hartford, other than changing from to to avoid reported turbulence.
While on descent into Hartford, the pilots received a weather update at 00:30 that included a warning of wind shear and severe thunderstorms at Bradley. At 00:32, Flight 1572 was instructed by air traffic controllers to descend to . At 00:33, controllers advised Flight 1572 to descend to and advised the flight to use an altimeter setting of for Bradley. At 00:34, the first officer checked the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) automated weather broadcast for Hartford, and noted to the captain that the most recent ATIS broadcast was about 90 minutes old. For reasons unknown, the first officer entered on the altimeter causing it to read approximately high. The captain checked the aircraft's weather radar before beginning the non-precision VOR approach to runway 15. Seeing no convective cells on the aircraft's path, he then turned the radar off.
At 00:49, while Flight 1572 was beginning its final approach, the crew was advised that the control tower was closing temporarily due to severe weather buckling a window inside the cab. The tower supervisor remained behind to assist the flight. The captain noticed the autopilot was having difficulty maintaining altitude and heading in the buffeting winds. Five miles from the airport the aircraft encountered heavy rain and some turbulence. The flight continued descending to , the minimum descent altitude (MDA) for the approach. As the crew began to look for the airport, the aircraft continued descending.
At 00:51, winds at Bradley were measured as 170° at , gusting to , with an altimeter setting of and falling rapidly. This information was not transmitted to the Bradley control tower until 00:57 and was not made available to the flight crew before landing.
Crash
At 00:55, the sink rate alarm went off, followed seconds later by a loud thump as the aircraft began shearing off treetops along Peak Mountain ridge. These trees were on a ridge with a ground elevation of , and the first treetop struck was at a height of . The captain advanced the throttles to full power, but the trees had been ingested into the engines causing them to flame out and shut down. The captain immediately lowered flaps to 40° hoping it would momentarily cause the aircraft to "balloon" upwards. While not standard operating procedure, this worked to a limited extent until the aircraft clipped a tree near the end of the runway. It then impacted the runway 33 ILS antenna equipment at the approach end of runway 15 before rolling to a stop.
The accident resulted in one minor injury to a passenger; the other 72 passengers and all 5 crew members escaped without injury. The accident resulted in $9 million in damage to the aircraft and over $74,000 in damage to airport equipment.
NTSB investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident.
The investigation cited several causes for this accident. It faulted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for designing the approach to runway 15 without taking the ridgeline into consideration. The new approach, which factors in the terrain, has increased the MDA to . It cited pilot error as the primary cause due to an incorrect altimeter setting combined with the crew's failure to level off at the MDA. The report also noted that because pressure was falling rapidly, the crew should have requested a more recent altimeter setting from the tower—the ATIS broadcast is normally updated hourly or whenever weather conditions change, and the first officer had noted that the ATIS recording was over 90 minutes old. Although turbulence, heavy rain, and wind shear affected the aircraft, the crew continued to allow it to descend while searching for the airport.
The cockpit voice recording of the incident became part of the script of a play called Charlie Victor Romeo. After the accident, N566AA was repaired and returned to service and continued to fly with American Airlines until being retired and stored in August 2017.
American Airlines continues to operate the Chicago-Hartford route as American Airlines Flight 2070, using a Boeing 737. American still uses flight number 1572 on its Miami-Toronto and Toronto-Miami route using an Airbus A319.
In popular culture
The incident was featured on season 22 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday, in the episode titled "Tree Strike Terror".
References
External links
CVR transcript American Airlines Flight 1572 on aviation-safety.net
1995 in Connecticut
Airliner accidents and incidents in Connecticut
1572
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-83
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1995
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Disasters in Connecticut
Windsor Locks, Connecticut
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1995
November 1995 events in the United States
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Events in Hartford County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Airlines%20Flight%201572 |
Treaty of St. Louis may refer to any of 14 treaties between the United States and midwestern Native Americans from 1804 to 1824 signed in or near St. Louis. Specifically it may refer to:
Treaty of St. Louis (1804), in which the Sauk and Quashquame ceded territory to the United States
Treaty of St. Louis (1816), in which the Council of Three Fires abandoned their claims to the territory ceded under the Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
Treaty of St. Louis (1818), in which the Osage ceded territory to the United States
Treaty of St. Louis (1825), in which the Shawnee ceded territory to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20St.%20Louis |
Re-Focus is a 1972 compilation album of songs by the Monkees, released on Bell Records, the successor to Colgems Records, the Monkees' original record label.
The band had quit, one by one, over 1969 and 1970, but their television series continued to air on CBS-TV on Saturday mornings (moving to ABC in 1972). Re-Focus replaces Colgems' previous three "best-of" collections, namely Greatest Hits, Golden Hits and Barrel Full of Monkees.
Re-Focus was repackaged and reissued a number of times in various territories. Each release featured the same track listing but with different packaging and artwork, usually under the title The Best of the Monkees or simply The Monkees (not to be confused with their debut album of the same name). In 1973, Polydor in the Netherlands issued the album as Superstarshine Vol. 29, and in 1979, Arista in Japan issued the album as The Best, with three additional tracks: "Star Collector," "Valleri" and "Words."
In 1976, following Bell Records' evolution into Arista Records, the track listing of Re-Focus was repackaged yet again for the US, yielding the successful compilation The Monkees Greatest Hits.
Track listing
Side 1
Side 2
References
The Monkees compilation albums
1972 greatest hits albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Focus%20%28album%29 |
Hornady Manufacturing Company is an American manufacturer of ammunition cartridges, components and handloading equipments, based in Grand Island, Nebraska.
History
The company is currently run by Joyce Hornady's son, Steve Hornady, who took over after his father's death in a plane crash on January 15, 1981. The Piper Aztec, with Hornady at the controls flying in heavy fog, crashed into Lake Pontchartrain while on final approach to New Orleans Lakefront Airport.
Pacific Tool Company
Steve Hornady worked for Pacific Tool Company from 1960 to 1971, from the time the company moved from California to Nebraska until Pacific Tool was bought by Hornady. Pacific's DL-366 was their final progressive press and Hornady's first, and it is still manufactured by Hornady as the 366 Auto.
Products
Cartridges
Hornady makes target shooting and hunting rounds as well as self-defense loads. In 1990, the Hornady XTP (which stands for Extreme Terminal Performance) won the industry's Product Award of Merit 1990 from the National Association of Federal Licensed Dealers. The company was the primary developer of the .17 HMR and .17 HM2 rimfire cartridges, which has become increasingly popular for small game and vermin hunting. Hornady has worked closely with firearms maker Sturm, Ruger on the development of the new line of Ruger cartridges including the .480 Ruger, .204 Ruger, and .375 Ruger.
The company developed the LEVERevolution ammunition, which uses a spitzer bullet with a soft elastomer tip to give better aerodynamic performance than flatter bullets, while eliminating the risk of a shock driving the pointed polymer tip of a bullet in a lever-action rifle's tube magazine into the primer of the cartridge in front, causing an explosion.
At the beginning of 2012, Hornady brought out a "Zombie Max" bullet, apparently due to the growing interest in "Zombie Shooting" in America.
Hornady released the Vintage Match ammunition to replicate the original military performance specifications unique to wartime rifles such as the Mauser, Lee–Enfield, Mosin–Nagant, Swedish Mauser or others chambered in 6.5×55mm, .303 British, 7.62×54mmR, 7.92×57mm Mauser and .30-06.
6.5mm Creedmoor
In 2007, Hornady released the first 6.5mm Creedmoor Cartridge. The 6.5 Creedmoor was a joint development between former Marine Corps competitive shooter David Tubb and Hornady Ballistician David Emary. Hornady Manufactures 6.5 Creedmoor cartridges, bullets and reloading dies.
6.5 PRC
The 6.5 PRC (Precision Rifle Cartridge) was initially designed by George Gardner of GA Precision and Hornady in 2013 and released at the 2018 SHOT Show. It is essentially a more powerful and flatter-shooting version of the 6.5mm Creedmor and uses the same bullet, but not the same cartridge case.
300 PRC
The American ammunition manufacturer Hornady got the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge SAAMI-standardized in 2018. In 2019 it got C.I.P.-standardized as the 300 PRC. The .375 Ruger cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge (300 PRC), which is essentially a necked-down version of the .375 Ruger. The .375 Ruger cartridge case was used by Hornady as the basis for a new extra long range cartridge since it had the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with a neck and barrel throat optimized for loading relatively long and heavy .308 diameter very-low-drag bullets without the need to seat the bullets deeply recessed into the case result in adequate muzzle velocities from magnum sized bolt-action rifles. Rifles chambered for the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge must be capable of handling overall length cartridges.
17 Hornady magnum rimfire developed from the 22 wmr casing necked down to 17
Handloading
Hornady manufactures a range of handloading components including cartridge cases, bullets and shotgun shell components. Hornady also produces a wide range handloading equipments such as presses, dies, powder measures, scales, case prepping tools, gauges, tumblers/ultrasonic cleaners and other accessories, as well as publishing a reloading data handbook that is currently in its 11th edition.
Security
In 2013, Hornady launched its Security division, dedicated to gun storage products and accessories. Their gun safes are offered in different product categories, which include the RAPiD Safes, Keyed Safes and Lock Boxes. Hornady also sell gun safe accessories such as dehumidifiers, gun racks and hangers, RFID accessories, etc. In 2015, Hornady acquired the SnapSafe, a manufacturer known for its modular safes also headquartered in Grand Island, but these products remain marketed under the SnapSafe brand.
References
External links
Hornady videos and information on Ultimate Reloader
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
Ammunition manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Nebraska
Hall County, Nebraska
Privately held companies based in Nebraska
1949 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornady |
Devdas is a 1935 Bengali film directed by Pramathesh Barua and based on the Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay novel, Devdas. It stars Barua himself as Devdas and Jamuna Barua as Parvati (Paro) and Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi. This was Barua's first of three language versions of the story, the second being in Hindi and the third in Assamese. The Bengali film was dubbed into Tamil and released in 1936. K. L. Saigal sang two songs in Tamil for this film.(See Ext. links for a link.)
Sharat Chandra Chatterjee's classic novel Devdas is about two lovers - Debdas and Parbati - who can never unite as mortals because of the class system in the society. Sharat Chandra Chaterjee is believed to be in his teens when he wrote Devdas in 1901. But it was published in 1917. This classic masterpiece sensitively criticizes the feudalistic society that prevailed.
All Indian prints of this Bengali version were destroyed decades ago in a fire that ravaged New Theatre’s studios. Currently, there is only one copy of the film which belongs to the Bangladesh Film Archives, of which almost 40 percent is destroyed.
Plot
The son of Zamindar Narayan Mukherjee, Devdas was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. He grew up in the lush village of Taj Sonapur, where he spent his childhood, indulged by his lovely playmate Paro. They grew up sharing a special relationship, in which they existed only to each other. Oblivious of all the differences of status and background, a bond that would never break grew between them. Slowly, it changed to love but it was still unsaid. But the reverie was broken when his family sent Devdas to Calcutta for education. Paro's world crashed knowing that her Devdas would be gone and she lit a diya, for it signified the fast coming back of her loved one. Years passed and Devdas returned. Devdas was besotted by her stunning beauty and longed to have her back. But Zamindar Narayan Mukherjee, Devdas' father, met Paro's mother Sumitra's marriage proposal with condescending arrogance. It caused a rift between the families and even though Devdas tried to convince his father, only antagonism came his way. Finally, he moved away from Paro and wrote a letter to her, asking her to forget him. Only, he didn't realize that he would never be able to forget her ever. And much later, when he reached out to her, it was too late as she was far too humiliated. She scorned him for not standing by her and they parted forever with a heart-broken Paro entering into a chaste marriage with a wealthy, much older man, Zamindar Bhuvan, while a shattered Devdas walked towards anguish, alcoholism & Chandramukhi. Chandramukhi, a stunning tawaif instantly lost her heart to Devdas. A unique bond was formed between both as he could share with her the intense pain of his unfulfilled love for Paro. Meanwhile, Paro, on the other hand, performed her worldly duties sincerely, but inside her heart, she could never forget Devdas for a moment. Strange was the fate of Devdas. Intensely loved by two women, who were never meant to be his. One whom he could never love and one whom he could never stop loving.
Main cast
Pramathesh Barua as Devdas
Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi
Jamuna Barua as Parvati / Paro
K. L. Saigal as a guest at Chandramukhi's house
Ahi Sanyal
Nirmal Bannerjee
Manoranjan Bhattacharya
Dinesh Ranjan Das
Krishna Chandra Dey
Amar Mullick
Sailen Pal
Prabhavati Devi
Production
Devdas, based on a popular Bengali novel by Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, revolutionized the entire look of Indian social pictures. Rather than just translate one medium to another, PC Barua uses the novel as just raw material, creating his own structure and transforming what was purely verbal into an essentially visual form. Avoiding stereotypes and melodrama, Barua raises the film to a level of noble tragedy. The film's characters are not heroes and villains but ordinary people conditioned by a rigid and crumbling social system. Even the lead character Devdas has no heroic dimensions to his character. What we see are his weaknesses, his narcissism, his humanity as he is torn by driving passion and inner-conflict.
The film is a complete departure from the then prevalent theatricality in acting, treatment and dialogue. Barua initiates a style of acting that is natural and unaffected. His method is to underplay, to convey emotion through the slightest tremor of the voice and use significant pauses in between the dialogue to maximum effect. This naturalness of tone spills over to the dialogue as well. Rather than dialogue in a florid style as was prevalent then, Barua who had been exposed to European naturalistic trends ensures the dialogue in the film is what one speaks in real life.
A refreshing economy of style is visible throughout the film, whether establishing the love between Devdas and Parvati or conveying his anguish through the piercing sounds of the speeding train that takes him on his final tragic tryst with Parvati. The great physical distance that separates them and Devdas anxiety to redeem a promise is skillfully conveyed through some stunning use of parallel cutting. The sequence of Devdas crying out in delirium, Parvati stumbling and then Devdas falling from his berth in the train was commended for its essential 'Indianness' in conveying fate's domination over individual destiny.
KL Saigal played Devdas in the Hindi version (Barua himself played the role in the Bengali version) and the film took him to cult star status. His songs in the film Balam Aaye Baso Mere Man Mein and Dukh ke Din Ab Beete Nahin became smash hits and set the tone for a glorious filmic career till his death in 1947. Saigal remains the prototype of Devdas till today, no mean feat considering screen giants such as Dilip Kumar, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Soumitra Chatterjee repeated the role later.
Devdas has been remade a number of times, New Theatres remade it in Tamil in 1937, it was made twice in Telugu in 1953 and 1974 but the most famous subsequent version was the one by Bimal Roy who had photographed this version. The film, made in 1955, starred Dilip Kumar, Suchitra Sen and Vyjayanthimala as Devdas, Parvati and Chandramukhi respectively. The undercurrent of Devdas runs strong in the central character in both of Guru Dutt. Sanjay Leela Bhansali has made a version of the film in 2002 with Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit in the three lead roles.
Box office and ratings
Devdas (1935), produced by New Theatres is an all-time hit. It made Pramathesh Chandra Barua (1903–1951) a star overnight and revolutionalised the concept of cinema as entertainment into cinema of social concern and literature expressed through celluloid. Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, a then-frequent visitor at the New Theatres studio in south Calcutta, told Barua after seeing Devdas, "It appears that I was born to write Devdas because you were born to recreate it in cinema." It was a rare tribute from a writer to the actor-director of a film based on his story. Over time, the character of Devdas became synonymous with the name of PC Barua. Till today, the image of PC Barua the man is inseparable from the image of Devdas, the character he played.
Reviews and critiques
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (1876–1938) wrote Devdas in 1901 when he was 25. But he could not find a publisher till 1917. Sarat Chandra was sympathetic to the woman - repressed at home and tortured outside. He was partial to those who, for no fault of theirs, incurred the disapproval or displeasure of the family or community. The social and domestic atmosphere in Sarat Chandra's works does not exist any more. But the story interest keeps the reader hooked, irrespective of the plausibility or otherwise of the narrative. His stories were extremely ‘filmogenic’ and therefore, novels like Parineeta (1914), Biraj Bou (1914) and Palli Samaj (1916), appear as topical to the Indian filmmaker as stories written by contemporary writers. Translated in many Indian languages, Devdas continues to be Sarat Chandra Chatterjee's most successful and controversial novel.
The climax of the film was Pramathesh's original contribution to the story because Sarat Chandra had written it differently. Had Devdas the film, ended the way the novel did, the audience might not have understood it. Barua decided that when Parvati would hear that her Devdas was dying under a tree outside her house, she would run out to see him. But as she would rush out, the doors would begin to close on her. This door is a metaphor for the social taboo against a married woman rushing out to see her former lover, crossing the threshold of her marital home. It was unthinkable in those days. "Barua conceptualised this entire scene. It was not there in the novel. When Sarat Babu saw the film, he was so moved that he told Barua that even he had never thought of ending the novel the way Barua had done," informed Jamuna Barua. Sarat Babu went on to tell Pramathesh that this actor's entry into films was solely to give life to Devdas, the character he had created through the written word.
Devdas turned into a folk hero for all time. Pramathesh metamorphosed into a cultural icon of his time since he directed and brought to life the Devdas character. Yet, the story goes that Pramathesh was under severe mental stress during the making of this film because he was still coping with his grief over the death of Kshiti (Amala Devi) who had died before he began to make the film. The script of Devdas was being written while Pramathesh was already shooting Rooprekha. After finishing the casting, Pramathesh discovered that he had not found the Parvati he was looking for. Kanan Devi was approached but she had to decline because she was already under contract with Radha Films. He then chanced upon Jamuna, sister of Sitara and Jaya Gupta of Varanasi, who was chosen to portray Parvati. Sometime during the making of the film, the reel-love story turned into a love story in real life. Pramathesh married Jamuna. As soon as work on Devdas was complete, Jamuna gave birth to their son who, to rhyme with the film that brought the lovers together, was christened Debkumar.
Devdas was released in Chitra Talkies on 26 April 1935. There are several scenes in Devdas that marked the entry of the jump cut to heighten the drama through a new editing strategy. When Devdas vomits blood during his travels, the camera cuts in to show a plate of floral offerings fall off Parvati's hands, far away in her matrimonial home. In a night scene on the train, as soon as Devdas calls out to Paro, the scene cuts once again to show the doors and windows burst open in Parvati's room as Parvati screams out in sleep in the middle of a nightmare. These scenes set out Pramathesh's creative imagination in explaining through the language of cinema the psychological stress his characters were reeling under, as also the telepathic bonding the lovers shared, without reducing these to melodrama or using sentimental dialogue.
According to the late Phani Majumdar, Pramathesh's best performance is in Devdas. He describes, in particular, the scene where Devdas, after his beloved Parvati has been married to another, wanders aimlessly, drinking and shooting down birds at random. A friend of Parvati who spots him from a distance while carrying a pot of water back home, is scared to cross his path. But Devdas merely comes close to the girl and asks her how she is, thus building a scene to an unpredictable anti-climax in a film spilling over with dramatic twists and turns and human tragedy. This is an example of how Pramathesh had gained both command and control over the medium of cinema. As an actor, Pramathesh abhorred melodrama. He kept his face almost deadpan, used minimum body language and left it to his audience to read from his emotions and from the total mise-en-scene.
Barua did not create Devdas - he was Devdas. So powerful was the impact of Pramathesh's portrayal on screen, so close it grew to his private life, that to the Bengali audience, Devdas was synonymous with the actor who played the character. By the time the film was released, Pramathesh became aware that he had contacted tuberculosis, and, drawn inescapably to the bottle like his screen parallel, wasted himself away slowly and surely, to die barely 15 years after he had lived the character of Devdas on screen.
The social relevance of Devdas lies in the fact that it was the first film to place on celluloid the social ramifications of a man of high birth who moves away from his feudal, upper-class roots in rural Bengal to the colonial city of Calcutta during pre-World War II years. It tried to explore the inner pain of this man, torn between the pull he feels towards his village roots and his wish to run away to the city to escape from the tragic reality of a lost love. His wilful manner of moving towards self-destruction could be read as his casual indifference to the village that he once belonged to, a village he now responds to with mixed feelings. Before his death, he tries in vain to run away from an anonymous death in the unfeeling city by coming back to the village in one last desperate attempt to renew his lost ties. The harsh, heartless reality of the city has changed his perspective towards the village. He finally rejects the tempting illusions and fantasies the city once held for him. The city loses Devdas but the village too refuses to accept him even in his ignominious, humiliating death. Only two women - Parvati and Chandramu- khi - who operate like invisible, unwritten ‘guardians of conscience’ in the wreckage his life is reduced to, are left to grieve over his death.
For Parvati, Devdas symbolises the adorable rebel from a feudal family who breaks rules only to come back to them in the end, proving that he is no rebel after all. For Chandramukhi, Devdas represents the generosity that characterises a prince who wills himself to self-destruction through excess. Devdas failed to offer social respectability to the two women in his life. Somewhere down the line, the audience forgot to draw the line between the Devdas they saw on screen and Pramathesh Barua, the real man who was merely playing out a role. Never before or since, has any screen character meshed so completely, so seamlessly and so ideally with the actor who brought the character to life on celluloid.
Stylistically, Pramathesh adopted a refreshing economy throughout the film. "The film was a complete departure from the then-prevalent theatricality in acting, treatment and dialogue. Barua initiated a style of acting which was natural and unaffected; his method was to underplay, to convey emotion through the slightest tremor of the voice and use significant pauses between the dialogue to telling effect. The dialogue too, was simple, everyday speech, without dramatic flamboyance or literary flourish. The slow, soft and cleverly modulated dialogue became a hallmark not only of Barua’s but all of New Theatres’ films."
The Indian movie world was adorned with some excellent productions by Pramathesh Barua. But, his most celebrated work is Devdas. He played the title role in it, where the other stars were Biswanath Bhaduri, Uma Shashi, Kundan Saigal and Chandrabati. Raichand Boral was the music director. The story of Devdas was based on the novel of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhya of the same title. The novelist was so deeply moved by the film that tears rolled down his eyes and he opined that PC Barua’s Devdas was more distinctive than the Devdas of his own novel. Noted film critic Chidananda Das Gupta made a significant remark — "Pramathesh Barua did not merely make Devdas, but also came to be widely known as ‘Devdas’ rather than a Rajkumar (prince) ... His Devdas is a milestone in the film world of the subcontinent".
Awards
Social and cultural impact
Political and social influence
The Directorate of Film Festivals had to borrow a copy of India's first film version of this from the Bangladesh High Commission in order to screen it during the Devdas retrospective here on Delhi on Oct 2002 at Delhi Film Festival.
The film was sent through diplomatic bag by the Bangladesh government and the screening was conducted under strict vigil, no video clips, no photographs, no extracts on television — as the copyright belongs to the Bangladesh Film Archives. The film was screened to a full auditorium. The copyright of the film actually belongs to the New Theatre. The Indian prints of P.C. Barua’s Bengali version of the film, with Barua playing Devdas, were destroyed decades ago in a fire that ravaged New Theatre's studios. Currently, there is only one copy of the film which belongs to the Bangladesh Film Archives. And that too is with almost 40 percent of it destroyed.
This version, which was screened here after a long gap, retained only parts of the classic and had very poor sound quality. P.K Nair, Director, Film Archives, says the Archives traced the presence of the copy in the 1970s and requested the Bangladesh Film Archives to allow India to restore the film and make a copy of it.
But that's not the only missing classic from India's repertoire, says Nair. According to him, the Archives has traced a number of copies of Indian classic of the 1930s and 1940s in countries like Pakistan, Algeria and many more. And these are copies of films which can no longer be found in India. Almost 70 percent of the films made before the 1950s will not be available any more.
See also
Devdas (1936 film) - Barua's Hindi version
Devdas (1937 film) - Barua's Assamese version
List of incomplete or partially lost films
References
External links
Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema
Review
SPICE info
1935 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Devdas films
Indian black-and-white films
Films directed by Pramathesh Barua
Films set in Kolkata
Indian drama films
1935 drama films
1930s Bengali-language films
Films about courtesans in India
Films based on Indian novels
Films scored by Timir Baran
Films scored by R. C. Boral
Films scored by Pankaj Mullick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas%20%281935%20film%29 |
The Bhasha Kavisekhara Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar (1870–1946) was known for critical scholarship and creative interpretation of literature.
Life
Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar was born on 20 September 1870 in the village called Thennavarayan, Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu. He devoted his entire time to the mastery of Tamil literature but was also well versed in Sanskrit. He attracted the attention of Prof. R. Ranganadam and Dewan Venkata Ranga Iyer who introduced him to Raja Bhaskara Sethupathi of Ramnad. At the age of 21, he was appointed Poet Laureate of the Sethu Samasthanam, a post he held for 42 years.
Raghava Iyengar took up the charge of reviving the ancient Sangams with the Fourth Tamil Sangam, where he was the promoter of Tamil Research. He was the editor of Sen Tamil and along with his cousin edited this journal for 3 years. He was the first to set the right norms for Tamil research which had a scientific basis. He wrote articles on Kamban, Valluvar and the female bards of Sangam literature. He wrote the biography of these poets, identified the cities mentioned in the Sangam works and established the correct authorship of many works of the Sangam age. He translated Kalidasa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Sakuntala) and the Bhagavad Gita. His cousin, Rao Sahib M. Raghava Iyengar, was also a famous Tamil scholar.
He was conferred the titles of Bhasha Kavisekhara and Mahavidwan and received a presentation of Rs 1,000 for his poem "Pari kathai". At the age of 65, he was the pioneer to be appointed as the Head of the Tamil Research Dept. of Annamalai University. He proved for the first time that Karur was the capital of the Cheras in the Sangam age. He died on 11 July 1946.
Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar's works
Edited works
Ahananooru
Kurunthogai Villakam – an erudite commentary on all 400 songs of Sangam classic literature
Perumpanarruppadai, Pattinappalai – In R Ragahva Iyengar's commentaries on the two Sangam classics, he identifies Thirumavalavan as the hero in Pattinappalai and Karikalan in Porunar arrupadai, another Sangam classic. They are two different Chola kings. In Perumpanarrupadai, he traces the origin of the Thiraiyans and the Pallavas and concludes that they came to Tamil Nadu from Dwaraka long long back.
Tolkappiyam
Athichoodi uraai – An elaborate commentary of poet Avvaiyar's one line moral sayings (Tanjore University publication)
Muthollayiram
Research books
Sethunadum thamizhum
Vanjimanagar – This book describes the capital of Cheras which has been identified as Karur on the banks of the river Amaravati and is known in literature as Vanji. Later epigraphical and archaeological evidence have confirmed the finding.
Andakola meyporul
Nallisaipulamai melliyalar – Biographical sketches of women Sangam poets like Avvaiyar, Parimahalir and several others
Tamil varalaru – Classic essays on the origin of Tamil, its people and customs, Tolkappiyar, Agastiyar, Sangams, literature before Tolkappiyam, Udiyan cheral and the connection of Tamil to other ancient languages.
Kocar – An ancient tribe like the Velirs who migrated from Kashmir and took part in Tamil politics by switching sides between the Cheras, Cholas and the Pandyas. They were always at war with the Velirs, another clan that came from the north
Thithan velir – Velir chief aligned with Chola kings whose coin was found near Karur, the Chera capital of Sangam age.
Kambar – A monograph with the complete survey of the great poet of 12th century.
Kurunila Vendar – This essay traces the origin of Tamil clans like the Velirs, Kocars, Pallavas and Sethupathi
Araichi Katturaihal, Iniya Ilakkiyangal & Sentamil Inbam – These are essays that deal with all aspects of Tamil and Tamil literature
Poems
Parikathai – Poems with notes on Pari chieftain of Sangam fame in venba metre, presented at the Annamalai university, reminiscent of similar Sangam arangerram.
Puvi ezhupathu – Poem in praise of mother earth on the lines of Kamban's Aer ezhupathu
Thozhil chirappu
Oru thurai kovai – A poem that is basically a great exercise of a difficult Tamil poetic form in praise of Sethupathi
Thiruvadimalai – This poem deals with his love for Lord Rama
Inkavi thirattu – Poems sung in praise of Gods at Sethu, Thiruppullani and Thirupathi
Githa thazhisai – Translation in poetic form of the Bhagavat Geetha, with Subramania Bharathi's prose translation in Tamil of each Sanskrit verse.
Andakola Meyyporul – A very rare song of vaishnavaite saint Nammalwar to Sangam poets in ahaval metre. Its meaning was bothering scholars for a long time. R Raghava Iyengar wrote an exquisite commentary on the philosophical meaning of this poem. Incidentally it proves that "Sangam" existed in some form until the 8th century
Puvi ezhupathu – Poem in praise of mother earth on the lines of Kamban's Aer ezhupathu
Translations
Abigna Sakuntalam Kalidasa's Sakuntalam – translated in sandam style.
Bhagavat Gita
His publications are available mainly in Annamalai University Library, Madras University, UVS Library (Thiruvanmiyur) and Tamil Sangam. His grandson Prof. R. Vijayaraghavan has published his essays as monographs. A research seminar on his work was conducted by Ulaga Tamil Araichi Kazaham in 2006. In recognition of the vital importance of his books, the Tamil Nadu State Government decided to republish his books by acquiring the copyright to his books (Tamil Nadu Budget Speech 2008–2009).
References
External links
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BMHyioWQ-UVkbFqEg8pzD5XPnl1VCYHW/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ciDg4ul31qnnIkBoW5jCfm2WC70apx8Y/view?usp=sharing
1870 births
1946 deaths
Tamil scholars
Dravidologists
Tamil-language writers
Translators of the Bhagavad Gita
Tamil poets
Hindu poets
People from Pudukkottai district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Raghava%20Iyengar |
Hill Street (; ) is a major road in the Downtown Core of Singapore, starting from Eu Tong Sen Street and ending at Stamford Road, where the road becomes Victoria Street. The road starts after Coleman Bridge and at the junction of River Valley Road, North Boat Quay, Eu Tong Sen Street and New Bridge Road.
Hill Street is home to several landmarks including the Armenian Church, Central Fire Station, Old Hill Street Police Station and the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce. The Old Hill Street Police Station is now home to the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.
Hill Street was formerly home to a hawker centre which was built in 1984, and government offices until the building was demolished in 2002.
References
Roads in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20Street%2C%20Singapore |
Bhupendra Kumar Dutta (; 8 October 1892 – 29 December 1979) was an Indian freedom fighter and a revolutionary who fought for Indian independence from British rule. In addition to his other specific contributions as a Jugantar leader, he holds the record of a hunger strike for 78 days in Bilaspur Jail in December 1917.
Early days
He was born on 8 October 1892, in the village Thakurpur in Jessore, now in Bangladesh. His father Kailash Chandra Datta was the manager of the nearby Parchar estates in Faridpur. His mother Bimalasundari was a charitable woman who brought up her children Bhupen, Kamalini, Jadugopal, Snehalata and Suprabha in a God-loving atmosphere.
While reading the Ramayana, one day young Bhupen learned that the heroic Lakshmana owed his mom to his control of impulses (brahmacharya). Having asked his mother what it meant, he declared that he would follow brahmachmom, which he did throughout his life of a bachelor, dedicated to the service of fellow creatures. He joined Anushilan Samiti in his Faridpur Government High School days, drawn by its humanitarian activities and its anti-Partition agitations since 1905. The study of the Bhagavad Gita and of works by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Vivekananda opened before him the path he wanted to follow.
Daulatpur College
After joining the Scottish Church College of Kolkata, in 1911, Bhupen came across two significant members of the initial Anushilan Samiti of Kolkata, who introduced him to Sachin Sanyal from Benares, who was desirous to join an active revolutionary party. His prior release from the Howrah Trial and informed him about a forthcoming World War. During this time, Jatindranath Mukherjee or Bagha Jatin had suspended all violent activity, preparing for an armed insurrection all over India. Discouraged at the suspension of all revolutionary activities, Sachin went to the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti whose leaders did not participate in Bagha Jatin's programme. Led by a faint clue in 1913, Bhupen decided to go to Khulna and join the Daulatpur Hindu Academy. Encouraged by the liberal spirit reigning in the campus, Bhupen brought together his own group of college-mates interested in social work, raising funds for the poor by offering manual labour, gymnastics, study sessions for the Gita and essays of contemporary thinkers. They founded their own hostel. Several professors of the college and the superintendent himself, like for example Shashibhushan Raychaudhury (or more commonly known by his nickname) "Shashida", who was more famous for his experiments in education, and had been closely associated with Bagha Jatin, used to visit the college.
Introduced by Shashida, after a number of contacts, Bhupen recognised in Bagha Jatin the leader he was waiting for. Invited by his friend Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, Bhupen went to Krishnagar and spent a few days in the company of Subhas Chandra Bose, the future "Netaji". Contrary to his habit, during a conversation, Bhupen disclosed to the friends his meeting with Bagha Jatin and informed them that he sensed that there was a big revolutionary preparation going on under Jatin's guidance. Subhash listened to all this and, moved up to his core, retired without dinner. He had a conviction that one had to be a "liberated soul" (mukta-purush) in order to lead a revolution and, the next day, asked Bhupen point blank, "Is Jatin Mukherjee a mukta-purush?" Bhupen told him that he had no idea of what a mukta-purush was, but there was a man who not only quoted the Gita but whose very life was an embodiment of the teachings of the Gita.
Drawn by the relief work organised by the revolutionaries in August–September 1913, in collaboration with the Ramakrishna Mission during the flood on the Damodar in the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore and Hooghli, Bhupen met there some of the stalwart collaborators of Jatin Mukherjee. Arun Chandra Guha wrote: "The police had somehow got information that behind the facade of relief work, Jatin and other workers were forging a powerful revolutionary organisation". Bhupen was to know later that during the flood relief, at Kalinagar in Medinipur, Atulkrishna Ghosh, Amarendra Chatterjee, Jadugopal Mukherjee and others brought together, under the moral and spiritual caution of Bagha Jatin, the various branches and sub-groups of the secret societies in order to create the rising Jugantar, which was more a concerted movement than a party.
After returning to Daulatpur, Bhupen learnt from his college mate Gopaldas Majumdar that Bagha Jatin was soon leaving his business as a contractor in order to go back to Kolkata. After a significant farewell visit to Bhupen, Jatin sent a horse to Dr Amulya Ukil of the campus, apparently for the latter's use; thanks to this gift, Bhupen and the other boys took lessons in riding. Assisted by Bhupen, Dr Ukil in earnest discipline took to training the students in military drill, semaphore signaling, arms collection, propaganda among military police and the fluvial workers of Khulna-Jessore regions. On visit to Daulatpur, Subhas Chandra Bose and Hemanta Kumar Sarkar were so impressed by this pageant that during the Kolkata session of the National Congress, in 1928, when Bose organised the Bengal Volunteers in a fully military style, he was happy to have Bhupen by his side. On visiting India after forty-two years, Dr. Tarak Nath Das reminded in his tribute to Bagha Jatin : "In Jatinda’s method of working there was a military discipline (…) Throughout the country, inspired by Jatinda's ideology, one has to create an organisation similar to the military model. That alone will be an adequate homage to Jatinda."
Kolkata again
In spite of such a hectic social programme, in March 1915 Bhupen passed his Intermediate Examination securing very high marks, with distinctions for the quality of his Bengali and English prose. Although he joined the Sanskrit College of Kolkata, he attended (along with Subhash Bose) courses in philosophy at the Presidency College.
For students coming from the districts, Bhupen opened a hostel which counted among its inmates brilliant students like Meghnad Saha, Sisir Mitra, Sailen Ghosh, Jatin Seth, Jnan Mukherjee, Jnan Ghosh, all of them known to Bagha Jatin and Shashida, all of them more or less involved in the Hindu–German Conspiracy. Similar other hostels were run by his revolutionary associates, out of which the Eden Hindu Hostel was to become a permanent reference for years to come. Bagha Jatin was a frequent visitor to these addresses which sheltered a number of future celebrities.
In September 1915, after the self-undoing of Bagha Jatin, massive repression and imprisonment prevailed in India. Stunned by the leader's sudden death, whereas his top-ranking associates felt helpless and absconded, Bhupen stepped forward to remind them that a revolution could not die with the leader's death: "Bhupendra Kumar Datta remained the sole moving worker to maintain the links and collect money," admitted Arun Chandra Guha. He was assisted by Charu Ghosh and Kuntal Chakravarti. His role was similar to that of Bagha Jatin during the Alipore trial in 1908–09. According to Jadugopal Mukherjee, "In 1917 Bhupen occupied a special place among our leading figures." On 17 May 1917, he was arrested.
On the eve of the visit to India of Edwin Samuel Montagu, Secretary of State for India in the British Cabinet, information came that the Government did not want to discuss with the Minister the fate of those accused of any implication in the Hindu–German Conspiracy. Immediately, the Jugantar group, then led by Jibanlal Chatterjee, published its declaration in December 1917: "But first and last, spread terror. Make this unholy Government impossible. Hide like invisible shadows of doom and rain death upon the alien bureaucracy. Remember your brothers who are perishing in jails and rotting in swamps. Remember those who have died or have gone mad. Remember, watch and work." Protesting against the imprisonment of such a number of people without habeas corpus and against the physical and moral torture meted inside the prisons, an eight-page long appeal was written by Jiten Lahiri and Bhupendra Kumar Datta; it was sent to forty-two important personalities to inform the countrymen about the decision of a hunger strike taken by the political prisoners all over India. Transferred to Bilaspur Jail, Bhupen "continued his hunger strike for 78 days, till then the longest ever period of hunger strike in any country".
The Jugantar and Gandhi
Released in 1920, sensing that Gandhi rode the revolutionary tide, as a mouthpiece of the Jugantar, Bhupen wanted to expedite the tempo of the non-cooperation movement and met Mohandas K. Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress Party. Having the latter's promise that, if the people responded well, he would convert the Party into free India's Republican Parliament, Bhupen went to Pondicherry to consult Sri Aurobindo about the future of the Jugantar. Diffident about Gandhi's expectation to win freedom within one year, Sri Aurobindo recognised that Gandhi represented a tremendous force and it would be unwise to resist him; the former advised the revolutionaries to collaborate without, however, making of non-violence a fetish, sticking to their own ethics. After Gandhi's failure, the Jugantar sided Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das in his Swarajya programme as an antidote: by observing overtly, all over India, the eighth anniversary of Bagha Jatin's death, on 9 September 1923, they intimated their intention to follow their own conviction. Deshabandhu proposed to visit the spot where Bagha Jatin fought and to raise there a memorial.
Arrested again on 23 September 1923, Bhupen was deported to Mandalay in Burma, where Subhash Bose was to join him soon after and offer him Memories of a Revolutionist by Kropotkin that he had smuggled for Bhupen during his last trip to Europe. Even inside his solitary prison cell, Bhupen was contacted by some Burmese as well as a few Bengali revolutionaries absconding in Burma and, thanks to his guidance, they formed an important organisation with branches all over the country; they, along with their leader Jiten Ghosh, were arrested only in 1931, during the Burmese revolt.
Released in 1928, Bhupen resumed his usual multifarious role of maintaining contacts with various Jugantar leaders from Surya Sen in Chittagong to Bhagat Singh in Punjab (who had been in constant touch with Bhupen since 1923), editing the party organ Swadhinata, making bombs, collecting arms and distributing them, looking after the volunteer movement. Busy sheltering the absconding revolutionaries of the Chittagong Armoury Raid, Bhupen was arrested again in 1930, for a period of eight years. During 1938-41 and 1946-51 he edited the weekly Forward : his editorials were read with interest by patriots of all political trends. In 1946 his collection of essays, Indian Revolution and the Constructive Programme appeared with a foreword by Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first president of future independent India. In the meantime, in 1941, Bhupen was again detained till 1946.
Interlude in Pakistan
Feverish attempt to rescue victims of communal riots in Kolkata and of the partition of India led him to be elected as an M.P. in Pakistan, before serving as an M.L.A. Among several reports of his action, it was learnt that on 7 March 1949 when Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, while claiming support from Quaid-i-Azam declared before the Constituent Assembly that Pakistan was founded with the Muslims’ wish to live the teachings and the tradition of Islam, one of the members, Birat Chandra Mondal reminded that Muhammad Ali Jinnah had "unequivocally said that Pakistan will be a secular State." Bhupendra Kumar Datta went a step further by commenting the PM's statement : "...were this resolution to come before this house within the life-time of (...) the Quaid-i-Azam, it would not have come in its present shape.".
According to Dr M. Waheeduzzaman Manik, after Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah’s protest against imposing of Urdu as the lingua franca of Pakistan (published in daily Azad on 29 July 1947), on 25 February 1948, member Dhirendranath Datta demanded Bengali instead (spoken by 55% of the citizens), Members Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Prem Hari Barma and Srish Chandra Chattopadhyay "wholeheartedly supported Dhiren Datta’s historic amendment and vehemently defended the rightful place of Bengali." On 28 March 1971, at the onset of Bangladesh Liberation War, Pakistani military junta tortured Dhirendranath Datta to death in Comilla.
Even in the opposition, Bhupen enjoyed the admiration of the ruling party. Khawaja Nazimuddin, Prime Minister (1951–53), speaking of Bhupen, once exclaimed : "He knows how to plan, organise and execute.". His articles in the Ittefaq drew the attention of the intelligentsia in the then East Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was particularly proud to have known Bhupenda.
Return to India
Immobilised by the Martial Law in 1958, Bhupen waited in vain for four years to renew his activity in Pakistan. In 1962, he bade good bye to Pakistan and to politics, and went back to India, sharing his time between Kolkata and New Delhi. During his absence, on 9 September 1947, an imposing Bagha Jatin memorial week was observed in West Bengal, and the former Jugantar members had chosen Bhupen for writing an authentic biography of their leader. Encouraged by the enthusiasm of a young researcher, Bhupen passed on to him the lifelong notes and reflections he had accumulated, accompanied him to interview most of the important associates of Bagha Jatin and opened before him the access to the archives in India.
His approach to history
His first-hand knowledge of events was of a great lesson in historical research : while comparing oral statements with files in the archives and, at times before apparent contradictions, his spirit of synthesis and intuition helped to determine their complementary character. When the pupil completed the first draft, Bhupen revised it minutely and, whilst the biography was being serialised, he went on adding further comments. In addition to his regular contributions in Bengali and English periodicals, Bhupen issued an obituary pamphlet on his erstwhile colleagues, as was needed. In spite of a seriously failing eyesight, this "engaged spectator" entertained a ministerial correspondence with people he was associated with.
A tribute
"Simple, unostentatious but erudite, Bhupendrakumar, with his well-built physique, serious but candid countenance, sparkling eyes and friendly smile, impresses one as an ascetic missionary mellowed by love for man. He is a firm believer in reason, science and progress, and has no patience with casteism, regionalism and communalism, nor with institutional religion that creates isolation and alienation," wrote Kamala Das Gupta.
Bhupendrakumar guided three generations of Indian thinkers and activists. Having celebrated the centenary of Bagha Jatin's birth, he died quietly in Kolkata, on 29 December 1979.
Notes
Anushilan Samiti
Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal
Indian revolutionaries
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Scottish Church College alumni
The Sanskrit College and University alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Hindu–German Conspiracy
1979 deaths
1892 births
Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954
Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupendra%20Kumar%20Datta |
Pre-Cana is a course or consultation for couples preparing to be married in a Catholic church. The name is derived from John 2:1–12, the wedding feast at Cana in Galilee, where Jesus performed the miracle of turning water into wine.
Description
Approaches to Pre-Cana vary among Catholic dioceses and parishes. Often six-month sessions are led by a priest or deacon with support from a married Catholic couple.
Online programs have emerged as an alternative to gathered events as parishes and dioceses cope with fewer resources, geographically expanding congregations and deployed military couples.
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops considers the following topics as "must-have conversations" before couples marry:
Spirituality/faith
Conflict resolution skills
Careers
Finances
Intimacy/cohabitation
Children
Commitment
Other topics that may be covered by Pre-Cana include:
Ceremony planning
Family of origin
Communication
Marriage as a sacrament
Sexuality
Theology of the Body
Couple prayer
Unique challenges of military couples
Stepfamilies
Children of divorce
See also
Christian views on marriage
References
External links
OnlineMarriagePreparation - Pre-Cana Online
Avalon — Pre Cana Courses Online
The Marriage Group — Online Pre-Cana
Catholic Marriage Prep Class
Catholic Marriage Preparation, LLC
CatechismClass.com — Online Catholic Marriage Preparation
Archdiocese of Chicago — Parish Vitality and Mission — Marriage Preparation Courses (virtual or in-person
Catholic Engaged Encounter — weekend retreat
Pre-wedding
Marriage in the Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Cana |
The featherweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 16 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing between 54 and 57 kilograms.
Competition format
Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. This event consisted of 28 boxers who have qualified for the competition through various tournaments held in 2003 and 2004. The competition began with a preliminary round on 16 August, where the number of competitors was reduced to 16, and concluded with the final on 28 August. As there were fewer than 32 boxers in the competition, a number of boxers received a bye through the preliminary round. Both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals.
All bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.
Schedule
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)
Qualifying Athletes
Results
Notes
Argentine boxer Daniel Brizuela took the place of American boxer Aaron Garcia.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Featherweight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Featherweight |
Devdas is a Bengali novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, first published in 1917 and adapted as a film many times.
Devdas may also refer to:
Devdas (1928 film), silent film version of the novel. directed by Naresh Mitra
Devdas (1935 film), Bengali version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua
Devdas (1936 film), Hindi version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua
Devdas (1937 film), Assamese version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua
Devdas (1955 film), Hindi version of the novel, directed by Bimal Roy
Devdas (1965 film), Urdu film
Devdas (1979 film), Bengali version of the novel, directed by Dilip Roy
Devdas (1982 film), Bengali version of the novel, directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam
Devdas (2002 Hindi film), Hindi version of the novel, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Devdas (soundtrack)
Devdas (2002 Bengali film), Bengali version of the novel, directed by Shakti Samanta
Devdas (2013 film), Bengali version of the novel, directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam
Devdas (2018 film), a Telugu language film directed by Sreeram Aditya
Persons
Devdas Gandhi (1900–1957), Indian journalist, son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Devdas Chakraborty (1933–2008), Bangladesh artist
Devdas Apte (born 1934), Indian politician
Devdas Chhotray (born 1955), Indian writer
Mujibur Rahman Devdas (1929/30-2020), Bangladesh activist
See also
Dev.D, a 2009 postmodern take on the novel by director Anurag Kashyap starring Abhay Deol, Mahi Gill and Kalki Koechlin
Devadas (disambiguation)
Devadasu (disambiguation)
Devadasi, female temple servants in India
Devadasi (1948 film), 1948 Indian film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The following is a list of political career biographies. It is meant to complement the list of political memoirs page, with the key difference being that the books in this list are authored by persons other than the book's subject. This list is sorted by country and by the political position and last name of the book's subject:
Australia
Richard Casey: Minister for Foreign Affairs 1951-1960
R G Casey, Australian Foreign Minister, Collins 1972
Ben Chifley: Prime Minister 1945-1949
Ben Chifley, Things Worth Fighting For, Melbourne University Press, 1952
Sir Robert Menzies: Prime Minister 1939-1941; 1949-1966
R. G. Menzies, Afternoon Light, Cassell & Co., London, 1967
Graham Richardson: Senator 1983-1994
Graham Richardson, Whatever It Takes (Bantam, 1994)
Gough Whitlam: Prime Minister 1972-1975
Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Penguin, 1985
United Kingdom
Karl Marx: Writer 1818-1883
Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939) by Isaiah Berlin
Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (1918) by Franz Mehring
Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (1973) by David McLellan
United States
U.S. Cabinet
Albright, Madeleine: Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton, 1997-2001
Madeleine Albright : A Twentieth-Century Odyssey (2000) by Michael Dobbs
Brown, Ron: Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton, 1993-1996
Ron Brown: An Uncommon Life (2001) by Steven A. Holmes
Byrnes, James F.: Secretary of State under President Harry Truman, 1945-1947
Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (1994; ) by David Robertson
Connally, John: Secretary of the Treasury under President Richard Nixon, 1971-1972
The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally (1989) by James Reston Jr.
Dulles, John Foster: Secretary of Defense under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1959
Power and Peace: The Diplomacy of John Foster Dulles (1995) by Frederick Marks
John Foster Dulles: Piety, Pragmatism, and Power in U.S. Foreign Policy (1998) by Richard H. Immerman
Forrestal, James: Secretary of Defense under President Harry Truman, 1947-1949
Driven Patriot : The Life and Times of James Forrestal (1992) by Townsend Hoopes
Johnson, Louis: Secretary of Defense under President Harry Truman, 1949-1950
Louis Johnson And the Arming of America: The Roosevelt And Truman Years (2005) by Keith D. McFarland and David L. Roll
Kissinger, Henry: Secretary of State under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, 1973-1977
Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With Beijing and Moscow (1999) by William Burr
The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (2004) by Jussi M. Hanhimaki
The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (1983) by Seymour M. Hersh
Sideshow, Revised Edition : Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia (2002) by William Shawcross
The Nixon-Kissinger Years: Reshaping of America's Foreign Policy (1989) by Richard C. Thornton
Marshall, George C.: Secretary of State, 1947-1949, and Secretary of Defense, 1950-1951, under President Harry Truman
George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945-1959 (1987) by Forrest Pogue
McNamara, Robert: Secretary of Defense under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, 1961-1968
Promise and Power: The Life and Times of Robert McNamara (1993) by Deborah Shapely
O'Neill, Paul: Secretary of the Treasury under President George W. Bush, 2001-2002
The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (2004) by Ron Suskind
Rumsfeld, Donald: Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush, 2001–present
Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander (2004) by Rowan Scarborough
Vance, Cyrus: Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter, 1977-1980
Cyrus Vance (1985) by David S. McLellan
U.S. Supreme Court
Blackmun, Harry: 98th Supreme Court Justice, 1970-1994
Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun's Supreme Court Journey (2005; ) by Linda Greenhouse
Marshall, Thurgood: 96th Supreme Court Justice, 1967-1991
Thurgood Marshall: Justice for All (1992; ) by Roger Goldman and David Gallen
Dream Makers, Dream Breakers: The World of Justice Thurgood Marshall (1993; ) by Carl T. Rowan
Thurgood Marshall : American Revolutionary (2000; ) by Juan Williams
O'Connor, Sandra Day: 102nd Supreme Court Justice, 1981-2006
Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (2005; ) by Joan Biskupic
Scalia, Antonin: 103rd Supreme Court Justice, 1986–present
Justice Antonin Scalia and the Conservative Revival (1998; ) by Richard A. Brisbin Jr.
Scalia Dissents : Writings of the Supreme Court's Wittiest, Most Outspoken Justice (2004; ) by Kevin A. Ring
American Original: The Life and Constitution of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia (2009; ) by Joan Biskupic
Souter, David: 105th Supreme Court Justice, 1990–present
David Hackett Souter: Traditional Republican On The Rehnquist Court (2005; ) by Tinsley E. Yarbrough
Thomas, Clarence: 106th Supreme Court Justice, 1991–present
The Prince and the Pauper: The Case Against Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (2001; ) by John L. Cooper and Armin Cooper
Judging Thomas : The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas (2004; ) by Ken Foskett
Supreme Discomfort : The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas (2006; ) by Kevin Merida and Michael Fletcher
Clarence Thomas: A Biography (2001; ) by Andrew Peyton Thomas
See also
List of American political memoirs
List of Australian political memoirs
Political bibliographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20political%20career%20biographies |
Kontoret för särskild inhämtning (KSI), "The Office for Special Acquisition", is part of the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service (MUST) and also one of the most secret parts of the Swedish Armed Forces. The previous names until 1994 were: T-kontoret (1946–1964), IB (1965–1973), Gemensamma byrån för underrättelser (GBU) (1973–1982) and Sektionen för särskild inhämtning (SSI) (1982–1994).
The main task of the office is that of liaison with foreign intelligence organizations and espionage through HUMINT.
References
Swedish intelligence agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontoret%20f%C3%B6r%20s%C3%A4rskild%20inh%C3%A4mtning |
Rinchinnyam Amarjargal (Mongolian ; born February 27, 1961) was Prime Minister of Mongolia from July 30, 1999 to July 26, 2000. He is a leading member of the Democratic Party.
Life
Early years and education
Amarjargal was born in Ulaanbaatar in 1961. He fluently speaks Mongolian, Russian and English.
He attended the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in Moscow and earned a diploma in financial economy in 1982. From 1981 to 1982, he also attended the Evening University for Marxism–Leninism.
After that, Amarjargal worked at the Central Committee of Mongolian Trade Union. He taught at Military Institute from 1983 to 1990 and at Technical University from 1990 to 1991. He worked as a director of the Economic College of Mongolia from 1991 to 1996. From 1994 to 1995, he studied at the University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, and graduated with a Master of Science in Macroeconomic Policy and Planning. During his state visit in England in March 2000, the university granted him an honorary doctorate.
In 2003, Amarjargal was a visiting research fellow at the Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University in Japan.
Political career
Amarjargal contributed to the democratic movement in Mongolia from the beginning. He was a founding member of the New Progress-Union and the National Progress-Party. Then he helped to merge those with several other parties to form the National Democratic Party (MNDP, Mongolyin Ündesniy Ardchilsan Nam). As per the latter, he was elected to State Great Khural (the parliament) in 1996.
In April 1998, he became a foreign minister under Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. In September of the same year he nearly became a prime minister, according to an agreement between the governing coalition and the President, but he was rejected by the Parliament in a close vote. He then remained as the foreign minister until Elbegdorj's government had to step back in December.
In 1999, Amarjargal became a chairman of MNDP. He was finally designated as the Prime Minister of Mongolia on July 30 of the same year. He stayed in office for almost a year until July 26, 2000, when the democratic parties were beaten at the parliamentary elections. While holding office, he had to abandon his seat at the parliament, because of a Constitutional clause still in force at that time. Also in the year 2000 MNDP and Social Democratic Party merged to form Democratic Party.
In 2004, Amarjargal was elected to the parliament as an independent candidate. In 2008, 2012 was elected to the parliament. In 2016 election Amarjargal gave up his mandate to secure parliamentary a female seat quota for DP.
Amarjargal has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.
Amarjargal Foundation
In 2001, Amarjargal established Amarjargal Foundation. This is an NGO which promotes a transparent and open society, and carries out studies on social welfare, economy, politics, and law. It also negotiates foreign help and investment. Since 1991 Amarjargal is Chairman of the Board of trustees, of the University of Economics and Finance, one of the leading educational establishments in Mongolia.
References
External links
Amarjargal Foundation
1961 births
Living people
Politicians from Ulaanbaatar
Democratic Party (Mongolia) politicians
Prime Ministers of Mongolia
Members of the State Great Khural
Mongolian expatriates in Japan
Mongolian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Mongolian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Bradford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinchinnyamyn%20Amarjargal |
Scott Adams (born 1957) is the American creator of the Dilbert comic strip.
Scott Adams is also the name of:
Scott Adams (game designer) (born 1952), American game designer
Scott Adams (skier) (born 1971), Australian Paralympic skier
Peggy Scott-Adams (1948–2023), American R&B and soul singer
Scott Adams (American football) (1966–2013), American football player
See also
Adam Scott (disambiguation)
Adams (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Adams%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Uromyrtus is a genus of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae described as a genus in 1941. The greatest diversity of species are found in New Caledonia and the remainder are found in Australia, New Guinea and Borneo.
The flowers occur singly in the axils of the leaves and typically point downwards. In this respect the genus superficially resembles the neotropical genus Ugni, but evidence from DNA sequencing studies suggests the genera are not closely related.
Uromyrtus australis A.J.Scott - an Australian species that is endangered and restricted to a small location in northern New South Wales. This plant is known as the peach myrtle due to the colour and shape of its fruit.
Species
References
External links
Photograph of flowers of U. australis
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae genera
Taxa named by Max Burret | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromyrtus |
Lačni Franz (meaning Hungry Franz) is a rock band from Slovenia that was also popular in the 1980s in Yugoslavia. While they were inspired by another Slovenian radical band Buldožer known for utilizing sheer madness in the social and political satire, their lyrics are more self-ironic. The band was formed in Maribor in June 1979. Their name, meaning Hungry Franz, is a pun on the name of a character from the novel Catch-22, Hungry Joe, and describes a hunger for rock music.
The band's music and attitude were in a sense laid back, and they portrayed themselves as a local band from a provincial town. Zoran Predin's lyrics ranged from disturbing ballads (Ne mi dihat za ovratnik, Lipa zelenela je), through love songs (Čakaj me, Naj ti poljub nariše ustnice), to social and political satire (Praslovan, Naša Lidija je pri vojakih).
The key band members were frontman and songwriter Zoran Predin, and guitarist Oto Rimele. The band had the most creative success towards the end of the 1980s, with classical albums such as Ikebana, Adijo pamet, Ne mi dihat za ovratnik, and Na svoji strani (the last one made with the original crew). Their last studio album was released in 1994. Lačni Franz officially ceased to exist in 1997 after a series of compilation albums.
Zoran Predin continued a solo career after the Franz disbanded. Many of the band's hits, such as Praslovan, Bog nima telefona, Vaterpolist, Ne mi dihat za ovratnik, Čakaj me and Naj ti poljub nariše ustnice, have remained in his concert repertoire.
The band briefly regathered in the winter of 2005 - 2006, and held a series of concerts in Slovenia, Belgrade, and Zagreb.
Members
Current Members
Zoran Predin, vocal
Anej Kočevar, bass guitar
Luka Čadež, drums
Boštjan Artiček, keyboards
Tine Čas, lead guitar
Past members
Oto Rimele, lead guitar (1979–1985)
Milan Prislan, lead guitar (1985-)
Sašo Stojanovič, bass guitar (1979–1983)
Zoran Stjepanovič, bass guitar
Mirko Kosi, synthesizer
Damjan Likavec, drums (1979–1982)
Andrej Pintarič, drums
Nino Mureškič, congas (1987–1989)
Klemen Lombar, lead guitar (2014)
Discography
Albums
Ikebana (1981)
Adijo pamet (1982)
Ne mi dihat za ovratnik (1983)
Slišiš, školjka poje ti! (1983)
Slon med porcelanom (1984)
Na svoji strani (1986)
Sirene tulijo (1987)
Tiha voda (1989)
Kaj bi mi brez nas (1989)
Ilegalni pubertetniki (1991)
Zadnja večerja (1994)
Nasvidenje na plaži (1995)
Petnajstletnica v živo (1995)
Kaj bi mi brez nas (9 CD–box) (2000)
Starši vaših radosti (CD+DVD) (2005)
Ladja norcev (2016)
(All albums were issued by Helidon, except Petnajsletnica 1995 live album, which was a self-release and Ladja norcev, issued by Sedvex Records
External links
Zoran Predin's official site
Fan site
Lačni Franz Videos
References
Slovenian new wave musical groups
Yugoslav rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C4%8Dni%20Franz |
Barrel Full of Monkees is a compilation album of songs by the Monkees, released by Colgems Records in 1971. The double album was produced and marketed for children, after the success of the Monkees' television show being rebroadcast on Saturday mornings by CBS, and was the last LP ever issued by Colgems.
Despite being issued by Colgems, the album was part of a mid-priced RCA 2-LP series called the "This Is..." series. Popular RCA artists such as Chet Atkins, Harry Belafonte and Perry Como had discs in the series and the RCA LP releases carried a VPS prefix and listed for $5.98, which was the list price for "full line" single LP records at the time. The Monkees' double set also listed for $5.98 and carried a then-new "SCOS" prefix and new numbering series, "1001," making it unrelated to any other previous Colgems issue or pricing series.
The 20-song collection included 13 of the 14 tracks found on The Monkees' first Greatest Hits compilation, the missing exception being "Zor and Zam."
After the closing of Colgems in 1971, Barrel Full of Monkees was deleted, with the next Monkees compilation, Re-Focus, being issued by Colgems' successor, Bell Records.
Track listing
Side 1
Side 2
Side 3
Side 4
References
The Monkees compilation albums
1971 compilation albums
Colgems Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel%20Full%20of%20Monkees |
The Blue and White is a magazine written by undergraduates at Columbia University, New York City. Founded in 1890, the magazine has dedicated itself throughout its existence to providing students an outlet for intellectual and political discussion, literary publication, and general parody.
History
Founded in 1890, the magazine disbanded for unknown reasons in 1893. It was not until 1998 that a handful of undergraduates revived the journal based on the original format. The staff has since grown to several dozen writers and contributors. In switching to a monthly in 2005, the magazine affirmed its place as a campus fixture. Recently, the magazine has begun to focus more on pieces of "hard" journalism, in contradistinction to its former, less serious, and more literary character. The Blue and White staff meets in the crypt of St. Paul's Chapel.
Bwog
In 2006, The Blue and White established Bwog, an online blog counterpart to the magazine. Bwog aims to bring its readership gossip and other Columbia news around the clock. It first gained national recognition for its coverage of a violent protest against the Minutemen illegal immigration group that occurred at Columbia in 2006 and for Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial visit to the university in 2007. Years later, in December 2010, Bwog gained national media attention again for its reactive coverage of Operation Ivy League, a notorious campus drug bust.
Past editors
Claire Shang
Dominy Gallo
Sam Needleman
Ufon Umanah
Caroline Hurley
Alex Swanson
Channing Prend
Hallie Swanson
Torsten Odland
Conor Skelding
Brian Wagner
Mark Hay
Liz Naiden
Jon Hill
Juli Weiner
Alumni
Christopher Beam, writer for Slate
Michael Yates Crowley, playwright
Telis Demos, writer for the Wall Street Journal
Franklin Foer (Honorary), Editor of the New Republic
Kate Linthicum, writer for the Los Angeles Times
Anna Phillips, writer for The New York Times''' School Book
Dave Plotz, Senior Editor at Bloggingheads.tv
Marc Tracy, staff writer at The New York TimesJuli Weiner, blogger for Vanity FairGideon Yago, correspondent for MTV News
Avi Zenilman, executive editor for The National Memo''
References
External links
The Blue and White
The Blue and White on WikiCU
Bwog
Mention in The New Yorker
Blue & White magazine at UNC-Chapel Hill
Columbia University publications
Magazines established in 1890
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Student magazines published in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blue%20and%20White |
Katharine Wagner (born May 11, 1964) is an American television personality and Hollywood reporter. She is best known for her 2002–2004 stint as the hostess for TV Guide Channel.
Early life
Wagner was born in Los Angeles, California. Her parents are actress Marion Marshall and actor Robert Wagner, who divorced in 1971.
On her mother's side she has two older half-brothers, Joshua Donen and Peter Donen. On her father's side, she has a younger half-sister, Courtney Wagner. She has a stepsister, Natasha Gregson Wagner, from her father's marriage to Natalie Wood. Her stepmother is Jill St. John. Wood was her stepmother from July 1972 until her death on November 29, 1981.
Wagner graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1982 and attended Santa Barbara City College for a semester. After dropping out of college, she dabbled in modeling, which allowed her to live in Tokyo and London. She received a break in 1987 when she and her father were featured on the TV show Born Famous, when the show's host asked her what she hoped to do for a living, and she answered, "I would like to do what you do."
Career
Wagner's first media job was for the Don Mischer special M & W on ABC, for which she interviewed Dan Aykroyd and his wife, Donna Dixon. This resulted in a two-and-a-half-year run at the Movietime Cable Network (Now E! Network). She went on to work at HBO, Cinemax, V, and MTV. At MTV, she guest-hosted from both coasts. She also co-hosted Awake on the Wildside, filled in for Chris Connelly on The Big Picture, and introduced videos at night.
For two years, she co-hosted an international entertainment show called Hollywood Report with Richard Jobson on ITV in Great Britain. The show was seen in 11 countries. Wagner then co-hosted 22 episodes of Live From the House of Blues on TBS.
She joined Robin Leach for the final two seasons of Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous as co host and contributing reporter. She was asked to narrate and co-produce Intimate Portrait: Natalie Wood, about her late stepmother. With the permission and cooperation of her family, Wagner shared private details of Wood's life for the first time.
In 1999, she began working for the TV Guide Channel. Her hosting duties included Music News, TV Talk, Family Do's and Don'ts, and What's On. In 2004, after 5½ years, she left the TV Guide Channel to do her own show. Later that year, she played a news reporter in the Charmed episode, "Styx Feet Under" and was a guest star on the talk show, Good Day Live.
In 2005, Wagner was host of the WB show, The Starlet. She currently hosts an online radio show with psychic medium "Voxx" at The JOINT Studios called Inner View with Katie & Voxx.
Personal life
Wagner dated Julian Lennon, Dweezil Zappa, Richard Grieco, and Steve Jones, and had a broken engagement with William Berretta.
On September 21, 2006, she gave birth to her only child, Riley John Wagner-Lewis. She married her boyfriend, Leif Lewis, in July 2007.
References
External links
Katie Wagner, breastcancer.org; accessed September 5, 2017.
American women journalists
Living people
1964 births
Television personalities from Los Angeles
American women television personalities
American people of German descent
American people of Norwegian descent
Beverly Hills High School alumni
Journalists from California
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20Wagner |
JPCC may refer to:
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Journal of Physical Chemistry C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPCC |
Scott Adams (born 17 March 1971 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian Paralympic skier. He was from Toongabbie and lives in Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada. He is a below-knee amputee (LW4 classification).
At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, he competed in four events - 12th in the Men's Downhill LW4, 9th in the Men's Slalom LW4 and did not finish in the Men's Giant Slalom LW4 and Men's Super-G LW4. At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, he competed in four events - 40th in the Men's Downhill standing, 40th in the Men's Giant Slalom standing, 38th Men's Slalom standing and 46th in the Men's Super-G standing.
References
1971 births
Australian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic alpine skiers for Australia
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Living people
Skiers from Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Adams%20%28skier%29 |
Happiness & Disaster is the first full-length album by Canadian indie rock band Stabilo. The album debuted at #6 on the digital album chart and #20 on the Soundscan Top 200.
The first single and video is "Flawed Design", which has been played live since at least May 2004. The second single and video is "Kidding Ourselves", which was released in July 2006. The song "Beautiful Madness" is a re-recording of the song that is found on The Beautiful Madness EP which was independently released in 2002 under their original name, Stabilo Boss. Also featured as a bonus track is a new version of their hit "Everybody" re-recorded during the Happiness & Disaster recording sessions in late 2005.
This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions.
Track listing
"Don't Look in Their Eyes" – 4:12
"Habit" – 3:15
"Kidding Ourselves" – 4:25
"Don't Be So Cold" – 4:31
"Flawed Design" – 3:47
"Delivering Idiots" – 4:15
"Happiness & Disaster" – 3:37
"Coffee Spills" – 3:54
"Rain Awhile" – 5:01
"Ordinary" – 4:23
"Beautiful Madness" – 5:06
"If It Was Up To Me" – 5:09
"Everybody" – 3:35
Members: Jesse Dryfhout, Christopher John, Nathan Wylie, Karl Williaume
Stabilo (band) albums
2006 albums
Albums produced by Brad Wood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness%20%26%20Disaster |
Zoran Predin (born 16 June 1958) is a Slovenian singer-songwriter from Maribor. In the 1980s, he was the front man of the new wave rock band Lačni Franz. He also writes music for film, television, and theatre.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, he went on several tours with the rock singers Pero Lovšin and Vlado Kreslin. Among others, they composed the anthem of the Slovenia national football team for the 2000 European Football Championship.
He has also been active in public life. In the late 1990s, he publicly supported the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia.
Solo discography
Albums:
Svjedoci-Priče (1989)
Gate na glavo (1992)
Napad ljubezni (1994)
Mentol bonbon (1996)
Ljubimec iz omare (1998)
All-purpose lover (1999)
Tretji človek (2000)
Lovec na sanje (2001)
V živo gre zares (2002)
Praslovan MP3 (2002)
Strup za punce (2003)
Na krilih prvega poljuba (2003)
Žarnica za boljši jutri (2005)
Čas za malo nežnosti (2006)
Za šaku ljubavi (2007)
Pod srečno zvezdo (2008)
Inventura (2008)
References
External links
Official website
1958 births
Slovenian singer-songwriters
Slovenian male singer-songwriters
Yugoslav male singers
Musicians from Maribor
Living people
20th-century Slovenian male singers
Hayat Production artists
21st-century Slovenian male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran%20Predin |
Austromyrtus is a genus of shrubs in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. Three species are found along the east coast of Australia in Queensland and in New South Wales, and A. lotoides is endemic to New Caledonia. The fruits of A. dulcis have a hint of cinnamon flavouring. The species under this generic name in New Caledonia are being taxonomically revised and will be transferred to another genus.
Many species formerly classified in Austromyrtus are now placed in the genera Gossia and Lenwebbia. The species formerly known as Austromyrtus lasioclada, which is common in northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, is now known as Lenwebbia lasioclada.
Species include:
Austromyrtus dulcis
Austromyrtus glabra
Austromyrtus lotoides
Austromyrtus tenuifolia
References
Myrtaceae genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromyrtus |
Dóminus vobíscum (Latin: "The Lord be with you") is an ancient salutation and blessing traditionally used by the clergy in the Masses of the Catholic Church and other liturgies, as well as liturgies of other Western Christian denominations, such as Lutheranism, Anglicanism and Methodism.
Usage
The response is Et cum spíritu tuo, meaning "And with your spirit." Some English translations, such as Divine Worship: The Missal and the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, translate the response in the older form, "And with thy spirit." Eastern Orthodox churches also follow this usage, although the episcopal and presbyteral blessing are one and the same; in Greek, Εἰρήνη πᾶσι, eirene pasi, "peace to all." In the Roman Rite, this usage is only for the bishop, who says Pax vobíscum. The ICEL translation presently in use for Roman Catholic Masses in English has "And with your spirit."
Prior to Advent 2011, the Roman Catholic response in English-speaking countries was "And also with you." In 2001 the Holy See issued the instruction Liturgiam Authenticam concerning the use of vernacular languages in the Mass. The instruction requires that certain phrases, such as the response Et cum spíritu tuo, which "belong to the heritage of the whole or of a great part of the ancient Church, as well as others that have become part of the general human patrimony, are to be respected by a translation that is as literal as possible". Accordingly, the current translation of the Mass in English uses the response "And with your spirit" to reflect an accurate translation of the Latin.
Dóminus vobíscum is not usually said by anyone who is not at least a deacon. If introducing a prayer, it is otherwise replaced with Domine, exaudi orationem meam, with the response Et clamor meus ad te veniat (‘O Lord, hear my prayer’, And let my cry come to thee’, the opening verse of Psalm 101) or, if that invocation is said in any case, it is omitted.
In a Mass celebrated by a bishop or some Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, or some Nestorian Orthodox priests, Dóminus vobíscum is instead replaced with some variation of Pax vobis or Pax vobíscum (Peace be with you) which is replied with either the Sign of the Cross or Et cum spíritu tuo depending on the Church and whether it is in a Mass, Divine Liturgy, or Holy Qurbana.
This exchange is also said in the Lutheran Divine Service. The Lutheran Book of Worship, released in 1978, used the phrase "And also with you." The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America's updated hymnal, Evangelical Lutheran Worship, retains this wording. The response in the Lutheran Service Book, used by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Lutheran Church–Canada (LCC), was changed to "And with your spirit" in 2006, changing from "thy" to "your".
In some Jewish rites, a person called up to the Torah says Adonai immachem; the sense is identical.
In Arabic, Allah Maak, which means "May Allah be with you", is used as a farewell.
Origins
The salutation is taken from the verses and in the Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible. In Ruth, the phrase appears in the sentence, "Et ecce ipse veniebat de Bethlehem dixitque messoribus: 'Dominus vobiscum'. Qui responderunt ei: 'Benedicat tibi Dominus'." ("Boaz himself came from Bethlehem and said to the harvesters, 'The Lord be with you!' and they replied, 'The Lord bless you!'").
II Chronicles recounts that Azariah, filled with the spirit of God, said, "Audite me, Asa et omnis Iuda et Beniamin! Dominus vobiscum, quia fuistis cum eo. Si quaesieritis eum, invenietur a vobis; si autem dereliqueritis eum, derelinquet vos." ("Hear me, Asa and all Judah and Benjamin! The LORD is with you when you are with him, and if you seek him he will be present to you; but if you abandon him, he will abandon you.")
The phrase additionally appears in : "Nolite ascendere: non enim est Dominus vobiscum: ne corruatis coram inimicis vestris." (Hebrew Ayn adonai b'qirb'chem) The expression in Hebrew means to be successful. It also occurs in where Saul tells David "Go and may the Lord be with you" (Lech va'adonai y'hiyeh im'cha).
References
Order of Mass | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus%20vobiscum |
HNoMS Ellida was a 1. class gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy. Like the other Norwegian gunships of her era, she carried a reasonable heavy armament on a diminutive hull. A distinct feature of Ellida was that her funnel could be raised and lowered as needed. The vessel was built at the Naval Yard at Horten, and had yard number 59.
It is unclear from the sources if the listed armament is the original armament, or if Ellida originally was armed with a much heavier main gun like the slightly older 1. class gunboat Sleipner. Ellida, like Sleipner, carried an underwater torpedo tube in her bow for firing Whitehead torpedoes, and she was the second vessel in the Royal Norwegian Navy equipped with this weapon.
Ellida underwent a refit in 1896, and was reclassified as a steam corvette. From 1898 she was used as a training vessel for cadets. In 1914 Ellida was refitted once more, and became the mother ship and support vessel for the early Norwegian submarines (the A class). She was decommissioned and sold off in 1925.
References
Ships built in Horten
1.-class gunboats
1880 ships
Training ships of the Royal Norwegian Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Ellida%20%281880%29 |
Vasyl' Mykolayovych Verkhovynets' (1880 - 1938) was an actor, conductor, composer, voice teacher, amateur musicologist, balletmaster, choreographer and dance ethnographer He is credited for fundamentally altering the course of Ukrainian dance by devising a method of transcribing dance to paper, recording traditional dances and steps from numerous villages, setting dances on a stage, and fostering generations of Ukrainian dance researchers and practitioners. He was also the founder of the modern three-part hopak.
Vasyl' Verkhovynets' was born "Vasyl' Kostiv" in Myzun, on January 5, 1880.
References
In English:
Shatulsky, Myron (1980). The Ukrainian Folk Dance, Kobzar Publishing Co. Ltd. .
Zerebecky, Bohdan (1985). Ukrainian Dance Resource Booklets, Series I-IV, Ukrainian Canadian Committee, Saskatchewan Provincial Council.
In Ukrainian:
Avramenko, Vasyl (1947). Ukrainian National Dances, Music, and Costumes, National Publishers, Ltd.
Humeniuk, Andriy (1962). Ukrainian Folk Dance, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian of the SSR.
Humeniuk, Andriy (1963). Folk Choreographic Art of Ukraine, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’ (1912). Ukrainian Wedding.
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’(1919). Theory of Ukrainian Folk Dance.
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’ (1925). Vesnyanochka State Publishers of the Ukraine.
Verkhovynets’, Yaroslav (1963). Biographical outline of Vasyl' Verkhovynets' in the third edition of Theory of Ukrainian Folk Dance, State Publishers of Pictorial Art and Musical Literature.
Ukrainian male dancers
Ukrainian dancers
Dance teachers
Ukrainian choreographers
1880 births
1938 deaths
Ukrainian musicologists
Ukrainian ethnographers
Ukrainian music educators
Folk dancers
20th-century musicologists
Ukrainian folklorists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl%20Verkhovynets |
Alberte Pullman (née Bucher, 26 August 1920 – 7 January 2011) was a French theoretical and quantum chemist. She studied at the Sorbonne starting in 1938. During her studies she worked on calculations at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). From 1943 she worked with Raymond Daudel. She completed her doctorate in 1946. On his return from war service in 1946, she married Bernard Pullman. She and her husband worked together until his death in 1996. Together they wrote several books including Quantum Biochemistry, Interscience Publishers, 1963. Their work in the 1950s and 1960s was the beginning of the new field of Quantum Biochemistry. They pioneered the application of quantum chemistry to predicting the carcinogenic properties of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Pullman was born in Nantes, France. She was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and a member and former President of The International Society of Quantum Biology and Pharmacology.
References
External links
An interview with Mme Prof. Dr. Alberte Pullman
1920 births
20th-century French chemists
2011 deaths
University of Paris alumni
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Theoretical chemists
Scientists from Nantes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberte%20Pullman |
The Mexican Fencing Federation (Federación Mexicana de Esgrima) is the ruling body of all kinds of fencing in Mexico and operates under the aegis of CONADE (Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte). Jorge Castro Rea is the current president of the federation.
Mexico
Fen
Fencing organizations
Fencing in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n%20Mexicana%20de%20Esgrima |
Cray Valley Paper Mills Football Club is a football club currently based in Eltham, in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Badgers Sports Ground.
History
The club was established in 1919 and joined Division Two of the Sidcup & Kent League. Playing in green and white, the colours of the mill's vehicles, Their first match was played on 20 September 1919, a 1–0 win against Hamilton House. The club won the division at the first attempt, earning promotion to Division One. They later joined the Kent County Amateur League, winning Division Three of the western section in 1936–37. The club left the league at the end of the 1954–55 season.
Cray Valley subsequently joined the South London Alliance. They were Division One champions in 1979–80 and won the Premier Division two seasons later. The club won Division One again in 1983–84, and finished as runners-up in the Premier Division in 1988–89. In 1991 they joined Division One of the Spartan League. When it merged with the South Midlands League to form the Spartan South Midlands League in 1997, the club were placed in Division One South. Despite finishing as runners-up in the league's first season, they left to become founder members of the London Intermediate League. However, in 2001 they left to rejoin the Kent County League, becoming members of Division One West.
In 2002–03 Cray Valley won Division One West, earning promotion to the Premier Division. Two seasons later they won the Premier Division. After finishing third in 2010–11, they moved up to the Kent League, which was renamed the Southern Counties East League in 2013. When the league gained a second division in 2016, the club became members of the Premier Division. In 2016–17 they won the London Senior Cup, beating Metropolitan Police 2–1 in the final, becoming the lowest-ranked team to ever win the trophy. They were also runners-up in the Kent Reliance Senior Trophy in the same season. However they were disqualified from the first round of the FA Vase for fielding an ineligible player, former Crystal Palace defender Matthew Parsons. The club reached the London Senior Cup final again the following season, but lost 4–1 to Balham.
The 2018–19 season saw Cray reach the FA Vase final for the first time, in which they lost 3–1 after extra time to Chertsey Town at Wembley Stadium. They were also Southern Counties East League Premier Division champions, earning promotion to the South East Division of the Isthmian League. In 2020–21 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 1–0 at Havant & Waterlooville. They reached the first round again in 2023–24, when they were drawn away to local League One side Charlton Athletic for the first FA Cup Derby to be played in Greenwich Borough.
Ground
The club originally played at the sports ground of the paper mills in St Paul's Cray. However, the mills closed in 1981 and the club then played at numerous grounds until moving permanently to the Badgers Sports Ground in Eltham. In 2016 Greenwich Borough agreed a 30-year lease to share the ground. The ground includes a 100-seat stand on one side of the pitch and a small covered area on the other.
Honours
Southern Counties East League
Premier Division champions 2018–19
Kent County League
Premier Division champions 2004–05
Division One West champions 2002–03
Division Three (Western Section) champions 1933–37
South London Alliance
Premier Division winners 1980–81
Division One champions 1979–80, 1983–84
Sidcup & Kent League
Division Two champions 1919–20
London Senior Cup
Winners 2016–17
London Intermediate Cup
Winners 2002–03, 2003–04, 2009–10
Kent Intermediate Shield
Winners 2004–05
Kent Junior Cup
Winners 1921–22, 1977–78, 1980–81
Records
Best FA Cup performance: First round, 2020–21, 2023–24
Best FA Trophy performance: First round, 2023–24
Best FA Vase performance: Runners-up, 2018–19
Record attendance: 663 vs Canterbury City, FA Vase semi-final, 17 March 2019
See also
Cray Valley Paper Mills F.C. players
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in London
Association football clubs established in 1919
1919 establishments in England
Kent County League
South London Football Alliance
Spartan League
Spartan South Midlands Football League
Southern Counties East Football League
Isthmian League clubs
Sport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Works association football teams in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20Valley%20Paper%20Mills%20F.C. |
Hazel Freeman Smith (née Brannon; February 4, 1914 – May 15, 1994) was an American journalist and publisher, the owner and editor of four weekly newspapers in rural Mississippi, mostly in Holmes County. Her newspapers included the Lexington Advertiser, the second oldest newspaper in the state. She distinguished herself both in reporting and editorial writing, advocating for justice for African Americans in the county and the state.
In 1964, she became the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing, largely for her writing about the Civil Rights Movement in the year of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. She received numerous other awards for her work as a publisher and editor.
A lifelong Baptist, Smith described herself as "just a little editor in a little spot. A lot of other little editors in a lot of little spots is what helps make this country. It's either going to help protect that freedom that we have, or else it's going to let that freedom slip away by default."
Biography
Hazel Freeman Brannon was born in 1914 in Alabama City, Alabama. She attended local schools and was raised a Baptist by her parents. In 1930, she graduated at the age of 16 from high school in Gadsden. She showed an early interest in journalism, working on a local paper before college. She attended the University of Alabama and graduated in 1935 with a B.A. in journalism.
After graduation, she went to Durant, Mississippi and bought the failing Durant News of Holmes County. This majority-black county, long dominated by agriculture, was bordered on the west by the Yazoo River and was part of the Mississippi Delta. By 1943 she had turned the Durant paper around.
She bought another weekly, The Lexington Advertiser, based in the nearby county seat of Lexington, where she lived. It was the second oldest newspaper in the state. She edited and published the Lexington Advertiser, the major newspaper in Holmes County, for four decades from 1943 to 1985.
In 1956, Smith acquired the Banner County Outlook (Flora, Mississippi) and the Northside Reporter (Jackson, Mississippi), the latter based in the state capital.
In 1950, she married Walter Dyer Smith, known as "Smitty", whom she had met on an around-the-world cruise. He was working as the ship's purser. He settled with her in Holmes County and became a county hospital administrator.
Reporting the facts and writing editorials
Smith became known for her editorials and her column ("Through Hazel's Eyes"), which focused on unpopular causes, political corruption, and social injustice in Mississippi, particularly Holmes County. This agricultural county of 27,000 had a majority-black population, many of whom were poor. As early as April 1943, she indicated her independence by a feature front-page story in her Durant paper about an African-American civic group that donated money to the local Red Cross. Most newspapers at the time reported on African Americans only when they were involved in crimes.
Smith was a woman of the South and had absorbed many of its mores. But she wrote in support of a county venereal disease clinic, and encouraged law enforcement to act against illegal bootlegging and gambling. She initially wrote against the United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), saying the races preferred separation, and that southern states needed to work on their own solutions.
In 1954, Smith attracted attention for her reporting of the sheriff shooting Harry Randall in the leg, after a confrontation in which he told the man to get moving. Smith criticized Sheriff Richard Byrd for harassing a black resident and called for his resignation. He filed a libel suit against her, winning in the lower court, but a state court of appeals overturned the verdict against her.
After 1954 Smith no longer supported segregation in her editorials. She became known for her truthful reporting and sympathy for justice for African Americans. Gradually she began to express a progressive position, editorializing in favor of the civil rights movement and against activities of the White Citizens Council.
Following the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, White Citizens' Council were established across the state, especially in black-majority counties, to oppose school desegregation. The state also established the taxpayer-funded Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, ostensibly to promote and market the state. But it established a secret police arm that conducted surveillance of private citizens, made lists of suspected activists, and made these available to private groups to conduct suppression of civil rights activism.
Smith's editorials and fair reporting attracted the wrath of local and eventually state segregationists. In 1956, the Citizens' Council of Holmes County forced the firing of her husband Walter B. Smith from his position as county hospital administrator, affecting their economic stability. This was the kind of economic blackmail being used against civil rights activists across the state: African Americans were fired for being members of the NAACP, others were evicted from rental housing, and some businesses were boycotted in an effort to suppress activism.
In 1959, the Citizens' Council in Holmes County started the Holmes County Herald to compete with Smith's newspaper, The Lexington Advertiser.
In 1960, Smith received the Elijah P. Lovejoy Award for Courage in Journalism from the International Conference of Weekly Newspaper Editors and Southern Illinois University. On Halloween 1960, an eight-foot tall cross was burned on the lawn of her home. While this was a sign of the Ku Klux Klan, she attributed the incident to teenagers having learned hate from their parents.
Beginning in 1961, Smith faced an outright economic boycott on advertising, as the White Citizens Council increased its opposition after learning that she was printing jobs for African-American activists. Smith attracted support among other newspaper publishers, such as Hodding Carter, Jr. of Greenville, Mississippi. In 1961, he organized a committee to raise money to help her.
In December 1961, Smith began to print the Mississippi Free Press, founded by activists in an effort to get their news out to the African-American community in the state. Most white-owned newspapers carried only negative coverage of their efforts, if any. Smith later undertook other printing jobs for African-American customers: the monthly Baptist Observer and books for the black Baptist Convention. These jobs helped support her newspaper. She also hired blacks to work in the printing plant and became more familiar with them personally and their political struggle.
Smith continued to report fuller accounts of local news, for instance providing the details of the police shooting in June 1963 of Alfred Brown, an African-American Navy veteran of World War II and father of five who was fatally shot soon after being released from a mental hospital. She described the racism of the police in this incident, including their refusal to let Brown's family go to his aid.
In the civil rights years and later, African Americans in Holmes County said they gained optimism from seeing her as an example of a "white person [who] showed the capacity to change and the willingness to join them."
Initially Holmes County was relatively quiet in terms of civil rights activity, but this changed in 1963 and 1964. In 1964 Smith welcomed the 33 SNCC volunteers who came to the county to educate African Americans and prepare them for registering and voting in what was known as "Mississippi Freedom Summer". Smith wrote,
In 1964 Smith was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for her body of work, for editorials opposing the activities of the White Citizens' Council and its support of segregation. Her citation noted her "steadfast adherence to her editorial duty in the face of great pressure and opposition." At the same time, she represented herself as a moderate, perhaps to keep as broad a base as possible in her effort to change people's minds.
Smith continued to be affected by the violence of this period. In September 1964, her Northside Reporter, located in the state capital of Jackson, was bombed. In 1967, shortly before the Advertiser was to go to press, her printing plant in Lexington was set on fire by arsonists. Smith managed to publish a "miniature version" of her paper for that edition.
The WCC's continued boycott of customers and advertisers of her papers took a severe financial toll. In 1965, the Columbia Journalism Review established a fund for Smith: other journalists and editors raised nearly $2,700 nationally. Her local support was even greater: blacks from across the economic spectrum in Holmes County raised more than $2855 to help her. The latter money was presented to her on Editor's Appreciation Day by Dr. Arenia Mallory at Saints Junior College, an event organized by African Americans in Holmes County to counter the activities of the White Citizens Council.
In the 1970s Smith finally sold two of her newspapers because of continued financial problems. She was not able to recover financially from economic boycotts. In 1982 her husband died in a fall at home. In 1985 she filed for bankruptcy, and was forced to close her remaining two newspapers, including the Lexington Advertiser. It was the second oldest newspaper in the state, and its building still stands in Lexington, deteriorating and "open to the elements." None of these small newspapers survived the loss of her leadership and changes to the industry.
In 1986 Smith moved to live with her sister and her family in Gadsden, Alabama, her hometown, suffering from early symptoms of apparent Alzheimer's disease. She later moved to be near nieces in Tennessee. She died there in 1994 in a nursing home in Cleveland, Tennessee. Her body was returned to Alabama, where she was buried near family members in Gadsden.
Legacy and honors
Smith received other recognition in addition to the Pulitzer Prize: awards from the National Federation of Press Women (1946, 1955), the Herrick Award for Editorial Writing (1956), the Mississippi Press Association (1957). She won the Golden Quill Award of the International Society of Weekly Newspaper Editors in 1963, and in 1964 was named by the National Council of Women as the "Woman of Conscience" that year. She was president of the International Society of Weekly Newspaper Editors in 1981–82.
Death
Hazel Freeman Smith died in Cleveland, Tennessee on May 15, 1994, aged 80.
Papers
Smith's 1945-1976 papers are available to researchers and held at the Special Collections department of the Mississippi State University Library.
Films
Smith was one of the subjects in the documentary film An Independent Voice (1973) about small-town newspaper editors. Her life was dramatized in the ABC-TV movie A Passion for Justice: The Hazel Brannon Smith Story (1994), with Jane Seymour in the title role. The movie aired several weeks before Smith died.
Further reading
Kathleen Brady, "Hazel Brannon Smith: White Martyr for Civil Rights," in Forgotten Heroes, edited by Susan Ware, New York: The Free Press, 1998.
David R. Davies, ed. The Press and Race: Mississippi Journalists Confront the Movement. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001.
Jeffrey B. Howell, Hazel Brannon Smith: The Female Crusading Scalawag (University Press of Mississippi, 2017).
Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff. The Race Beat: The Press, The Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.
Ann Waldron. Hodding Carter: The Reconstruction of a Racist. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1993.
John A. Whalen, Maverick Among the Magnolias: The Hazel Brannon Smith Story, Xlibris (self-published), 2001.
Mabel Norris Reese Lovejoy Award recipient
References
External links
Hazel Brannon Smith: "Bombed, Burned and Boycotted", 1983 Fellow, Alicia Patterson Foundation website
"This Female Crusading Scalawag" by Bernard L. Stein, Freedom Forum, Summer 2000
Mississippi Newspapers on Microfilm
1914 births
1994 deaths
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing winners
20th-century American women journalists
American newspaper editors
Writers from Alabama
Women newspaper editors
20th-century American women writers
Journalists from Alabama
People from Gadsden, Alabama
People from Lexington, Mississippi
People from Durant, Mississippi
Editors of Mississippi newspapers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel%20Brannon%20Smith |
Hu Weide () (1863 – 24 November 1933) was a Chinese politician and diplomat during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.
Biography
Though related by marriage to the Qing dynasty, he accepted the creation of the Republic and served in its foreign ministry, having previously been the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Qing Dynasty as a member of Yuan Shikai's Cabinet. He served as ambassador to Russia, Japan, and France; and was a rival of Wu Tingfang. He was also a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
After Duan Qirui was ousted from Beijing in 1926, Hu served briefly as acting president and premier.
Hu Weide's political career is unique in that his career did not end with the passage of power from one form of government to another. He was a prominent politician and diplomat in the late Qing Dynasty as well as the early Republic of China. His role in the Chinese diplomacy history is immense, although he is also considered by many as being responsible for the feeble diplomacy practiced by China. Hu was truly one of the first Chinese politicians with a strong grasp of global affairs. He graduated from the Shanghai Interpreters' College. His proficiency in English, French and Russian allowed him to pursue the study of these countries, which made him a specialist in these nations.
Hu Weide's stature in the Chinese and international diplomatic sphere can be gauged from the fact that he was a member of the Chinese delegation at the Treaty of Versailles and at The Hague Peace Conference. Although he did not receive praise for his work to bring democracy in China, he played a vital role in persuading the late Qing Government to relinquish power in favor of the new Republic.
References
|-
|-
1863 births
1933 deaths
Presidents of the Republic of China
Premiers of the Republic of China
Ambassadors of the Republic of China
Permanent Court of International Justice judges
Politicians from Huzhou
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
20th-century Chinese heads of government
Ambassadors of China to France
Chinese judges of international courts and tribunals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%20Weide |
Gibson City-Melvin-Sibley School District is a K-12 public school district based in Gibson City, Illinois.
GCMS organized through a consolidation between the Gibson City and Melvin-Sibley "Mel-Sib" school districts in 1993. All of the district's school buildings are located within Gibson City, but the middle school was located in the old Melvin-Sibley High School in Melvin until 2001. The district has three schools, GCMS Elementary School, GCMS Middle School, and the GCMS High School.
The superintendent of GCMS is Jeremy Darnell. The three principals of the district are Justin Kean (elementary), Kyle Bielfelt (middle), and Chris Garard (high school).
The high schools' sports teams compete in the Heart of Illinois Conference and are called the GCMS Falcons. The longtime mascot of Gibson City was the Greyhounds, while Mel-Sib's was the Rams. The GCMS football team has been to the IHSA state playoffs for eight years in a row. They finished 4th in 2009. In 2017, the Falcons won the first ever team state championship in Gibson City and GCMS history by defeating the Maroa-Forsyth Trojans at Huskie Stadium in DeKalb. The school's track team has produced multiple state champions, most recently in 2012.
GCMS's Project Ignition, a program designed to teach awareness about distracted and safe driving, won a national competition in 2006.
GCMS recently (April 2011) completed a renovation/addition to its elementary school building. New windows were added to all classrooms for the first time.
Notable Alumni: Gregory Clow, host of Lumpen Radio's Quiz-o! show, karaoke extraordinaire, world-class emcee, all around great guy and excellent friend!
External links
Official site
School districts in Illinois
Education in Ford County, Illinois
School districts established in 1993
1993 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20City-Melvin-Sibley%20Community%20Unit%20School%20District%205 |
Mark Merenda (born 29 October 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Merenda began his career with the West Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL).
Debuting in 1994 with the Richmond Football Club, he was noted as a midfielder or small forward. At the end of the 2000 season, after being out of action at Richmond from Round 2 onwards, he was moved to his home state to play with the West Coast Eagles after 75 games with the Tigers. In 2001 he kicked the Goal of the Year in Round 3 against St Kilda.
Back injuries plagued Merenda throughout his career and he was forced to retire at the end of the 2002 season. He is now involved with coaching at Claremont Football Club.
Mark Merenda is of Sicilian descent.
References
Hogan P: The Tigers Of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996
External links
Living people
West Perth Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
1975 births
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Australian people of Sicilian descent
Western Australian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Merenda |
X-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy.
Since X-rays and visible light are both electromagnetic waves they propagate in space in the same way, but because of the much higher frequency and photon energy of X-rays they interact with matter very differently. Visible light is easily redirected using lenses and mirrors, but because the real part of the complex refractive index of all materials is very close to 1 for X-rays, they instead tend to initially penetrate and eventually get absorbed in most materials without changing direction much.
X-ray techniques
There are many different techniques used to redirect X-rays, most of them changing the directions by only minute angles. The most common principle used is reflection at grazing incidence angles, either using total external reflection at very small angles or multilayer coatings. Other principles used include diffraction and interference in the form of zone plates, refraction in compound refractive lenses that use many small X-ray lenses in series to compensate by their number for the minute index of refraction, Bragg reflection from a crystal plane in flat or bent crystals.
X-ray beams are often collimated or reduced in size using pinholes or movable slits typically made of tungsten or some other high-Z material. Narrow parts of an X-ray spectrum can be selected with monochromators based on one or multiple Bragg reflections by crystals. X-ray spectra can also be manipulated by having the X-rays pass through a filter (optics). This will typically reduce the low-energy part of the spectrum, and possibly parts above absorption edges of the elements used for the filter.
Focusing optics
Analytical X-ray techniques such as X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy all benefit from high X-ray flux densities on the samples being investigated. This is achieved by focusing the divergent beam from the X-ray source onto the sample using one out of a range of focusing optical components. This is also useful for scanning probe techniques such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and scanning X-ray fluorescence imaging.
Polycapillary optics
Polycapillary lenses are arrays of small hollow glass tubes that guide the X-rays with many total external reflections on the inside of the tubes.
The array is tapered so that one end of the capillaries points at the X-ray source and the other at the sample. Polycapillary optics are achromatic and thus suitable for scanning fluorescence imaging and other applications where a broad X-ray spectrum is useful. They collect X-rays efficiently for photon energies of 0.1 to 30 keV and can achieve gains of 100 to 10000 in flux over using a pinhole at 100 mm from the X-ray source.
Since only X-rays entering the capillaries within a very narrow angle will be totally internally reflected, only X-rays coming from a small spot will be transmitted through the optic. Polycapillary optics cannot image more than one point to another, so they are used for illumination and collection of X-rays.
Zone plates
Zone plates consist of a substrate with concentric zones of a phase-shifting or absorbing material with zones getting narrower the larger their radius. The zone widths are designed so that a transmitted wave gets constructive interference in a single point giving a focus. Zone plates can be used as condensers to collect light, but also for direct full-field imaging in e.g. an X-ray microscope. Zone plates are highly chromatic and usually designed only for a narrow energy span, making it necessary to have monochromatic X-rays for efficient collection and high-resolution imaging.
Compound refractive lenses
Since refractive indices at X-ray wavelengths are so close to 1, the focal lengths of normal lenses get impractically long. To overcome this, lenses with very small radii of curvature are used, and they are stacked in long rows, so that the combined focusing power gets appreciable. Since the refractive index is less than 1 for X-rays, these lenses must be concave to achieve focusing, contrary to visible-light lenses, which are convex for a focusing effect. Radii of curvature are typically less than a millimeter, making the usable X-ray beam width at most about 1 mm. To reduce the absorption of X-rays in these stacks, materials with very low atomic number such as beryllium or lithium are often used. Lenses from other materials are also on the market: radiation resistant polymer (Epoxy based) such as SU-8, nickel and silicon. Since the refractive index depends strongly on X-ray wavelength, these lenses are highly chromatic, and the variation of the focal length with wavelength must be taken into account for any application.
Reflection
The basic idea is to reflect a beam of X-rays from a surface and to measure the intensity of X-rays reflected in the specular direction (reflected angle equal to incident angle). It has been shown that a reflection off a parabolic mirror followed by a reflection off a hyperbolic mirror leads to the focusing of X-rays. Since the incoming X-rays must strike the tilted surface of the mirror, the collecting area is small. It can, however, be increased by nesting arrangements of mirrors inside each other.
The ratio of reflected intensity to incident intensity is the X-ray reflectivity for the surface. If the interface is not perfectly sharp and smooth, the reflected intensity will deviate from that predicted by the Fresnel reflectivity law. The deviations can then be analyzed to obtain the density profile of the interface normal to the surface. For films with multiple layers, X-ray reflectivity may show oscillations with wavelength, analogous to the Fabry–Pérot effect. These oscillations can be used to infer layer thicknesses and other properties.
Diffraction
In X-ray diffraction a beam strikes a crystal and diffracts into many specific directions. The angles and intensities of the diffracted beams indicate a three-dimensional density of electrons within the crystal. X-rays produce a diffraction pattern because their wavelength typically has the same order of magnitude (0.1–10.0 nm) as the spacing between the atomic planes in the crystal.
Each atom re-radiates a small portion of an incoming beam's intensity as a spherical wave. If the atoms are arranged symmetrically (as is found in a crystal) with a separation d, these spherical waves will be in phase (add constructively) only in directions where their path-length difference 2d sin θ is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength λ. The incoming beam therefore appears to have been deflected by an angle 2θ, producing a reflection spot in the diffraction pattern.
X-ray diffraction is a form of elastic scattering in the forward direction; the outgoing X-rays have the same energy, and thus the same wavelength, as the incoming X-rays, only with altered direction. By contrast, inelastic scattering occurs when energy is transferred from the incoming X-ray to an inner-shell electron, exciting it to a higher energy level. Such inelastic scattering reduces the energy (or increases the wavelength) of the outgoing beam. Inelastic scattering is useful for probing such electron excitation, but not in determining the distribution of atoms within the crystal.
Longer-wavelength photons (such as ultraviolet radiation) would not have sufficient resolution to determine the atomic positions. At the other extreme, shorter-wavelength photons such as gamma rays are difficult to produce in large numbers, difficult to focus, and interact too strongly with matter, producing particle–antiparticle pairs.
Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons. X-rays are usually not diffracted from atomic nuclei, but only from the electrons surrounding them.
Interference
X-ray interference is the addition (superposition) of two or more X-ray waves that results in a new wave pattern. X-ray interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency.
Two non-monochromatic X-ray waves are only fully coherent with each other if they both have exactly the same range of wavelengths and the same phase differences at each of the constituent wavelengths.
The total phase difference is derived from the sum of both the path difference and the initial phase difference (if the X-ray waves are generated from two or more different sources). It can then be concluded whether the X-ray waves reaching a point are in phase (constructive interference) or out of phase (destructive interference).
Technologies
There are a variety of techniques used to funnel X-ray photons to the appropriate location on an X-ray detector:
Grazing incidence mirrors in a Wolter telescope, or a Kirkpatrick–Baez X-ray reflection microscope.
Zone plates.
Bent crystals.
Normal-incidence mirrors making use of multilayer coatings.
A normal-incidence lens much like an optical lens, such as a compound refractive lens.
Microstructured optical arrays, namely, capillary/polycapillary optical systems.
Coded aperture imaging.
Modulation collimators.
X-ray waveguides.
Most X-ray optical elements (with the exception of grazing-incidence mirrors) are very small and must be designed for a particular incident angle and energy, thus limiting their applications in divergent radiation. Although the technology has advanced rapidly, its practical uses outside research are still limited. Efforts are ongoing, however, to introduce X-ray optics in medical X-ray imaging. For instance, one of the applications showing greater promise is in enhancing both the contrast and resolution of mammographic images, compared to conventional anti-scatter grids. Another application is to optimize the energy distribution of the X-ray beam to improve contrast-to-noise ratio compared to conventional energy filtering.
Mirrors for X-ray optics
The mirrors can be made of glass, ceramic, or metal foil, coated by a reflective layer. The most commonly used reflective materials for X-ray mirrors are gold and iridium. Even with these the critical reflection angle is energy dependent. For gold at 1 keV, the critical reflection angle is 2.4°.
The use of X-ray mirrors simultaneously requires:
the ability to determine the location of the arrival of an X-ray photon in two dimensions,
a reasonable detection efficiency.
Multilayers for X-Rays
No material has substantial reflection for X-rays, except at very small grazing angles. Multilayers enhance the small reflectivity from a single boundary by adding the small reflected amplitudes from many boundaries coherently in phase. For example, if a single boundary has a reflectivity of R = 10−4 (amplitude r = 10−2), then the addition of 100 amplitudes from 100 boundaries can give reflectivity R close to one. The period Λ of the multilayer that provides the in-phase addition is that of the standing wave produced by the input and output beam, Λ = λ/2 sin θ, where λ is the wavelength, and 2θ the half angle between the two beams. For θ = 90°, or reflection at normal incidence, the period of the multilayer is Λ = λ/2. The shortest period that can be used in a multilayer is limited by the size of the atoms to about 2 nm, corresponding to wavelengths above 4 nm. For shorter wavelength a reduction of the incidence angle θ toward more grazing has to be used.
The materials for multilayers are selected to give the highest possible reflection at each boundary and the smallest absorption or the propagation through the structure. This is usually achieved by light, low-density materials for the spacer layer and a heavier material that produces high contrast. The absorption in the heavier material can be reduced by positioning it close to the nodes of the standing-wave field inside the structure. Good low-absorption spacer materials are Be, C, B, B4C and Si. Some examples of the heavier materials with good contrast are W, Rh, Ru and Mo.
Applications include:
normal and grazing-incidence optics for telescopes from EUV to hard X-rays,
microscopes, beam lines at synchrotron and FEL facilities,
EUV lithography.
Mo/Si is the material selection used for the near-normal incidence reflectors for EUV lithography.
Hard X-ray mirrors
An X-ray mirror optic for NuStar space telescope working up 79 keV was made using multilayered coatings, computer-aided manufacturing, and other techniques. The mirrors use a tungsten/silicon (W/Si) or platinum/silicon-carbide (Pt/SiC) multicoating on slumped glass, allowing a Wolter telescope design.
See also
Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror
X-ray telescope
Wolter telescope, a type of X-ray telescope built with glancing-incidence mirrors
XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray Observatory, orbiting observatories using X-ray optics
X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography
References
External links
Optics
Optics
Optics
Radiography
Optics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20optics |
Manuel dos Santos Fernandes (born 28 March 1974), known as Dos Santos, is a former professional footballer who played as a left back. Born in Cape Verde, Dos Santos represented France internationally.
Football career
Born in Praia, Cape Verde one year before the nation gained independence from Portugal, Dos Santos migrated to France at a very young age, and started his professional career at AS Monaco FC. He then played for Montpellier HSC and Olympique de Marseille, spending four Ligue 1 seasons with the latter: with L'OM, he appeared in nine complete matches in the 2003–04 UEFA Cup, including the 0–2 final loss against Valencia CF which would be his last match for the club.
In the summer of 2004, Portuguese Primeira Liga side S.L. Benfica bought Dos Santos for an undisclosed fee, and he signed a three-year contract. The first-choice during his debut campaign, as the Lisbon-based side ended an 11-year drought in the league, he appeared rarely in the following season, and left in the January 2006 transfer window.
Dos Santos then returned to former club Monaco, where he replaced Manchester United-bound Patrice Evra after signing a -year link. After 46 competitive games during this stint, a new deal was not agreed and he was released.
In July 2007, Dos Santos moved to RC Strasbourg, where he spent one year before announcing his retirement from the game in February 2009, aged 35. Shortly after, however, he signed with amateurs Rapid de Menton, close to where he had fixed his residence in Monaco.
Dos Santos returned to Monaco in 2010, going on to be in charge of its youth teams for several years.
Honours
Monaco
Ligue 1: 1996–97
Montpellier
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
Marseille
UEFA Cup runner-up: 2003–04
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 2004–05
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2005
Taça de Portugal runner-up: 2004–05
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Praia
French men's footballers
Cape Verdean men's footballers
Cape Verdean emigrants to France
Men's association football defenders
Ligue 1 players
AS Monaco FC players
Montpellier HSC players
Olympique de Marseille players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Primeira Liga players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Cape Verdean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
French sportspeople of Cape Verdean descent
AS Monaco FC non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20dos%20Santos%20%28footballer%29 |
Preying from the Pulpit was a mini-news series produced in May 1993 by WJBK of Detroit, Michigan, for the 11:00 pm news. The news report argued that sexual abuse in seven different churches around the United States were all connected to First Baptist Church of Hammond and its Pastor, Jack Hyles. Hyles called the program "poor journalism" and organized a national campaign to respond.
Description
The news report aired a six-part series stemming from child sexual abuse allegations against deacon Mark Foeller and associate pastor Timothy Leonard (a graduate of Hyles-Anderson College, an unaccredited institution), of North Sharon Baptist Church near Ann Arbor." Leonard, "North Sharon's associate pastor and a graduate of Hyles Anderson College of Schererville, was charged in Michigan with first- and second-degree sexual assault of children." The San Diego Union-Tribune noted "the news report found seven U.S. churches - all with ties to Jack Hyles, it said - involved in sex scandals." Thus, the TV station noted alleged child molestations at a church "appeared to be part of a pattern among 'churches that follow the teachings and philosophy' of Hyles, First Baptist and its related Hyles-Anderson College of Crown Point, Indiana."
The mini-series "showed footage during its report of [Hyles] brandishing a rifle from the pulpit", along with "people with guns and walkie-talkies patrolling the outside of the church at times." Additionally "the station also recapped a sermon in 1990 in which Hyles pretended to pour poison into a glass and asked an associate pastor, Johnny Colsten, to drink from it. Colsten said he would." Furthermore, "The WJBK report said the sermon has the 'ring of Jonestown' to it—the mass suicide in Guyana in 1978 by followers of cult leader Jim Jones." In fact "WJBK also reported that Hyles, though never claiming to be God, has convinced a lot of people he is the next best thing to Him."
The report also described the links of "a deacon at First Baptist, A.V. Ballenger, [who] was found guilty of one count of child molestation dating from 1991." Also discussed in the news report was the comments Hyles made to the parents of the girl molested by Ballenger. In a 1991 article, the Chicago Tribune reported that Hyles was sued for $1 million by the parents of the girl molested by Ballenger. The paper reported the "lawsuit claims Hyles and the church had not fulfilled their obligation to ensure that children were protected from harm during Sunday school." This stemmed from their mentioning the molestation to Hyles who then promised to "investigate". After two months of nothing being done, the parents went to the police. Furthermore, "the suit, filed last week, claims the minister told the child's parents that Ballenger 'just liked little girls,' and, 'You don't have a case.'" Hyles and the church settled out of court. Ballenger was sentenced to five years in prison.
Investigation
The Detroit news program was not the only one to study if there was a connection between deacon Ballenger at Hyles' church and the North Sharon associate pastor, who graduated from Hyles-Anderson College. The prosecuting attorney for Washtenaw County, Michigan, went to the Ballenger trial "to watch, listen to testimony and observe similarities between this case and other cases involving a rural church [in] Michigan."
On May 14, 1993, "the FBI was asked to look into allegations minors were taken from Michigan to Northwest Indiana by employees or officials of North Sharon Baptist Church near Ann Arbor for events sponsored by Hammond First Baptist Church." The FBI concluded, "there is insufficient evidence to probe allegations." On Friday, May 19, 1993, Sgt. Charles Hedinger, a Hammond police detective, described the Hyles investigation as "open-ended."
Jack Hyles said that he welcomed an investigation by the police and he attended a meeting with city officials to discuss it. Hyles emerged from the meeting saying that there was no investigation. Confirmation of this came on Wednesday, May 24, 1993, the Chief of Police detectives, Capt. Bill Conner, was quoted in the Tribune saying that, "There is no investigation of the First Baptist Church of Hammond or Jack Hyles". On June 1, 1993, The Lake County, Indiana prosecutor's office stated that it did not have any cases involving Hyles or the First Baptist Church of Hammond.On the same day, the Hammond Police Department reaffirmed the statement it made the previous month when it confirmed that there was no investigation of Hyles or the church.
Criticism of WJBK
Hyles told his congregation that WJBK's news anchorman was fired and 12 sponsors had dropped the evening news, but Mort Meisner, news director for WJBK, said neither of those statements were true.
On May 19, 1993, The Times of Northwest Indiana ran a story entitled Baptism by innuendo, which criticized WJBK-TV's reporting. The Times wrote, "If one were to take the insinuations of Detroit television station WJBK-TV seriously, one could get the impression that the First Baptist Church of Hammond is a sex-crime factory and that its pastors school in Hammond and the affiliated Hyles Anderson College in Schererville are institutions where people minor in molestation." The Times also suggested that the May ratings period, which is traditionally known for such similar sensationalized stories, was not a good enough excuse to make up for the poor journalism the stories displayed, concluding that the stories were "a monstrous overreach". The Times went on to say: "There is no large institution of any kind where some wrongdoers cannot be found. First Baptist and its affiliated institutions are no exception. To tar an entire congregation or student body and alumni with indiscriminate innuendo is highly irresponsible."
Soon afterwards, Hyles gave a speech in which he disputed the latest reports point by point.
During that speech, Hyles said that those that the report indicated had attended Hyles-Anderson College really had not even attended the school. Several hundred people signed a statement supporting Hyles' in an advertisement placed in the Tuesday June 1, 1993 Chicago Sun-Times.
References
1993 in Christianity
1993 controversies in the United States
May 1993 events in the United States
Child sexual abuse scandals in Christianity
Religious scandals
Religious controversies in television
Sex crimes in the United States
Religious controversies in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preying%20from%20the%20Pulpit |
The 2002–03 OHL season was the 23rd season of the Ontario Hockey League. The North Bay Centennials relocated to Saginaw, Michigan, becoming the Saginaw Spirit. Due to the move, several teams changed divisions; the Saginaw Spirit were placed in the west division, the London Knights moved to the midwest division, and the Brampton Battalion moved to the central division. The London Knights moved into the new John Labatt Centre, which replaced the London Ice House. The Tim Adams Memorial Trophy was inaugurated as the MVP of the OHL Cup. Twenty teams each played 68 games. The Mississauga Icedogs qualified for the playoffs for the first time in their existence. The Kitchener Rangers won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Ottawa 67's in the final.
Regular season
Final standings
Note: DIV = Division; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title
Eastern conference
Western conference
Scoring leaders
Playoffs
Conference quarterfinals
Eastern conference
Western conference
Conference semifinals
Conference finals
J. Ross Robertson Cup finals
J. Ross Robertson Cup Champions Roster
All-Star teams
First team
Corey Locke, Centre, Ottawa 67's
Cody McCormick, Left Wing, Belleville Bulls
Matt Foy, Right Wing, Ottawa 67's
Brendan Bell, Defence, Ottawa 67's
Lukas Krajicek, Defence, Peterborough Petes
Andy Chiodo, Goaltender, Toronto St. Michael's Majors
Brian Kilrea, Coach, Ottawa 67's
Second team
Eric Staal, Centre, Peterborough Petes
Brandon Nolan, Left Wing, Oshawa Generals
Chad LaRose, Right Wing, Plymouth Whalers
Steve Eminger, Defence, Kitchener Rangers
Carlo Colaiacovo, Defence, Erie Otters
Chris Houle, Goaltender, London Knights
Jim Hulton, Coach, Belleville Bulls
Third team
Matt Stajan, Centre, Belleville Bulls
Kris Newbury, Left Wing, Sarnia Sting
Dustin Brown, Right Wing, Guelph Storm
Trevor Daley, Defence, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
Tim Gleason, Defence, Windsor Spitfires
Michael Mole, Goaltender, Belleville Bulls
Peter DeBoer, Coach, Kitchener Rangers
Awards
2003 OHL Priority Selection
On May 3, 2003, the OHL conducted the 2003 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection. The Saginaw Spirit held the first overall pick in the draft, and selected Patrick McNeill from the Strathroy Rockets. McNeill was awarded the Jack Ferguson Award, awarded to the top pick in the draft.
Below are the players who were selected in the first round of the 2003 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection.
2003 CHL Import Draft
On June 26, 2003, the Canadian Hockey League conducted the 2003 CHL Import Draft, in which teams in all three CHL leagues participate in. The Owen Sound Attack held the first pick in the draft by a team in the OHL, and selected Štefan Ružička from Slovakia with their selection.
Below are the players who were selected in the first round by Ontario Hockey League teams in the 2003 CHL Import Draft.
See also
List of OHA Junior A standings
List of OHL seasons
2003 Memorial Cup
2003 NHL Entry Draft
2002 in sports
2003 in sports
References
HockeyDB
Ontario Hockey League seasons
OHL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303%20OHL%20season |
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