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A corn crib or corncrib is a type of granary used to dry and store corn. It may also be known as a cornhouse or corn house.
Overview
After the harvest and while still on the cob, corn is placed in the crib either with or without the husk. The typical corn crib has slats in its walls to allow air to circulate through the corn, both allowing it to dry initially and helping it stay dry. The slats expose the corn to pests, so corn cribs are elevated beyond the reach of rodents.
Although granaries had been used around the world in many cultures who grew grain for food, corn cribs were first used by Native Americans and then quickly adopted by European settlers. Struggling European settlers often raided corn cribs for food. As a result, at least some Native groups abandoned the corn crib and buried food in caches.
Corn crib designs vary greatly. They were originally made of wood, but other materials such as concrete have also been used. The basic corn crib consists of a roofed bin elevated on posts. Another typical early American design has walls slanted outward. Most of the larger designs have an open space in the middle for accessing corn and promoting airflow. In larger designs, this space was often used to store wagons. By the early 20th century, the term "corn crib" was applied to large barns that contained many individual bins of corn. Today a typical corn crib on many farms is a cylindrical cage of galvanized wire fencing covered by a metal roof formed of corrugated galvanised iron.
See also
Hambar – corn cribs in the Balkans and surrounding region
Hórreo
Raccard
Gallery
References
External links
Grain Quality Task Force, Purdue U. 10/1996
Granaries
Maize production
Native American architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn%20crib |
Castelar is a city in Morón Partido (county), Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, some 30 km west of the nation's capital, the autonomous city of Buenos Aires. It is part of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area.
Castelar is the westernmost city of the Morón Partido, and borders on Ituzaingó Partido.
It is the second most populated city in Morón, and it's located in the western side of it.
Climate
Economy
The Sero electric factory is located in Castelar.
History
The first owner of the land now known as Castelar was Mateo Sanchez, who received a squared portion of land laid upon Moron Creek ―the zone previously known as Cañada de Ruiz― according to the orders of the governor Juan Ramirez de Velasco. Surprisingly, the limits of that land were almost double the size of the current city. In 1610 the land suffered its first change of owner, since Mateo Sanchez had sold it to captain Francisco Romero from Santa Cruz. The lot continued to be in the hands of Romero's descendants until 1673, the year that Sebastian de Gilles acquired it, which led to a slow fragmenting of the land.
Notable residents
Daniel Guerrero - television and film actor, radio announcer and television show host
Brian Smith - racing driver
See also
2013 Castelar train crash
References
External links
Castelar railway station on Google Maps
Castelar Digital
Historia y actualidad de Moron, Argentina
Morón Partido
Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Cities in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelar |
Thomas Elliott Wright (born 10 January 1966) is a Scottish football coach and former player. A winger, he made nearly 450 appearances in the English Football League and Premier League, and also had short spells in the Scottish League. He was most recently a First-Team Coach at Oldham Athletic.
Career
Coaching
Having worked previously as his assistant manager at Oldham Athletic, Wright followed John Sheridan to League Two side Chesterfield to serve in the same capacity, in June 2009. He was made Caretaker Manager following the sacking of Sheridan on 27 August 2012, with Mark Crossley assisting.
Wright was appointed assistant head coach of Barnsley on 25 February 2015
On 21 June 2018, he linked up with John Sheridan once more when being appointed the new assistant manager of Carlisle United.
Swindon Town
On 9 July 2019, he joined the coaching team at Swindon Town.
In November 2020, Swindon Town F.C. manager John Sheridan stressed that he had no plans to change the existing coaching team. He wanted Wright and Noel Hunt to stay at Swindon Town F.C. and was looking forward to working with them.
In the same month, it was reported that former Swindon Town F.C. manager Richie Wellens was planning to bring coach Wright to Salford City F.C. but Wright turned down his offer and continued to coach the Swindon Town F.C. team.
In February 2021, Wright admitted he wasn't sure whether he and manager Sheridan would keep their jobs if they won their Wigan Athletic F.C. game.
On 18 April 2021, following the resignation of first-team manager John Sheridan, Wright was placed in charge of the first-team with Swindon sitting bottom of the league, seven points off of safety with four games remaining.
Oldham return
On 25 January 2022, following the return of Sheridan to Oldham Athletic, Wright returned to the club as a coach. He left the club on 26 September 2022 following the recent change in management.
Corruption conviction
Wright was suspended by Barnsley on 28 September 2016 pending investigation into allegations that he had taken a £5,000 cash bribe to arrange player's transfers. His criminal trial was held in October 2019, at which he was convicted of soliciting and accepting bribes.
Bribery incident
In August 2018, the City of London Police announced that the former assistant coach of Barnsley F.C., Wright, had been charged with bribery offenses. In December 2019, Swindon Town F.C.'s first-team coach decided not to sack Wright. Although Wright had been found guilty of taking a bribe for leaking commercial information about players to the public, he was allowed to keep his assistant job.
Managerial Statistics
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Dunfermline
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Leeds United F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Livingston F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Chesterfield F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Chesterfield F.C. non-playing staff
Barnsley F.C. non-playing staff
Carlisle United F.C. non-playing staff
Swindon Town F.C. non-playing staff
Swindon Town F.C. managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Wright%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201966%29 |
Ormskirk was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 as a division of the parliamentary county of Lancashire. The constituency boundaries were changed in 1918, 1950, 1955 and 1974.
History
The constituency was a Labour - Conservative marginal for much of its history, changing hands several times between the two parties during its 98-year existence.
The seat was initially a safe Conservative seat under the influence of the Stanleys, the Earls of Derby. Indeed, the seat was held for twenty years by Arthur Stanley, a younger son of the 16th Earl. The only serious challenge by the Liberal Party in this period was in 1910 when William Lever, the leading industrialist, contested the seat. Indeed, this was the last time the Liberal Party would contest the constituency until the 1970s.
James Bell became the first non Conservative to be elected for this seat since its creation in 1885, principally due to a divided conservative vote between the Coalition Conservatives and the candidate of the National Farmers Union at the 1918 general election. Francis Blundell regained the seat for the Conservatives in 1922 but was to lose it to Labour's Sam Tom Rosbotham in 1929.
Sam Tom followed Ramsay MacDonald when the Labour Party split in 1931, and then defended the seat successfully for National Labour in both 1931 and 1935. He was succeeded in 1939 by Commander Stephen King-Hall for National Labour.
In a repeat of 1918, the election of 1945 saw future Prime Minister, Harold Wilson elected when the Conservative Party opted to stand against the National candidate, Stephen King-Hall, and split the anti Labour vote. With Harold Wilson moving in 1950 to the newly created Huyton constituency, the seat saw a succession of Conservative Members who were then moved on to the House of Lords, until the election of the much respected Colonel Douglas Glover in the 1953 by-election.
The retirement of Douglas Glover in 1970 saw the election of Harold Soref for the Conservatives who, however, was only to hold the seat for four years. Boundary changes brought in Kirkby New Town, leading to the election of Robert Kilroy-Silk for Labour.
The constituency ceased to exist with the implementation of the 1983 boundary changes. The sitting MP moved to the new Knowsley North seat.
Boundaries
1885–1918
The constituency, officially designated as South-West Lancashire, Ormskirk Division consisted of the town of Ormskirk and a number of surrounding parishes, namely:
Aintree, Aughton, Bickerstaffe, Croxteth Park, Dalton, Downholland, Halsall, Kirkby, Knowsley, Lathom, Litherland, Lunt, Lydiate, Maghull, Melling, Netherton, Ormskirk, Orrell and Ford, Prescot, Scarisbrick, Sefton, Simonswood, Skelmersdale & Upholland.
1918–1950
The Representation of the People Act 1918 reorganised constituencies throughout the United Kingdom. Boundaries were adjusted and seats were defined in terms of the districts created by the Local Government Act 1894. According to the schedules of the Act, the Lancashire, Ormskirk Division comprised:
Formby Urban District
Lathom and Burscough Urban District
Ormskirk Urban District
Rainford Urban District
Skelmersdale Urban District
Upholland Urban District
Sefton Rural District
West Lancashire Rural District
The civil parish of Dalton from Wigan Rural District
1950–1955
The Representation of the People Act 1948 redistributed parliamentary seats, with the constituencies first being used in the general election of 1950. The term "county constituency" was introduced in place of "division". Ormskirk County Constituency was redefined as consisting of the following districts:
Formby Urban District
Ormskirk Urban District
Rainford Urban District
West Lancashire Rural District (except the parishes of Aintree and Ford)
This reflected local government boundary changes in 1931–32: Lathom & Burscough UD had been absorbed by Ormskirk UD and Sefton RD by West Lancashire RD.
1955–1974
Following further council boundary changes in 1954, the remaining parishes from West Lancashire RD, (Aintree and Ford), were included in the constituency from 1955.
1974–1983
From 1970 the seat was again redefined, to cover the urban districts of Formby, Kirkby, Ormskirk and Rainford, and West Lancashire Rural District.
Abolition
The constituency was abolished by the Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983, which redrew constituencies based on the new counties and districts created in 1974.
The Ormskirk area became part of West Lancashire, Kirkby was included in Knowsley North, Rainford in St Helens North and Formby, Aintree and Melling in Crosby.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1880s
Elections in the 1890s
Forwood's death caused a by-election.
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
1939 Ormskirk by-election
In the Ormskirk By-Election of 27 October 1939, Stephen King-Hall, National Labour was elected unopposed.
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
See also
West Lancashire Constituency
Sources
Election results, 1950 - 1979
F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918 - 1949
F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1885 - 1918
References
Ormskirk
Parliamentary constituencies in North West England (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
Politics of the Borough of West Lancashire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormskirk%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Tim Wright, known professionally as Cold Storage (stylized as CoLD SToRAGE), is a Welsh video game music composer most known for his work in video game soundtracks such as Shadow of the Beast II, Agony, Lemmings, Wipeout and Colony Wars. As company director of Jester Interactive Limited, Checkmate Solutions Limited and Tantrumedia Limited he also designed and developed Music Sequencing Software titles including MUSIC™, MTV Music Generator™, MTVMG2™, MUSIC 2000™, MUSIC 3000™, Pocket Music™ and several eJay™ titles.
His first commercial works were created using the Amiga in the early 1990s and featured in computer games published by Psygnosis.
Wright left Sony in 1997 to form Jester Interactive with the key goal of developing music creation software for home consoles. In his role as creative director at Jester, he has designed Music and Music 2000 for the PlayStation and MTV, along with Music Generator and Music 3000 for the PlayStation 2 before leaving along with his brothers to form Checkmate Solutions Limited.
At Checkmate, Wright developed several musical sequencing products for Empire Interactive plc. under the eJay brand. After several products were developed, Wright left to form his own company, Tantrumedia Limited.
Wright currently manages Tantrumedia Limited and their audio division where he composes music, designs music sequencing software and oversees the production of websites and other multimedia projects.
Career
While working as a computer programmer for Littlewoods/Index the Catalogue Shop in the late 1980s, Wright penned compositions for computer-based demos. One of these, entitled "Puggs in Space", caught the eye of Psygnosis' then managing director, Ian Hetherington. This led to Wright creating music for a number of Psygnosis' Amiga and Atari ST games, some of which won awards. This initial freelance work eventually led to him leaving his programming job for Littlewoods and going to work full-time at Psygnosis. as their senior sound artist on projects such as Lemmings, Wipeout, Wipeout 2097 and Colony Wars.
Leaving Psygnosis in 1997, Wright was involved in the formation of Jester Interactive Ltd., with the intention of bringing music creation and mixing to Sony's original PlayStation console. The MUSICtm and MTV Music Generator series received industry awards & accolades, and spawned several incarnations of the MUSICtm Software before Wright finally departed with his brother Lee to form Checkmate Solutions Limited to design a new range of eJay music sequencing software.
In 2003, Wright formed his own multimedia company called Tantrumedia Ltd., involved in web space provision, website creation, software production, design & print and music. He also set up an official website to host much of his musical output under the name.
In 2005, as well as releasing the CoLD_SToRAGE double album Melt, he designed a new version of the dance & hip hop eJay music software for Empire Interactive, and made a return to Wipeout, this time for the Sony PSP with Wipeout Pure.
2006 saw Wright create more music for games, this time on the Nintendo DS, PSP and PC for forthcoming titles.
In 2008, Wright released his Android Child and Cold Storage HD albums.
In 2009, Wright penned music for more games on the DS, Wii and PlayStation 3, most notably Gravity Crash. He also released his fourth studio album, entitled Project Moonbounce 2009, which features sounds created by bouncing radio signals off the moon as part of World Moonbounce or EME (Earth Moon Earth) day.
The soundtrack album to Gravity Crash was released in 2010 and is Wright's fifth studio album, entitled Gravity Crash Anthems. This is quickly followed by his sixth studio album, Tik Tak.
Wright created his longest track ever, "Tangerine", which weighs in at 9 minutes and 31 seconds. This track was given away free to anyone who participated in the 2010 Cold Storage Easter Promotion. As such the track was a limited edition download. It was unavailable to the general public until it was made available on Bandcamp on Easter 2015.
Early in his career, Wright was the victim of plagiarism. Keyboardist Stian Aarstad copied the title track of the Amiga game "Agony" when he was recording an album with Norwegian band Dimmu Borgir; Aarstad also stole from other artists for this album. Wright was not compensated for this plagiarism.
Awards and accolades
Golden_Joystick_Awards 1995 : "Best Game Music - WipEout on Sony PlayStation"
Golden Joystick Awards 1997 : "Best Sounding Game - WipEout 2097 on Sony PlayStation"
Official PlayStation Magazine Awards 1999 : "MUSICtm - Most Innovative Game"
Sony Computer Entertainment America Awards 2000 : "MTV Music Generator - Most Innovative Game"
BAFTA Nomination 2000: "Interface Design : MUSIC 2000 by Jester Interactive"
Remix64 ROTY Awards 2015: "Best Newcomer (C64 or AMIGA) CoLD SToRAGE"
Personal life
Tim Wright spent his formative years attending the nearby Llanfynydd County Primary School, a Welsh first-language school. He exhibited musical aspirations at the age of three, singing self-penned songs into a portable cassette recorder. At the age of five, he moved with his family to a farm just outside Henllan. At the age of seven, he began attending weekly formal piano lessons. Wright lived on the farm with his mother, father and four siblings until he was 18, attending both Henllan County Primary School and Denbigh High School.
In his early teens he formed a short lived band called TUCAN with a fellow student. After completing his A-level examinations, he moved away to attend the Polytechnic of North London, where he studied Electronics and Communications Engineering for two years. Whilst at college, he also formed another two-man band in the shape of the snappily named Infinite Remix III Jnr.
Upon his return to Wales after his studies, he worked for six months at Sharp Manufacturing UK in Llay near Wrexham, but quickly moved on to work for Littlewoods in Liverpool, where he was part of the core team that programmed the in-house software for Index The Catalogue Shop. It was soon after moving to the Wirral that he also met and eventually married his first wife Michelle.
Leaving Littlewoods, he spent four years at Psygnosis before leaving to form Jester Interactive with his brother in 1997. It was around this time that he also met his second wife Claire, and just over a year later, their son Jacob was born. In 2003, Wright left Jester to form Checkmate Solutions Limited again with his brother Lee. In 2006, Checkmate Solutions Limited was dissolved leaving Wright to manage Tantrumedia Limited, a company he originally incorporated in 2003 as a vehicle for his work on websites and music production.
In 2016, Wright departed the UK and moved to Switzerland, where he now works for Numfum GmbH as their head of Studio.
Video games
Awesome (Amiga, 1990)
Carthage (Amiga, 1990)
Tentacle (Eldritch the Cat, Amiga, 1990)
The Killing Game Show / Fatal Rewind [FMV Intro] (Amiga, 1990)
Lemmings (Amiga, 1990)
Shadow of the Beast 2 (Amiga, 1990)
Armour-Geddon (Amiga, 1990)
Powermonger (Amiga, 1990)
Leander / Galahad (Amiga, 1991)
Amnios (Amiga, 1991)
Lost Soul ([[Atari ST, 1991)
Agony (Amiga, 1992)
Aquaventura (Amiga, 1992)
Shadow of the Beast 3 (Amiga, 1992)
Lemmings & Oh No! More Lemmings (Amiga, PC, Macintosh, PlayStation, 1992)
Holiday Lemmings (Amiga, DOS, Macintosh, 1992)
Puggsy (Amiga, 1993)
Last Action Hero (Mega-CD, 1993)
Combat Air Patrol (PC, 1993)
Phoenix Rising (Mega-CD, 1993)
Sensible Soccer (Mega-CD, 1993)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (Mega-CD, 1994)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (Mega-CD, 1994)
Microcosm (Amiga CD32, 1994)
No Escape (Mega-CD, 1994)
Mickey Mania (Mega-CD, 1994)
Magician's Castle (Amiga, 1994 - Unreleased)
Championship Soccer 94 (MegaCD, 1994)
Wipeout (PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PC, 1995)
Flink (Amiga CD32, Sega Mega Drive, Sega Mega-CD, 1995)
Wipeout 2097 (Amiga, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PC, 1996)
Krazy Ivan (PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PC, 1996)
Formula One (PlayStation, PC, 1996)
Adidas PowerSport Soccer (PlayStation, 1996)
Lemmings for Windows 95 & Lemmings Paintball (PC, 1996)
Necromantics (formerly Magician's Castle on AMIGA) (PC, 1996)
Adidas PowerSport Soccer International 97 (PlayStation, 1997)
Chomper (Psion 3, Psion 5, Psion Revo, 1997)
Thunder Truck Rally (PlayStation, PC, 1997)
Codename: Tenka (PlayStation, 1997)
Colony Wars (PlayStation, 1997)
Brainless (PlayStation, 1998)
WipEout64 (N64, 1998)
MUSIC: Music Creation for the PlayStation (PlayStation, 1998)
Tellurian Defence (PC, 1999)
Music 2000 / MTV Music Generator (PlayStation, PC, 1999)
MTV Music Generator 2 (PS2, 2001)
Supertruck Racing (PS2, 2002)
Pocket Music (Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, 2002)
Music 2002 Slinky Club Edition (PC, 2002)
Music 3000 / Funkmaster Flex's Digital Hitz Factory (PS2, 2003)
Jet Set Willy (J2ME, 2004)
Wipeout Pure (PlayStation Portable, 2005)
Ring Factory (PC, 2005)
Dance eJay 7 (PC, 2005)
HipHop eJay 6 (PC, 2005)
Techno eJay 5 (PC, 2006)
R&B eJay 1 (PC, 2007)
eJay Virtual Music Studio (PC, 2007)
Sudoku (NDS, 2007)
TT Superbike Legends (PS2, 2008)
eJay eQuality (PC, 2008)
Spellbound Party (Wii, 2009)
Spellbound (NDS, 2009)
Gravity Crash (PS3/PSP, 2009)
Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing (Xbox 360/PS3/Wii/DS/PC/Mobile, 2010)
Skillz (Xbox/PC, 2010)
Sodium 2 (PS3, 2011)
Psychroma (iOS, 2011)
Extreme Bingo (Facebook, 2012)
Adventure Dungeon (iOS, 2012)
Travel Bug (PS Vita, 2012)
Boxbeats (PS3, 2012)
Table Top Racing (iOS, 2013)
Write Your Own Music (Xbox 360, 2013)
Slipstream GX (PC, 2013)
Table Top Racing (Android/PSVita, 2014)
Gravity Crash (PS Vita, 2014)
Dynablaster Revenge (PC, 2014)
Gravity Crash Ultra (PS4/PS Vita, 2014)
Pacer (PS4/Xbox One/PC, 2020)
Discography
Albums
MELT (Digital Album, 2005)
ANDROID CHILD (Digital Album, 2008)
Gravity Crash Anthems (Digital Album, 2010)
Tik Tak (Digital Album, 2010)
AMIGA Revisited 2011 (5 track Digital Album, 2011)
Chipfest 6 - The Rehearsal Tapes (6 track Digital Album, 2011)
6E 61 32 (Digital Album, 2011)
MUSICtm Demo Tracks (26 track Digital Album, 2012 )
SLIPSTREAM Volume One (12 track re-master Digital Album, 2012)
SLIPSTREAM Volume Two (18 track re-master Digital Album, 2012)
STRIX MEMORIA ◔ ( Psygnosis Commemorative USB Memory Stick Album, 2013)
DECADE ( Boxed USB Stick: 14 Albums, 11 Singles & Bonus Material, 2014)
Overdrive Collection (10 Track 'Best of' Digital Album for REMUTE 'Does Time Really Exist?' Bundle, 2014)
SHADOW OF THE BEAST (CD Album released by Bitmap Books : Remixes of AMIGA music originally composed by David Whittaker, 2015)
Radiophonika (10 track Experimental Digital Album, 2015)
Shadow of The Beast MMXV (13 track Digital Album, 2016)
Ch'illout" (17 track Digital Album, 2018)
Lemmings (12 track Digital Album, 2021)
Singles and EPs
Henllan School Centenary (CD Single: Short Run Welsh/English, 2004)
Albino 2 - The Red Eye Mix (Digital Single, 2008)
Gravity Crash (Virtual Vinyl Digital Single) (Single, 2009)
Rubber Band Boogie Woogie (Experimental Digital Single using only Rubber Band Samples, 2009)
Smile Inside (Digital Single, 2009)
Dancing Dad - Christmas Hero! (Digital Single, 2009)
Tangerine (Limited Edition Digital ingle - Easter Sale Promotion, 2010)
Yin+Yang (Double 'A' Side Digital Single, 2010)
Escape from Barkhaven (Digital Single A & B Side, 2011)
Evolution (Dirty War) (Digital Single, 2011)
CANADA E.P. (Digital Single A & B Side, 2012)
Orpheus - per due pianisti (Digital Single, 2012)
Outersphere (I Feel So Alive!) / Boomerang (Double 'A' Digital Side Single, 2012)
Torvolution (Digital Single, 2013)
Beastly Adventures (2 track Digital E.P., 2013)
New Year Song, "Here we are again..." (Digital Single, 2013)
Brain Trainer - Hoopla Boopla Mix (Digital Single, 2015)
CANADA - tilt shift EDM mix 2015 (Free Digital Single on soundcloud.com, 2015)
Momentus (Digital Single, 2015)
Onyx - Brechdan Araf Mix (Digital Single, 2018)
DRIFT (Digital EP on Bandcamp, 2021)
Appearances on compilation albums
XTM - The Game Mix (CD Album, 1993)
CD Consoles - LE MAGAZINE DES SCREENAGERS: Music Collector 1 (CD Album, 1996)
JOYPAD - le mag des consoles: Joypad CD LE BEST OF DE PSYGNOSIS (CD Album, 1997)
Psygnosis: The Future Is Now (CD Album, 1997)
Amiga Immortal 2 (CD Album, 2002)
WipEout Pure: The Official Soundtrack (CD Album, 2005)
Amiga Immortal 3 (CD Album, 2006)
Amiga Immortal 4 (CD Album, 2011)
Velocity Ultra (Soundtrack Remix CD Album - Track #8, 2013)
Paula Agnus Denise (CD Album released by 010101 Music (ZOZ-1-CD), 2013)
B.F.O. Drift [ Polka Dot Mix ] (Digital Album - Track #17 : "The Sound of SceneSat Volume 3", 2014)
Blank (Video Game Heroes - Dolby Surround CD/DVD Album - Various Artists, 2014)
Ski or Die (Digital Album - Track #4 'Super VG Christmas Party' by Various Artists, 2014)
Determination (Bob Reynolds Sax Mix) (Digital Album - Track #35 : "The Sound of SceneSat Volume 4", 2018)
Xanderful (Digital Album - Track #38 : "The Sound of SceneSat Volume 5", 2019)
Covers and remixes
Crazy Comets UpMix (CD Quality cover version of Commodore 64 'Crazy Comets' by Rob Hubbard, 2015)
Ocean Loader v2 - Upmix (CD Quality cover version of Commodore 64 'Ocean Loader v2' by Martin Galway, 2015)
Kid Gloves [ Castle ] The Toe-tapper's Up-Mix (CD Quality cover version of Commodore AMIGA 'Kid Gloves - castle theme' by Tim Bartlett, 2015)
Risky Woods - "El Pueblo" Cover Version (CD Quality cover version of Commodore AMIGA 'Risky Woods - El Pueblo theme' by Jose A. Martin, 2015)
Cream of the Earth ( CoLD SToRAGE vs. Romeo Knight ) (CD Quality cover version of Commodore AMIGA 'Cream of the Earth demo tune' by Romeo Knight, 2015)
Super Twintris "Those 3" Tunes Up-Mix (CD Quality cover version of Commodore AMIGA 'Super Twintris - theme tune' by Tor Bernhard Gausen, 2015)
Scorched Tanks - Horizon's Edge theme cover version / Stardust - tunnel theme cover version / Guardian title theme cover version (3 tracks on a 35 track CD Audio Album - "Amiga Power: The Album With Attitude", 2019).
Film scores and soundtracks
Traveller: RED (Merkelbach Films, 2006)
Public appearances
References
External links
DiscOgs Page
Tim Wright profile on MobyGames
Living people
Amiga people
British expatriates in Switzerland
Welsh composers
Welsh male composers
People from Wrexham
Tracker musicians
Video game composers
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Alumni of the University of North London
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Wright%20%28Welsh%20musician%29 |
A Master in International Affairs (MIA), Master in Global Affairs (MGA), Master of Arts in International Relations (MAIR), Master of International Policy and Practice (MIPP), or Master of Science in Foreign Service (MSFS) is a professional master's degree in international affairs.
Subject matter
Details can vary between degree-granting institutions, but such a degree typically includes these core courses:
Interstate relations
Forms of government
Diplomacy
Sociology
Political philosophy
Defence policy
International law
International relations
International political economy
International history
International finance
International economics and economic diplomacy
Additionally, certificates in functional concentrations (international business diplomacy, global gender policy, etc.) and regional concentrations (Asian studies, Arab studies, etc.) are offered to complement the core degree. Some programs also require proficiency in foreign languages, in addition to completing free electives outside the main program.
These programs are typically offered by members of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), an association of schools of international affairs. It has member schools and departments from across the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia.
See also
Inside the Ivory Tower, a ranking of master's programs in international relations by Foreign Policy
List of master's degrees
Master of International Business
Master of Public Policy
International relations
References
External links
Graduate Program in International Affairs at Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
School of Government, LUISS Guido Carli
School of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
Master's degrees
International relations education | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20International%20Affairs |
The Police (Scotland) Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 72) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police (Scotland) Acts 1857 to 1890. The legislation made the establishment of a police force mandatory in the counties of Scotland, and also allowed existing burgh police forces to be consolidated with a county force.
Establishment of county police forces
The Commissioners of Supply for each county were required to form a police committee to administer a police force for their area. The committee was to consist of not more than 15 commissioners, plus the lord lieutenant and sheriff of the county (or their deputies). The police force forces were to come into existence on 15 March 1858.
A chief constable was to be appointed to each police force by the committee. It was, however, permitted for two or more adjoining counties to appoint a single chief constable. The chief constable was to run the day-to-day activities of the force, and to appoint and dismiss constables. He was also to appoint a deputy chief constable to act in his absence.
The commissioners of supply were to levy a "police assessment" or special rate to finance the constabulary. They were also permitted to divide a county into Police Districts, with constables allocated to each district, and a separate assessment to be paid in each area.
Jurisdiction of county constables
Constables of a county police force were to have full powers within their county, which was to include for policing purposes any detached parts of other counties locally situate within it. Similar provisions were made in regard to sheriffs and justices of the peace. They had jurisdiction in all harbours, lochs and bays, and in burghs within the county, and in any adjoining county.
Constables in Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire were permitted to serve warrants in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland across the English border.
Inspector of Constabulary
An Inspector of Constabulary was to be appointed to ensure that an efficient police system was being operated by the various forces in Scotland. He was to certify annually that each force was being effectively, making it eligible to payment of one quarter of its costs by the treasury.
According to the Inspector's first report in 1859, 32 counties and 57 burghs had established police forces.
Burgh police forces
A number of burghs had established police forces, either under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833 or by local Acts. The magistrates and town council of a burgh could agree with the commissioners of supply of a county to consolidate the burgh force with the county police. One or more members of the town council would be appointed to the county police committee in this case.
Conversely, the Act allowed any burgh which had not yet established a police force to do so within six months of the passing of the Act.
Burgh forces were also to be subject to inspection, but those unconsolidated burghs with a population of 5,000 or less were not permitted to avail of central government funds.
Exceptions
The Act did not automatically extend to Orkney and Shetland, although it could be applied by Order in Council on the request of the sheriff of the county.
The Act did not affect any police forces employed by railway or canal companies, or established by local act of parliament.
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1857
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
1857 in Scotland
Police legislation in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20%28Scotland%29%20Act%201857 |
The Ulster Senior Football Championship is an inter-county and cross-border competition for Gaelic football teams in the Irish province of Ulster. It is organised by the Ulster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) and begins in early May. The final is usually played on the third Sunday in July.
All nine Ulster counties participate. It is regarded as hardest to win of the four provincial football championships. At a referee conference in January 2015, David Coldrick said about officiating in the competition: "Ulster makes or breaks you. It can be a graveyard. The games are different. There is an extra dimension and intensity, and you must be at your best. If you aren't prepared physically and mentally, the chances are you will be caught out. But when you are appointed for your first Ulster championship match, that's making progress".
The winners receive the Anglo-Celt Cup, which was presented to the Ulster Council in 1925 by John F. O'Hanlon, who was editor of The Anglo-Celt newspaper based in Cavan.
Cavan have won the most championships (40). Derry are the title holders, defeating Armagh on penalties in the 2023 final.
History
Cavan are the most successful team in Ulster Championship history, having won the competition on 40 occasions. Cavan maintain the record for consecutive appearances in Ulster Finals. During the 1930s and 1940s, they appeared in and won seven consecutive Ulster titles. Fermanagh remain the only team not to have won an Ulster title. The Ulster Senior Football Championship celebrated its 125th year in 2013.
For many decades, winning the Ulster Senior Football Championship was considered as much as a team from Ulster could hope for, as the other provinces were usually much stronger and more competitive.
Before 1990, only Cavan in 1933, 1935, 1947, 1948 and 1952, and Down in 1960, 1961 and 1968, had won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title. In the 1990s however, a significant sea change took place, as the Ulster Champions won the All-Ireland in four consecutive years from 1991 to 1994. Since then Ulster has produced more All-Ireland winning teams than any other province.
Currently the Ulster Senior Football Championship is considered one of the toughest provinces to compete in. Ulster teams have gained considerable dominance on the All-Ireland scene, having won three All-Irelands from four in the early 2000s, including in 2003 when for the first time ever, the All-Ireland football final was competed for by two teams from one province.
The Ulster football final is normally played on the third Sunday in July, usually at St Tiernach's Park in Clones. From 2004 until 2006, it was staged at Croke Park in Dublin. The 2007 final—contested by Monaghan and Tyrone—marked a return to Clones, with Tyrone emerging victorious. The Athletic Grounds in Armagh hosted the 2020 final, as the fixture was played behind closed doors due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games. The final was last played in Belfast in 1971.
In the 2000s, Armagh were a dominant force in Ulster, winning six titles in eight years between 1999 and 2006. Donegal won consecutive Ulster titles from the preliminary round in 2011 and 2012 (a feat achieved by no other county) and added the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 2012.
The 2019 final had the highest score for the winning team in the final (Donegal that year) since 1933 when Cavan won, and the second highest score ever. It also had the highest Ulster final score for the losing team ever (Cavan on this occasion).
Format
Overview
The Ulster Championship is a single elimination tournament. Each team is afforded only one defeat before being eliminated from the championship. Pairings for matches are drawn at random and there is currently no seeding. Each match is played as a single leg. If a match is drawn there is a period of extra time, however, if both sides are still level at the end of extra time a replay takes place and so on until a winner is found.
Qualification for subsequent competitions
The winners and runners-up of the championship qualify to the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship group stage. The remaining seven Ulster teams may also qualify to the all-Ireland group stage via the National Football League. Those who fail to do so qualify to the Tailteann Cup.
Note: Before the introduction of the qualifiers in 2001, the winners of the Ulster Championship went straight to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland Championship, along with the winners of the Leinster, Munster and Connacht Championships.
Progression
Teams
The Ulster championship is contested by the nine traditional counties in the Irish province of Ulster. The province comprises the six counties of Northern Ireland plus the counties of Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. It is the only provincial championship involving mostly teams from the UK.
2024 Championship
Nine counties will compete in the 2024 Ulster Senior Football Championship:
Personnel and kits
Venues
Stadia and locations
Managers
Managers in the Ulster Championship are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and sourcing of players from the club championships. Their influence varies from county-to-county and is related to the individual county boards. From 2018, all inter-county head coaches must be Award 2 qualified. The manager is assisted by a team of two or three selectors and an extensive backroom team consisting of various coaches. Prior to the development of the concept of a manager in the 1970s, teams were usually managed by a team of selectors with one member acting as chairman.
Broadcasters
In the late 1990s, matches were broadcast in Northern Ireland by UTV before moving to BBC Northern Ireland.
List of finals
Notes
2020 No crowd attendance due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games
1939 Game abandoned – replay ordered
1907 No official final result in records
1901-1902 championship was played over two seasons and only counts as one Ulster Title
1900 Antrim were to have represented Ulster but gave walkover to Galway.
1892–1900 No championship. Cavan played in Leinster Senior Football Championship in 1895.
1891 Cavan Slashers, (Cavan) v Armagh Harps, (Armagh) game Abandoned Smithboro Co Monaghan game replayed Cavan 1-11 Armagh 0-00
1890 Armagh Harps, (Armagh) v Owen Roe O'Neill's (Tyrone)
1889 No Ulster championship
1888 Ulster Senior Football Championship Inniskeen Grattans of (Monaghan) v Maghera MacFinns of (Cavan) game went to a Replay
1887 No Ulster championship
Roll of honour
A golden background denotes years in which the Ulster champions or runners-up also won the All-Ireland Championship.
Team records and statistics
Team results
Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Semi-finals/Quarter-finals/Preliminary round
For each year, the number of teams (in brackets) are shown.
Debut of counties
Team progress since 2001
Below is a record of each county's performance since the introduction of the qualifier system to the All-Ireland series in 2001. Qualifiers did not occur from 2020-2021 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games.
Key
By Semi-Final Appearances (Since 2016)
Bold indicates years reached to final.
Consecutive titles
Septuple
Cavan (1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937)
Cavan (1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945)
Sextuple
Antrim (1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913)
Quintuple
Cavan (1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926)
Treble
Cavan (1903, 1904, 1905)
Cavan (1918, 1919, 1920)
Cavan (1947, 1948, 1949)
Down (1959, 1960, 1961)
Armagh (2004, 2005, 2006)
Double
Antrim (1900, 1901)
Monaghan (1916, 1917)
Monaghan (1921, 1922)
Monaghan (1929, 1930)
Cavan (1954, 1955)
Tyrone (1956, 1957)
Down (1965, 1966)
Derry (1975, 1976)
Tyrone (1995, 1996)
Armagh (1999, 2000)
Tyrone (2009, 2010)
Donegal (2011, 2012)
Tyrone (2016, 2017)
Donegal (2018, 2019)
Derry (2022, 2023)
Single
Monaghan (1888, 1906, 1914, 1927, 1938, 1979, 1985, 1988, 2013, 2015)
Cavan (1891, 1915, 1928, 1952, 1962, 1964, 1967, 1969, 1997, 2020)
Armagh (1890, 1902, 1950, 1953, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2002, 2008)
Tyrone (1973, 1984, 1986, 1989, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2021)
Down (1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1981, 1991, 1994)
Donegal (1972, 1974, 1983, 1990, 1992, 2014)
Derry (1958, 1970, 1987, 1993, 1998)
Antrim (1946, 1951)
By decade
The most successful team of each decade, judged by number of Ulster Senior Football Championship titles, is as follows:
1880s: 1 for Monaghan (1888)
1890s: 1 for Armagh (1890), Cavan (1891)
1900s: 3 for Antrim (01, 08, 09)
1910s: 4 for Antrim (10, 11, 12, 13)
1920s: 6 for Cavan (20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28)
1930s: 8 for Cavan (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39)
1940s: 9 for Cavan (40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49)
1950s: 3 for Cavan (52, 54, 55)
1960s: 6 for Down (60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68)
1970s: 3 for Derry (70, 75, 76)
1980s: 3 for Tyrone (84, 86, 89)
1990s: 2 for Donegal (90, 92), Down (91, 94), Tyrone (95, 96), Derry (93, 98)
2000s: 6 for Armagh (00, 02, 04, 05, 06, 08)
2010s: 5 for Donegal (11, 12, 14, 18, 19)
2020s: 2 for Derry (22, 23)
Other records
Final success rate
No counties have appeared in the final, being victorious on all occasions.
On the opposite end of the scale, one county has appeared in the final, losing on each occasion:
Fermanagh (1914, 1935, 1945, 1982, 2008, 2018)
Winning other trophies
Although not an officially recognised achievement, a number of teams have achieved the distinction of winning the Ulster championship, the All-Ireland and the National Football League all in the same season.
2, Down (1960, 1968)
1, Cavan (1948)
1, Tyrone (2003)
Gaps
Longest gaps between successive Ulster titles:
48 years: Armagh (1902-1950)
41 years: Monaghan (1938-1979)
33 years: Antrim (1913-1946)
28 years: Cavan (1969-1997)
25 years: Monaghan (1988-2013)
24 years: Armagh (1953-1977)
24 years: Derry (1998-2022)
23 years: Cavan (1997-2020)
19 years: Donegal (1992-2011)
18 years: Monaghan (1888-1906)
Longest gaps between successive Ulster finals:
58 years: Antrim (1951-2009)
51 years: Tyrone (1890-1941)
37 years: Fermanagh (1945-1982)
34 years: Derry (1921-1955)
27 years: Monaghan (1952-1979)
26 years: Fermanagh (1982-2008)
21 years: Fermanagh (1914-1935)
20 years: Antrim (1926-1946)
19 years: Monaghan (1988-2007)
18 years: Cavan (2001-2019)
Active gaps
Longest active gaps since a championship title:
72 years: Antrim (1951-)
29 years: Down (1994-)
15 years: Armagh (2008-)
8 years: Monaghan (2015-)
4 years: Donegal (2019-)
3 years: Cavan (2020-)
2 years: Tyrone (2021-)
Longest active gap since a championship final appearance:
14 years: Antrim (2009-)
6 years: Down (2017-)
5 years: Fermanagh (2018-)
3 years: Cavan (2020-)
2 years: Monaghan (2021-)
2 years: Tyrone (2021-)
1 year: Donegal (2022-)
Player records
On 9 July 2006, Oisín McConville became the record point scorer in the history of the Ulster Senior Football Championship in that year's final at Croke Park.
All-time top Ulster scorers
As of 3 June 2008 according to the BBC. Updated list (2012)
Notes:
Includes Ulster Championship, All-Ireland Championship and Qualifiers.
All-time top Ulster goalscorers
As of 15 June 2008, according to the Sunday Tribune.
Notes:
Includes Ulster Championship, All-Ireland Championship and Qualifiers.
Since the records have been done Brendan Coulter has become the top goal scorer with 18.
Paddy Bradley scored 4 more goals and finished on 17.
Ulster top scorers by year
2022 Shane McGuigan (Derry) 1-17
2021 Darren McCurry (Tyrone) 0-22
2020 Gearóid McKiernan (Cavan) 0-11 & Rian O'Neill (Armagh) 0-11 & Donal O'Hare (Down) 1-8
2019 Rian O'Neill (Armagh) 0-18
2018 Paddy McBrearty (Donegal) 0-19
2017 Conor McManus (Monaghan) 2-13
2016 Conor McManus (Monaghan) 1-20
2015 Conor McManus (Monaghan) 1-19
2014 Conor McManus (Monaghan) 1-14
2013 Colm McFadden (Donegal) 2-12
2012 Colm McFadden (Donegal) 2-15
2011 Martin Clarke (Down) & Seán Cavanagh (Tyrone) 2-16
2010 Martin Clarke (Down) 1-30
2009 Paddy Bradley (Derry) 3–12
2008 Steven McDonnell (Armagh) 1-17
2007 Tommy Freeman (Monaghan) 1-15
2006 Oisín McConville (Armagh) 3–25
2005 Stephen O'Neill (Tyrone) 1–26
2004 Colm McFadden (Donegal) & Oisín McConville (Armagh) 1–13
2003 Peter Canavan (Tyrone) 1–38
2002 Rory Gallagher (Fermanagh) 4–12
2001 Rory Gallagher (Fermanagh) 0–16
2000 Rory Gallagher (Fermanagh) 1–19
1999 Oisín McConville (Armagh) 3–18
1998 Joe Brolly (Derry) & Tony Boyle (Donegal) 0–13
1997 Joe Brolly (Derry) 3–15
1996 Peter Canavan (Tyrone) 3–13
1995 Peter Canavan (Tyrone) 0–20
1994 Peter Canavan (Tyrone) 1–17
1993 John Toner (Armagh) 0–23
1992 Enda Gormley (Derry) 0–25
1991 Ross Carr (Down) 0–21
1990 Manus Boyle (Donegal) 1–16
1989 Martin McHugh (Donegal) 2–16
1988 Stephen Conway (Tyrone) 0–17
1987 Enda Gormley (Derry) 0–20
1986 Brendan Mason (Down) 3–17
1985 Eamonn McEneaney (Monaghan) 3–16
1984 Frank McGuigan (Tyrone) 0–19
1983 Derek McDonnell (Cavan) 4–11
1982 John Corvan (Armagh) & Peter McGinnity (Fermanagh) 1–9
1981 Eamonn McEneaney (Monaghan) & Brendan McGovern (Down) 1–17
1980 Patsy Hetherington (Tyrone) & Patsy Kerlin (Tyrone) 4–3
1979 Kieran Finlay (Monaghan) 1–18
1978 Donal Donohoe (Cavan) 0–12
1977 Brendan Kelly (Derry) 2–10
1976 Steve Duggan (Cavan) 1–22
1975 Willie Walsh (Down) 3–8
1974 Seamus Bonner (Donegal) 6–4
1973 Patsy Hetherington (Tyrone) 0–17
1972 Joe Winston (Donegal) 0–26
1971 Sean O'Connell (Derry) 1–18
1970 Andy McCallin (Antrim) 3–15
1969 Sean Woods (Monaghan) & Gene Cusack (Cavan) 3–7
1968 Paddy Doherty (Down) 1–17
1967 Charlie Gallagher (Cavan) 0-*19
1966 PT Treacy (Fermanagh) 4–13
1965 Charlie Gallagher (Cavan) 2–29
1964 Charlie Gallagher (Cavan) 0-*19
1963 Harry Laverty (Donegal) 2–10
1962 Seamus McMahon (Cavan) & Frankie Donnelly (Tyrone) 0–11
1961 Paddy Doherty (Down) 1–16
1960 Con Smith (Cavan) 1–17
1959 Paddy Doherty (Down) 1–17
1958 Paddy Doherty (Down) 3–14
1957 Frankie Donnelly (Tyrone) 1–14
1956 Frankie Donnelly (Tyrone) & Victor Sherlock (Cavan) 2–7
1955 Peter Donohoe (Cavan) 0–14
1954 Brian Gallagher (Cavan) 0–14
1953 Art O'Hagan (Armagh) 3-04
1952 John Joe Cassidy (Cavan) 1-07
1951 Joe McCallin (Antrim) 3–14
1950 Peter Donohoe (Cavan) 3–18
1949 Peter Donohoe (Cavan) 4–10
1948 Peter Donohoe (Cavan) 3–12
* Scores only include Ulster Championship. All-Ireland Championship and Qualifiers are not included.
See also
Ulster Senior Football Championship records and statistics
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
Connacht Senior Football Championship
Leinster Senior Football Championship
Munster Senior Football Championship
Notes
References
External links
"Anglo Celt Cup winners". BBC. 2009.
Do you remember the last Ulster SFC final before the back door arrived?
1888 establishments in Ireland
Recurring sporting events established in 1888
3
1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster%20Senior%20Football%20Championship |
Blake High School may refer to:
In the United States:
Howard W. Blake High School - Tampa, Florida
James Hubert Blake High School - Silver Spring, Maryland
See also
Blake School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20High%20School |
The Kpelle language (endonym: "Kpɛlɛɛ") is spoken by the Kpelle people of Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast and is part of the Mande language family. Guinean Kpelle (also known as Guerze in French), spoken by half a million people, is concentrated primarily, but not exclusively, in the southeastern forest regions of Guinea bordering Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. Half a million Liberians speak Liberian Kpelle, which is taught in Liberian schools.
Sample
The Lord's Prayer in Kpelle:
Kunâŋ gáa ŋele sui,
Tɔɔ ku iláai siɣe a maa waa.
Tɔɔ Ikâloŋ-laai é pá,
Tɔɔ ínîa-mɛni é kέ,
Nɔii ma ɓɛ yɛ̂ɛ berei gáa la Ɣâla-taai.
I kukɔ sâa a kuɣele-kuu tɔnɔ-tɔnɔ mii-sɛŋ;
I ipôlu fe kutɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîa,
Yɛ̂ɛ berei kwa kupôlu fè la kuɓarâai ditɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîai;
Tɔɔ kutúɛ kufe pili yee-laa-maa su,
Kέlɛ, i kukúla mɛni nyɔ́mɔɔ su.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
References
External links
PanAfriL10n page on Kpelle/Guerzé
Omniglot: Kpelle syllabary
Languages of Liberia
Languages of Guinea
Mande languages
Kpelle people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle%20language |
, also known as the , is a rubber-tired transit system operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit in Hiroshima, Japan. Astram opened on August 20, 1994, for the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima. The line connects central Hiroshima and Hiroshima Big Arch, which was the main stadium of the Asian Games. On March 14, 2015, a new station, Shin-Hakushima, opened to make a new connection between the Astram Line and JR lines.
Stations
Rolling stock
6000 series 6-car EMUs (23 sets)
1000 series 6-car EMU (1 set)
7000 series 6-car EMUs (11 sets on order)
, services on the line are operated using a fleet of 23 six-car 6000 series trainsets (sets 01 to 23) and one six-car 1000 series (set 24).
The entire fleet of 24 sets is scheduled to be replaced with a new fleet of six-car trains delivered in two batches. The first of 11 new 7000 series sets was delivered in 2019. They are scheduled to enter service in March 2020.
6000 series
The 6000 series trainsets (01 to 23) are formed as follows, with all cars motored.
Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.
1000 series
The 1000 series trainset (24) is formed as follows, with four of the six cars motored.
Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.
History
Plans to build a new transit system linking the city centre of Hiroshima with the suburban area to the northwest were first proposed in July 1977.
The third-sector Hiroshima Rapid Transit was founded in 1987, funded primarily by the city of Hiroshima. Groundbreaking for the rapid transit line project began on February 28, 1989, and construction would continue over a five-year period. However, on March 14, 1991, 15 people were killed when a girder collapsed on a section of the line's elevated viaduct near the station's construction site. The line opened for revenue service on August 20, 1994.
When the line originally opened in 1994, it had 21 stations, of which provided the line's only transfer with a JR West line (the Kabe Line). On March 14, 2015, opened as an infill station between Hakushima and Jōhoku in order to provide a transfer point with the Sanyo Main Line.
See also
List of rapid transit systems
References
External links
Map of Hiroshima rail transit network
Hiroshima Rapid Transit
Railway lines opened in 1994
750 V DC railway electrification
1994 establishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astram%20Line |
The International Research Confederacy on African Literature and Culture (IRCALC) is an online non-profit, non-governmental confederation of writers, scholars and researchers from all over the world. IRCALC's scholarly initiative is mainly in research in African literature and providing a common ground for interaction between organizations, college departments, libraries and individuals for the exchange of information, ideas, and research findings that enrich the understanding of Africa's cultural heritage. The IRCALC board edits the Journal of African Literature and Culture (JALC) and the New Poetry (NP), both published by Progeny (Africa Research) International.
References
External links
Official site
African literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Research%20Confederacy%20on%20African%20Literature%20and%20Culture |
The Writers' Union of Armenia was founded in August 1934, simultaneously with the USSR Union of Writers and as a component part of the USSR Union.
1930s
The Constituent Assembly was held during 1 August - 5 August, after which the Armenian delegation of writers took part in USSR Writers' Union Constituent Assembly.
World War II
In Armenia in September 1939 the millennial anniversary of Sasuntsi Davit epos was celebrated. On this occasion the USSR Writers' Union directorate's plenary session was held in Armenia. In 1941, from 10 May until 20 May the Armenian Literature Decade was organized in Moscow.
More than fifty Armenian writers fought in the Great Patriotic War.
1940s
In 1946 the Second Assembly was held. It resolved that Avetik Isahakyan be the president of the Writers' Union of Armenia.
1950s, 60 & 70s
The Third Assembly was held in July 1954 and Avetik Isahakya was re-elected. As a result of the fourth (January 1959), the fifth (November 1966) and the sixth (January 1971) Assemblies Edward Topchyan was elected as the Secretary-in-Charge of the Union.
The Seventh Assembly (April 1976 of the Writers' Union elected Vardges Petrosyan as the Secretary-in-Charge.
1980s
As a result of the eighth (May 1981) and the ninth (May 1986) Assemblies he became the president of the Union. In 1988 a special session was held after which Hrachya Hovhannisyan was elected as the president.
1990s
On 15 June 1990, the directorate of Writers' Union self-published the organization's project. In the September of the same year the Writers' Union building was transferred to a special army detachment as a general headquarters.
Armenian writers took active part in the reconstruction of the Armenian National State system and in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Several writers fought in different battles. One of them, Samvel Shahmuradyan, fell in the battle of Gandzasar.
Vazgen Sargsyan became the defence minister and then the prime minister of Armenia. In September 1990 and February 1991 the Tenth Assembly was held in two phases. Vahagn Davtyan was elected president.
In January 1994 the special session elected Razmik Davoyan as the president. Another special session in 1996 elected Hrant Matevosyan to lead the Union.
2000s
In 2001 the thirteenth Assembly was held and Levon Ananyan was elected WUA president. In June 2002 the Writers' Union of Armenia organized the first Pan-Armenian Congress and in June 2004 a second was held.
The WUA's publishing house was established in 2002. A young writers' book series called Mutk was published. Alongside existing literary magazines and newspapers (Grakan Tert, Nork, Nor dar, Literaturnaya Armenia) 'Artasahmanyan Grakanutyun magazine, Satirikon (a humorous newspaper), Tsolker and Lusapsak young people's magazines are being published.
In June 2004 the seventy-year Anniversary of Writers' Union of Armenia was celebrated.
External links
Official website
1934 establishments in Armenia
Armenian literature
Armenian writers' organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%20Union%20of%20Armenia |
Thomas Andrew Wright (born 28 September 1984) is an English former professional footballer and manager.
A former England under-19 and under-20 international, Wright started his career with Leicester City, helping them into the Premier League in 2002–03. However he failed to hold down a regular first team place at the higher level, and was loaned out to Brentford and Blackpool, before transferring to Barnsley in 2006. He helped the club gain promotion out of League One via the play-offs, before he joined Darlington in January 2007 following a short loan spell at League Two champions Walsall. He was sold on to Scottish Premier League side Aberdeen in August 2008 for a £100,000 fee. He returned to England in January 2010, signing with Grimsby Town, who were soon relegated out of the Football League. He rejoined Darlington, helping the club to lift the 2011 FA Trophy. He then appeared for a string of non-league clubs, latterly as player-manager with Corby Town and Nuneaton Town. In October 2017, he joined Darlington for a third spell, this time as manager. He left Darlington by mutual consent at the end of the 2018–19 season after a lower mid table finish.
Wright is now a police officer, having taken a career change in December 2020.
Playing career
Club
Wright was born in Kirby Muxloe, Leicester. He started his career at home town club Leicester City, making his Premier League debut under Dave Bassett on 23 March 2002, in a 2–0 home defeat to Leeds United, after he replaced Stefan Oakes on 86 minutes. The Foxes were relegated at the end of the season, and new manager Micky Adams played Wright 13 times in the 2002–03 First Division promotion campaign. He scored his first senior goal on 18 January, in a 3–2 win over Gillingham at Priestfield Stadium; his second goal was the only one of the game against rivals Nottingham Forest at the Walkers Stadium on 8 April. He was offered a new contract at the end of the campaign.
Despite BBC Sport's Phil McNulty naming the youngster as "one to watch" ahead of the 2003–04 season13 of the 20 he named went on to become full internationalsWright did not feature for Leicester at all during the campaign. Instead, manager Wally Downes took him to Brentford on loan in September 2003. He scored three goals in 25 Second Division matches in 2003–04 before his contribution to the team was ended by an ankle injury in April. Leicester were relegated at the end of the season, and Wright played seven Championship and two cup games in the 2004–05 campaign. He joined League One Blackpool on loan at the start of the 2005–06 season, and hit six goals in fifteen games under the management of Colin Hendry and then Simon Grayson.
Wright signed for League One Barnsley on 1 January 2006 for a £50,000 fee. Manager Andy Ritchie led the Tykes to promotion via the play-offs in 2005–06; Wright scored once in 22 appearances. He appeared in the play-off final victory over Swansea City at the Millennium Stadium after coming on for Marc Richards after 70 minutes. Barnsley's promotion to the Championship saw Wright figure more from the bench for the Yorkshire side during the 2006–07 season, and in November he was sent on a two-month loan to League Two side Walsall. Scoring on his debut at the Bescot Stadium, he netted twice in five starts for the Saddlers, who went on to top the division under manager Richard Money.
Having failed to agree personal terms with Rotherham United, Wright signed with Dave Penney's Darlington, also of League Two. He finished the season with four goals in 13 appearances for the Quakers. He fired Darlington into the play-offs in 2007–08, where they were knocked out by Rochdale at the semi-final stage; Wright finished as the club's top scorer with thirteen goals. He was nominated for the League Two player of the month award for January after scoring three goals in the space of six games, but lost out to Grimsby Town's Danny North.
On 8 August 2008, Wright was transferred to Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen, manager Jimmy Calderwood paying a fee of £100,000; the deal had been delayed while Wright was recovering from a knee injury. Wright caused a stir in his first appearance in an Aberdeen shirt, receiving a yellow card for a reckless challenge, and allegedly attempting to headbutt Motherwell defender Stephen Craigan. He scored his first senior goal for the Dons from the edge of the area in a Scottish Cup fifth-round tie against East Fife at Pittodrie on 17 February. Shortly after, on 3 March, he netted his first SPL goal, a "wonderful" header from the edge of the area for a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 draw with St Mirren. He finished the 2008–09 campaign with two goals in nineteen games, and Aberdeen finished fourth to secure a place in the UEFA Europa League.
His injury problems continued into the 2009–10 season. By January it became clear that new manager Mark McGhee had little faith in Wright, and he told the striker that he was available for a transfer. League One club Stockport County failed to pursue their initial interest, and on 27 January, Aberdeen released Wright from his contract, which still had 18 months to run.
Wright promptly signed an 18-month contract with Grimsby Town of League Two. He struggled to hold a place in the team and finished the season with just one goal in fourteen games as the team were relegated from the League. Despite initially making public his desire to stay at the club, he rejoined his former club Darlington a few days later having exercised a clause in his Grimsby contract allowing him to leave with immediate effect. The team had fallen into the Conference Premier in his absence, and were now led by manager Simon Davey. Davey left the club, and within a few weeks Wright went public with his praise of successor Mark Cooper. Wright scored five goals in 29 games in 2010–11, and appeared in the 2011 FA Trophy Final against Mansfield Town at Wembley; at the very end of normal time, "from eight yards and unmarked, he somehow headed wide", but in the last minute of extra time, his header looped up off the crossbar for Chris Senior to win the game for Darlington.
In September 2011, Wright was released from his Darlington contract, and embarked on a series of short-team deals. He first signed for Conference rivals Kidderminster Harriers on non-contract terms with the view to earning himself a longer contract, but made only two appearances for the club. On 18 October he joined fellow Conference side Luton Town for three months, during which he scored three goals in six appearances, including one against former club Grimsby. He began training with League Two side Port Valemanaged by his former boss at Leicester, Micky Adamsin January 2012, but then signed for Forest Green Rovers of the Conference Premier. Wright made a goalscoring debut on 18 February in a 2–1 win against Gateshead, and contributed two goals from seven appearances before being released at the end of the season.
Wright spent 2012–13 as a first-team regular with Tamworth, and scored five goals from 41 Conference Premier matches as the team avoided relegation on the final day of the season. In June 2013, he became Conference North side Harrogate Town's fourth summer signing, but he was released in September to begin his managerial career.
International
Wright scored five goals from ten appearances for the England under-19 team. He played at the 2003 European Championships in Liechtenstein. He played alongside Stewart Downing in defeats to Austria and the Czech Republic and a 2–0 win over France; the English finished third in the group and were therefore eliminated.
He also made four appearances at under-20 level without scoring. He was a member of the squad for the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship in the United Arab Emirates, starting in the defeat to Egypt and coming on as a substitute in the defeat to Japan and draw with eventual third-place finishers Colombia; they finished bottom of their group and were eliminated without scoring a goal.
Managerial career
In September 2013, Wright was released by Harrogate Town to take the post of joint manager of Southern Football League Premier Division club Corby Town, alongside former Histon coach Andrew Wilson. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Wright was appointed as the sole manager by the club's new owners. On the final day of the 2014–15 season, Corby Town won the Southern Premier title by beating league leaders Poole Town, who earlier in the season had been well clear in the table. The club struggled in the National League North, and were relegated. After a poor start to the 2016–17 season, Wright was sacked.
A few days later, Wright joined National League North club Nuneaton Town as player-coach. He took over as manager in November, and led the team to a mid-table finish. In October 2017, he was approached by Darlington to replace Martin Gray, who had resigned as manager earlier that month. He initially turned them down, but changed his mind within days, much to the disappointment of Nuneaton's chairman, and took up the appointment at Darlington on 20 October. He led Darlington to a mid-table finish in 2017–18. Darlington announced on 26 April 2019 that Wright would be leaving the club after the final game of the season the following day.
Wright was announced as the new manager of Stratford Town on 7 June 2019. He left the club in October 2019, and returned to Corby as manager in May 2020. However, he resigned in July 2020.
Personal life
Wright now works as a Police officer for Leicestershire Police.
Career statistics
Player
Manager
Honours
Player
Leicester City
Football League First Division runner-up : 2002–03
Barnsley
Football League One play-off winner: 2006
Darlington
FA Trophy: 2010–11
Player-manager
Corby Town
Southern League: 2014–15
References
External links
1984 births
Footballers from Leicester
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Leicester City F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Tamworth F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
English football managers
Corby Town F.C. managers
Nuneaton Borough F.C. managers
Darlington F.C. managers
Stratford Town F.C. managers
Southern Football League managers
National League (English football) managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Wright%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201984%29 |
Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench (January 11, 1849 – October 18, 1916) was a Spanish painter from Valencia. He was one of the most prominent Impressionist painters from late nineteenth century Spain.
Biography
Born into a poor family in Valencia, Pinazo was forced from a young age to assist in supporting the family by practising various trades. He had only attended eight grades when his mother died of the cholera, and young Ignazio was variously employed as a silversmith, a painter of tiles, and a decorator of fans. After his father's death, he lived with his grandparents, and in 1864 enrolled in the San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts, Valencia, earning his living as a hatter.
His artistic career started when he was 21, and he achieved his first success in Barcelona three years later. In 1871, work by him was displayed in the National Exhibition of Fine Arts for the first time.
In 1873 the sale of a painting provided sufficient funds for him to visit Rome for the first time. When he returned to his native city in 1874, he abandoned the conventional historic themes he had so far devoted his efforts to, and instead started painting family subjects, nude figures, and scenes from daily life, thereby anticipating Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida and Francisco Domingo both in subject and style. This is the beginning of a more intimate, Impressionist style.
He returned to Rome in 1876, having obtained a grant from the Diputación de València, this time staying for five years.
In 1884, due to a cholera epidemic in Valencia, Pinazo temporarily moved to the town of Bétera, where he stayed in the villa "Maria" of the banker Jose Jaumandreu. From 1884 to 1886 he taught at the School of Valencia. He received many commissions from the Valencian aristocracy, among them the Marchioness of Benicarló.
The annual art exhibitions brought Pinazo silver medals in 1881 and 1885, and gold medals in 1887 and 1899. He also received a royal medal and in 1912 a street in Valencia was named after him.
He was married to Teresa Martinez Montfort. They had two sons, Ignacio and Jose, both of whom became painters themselves. He died in Godella, aged 67.
Work
Ignazio Pinazo worked with dark colours: black, brown and other earth-like shades, as well as in the scintillating palette typical of Impressionism. His work often shows rapid brush strokes. Paintings include:
Las hijas del Cid (1879)
Los últimos momentos del rey Don Jaime el Conquistador en el acto de entregar su espada a su hijo Don Pedro
El guardavía (1877)
Barca en la playa (1890).
Part of his work can be seen in the Basilica de la asunción in the town of Cieza, and in the Museu de Belles Arts de València (Valencia Museum of Fine Arts). The largest collection of this painter's work is held at the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencia Institute of Modern Art), with over one hundred paintings and six hundred drawings, although unfortunately these are not on permanent display. A selection of his work may also be viewed at the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Selected paintings
Sources
Artehistoria: Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench
Ignacio Pinazo, El Precursor de la Pintura Moderna, Javier Pérez Rojas, Universitat de València
References
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish Impressionist painters
Painters from the Valencian Community
Spanish silversmiths
Spanish milliners
1849 births
1916 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio%20Pinazo%20Camarlench |
Hartford Hospital is an 938-bed acute care teaching hospital located in the South End of Hartford, Connecticut. Hartford Hospital was established in 1854. The hospital campus is located on Seymour Street in Hartford and is directly adjacent to the main campus of the Connecticut Children's Medical Center. Hartford Hospital was ranked #2 in Connecticut by U.S. News Best Hospitals and ranked #1 in the Hartford, Connecticut metro region by the same source. The hospital is a major tertiary care facility for the statewide region and is state designated as a Level I Trauma Center, able to care for the most critically injured of patients. It has 45 operating rooms and one of the largest surgical caseloads in the United States. The emergency room receives over 100,000 visits per year.
History
The hospital was formed in 1854 after the State of Connecticut granted a charter for the Formation of Hartford Hospital following a boiler explosion and resulting fire at the Fales and Grey Car Works resulting in 19 deaths and 23 people seriously injured.
16 people were killed in a fire in 1961 that started as a result of a cigarette butt being dropped down a rubbish chute.
Jefferson House history
Originally located at 36 Jefferson Street in Hartford, the Old People's Home of Hartford offered the "elderly an alternative to the county poorhouse." The Connecticut Legislature authorized the facility by a Special Act in 1873 and opened its doors in December 1, 1884.
Connecticut public documents described the home:
PRIVATE PROVISION FOR THE AGED
THE OLD PEOPLE'S HOME HARTFORD
LA Sexton MD Superintendent
The Old People's Home is under the same management as the Hartford Hospital and was organized by an act of the General Assembly in 1873. An attractive three storied building of brick and stone was erected for the use of the Home on Jefferson Street opposite the Hospital grounds, and has accommodations for seventy persons. The rooms are large and well furnished and everything is provided which will insure to the occupants the comforts of a well-appointed home. Religious services are held every Sunday afternoon from October to July in an attractive and convenient chapel at the west end of the building.
Residents in the Home must be citizens of Connecticut persons of good character not under sixty five years of age and in reduced circumstances. For several years applicants for admission have exceeded so greatly the means of the Home to support them that it has been necssary [sic] to make the entrance fee $1,000 for permanent inmates. A few boarders are received at $7.00 per week and the Home is well filled at all times.
The name was changed to Jefferson House in 1953. The home cared for and honored its commitment under the old life-care concept until 1979 when the last original resident died. It cared for 662 patients from 1884 to 1979.
A new facility was constructed and opened in Newington, Connecticut in 1980, as a short-term rehabilitation facility.
Services
Helicopter ambulance
Hartford Hospital operates Connecticut's only air ambulance service, LIFE STAR, which began operation in 1985 and operates one American Eurocopter BK-117 helicopter and one American Eurocopter EC-145. One helicopter is based at MidState Medical Center in Meriden, CT. and another is based at affiliated Backus Hospital in Norwich, Connecticut. LIFE STAR provides patient care and inter-facility transport between hospitals in New England and New York. In addition, LIFE STAR provides advanced life support scene response and transport for the most critically injured and medically unstable patients in Connecticut. These patients are taken to Level I or Level II trauma centers across the state according to state regulations. The program averages 1,400 patient transports per year and plays a vital role in providing speedy access to trauma care for patients in outlying, rural areas.
Hyperbaric chamber
Hartford Hospital operates the second largest multi-place hyperbaric chamber in the Northeastern United States, second only to Phelps Memorial Hospital Center, in Sleepy Hollow, NY. Capable of treating up to ten patients at one time, this chamber treats both chronic wounds and emergencies, such as carbon monoxide poisoning and Necrotizing Fasciitis.
Jefferson House
Jefferson House is a department of Hartford Hospital that has provided long-term care and rehabilitation services to seniors in the greater Hartford area for more than 120 years. Jefferson House is 104-bed long-term care facility, and serves approximately 92 residents.
Medical education
Hartford Hospital has trained physicians for over 160 years, through its residency and fellowship programs. A number of training programs are offered to newly graduated physicians (MD and DO), each of which is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
Hospital rating data
The HealthGrades website contains the clinical quality data for Heart of the Hartford Hospital, as of 2021. For this rating section three different types of data from HealthGrades are presented: clinical quality ratings for thirty-one inpatient conditions and procedures, twelve patient safety indicators and the percentage of patients giving the hospital as a 9 or 10 (the two highest possible ratings).
For patient safety indicators, there are the same three possible ratings. For this hospital safety indicators were rated as:
Worse than expected - 1
As expected - 9
Better than expected - 3
Percentage of patients who would definitely recommend this hospital - 76%
Percentage of patients who on average rank are 70%
Percentage of patients rating this hospital as a 9 or 10 - 72%
Percentage of patients who on average rank hospitals as a 9 or 10 - 69%
An independent national watchdog organization has ranked Hartford Hospital an "A" Safety Grade for the fall of 2021 (LEAPFROG Hospital Safety Grade). Hartford Hospital was among only eight hospitals in the State to receive this ranking.
See also
Austin Cornelius Dunham
List of hospitals in Connecticut
References
External links
Official Website
Hospital buildings completed in 1854
Buildings and structures in Hartford, Connecticut
Teaching hospitals in Connecticut
1854 establishments in Connecticut
Trauma centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Hospital |
The Fondation Pacifique is a Switzerland-based non-profit organisation with the mission to play an innovative role in the conservation of the oceans. The foundation's projects are articulated around its flagship: the sailing boat "Fleur de Passion" which circumnavigates the world exploring its most important and threatened marine regions as identified by the WWF’s Global 200 project.
To carry out its mission the foundation maintains a partnership network of leading organisations in the scientific, conservation, eco-tourism and media fields. The organisation acts as a supporting and strengthening element, not only assembling skills and know-how but also contributing its resources to the particular mission of each of its partners and communicating the underlying conservation issues to a wider public.
Objectives
Fondation Pacifique´s mission to play an innovative role in protecting the oceans is carried out by focussing on three main objectives:
Scientific Research: Contributing to a better scientific understanding of the marine environment, in particular by providing scientists access to the organisation's expedition vessel "Fleur de Passion"
Communication & Education: Raising public awareness and media attention on marine conservation issues making use of cutting-edge communication tools
Participation: Giving members of the Foundation and further individuals the opportunity to become involved in projects as eco-volunteers
History
The history began in early 2000 with the creation of the Association Pacifique and the inauguration of the Association Antinea in 2005. Both organisation were based in Geneva, Switzerland.
In 2002, the Association Pacifique bought "Fleur de Passion", an almost 60-year-old abandoned 32-meter sailing boat. This boat was used by its previous owner in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic in the framework of socio-educational, navigation, diving and scientific projects. Since 2001, the Association Pacifique worked assiduously to completely restore "Fleur de Passion", preparing it to sail once again soon.
Meanwhile, the Association Antinea had as its objective to organise a global circumnavigation on board of a yacht which would serve as a platform for research and communication, in a quest to contribute to the protection of the marine environment. The sailing ship Antinea, a 17-meter sloop accomplished the first leg of the expedition, crossing the Atlantic from the Caribbean to Europe in 2005. The project quickly outgrew its humble beginnings with the realisation that the boat had become too small to fulfill Antinea's new ambitions.
Realising that the objectives of the two organisations were complementary, the Associations Pacifique and Antinea decided, at the beginning of 2006, to unite their assets, resources and energy and create the Antinea Foundation effectively carrying out their projects together. In June 2007 the Antinea Foundation was officially established as a foundation under Swiss law. In 2014 the foundation and continued as Fondation Pacifique.
The Changing Oceans Expedition
On October 8, 2008 at the World Conservation Congress in Barcelona the Antinea Foundation, in partnership with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), launched a worldwide expedition called "The Changing Oceans Expedition". The purpose of the initiative was to take stock of the current state of the oceans, study to what extent how they have changed especially in regard to human activity and explore what solutions are available to strengthen their health.
During its voyage, Antinea's flagship Fleur de Passion visited marine sites in six seas that are exceptional for the richness of their biodiversity. Included in those were marine World Heritage Site and other globally significant marine protected areas. Small and large organisations were given access to use the ship for research purposes. The expedition followed the routes of past expeditions, and compared modern surveys with ancient logbooks in order to measure the changes that occurred in the past decades. IUCN, through its Marine programme, collaborated to retrace the most significant expeditions, to develop the tools needed to measure and understand the trends in ocean conservation.
The Flagship "Fleur de Passion"
Fleur de Passion is the Foundation's flagship and project station. It is a sailing ship with a surprising past. Originally a motor boat of the German Navy, it was built in 1941 for war services, such as de-mining and resupplying submarines. For this reason, the boat has a mixed structure with a wooden hull and steel ribs. In 1945 it was surrendered to the French Navy in compensation for war damages. In 1976 it was disarmed and sold to an individual who transformed it into a ketch and named it Fleur de Passion. For the following 20 years it was used in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic for socio-educational and scientific activities.
Fleur de Passion, which had been abandoned for years, was bought in 2002 by the Association Pacifique and put it in a dry dock in January 2003 to start its total restoration. After more than 5 years and 60’000 hour of work it was ready to set sail.
Between April 2015 and September 2019, ""Fleur de Passion" took part in "The Ocean Mapping Expedition" following the way of Ferdinand Magellan mixing scientific, cultural and educational goals. The sail started and ended in Sevilla.
Notes
References
Environmental organisations based in Switzerland
Conservation and environmental foundations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation%20Pacifique |
Levon Ananyan (; 13 October 1946 – 2 September 2013) was an Armenian journalist and translator.
Biography
Born in Koghb, Tavush, Levon Ananyan was a graduate of the Yerevan State University, Department of Philology. He worked for a number of state journals. For approximately 25 years, he worked for the Garoun monthly.
In 1989, he became a member of the Writers Union of Armenia, and from 1990 – 2001 he was chief editor for Garoun.
In 2001, he was elected President of the Writers' Union of Armenia. He was re-elected as the RA Writers' Union chairman in 2009. He lectures at the Yerevan State University Department of Journalism. He was the president of the Noyemberyan NGO. He was also a member of the Journalists' Union.
He authored many articles on social and political issues, which have been printed in the state press. He also translated and published Russian and English books to the Armenian language; he founded "Apollo" Publishers.
Works
Turmoil, Yerevan, 2004
Drama on Stage and on the Screen, Yerevan, 1996
Roots and Foliage, Yerevan, 1987
Translations From Russian and English to Armenian
Contemporary Russian Statue, Yerevan, 2005
Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, 1986
References
1946 births
People from Tavush Province
2013 deaths
Armenian journalists
Armenian translators
Yerevan State University alumni
21st-century Armenian male writers
20th-century translators
21st-century Armenian writers
20th-century Armenian writers
20th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon%20Ananyan |
The Zapotec languages are a group of around 50 closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and which is spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico. A 2020 census reports nearly half a million speakers, with the majority inhabiting the state of Oaxaca. Zapotec-speaking communities are also found in the neighboring states of Puebla, Veracruz, and Guerrero. Labor migration has also brought a number of native Zapotec speakers to the United States, particularly in California and New Jersey. Most Zapotec-speaking communities are highly bilingual in Spanish.
Name
The name of the language in Zapotec itself varies according to the geographical variant. In Juchitán (Isthmus) it is Diidxazá , in Mitla it is Didxsaj , in Zoogocho it is Diža'xon , in Coatec Zapotec it is Di'zhke''' , in Miahuatec Zapotec it is Dí'zdéh and in Santa Catarina Quioquitani it is Tiits Së , for example. The first part of these expressions has the meaning 'word' (perhaps slightly reduced as appropriate for part of a compound).
Classification
External
Zapotec and the related Chatino languages together form the Zapotecan subgroup of the Oto-Manguean language family. Zapotec languages (along with all Oto-Manguean languages) form part of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area, an area of linguistic convergence developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica. As a result, languages have acquired characteristics from genetically unrelated languages of the area.
Internal
Geographic range and dialect differentiation
Although commonly described as a language, Zapotec is a fairly extensive, if close-knit, language family. The time depth is comparable to that of the Romance languages. Dialectal divergence between Zapotec-speaking communities is extensive and complicated. Many varieties of Zapotec are mutually unintelligible with one another. There are some radical jumps in intelligibility between geographically close communities, so the varieties do not form a dialect continuum in a strict sense, though neither are there clear-cut divisions between groups of varieties. As a result, the Mexican government officially recognizes sixty Zapotec languages.
Zapotec languages fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. However, Valley Zapotec and Isthmus Zapotec group together (as Central Zapotec), and this ignores the Papabuco and Western Zapotec varieties.
Conservative and innovative characteristics
Certain characteristics serve to classify Zapotec varieties in ways that cross-cut the geographical divisions. One of these is the distinction between disyllabic roots and monosyllabic roots. Proto-Zapotec had disyllabic roots; the vowel of the second syllable could be any one of the inventory of vowels. One innovation shared by many varieties of Zapotec is the loss (or partial loss) of the vowel of the second syllable. The word for 'water' illustrates this fact. In conservative varieties, the vowel of the second syllable is retained: in Isthmus Zapotec and in Sierra de Juárez Zapotec, for example.
In innovative varieties, the vowel of the second syllable was lost: in Amatlán Zapotec and Mitla Zapotec, for example. The loss of the vowel often resulted in palatalized consonants, and the loss of often resulted in labialized consonants. Compare the words for 'dog' in conservative varieties (Isthmus , Sierra de Juárez ) and innovative varieties (Amatlán and Mitla ). In this particular word Amatlán does not have a labialized consonant at the end, and the otherwise innovative variety Yatzachi keeps the final vowel: .
Another characteristic that classifies Zapotec varieties is the existence or not of a contrast between alveopalatal fricatives and retroflex fricatives. Innovative varieties have introduced the contrast while conservative varieties have not.
Phylogenetic classification
The most influential classification of Zapotec languages is due to Thomas Smith Stark, who proposed the following overall classification of Zapotec languages.
Overall family tree and Central Zapotec branch
The branch of the family that contains the most languages is Central Zapotec, which includes most of the Zapotec languages of the Valley of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The following figure shows the classification suggested by Smith Stark (2007).
Northern Zapotec branch
The Northern branch is shown in more detail below, again following Smith Stark (2007)
Mutual intelligibility and regional classification
Based on intelligibility studies, previous classifications, and the needs for literacy development, Merrill (2008) classifies the varieties as follows; several varieties (in brackets) often small and moribund, were not included in the principal list:
Central Zapotec
Isthmus Guevea, Isthmus Zapotec (Juchitán), Lachiguiri, Petapa, Quiavicuzas
Valley Quiatoni–Mitla, Albarradas, Guelavia–Güila–?Chichicapan, San Antonio Ocotlan?–Tilquiapan–Yatzeche (Zagache)–[Zaachila], ? Ayoquezco
Mazaltepec Zapotec? [Tejalapan]
Sierra Norte
Villa Alta Choapan, Rincon, Tabaa, Yatee, Cajonos–Yalalag–Zoogocho–Yatzachi
Ixtlán Yareni–Atepec–Ixtlan–Sierra Juarez, Yavesia, [Aloápam]
Sierra Sur
Miahuatlan Amatlan, Coatecas Altas, Coatlan, Loxicha, San Baltázar Loxicha–[San Vicente], Miahuatlan (Cuixtla), Ozolotepec, [Lapaguía, Xadani]
Yautepec San Agustin Mixtepec, San Juan Mixtepec–San Jose Lachiguiri, Quiegolani, Quioquitani, San Pedro Leapi, Xanaguia, Xanica, [Tlacolulita]
Western Zapotec
Papabuco Texmelucan, Zaniza, [Elotepec]
Solteco Solteco†, Lachixio–San Miguel Mixtepec–[El Alto], [Totomachapan]
Two of the moribund varieties, Asunción Mixtepec and San Bartolo Yautepec (ISO "Yautepec"), are apparently divergent.
Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec was not listed, and presumably subsumed under Albarradas Zapotec, but intelligibility is one-way.
Other classifications
Based on forms of the personal pronouns, Operstein (2003) groups the languages as follows:
Proto-Zapotec
Southern Zapotec
Papabuco
(unnamed)
Solteco
Northern Zapotec
Central Zapotec
Valley Zapotec
Isthmus Zapotec
Based on the development of Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz, Operstein (2012) groups the Zapotec languages as follows.
Proto-Zapotec
Western
Papabuco
Coatec
Core Zapotec
Southern
Central
Northern
Phonetics and phonology
Fortis and lenis
In Zapotec languages, fortis typically corresponds to voicelessness and extra length in obstruents and extra length in sonorants. Lenis corresponds to voicing and less length in obstruents and less length in sonorants. In addition, stressed vowels before lenis consonants may be longer than those before fortis consonants.
Retroflex consonants
Some varieties of Zapotec have a contrast between alveopalatal fricatives and retroflex fricatives. In other varieties this distinction has been lost in favor of only one or the other.
Tone
Zapotec languages are tonal, as are Otomanguean languages generally. Unfortunately, materials on Zapotec languages vary widely in the quality of their tonal description and analysis.
Whistling has been used by Zapotec people to communicate in a way that would not be detected by their colonizers.
Many Northern Zapotec languages, such as Sierra Juárez (Nellis and Nellis 1983, Bickmore and Broadwell 1998, Tejada 2010) show a system of three level tones (L, M, H) plus two contours. Potential aspect and 1st person singular both involve floating high tones. One example is Texmelucan Zapotec, which has four contrasting tones: three contour tones and one level tone, as shown in the figure. These tones are used for "word play" frequently.
A typical system for a Central Zapotec language has two level tones plus contours, but there are complex interactions between tone, stress and phonation type, e.g. San Lucas Quiaviní (Chávez Peón 2010).
Phonation
Zapotec languages all display contrastive phonation type differences in vowels. Minimally they have simple vowels vs. some kind of laryngealization or creakiness; see Quioquitani Zapotec, for example. Others have a contrast between simple, laryngealized and "checked" vowels (which sound like they end in a glottal stop); see Isthmus Zapotec, for example. Others have a contrast between those types and also breathy vowels. The latter varieties include Mitla Zapotec and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.
Stress
Varieties that are described as having stress, including Isthmus Zapotec, have it on the penultimate syllable of the root. Prefixes and clitics do not affect it. Many varieties overwhelmingly have monosyllabic roots and stress falls on that syllable.
Grammar
Zapotec languages vary considerably. Some characteristics of Zapotec grammar common to the language family (though not necessarily present in all members) are: an extensive 3rd person pronoun system based on noun classes such as divinity, babies, animals, objects (inanimate), etc.; a distinction in the first person plural ("we") as to inclusive (including the hearer[s]) and exclusive (not including the hearer[s]); a frequent underspecificity of singular/plural distinctions.
Word order
Clausal word order
Zapotec languages are VSO, as in the following example from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001):
Though the most basic order has the verb at the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements. The following example from Quiegolani Zapotec (Black 2001) shows a focused element and an adverb before the verb:
The preverbal position for interrogatives is shown in the following example, from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001). This is an example of wh-movement:
Word order in other phrases
The possessed noun precedes the possessor in Zapotec languages, as appropriate for head-initial languages:
The noun also precedes a modifying phrase that is another way to indicate possessor with nouns that are not inherently possessed.
The preceding example also illustrate that Zapotec languages have prepositional phrases as expected for head-initial languages.
Quantifiers, including numbers and the word for 'one' used as an indefinite article, precede the noun.
Demonstratives, including one that means Aforementioned (in some varieties) and is sometimes translated as a definite article, occur phrase-finally (although they are sometimes written as if they were suffixes).
Descriptive adjectives follow the noun. When they occur they also typically receive the primary stress of the phrase, causing the noun to lose some phonation features. Note the loss of the breathy feature on the word /beʰnː/ in the following example.
Word order variation
Zapotec languages also show the phenomenon known as pied-piping with inversion, which may change the head-initial order of phrases such as NP, PP, and QP.
Verbal morphology
Passive morphology
A few varieties of Zapotec have passive morphology, shown by a prefix on the verb. Compare Texmelucan Zapotec root /o/ 'eat' and its passive stem /dug-o/ 'be eaten', with the prefix /dug-/. In many other cases, the transitive-intransitive verb pairs are appropriately described as causative vs. noncausative verb pairs and not as transitive-passive pairs.
Causative morphology
Most if not all varieties of Zapotec languages have intransitive-transitive verb pairs which may be analyzed as noncausative vs. causative. The derivation may be obvious or not depending on the kinds of sounds that are involved. In the simplest cases, causative is transparently seen to be a prefix, cognate with /s-/ or with /k-/, but it may also require the use of a thematic vowel /u/, as in the following examples from Mitla Zapotec:
Setting aside possible abstract analyses of these facts (which posit an underlying prefix /k-/ that causes the changes seen superficially), we can illustrate the kinds of non-causative vs. causative pairs with the following examples. (Basic intransitive verbs are more common than basic transitive verbs, as in many languages.) The presence of the theme vowel /u-/ should be noted in the causative verbs, and in some cases is the only difference between the two verbs. One example of a double causative is also included here; these are not possible in all varieties.
Aspectual inflection
Verbs in Zapotec languages inflect with prefixes to show grammatical aspect. The three aspects that are found in all varieties are habitual, potential and completive. San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec has seven aspects: habitual, perfective, irrealis (viz., potential), progressive, definite (viz., completive), subjunctive, and neutral.
The shape of the root affects the way in which verbs conjugate. Consonant-initial roots conjugate differently than vowel-initial roots, for example, and causative verbs conjugate differently than simple verbs. Prefix vowels may be lost or merged with the root vowel, epenthetic vowels and consonants may be found, and root vowels may be affected. The following example shows the aspectual inflection of three verbs in Mitla Zapotec.
Noun morphology
There is virtually no true morphology in the Zapotec noun. There is no case marking. Plurality is indicated (if at all) in the noun phrase, either by a number or a general quantifier that may be simply translated as "plural". Possessors are also indicated in the noun phrase either by a nominal or a pronominal element. (In both of these cases, since the plural morpheme and the pronouns may be enclitics, they are often written as if they were prefixes and suffixes, respectively, although they arguably are not true affixes.)
The only clear morphology in most varieties of Zapotec is the derivational prefix /ʂ-/ (or its cognate) that derives an inherently possessed noun from a noun that does not take a possessor. Compare Mitla Zapotec /koʰb/ 'dough', /ʃ-koʰb/ 'dough of'. The derived noun is used when the possessor is indicated, as in /ʃkoʰb ni/ 'his/her dough'.
Variable terminology in the description of Zapotec languages
Many linguists working on Zapotec languages use different terminology for describing what appear to be related or similar phenomena, such as grammatical aspect markers. This is due in part because of the different audiences for which the descriptions have been prepared (professional linguists vs. Zapotec speakers of the language communities, for example). The difference of terminology is particularly true in descriptions of the aspectual systems of the Valley Zapotec languages. The following table shows some correspondences:
Documentation and scholarship
Franciscan and/or Dominican friars published a vocabulary and grammar of Zapotec (Antequera Zapotec) in the 16th century. In the past century, there have been ongoing efforts to produce Zapotec orthographies and to write in Zapotec. The Isthmus Zapotec alphabet in use today was founded in the 1950s, drawing from works going back as far as the 1920s. Until recently the Zapotec languages were only sparsely studied and documented but in recent years Zapotec language has begun to receive serious attention by descriptive linguists (see bibliography).
Use
The viability of Zapotec languages also varies tremendously. Loxicha Zapotec, for example, has over 70,000 speakers. San Felipe Tejalapan Zapotec might have ten, all elderly. San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec reportedly has just one remaining speaker. Historically, government teachers discouraged the use of the language, which has contributed to its diminution in many places. In La Ventosa, Oaxaca, a Zapotec mother of three claims that her children are punished in class if they speak Zapotec. Other areas however, such as the Isthmus, proudly maintain their mother tongue. Contemporary literature in Zapotec has been produced by Irma Pineda, Natalia Toledo and Felipe Lopez, among others.
Zapotec-language programming is available on a number of radio stations: The CDI's radio stations XEGLO, based in Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca, and XEQIN-AM, based in San Quintín, Baja California, carry Zapotec-language programming along with other indigenous languages. (Coatecas Altas Zapotec speakers live in the area around San Quintín, Baja California.) in the Isthmus there is one privately owned commercial station, Radio TEKA (1030 AM), and several community-based radio stations, most notably the community-based Radio Totopo (102.5 FM) in Juchitán, Oaxaca, and Radio Atempa in San Blas Atempa.
In California, Los Angeles is home to communities of Yalálag Zapotec and Zoogocho Zapotec language speakers. In 2010, a Zapotec language class was offered at the University of California in San Diego. In 2012, the Natividad Medical Center of Salinas, California, had trained medical interpreters bilingual in Zapotec languages as well as in Spanish; in March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including Zapotec languages, Mixtec, Trique, and Chatino.
See also
Albarradas Sign Language
Notes
References
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G. 2004. A Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
Broadwell, George A. 2001. Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. in Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197–123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Egland, Steven; Doris Bartholomew; and Saul Cruz Ramos. 1983 [1978]. La inteligibilidad interdialectal en México: Resultados de algunos sondeos. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Fernández de Miranda, María Teresa. 1995. El protozapoteco. Edited by Michael J. Piper and Doris A. Bartholomew. Mexico City: El Colegio de México and Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Marlett, Stephen A., compiler. 2009. Basic vocabulary. In Cheryl A. Black, H. Andrew Black and Stephen A. Marlett (eds.) The Zapotec grammar files.
Martínez, Valerie and Stephen A. Marlett. 2008. Nouns. In Cheryl A. Black, H. Andrew Black and Stephen A. Marlett (eds.) The Zapotec grammar files.
Munro, Pamela, and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
Smith Stark, Thomas. 2007. Algunos isoglosas zapotecas. Clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de México: Memorias del III Coloquio Internacional del Lingüística Mauricio Swadesh, ed. Christina Buenrostro et al, pp. 69–134. Mexico City: UNAM y Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas.
Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.
Selected bibliography
Dictionaries and grammars
Alleman, Vera Mae, compiler. 1952. Vocabulario zapoteco del Rincón. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Bartholomew, Doris A. 1983. Grammatica Zapoteca, in Neil Nellis and Jane Goodner Nellis Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
Briggs, Elinor. 1961. Mitla Zapotec grammar. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano and Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México.
Britton, A. Scott, 2003. Zapotec-English/English-Zapotec (Isthmus) Concise Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2003.
Butler, Inez M. 1980. Gramática zapoteca: Zapoteco de Yatzachi el Bajo. Gramáticas de Lenguas Indígenas de México, 4. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Broadwell, George Aaron and Luisa Martinez. 2014. Online dictionary of San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec
Butler, Inez M., compiler. 1997. Diccionario Zapoteco de Yatzachi: Yatzachi el bajo, Yatzachi el alto, Oaxaca. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 37. Tucson, AZ: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Córdova, Fr. Juan de. 1886 [1578a]. Arte del idioma zapoteco. Morelia: Imprenta del Gobierno.
Córdova, Fr. Juan de. 1987 [1578b]. Vocabulario en lengua çapoteca. México: Ediciones Toledo (INAH).
Junta Colombina de México. 1893. Vocabulario castellano – zapotec. Mexico City : Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento.
Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999. Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca. Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
López, Filemón & Ronaldo Newberg Y. 2005. La conjugación del verbo zapoteco: zapoteco de Yalálag. 2nd ed. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Méndez S., Pedro, compiler, & others. 2004. Diccionario zapoteco; Zapoteco de San Pablo Yaganiza, Oaxaca. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Munro, Pamela, and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
Nellis, Neil and Jane Goodner Nellis. 1983. Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
Pickett, Velma B. and others. 1959. Vocabulario zapoteco del Istmo : Castellano zapoteco, zapoteco-castellano. Serie de vocabularios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 3. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [2nd ed., revised and enlarged (1965); republished (1968, 1971)]. Fifth edition (2007) available on-line.
Pickett, Velma B., Cheryl A. Black and Vicente Marcial C. 2001. Gramática Popular del Zapoteco del Istmo. 2nd edition. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano; Tucson, Arizona.
Ruegsegger, Manis & Jane Ruegsegger. 1955. Vocabulario zapoteco del dialecto de Miahuatlán del Estado de Oaxaca. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2005. A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.
Theses and dissertations
Arellanes, Francisco. 2009. El sistema fonológico y las propriedades fonéticas del zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá. Descripción y análisis formal. Tesis doctoral. Colegio de México.
Avelino, Heriberto. 2004. Topics in Yalálag Zapotec, with particular reference to its phonetic structures. UCLA Ph.D. dissertation.
Chávez-Peón, Mario. 2010. Ph.D. thesis. University of British Columbia.
Esposito, Christina M. 2002. Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec Phonation. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
Foreman, John. 2006. The Morphosyntax of Subjects in Macuiltianguis Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
Galant, Michael R. 1998. Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
Gibbs, William P. 1977. Discourse elements in Sierra de Juarez Zapotec. M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
Heise, Jennifer Lynn. 2003. Participant reference and tracking in San Francisco Ozolotepec Zapotec. M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
Jensen de López, Kristine M. 2002. Baskets and Body-Parts. Ph.D. dissertation, Aarhus University.
Lee, Felicia A. 1999. Antisymmetry and the Syntax of San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. The Categorial Status of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2006. Expressing Location in Tlacolula Valley Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
López Cruz, Ausencia. 1997. Morfología verbal del zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá. Tesis de licenciatura, ENAH.
MacLaury, Robert E. 1970. Ayoquesco Zapotec: Ethnography, phonology, and lexicon. MA thesis, University of the Americas.
Méndez [Martínez], Olivia V. 2000. Code-Switching and the Matrix Language Model in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
Pickett, Velma B. 1959. The grammatical hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
Reeck, Roger. 1991. A trilingual dictionary in Zapotec, English and Spanish. MA thesis, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla.
Riggs, David B. 1991. A comparative grammar of English for Zapotec speakers (Gramática comparativa inglés-zapoteco). M.A. thesis. Universidad de las Américas.
Sicoli, Mark A. 1999. A comparison of Spanish loanwords in two Zapotec languages: Contact-induced language change in Lachixío and Juchitán Zapotec. University of Pittsburgh, M.A. Thesis.
Sicoli, Mark A. 2007. Tono: A linguistic ethnography of tone and voice in a Zapotec region. University of Michigan, Ph.D. Dissertation.
Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2004. A Descriptive Grammar of Zoogocho Zapotec on a Typological Basis. University of Southern California Ph.D. dissertation.
Books
de Feria, Pedro. 1567. Doctrina Christiana en lengua castellana y zapoteca.
Galant, Michael René. 2006. Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (LINCOM Studies in Language Typology 15). Lincom Europa: München.
Jiménez Girón, Eustaquio. 1980. Guía gráfico-fonémica para la escritura y lectura del zapoteco. Juchitán, Oaxaca: Vitoria Yan.
Jiménez Jiménez, Enedino & Vicente Marcial Cerqueda. 1997. Neza diidxa': ni gacané binnihuaniisi gu'nda', gucaa ne güi' diidxazá (Vocabulario zapoteco: auxiliar del modelo pedagógico de diálogo cultural y alfabetización). Juchitán, Oaxaca: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Binnizá.
Liga Bíblica, La [Jones, Ted, et al.]. 1995. Xtiidx Dios Cun Ditsa (El Nuevo Testamento en el zapoteco de San Juan Guelavía y en español). Munro, Pamela, Brook Danielle Lillehaugen and Felipe H. Lopez. In preparation. Cali Chiu? A Course in Valley Zapotec. ms.: UCLA / UNAM.
Texts
Butler, Inez M. 1982. Un relato de la hechicería en los pueblos zapotecos de la sierra en el distrito de Villa Alta. Tlalocan 9: 249–55.
Nellis, Donald G. 1979. The old woman and the town authorities: Cajonos Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 181–208. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Olson, Donald. 1970. The earthquake in Ocotlán: Three texts in Zapotec. Tlalocan 6: 229–39.
Persons, David. 1979. Rabbit, coyote, and skunk; When people die: Lachixio Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 211-23. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Rendón, Juan José. 1995. El tlacuache y el coyote en zapoteco. In: Juan José Rendón (ed.) Diversificación de las lenguas zapotecas. Mexico City: Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores de Antropología Social.
Speck, Charles H., compiler. 1998. Zapotec oral literature; El folklore de San Lorenzo Texmelucan. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield. 1969. The story of Läy and Gisaj: a Zapotec sun and moon myth. Tlalocan 6: 46–62.
Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield, compilers. 1994. Mitla Zapotec texts. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Recordings
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary. "Southern Zapotec Languages Collection of Rosemary Beam de Azcona" The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: https://web.archive.org/web/20160507075223/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=5. Media: audio, text. Access: 14% restricted.
Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. "Zapotec Collection of Brook Lillehaugen" The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: https://web.archive.org/web/20160507135046/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=41 Media: audio, text. Access: 100% restricted.
Pérez Báez, Gabriela. "Isthmus Zapotec Collection of Gabriela Pérez Báez " The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: https://web.archive.org/web/20160507133747/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=126 Media: video. Access: 100% restricted.
Additional materials
Relating to phonetics and phonology
Bickmore, Lee S. and George A. Broadwell. 1998. High tone docking in Sierra Juárez Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64:37–67.
Jones, Ted E., and Lyle M. Knudson. 1977. "Guelavía Zapotec Phonemes". Studies in Otomanguean Phonology, ed., William R. Merrifield, pp. 163–80. [Dallas/Arlington]: SIL / University of Texas, Arlington.
Marlett, Stephen A. 1987. The syllable structure and aspect morphology of Isthmus Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 398–422.
Merrill, Elizabeth D. 2008. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1): 107–114.
Pickett, Velma B., María Villalobos Villalobos, and Stephen A. Marlett. 2008. Zapoteco del Istmo (Juchitán). Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Rendón, Juan José. 1970. Notas fonológicas del Zapotec de Tlacochahuaya. Anales de Antropología, vol. 7. Mexico City: UNAM.
Sicoli, Mark A. 2000. "Loanwords and contact-induced phonological change in Lachixío Zapotec." Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.'' Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.
Tejada, Laura (2012). Tone gestures and constraint interaction in Sierra Juarez Zapotec. University of Southern California.
Ward, Michael, Emiliano Zurita Sánchez, and Stephen A. Marlett. 2008. Zapoteco de Santa Catarina Quioquitani. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Relating to morphology and syntax
Black, Cheryl A.; H. Andrew Black; and Stephen A. Marlett (eds.) The Zapotec Grammar Files.
Broadwell, George A. 2001. "Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec." In Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197–123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Broadwell, George A. 2005. The morphology of Zapotec pronominal clitics.in Rosemary Beam de Azcona and Mary Paster, eds. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 13: Conference on Otomanguean and Oaxacan Languages, pp. 15–35. University of California at Berkeley.
Broadwell, George A. 2015. The historical development of the progressive aspect in Central Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 81:151–185.
Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Reflexive constructions of Yatzachi Zapotec." International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 331–37.
Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Verb classification of Yatzachi Zapotec." SIL Mexico Workpapers 2: 74–84.
Earl, Robert. 1968. "Rincon Zapotec clauses." International Journal of American Linguistics 34: 269–74.
Jones, Ted E., and Ann D. Church. 1985. "Personal pronouns in Guelavía Zapotec". S.I.L.-Mexico Workpapers 7: 1–15.
Lee, Felicia A. In press. "On the Absence of Quantificational Determiners in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in L. Matthewson, (ed.) Quantification: Universals and Variation. Elsevier.
Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Modality and the Structure of Tense in Zapotec." In B. Bruening, (ed.), Proceedings of SCIL 8. Cambridge: MITWPL.
Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Pseudo-quantification in Possessives." In C. Pye, (ed.), Proceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference. Lawrence: The University of Kansas.
Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Focus and Judgment Type in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In M. Juge and J. Moxley, (eds.), Proceedings of BLS 23. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.
Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "The Predicational Nature of Clefts: Evidence from Zapotec." In K. Singer, R. Eggert, and G. Anderson, (eds.), Proceedings of CLS 33. Chicago: The Chicago Linguistic Society.
Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Three Question Markers in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in Anthropological Linguistics.
Lee, Felicia A. 1995. "Aspect, Negation, and Temporal Polarity in Zapotec." In B. Agbayani and S.-W. Tang, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 15. Stanford: CSLI.
Lee, Felicia A. 1996. "Focus in the Future and the Thetic/Categorical Distinction." In V. Samiian, (ed.), Proceedings of WECOL 96. Fresno: California State University, Fresno.
Lee, Felicia A. 1997. "Evidence for Tense in a 'Tenseless' Language." In P. Tamagi, M. Hirotani, and N. Hall, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 29. Amherst: GLSA.
Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec." In A. Carnie and E. Guilfoyle (editors), The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "Relative Clauses Without Wh-Movement." In M. Kim and U. Strauss, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 31. Amherst: GLSA.
Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "WH and Focus Are Not the Same Projection." In K. Megerdoomian and L. Bar-El, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 20. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "Anaphoric R-Expressions: Bound Names as Bound Variables." In M. Hirotani, (ed.), Proceedings of NELS 32. Amherst: GLSA.
Lee, Felicia A. 2002 "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Proceedings of BLS 28.
Lee, Felicia A. 2003. "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Syntax. 6, 1: 84–114. Blackwell Publishing.
Lee, Felicia A. 2005. "Clause-Fronting and Clause-Typing in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, Sheila Dooley Collberg (eds) Verb First, John Benjamins Publishers, Philadelphia/Amsterdam.
Lee, Felicia A. 2006. Remnant Raising and VSO Clausal Architecture: A Case Study from San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Springer.
Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. "The Acquisition of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages." Proceedings from the First Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America, University of Texas, Austin.
Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2004. "The Syntactic and Semantic Development of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages," pp. 69 – 92, Proceedings from the sixth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol. 14, Jeanie Castillo (ed.).
Munro, Pamela. 2002. "Hierarchical Pronouns in Discourse: Third Person Pronouns in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Narratives". Southwest Journal of Linguistics 21: 37–66.
Lyman, Larry. 1964. The verb syntagmemes of Choapan Zapotec. Linguistics 7: 16–41.
Marlett, Stephen A. 1993. Zapotec pronoun classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 59: 82–101.
Marlett, Stephen A. 1987. The syllable structure and aspect morphology of Isthmus Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 398–422.
Marlett, Stephen A. & Velma B. Pickett. 1996. El pronombre inaudible en el zapoteco del Istmo. In Zarina Estrada Fernández, Max Figueroa Esteva & Gerardo López Cruz (eds.) III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste, 119–150. Hermosillo, Sonora: Editorial Unison.
Operstein, Natalie. 2002. "Positional Verbs and Relational Nouns in Zaniza Zapotec," pp. 60–70. Proceedings from the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol 11.
Operstein, Natalie. 2016. Valence Changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology" Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rojas, Rosa Maria. to appear. "La predicación secundaria en el zapoteco de Santa Ana del Valle, Oax." por aparecer en Memorias del Primer Coloquio "Leonardo Manrique", México: INAH.
Rojas, Rosa Maria. 2001. "La formación de palabras desde el punto de vista del contenido en lenguas zapotecas: la modificación y el desarrollo" en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 21, 2001.
Speck, Charles H. 1994. Texmelucan Zapotec verbs. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 125–29
Speck, Charles H. 1994. The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 75–86.
Speck, Charles H. & Velma B. Pickett. 1976. Some properties of the Texmelucan Zapotec verbs go, come, and arrive. International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 58–64.
Relating to discourse analysis
Benton, Joseph P. 1987. Clause and sentence-level word order and discourse strategy in Chichicapan Zapotec oral narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 72–84.
Benton, Joseph P. 1997. Aspect shift in Chichicapan Zapotec narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 12: 34–46.
Hopkins, Mary L. 1995. "Narrative peak in Xanaguía Zapotec." SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 17–36.
Kreikebaum, Wolfram. 1987. Fronting and related features in Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 33–71.
Long, Rebecca. 1985. Topicalization in Zoogocho Zapotec expository discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 61–100.
Lyman, Rosemary. 1977. Participant identification in Choapan Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 21: 115–31.
(de) Martinez, Valerie. 1995. Who’s who in Quiatoni Zapotec narratives. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 37–46.
Newberg, Ronald. 1987. Participant accessibility in Yalálag Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 12–25.
Olive, Julie Nan. 1995. Speech verbs in Xanaguía Zapotec narrative. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 47–52.
Piper, Michael J. 1995. The functions of ‘lëë’ in Xanica Zapotec narrative discourse with some implications for comparative Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 67–78.
Riggs, David B. 1987. Paragraph analysis for Amatlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 1–11.
Sicoli, Mark A. 2010. Shifting voices with participant roles: Voice qualities and speech registers in Mesoamerica. Language in Society 39(4).
Thiessen, Grace. 1987. The functions of the clitic -ha in Western Ixtlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 85–100.
Ward, Michael. 1987. A focus particle in Quioquitani Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 26–32.
General and miscellaneous
Broadwell, George A. 2005. Zapotecan languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition. Elsevier.
Butler, Inez M. 1985. "Event prominence in Zoogocho Zapotec narrative discourse." SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 16–60.
Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro. 1998. The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.
Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro. 1999. "Zapotec Immigration: The San Lucas Quiaviní Experience". Aztlan. 24, 1: 129–149.
Munro, Pamela. 1996. "Making a Zapotec Dictionary". Dictionaries 17: 131–55.
Munro, Pamela. 2003. Preserving the Language of the Valley Zapotecs: The Orthography Question. Presented at Language and Immigration in France and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. University of Texas.
Nellis, Jane G. 1947. Sierra Zapotec forms of address, International Journal of American Linguistics 13: 231–32.
Persons, Jan A. 1997. High pitch as a mark of respect in Lachixío Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 41: 59–60.
Robinson, Dow F. 1963. Field notes on Coatlán Zapotec. Hartford, CN: Hartford Seminary Foundation.
External links
SIL on the Zapotecan language family
Analytic languages
Isolating languages
Verb–subject–object languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec%20languages |
Manas International Airport ( ; ) is the main international airport in Kyrgyzstan, located north-northwest of the capital, Bishkek.
History
The airport was constructed as a replacement for the former Bishkek airport that was located to the south of the city, and named after Kyrgyz epic hero, Manas, suggested by writer and intellectual Chinghiz Aitmatov. The first plane landed at Manas in October 1974, with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin on board. Aeroflot operated the first scheduled flight to Moscow–Domodedovo on 4 May 1975.
When Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991, the airport began a steady decline as its infrastructure was neglected for almost ten years and a sizable aircraft boneyard developed. Approximately 60 derelict aircraft from the Soviet era, ranging in size from helicopters to full-sized airliners, were left in mothballs on the airport ramp at the eastern end of the field.
With the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom, the United States and its coalition partners immediately sought permission from the Kyrgyz government to use the airport as a military base for operations in Afghanistan. Coalition forces arrived in late December 2001 and immediately the airport saw unprecedented expansion of operations and facilities. The derelict aircraft were rolled into a pasture next to the ramp to make room for coalition aircraft, and large, semi-permanent hangars were constructed to house coalition fighter aircraft. Additionally, a Marsden Matting parking apron was built along the Eastern half of the runway, along with a large cargo depot and several aircraft maintenance facilities. A tent city sprang up across the street from the passenger terminal, housing over 2,000 troops. The American forces christened the site "Ganci Air Base", after New York Fire Department chief Peter J. Ganci, Jr., who was killed in the 11 September terrorist attacks. It was later given the official name of Manas Air Base, renamed Transit Center at Manas in 2009, and closed and handed over to Kyrgyz authorities in 2014.
In 2004, a new parking ramp was added in front of the passenger terminal to make room for larger refueling and transport aircraft such as the KC-135 and C-17.
Around the same time, the Kyrgyz government performed a major expansion and renovation of the passenger terminal, funded in part by the sizable landing fees paid by coalition forces. Several restaurants, gift shops, and barber shops sprang up in the terminal, catering to the deployed troops.
The airport terminal underwent renovation and redesign in 2007. The contemporary IATA codename FRU originates from the Soviet name of the city of Bishkek, then called Frunze. In 2012, the airport handled 1,056,000 passengers.
Facilities
The airport operates 24 hours a day and its ILS system meets ICAO CAT II standards, enabling flight operations in low ceilings () and visibilities ().
During its existence, Kyrgyzstan Airlines had its head office on the airport property. On 2 January 2002, the airline moved its head office to the Kyrgyzstan Airlines Sales Agency building of Manas International Airport. Previously the head office was also on the grounds of the airport.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Annual traffic
Accidents and incidents
On 23 October 2002, an IL-62 airliner operated by the Tretyakovo Air Transport Company crashed on takeoff after running off the end of the runway. There were no passengers aboard and all eleven crew members escaped, with only minor injuries. The pilot was pulled from the aircraft by responding U.S. Air Force Security Forces personnel of the 111th SFS from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard. The injured were treated at the joint US Air Force and South Korean army clinic at Manas Air Base. The wreckage was bulldozed by Kyrgyz personnel and left at the site. Airport operations resumed before the crash site had finished smoldering.
On 26 September 2006, a Kyrgyzstan Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft taking off for Moscow–Domodedovo collided on the runway with a US Air Force KC-135 tanker that had just landed. The Tupolev, with 52 passengers and nine crew on board, lost part of its wing but was able to take off and return to make a safe landing with a 2.5 m section of its wing missing. The KC-135, with three crew members and a cargo of jet fuel, caught fire and was destroyed. There were no injuries on either aircraft.
On 24 August 2008, Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 (a Boeing 737 operated by Itek Air) heading to Tehran with 90 people aboard crashed from the airport, killing 68. Twenty-two people, including two crew members, survived the crash. According to an airport official, the crew had reported a technical problem on board and were returning to the airport when the plane went down.
On 28 December 2011, a Kyrgyzstan Airlines Tu-134, which had taken off from Bishkek, attempted to land at Osh. The jet, carrying 80 passengers and six crew, rolled off the runway, broke its wing, overturned and caught fire. 31 people were injured, with 17 of these hospitalised.
On 16 January 2017, Turkish Airlines Flight 6491, a Boeing 747-400F operated by ACT Airlines under wet lease for Turkish Cargo, en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek, missed the runway on landing in thick fog, crashing into a village. At least 38 people were killed, including all four crew members and 34 people on the ground.
See also
List of the busiest airports in the former USSR
Transportation in Kyrgyzstan
References
External links
Manas International Airport (official site)
Manas International Airport (globalsecurity.org)
Airports in Kyrgyzstan
Airports established in 1974
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Military installations of the Soviet Union
Chüy Region
1974 establishments in Asia
1974 establishments in the Soviet Union
Installations of the United States Air Force
Buildings and structures in Bishkek
Transport in Bishkek | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas%20International%20Airport |
Warrior Princess may refer to:
"Warrior Princess", the 2014 Mongolian hit film about the life of Queen Anu
Xena: Warrior Princess, a 1995-2001 American television series
"The Warrior Princess" (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys), an episode of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Xena: Warrior Princess (comics)
X-wing Rogue Squadron: The Warrior Princess, a 1996 story arc of the X-wing: Rogue Squadron comics series
Diana: Warrior Princess, a 2003 roleplaying game by Heliograph Incorporated
Warrior Princess: A U.S. Navy SEAL's Journey to Coming out Transgender, a 2013 memoir of Kristin Beck, a former United States Navy SEAL who came out as a trans woman
nickname of English professional kickboxer Ruqsana Begum (born 1983)
See also
Women warriors in literature and culture
List of female action heroes
List of women warriors in folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior%20Princess |
Eva Verona (February 1, 1905 – May 19, 1996) was the most eminent Croatian librarian and information scientist and is well known among information scientists around the world.
She was born in Trieste (now Italy, then Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1905. Her early childhood was spent in Vienna and eventually moved to Zagreb, Croatia where she attended grammar school. She graduated with a degree in mathematics and physics from Zagreb University in 1928 and was immediately employed in the National and University Library in Zagreb. She worked in different departments of the Library as her career progressed. She reorganized the natural sciences section in the classified catalogue and also worked on the foreign periodicals collection. She also was in charge of choosing and purchasing works dealing with the natural sciences, technology, and librarianship. Verona remained at the University Library until retiring in 1967. Starting in 1968 she was a professor at the University of Zagreb for students of librarianship.
She was also active in the library journal Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske and in the Croatian Encyclopedia, for which she wrote numerous works about the history of Croatian libraries. Verona served as the journal's editor-in-chief from 1960 to 1965. She also took part in the Croatian Library Association.
In the fifties, Verona's focus switched to the theory of alphabetical catalogues. She published multiple papers on this subject, and soon became the leading international expert. Her papers published in "Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske", "Libri", and "Library Resources and Technical Services" examined her comparisons of different approaches practiced by individual foreign catalogues and cataloging codes in cataloging anonymous works and corporate headings. She also studied the history of these cataloging practices. Using her experience in cataloguing rules she wrote Cataloguing Code, published in 1970 and 1983.
The IFLA Committee on Cataloguing noted Verona's contribution in 1954 at its meeting in Zagreb. She became known and accepted by the International library community and in 1961 played an important part in the International Conference on Cataloguing Principles in Paris.
Verona served as both a member of the Consulting Committee of the International Committee of Bibliographic Control and as the chairperson of the IFLA's Section for cataloguing from 1974 to 1977. During this three-year period, she wrote a critical study on corporate headings, in which she compared the use of corporate headings in diverse catalogues and national biographies.
Eva Verona will be remembered by generations of her students for her logic and consistent thought, exquisite politeness, and generosity in transmitting her ample knowledge. In addition to her many other accomplishments, she also was the first European librarian to receive the American Library Association's Margaret Mann Citation in 1976 and was the first person to be awarded a PhD in the librarianship by the University of Zagreb. Since 1998, the Croatian Library Association presents the Eva Verona Award for "outstanding dedication to work, innovative practice and promotion of library profession". Upon her death in 1996, library journals around the world published obituaries and celebrated the life of Croatia's most influential librarian.
References
1905 births
1996 deaths
Croatian librarians
Women librarians
People from Trieste
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Verona |
Route 11 (officially the ConnDOT Employees Memorial Highway) is a state highway in east-central Connecticut, serving traffic between the Hartford and New London areas (which also use Route 2). Route 11 originally was planned to be a freeway/expressway, running northwest-to-southeast, from Colchester to Waterford. However, only about half of the freeway was constructed; one end is in Salem. As a result, many people in New London County, who would have benefitted most from the original project, derisively refer to the highway as "Route 5½" for its half-done construction.
The delays, and eventual effective cancellation of the project in 2009, were due to funding and environmental issues. Advocates for the highway have pushed for open-road tolling on Route 11 to complete the project.
Route description
Route 11's southern terminus is the interchange with Route 82 (Exit 4) in the town of Salem. When completed, Route 11's southern terminus will be at an interchange with Interstate 95 and Interstate 395 in the town of East Lyme. It proceeds northward, soon crossing the Eightmile River. The road continues about crossing over Witch Meadow Road (Exit 5) at a diamond interchange, which leads to Salem center. Route 11 soon crosses into the town of Colchester, then has an interchange with Lake Hayward Road (Exit 6) about after crossing the town line. Lake Hayward Road, an unsigned state highway known as State Road 637, provides access to eastbound Route 2, Route 85, and Route 354. Northbound Route 11 merges onto westbound Route 2 0.6 miles later.
History
An expressway connecting Route 2 in Colchester and the Connecticut Turnpike in New London had been planned as far back as the 1950s. It was originally designated the Route 85 Expressway. Construction began in 1966 but was halted due to lack of funding. The half-finished expressway opened in 1972 as Route 11.
Plans to finish Route 11 were revived in the late 1990s due to increased traffic in the area (primarily due to Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun). Contrary to local opposition to new highways, most of the residents of the area were in favor of completing the highway. Subsequently, Route 11 was submitted to the U.S. Department of Transportation for inclusion on the federal government's "fast-track" streamlining process, designed for federal agencies to quickly complete necessary steps on stalled projects, and was approved in August 2004. Funding for Route 11 has also been included in the proposed 2006 Connecticut state transportation bill. The State of Connecticut purchased, and still owns, the right-of-way for the project in Salem.
The Final Environmental Impact Statement for extending Route 11 was issued on October 26, 2007. The EIS was published three months behind schedule due to a dispute between ConnDOT and the consulting firm that prepared the EIS—the Macguire Group—over payment for services rendered.
A Record of Decision from federal officials was expected by the end of 2007, but the Environmental Protection Agency had expressed concern over the environmental mitigation plan for Route 11, and expressed it still favored the Route 82/85 upgrade over extending Route 11. Because the EPA has veto power over Army Corps of Engineers permits, EPA opposition could have forced the delay or cancellation of the Route 11 extension. In December 2007, Federal Highway Administration extended the FEIS review period through the end of January 2008 to provide the EPA with a detailed environmental mitigation plan. Additionally state and federal elected officials requested the FHWA and ConnDOT present a detailed financial management plan for activities related to the extension. In September 2009, ConnDOT indicated that due to funding constraints, it will indefinitely suspend further work on Route 11.
In 2011, Governor Dan Malloy indicated that completing Route 11 to the I-95/I-395 interchange was a high priority for the state and ordered ConnDOT to resume environmental and funding studies. In August 2011, ConnDOT initiated a financial study that focused on building the Route 11 extension as a toll road, which could potentially accelerate construction of the extension by using a combination of funds from tolls and traditional state and federal highway funds.
The final section of Route 11 was proposed to be built not to Interstate highway standards. While it would have been built as a fully controlled-access freeway, it would not have met Interstate standards due to two key design features: First, opposing lanes of traffic would have been separated by a concrete Jersey barrier versus the wide median on the existing Route 11 section. Secondly, the greenway was being planned to have curve radii that would have been tighter than what is allowed by Interstate standards, although it would have still had a design speed of . With these two features, Route 11 would have been built using a footprint that was less than half the size required for an expressway built to Interstate standards.
The Route 11 Greenway Authority was created by the state legislature in 2000 as a committee designated with the responsibility of purchasing land on either side of the completed Route 11 to be preserved as hiking and biking trails and open space. As of 2010, the Authority still held monthly meetings and the funds from the State of Connecticut still existed to purchase land for the Greenway, despite the near certainty the expressway itself would never be completed. The Authority did not have the power of eminent domain. The cross-section profile for the Route 11 Greenway would have been similar to that of the Route 8 expressway through the Naugatuck State Forest between Beacon Falls and Naugatuck.
Extension cancelled
On October 19, 2016, the Federal Highway Administration published a notice in the Federal Register announcing the withdrawal of the Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement, that effectively ceased any further work on the Route 11 extension. The major issues cited in the FHWA and ConnDOT abandoning the Route 11 extension include: opposition from the Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA has long opposed the extension of the Route 11 freeway, and would not approve any "build" alternative), the prohibitive cost and lack of funding for the extension, and the discovery of Native American and colonial-era archaeological sites along the route that could not be avoided. Local officials who have long supported completing Route 11 conceded that spot improvements to the Route 85 corridor could be done more quickly and at a much lower cost than extending Route 11 to I-95.
Unused bridges, roadbed and ramps
The northernmost mile (1.6 km) of the Route 11 extension would have been built more to Interstate standards as it transitioned between the Greenway profile and the profile of the existing segment ending at Exit 4 in Salem. When Route 11 opened to its present-day terminus at Route 82, crews had cleared and graded the roadbed for about a mile beyond Route 82 for the anticipated extension south, including two deep rock cuts and a pair of unused bridges over Route 82 just past present terminus. Two "ghost ramps" built during the 1970s would have been paved as the new roadway was built, creating full diamond interchange at Exit 4. The bridges, ramps, and rock cuts, as well as unused storm drains, were left behind when work stopped on Route 11 in 1972.
An interchange with Interstate 95 and 395 was also planned to be built as part of the highway extension, and accounted for about half of the $1 billion cost of the project.
Exit list
Exit numbers are currently sequential, but are scheduled to be converted to mile-based numbering starting in 2022. Mileage will be based on the originally-planned southern terminus at I-95 that includes the approximately 9-mile unbuilt section from Route 82 to I-95.
See also
References
External links
011
Transportation in New London County, Connecticut
Freeways in the United States
Unfinished buildings and structures in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2011 |
Ohanes is a municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
Demographics
References
External links
Ohanes - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Ohanes - Diputación Provincial de Almería
The School Beam in Ohanes
Municipalities in the Province of Almería | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohanes |
The Police Minstrels was a concert party consisting of members of the London Metropolitan Police.
Founded in 1872 by ten officers from "A" Division (Whitehall), the Minstrels consisted of police officers who could sing or play a musical instrument. They performed at police stations to entertain the officers, and also gave public concerts in aid of police charities. The Minstrels wore evening dress and blackface makeup, in the manner of the typical minstrel shows of the period, and sang negro spirituals and popular ballads and songs, as well as playing instrumentals. They also performed comedy sketches, originally written for them by the popular music hall artiste and pantomime dame Clarkson Rose. The Minstrels were very popular - in the 1928/29 season alone, they gave about 140 performances.
Seats for the public concerts were sold door-to-door by uniformed Sergeants. Commissioners Sir William Horwood and Lord Byng both objected to this, as did the Police Federation, claiming that people may feel intimidated into buying tickets and that it detracted from the dignity of the rank. The Minstrels survived by pointing to the amounts of money they raised for charity. However, Lord Trenchard discovered that ticket sales were entirely dependent on this method of selling and felt that this was a form of blackmail. In 1932, he ordered that the door-to-door selling should cease. The Minstrels attempted to continue by selling tickets from theatre box offices and police stations, but were disbanded the following year.
The Minstrels raised a total of £250,000 for the Metropolitan and City Police Orphanage, the Metropolitan and City Police Convalescent Home Fund, and the Widows' and Relief Funds. Trenchard set up the Commissioner's Fund to replace this vital source of income for these police charities.
The most prominent member of the Minstrels was Sir James Olive, the first Deputy Commissioner, who had been a founder member in 1872 and later became the group's president.
References
The Times Digital Archive
Martin Fido & Keith Skinner, The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard (Virgin Books, London:1999)
Rachel Cowgill, 'On the Beat: The Victorian Policeman as Musician', in Music and Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Britain, ed. Paul Rodmell (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012), 221-245
External links
Ralph Wilcocks and the Police Minstrels
Musical groups established in 1872
History of the Metropolitan Police
Blackface minstrel troupes
1872 establishments in England
British comedy troupes
Anti-black racism in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20Minstrels |
Liu Liankun () (20 January 1933 – 15 August 1999), was a major general (shao jiang) in the People's Liberation Army who provided the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan with secret intelligence about the status of missiles from the People's Republic of China (PRC). During the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1996, the ROC Ministry of National Defense notified the public that the missiles launched by the PRC actually carried unarmed warheads. This tipped off Beijing that Taipei had a high-level mole working on the mainland. Liu, a top Chinese military logistics officer, was arrested, court-martialed and executed in 1999.
The ROC's Military Intelligence Bureau confirmed that Liu was one of its spies in 2018.
See also
Tong Daning
References
1933 births
1999 deaths
20th-century executions by China
20th-century spies
Executed Chinese people
Executed military leaders
Executed people from Heilongjiang
Executed People's Republic of China people
Executed spies
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
People executed by China by lethal injection
People from Qiqihar
People's Liberation Army generals from Heilongjiang
Post–Cold War spies
Taiwanese spies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Liankun |
The Daria-i-Noor ( or 'Ocean of Light'), also spelled Darya-ye Noor, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing an estimated 182 carats (36 g). Its colour, pale pink, is one of the rarest to be found in diamonds. The diamond is currently in the Iranian National Jewels collection of the Central Bank of Iran in Tehran. However, another theory posits that it is currently in a private collection within Bangladesh.
Dimensions
It is and weighs around 182 metric carats. It is the world's largest known pink diamond. It may have been cut from an originally even larger stone.
History
This diamond, as is also presumed for the Koh-i-Noor, was mined in Kollur mine in the Golcanda region of Andhra Pradesh, India. It was originally owned by the Kakatiya dynasty. Later it was possessed by the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal emperors. It was part of Shah Jahan's Peacock Throne. It later found its way into the possession of the Marathas and thereafter Nawab Sirajul Mulk of Hyderabad State.
In 1739, Nader Shah of Iran invaded Northern India and occupied Delhi. As payment for returning the crown of India to the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, he took possession of the entire fabled treasury of the Mughals, including the Daria-i-Noor, the Koh-i-Noor, and the Peacock Throne.
After Nader Shah's death in 1747, the diamond was inherited by his grandson, Shahrokh Mirza. From there, it fell into the hands of the Lotf Ali Khan. After Lotf Ali Khan's defeat at the hands of Mohammad Khan Qajar, who established the ruling Qajar dynasty of Iran, the Daria-i-Noor entered the Qajar treasury. During this time, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar was said to be very fond of the diamond, often wearing it as an arm band, an aigrette, or a brooch, and maintenance of the diamond was an honor bestowed upon higher ranking individuals.
Return to the Indian subcontinent theory
Another theory postulates that the diamond had made its way back to the Indian subcontinent by the 19th century.
Eventually the diamond made its way into the hands of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, where it was kept in the Toshakhana (treasury). After the annexation of the Sikh Empire into the Company Raj, the stone was confiscated by the British alongside other valuables from the Sikh treasury. A reference is made to it in a list prepared by John Login of confiscated items from the treasury. Login valued the diamond at 63,000 rupees, the equivalent of £6,000 in 1840 which would convert to more than £100 million in 2012. Jewelry associated with the diamond were eleven pearls, eleven additional diamonds, and eleven garnets (known locally as choonee). The total weight was 10.8 tolas in the local weight measurement system. The Daria-i-Noor would make its way to London but it failed to garner the attraction of the British nobility. Thus, two years later it was shipped back to India to be auctioned off, with the Nawabs of Dhaka being the winning bidder. To this day it is said to remain in a Bangladeshi bank's vault.
Possible association
In 1965, a Canadian team conducting research on the Iranian Crown Jewels concluded that the Daria-i-Noor may well have been part of a large pink diamond that had been studded in the throne of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, and had been described in the journal of the French jeweller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in 1642, who called it the Great Table diamond ("Diamanta Grande Table"). This diamond may have been cut into two pieces; the larger part is the Daria-i-Noor; the smaller part is believed to be the Noor-ul-Ain diamond, presently studded in a tiara also in the Iranian Imperial collection.
See also
Golconda diamonds
Great Table diamond
Koh-i-Noor
Noor-ul-Ain
List of diamonds
List of largest rough diamonds
References
External links
Treasury of National Jewels of Iran
Iranian National Jewels
Jewels of the Mughal Empire
Individual diamonds
Pink diamonds
Golconda diamonds
Dhaka Nawab family
Wars involving Afsharid Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria-i-Noor |
Lake Hood Seaplane Base is a state-owned seaplane base located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska. The Lake Hood Strip is a gravel runway located adjacent to the seaplane base. The gravel strip airport's previous code of has been decommissioned and combined with as another landing surface.
Operating continuously and open to the public, Lake Hood is the world's busiest seaplane base, handling an average of 190 flights per day. It is located on Lakes Hood and Spenard (Niłkidal'iy in the indigenous Dena'ina language), next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport three miles from downtown Anchorage. The base has an operating control tower, and during the winter months the frozen lake surface is maintained for ski-equipped airplanes.
Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Lake Hood is assigned LHD by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is PALH.
Facilities and aircraft
Lake Hood Seaplane Base has three seaplane landing areas: E/W is 4,540 by 188 feet (1,384 x 57 m); N/S is 1,930 by 200 feet (588 x 61 m); NW/SE is 1,370 by 150 feet (418 x 46 m).
Lake Hood Strip has one runway designated 14/32 with a gravel surface measuring 2,200 by 75 feet (671 x 23 m).
For 12-month period ending August 1, 2005, the seaplane base had 69,400 aircraft operations, an average of 190 per day: 88% general aviation, 12% air taxi and <1% military. There are 781 aircraft based at this seaplane base: 97% single engine and 3% multi-engine.
References
External links
Alaska Airmen's Association webcam on Lake Hood
FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
Airports in Anchorage, Alaska
Seaplane bases in Alaska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Hood%20Seaplane%20Base |
"The Edge of Forever" is a song by The Dream Academy from their eponymous first album, released in 1985.
The song was only originally released as a promotional single. However, a brief excerpt was used under dialogue near the end of the 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The song appears on the limited-edition soundtrack album released in 2016.
References
1985 singles
The Dream Academy songs
Songs written by Nick Laird-Clowes
1984 songs
Warner Records singles
Song recordings produced by David Gilmour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Edge%20of%20Forever%20%28The%20Dream%20Academy%20song%29 |
Tullio Avoledo (born 1 June 1957) is an Italian novelist.
Biography
Avoledo was born in Valvasone, in Friuli. After earning a degree in law, he worked as a legal counselor for banks.
His first novel, L'elenco telefonico di Atlantide, was released in January 2003 by the minor Italian publisher Sironi. It turned into a best-seller and won the Fort Village Montblanc Award for the best debutant writer. Avoledo could pull the reader into a science-fictional narrative involving a mysterious global plot and a character modeled on himself. Mare di Bering, his second novel, was published in November of the same year.
His last novel for Sironi was Lo stato dell'unione in 2005. In the same year his first novel for Einaudi, one of the most renowned Italian publishers (which had also issued pocket editions of the former two), was released, under the title Tre sono le cose misteriose. Avoledo won the prestigious Grinzane Award with this fourth book in 2006.
The following Breve storia di lunghi tradimenti loosely alludes to characters (like Giulio Rovedo and Cecilia Mazzi) and situations of L'elenco telefonico di Atlantide, but it has a new plot set in a world of global economics and of industrial delocalization. A movie inspired by this novel was released in 2013.
La ragazza di Vajont is set in a dystopian alternate Italy dominated by a fascist regime, and plunged into a seemingly endless winter.</ref>
L'ultimo giorno felice is a short novel which Avoledo wrote for Legambiente, an Italian environmental organization. The plot is centered on the predicament of a young architect, Francesco Salvador, selling his soul to the mafia for money. The novel describes the last hours of Francesco, during an exclusive tour of the Venetian lagoon.
Science fiction is often present in the works of Avoledo. Avoledo's novel L'anno dei dodici inverni (2009) deals with time travel, love and redemption, in a mix of science fiction themes and a realistic narrative approach to the feelings and emotions of the characters. In 2011 he published another science fiction novel, Un buon posto per morire, in collaboration with Davide "Boosta" Dileo, keyboard player of the Turinese band Subsonica. The novel won the Emilio Salgari Prize 2012 for best Italian adventure novel.
He also wrote Metro 2033: Le radici del cielo, and Metro 2033: La crociata dei bambini written for the Metro 2033 Universe project set up by Dmitry Glukhovski. Both books have been published in Italy by Multiplayer.it.
The last novel of the Metro 2033 trilogy - Metro 2033: Il Conclave delle tenebre will be published in 2018.
Tullio Avoledo ran for the Italian Senate at the national elections on March 5, 2018, as a member of the Friulan party "Patto per l'Autonomia".
His novel Nero come la notte (Marsilio, 2020) won the Scerbanenco Award for the best Italian crime novel.
The last novel by Avoledo is Non è mai notte quando muori published by Marsilio in 2022.
Bibliography
L'elenco telefonico di Atlantide (2003)
Mare di Bering (2003)
Lo stato dell'unione (2005)
Tre sono le cose misteriose (2005)
Breve storia di lunghi tradimenti (2007)
The Girl from Vajont (La ragazza di Vajont, 2008), Troubadour, 2013.
L'ultimo giorno felice (2008)
L'anno dei dodici inverni (2009)
Un buon posto per morire (2011)
Le radici del Cielo (Universe of Metro 2033) (2012)
La crociata dei bambini (Universe of Metro 2033) (2014)
Chiedi alla luce (2016)
Конклав тьмы (Dark Conclave, Universe of Metro 2035) (2018).
Furland® (2018)
Nero come la notte (2020)
Come navi nella notte (2021)
Non è mai notte quando muori (2022)
References
External links
An interview with Tullio Avoledo
An interview with Tullio Avoledo on science-fiction
1957 births
Living people
People from the Province of Pordenone
Italian science fiction writers
Italian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio%20Avoledo |
In obstetrics, Leopold maneuvers are a common and systematic way to determine the position of a fetus inside the woman's uterus. They are named after the gynecologist Christian Gerhard Leopold. They are also used to estimate term fetal weight.
The maneuvers consist of four distinct actions, each helping to determine the position of the fetus. The maneuvers are important because they help determine the position and lie of the fetus, which in conjunction with correct assessment of the shape of the maternal pelvis can indicate whether the delivery is going to be complicated, or whether a caesarean section is necessary.
The examiner's skill and practice in performing the maneuvers are the primary factor in whether the fetal lie is correctly ascertained. Alternately, position can be determined by ultrasound performed by a sonographer or physician.
Performing the maneuvers
Leopold maneuvers are difficult to perform on obese women and women who have polyhydramnios. The palpation can sometimes be uncomfortable for the woman if care is not taken to ensure she is relaxed and adequately positioned. To aid in this, the health care provider should first ensure that the woman has recently emptied her bladder. If she has not, she may need to have a straight urinary catheter inserted to empty it if she is unable to micturate herself. The woman should lie on her back with her shoulders raised slightly on a pillow and her knees drawn up a little. Her abdomen should be uncovered, and most women appreciate it if the individual performing the maneuver warms their hands prior to palpation.
First maneuver: fundal grip
While facing the woman, palpate the woman's upper abdomen with both hands. An obstetrician can often determine the size, consistency, shape, and mobility of the form that is felt. The fetal head is hard, round, and moves independently of the trunk while the buttocks feel softer, are symmetric, and the shoulders and limbs have small bony processes; unlike the head, they move with the trunk.
Second maneuver: lateral grip
After the upper abdomen has been palpated and the form that is found is identified, the individual performing the maneuver attempts to determine the location of the fetal back. Still facing the woman, the health care provider palpates the abdomen with gentle but also deep pressure using the palm of the hands. First the right hand remains steady on one side of the abdomen while the left hand explores the right side of the woman's uterus. This is then repeated using the opposite side and hands. The fetal back will feel firm and smooth while fetal extremities (arms, legs, etc.) should feel like small irregularities and protrusions. The fetal back, once determined, should connect with the form found in the upper abdomen and also a mass in the maternal inlet, lower abdomen.
Third maneuver: second pelvic grip or Pawlik's grip
In the third maneuver the health care provider attempts to determine what fetal part is lying above the inlet, or lower abdomen. The individual performing the maneuver first grasps the lower portion of the abdomen just above the pubic symphysis with the thumb and fingers of the right hand. This maneuver should yield the opposite information and validate the findings of the first maneuver. If the woman enters labor, this is the part which will most likely come first in a vaginal birth. If it is the head and is not actively engaged in the birthing process, it may be gently pushed back and forth.
Fourth maneuver: Leopold's first pelvic grip
The last maneuver requires that the health care provider face the woman's feet, as he or she will attempt to locate the fetus' brow. The fingers of both hands are moved gently down the sides of the uterus toward the pubis. The side where there is resistance to the descent of the fingers toward the pubis is greatest is where the brow is located. If the head of the fetus is well-flexed, it should be on the opposite side from the fetal back. If the fetal head is extended though, the occiput is instead felt and is located on the same side as the back.
Cautions
Leopold's maneuvers are intended to be performed by health care professionals, as they have received the training and instruction in how to perform them. If performed at home as an informational exercise, the examiner should take care to not roughly or excessively disturb the fetus. All findings are not truly diagnostic, and as such ultrasound may be required to conclusively determine the fetal position.
References
External links
Leopold's Maneuver Demo Video
Tests during pregnancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold%27s%20maneuvers |
The Bunak language (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake, pronounced ) is the language of the Bunak people of the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor. It is one of the few on Timor which is not an Austronesian language, but rather a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family. The language is surrounded by Malayo-Polynesian languages, like Uab Meto and Tetum.
Bunak distinguishes between animate and inanimate noun classes.
Phonology
Plosive sounds /p t k/ can be heard as unreleased allophones [p̚ t̚ k̚], in word-final position.
Sounds /b d ɡ/ can be heard as [β r ɣ] in intervocalic positions.
/ɡ/ can be heard as [dʒ] when preceding /i/.
/z/ can have allophones [ʒ dʒ] in free variation.
/tʃ/ is heard as [s] when preceding /i/.
/l/ in word-final position can also be heard as a fricative [ɬ] in free variation.
Pronouns
Pronouns seem to tie Bunak more closely to the Alor–Pantar languages, in a group Ross (2005) calls "West Timor", than with the Papuan East Timor languages. The independent pronouns and object prefixes, which appear to retain the proto-Trans–New Guinea dual suffix *-li, are as follows:
Notes
References
External links
ELAR archive of Zapal, an oral literature genre of the Bunaq Lamaknen
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Bunaq
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of East Timor
Timor–Alor–Pantar languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak%20language |
Guy Provost, (May 19, 1925 – February 10, 2004) was a French Canadian actor.
In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for being a "giant of the performing arts, admired and respected for his sensitivity and discipline, [he] is also a model for the new generation of actors". In 2003, he was made a chevalier of the National Order of Quebec.
See also
Compagnons de Saint-Laurent
References
External links
1925 births
2004 deaths
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Male actors from Quebec
People from Gatineau
French Quebecers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Provost |
Parc Festyland is a relatively small theme park situated within the Caen ringroad (A13/A84) in Lower Normandy, France. Sometimes referred to as being in Carpiquet in Greater Caen, the theme park receives approximately 110,000 visitors a year.
Background
Parc Festyland is a true theme park as it has a central unifying theme in accordance with which the whole park - from rides to restaurants to surroundings - is built. The theme of Parc Festyland
is the 1066 era. Being a family theme park, it concentrates on the architecture and personalities of the time. The park's logo is a friendly, young-looking dragon's head sporting a Viking hat and a large grin.
Visiting Figures
In 2005, the park received 110,000 visitors, compared to Caen's five museums which received 550,000 visitors between them (source: Caen tourist office).
Advertising
Parc Festyland runs an advertising campaign in association with the Caen tourist office. In all language versions of the booklet, the first inner page is a full colour advert for the park. It consists of the Parc Festyland name and logo, the catchphrase ("defiez le!!!"), contact details (website address and phone number), and two pictures of females appearing to enjoy themselves at the park, with a large rollercoaster in the background.
Catchphrase
The park's motto is Défiez le!. The English version of the Caen tourist office booklet translates this phrase as 'brave it'. It refers to braving the main attraction (a 59 second long roller coaster).
Features
Rides in the Park
The Drakkar Express is a steel roller coaster, the cars of which are designed to resemble Viking ships.
The bumper boats are waterborne dodgem cars. The cars seat either one person, or an adult and a small child, however height restrictions do apply. Each car consists of a plastic moulded steering platform supported by an inflated rubber cushion.
The bateaux les pentes vertigineuses du Piratak are a water slide with boats.
Prehistyland
A section of the park is themed to the prehistoric era, instead of 1066 as is the rest of the park. The prehistoric area includes life size models of dinosaurs and a rope bridge traversing a lake.
Floral Decorations
There are gardens with floral decorations and snail-shaped vehicles on a fixed tracks that take visitors on tours.
External links
Park's website
Amusement parks in France
Buildings and structures in Caen
Tourist attractions in Normandy
Amusement parks opened in 1989
1989 establishments in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc%20Festyland |
Amplifier are an English rock band originating from Manchester. The band has released six albums and four EPs since its inception in 1999. Their music has been described as "Soundgarden, Tool, Black Sabbath, Oceansize and Pink Floyd taking copious amounts of mind-altering substances and venturing on a trip through time and space (to another dimension), and back again." Their music is characterised by guitarist Sel Balamir's effect pedals, Matt Brobin's complex drumming, extended heavy sections, atmospheric compositions and philosophical lyrics.
Their self-titled debut album, Amplifier, was released in 2004 by Music for Nations. Their second album, Insider was released in Europe in 2006 on the SPV label. Their third album, The Octopus, was released to fans in December 2010 ahead of a full release in January 2011. Their fourth album, Echo Street was released in 2013, and the fifth album, Mystoria, was released in September 2014. They are often cited as one of the most underrated bands of the UK's rock scene, although they retain a strong cult following around Europe.
History
Early career and Amplifier (1998–2005)
After forming around 1998 Amplifier toured the UK and recorded a few demos and sent promo CDs to labels and the press. After being signed in May 2002 by British label Music for Nations, Amplifier were asked to support Deftones at Manchester Apollo. After the two singles "The Consultancy" (b/w "Glory Electricity") and "Neon" (b/w "Boomtime" and "Throwaway"), the band’s self-titled debut album, Amplifier, was released on 6 June 2004 by Music for Nations – which is a subsidiary of the larger label distributor Zomba Records – and was very well received by English media and critics. As well as the standard 10-track jewel case, the album was released as a 13-track digipak. The extra tracks were the two segues ("Drawing No 1" and "Drawing No 2") and new track "Half-Life".
The label ran out of funds and was bought-out by Sony, which was not interested in working with smaller bands. After buying the rights for the album back the band went label-hunting. In 2005, they signed a deal with SPV (Germany). The debut was re-released in May 2005 with a second disc containing the three B-sides and "Half-Life" and videos for the singles "The Consultancy" and "Neon".
Throughout 2005, the band toured across both the UK and Europe. The EP "The Astronaut Dismantles HAL", which contains 6 songs as well as a hidden track, was released on 17 October 2005. In 2006, the band played numerous festival dates including opening the main-stage at Download Festival, UK.
Insider (2006–2008)
Their second album, titled Insider includes 12 tracks, three of which were posted to the band's MySpace before the album's release. The band also recorded extra tracks to be used as future B-sides. The album was released on 29 September 2006 in Germany and Austria and 2 October in the rest of Europe on SPV in a digipak with 12-page booklet. "Procedures" was chosen as a radio single to promote the album and has been played by Zane Lowe on Radio One. No singles from the album will be released to the public. A video for "Procedures" was filmed during the band's Munich show, on the European tour.
After their own UK and European tour, Amplifier were main support for Opeth's European Tour. During their European tour in early 2007 they were supported by the Swiss indie rock band Cloudride. Before taking time to write and record their third album Amplifier were main support to Porcupine Tree on their UK tour in April 2007.
The Octopus (2009–2012)
In March 2008, Amplifier confirmed that they were recording their third and fourth albums simultaneously. In January 2010, Amplifier confirmed that this had changed and that they planned to release the combined works as a double album, named The Octopus. The album was released online a year later in 2011, quickly followed by a full release on 21 February 2011. It was met with generally positive acclaim in the press. After his former band Oceansize had broken up, guitarist Steve Durose joined Amplifier for their 2011 tour. In mid-2012 the band announced the departure of Neil Mahony who was replaced by Alexander "Magnum" Redhead for the band's support tour with Anathema the same year.
Echo Street and Sunriders EP (2013–2014)
Their fourth album Echo Street was released in March 2013. The band stated that they recorded the album in sixty days. It is also their first effort under their new record label, Kscope and the first one to chart, peaking at number 90 on the German Albums Chart. The band began touring in mainland Europe and the UK in spring, after headlining the Pearl Festival in Hyderabad, India. On 20 November 2013, the Sunriders EP was released online.
Mystoria and Residue EP (2014–2015)
The band moved to the Superball Music label early in 2014 and began work on their fifth album, Mystoria, recording at Monnow Valley Studio in the May of that year. The album was released on 8 September 2014 in the UK and mainland Europe, and on 30 September in the USA. It is their first record to break into the Top 100 in the UK, peaking at 97, and at number 91 on the German Albums Chart. The band resumed touring by adding dates around Europe in October and the UK in November. The band released the Residue EP, which was limited to 500 copies and was sold on the tour.
Trippin' With Dr. Faustus and Rockosmos (2016–2021)
After the release of Mystoria, the band decided to start their own independent label, Rockosmos. Besides releasing their own music on it, they signed local acts such as AWOOGA, Dead Blonde Stars or Thumpermonkey among others. In June 2017, the band's 6th studio record, Trippin' With Dr. Faustus was released in several formats. Starting December 2017, an EP of outtakes, called Record was available as a digital download. In 2018, Amplifier re-released their critically acclaimed, self-titled debut LP on the Rockosmos label as CD and 2LP, followed in April 2019 by The Octopus on 4LP. This is the first vinyl release for the latter, limited to 500 copies. The Insider 2LP edition followed in October 2021.
Hologram and Gargantuan (2022–present)
In December 2022, Amplifier posted a brand new song, "Two Way Mirror", the first single off their 7th studio album, Hologram. Initially, Balamir mentioned Gargantuan as the follow-up LP to Trippin' With Dr. Faustus, however, the former is still in the writing phase. As a result, five songs from the respective sessions were picked and released as Hologram, whereas Gargantuan will be released at a later date. Two weeks ahead of its official release date on April 7, Hologram was premiered online on the Rockosmos Youtube channel. The promotional photographies included only the two founding members, Sel Balamir and Matt Brobin, hinting at the fact that they are sole Amplifier members at the moment.
Live performances
Amplifier's live stage performance is dominated by Sel Balamir's use of many effects and loops controlled by a large board of pedals and controls, a similar (if smaller) arrangement also used by Alex Redhead for bass guitar. The combinations of effects lead to a sound much greater than the number of performers would normally be able to produce, and unusual sounds and soundscapes that would otherwise require additional musicians with different instruments, but without diminishing the 'live' feel. Amplifier have a devoted following as a live band, particularly in mainland Europe, and amongst members of the Manchester music community.
Amplifier released a DVD/CD package entitled Live in Berlin in 2009, comprising the following tracks "Continuum", "Fall of the Empire", "Panzer", "Motorhead", "The Wave", "Interglacial Spell", "Interstellar", "Golden Ratio" and "Neon".
Members
Current members
Sel Balamir – guitar, bass and lead vocals (1999–present)
Matt Brobin – drums (1999–present)
Live members
Tam Ali – bass and backing vocals (2018–2020)
Former members
Neil Mahony - bass and backing vocals (1999–2012)
Alexander "Magnum" Redhead – bass and backing vocals (2012–2018)
Steve Durose – guitar and backing vocals (2011–2020)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
2004: Amplifier (reissued in 2005)
2006: Insider
2011: The Octopus (including the 70-page booklet 'limited edition')
2013: Echo Street (GER #90)
2014: Mystoria (GER #91, UK #97)
2017: Trippin' with Dr. Faustus
2023: Hologram
Live albums
2009: Hymn Of The Aten - Eternity Show
2013: Live In Barcelona
2015: Live At The Exchange
2018: Live At Luxor
2020: MCR/18
EPs
1999: Untitled demo
2005: The Astronaut Dismantles HAL
2009: Eternity
2011: Fractal
2013: Sunriders
2014: Residue (reissued digitally in 2017)
2015: Residue Part 2
2017: Record
Singles
2003: "The Consultancy"
2004: "Neon"
2005: "Everyday Combat" (radio promo only)
2006: "Procedures" (radio promo only)
References
External links
Official site
Official MySpace
2011 interview with Sel Balamir and Neil Mahony on Prog Sphere
English rock music groups
Musical groups from Manchester
Musical groups established in 1999
Superball Music artists
Music for Nations artists
1999 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier%20%28band%29 |
The Madagascar Biodiversity Center or Bibikely Biodiversity Center is Madagascar's first and only biodiversity research center, and is a joint project of the Bibikely Biodiversity Institute, and the California Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the Malagasy government.
Introduction
The Bibikely Biodiversity Institute is an NGO founded and presently directed by Dr. Brian Fisher, preeminent field biologist, and the curator and chairman of the entomology department of the California Academy of Sciences.
The center began operations in rented facilities in 1996 and moved into its permanent facility in late 2004, which is leased at no cost from the Malagasy government until 2055.
Located within the Botanical and Zoological Garden of Tsimbazaza in Madagascar's capital city, Antananarivo, the new facility is adjacent to the Malagasy Academy of Sciences, the Academy Library, and the Academy Herbarium.
Goals
Conservation
The center was conceived in 2001 as a means to provide a safe and permanent home for the Bibikely Biodiversity Institute to continue its work of cataloging and understanding the rich biological endowment that is Madagascar's biodiversity.
Center's research will help to identify and protect more than three times the currently protected land in Madagascar.
Understanding
The center will enable the Bibikely Biodiversity Institute to expand its work in understanding the ecosystems of Madagascar, particularly as they relate to arthropods.
Education
The center will provide the facilities required to train a larger number of students, particularly those from Madagascar itself, in the science and practice of systematics, ecology, conservation and entomology.
Collection
The center will also provide space to house the Malagasy government's National Arthropod Collection, a repository of thousands of specimens of arthropods collected on Madagascar. The collection makes possible a large part of the needed research on arthropods of Madagascar.
See also
California Academy of Sciences
References
External links
Bibikely Biodiversity Institute
Antweb
Nature conservation in Madagascar
Research institutes in Madagascar
Biological research institutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar%20Biodiversity%20Center |
Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component.
Definitions of performance measurement tend to be predicated upon an assumption about why the performance is being measured.
Moullin defines the term with a forward looking organisational focus—"the process of evaluating how well organisations are managed and the value they deliver for customers and other stakeholders".
Neely et al. use a more operational retrospective focus—"the process of quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of past actions".
In 2007 the Office of the Chief Information Officer in the USA defined it using a more evaluative focus—"Performance measurement estimates the parameters under which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the targeted results".
Defining performance measures or methods by which they can be chosen is also a popular activity for academics—for example a list of railway infrastructure indicators is offered by Stenström et al., a novel method for measure selection is proposed by Mendibil et al.
Standards
Operational standards often include pre-defined lists of standard performance measures. For example, EN 15341 identifies 71 performance indicators, whereof 21 are technical indicators, or those in a US Federal Government directive from 1999—National Partnership for Reinventing Government, USA; Balancing Measures: Best Practices in Performance Management, August 1999.
Real-life Application
Academic articles that provide critical reviews of performance measurement in specific domains are also common—e.g. Ittner's observations on non-financial reporting by commercial organisations,; Boris et al.'s observations about use of performance measurement in non-profit organisations, or Bühler et al.'s (2016) analysis of how external turbulence could be reflected in performance measurement systems.
The use of performance measurement system in company is very important, but is rarely used by Small and Medium Enterprises. The use of KPIs as a strategy of management in achieving performance in line with different purposes of an organization, such as research management of a research institute, could be considered as a complex scenario in this context. However, tools that facilitate unique, unambiguous, and homogeneous management of performance, for example KPI-index to integrate all performance indicators from bottom to top of each and every layer of an organization are supposed to act as strategies for better performance management of complex performance management systems.
Frameworks
There is little consensus about how to define or use performance measures apart from an agreement about it being linked to some kind of measurement of performance. This led to the emergence of organising frameworks that incorporate performance measures. These frameworks often proscribe methods for choosing and using the appropriate measures for that application.
The most common such frameworks include:
Balanced scorecard—used by organisations to manage the implementation of corporate strategies
Key performance indicator—a method for choosing important/critical performance measures, usually in an organisational context
Balanced Scorecard
Key Performance Indicator
See also
Outline of management
References
Organizational performance management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20measurement |
The International Skating Union has organised the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men since 1893. Unofficial Championships were held in the years 1889–1892.
History
Distances used
In 1889, three distances had to be skated: 1/2 mile (805 m) — 1 mile (1,609 m) — 2 miles (3,219 m).
In the years 1890–1892, four distances had to be skated: 1/2 mile (805 m) — 1 mile (1,609 m) — 2 miles (3,219 m) — 5 miles (8,047 m).
Since 1893, four distances have to be skated: — — — (the big combination).
Ranking systems used
In 1889, one could only win the World Championships by winning all three distances. If no one won all three distances, no winner would be declared. Silver and bronze medals were not awarded.
In the years 1890–1907, one could only win the World Championships by winning at least three of the four distances, so there would be no World Champion if no skater won at least three distances. Silver and bronze medals were never awarded.
In the years 1908–1925, ranking points were awarded (1 point for 1st place, 2 points for 2nd place, and so on); the final ranking was then decided by ordering the skaters by lowest point totals. The rule that a skater winning at least three distances was automatically World Champion was still in effect, though, so the ranking could be affected by that. Silver and bronze medals were awarded now as well.
In the years 1926–1927, the ranking points on each distance were percentage points, calculated from a skater's time and the current world record time. Apart from that, the system used was the same as in the immediately preceding years.
Since 1928, the samalog system has been in use. However, the rule that a skater winning at least three distances was automatically World Champion remained in effect until (and including) 1986. It was abolished as a result of three-distance-winner (and thus World Champion) Rolf Falk-Larssen having a worse samalog score than silver medal winner Tomas Gustafson in 1983.
Records
Sven Kramer has won a total of nine world championships, in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Before Kramer, Clas Thunberg and Oscar Mathisen held the record with five world championships.
Kramer has won four consecutive world championships, in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.
Medal winners
Unofficial championships
Official championships
All-time medal count
Unofficial World Championships of 1889–1892, 1940 and 1946 (not recognized by the ISU) included
Multiple medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including those who are not included in these tables) per type.
See also
World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women
Notes
References
Allround
All-round speed skating
Recurring sporting events established in 1893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Allround%20Speed%20Skating%20Championships%20for%20Men |
The International Skating Union has organised the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1936. Unofficial championships were held in the years 1933–1935.
History
Distances used
In the years 1933–1935, three distances were skated: 500 m, 1000 m and 1500 m.
In the years 1936–1955, four distances were skated: 500 m, 1000 m, 3000 m and 5000 m (the old combination).
In the years 1956–1982, four distances were skated: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m and 3000 m (the mini combination).
Since 1983, four distances are skated: 500 m, 1500 m, 3000 m and 5000 m (the small combination).
Ranking systems used
Since 1933, the samalog system has been in use.
Records
Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann (nee Kleemann) of East Germany won a total of 8 world championship titles, three consecutive in 1991–1993, and another five consecutive titles in 1995–1999.
Ireen Wüst has a record 13 medals, 12 of each which were won in consecutive championships (2007–2018) – seven golds (2007, 2011–2014, 2017, 2020), four silvers (2008, 2015, 2016, 2018) and two bronzes (2009, 2010). Previously, this record belonged to Claudia Pechstein of Germany – 11 medals in consecutive championships (1996–2006) with one gold (2000), eight silvers (1996–1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006) and two bronzes (2002, 2005).
Medal winners
Unofficial championships
Official championships
All-time medal count
Unofficial World Championships of 1933–1935 (not recognized by the ISU) included
Multiple medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including those not included in these tables) per type.
* including one medal won at the unofficial championship of 1935.
See also
World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men
Notes
References
Allround
All-round speed skating
Recurring sporting events established in 1936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Allround%20Speed%20Skating%20Championships%20for%20Women |
Asbach is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 25 km north of Neuwied, and 25 km south-east of Bonn.
Asbach is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Asbach.
References
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbach%20%28Westerwald%29 |
André Prévost, (30 July 193427 January 2001) was a Canadian composer and music educator. He was awarded the Canadian Music Council Medal in 1977 and in 1985 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He also received the "Trophy for Concert Music" from the Performing Rights Organization of Canada.
Early life and education
He was born in Hawkesbury, Ontario. He grew up in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec.
Prévost was trained at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal where he was a pupil of Isabelle Delorme, Jean Papineau-Couture, and Clermont Pépin. Following graduation, he was awarded grants from the Canada Council and the Government of Québec which enabled him to study with Olivier Messiaen and Henri Dutilleux in Paris. In 1963 he won the Prix d'Europe, an award which provided him with the opportunity to study electroacoustic music under Michel Philippot.
Career
During the 1960s Prévost taught at the Tanglewood Music Centre with fellow faculty members Aaron Copland, Zoltán Kodály, Gunther Schuller and Elliott Carter. In April 1967, accompanied by Michèle Lalonde, he performed the oratorio Terre des hommes at the Place des arts opening ceremonies of the Expo 67 world's fair in Montreal, attended by the official delegations of its participating countries, where they strongly projected French writer's Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 'idealist rhetoric'. From the mid-1970s until his retirement in 1996, he was a professor of music at the Université de Montréal. Among his notable students were composers José Evangelista, Denis Gougeon, Anne Lauber, José Manuel Montañés, and Michel Longtin.
His composition style has been compared to that of Alban Berg.
Prévost died in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
Journal d'une création - Film directed by James Dormeyer with Chantal Juillet, Charles Dutoit and André Prévost
André Prévost and José Manuel Montañés at the University of Montreal
André Prévost fonds (R15426) at Library and Archives Canada
1934 births
2001 deaths
Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni
Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
Canadian music academics
Canadian male composers
Musicians from Ontario
Musicians from Quebec
People from Hawkesbury, Ontario
People from Saint-Jérôme
Officers of the Order of Canada
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century musicologists
20th-century Canadian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Pr%C3%A9vost%20%28composer%29 |
Husbands is a 1970 American comedy-drama film written and directed by John Cassavetes. It stars Ben Gazzara, Peter Falk, and Cassavetes as three middle class men in the throes of a midlife crisis following the death of a close friend.
Distributed by Columbia Pictures, Husbands polarized critics upon release. Jay Cocks of Time described it as Cassavetes's finest work, but other critics, including Vincent Canby, Pauline Kael, and Roger Ebert, lambasted it.
Plot
Gus (Cassavetes), Harry (Gazzara), and Archie (Falk) are three nominally happy husbands with families in suburban New York. All are professional men, driven and successful. The three of them have known each other since their school years. They have grown up together and have now had enough time to discover that their youth is disappearing and that there is nothing they can do to preserve it. They are shaken into confronting this reality when their best friend Stuart dies suddenly and unexpectedly of a heart attack.
After the funeral, they spend two days hanging out, playing basketball, riding the subway, and drinking, including an impromptu singing contest at a bar. Harry goes home, has a vicious argument with his wife, and decides to fly to London. The other two decide to go with him.
They check into an expensive hotel, dress in formal clothing, and meet three young women at a gambling casino. They go back to their rooms with the women. Gus pairs off with Mary, Archie with Julie, a young Asian woman who appears not to speak English, and Harry with Pearl. However, their efforts to hook up with these women are awkward and unsuccessful.
Gus and Archie return to New York, but Harry stays behind. Gus and Archie express concern about Harry and what he will do without them.
Production
Cassavetes has stated that this was a very personal film for him, having experienced the loss of a loved one after his older brother died at the age of 30.
Cassavetes wrote the dialogue after improvising with Falk and Gazzara, and built the characters around the personalities of the actors.
Falk said that he was asked by Cassavetes to appear in Husbands at a lunch meeting at which Cassavetes agreed to appear with Falk in the 1976 Elaine May film Mikey and Nicky.
Falk said that he and Gazzara contributed to the Husbands script, but that the story, structure and scenes were devised by Cassavetes. Falk suggested the scene at the end of the movie where Archie and Gus arrive home and divide up the gifts. A scene between Archie and Julie was improvised in a hotel room, with Cassavetes at the camera and no other crew present.
Release
Promotion
On September 18, 1970, Cassavetes, Falk, and Gazzara appeared on The Dick Cavett Show, ostensibly to promote the release of Husbands. However, they actively avoided almost every question Cavett asked about the film, and later admitted to drinking alcohol before the show.
Running time edits
Cassavetes cut around 85 minutes of footage from the film in order to shorten it to its contractual requirement of 140 minutes. After the film was released, distributor Columbia Pictures cut removed an additional 11 minutes from the film in response to negative reviews and audience walkouts.
Critical reception
Upon release, Husbands received disparate reviews from critics. Jay Cocks of Time wrote that "Husbands may be one of the best movies anyone will ever see. It is certainly the best movie anyone will ever live through." He described it as an important and great film, and as Cassavetes' finest work. In response, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that "seldom has Time given a better review to a worse movie." Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote that it "shows an important director not merely failing, but not even understanding why." He also criticized the improvisations, writing: "There are long passages of dialogue in which the actors seem to be trying to think of something to say."
Pauline Kael of The New Yorker described Husbands as "infantile and offensive." Writing for The New York Times, critic Vincent Canby called the film "unbearably long", and concluded of the three characters that "when it's all over, they are tired, but not much wiser—which is pretty much the sum and substance of Husbands." Tony Mastroianni of the Cleveland Press wrote that the "[film's] dialog consists of fragments, of exclamations, of three actors trying to upstage each other. What has been done is undisciplined and what has been given us is unselective. The camera runs and simply photographs everything that passes before it. The microphone listens. It is like a big budget home movie."
Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune included the film on his list of top 10 films of the year.
In a retrospective assessment of the film, Philip French of The Observer called it "highly uneven, painfully drawn-out, deeply sincere, wildly misogynistic and at times agonisingly tedious. It is also intermittently brilliant, with moments of piercing honesty. There is, however, not a single memorable line of dialogue or anything that might pass for wit. On the other hand, Cassavetes's gifts as a director of actors are evident." Conversely, Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film a "formally radical, deeply personal work" that "still packs plenty of surprises." Dave Calhoun of Time Out also gave the film a positive review, awarding it four out of five stars.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Husbands holds an approval rating of 65% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10.
Home media
In August 2009, Husbands was released on DVD, with the 11 minutes that had been cut by Columbia Pictures restored. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection on May 26, 2020.
See also
List of American films of 1970
New Hollywood
References
External links
Husbands: Vows an essay by Andrew Bujalski at the Criterion Collection
1970 films
1970s English-language films
1970 drama films
American drama films
Films directed by John Cassavetes
Films set in London
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in London
Films shot in New York (state)
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husbands%20%28film%29 |
Jules Pierre Toura Gaba (December 18, 1920 – September 29, 1998) was a Chadian politician and diplomat. Following the independence of Chad, he served as its first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1960 to 1961.
Life and career
He was born on December 18, 1920, at Maibyan, near Moissala, in the prefecture of Moyen-Chari in southern Chad. He served as a diplomat at Brazzaville and worked for a long time as a teacher in places like Ati, Abéché, Bongor and Fort-Archambault (now called Sarh).
When Chad was still a French colony, a Representative Council for which some of the African inhabitants could vote was instituted. Toura entered politics and became a member of this council from 1946 to 1956. A year later, he founded the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT) with Gabriel Lisette, in which Toura became secretary-general and Lisette president. The 1956 reforms greatly boosted the suffrage, strengthening the PPT, which triumphed in the first democratic elections. Toura was among the PPT representatives elected and became Minister of Agriculture in the first black government led by Lisette in 1958. But in February, Lisette lost his position and a month later Toura lost his office in the party to François Tombalbaye, who, later in the same month, became the new head of the government. This position was strengthened by the following elections in May, which were triumphantly won by the PPT. A new government was formed, headed by Tombalbaye and with Toura as Minister of Public Works.
With the independence of Chad on August 11, 1960, Tombalbaye became President and Toura was made Minister of Foreign Affairs. As such he headed the Chadian delegation that on September 29, 1960, was present at the United Nations General Assembly that admitted Chad into the UN.
In 1961, Toura became Minister of National Education. Nevertheless, Tombalbaye had become increasingly suspicious and authoritarian. As a result, Toura fell in disgrace and was arrested in 1962. He remained in jail for several years, after which the President decided he could use him as a diplomat and sent him as Ambassador to West Germany in 1966. In 1973, Toura resigned and went into exile in France. In Paris he wrote Non à Tombalbaye! - Fragments autobiographiques, a critique of the Tombalbaye Regime (1974). By August, the work started circulating secretly in Chad among opponents of the President.
After the coup of 1975 that removed Tombalbaye, Toura returned to the diplomatic service and was made Ambassador to the United States in 1976. He served until 1979, when he resigned after the dissolution of any central authority in Chad. He found asylum in the United States and remained there until 1991, when he returned to Chad. He died on September 29, 1998, at N'Djamena.
References
External links
biographic note at Rulers
1920 births
1998 deaths
Chadian Progressive Party politicians
Foreign ministers of Chad
Chadian diplomats
People from Moyen-Chari Region
Chadian expatriates in the Republic of the Congo
Chadian expatriates in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Toura%20Gaba |
Bad Hönningen () is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. 15 km (10 mi) northwest of Neuwied, and 30 km (20 mi) southeast of Bonn.
Bad Hönningen is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bad Hönningen.
The town contains three other districts called Ariendorf, Girgenrath and Reidenbruch.
History
Archeological findings suggest that the first settlers lived here over 1800 years ago when the Romans occupied the Rhineland.
The limes ran between Bad Hönningen and Rheinbrohl, opposite the Vinxtbach, the border between Germania Inferior and Superior. At this point the limes crossed the Rhine and continued on the eastern bank. On this site a small castellum was built. In 1972 a Roman watchtower was reconstructed from archeological finds.
In 1019, the town was documentary mentioned as "Besitztum Hohingen" for the first time.
During Thirty Years' War in 1632 Bad Hönningen burned down except twelve houses.
The first bathhouse for medical treatment opened in 1895.
Because of this, the town is legitimated to have the title "Bad" since 1950.
On July 12, 1969, it was granted the privileges of a town.
Population development
The data 1871-1987 comes from census results.
1782: 1.398
1871: 1.794
1939: 4.312
1970: 5.732
1987: 5.454
2005: 5.733
Castle
The castle in Bad Hönningen is called Schloss Arenfels and was built in 1258/59 by "Gerlach von Isenburg".
During its history, the architectural style converted several times.
In 1848, it was changed by its new owner "Ludolf Friedrich von Westerholt" into a neo-gothic castle.
Partner Town
Saint Pierre lès Nemours (France) since 1980.
Sights
Castles:
"Schloss Arenfels" in Bad Hönningen
"Burg Ariendorf" in Ariendorf (built 1840, neo-gothic)
The "Hohe Haus" which was built in 1438 by the archbishop Raban von Helmstatt. Today a museum of the town is in there.
The limes began near the city limit of Bad Hönningen. Today there is a museum called "Limes Center".
On July 15, 2005 the UNESCO made this area a World Heritage Site.
The Schlossberg of Bad Hönningen is the biggest vineyard in Middle Rhine (9 hectare).
Tourism
.
Tourism is the main branch of the economy.
Because of its beautiful landscape, several cycling and hiking paths (such as Rheinsteig) go through Bad Hönningen.
In the summer times you can visit the town during a trip with one of the distinctive white ships which travel the Rhine.
The town also organizes many events such as funfair and several festivals.
Transport
Bad Hönningen is located on Bundesstraße 42 connecting Koblenz and Bonn.
Bad Hönningen station is served by DB Regio services, including Rhein-Erft-Express trains (RE 8 and RB 27) connecting Koblenz and Mönchengladbach via Bonn and Cologne.
A car ferry connects Bad Hönningen and Bad Breisig across the Rhine. The nearest bridges north and south are located at Bonn and Neuwied respectively.
Notable People
Born in Bad Hönningen
August Schoop (1858-1932), historian
Karl-Heinz Thielen (born 1940 in Ariendorf district), football player
Connected to Bad Hönningen
Willi Fischer (1920-1991), politician; 1958-1963 official mayor in Bad Hönningen
Hermann Ilaender (born 1933), politician, civil servant and forestry association official, 1983-1999 mayor of the municipality
Heinz Schwarz (born 1928 in Leubsdorf) former interior minister of Rhineland-Palatinate
References
External links
Homepage Bad Hönningen
Neuwied (district)
Spa towns in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20H%C3%B6nningen |
Demodocus (; ) is purported to be one of the dialogues of Plato. The dialogue is extant and was included in the Stephanus edition published in Geneva in 1578. It is now generally acknowledged to be a fabrication by a late sophist or rhetorician, probably later than mid-fourth century BC.
It appears to be a combination of two separate works. The first part is a monologue (addressed to Demodocus), which argues against collective decision-making. There then follows a trilogy of dialogues (with anonymous participants) which raise three elements of doubt against common sense.
References
External links
Demodocus translated by George Burges
Free public domain audiobook version of ''Demodocus translated by George Burges
. Collection includes Demodocus. George Burges, translator (1855).
Dialogues of Plato
Pseudepigraphy
Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodocus%20%28dialogue%29 |
Picon may refer to:
Avatar (computing), used in the Apple Computer instant messaging program iChat
Picón, Spain
Picon (apéritif), an apéritif
Picon Punch, a drink popularized by Basque-Americans
One of the Twelve Colonies of Kobol in the television show Battlestar Galactica
Personal icon, referenced in Vismon
People
Gaëtan Picon (1915-1976), French essayist and art critic
José Antonio Picón Sedano (born 1988), Spanish footballer known as Picón
Mariano Picón Salas (1901–1965), Venezuelan diplomat
Molly Picon (1898–1992), American actress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picon |
Dierdorf is a town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 20 km northeast of Neuwied, and 20 km north of Koblenz.
Dierdorf is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Dierdorf.
Local council
The elections in May 2014 showed the following results.
Sister city
Dierdorf is the sister city of Fountain Hills (USA), Courtisols (France) and Krotoszyn (Poland).
Sons and daughters of the town
Eva Grebel (born 1966), astronomer, professor at the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg
Juan Holgado (born 1968), Spanish archer (Olympic champion 1992)
Samir El-Assal (born 1966), C.E.O of Frank GmbH
References
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierdorf |
Totally Doctor Who is a children's television series produced by the BBC that was originally broadcast between 13 April 2006 and 29 June 2007, accompanying the second and third revived series of Doctor Who. At the time of its original broadcast, Doctor Who, a science fiction programme aimed at a family audience, had no existing children's spin-off; The Sarah Jane Adventures, of which the pilot episode was broadcast on New Year's Day, 2007, would replace the series as the only children's show based on Doctor Who until 2009 when K-9 aired.
History
The first series of the programme ran concurrently with the 2006 series of Doctor Who. Presented by Barney Harwood and Liz Barker it aired on BBC One at 5:00 p.m. on Thursdays as part of the CBBC strand, and was repeated at 6:30 p.m. on Fridays and then again on Saturdays on the CBBC Channel, just prior to the BBC One airing of the new episode of Doctor Who. There was no Totally Doctor Who episode in conjunction with the 2006 Christmas special.
The second series of Totally Doctor Who ran concurrently with the 2007 series of Doctor Who. It aired every Friday after the broadcast of that week's Doctor Who, at 5:00 p.m. on BBC One. Again, no Totally Doctor Who episode was run in conjunction with the 2007 Christmas special. In this series Kirsten O'Brien replaced Liz Barker, who left television presenting to become a full-time mother.
The programme didn't return for a third series at the time of the fourth series of Doctor Who.
Episodes
Series 1 (2006)
Series 2 (2007)
Regular features
Behind the scenes
The show features 'behind the scenes' segments detailing the creation process of certain parts of a recent Doctor Who episode: for example, underwater filming for a weightless scene in "The Impossible Planet", or documenting the making of a TARDISODE.
Companion Academy (Series 1)
In the "Companion Academy" segment, a number of children competed in the style of a reality show to win a day behind-the-scenes during the filming of Doctor Who. The competition was originally restricted to 7- to 12-year-olds, but was subsequently extended to include ages 13 and 14. One of the judges for this segment was Clayton Hickman, editor of Doctor Who Magazine at the time.
Finale
At the end of the programme the presenters and guests review the show. The two presenters then show a preview of the next new episode of Doctor Who.
The Filing Cabinet (Series 1)
The filing cabinet contains letters, drawings and creations made by the viewers. It has a weathered, wooden-looking exterior, with Gallifreyan text on the front and is designed to look like the Doctor's TARDIS. It also has the properties of a TARDIS because it appears to be bigger on the inside (however, it is quite obviously fed through the wall; made ever more obvious by the fact that the wall behind it is semi-transparent). If a piece of work is featured on the show, its author receives a Totally Doctor Who branded mug.
Handprints (Series 2)
This is a viewer competition where every week, handprints are made from the cast and crew in very hard clay. Then, every week, the cast or crew member who made the handprint, sets a question referring to the next episode of Doctor Who. The winner was announced by the presenters of CBBC and won all the handprints made.
The Infinite Quest (Series 2)
One segment in the 2007 series of Totally Doctor Who featured the first twelve parts of an animated Doctor Who story titled "The Infinite Quest". The cartoon stars David Tennant and Freema Agyeman, voicing the Doctor and Martha respectively. Anthony Head voices a character named "Baltazar – Scourge of the Galaxy", and Toby Longworth also provides voices. The cartoon is produced by Firestep, written by Alan Barnes and directed by Gary Russell. The thirteenth and final part was shown in an omnibus broadcast on 29 June 2007, the day of the Series' final episode.
Interview
Every week there is a different guest who is interviewed during the programme, for example David Tennant.
Team Totally (Series 2)
Two teams of three battle it out for a "money can't buy Doctor Who experience". The two teams are Team Time Lord (Alia, Sara and Cody) and Team TARDIS (Chris, Molly and Daniel). Every week they complete a task, e.g. Story boarding, the winners are rewarded with 2 points whilst the runners-up are awarded 1 point. Molly Kabia (of Team TARDIS), played an unnamed female character in the interactive Doctor Who mini-episode 'Attack of the Graske'. However Molly never revealed this to any of her teammates . In the final episode, the prize was revealed as a weekend trip to Blackpool to meet David Tennant whilst he was there to switch on the Illuminations. Both teams also received framed art, depicting their team with the Doctor and Martha in the same art style as the show's opening titles.
Who Goes There? (Series 2)
In this challenge, the back-lit silhouette of a Doctor Who monster is shown. Viewers are encouraged to identify the monster from its shadow, and write or email the programme with the correct answer, in hopes of winning mugs and sweatshirts.
Who-ru (Series 1)
The title is a pun on the word guru. It is a Doctor Who trivia challenge between two children or a child and an actor, with a prize from one of the guests (usually a signed script or promotional photo) though both contestants receive a Totally Doctor Who goodie bag for taking part. The format of the challenge changed after the first episode, in which the loser had to give the winner a cherished possession.
References
External links
Official Totally Doctor Who website
Announcement on BBC Doctor Who website via Internet Archive
Works about Doctor Who
BBC children's television shows
2000s British children's television series
2006 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
Doctor Who spin-offs
Television series about television
Television series by BBC Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20Doctor%20Who |
Caturaí is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.
Caturaí is 32 kilometers north of Goiânia and belongs to the Anápolis Microregion. It is connected to the state capital by highway GO-070. Neighboring municipalities are: Inhumas, Goiânia, Santa Bárbara de Goiás, Araçu, Avelinópolis, and Trindade.
Geography
The climate is tropical with minimum temperatures of 17 °C and maximums of 27 °C. The terrain is flat and is bathed by the Rio Peixe, which has its source in the municipality of Inhumas, and the Rio Anicuns, which forms the boundary with Avelinópolis. The vegetation, characterised by cerrado is rich in forest and fertile lands.
Demographics
Population density: 21.61 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate: 0.79% 1996/2007
Population in 2007: 4,477 (3,899 in 1980)
Urban population in 2007: 3,341 (1,553 in 1980)
Rural population in 2007: 1,136 (2,346 in 1980)
Economy
The main economic activity is cattle raising, but there are also plantations of beans, soybeans, corn, and peanuts.
Industrial establishments: 12 (June 2007)
Retail commerce establishments: 22 (August 2007)
Banking establishments: none (August 2007)
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 325
Total area: 14,359 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 217 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 1,848 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 10,147 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 1,863 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,060
Farms with tractors: 58
Number of tractors: 75
Cattle herd: 22,500 head IBGE
Health and education
The infant mortality rate in 2000 was 21.15. There were 03 public health clinics (SUS) in 2003. The literacy rate in 2000 was 83.2. There were 03 primary schools in 2006, with 23 classrooms, 48 teachers, and 1,482 students. Caturaí had a score of 0.728 on the Municipal Human Development Index, ranking it 152 (out of 242 municipalities) in the state and 2,471 (out of 5,507 municipalities) in the country.
History
The town of Caturaí was founded in 1940 by members of the Spiritualist religion near the river called Rio do Peixe in the municipality of Inhumas. A church, Centro Espírita Santo Antônia de Pádua, was built and it soon attracted more settlers who came seeking miraculous cures. The first name of the town was Santo Antônio de Pádua. Soon there were around 600 inhabitants. In 1958 it was elevated to municipal status.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Highway distances
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catura%C3%AD |
Francis "Frank" Bowyer (10 April 1922 – 11 November 1999) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward for Stoke City.
Career
Bowyer was born in Chesterton, Staffordshire and played for Stoke-on-Trent schools before joining Stoke City's ground staff at 15. He signed professional forms in July 1939 just before the start of World War II and he played 28 matches in 1940–41 as also guested for Derby County during the war. He missed all of Stoke's 1946–47 season due to his national service. He was demobbed in February 1948 and made his Football League debut two months short of his 26th birthday some nine years after signing as a professional.
He was renowned for his powerful volley shot and he top scored for Stoke in 1948–49 scoring 21 goals which put him up there with the best in the country. He then handed in a transfer request which was accepted by manager Bob McGrory who wanted to swap him for Bolton's Willie Moir but Bowyer changed his mind and withdrew his request and he remained at Stoke for the rest of his career. He top scored again in 1949–50 with 15 then with 19 in 1950–51. Stoke under new manager Frank Taylor suffered relegation in 1952–53 and Bowyer was top goalscorer in 1953–54, 1955–56 and 1959–60 as Stoke failed to gain a return to the top flight. Taylor paid the price for failure and was replaced by Tony Waddington who deemed the 38-year-old Bowyer surplus to requirements and he was released which caused some controversy as he was only three league goals short of Freddie Steele's record of 140. He ended his career with three years as a player manager of Macclesfield Town.
Post retirement
He moved to Newquay with his wife where he became a school caretaker. He died in a hospital in Truro after a short illness in November 1999 aged 77.
Career statistics
References
1922 births
1999 deaths
English men's footballers
English football managers
People from Chesterton, Staffordshire
Stoke City F.C. players
English Football League players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Newquay A.F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. managers
Men's association football inside forwards
Footballers from Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Bowyer |
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein also known as 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, or FLAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALOX5AP gene.
Function
FLAP is necessary for the activation of 5-lipoxygenase and therefore for the production of leukotrienes, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, and specialized pro-resolving mediators of the lipoxin and resolvin classes. It is an integral protein within the nuclear membrane. FLAP is necessary in synthesis of leukotriene, which are lipid mediators of inflammation that is involved in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. FLAP functions as a membrane anchor for 5-lipooxygenase and as an amine acid-bind protein. How FLAP activates 5-lipooxygenase is not completely understood, but there is a physical interaction between the two. FLAP structure consists of 4 transmembrane alpha helices, but they are found in trimer forming a barrel. The barrel is about 60 Å high and 36 Å wide.
Clinical significance
Leukotrienes, which require the FLAP protein to be synthesized, have an established pathological role in allergic and respiratory diseases. Animal and human genetic evidence suggests they may also have an important role in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The structure of FLAP provides a tool for the development of novel therapies for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and for the design of focused experiments to probe the cell biology of FLAP and its role in leukotriene biosynthesis.
Inhibitors
AM-679
MK-886
Veliflapon (BAY X1005)
References
Further reading
External links
Peripheral membrane proteins
Human proteins
Eicosanoids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-lipoxygenase-activating%20protein |
Bissone is a municipality in the district of Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History
Bissone is first mentioned in 735 and again in 854 as Blixuni. In German it was known as Byssen, though that name is no longer used.
In the 8th century it was home to a Lombard garrison and supported the fortresses in Campione d'Italia, Arogno and Brusino Arsizio. Starting in the 9th century, the monastery of S. Ambrogio in Milan owned property in Bissone. The parish church of St. Carpoforo, became partly independent in 1474 from the mother church at Riva San Vitale. It became fully independent in 1622, but retained a relationship with the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia. The Oratory of St. Rocco was built around 1630.
During the Middle Ages, at the site of today's Casa Tencalla, there was a castle. The castle is first mentioned in 1054. On the mountain side surrounded by fortified walls, were the entrance gates to the village. Bissone was the center of the Ghibellines' resistance during the dispute between Milan and Como (1118–27). Following the French invasion in 1798 and the end of the Old Swiss Confederacy, it became a stronghold of supporters of the Cisalpine Republic. However, on 3 March 1798 it was taken over by Pro-Swiss forces from Lugano.
Bissone was the birthplace of the architect Francesco Borromini and home of numerous construction and architecture dynasties such as the Maderno, Gaggini, Tencalla and Garovaglio families. The local economy always relied primarily on fishing and the fish trade. Under the Old Swiss Confederacy, Bissone, Morcote and Melide had a monopoly on selling fish in Lugano. Another source of income was providing ferries across the lake. From the 14th to the 17th century, a number of large houses with arcades were built for the local merchants. Later, emigration together with wine, olive and hemp cultivation became the major sources of income. With the construction of the Melide causeway, carrying the road (1847) and railway (1874) from Melide, Bissone lost its traditional trade income. The highway was built in 1966, and separated the old village from the newer housing developments. Since 1950 the economic structure is dominated by the services sector and commuters to Lugano. Bissone is part of the tourist region on Lake Lugano.
Geography
Bissone has an area, , of . Of this area, or 12.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 81.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 20.9% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built-up area, housing and buildings made up 12.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.7%; while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 79.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.1% is used for growing crops and 12.1% is used for alpine pastures.
The municipality is located in the Lugano district on the eastern end of the Melide causeway. It is located on the shore of Lake Lugano, in the southernmost tip of Switzerland.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent two serpents erect regardant azure.
Demographics
Bissone has a population () of . , 35.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 4.6%.
Most of the population () speaks Italian (82.1%), with German being second most common (11.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.0%). Of the Swiss national languages (), 80 speak German, 12 people speak French, 584 people speak Italian. The remainder (35 people) speak another language.
, the gender distribution of the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The population was made up of 249 Swiss men (30.5% of the population), and 163 (20.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 280 Swiss women (34.3%), and 124 (15.2%) non-Swiss women.
In there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 8 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 4 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 20 non-Swiss men and 8 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 1 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 13 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.5%.
The age distribution, , in Bissone is; 66 children or 8.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 58 teenagers or 7.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 68 people or 8.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 128 people or 15.7% are between 30 and 39, 155 people or 19.0% are between 40 and 49, and 119 people or 14.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 97 people or 11.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 77 people or 9.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 48 people or 5.9% who are over 80.
, there were 348 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household. there were 153 single family homes (or 59.3% of the total) out of a total of 258 inhabited buildings. There were 45 two family buildings (17.4%) and 40 multi-family buildings (15.5%). There were also 20 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).
The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%. there were 558 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 3-room apartment of which there were 147. There were 49 single room apartments and 123 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 346 apartments (62.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 198 apartments (35.5%) were seasonally occupied and 14 apartments (2.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.5 new units per 1000 residents.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Heritage sites of national significance
The Parish Church of S. Carpoforo is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Bissone is listed in the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 36.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (20.33%), the SP (18.23%) and the Ticino League (14.07%). In the federal election, a total of 266 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.9%.
In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 517 registered voters in Bissone, of which 314 or 60.7% voted. 3 blank ballots were cast, leaving 311 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 83 or 26.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the SSI (with 56 or 18.0%), the PS (with 54 or 17.4%) and the PPD+GenGiova (with 48 or 15.4%).
In the Consiglio di Stato election, 2 blank ballots and 1 null ballot were cast, leaving 311 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 82 or 26.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PS (with 58 or 18.6%), the LEGA (with 55 or 17.7%) and the SSI (with 53 or 17.0%).
Economy
, Bissone had an unemployment rate of 3.89%. , there were 3 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. 57 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 198 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 37 businesses in this sector. There were 347 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.2% of the workforce.
, there were 202 workers who commuted into the municipality and 277 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 22.8% of the workforce coming into Bissone are coming from outside Switzerland, while 7.6% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 8.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.5% used a private car. , there were 3 hotels in Bissone with a total of 146 rooms and 260 beds.
Transport
Bissone is located at the eastern end of the Melide causeway, which carries the Gotthard railway, the A2 motorway and a local road across Lake Lugano, providing the only domestic land connection between the southern section of Ticino and the rest of Switzerland. To the north, a local road connects to the Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia, whilst to the south the motorway and railway pass through tunnels (the San Nicolao Tunnel and the Maroggia Tunnel respectively) and the local road passes along the lake side.
There is no railway station in Bissone, but Melide station is located just across the causeway. A motorway junction is partly located in Bissone and partly in Melide.
Religion
From the , 546 or 76.8% were Roman Catholic, while 71 or 10.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 64 individuals (or about 9.00% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 30 individuals (or about 4.22% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Bissone about 76.3% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
In Bissone there were a total of 79 students (). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Bissone there were 14 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 25 students attended the standard primary schools and 1 student attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 16 students in the two-year middle school, while 13 students were in the four-year advanced program.
The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 4 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 6 who attend part-time.
, there were 1 students in Bissone who came from another municipality, while 65 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
People
Costante Tencalla (1593 in Bissone – 1646 in Warsaw) a Swiss-Italian architect and sculptor
Francesco Borromini (1599–1667) a leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture
Carpoforo Tencalla (1623–1685) a Swiss-Italian Baroque painter of canvases and frescoes.
Caterina Valente (born 1931 in Paris) a French-born Italian multilingual singer, guitarist, dancer, and actress
References
Cultural property of national significance in Ticino
Populated places on Lake Lugano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissone |
Alexander Myhre Moccia Mathisen (born 24 November 1986) is a retired Norwegian footballer.
Career
Born in Oslo, Mathisen played for the youth team of the Italian side Parma. He made his Norway youth international debut the same year.
In 2004, he made his debut in the Tippeligaen with Vålerenga.
Ahead of the 2008 season, Mathisen joined Aalesund from Vålerenga.
Career statistics
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Oslo
Norwegian people of Italian descent
Men's association football midfielders
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Vålerenga Fotball players
Aalesunds FK players
Lierse S.K. players
Hønefoss BK players
Eliteserien players
Belgian Pro League players
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Mathisen |
The list of ship commissionings in 1922 includes a chronological list of all of the ships that were commissioned in 1922.
References
See also
1922
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201922 |
Robert Gregory Evers (June 16, 1955 – August 21, 2017) was a Republican politician who served as a member of the Florida Senate from 2010 to 2016, representing parts of Northwest Florida. Prior to his election to the Senate, he served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 1st District from 2001 to 2010.
Background
Evers was born in Milton, Florida, and grew up on his family's farm, later attending Pensacola Junior College, and then eventually joining his family's fertilizer business. When he became the owner of the business, he moved it to Baker, where he started growing cotton, soybeans, peanuts, wheat, and corn.
Florida House of Representatives
In 2001, when United States Congressman Joe Scarborough, who represented Florida's 1st congressional district, resigned, State Representative Jeff Miller ran in the special election to succeed him, and resigned from his seat in the legislature. A special election was called to replace Miller in the 1st District, which included northern Escambia County, northwestern Okaloosa County, and northern Santa Rosa County. Evers ran in the special election, and faced Mary Golden, the wife of State Attorney Curtis Golden; C. Robert Hilliard, an attorney; Donald Middlebrooks, a salesman; Jim Reeves, a former State Representative and Pensacola City Councilman; and Floyd Rose, a retired sheriff in the Republican primary. Hilliard ended up receiving a plurality of the vote in the initial primary election, receiving 27% of the vote to Evers' 25%, Reeves' 24%, Golden's 17%, Middlebrooks' 4%, and Rose's 2%, but because he did not receive a majority, a runoff election was held between Evers and Hilliard. In a close election, Evers narrowly defeated Hilliard, winning 54% of the vote to Hilliard's 46%. Advancing to the general election, Evers faced Eddie Cook, the Democratic nominee and a retired oil technician. Owing to the conservative nature of the district, Evers defeated Cook in a landslide, winning his first term in the legislature with 77% of the vote.
When Evers ran for re-election in 2002 to his first full term, he was challenged in the Republican primary by Santa Rosa County Commissioner Byrd Mapoles. During the campaign, Evers' daughter found the cell phone of Mapoles' son next to an Evers roadside campaign sign that had been knocked down, which resulted in a grand jury investigation that ultimately cleared Mapoles' son of criminal charges. Evers ended up defeating Mapoles handily, winning renomination with 73% of the vote. He was re-elected unopposed in the general election that year, and then again in 2004 and 2006. In 2008, he faced Ryan Gilbert in the Republican primary, but defeated him easily, winning renomination with 76% of the vote, and was re-elected in the general election without opposition.
Florida Senate
When State Senator Durell Peaden was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, Evers ran to succeed him in the 2nd District, which stretched from Panama City to Pensacola and included northern Bay County, northern Escambia County, Holmes County, northern Okaloosa County, northern Santa Rosa County, northern Walton County, and Washington County. He was originally set to face fellow State Representative Dave Murzin in the Republican primary, but Murzin opted to run for a seat on the Escambia County Commission instead, so Evers faced Tea Party activist Mike Hill. Despite Hill racking up a number of local endorsements, Evers significantly outraised him, and ended up defeating him in a landslide, receiving 71% of the vote to Hill's 29%. In the general election, Evers was opposed by Christopher S. Crawford, the Tea Party nominee, and defeated him by a wide margin with 79% of the vote.
In 2012, following the reconfiguration of the state's legislative districts, the 2nd District was redrawn and made more compact, trading the reach down to Panama City for more of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties. Evers ran for re-election, which he won unopposed. When he sought re-election in 2014, he won uncontested again.
Evers wrote a number of pieces of legislation concerning guns. Following the Marissa Alexander case, Evers wrote legislation that exempted certain acts of self-defense from a law that required twenty years of jail time if a gun was fired during the commission of certain felonies, and the bill was eventually signed into law by Governor Rick Scott. He also authored legislation, nicknamed the "Pop Tart" bill, that prevented schools from "disciplining students who play with simulated weapons", which was also signed into law. In 2015, Evers joined State Representative Greg Steube to author legislation that would have allowed individuals with concealed-carry permits to bring guns onto college and university campuses, but the bill ultimately died in the Florida Senate when the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Miguel Díaz de la Portilla, refused to bring it up in committee.
2016 Congressional election
Evers announced that in 2016 he would run for election to Florida's 1st congressional district; the incumbent, Republican Jeff Miller, was not running for re-election. On August 30, 2016, Evers lost the Republican primary to State Representative Matt Gaetz by 21.5% to 35.7%.
Death
Evers was killed in a single-vehicle automobile accident on August 21, 2017, near his home in Baker, Florida, when his car hit a guardrail, went into a creek and became fully submerged.
References
External links
Florida State Senate — Greg Evers
Florida House of Representatives — Greg Evers
|-
1955 births
2017 deaths
Republican Party Florida state senators
Republican Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
Farmers from Florida
People from Okaloosa County, Florida
Southern Baptists
Pensacola Junior College alumni
Road incident deaths in Florida
People from Milton, Florida
21st-century American politicians
20th-century Baptists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Evers |
Uncle Dad was a children's sitcom on CITV in the UK, produced by SMG Productions.
Plot
The show was about brothers and sisters who were forced to live with their uncle in a house full of various animals and creepy crawlies. The children stick together while dealing with their clueless uncle who wants to get rid of them. In a house that's part jungle, part zoo (and all mad), Uncle Roy and the kids battle it out to decide whose rules prevail.
Characters
Justin is the oldest of the children. He's 16 and used to taking on the role of head of the family. He's not very experienced with the fairer sex, and the battle with his geeky image sometimes masks the fact he's a really nice guy.
Charlie is the rebel daughter, whose ambition is to make it as a thrash guitarist.
Anna is the tidy mother figure whose greatest dream is to be Head Prefect.
Wind-up merchant Elliot is the ginger troublemaker of the family.
Debs is the baby, but she is the wisest. She hasn't spoken since their mother died and in place of speech she expresses her feelings through drawing. She is a compulsive knitter.
Broadcast
Uncle Dad was made for ITV by STV Studios (then known as "SMG Productions"). A rerun of the show began on STV's kids series wknd@stv in August 2009.
References
External links
ITV children's television shows
Television series by STV Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Dad |
Operation Herring (Herring 1) was the last World War II airborne combat drop in Europe.
Background
The Allied April 1945 offensive on the Italian front, which was to end the Italian campaign and the war in Italy, was to decisively break through the German Gothic Line, the defensive line along the Apennines and the River Po plain to the Adriatic Sea and swiftly drive north to occupy Northern Italy and get to the Austrian and Yugoslav borders as quickly as possible. However, German strongpoints, as well as bridge, road, levee and dike blasting, and any occasional determined resistance in the Po Valley plain might slow the planned sweep down. Allied planners felt that dropping paratroops onto some key areas and locales south of the River Po could help wreak havoc in the German rear area, attack German communications and vehicle columns, further disrupting the German retreat, and prevent German engineers from blowing up key structures before Allied spearheads could exploit them. Lieutenant General Sir Richard McCreery, commander of the Commonwealth 8th Army, had a number of Italian paratroopers at hand for the task.
History
In March 1945, the airborne forces of the Allied-aligned Italian Co-belligerent Army comprised: the 114-strong 1st Reconnaissance Squadron "Folgore", which was made up of 12 sections/squads under Captain Carlo Gay, and; a 112-strong contingent, led by Lieutenant Guerrino Ceiner drawn from the remnants of the 184th Infantry Division "Nembo": four platoons, each made up of three sections/squads.
After being assigned to Operation Herring, the Italian paratroopers received a rapid but thorough training update under the supervision of a British SOE officer, Major Alex Ramsay, who was reportedly pleased by the Italian paratroopers' performance.
The mission would entail eight drops on as many areas south of Po River, southeast of Ferrara, the Mirandola area, and Poggio Rusco and the Modena-Mantua highway. It would last 36 hours. Every paratrooper was to be equipped with an Italian Beretta MAB submachine gun with 400 rounds, high explosive charges, four hand grenades, dagger, maps, and food for 48 hours.
On the night of 19/20 April 1945, the Italian paratroopers, plus at least one British paratrooper who had joined them, jumped from 14 Douglas C-47 transport aircraft of the US 64th Troop Carrier Group.
During the drop, they were scattered considerably, a few were captured upon landing, and 16 paracadutisti barricaded themselves in a farmhouse, after becoming surrounded by German forces; all but two of the Italians died while fighting until running out of ammunition.
Other groups of paracadutisti proved to be more effective, inflicting heavy damage and suffering light casualties. Two squads from "F" Squadron (18 personnel) captured two small towns, Ravarino and Stuffione, took 451 prisoners and held out until the arrival of Allied ground forces. Some paracadutisti were effective to the point of notoriety – several German prisoners were reportedly murdered in cold blood by their captors. The Germans reciprocated by killing some Italian prisoners, as well as a few civilians..
Aftermath
Operation Herring lasted over 72 hours instead of the 36 initially foreseen, but it turned out to be a success. With some help on the part of the local partisan groups, according to some sources 481 German soldiers were killed, 1,983 surrendered, 44 vehicles were destroyed and many captured including some tanks, armored cars and guns, 77 telephone lines severed, three bridges taken intact, an ammunition storage site blown up. The price the Italians paid for the success was 31 dead (including a British paratrooper sergeant) and 10-12 wounded. An Italian lieutenant and a private were posthumously awarded the Gold Medal for Valor.
See also
Airborne forces
Notes
References
William Fowler (2010): The Secret War in Italy; Operation Herring and No 1 Italian SAS, Ian Allan,
External links
Squadrone F - Detailed website dedicated to Operation Herring (in Italian)
Italian Paratroopers in Operation Herring
Herring
Herring
Airborne operations of World War II
April 1945 events in Europe
Operation Herring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Herring |
The list of ship decommissionings in 1923 includes a chronological list of ships decommissioned in 1923. In cases where no official decommissioning ceremony was held, the date of withdrawal from service may be used instead.
References
See also
1923
Ship decommissionings
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20decommissionings%20in%201923 |
Araçu is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Araçu is part of the Anápolis Microregion and is a short distance northwest of the state capital, Goiânia. It has boundaries with Itaberaí, Itauçu, and Caturaí. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia, is and highway connections are made by GO-070 / Goianira / GO-523 / Caturaí / GO-222.
Demographics
The population density was 25.26 inhabitants/km2 (2007) with 3,343 people living in the urban areas and 537 living in the rural areas. The population growth rate was 0.49% for the period 1996/2007)
Economy
The economy is based on cattle raising (19,500 head in 2006), services, public administration, and agriculture. The main agricultural products in 2006 were bananas, coffee, garlic, rice, sugarcane, beans, corn, and tomatoes. There were no financial institutions reported in 2007.
Industrial establishments: 6
Retail commerce establishments: 26
Automobiles: 314
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 171
Total area:
Area of permanent crops:
Area of perennial crops:
Area of natural pasture:
Area of woodland and forests:
Persons dependent on farming: 620
Farms with tractors: 33
Number of tractors: 47
Cattle herd: 19,500 head IBGE
Health and education
There was one small hospital with 16 beds in 2006. The infant mortality rate was 17.97 in 2000. In the educational sector there were 1,093 students attending primary and middle schools. The literacy rate was 81.5% in 2000.
(IBGE 2004). The classification on the Human Development Index was 0.733. This ranked 130 (out of 242 municipalities) in the state and
2,337 out of 5,507 municipalities in the country.
History
Araçu began on the ranch owned by José Jacinto da Silva, where there was a cemetery built in 1911. In 1912 Silva donated part of his land for the building of a chapel. From 1925 to 1930 with the arrival of the families of Antônio Camargo and João Faria, the settlement known as São Sebastião do Salobro, began to grow. In 1935 it belonged to the municipality of Itauçu and in 1941 it became a district with the name Araçu, a Tupi term that means "Terra Grande" (Large Land). In 1958 it was dismembered from Itauçu and became a municipality. Source: Sepin
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Highway Distances from Goiânia
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%A7u |
The Burning Ship fractal, first described and created by Michael Michelitsch and Otto E. Rössler in 1992, is generated by iterating the function:
in the complex plane which will either escape or remain bounded. The difference between this calculation and that for the Mandelbrot set is that the real and imaginary components are set to their respective absolute values before squaring at each iteration. The mapping is non-analytic because its real and imaginary parts do not obey the Cauchy–Riemann equations.
Implementation
The below pseudocode implementation hardcodes the complex operations for Z. Consider implementing complex number operations to allow for more dynamic and reusable code. Note that the typical images of the Burning Ship fractal display the ship upright: the actual fractal, and that produced by the below pseudocode, is inverted along the x-axis.
for each pixel (x, y) on the screen, do:
x := scaled x coordinate of pixel (scaled to lie in the Mandelbrot X scale (-2.5, 1))
y := scaled y coordinate of pixel (scaled to lie in the Mandelbrot Y scale (-1, 1))
zx := x // zx represents the real part of z
zy := y // zy represents the imaginary part of z
iteration := 0
max_iteration := 100
while (zx*zx + zy*zy < 4 and iteration < max_iteration) do
xtemp := zx*zx - zy*zy + x
zy := abs(2*zx*zy) + y // abs returns the absolute value
zx := xtemp
iteration := iteration + 1
if iteration = max_iteration then // Belongs to the set
return insideColor
return (max_iteration / iteration) × color
References
External links
About properties and symmetries of the Burning Ship fractal, featured by Theory.org
Burning Ship Fractal, Description and C source code.
Burning Ship with its Mset of higher powers and Julia Sets
Burningship, Video,
Fractal webpage includes the first representations and the original paper cited above on the Burning Ship fractal.
3D representations of the Burning Ship fractal
FractalTS Mandelbrot, Burning ship and corresponding Julia set generator.
Fractals
Articles with example pseudocode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20Ship%20fractal |
Puderbach is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 25 km north of Koblenz.
Puderbach is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Puderbach.
References
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puderbach |
Le Petit Spirou (; "Young Spirou") is a popular Belgian comic strip created by Tome and Janry in 1987. The series developed from La jeunesse de Spirou (1987), a Spirou & Fantasio album in which Tome and Janry (at the time the authors of the series) set to imagine Spirou's youth. It was developed into a spin-off series shortly afterwards and the authors have focused on it ever since the controversy created after their final Spirou et Fantasio album, Machine qui rêve (1998). New albums are among the bestselling French-language comics, with 330,000 copies for the latest one.
In addition to continuing to develop the character in the spirit of previous Spirou et Fantasio author Franquin, in this series Tome and Janry paid homage to Franquin's manner of animating the gag's signature.
Plot
This series details the antics of the character as an elementary schoolboy. A lot of the gags center around the character's interest in the opposite sex, most notably he and his pals coming up with ways of spying on the girls' showers and dressing room. Other topics concern religion and the contradictions and absurdities of the adult world. It is generally acknowledged that, psychologically speaking, the character in Le Petit Spirou has little in common with the clean-cut adult he will become.
Characters
In La Jeunesse de Spirou, regular characters such as Fantasio, Spip the squirrel and their enemy Zantafio also featured as children. However, when the actual P'tit Spirou series came about it was decided to leave them out and to create new characters, given that, in the original series (started in the 1930s), Spirou had not met them until adulthood.
The children
Spirou - The main character, already wearing his trademark red bellhop outfit.
Antoine Vertignasse "Vert" - Spirou's best friend and companion in his adventures.
Suzanne Berlingot "Suzette" - Spirou's girlfriend. (sometimes called "Susan" in English translations)
Nicolas Ponchelot - Spirou's second best friend, with a good appetite and a few extra pounds.
Cyprien Futu "Cassius" - Another friend of Spirou, of African origins. The son of the school's cook. His nickname is a reference to Cassius Clay as he is very good at boxing.
Jean-Henri Masseur - Another friend, big and not very intelligent. In French "Masseur" sounds like "ma soeur", "My sister". This allows Suzette to trade photos of the naked Masseur for treats, as people understand "Je te donnerai une photo de Masseur nue" ("I'll give you a nude photo of Masseur") as "Je te donnerai une photo de ma sœur nue" "I'll give you a nude photo of my sister".
André-Baptiste Depérinconu - The secret son of the abbot? In any case, he copies him in everything. Word play on French "de père inconnu", "of unknown father".
Marine (who prefers to be called Mandarine) from "My Treasure Island"
The adults
Mr. Mégot - The gym teacher, always trying to organize original sporting events that always end in disaster. Drinks and smokes a lot. "Mégot" is French for a cigarette butt.
Abbot Langelusse - He always has ideas to pray God's glory and save the souls of his flock, which usually also end in disaster. A word play on angelus.
Miss Claudia Chiffre - The math teacher. "Chiffre" is French for digit and an obvious play on the name Claudia Schiffer.
Melchior Dugenou - A timid teacher with big glasses and the boyfriend of Miss Chiffre, which nobody understands why. He is a good head shorter than his girlfriend, Miss Chiffre.
Pépé Spirou - Spirou's grandfather and his favourite adult. At his age, he is not much wiser than his grandson. He also wears the family's trademark red outfit.
Mrs. Gourmandine - Pépé's girlfriend.
Mrs. Spirou - Spirou's mother, dressed in a female version of her son's red outfit.
Mr. Spirou - Spirou's father, dressed in the standard bellboy outfit. He appears seldom in the series and his face is never seen. Tome claims that this was because he would have looked too much like the adult Spirou. Tome also claims that he did not know his own father well and that he lacked "emotional documentation on the subject".
Albums
Like the main series, these albums are published by Dupuis.
Dis bonjour à la dame (Say hello to the lady, 1990)
Tu veux mon doigt? (Do you want my finger?, 1991)Mais qu'est-ce que tu fabriques? (What are you doing?, 1992)C'est pour ton bien (It's for your own good, 1994)"Merci" qui? ("Thanks" to whom?, 1994)N'oublie pas ta capuche! (Don't forget your hood!, 1996)Demande à ton père! (Ask your father!) (1997)T'as qu'à t'retenir! (Just hold it [pee] in) (1999)C'est pas de ton âge! (That's not something for your age!, 2000)Tu comprendras quand tu s'ras grand! (You'll understand when you'll grow up, 2001)Tu ne s'ras jamais grand! (You'll never grow up!, 2003)C'est du joli! (Nice work!, 2005)Fais de beaux rêves (Sweet dreams, 2007)Bien fait pour toi ! (Serves you right!, 2008)Tiens-Toi Droit! (Stand straight!, 2010)T'Es Gonfle! (You're swelling!, 2012)Tout le monde te regarde! (Everyone's looking at you!, 2015)La Vérité sur tout! (The truth about everything!, 2019)
TranslationsLe Petit Spirou has been translated to several languages, including Dutch (De Kleine Robbe, distributed by Dupuis), Croatian (Mali Spirou, distributed by Strip-Agent), Spanish (El Pequeño Spirou, edited by Ediciones Kraken) and Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and Polish (Den lille Splint, Den unge Spirou, Lille Sprint, Pikku Piko and Mały Sprytek, published by Egmont), Indonesian (little spirou, distributed by BIP), and Slovenian (Mali Spirou'', distributed by Graffit).
Media adaptations
The comic was adapted into an animated TV series in 2012. A live-action movie adaptation was released in the fall of 2017. It is directed by Nicolas Bary and stars Pierre Richard, François Damiens and Natacha Régnier.
References
Le Petit Spirou publications in Spirou BDoubliées
Footnotes
External links
Le Petit Spirou official site
Spirou et Fantasio
Dupuis titles
Belgian comic strips
Belgian comics characters
Gag-a-day comics
Parody comics
Parodies of comics
Child characters in comics
Comics about children
Male characters in comics
Fictional Belgian people
Comics spin-offs
1987 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1987
School-themed comics
Comics adapted into television series
Comics adapted into animated series
Belgian comics adapted into films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Petit%20Spirou |
Stefan Hammarén is a Finnish author who writes in Swedish, belonging to the Swedish-speaking minority of the country. He is the leading Scandinavian surrealist author, language anarchist, poet and text technician. He cannot be placed in any literary tradition, but his novels have recurring aspects of puns and wordplay, dadaistic eagerness and literary puzzles, and contain erotic digressions. His texts are extremely verbose with few visible threads, let alone plot or characterization, and have a distinct embellishment in a baroque pattern, partly with a Shakespearean solemnity. They resemble Joyce's verbal virtuosities in Finnegans Wake.
Hammarén's "Sopptrilogi" ("Soup Can Trilogy", 2001–2005) deals with the saucepan-land colonization, in which ingredients and constituents are plentiful. The trilogy's first novel was published in 2001 and called "Med en burk soppa", it was continued by "Konservöppnare bok" in 2003 and finally "På burklös mark" in 2005. His novel "Loserförfattarfabriken" (the station for loser authors) is a satire, making the authors culture a dream for citizens, whose backside they do not understand the hell themselves. All his fictional production is published by small-scale publisher "h:ström - Text & Kultur" of Umeå, Sweden.
Hammarén has also written poems, dramas, short stories and a translation and free interpretation of Guy de Maupassant's "Horla", amongst others. His Le Horla translation being unfaithful to the French original, it aroused the ire of noted Swede critic Carl Rudbeck in the Dagens Nyheter. An opposing view soon appeared in the Svenska Dagbladet.
Bibliography
Med en burk soppa (2001)
konservöppnare bok (2003)
På solfläckens barnhem (2003) (collection of poems)
Fluga diversé (2004)
Horla (2004)
På burklös mark (2005)
Melåhner o smörgromskrasse (2007) (collection of poems)
1, 2 (2009) (collection of poems, with Emma Ehrlekrona)
Hydrolith: Surrealist Research & Investigations, Hydrolith Editorial Collective 2010 (in a surreal anthology)
S:t Största skarabéerboken (2010)
Tredje generation skarabéerbok (2012)
Första skarabéerboken (2012)
Flickan fr. spikregnet (2014)
Loserförfattarfabriken (2017)
References
Living people
1966 births
Finnish male novelists
Swedish-language writers
20th-century Finnish novelists
21st-century Finnish novelists
20th-century Swedish male writers
21st-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Hammar%C3%A9n |
Rengsdorf is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 10 km north of Neuwied.
Rengsdorf is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Rengsdorf-Waldbreitbach.
Today Rengsdorf is a regional well known ("air spa") with popular forest walks. The Rheinsteig, a hiking trail, also passes by the village.
Economy
Lohmann & Rauscher, a developer, producer, and seller of medical devices and hygiene products has one of its headquarters in Rengsdorf (the other one in Vienna, Austria). The headquarter of , a travel operator, is located in Rengsdorf as well as the one of , a confectionery machinery manufacturer. Since 1997, Winkler und Dünnebier Süßwarenmaschinen GmbH belongs to the Maschinenbau Runkel GmbH, a mechanical engineering company that is also seated in Rengsdorf. Other companies with their seat in Rengsdorf are meta Trennwandanlagen GmbH & Co. KG, a manufacturer for cubicle systems, personal and storage lockers and changing rooms and the monte mare Betriebs GmbH, a bath operator.
Notable people
Fritz Henkel (1848–1930), founder of the Henkel Group
Norbert van Heyst (b. 1944), senior commander in the German Army and commander of the ISAF
References
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengsdorf |
Robert Prévost, (1927–1982) was a Canadian set designer.
He designed sets for Canada's major stage productions, including the Stratford Festival, Les Grands Ballets Canadiens and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
In 1972, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Officer in 1978.
External links
Fonds D'Archives Robert Prévost
1927 births
1982 deaths
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Canadian scenic designers
Canadian theatre designers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Pr%C3%A9vost |
The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974) is a novel written by Ishmael Reed. It is considered a model novel of the Black Arts Movement and contains many elements of postmodernism. It continues the story of the character Papa LaBas introduced in Reed's previous novel, 1972's Mumbo Jumbo. The book emphasises voodoo. According to Kirkus Reviews, "Reed's hoodoo/mojo/gris gris/Mumbo Jumbo has a wickedly funny vitality that undermines white European ideology."
Plot summary
The Last Days of Louisiana Red, which has been described as a "HooDoo detective story and a comprehensive satire on the explosive politics of the '60s", set amidst the racial violence of Berkeley, California. The story follows investigator Papa LaBas as he tries to figure out who murdered Ed Yellings, the proprietor of the Solid Gumbo Works. In the story, Labas finds himself fighting the rising tide of violence propagated by Louisiana Red and the militant opportunists, the Moochers. Eventually, Labas learns that the murder has been a conspiracy to dethrone the Gumbo business because Ed was trying to create medicine that would stop heroin addiction.
Characters
Ed Yellings - the proprietor of the Business known as Solid Gumbo Works. He is murdered early in the novel, and his Business is passed on to his son, Wolf.
Wolf - one of the two sons of Ed Yellings.
Sister - one of the daughters of Ed Yellings.
Minnie - the youngest daughter of Ed Yellings, she leads a society known as the Moochers.
Papa Labas - a sort of detective character who tries to figure out the mystery behind Ed Yellings' murder.
Nanny Lisa - a nanny who lives at the home of Ed Yellings and takes care of the children. She forms a very special bond with Minnie.
References
External links
Author maintained web site
1974 American novels
African-American novels
American satirical novels
Fiction about Louisiana Voodoo
Novels by Ishmael Reed
Novels set in the 1960s
Novels set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Random House books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Days%20of%20Louisiana%20Red |
Unkel is a town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, near Remagen, about 20 km southeast of Bonn.
Unkel is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Unkel.
Religion
Unkel is mainly Roman Catholic. Approximately 55% of the inhabitants are Roman Catholic, and 15% Protestant. 18% of the residents do not belong to a religious denomination, 8% are Muslim.
Geography
Location
The town is located at the edge of the Rhine-Westerwald Nature Park in the middle of the Rhine Valley, its centre is about 4 km away from the border to North Rhine-Westphalia.
Neighbouring settlements
Unkel is surrounded from north to south by the settlements of Rheinbreitbach, Bruchhausen, Windhagen, Linz, Erpel, and Remagen.
Subdivisions
Unkel has three subdistricts: Unkel, Scheuren and Heister.
Sights
The most important sight is the "Freiligrathaus", which is located at the Rhine promenade. It is a baroque palace, built in 1760. Ferdinand Freiligrath lived there from 1839 until 1841.
The rich-featured Catholic parish church "St. Pantaleon" accommodates a feretory (a receptacle for the relics of saints).
Additionally, most of the old town wall is well preserved.
Twin town
Kamen, Germany
Ushuaia, Argentina
Famous townsfolk
Stefan Andres, author of the novella Wir sind Utopia.
Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967), who became first Chancellor of West Germany, found refuge in Unkel during the time of national socialism.
Willy Brandt (1913–1992), former Chancellor of Germany, spent the last years of his life, from 1979 until 1992, in Unkel. Many famous politicians visited him there, like Helmut Kohl and Mikhail Gorbachev. The market place is named after him. His work room can be visited on request.
Stephan Fahrig (1968–2017), lightweight rower and a sports scientist
Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810–1876), a German writer, started his literary career in Unkel. The house he lived in is now called Freiligrathhaus.
Fritz Henkel (1875–1930), son of Friedrich Karl Henkel (1848–1930), the inventor of Persil (laundry detergent) and founder of the Henkel Company, had his summer home in Unkel. He donated a fire-brigade car and a park, which was named after him.
Leonhard Reinirkens, a writer, is honorary citizen of Unkel.
Anne Bierwirth, contralto, was born here.
References
Populated places on the Rhine
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkel |
The list of ship decommissionings in 1927 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1927.
July
14 July
T-3 (): Ex-AA-3; decommissioned and sold for scrap
November
10 November
Geranium (): Arabis-class sloop
References
1927
Ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20decommissionings%20in%201927 |
Brian L. Fisher (born 1964/65) is a field biologist who works on the systematics of arthropods, with a particular focus on ants. He has discovered over 1000 species, including 900 species of ants in Madagascar. He mainly conducts field work in Madagascar and Africa.
Career
After working with the Smithsonian Institution in Panama Fisher did a PhD on ant systematics at UC Davis. He is the curator and chairman of the entomology department of the California Academy of Sciences. Fisher is also the present executive director of the Bibikely Biodiversity Institute and the Madagascar Biodiversity Center.
He is known for naming Proceratium google after Google Inc.
The ant genus Fisheropone is named in his honour.
IPSIO
In 2016, Fisher launched IPSIO (Insects and People of the Southwest Indian Ocean). IPSIO was launched to develop a team approach to solving current conservation issues.
Personal life
Fisher grew up in Normal, Illinois, and was inducted into the Pioneer Hall of Fame at Illinois State University Laboratory School.
References
External links
Antweb
Bibikely Biodiversity Institute
Video interviews by California Academy of Sciences
CV on Discoverlife.org
American entomologists
Living people
Myrmecologists
University of California, Davis alumni
21st-century American zoologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Smithsonian Institution people
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
American curators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Fisher%20%28biologist%29 |
Waldbreitbach is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, on the river Wied, approx. 16 km north of Neuwied.
Waldbreitbach was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Waldbreitbach.
History
The place was first mentioned in documents (spelled "Bretpah") in 857. In the following centuries the dominion over the place changed several times between Thuringia, Cologne and Sayn. Between 1806 and 1815 the village belonged to the Duchy of Nassau, then to Prussia.
Population
In 1815 406 people were living in Waldbreitbach. This number increased to 2118 in 1997 and as of 2018 there were officially 1828 inhabitants.
Waldbreitbach mill
On the Wied stands an oil mill, which started production in 1676. Only four years later it was destroyed by a flood. The mill was rebuilt in 1700 and was in operation until 1948. It is considered the oldest oil mill of this type in the Rhineland. In the 1990s an old half-timbered house was dismantled in nearby Bremscheid and rebuilt next to the mill as a museum of crafts and trade. About 100 meters upstream stands a mill with a water wheel from 1911.
References
Neuwied (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldbreitbach |
Luna Bergere Leopold (October 8, 1915 – February 23, 2006) was a leading U.S. geomorphologist and hydrologist, and son of Aldo Leopold. He received a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1936; an M.S. in physics-meteorology from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1944; and a Ph.D. in geology from Harvard University in 1950.
Leopold is widely known in his primary field for his work in fluvial geomorphology and for the classic book, Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, that he wrote with Gordon Wolman and John Miller.
Leopold suggested that a new philosophy of water management is needed, one based on geologic, geographic, and climatic factors as well as traditional economic, social, and political factors. He argued that the management of water resources cannot be successful as long as it is naïvely perceived from an economic and political standpoint, as it is in the status quo.
Career
From 1937 to 1940, Leopold worked as an engineer for the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in New Mexico. In 1940, he enlisted and was a part of the U.S. Army Weather Service and the Army Air Force. He was in the Army until 1946 and he rose from the rank of Private to Captain.
From 1946 to 1950, Leopold served as the Chief Meteorologist of the Pineapple Research Institute, Hawaii. In 1950, he joined the U.S. Geological Survey. He worked for the USGS until 1972 serving as Hydraulic Engineer (1950–56), Chief Hydrologist (1956–66), and Senior Research Hydrologist (1966–72).
In 1972, Leopold joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley as a professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics and Department of Landscape Architecture. He retired in 1986 and continued as a Professor Emeritus until his death in 2006.
Awards and honors
1958 - Recipient of the first Kirk Bryan Award of the Geological Society of America (with Thomas J. Maddock, Jr.)
1967 - Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
1968 - Recipient of the Cullum Geographical Medal of the American Geographical Society
1971 - Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1972 - President of The Geological Society of America
1972 - Elected to the American Philosophical Society
1973 - Recipient of the G. K. Warren Prize from the National Academy of Sciences.
1980 - Honorary Doctorate from the University of Wisconsin
1981 - Honorary Doctorate from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland
1988 - Honorary Doctorate from the University of Murcia
1991 - Awarded the National Medal of Science.
1992 - Awarded the Robert E. Horton Medal
1994 - Awarded the Penrose Medal
1994 - Awarded the Joan Hodges Queneau Palladium Medal
2006 - Awarded The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth Science
Books by Luna Leopold
Leopold, Luna B. (1966). Water (Series: LIFE Science Library), Time Incorp, ISBN B000GQO9SM.
Leopold, Aldo and Leopold, Luna B. (editor) (1972, reprint). Round River. Oxford University Press, USA. .
Leopold, Luna B. (1974). Water: A Primer. W H Freeman & Co. .
Dunne, Thomas and Luna B. Leopold (1978). Water in Environmental Planning. W. H. Freeman & Co. .
Leopold, Luna B. (1966, reprinted 1981). Water, Life Science Library, Time Life Education. .
Leopold, Luna B.; Wolman, M. Gordon; and Miller, John P. (1995). Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Dover Publications. .
Leopold, Luna B. (1997). Water, Rivers and Creeks. University Science Books. .
Leopold, Luna B. (2006, reprint). A View of the River. Harvard University Press; New Ed edition. .
References
Other sources
The San Francisco Chronicle, 3/3/2006
New York Times, 3/20/2006
The Virtual Luna Leopold Project
Association of Engineering Societies website
1915 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American geologists
American hydrologists
American people of German descent
American geomorphologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Penrose Medal winners
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Process geomorphologists
Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal
Sedimentologists
United States Geological Survey personnel
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna%20Leopold |
Trauma: Life in the E.R. is a medical-based television reality show that formerly ran on TLC from 1997 to 2002 and reruns are currently airing on Discovery Life. At its peak, Trauma was one of TLC's top-rated shows and spawned two spin-offs, Paramedics and Code Blue. The series itself was nominated for seven Emmys.
Show history
The show was produced by NYT Television (owned by The New York Times) and debuted in 1997. Like much of the medical-based programming on TLC (and Discovery Life as well), the show was designed as a "real-life" version of a popular U.S. TV series. In this case, Trauma was designed to capitalize on the success of the NBC drama ER. The show follows the cases coming through Level One trauma centers and high-profile emergency rooms around the U.S. The first season consisted of several half-hour episodes, but by 1998, the series had expanded to a full hour, allowing for more time to follow cases as well as the lives of the doctors involved.
The show had no regular cast; every week featured a different hospital and a different group of doctors. Actor Michael McGlone narrated the series. Composer Chuck Hammer scored the series.
Most episodes centered on the physicians and nurses comprising the staff of a typical Level One trauma center, but occasionally a different type of staffer would be profiled to show their unique contributions to that specific hospital. For example, at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, the hospital's chaplain (a nun with the Sisters of Charity) was profiled in one episode, and another episode at Charity Hospital profiled the New Orleans paramedics, which was used as the pilot for the show Paramedics. Another episode followed a burn patient through his recovery at Vanderbilt University's medical center, allowing the show to profile the co-director of the burn center and one of the burn care technicians as a change of pace from the usual ER/Trauma cases.
First-run production ended in 2002, though the show lives on in reruns on Discovery Life. TLC stopped producing new episodes largely because the show was expensive and time-consuming to produce in comparison to other reality shows (each episode took 1–2 months to shoot and 3 months to edit, though several camera crews worked simultaneously at hospitals around the country and each hospital's shooting footage was usually split into two or three episodes). In addition, new medical privacy laws forbade recording patients before they (or their next-of-kin) gave permission. Since most patients were in the midst of a medical emergency, obtaining the necessary production releases became difficult or impossible. (Before the new law came into effect, Trauma's videographers would usually request permission after they had begun taping. If a patient refused permission, the cases would not be included in a program.)
The series was one of the first cinéma vérité style programs to be shot almost entirely on hand-held MiniDV camcorders by teams of videojournalists who were responsible for both the reporting and videography.
Controversy
Trauma was one of TLC's most controversial shows from the beginning, because it did not sugar-coat or downplay the violent nature of the cases that usually ended up in a big-city trauma center. The show carries a warning at the beginning and on the opening frames of every return-from-commercial bumper: "Due to the graphic nature of this program, viewer discretion is advised". The warning is needed because the show does not shy away from letting the viewer see blood and gore, or even the death of patients. When the show debuted in 1997, such graphic presentations on television were quite rare.
Trauma was one of the first reality shows to deal with the controversial issue of health care professionals and blood-borne disease exposure. An episode set in San Antonio, Texas featured an E.R. intern who was stuck with a needle from suturing up a patient whose health history was completely unknown, including the extensive medical testing and anti-viral drugs the intern needed to take to ensure she did not contract any diseases from the patient. Another episode set in Nashville, Tennessee featured a trauma surgical resident who was accidentally stuck with a needle while treating a patient who had shot himself after discovering he had Hepatitis C; the surgical resident was found to be negative for Hepatitis C but still went through the months of anti-viral medications to ensure he did not later develop the disease.
Episodes shot for both Trauma and Code Blue in New Orleans, Louisiana featured Dr. Eduardo Marvez-Valls, coordinator of E.R. and Trauma Medical Residents at Charity Hospital. Marvez-Valls, whose reputation as a dedicated instructor and physician was often featured in interviews with the doctors featured in Trauma and Code Blue, was both openly homosexual (Code Blue frequently featured Marvez-Valls at his home in the French Quarter, which he shared with his longtime partner, Robert Ripley) and suffering from end-stage AIDS. Dr. Marvez-Valls did not perform tasks that would involve excessive exposure to needles, such as suturing or IV insertion, but he continued diagnosing and treating patients in the E.R. and Trauma services at Charity Hospital even after the hospital was shut down by Hurricane Katrina, practicing medicine in tents and other temporary emergency rooms until his death from AIDS-related kidney disease in 2006 at the age of 52.
Patient privacy concerns have dogged Trauma from the beginning. In the early 2000s, a group of patients from New Jersey who appeared on the show sued The New York Times Co. In response, one appeals court ruled that the format of the show technically qualified as news and that the series deserved the same protections under the law. Later, in 2005, two men in Florida whose cases were featured on the show sued the producers for breach of privacy, claiming show crew and producers would disguise themselves as hospital personnel to obtain release signatures for the taped footage under false pretenses. Charles Sims, an attorney for the show's producers, has dismissed the men's claims and asserted that all releases were obtained properly.
Spin-offs
In its first spin-off, Paramedics followed the activities of teams of EMTs and paramedics in a number of large urban centers in the United States. The series lasted from 1998 to 2002. Its spirit lives on in the newer series Boston EMS, which has a similar premise. The second spin-off was Code Blue.
Life after cancellation
When Trauma was canceled by TLC in 2002, NYT Television still had unused footage from a 3-month shooting session at Memorial Health Trauma Center in Savannah, Georgia. To make use of this footage, TLC agreed to renew Code Blue, a show originally conceived as a limited run series based on life at a single hospital, Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana. The new version of Code Blue, now named Code Blue: Savannah, consisted of eight episodes crafted out of the unused footage from the Trauma shoot at Memorial Health Trauma Center. This version of Code Blue has a different shooting style, a different narrator, and a different narrative tone, making it more closely resemble an episode of Trauma: Life in the E.R. rather than the mix of hospital life and New Orleans local color that made up the original Code Blue.
In December 2009, TLC aired a three-episode pilot for an emergency room reality show entitled "Emergency Level One". Focusing primarily on the doctors and surgeons, the show was produced by True Entertainment and filmed at Nashville Tennessee's Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Remastered episodes
Sometime in the 2010s, remastered versions of Trauma: Life in the E.R. began to air on Discovery Life. These remastered episodes had a different title, such as Vegas ER and Detroit ER. The episodes are no different than when they originally aired, with the only difference being that they are remastered and have a name inspired by the shooting location. These remastered episodes should not be confused with the similarly named NY ER, which is a different and more recent show. A few episodes coincidentally take place at a hospital that Trauma shot at, St. Vincent's ER in New York City, along with various other New York hospitals, and star famed television personality Dr. Oz.
Mentions
The show was mentioned in the season 8, episode 8 of Untold Stories of the E.R. titled "Stuck in a Toilet". A receptionist is talking about a chest cracking that took place in an ER. The other receptionist asks when it happened, to which the other responds with, "last night on Trauma: Life in the ER".
References
1990s American medical television series
2000s American medical television series
1997 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
TLC (TV network) original programming
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma%3A%20Life%20in%20the%20E.R. |
Methylation specific oligonucleotide microarray, also known as MSO microarray, was developed as a technique to map epigenetic methylation changes in DNA of cancer cells.
The general process starts with modification of DNA with bisulfite, specifically to convert unmethylated cytosine in CpG sites to uracil, while leaving methylated cytosines untouched. The modified DNA region of interest is amplified via PCR and during the process, uracils are converted to thymine. The amplicons are labelled with a fluorescent dye and hybridized to oligonucleotide probes that are fixed to a glass slide. The probes differentially bind to cytosine and thymine residues, which ultimately allows discrimination between methylated and unmethylated CpG sites, respectively.
A calibration curve is produced and compared with the microarray results of the amplified DNA samples. This allows a general quantification of the proportion of methylation present in the region of interest.
This microarray technique was developed by Tim Hui-Ming Huang and his laboratory and was officially published in 2002.
Implications for cancer research
Cancer cells often develop atypical methylation patterns, at CpG sites in promoters of tumour suppressor genes. High levels of methylation at a promoter leads to downregulation of the corresponding genes and is characteristic of carcinogenesis. It is one of the most consistent changes observed in early stage tumour cells. Methylation specific oligonucleotide microarray allows for the high resolution and high throughput detection of numerous methylation events on multiple gene promoters. Therefore, this technique can be used to detect aberrant methylation in tumour suppressor promoters at an early stage and has been used in gastric and colon cancers and multiple others. Because it allows one to detect presence of atypical methylations in cancer cells, it can also be used to reveal the major cause behind the malignancy, whether its main contributor is mutations on chromosomes or epigenetic modifications, as well as which tumour suppressor genes' transcription levels are affected. An interesting use of this microarray includes specific classification of cancers based on the methylation patterns alone, such as differentiating between classes of leukemia, suggesting that different classes of cancer show relatively unique methylation patterns. This technique has also been proposed to monitor cancer treatments that involve modifying the methylation patterns in mutant cancer cells.
References
External links
Resources, information and specific protocols for DNA Methylation Analysis
Software for DNA Methylation Analysis
Cancer research
Microarrays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation%20specific%20oligonucleotide%20microarray |
The Diamonds are a Canadian vocal quartet that rose to prominence in the 1950s and early 1960s with 16 Billboard hit records. The original members were Dave Somerville (lead), Ted Kowalski (tenor), Phil Levitt (baritone), and Bill Reed (bass). They were most noted for interpreting and introducing rhythm and blues vocal group music to the wider pop music audience. Contrary to a popular myth, the father of Tom Hanks was never a member of the group.
History
1950s
In 1953, Dave Somerville, while working as a sound engineer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, met three other young singers. They decided to form a stand-up quartet called the Diamonds. The group's first performance was in the basement of St. Thomas Aquinas Church in Toronto singing in a Christmas minstrel show. The audience's reaction to the Somerville-led group was so positive that they decided that night they would turn professional.
After 18 months of rehearsal, they drove to New York and tied for 1st Place on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts. The prize of being guest artist for a week on Godfrey's show led to a recording contract with Coral Records. Professional musician Nat Goodman became their manager. Coral released four songs, the most notable being "Black Denim Trousers & Motorcycle Boots", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.
The next big step was an audition with Cleveland, Ohio, radio disc jockey, Bill Randle, who had aided in the success of some popular groups, such as The Crew-Cuts. Randle was impressed with the Diamonds and introduced them to a producer at Mercury Records who signed the group to a recording contract.
The Diamonds’ first recording for Mercury was "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" (originated by Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers), which reached No. 12 in the U.S. as their first hit, and their follow-up hit single, "The Church Bells May Ring" (originally by The Willows), reached No. 14 in the U.S.
The Diamonds' biggest hits were 1957's "Little Darlin'" (originally recorded by The Gladiolas, written by Maurice Williams) and "The Stroll" (1957), an original song written for the group by Clyde Otis, from an idea by Dick Clark.
Although they were signed to do rock and roll, Mercury also paired them with jazz composer and arranger Pete Rugolo, in one of his Meet series recordings. The album, entitled The Diamonds Meet Pete Rugolo, allowed them to return to their roots and do some established standards.
The group sang "Little Darlin'" and "Where Mary Go" in the film The Big Beat. They sang the theme song to the 1958 film, Kathy O’.
Their television appearances included the TV shows of Steve Allen, Perry Como, Vic Damone, Tony Bennett, Eddy Arnold, and Paul Winchell. They also appeared on American Bandstand.
In the late 1950s, Reed, Kowalski and Levitt left the group and were replaced by Mike Douglas, John Felten, and Evan Fisher.
1960s, 1970s and 1980s
Despite the ever-changing style of rock & roll and their Mercury contract expiring, the Diamonds continued touring the country. After Dave Somerville left the group in 1961 to pursue a folk singing career as "David Troy", he was replaced by Jim Malone. There were no more hit records by the Diamonds after Somerville left.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Diamonds performed mostly in Las Vegas led, at first, by Mike Douglas, later being continued by Glenn Stetson. At one time, there were at least two groups performing under the Diamonds name, the other principally being led by John Felten until his death on May 17, 1982, in a plane crash. This created an issue in the late 1980s that ultimately went to court. The right to the use of the name "The Diamonds" was awarded to Gary Owens (a member of Felten's group) with the original members being allowed to use their name on special occasions each year. Owens, along with members Bob Duncan, Steve Smith (both former members of Lawrence Welk's band and television program), and Gary Cech, released an album in 1987, "Diamonds Are Forever", which contained two songs that entered the lower reaches of the Country Music Charts, "Just a Little Bit" and "Two Kinds of Women".
In 1986, Glenn Stetson and Dick Malono opened up Little Darlin's Rock and Roll Palace near Disney in Orlando, Florida which was a magical success for all the acts of that era to perform. The Country Music Network also starting videos of the groups that went on the TV network. In 1983, the Diamonds with Glenn Stetson were the first rock and roll group to go on the Country Music Network on a show called Nashville Now with Ralph Emory.
2000s and beyond
The Diamonds received national attention once again in 2000, when the original members were invited to sing in TJ Lubinsky’s PBS production of Doo-Wop 51, and again in the PBS production entitled Magic Moments - The Best of '50s Pop in 2004.
Stetson received a heart transplant in 2000, and died in 2003. Original member Kowalski died on August 8, 2010, from heart disease, at the age of 79.
In 2012, the Diamonds were listed as guest stars with The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies at the Plaza Theatre in Palm Springs, California.
Douglas died in a car accident on July 2, 2012, at age 78.
Somerville died on July 14, 2015, in Santa Barbara, California.
The Diamonds continue to tour to this day with the line-up of Gary Owens (baritone), Dan Vissers (tenor), Julian McCleary (lead) and Jeff Dolan (bass), although none of the members are from the original group which recorded for Mercury Records.
Original members
Dave Somerville – Lead (died 2015) / Replaced by Jim Malone in 1961.
Ted Kowalski – Tenor (died 2010) / Replaced by Evan Fisher in 1958.
Phil Levitt – Baritone / Replaced by Mike Douglas in 1957.
Bill Reed – Bass (died 2004) / Replaced by John Felten in 1958 (died 1982) / Replaced by Gary Cech until 1992 (voluntarily left the group).
Replacement members
Glenn Stetson, lead vocalist. Replaced John Felten in 1968. Mike Douglas remained with the group as the only original member who recorded for Mercury in the 1950s and early 1960s. At this time the Diamonds consisted of Glenn Stetson (Canada), Harry Harding (Canada), Danny Rankin (USA), and Mike Douglas (Canada).
Joe Derise, vocalist and composer joined in 1969.
Jerry Honeycutt, was with John Felten during the mid-1970s, right up until Felten's death.
Steve Smith, of The Lawrence Welk Show fame has been with the Diamonds since 1982.
John Wagner, vocalist, singing tenor and playing tenor sax, joined Glen Stetson in 1983 and was with Stetson until 2003 when Stetson died. The Diamonds continued to perform until Stetson's death. It needs to be understood that the group that evolved when Somerville left the Diamonds in 1961 and Mike Douglas continued the group is the same group that Stetson kept going until his death in 2003. The historical continuation that began in 1968 ended with Stetson's death.
Mike Douglas and Joe Derise rejoined the Diamonds in 1988. Derise eventually died and Mike Douglas (one of the original singers from the group's Mercury days) died in 2012.
Bob Duncan, tenor, began singing with John Felten in 1979.
Gary Owens, baritone, joined John Felten in 1975. He sings, plays saxophone and flute, and does most of the vocal arranging for the group.
Gary Cech, bass, began singing with Bob Duncan in 1982 shortly after John Felten's death and left the group in 1992.
Jerry Siggins, bass.
Carson Church, Bass joined the Diamonds from 2001-3
Discography
Original albums
The Diamonds (1957)
America's Number One Singing Stylists (1957)
The Diamonds Meet Pete Rugolo (Mercury, 1958) (with Pete Rugolo)
America's Favorite Song Stylists (1959)
Songs from the Old West (1959)
Bandstand Boogie (1960)
Pop Hits (1960)
Diamonds Are Forever (1976)
We’re Still Rockin' (1995)
Solemnly Yours (1996)
Silver Bells & Diamonds: Holiday Music from the Diamonds (1998)
As Long as We're Singin'...and Swingin'! (2013)
Compilation albums
Little Darlin''' (1981)
The Diamonds Songbook (2007)
The Stroll – 2 CD Set (2011)
The Diamonds – 4 Classic Albums Plus (2015)
Singles
Film appearances
The Big Beat (1958)
TV appearances
The Eddy Arnold Show (1956)
The Steve Allen Show'' (1957)
Awards and honours
In 1984, the Canadian Juno "Hall of Fame" award by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
In October, 2004, inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in Sharon, Pennsylvania.
In 2006 inducted into the Doo-Wop Hall of Fame.
See also
Canadian rock
Music of Canada
References
External links
The Current Diamonds
Official Fan site
'The Diamonds' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page
The Diamonds' singles discography
Canadian pop music groups
Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees
Doo-wop groups
Mercury Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Diamonds |
Caythorpe is a large village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population at 2011 census was 1,374. It is situated on the A607, approximately south from Leadenham and north from Grantham. Caythorpe Heath stretches east of the village to Ermine Street and Byards Leap.
Arnhem Heritage:
Caythorpe is known for the soldiers based in the village during the Second World War. The 1st Airborne Signals Regiment took part in Operation Market Garden and fought for the bridges of Arnhem against the Nazis. Survivors of the Battle of Arnhem return to the village every late summer with the 216 Signals Regiment for Arnhem Weekend. There is a church service held in Saint Vincents Church, a Gala, parade through the village of the veterans and soldiers and other events in the village. The Paratroopers HQ was Holy Cross House to the south of the village which no longer stands (which was known to be haunted by ‘the grey lady’), now there is a small housing estate. There is a stained glass window memorial in Saint Vincents Church.
Anglo-Saxon and Norman History:
Before the Norman Conquest, Aelric (son of Mergeat) was the lord of the parish. After the Conquest of England by William the Conqueror the lord (as recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book) was Robert de Vessey. He was most likely rewarded with land by King William I after the invasion as he didn't own land prior. The Domesday Book noted that Caythorpe was in the hundred of Lovden and had a population of 172 (top 20% of settlements recorded).
Village
Caythorpe Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Vincent. The church has a wide double nave divided by Geometric (early Decorated) piers. The central tower supports a crocketed spire rising to 156 feet. Within the church are monuments to the Hussey family, dated 1698 and 1725, and over the tower arch are remains of paintings of the Last Judgment, The churchyard cross, restored in 1906, is a scheduled ancient monument.
Grade II* listed Caythorpe Court lies on the northern edge of the village; it was built between 1824 and 1827 in the classical style. The park wall is all that remains of the earlier house, the seat of the Hussey family.
The Red Lion and the Waggon and Horses are the two village public houses.
There was once served by a railway station on the Grantham and Lincoln railway line.
Mensa International has had its registered office in the village since 2008.
Agricultural college
Caythorpe Court, to the east of the village, was built as a hunting lodge, used in the Second World War as an auxiliary hospital and from 1946 it was Kesteven Agricultural College – the only college of its type in south-west Lincolnshire, recognised nationally for its excellence in agricultural engineering. In 1980 it became part of Lincolnshire College of Agriculture and Horticulture, and in 1994 was taken over by De Montfort University. When Riseholme Agricultural College, also part of De Montfort, was adopted by the new University of Lincoln in 2001, Caythorpe was subsumed into Lincoln as the Lincolnshire School of Agriculture. The school closed in September 2002, after which the building became a PGL activity centre.
Notable people
Edmund Weaver, 18th-century astronomer and land agent, lived at Frieston. He was buried at St Vincent's Church, where his memorial is placed in the south chancel. George Hussey Packe (1796–1874), MP for the Southern Division of the County of Lincolnshire and Chairman of the Great Northern Railway, built and lived at Caythorpe Hall and provided the village school and patronage for St Vincent's Church.
Gallery
References
External links
Caythorpe and Frieston Parish Council, Lincolnshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2011
"Village fights asylum plan", BBC News, 13 January 2003. Retrieved 13 July 2011
Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caythorpe%2C%20Lincolnshire |
The Anchiskhati Basilica of St Mary () is the oldest surviving church in Tbilisi, Georgia. It belongs to the Georgian Orthodox Church and dates from the sixth century.
History
According to the old Georgian annals, the church was built by the King Dachi of Iberia (circa 522-534) who had made Tbilisi his capital. Originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary, it was renamed Anchiskhati (i.e., icon of Ancha) in 1675 when the treasured icon of the Savior created by the twelfth-century goldsmith Beka Opizari at the Ancha monastery in Klarjeti (in what is now part of northeast Turkey) was moved to Tbilisi to preserve it from an Ottoman invasion. The icon was preserved at the Basilica of St Mary for centuries (it is now on display at the Art Museum of Georgia).
The basilica was damaged and rebuilt on several occasions from the 15th through 17th centuries due to wars between Georgia and the Persians and Turks. The brick belfry near the Anchiskhati Basilica was built by Catholicos Domenti in 1675.
The look of the structure was drastically changed in the 1870s, when a dome was added. During the Soviet period, all religious ceremonies at Anchiskhati Basilica were halted, and the building transformed into a museum for handicrafts. It was later used as an art studio. From 1958 to 1964 restoration works took place in celebration of the 1500th Jubilee of the founding of Tbilisi, which changed the view of the church back to the seventeenth-century version, however, it was not until 1991, after the independence of Georgia was restored, that the basilica reverted to religious use.
The Anchiskhati Choir based out of the Anchiskhati Basilica is the world's leading exponent of Georgian polyphonic choral music.
Architecture
Anchiskhati Basilica is a three-span basilica, divided by two abutments forming horseshoe shaped conches, which indicates the antiquity of its construction. Originally constructed of blocks of yellow tuff stone, the 1958-1964 restoration made extensive use of brick. The structure has entrances on three sides, but today only the western entrance is in use. Aside from the altarpiece, which was painted in 1683 by order of Catholicos Nikoloz Amilakhvari, all of the remaining paintings in the church date from the 19th century.
References
Abashidze, Irakli. Ed. Georgian Encyclopedia. Vol. IX. Tbilisi, Georgia: 1985.
Amiranashvili, Shalva. History of Georgian Art. Khelovneba: Tbilisi, Georgia: 1961.
Grigol Khantsteli. Chronicles of Georgia.
Rosen, Roger. Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus. Odyssey Publications: Hong Kong, 1999.
External links
Tbilisi city government site
Georgian Orthodox churches in Tbilisi
Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Georgia (country)
6th-century churches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchiskhati%20Basilica |
The Venezuela national baseball team (Spanish: Selección de béisbol de Venezuela or Selección de Venezuela) is the national team of Venezuela. It is currently ranked sixth in the world by the World Baseball Softball Confederation, behind the Mexico and ahead of the Netherlands. The team will compete against Israel, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua in the 2023 World Baseball Classic in March 2023 in Miami, Florida.
Current roster
Results and fixtures
The following is a list of professional baseball match results currently active in the latest version of the WBSC World Rankings, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Legend
2019
2022
2023
Tournament record
World Baseball Classic
In June 2005, Major League Baseball announced the formation of the World Baseball Classic, a sixteen nation international competition to be held in March 2006 for the first time. The team Venezuela sent to the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classic included Venezuelan players from Major League Baseball. A player is eligible to participate on a WBC national team if:
The player is a citizen of the nation the team represents.
The player is qualified for citizenship or to hold a passport under the laws of a nation represented by a team, but has not been granted citizenship or been issued a passport, then the player may be made eligible by WBCI upon petition by the player or team.
The player is a permanent legal resident of the nation or territory the team represents.
The player was born in the nation or territory the team represents.
The player has one parent who is, or if deceased was, a citizen of the nation the team represents.
The player has one parent who was born in the nation or territory the team represents.
2009: Bronze medal
Venezuela competed in the 2009 World Baseball Classic, playing its opening games in Pool C, in Toronto, Ontario. The Venezuelans secured advancement out of Pool C with a pair of resounding wins over Italy. Along the way, Venezuela also lost a 15–6 slugfest against the United States, but won twice against the same team.
2013: First round exit
In the 2013 World Baseball Classic, Venezuela was eliminated by Puerto Rico, who went on to eliminate Italy, the United States and two-time defending champion Japan. Their placing as the third team in Pool C after defeating newcomers Spain was sufficient to secure direct qualification to the 2017 World Baseball Classic.
2017: Misses the finals again
2023
The team will compete against Team Israel, Team Puerto Rico, Team Dominican Republic, and Team Nicaragua in the 2023 World Baseball Classic in March 11–15, 2023 in Miami, Florida.
Baseball World Cup
2009 IBAF World Cup
In 2009, Europe will host the IBAF World Cup. It will mark the first time in history the Baseball World Cup will not be hosted by a certain country, but rather a whole continent. The 2009 Baseball World Cup will take place from 9–27 September. Seven European countries will host and participant in the tournament of 22 teams. The event will be made up of five groups consisting of four teams each, for a total of 20 teams. Italy (Bollate, Bologna, Codogno, Florence, Macerata, Milan, Parma, Piacenza, Reggio Emilia, Rimini, San Marino, Turin, Trieste, Verona and Vicenza) and Netherlands (Rotterdam, Haarlem and Amsterdam) serve as hosts of the sixteen teams of the second round ( 14–20 September), and therefore receive first round byes. The groups are as follows:
Group A (hosted by the Czech Republic in Prague): Czech Republic, Australia, Chinese Taipei & Mexico
Group B (hosted by Spain in Barcelona): Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico & South Africa
Group C (hosted by Sweden in Stockholm): Sweden, Canada, South Korea & Netherlands Antilles
Group D (hosted by Russia in Moscow): Russia, France/Great Britain, Japan & Nicaragua
Group E (hosted by Germany in Regensburg): Germany, China, U.S.A. & Venezuela
Pan American Games
U-23 Baseball World Cup
Players
2006 World Baseball Classic
2009 World Baseball Classic
2013 World Baseball Classic
Uniform
See also
Players from Venezuela in MLB
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela%20national%20baseball%20team |
The Red in the Sky Is Ours is the debut album by the Swedish death metal band At the Gates released on 27 July 1992. It was re-released in 1993 along with With Fear I Kiss the Burning Darkness and then in 2003 with bonus tracks.
Background information
When At the Gates began recording The Red in the Sky Is Ours, the group had been together for a mere year. In comparison to 1991 EP Gardens of Grief, guitarist Anders Björler feels that The Red in the Sky Is Ours is more structured. In certain instances, Björler deems the record "experimental" nonetheless. At this time, the group's members started to learn about one another musically. Björler was at the time very inspired by guitarist Alf Svensson's ideas, and called them "over the top" and "extremely challenging". However, Björler went on to comment that the group "tried too hard to impress people with too many riffs and weird songwriting".
Björler has criticised the production also, dubbing it "weird" and "very weak-sounding".
Reception
Decibel awarded the album an induction into the Decibel Magazine Hall of Fame in September 2014, becoming the second At the Gates album to receive such award.
Track listing
Credits
At the Gates
Songwriting Credits:
1. The Red in the Sky Is Ours/The Season to Come - (Björler/Lindberg)/(Traditional)
2. Kingdom Gone - (Björler, A./Svensson/Lindberg)
3. Through Gardens of Grief - (Svensson/Björler, A./Lindberg)
4. Within - (Svensson/Björler/Lindberg)
5. Windows - (Björler, A./Lindberg)
6. Claws of Laughter Dead - (Svensson/Björler/Lindberg)
7. Neverwhere - (Svensson/Lindberg)
8. The Scar - (Björler, A./Lindberg)
9. Night Comes, Blood Black - (Svensson/Björler, A./Lindberg)
10. City of Screaming Statues - (Svensson/Björler, A./Lindberg)
Recording Line-Up:
Tomas Lindberg – vocals
Anders Björler – guitars
Alf Svensson - guitars
Adrian Erlandsson – drums
Jonas Björler - bass
Tony Andersson - bass guitar (credited but does not perform on the album)
Guest musician:
Jesper Jarold – violin on "The Season to Come", "Through Gardens of Grief", "Within" and "Neverwhere"
References
1992 debut albums
At the Gates albums
Peaceville Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Red%20in%20the%20Sky%20Is%20Ours |
Lord Justice may refer to:
A member of a collective regency in the temporary absence of the sovereign or viceroy:
Lords Justices of Ireland, in the absence of the chief governor
Under the Regency Acts until 1840, if the monarch died while the heir was abroad, Lords Justices would be appointed until the new monarch arrived.
Lords Justices appointed during the absence of King George I in 1719, when the king was in Hanover
Style of various senior judges in Britain or Ireland
Lord Justice of Appeal in England and Wales (since 1875)
Lord Justice of Appeal in Ireland (1877–1924)
Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland (since 1921)
Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery (1851–1875)
Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery in Ireland (1856–1877)
Lord Justice Clerk second most senior judge in Scotland
Lord Justice General senior criminal judge in Scotland, since 1836 merged with Lord President of the Court of Session
See also
Lord Chief Justice (disambiguation)
Lord Judge, style of Igor Judge, Baron Judge
Lady Justice, an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems
Justice Lord (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Justice |
Ronald Herbert Mason (January 14, 1940 – June 13, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey player, head coach, and university executive. A head coach of various American universities, most notably Michigan State University (MSU), he was the most successful coach in NCAA ice hockey history between 1993 and 2012 with 924 wins, until Jerry York (Boston College) became the new winningest coach with his 925th career win on December 29, 2012. Mason was athletic director at MSU from 2002 to 2008. He then served as senior advisor for the USHL Muskegon Lumberjacks. On December 2, 2013, Mason was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.
Family
Ron Mason was born the son of Harvey Mason, a salesman, and Agnes Mackay Mason, an elementary school teacher. He married the former Marion Bell on June 8, 1963. They had two daughters, Tracey (born 1963) and Cindy (born 1968) and two grandsons, Tyler and Travis. Travis was a defenseman on the Michigan State University hockey team until his graduation in 2016. Mason had one sister, Marion Mason Rowe.
Education
Mason earned a B.A. in physical education from St. Lawrence University in 1964 and a Masters in physical education from the University of Pittsburgh in 1965. Michigan State University awarded Mason an honorary doctorate in 2001.
Career as player
Mason played junior hockey with the Ontario Hockey Association’s Peterborough Petes and the Ottawa Junior Canadians. From there Mason enrolled at St. Lawrence University in the upstate town of Canton, New York where he lettered in hockey for three years. In his first season at SLU in 1960–61, Mason and the Skating Saints were NCAA national finalists. In 1961–62, Mason and SLU won the school's first Eastern College Athletic Conference championship and made the NCAA Frozen Four. In his final season, SLU won a school-record 20 games finishing 20–6–1. Mason led the team in scoring twice earning back-to-back first-team all-league honors. Mason was St. Lawrence's only player to earn that distinction until T. J. Trevelyan was named all-league in 2005 and 2006.
Career as coach
Mason coached one NAIA program, Lake Superior State, and two NCAA programs, Bowling Green State and Michigan State in 36 seasons from 1966 to 2002. He won two national titles: NAIA in 1972 with Lake Superior State and NCAA in 1986 with Michigan State. Ron Mason finished his coaching career as the all-time career victories leader in college hockey history with 924 wins. Boston College's Jerry York surpassed Mason's win total on December 31, 2012. Mason is also the career coaching victories leader at Michigan State with 635 wins. He is Bowling Green State's winningest coach by percentage winning over 71 percent of his 229 games at BGSU.
Mason had 33 seasons with a winning record, 30 seasons winning 20 or more games and 11 seasons winning 30 or more games. Mason won ten CCHA regular season championships and a record 13 CCHA tournament titles. He advanced his teams to the NCAA tournament 22 times—six times as the No. 1 seed—making the Frozen Four eight times. Mason was the CCHA coach of the year six times. He won the Spencer Penrose Memorial Trophy as the national coach of the year in 1992.
On January 26, 2002, a media report stated Mason would step down as coach at Michigan State to take over the athletic director position at MSU. On January 28, 2002, Mason made it official that he would leave his post as head ice hockey coach to become athletic director.
Lake Superior State
Mason started the hockey program at Lake Superior State University in 1966. In seven seasons at LSSU he produced four 20-win seasons and never lost more than 10 games. He guided the Lakers to the 1972 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) national championship.
Bowling Green State
In 1973 he moved to Bowling Green State University where he won three Central Collegiate Hockey Association regular season titles and three consecutive CCHA tournament titles in six seasons. In 1977 Bowling Green State earned their first berth in the NCAA tournament. The berth was a first for a team not from the Western Collegiate Hockey Association or Eastern Collegiate Athletic Conference in the NCAA tournament's 30-year history. It was the first of three consecutive NCAA tournaments under Mason. BGSU won the third-place game over defending national champion Wisconsin in the 1978 NCAA Frozen Four. In 1978–79 Mason coached BGSU to a then NCAA record 37 wins. The record would be broken in 1984-85 by Mason's own Michigan State team.
Michigan State
Michigan State University Athletic Director Joseph Kearney hired Mason to replace the retiring Amo Bessone on April 1, 1979. In his third season at MSU, Mason guided Michigan State to their first NCAA tournament in 15 seasons. Four seasons later in 1986, Mason led Michigan State to the school's second national title. Michigan State returned to the championship game the following season but lost to North Dakota. On March 12, 1993, with a 6-5 win over Kent State, Mason passed former Boston College coach Len Ceglarski to become college hockey's all-time winningest coach with 674 wins. While at MSU, Mason won a conference-record 10 CCHA tournament championships, including a conference-record four straight from 1982 to 1985. In addition, MSU won seven CCHA regular season titles under mason, earned 19 NCAA tournament appearances, and earned seven NCAA Frozen Four appearances.
Career as athletic director
Ron Mason began his duties as athletic director on July 1, 2002. Before he officially became athletic director, Mason chose Rick Comley as his successor as hockey coach.
On November 4, 2002, after a disappointing season and a series of off-the-field incidents with players, Mason fired head football coach Bobby Williams with three games left in the season and eventually hired John L. Smith away from Louisville as his permanent replacement. Mason fired Smith after three consecutive losing seasons, and Mason then hired Mark Dantonio away from Cincinnati, who brought the Spartans to football prominence.
While athletic director, the Michigan State hockey team won the school's third national title in 2007. Mason is the only person to have won NCAA ice hockey titles as head coach and athletic director. Mason also placed a priority seat licensing program in Spartan Stadium based on years of holding season tickets, contribution to the Ralph Young Fund, and a licensing fee for better seats on top of the price of season tickets. Further updates to increase revenue in Spartan Stadium included a $64 million USD expansion and improvements which include:
24 luxury suites
800 club seats
The "Grand Entrance" featuring high ceilings, glass walls, marble floors and a new home for the original Sparty statue
luxury concourse
Office space for Career Services, University Advancement and the MSU Alumni Office
State of the art recruiting lounge
Upgraded stadium-wide bathroom and concourse renovations
An increase of 3000 seats, bringing the total stadium capacity to 75,005
In September 2006, Michigan State University's Board of Trustees approved a contract extension for Mason extending his contract as MSU's athletic director through June 2008. He retired from the post of athletic director at Michigan State University on January 1, 2008, and was succeeded by Mark Hollis.
Legacy with the CCHA
In addition to his success as a coach, Mason was involved in organizing the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) and helping it to grow into one of the most powerful college hockey conferences of the 1980s, '90s, and 2000s. When Mason began coaching in 1966 there were only two major conferences in the NCAA, the Eastern College Athletic Conference and the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. While building the ice hockey program at Lake Superior State to Division I status, Mason found that his team was left without a conference. In 1972 Mason, along with Bowling Green State University's Jack Vivian, St. Louis University's Bill Selman, Ohio State University's Dave Chambers, Ohio University's John McComb and the CCHA's first commissioner Fred Jacoby, formed the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Mason's coaching tenure at Bowling Green State produced the CCHA's first NCAA tournament berth, first appearance in the NCAA Frozen Four, and first national No. 1 ranking.
For his contributions in helping build the CCHA, the conference renamed their tournament championship trophy as the Mason Cup in 2000–01.
Philanthropy
Mason volunteered with the Sparrow Foundation, where he established the Ron Mason Fund for Pediatric Rehabilitation, which helps children with disabilities. The fund has raised $675,000 for the foundation since 1998. He was also the honorary chairperson for the Children's Miracle Network, which has raised $19 million-plus since 1989.
Death
Mason died on the morning of June 13, 2016, in Haslett, Michigan, after suffering a heart attack. He was 76.
Notable players coached
In his 36 years, Mason coached a number of outstanding players.
Hobey Baker Award winners
Hobey Baker Award finalists
AHCA All-America
CCHA Player of the Year
NHL first round draft picks
Joe Murphy was first NCAA player selected first overall
Select NHL players
Olympians
Head coaching record
See also
List of college men's ice hockey coaches with 400 wins
Awards and honors
References
External links
1940 births
2016 deaths
Bowling Green Falcons ice hockey coaches
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey coaches
Michigan State Spartans athletic directors
Michigan State Spartans ice hockey coaches
Sportspeople from Huron County, Ontario
Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players
St. Lawrence Saints men's ice hockey players
United Hockey League coaches
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Mason |
Hotel Astoria () is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia, that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites, and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral and across from the historic Imperial German Embassy. Hotel Astoria, along with its neighboring sister hotel, Angleterre Hotel, is owned and managed by Rocco Forte Hotels. The hotel underwent a complete refurbishment in 2012.
History
The building (originally a four-story apartment building) was bought by the English joint-stock company Palace Hotel to turn it into a hotel with European quality standards. It was designed by Russian-Swedish architect Fyodor Lidval, who developed a style based on Art Nouveau and also influenced by Neoclassical architecture. The hotel was constructed by the German construction company Wayss & Freytag AG.
It was built to host tourists visiting Russia for the Romanov tercentenary, a huge celebration of 300 years of Russian imperial rule in May 1913. Hotel Astoria opened on December 23, 1912. The luxurious hotel was used during the celebrations to house guests of the imperial family, and was afterwards popular with the aristocracy. Rasputin was said to stay there with some of his married lovers.
After the Russian Revolution, the Hotel Astoria housed members of the Communist Party. Lenin spoke from its balcony in 1919. During World War II, the hotel served as a field hospital during the Siege of Leningrad. There is a legend that Adolf Hitler reportedly planned to hold a victory banquet in the hotel's Winter Garden. He was so convinced Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) would fall quickly that invitations to the event were printed in advance.
The hotel was managed by the state-run Intourist group during the Soviet period, until it closed in 1987 for renovations. It reopened in 1989, completely restored. Rocco Forte Hotels purchased the hotel in December 1997 and spent $20 million on further renovations. The hotel was renovated again in 2012 for its centennial. Rocco Forte Hotels also owns and manages the adjacent Angleterre Hotel.
Famous guests
The hotel's many famous guests have included Lenin, Isadora Duncan, H. G. Wells, Alexander Vertinsky, Prince Charles, Luciano Pavarotti, Madonna, Elton John, John Denver, Jack Nicholson, Vladimir Putin, Alain Delon, Gina Lollobrigida, Marcello Mastroianni, Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Pierre Cardin, Jean Paul Gaultier, Margaret Thatcher, Jacques Chirac, Tony Blair and U.S. President George W. Bush. Writer Mikhail Bulgakov spent his honeymoon at the hotel in 1932 and is said to have written parts of The Master and Margarita in room 412.
Awards
2014
Conde Nast Traveller Awards: inclusion in Top 100 Hotels and Resorts in the World by Conde Nast Traveller Awards
See also
References
External links
Official website
Rocco Forte Collection Website
Astoria
Tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg
Saint Isaac's Square
Astoria
Astoria
Art Nouveau architecture in Saint Petersburg
Astoria
1912 establishments in the Russian Empire
Companies nationalised by the Soviet Union
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Astoria%20%28Saint%20Petersburg%29 |
The Maghrib prayer is the fourth daily salat in Islam, offered just after sunset.
Maghrib or Maghreb may also refer to:
Greater Maghreb, a region of North Africa west of Egypt
Maghrebis, inhabitants of the Greater Maghreb
Morocco, whose Arabic name is al-Maghrib, "the Maghrib"
Moroccans, inhabitants of Morocco
Maghrebi script, a form of Arabic calligraphy
Magrib (film), a 1993 Indian Malayalam film
Maghreb, Iran, a village in Fars Province, Iran
See also
Al Gharbiyah (disambiguation)
Arab Maghreb Union
Maghrebi mint tea
Barbary Coast
Tamazgha
West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrib%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The music of the video game Final Fantasy XII was composed primarily by Hitoshi Sakimoto. Additional music was provided by Masaharu Iwata and Hayato Matsuo, who also orchestrated the opening and ending themes. Former regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu's only work for this game was "Kiss Me Good-Bye", the theme song sung by Angela Aki. The Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack was released on four Compact Discs in 2006 by Aniplex. A sampling of tracks from the soundtrack was released as an album entitled Selections from Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack, and was released in 2006 by Tofu Records. Additionally, a promotional digital album titled The Best of Final Fantasy XII was released on the Japanese localization of iTunes for download only in 2006. "Kiss Me Good-Bye" was released by Epic Records as a single in 2006, and Symphonic Poem "Hope", the complete music from the game's end credits, was released by Hats Unlimited the same year. An abridged version of the latter piece, which originally accompanied a promotional video for the game, was included in the official soundtrack album. An album of piano arrangements, titled Piano Collections Final Fantasy XII, was released by Square Enix in 2012.
The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics; while several felt that it was an excellent album, others disagreed, finding it to be a good soundtrack but lacking in substance. Common complaints about the album were the large number of filler tracks, which seemed to be uninspired and hurt the soundtrack as a whole. However, several reviewers commented on "Kiss Me Good-bye", finding it to be one of the soundtrack's strongest areas. The singles for the soundtrack were very well received by critics, who found them to be very enjoyable but short in duration, and the piano album was considered by reviewers to be one of the best in the series. The game's soundtrack was nominated for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts award for Best Original Score.
Creation and influence
Hitoshi Sakimoto composed most of the game's soundtrack; Nobuo Uematsu, following his departure from Square Enix in 2004, only contributed the theme song, "Kiss Me Good-Bye", sung by Angela Aki. Uematsu noted that Aki's style of playing the keyboard while singing reminded him of his childhood idol, Elton John, which was one of the reasons he chose her. Aki was approached for the role three years before the release of the game. She based her words for the song on "a scene of a new journey after good-bye", which was the sense she had gotten from Uematsu's melody, and was encouraged by Uematsu not to limit herself in her lyrics to what she thought the producers wanted. Sakimoto was brought in to compose the soundtrack to the game by Yasumi Matsuno, the producer of the game, five months before the game was officially announced. Sakimoto experienced difficulty following in Uematsu's footsteps, but he decided to create a unique soundtrack in his own way, although he cites Uematsu as his biggest musical influence.
Sakimoto did not meet with Uematsu for direction on creating the soundtrack and tried to avoid copying Uematsu's style from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks. However, he did attempt to ensure that his style would mesh with Uematsu's "Kiss Me Good-Bye" and the overall vision of the series. The soundtrack also includes pieces composed by Uematsu for previous Final Fantasy games, with new arrangements by Sakimoto. These tracks include "Final Fantasy ~FFXII Version~", "Victory Fanfare ~FFXII Version~", "Chocobo FFXII Arrange Ver. 1", "Chocobo ~FFXII Version~", and "Clash on the Big Bridge ~FFXII Version~". Of these, all but "Clash on the Big Bridge" are recurring pieces used in almost every Final Fantasy game. "Clash on the Big Bridge" plays during the battle with Gilgamesh, as it did in Final Fantasy V. Sakimoto created the music for the game based on the atmosphere of the game and the emotional changes of the characters, rather than the story, so that the music would not be affected by changes in the development of the game. Sakimoto stated in an interview included in a bonus disc of the collector's edition of the game that his favorite pieces from the soundtrack are the "world" themes in the outdoor areas, and that his overall favorite is "The Cerobi Steppe".
Soundtrack
Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy XII, containing musical tracks from the game, and was composed and produced by Hitoshi Sakimoto. Additional music was provided by Masaharu Iwata and Hayato Matsuo, who also orchestrated the opening and ending themes. The soundtrack spans four discs and 100 tracks, covering a duration of 4:54:34. It was released on May 31, 2006 in Japan by Aniplex, bearing the catalog numbers SVWC-7351~4. The limited edition of the soundtrack included a 28-page booklet featuring artwork for the game and providing information about the soundtrack.
An album entitled Selections from Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack was released on October 31, 2006 by Tofu Records containing 31 tracks from the full Final Fantasy XII soundtrack. The tracks were the same versions as on the full soundtrack, although some tracks that repeated were cut shorter. The album covers a duration of 73:23 and has a catalog number of TOF-033. Additionally, a promotional digital album titled The Best of Final Fantasy XII was released on the Japanese localization of iTunes for download only on March 15 the same year. The album contains 11 tracks handpicked by Hitoshi Sakimoto, including versions of "Theme of Final Fantasy XII" and "Chocobo FFXII Arrange Ver. 1" that were ultimately not used in the game.
The game's soundtrack was nominated for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts award for Best Original Score. Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack has sold 31,000 copies as of January 2010. It reached #7 on the Japanese Oricon charts, and stayed on the charts for six weeks. The album received mixed reviews from critics. Jared's review from Square Enix Music Online cited that the soundtrack "utilizes ambiance, power, intensity and beauty" and termed the album to be "amazing", though he felt that the lack of melody "hurts this soundtrack" and that some of the tracks were "bare of inspiration". Meghan Sullivan of IGN thought that the composer was "trying too hard to evoke emotion" and that many of the tracks were "over-the-top and bombastic", though she did feel that there were certain tracks that "manage[d] to be stirring". She also stated that Uematsu's only work for the soundtrack, "Kiss Me Good-bye", is a "strong end to a surprisingly trite collection". Greg Kasavin of GameSpot, on the other hand, felt that it was a "beautifully composed soundtrack" that sounded "fantastic". Patrick Gann of RPGFan found it to be "a great work", but "somewhat lacking in substance", concluding that he had "a lot of mixed feelings about it", while Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan disagreed, enjoying the soundtrack and finding it to be an "excellent" album, and "better than [he] could have expected".
Track list
Piano album
Piano Collections Final Fantasy XII is an album of piano arrangements of music from the game. The thirteen tracks on the album, totaling 1:01:48 in length, were composed by Sakimoto and arranged and performed by Casey Ormond. The album was released by Square Enix on November 7, 2012 with the catalog number SQEX-10347, and was also published that same day as part of Final Fantasy XII OST & Piano Collections, a pack containing the album and the original soundtrack album with the catalog numbers SQEX-10348~52. A book of sheet music for the album has also been released.
Sakimoto originally heard of Ormond due to an arrangement he had made of "The Skycity of Bhujerba" in 2009, which, after discussion between the two about several other arrangements Ormond made of Sakimoto's work, lead to the two officially working together on Valkyria Chronicles Piano Pieces, an album of piano arrangements for Valkyria Chronicles. The style of arrangements on the Final Fantasy XII album range from classical to a "moody piece with plenty of sultry jazz tones", one of the two pieces located at the end of the album which Ormond had arranged prior to officially beginning the project. Many of the pieces contain an "improvisational" sense, even when not technically jazz-based, and several depart notably from the style of the original works. Ormond based many of the changes in theme or mood of his arrangements off of where the pieces were used in the original game, attempting to highlight the perspectives of different characters or ideas from the scenes they were played in.
The album was well received by reviewers, with Don Kotowski of Square Enix Music Online calling it one of the best Final Fantasy piano arrangement albums, a claim echoed by Derek Heemsbergen of RPGFan. Heemsbergen added that "Ormond shows reverence for Sakimoto's original material while exploring musical ideas in a style all his own" and praised the variety of the music. Kotowski praised both the "variety of moods" covered by the pieces as well as the overall cohesiveness of the album.
The Zodiac Age
Corresponding with the release of a high-definition remaster of the International Zodiac Job System version of Final Fantasy XII, subtitled The Zodiac Age, Square Enix released an album of music from the game. The 102-track album, released digitally and physically on Blu-ray on July 19, 2017, contains new compositions and arrangements of the original tracks by Sakimoto. A limited edition of the album included an additional CD of just the arrangements. Tien Hoang of VGMOnline reviewed the album, and found it a "great update to a complex score"; they felt that the live instruments improved the score, though not as much as a full orchestra could have, and found the new tracks to be "fine but not groundbreaking".
Singles
Kiss Me Good-Bye
Kiss Me Good-Bye is the theme song of Final Fantasy XII, and is the third Japanese single by Angela Aki. The only vocal piece in the game, it was set to tunes composed by Nobuo Uematsu, arranged by Kenichiro Fukui and produced by Motoki Matsuoka. The single was released by Epic Records in Japan on March 15, 2006, covering a duration of 19:59 and bearing the catalog number ESCL-2810. A limited edition was also released bearing the catalog number ESCL-2808 featuring a DVD containing the Kiss Me Good-Bye video clip which included both shots of Aki performing the single and clips from the video game. Unlike previous Final Fantasy games, the theme song is sung in English in both the Japanese and North American versions of the game. The version featured on the CD single has a slightly different arrangement and Japanese lyrics; however, the English version that was featured in the game is included as a bonus track. An English version of the single was released as a digital single on May 16 the same year under the title Kiss Me Good-Bye [EP] in North America through Tofu Records.
"Kiss Me Good-bye" reached #6 on the Oricon charts and remained on the charts for 18 weeks. The release was seen by critics as an excellent single, with Gann feeling that both the Final Fantasy XII and non-game tracks held their weight equally.
Symphonic Poem "Hope"
is a single released by violinist Taro Hakase and is the full version of the game's ending credits music. The piece has been described as a "mini-symphony" for Final Fantasy XII inspired by the main theme for the game. The single contains five tracks, arranged by Taro Hakase and Yuji Toriyama and produced by Taro Hakase, and features performance by the London Philharmonic Orchestra. A shorter edit blending the first, second and fifth movements of the symphonic poem was used in a promotional video for the game, and appears as a single track in the official soundtrack release. Symphonic Poem "Hope" was released on March 1, 2006 by Hats Unlimited bearing the catalog number HUCD-10015.
Hope was found by critics to be an enjoyable single, though at only 9 minutes long, Gann felt he could have "gotten by without it", although he said that for other listeners, their "collection may not be complete without this little gem". Dave of Square Enix Music Online concurred with that sentiment, saying that "despite the length of the album, it easily grew on" him. "Hope" reached #15 on the Oricon charts and remained on the charts for 16 weeks.
Legacy
"Kiss Me Good-bye" was performed by the Chicagoland Pops Orchestra and Angela Aki for Play! A Video Game Symphony, a worldwide video game music orchestral concert series. The Eminence Symphony Orchestra performed "Victory Fanfare", "Clan Headquarters", and "Penelo's Theme" at the three "Passion" concerts held in Australia and Singapore in December 2006. "Penelo's Theme" was again played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30, 2010. Selections of music from the game also appear on Japanese remix albums, called dojin music, and on English remixing websites.
References
External links
Official Angela Aki Site
Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack home page at Square Enix
Final Fantasy music
Music
Video game soundtracks
Video game music discographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Final%20Fantasy%20XII |
The Hermitage Theatre () in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River.
The Hermitage Theatre was the second theatre of the Winter Palace. It replaced the Russian Imperial Theater, which operated from 1764 until 1783. The Hermitage Theatre was built between 1783 and 1787 at the behest of Catherine the Great to a Palladian design by Giacomo Quarenghi. The crumbling Third Winter Palace of Peter the Great was demolished to make room for the new structure, although its old foundations are still visible in the ground floor. Quarenghi's designs for the theatre were engraved and published in 1787, earning him a European reputation.
The semicircular auditorium is decorated with color marble and surrounded with ten niches for statues of Apollo and the muses. As the interior has never been overhauled, the original stage machinery remains in situ, but the elaborate sets, an acclaimed work of the Italian artist Pietro Gonzaga (1751-1831), were lost during the years of Soviet neglect.
The ceremonial opening of the theatre took place on 22 November 1785. Though the auditorium could seat no more than 250 spectators, it was often overcrowded. Usually, the performance would be attended by several dozen aristocratic spectators, all invited by the monarch herself. As a sign of gratitude, a separate loge was reserved for the architect Quarenghi and his family. In the 19th century, selected members of the diplomatic corps were admitted to the theatre as well.
Although the building was used to entertain the imperial family until the Russian Revolution, it came to be viewed as a rare monument to Catherine's personal tastes and affections. The empress brought out several comedies specifically to be staged in this theatre, which also saw the premieres of Domenico Cimarosa's operas composed to her own librettos. As for the costumes, they were chosen from a 15,000-dress personal wardrobe of the late Empress Elizabeth.
Mathilde Kschessinska, Anna Pavlova, and Fyodor Chaliapin were among the great artists who performed at the Hermitage Theatre for the last Russian tsar. Among the ballets performed there was the premiere of Marius Petipa's Harlequinade, in 1900. The Bolsheviks closed the theatre and utilised the building for administrative purposes. It was not until 1991 that performances were resumed on this stage, with the likes of Svyatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich and Yelena Obraztsova appearing as guest stars.
References
Avramenko S.I. Воспоминания об Эрмитажном театре. SPb, 1992.
External links
Website of the Hermitage Theatre
Website of the Hermitage Museum
Historical outline
Theatres in Saint Petersburg
Neoclassical architecture in Russia
Hermitage Museum
Theatres completed in 1787
1785 establishments in the Russian Empire
1780s establishments in the Russian Empire
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage%20Theatre |
Koonsville is a former American town that is now a section of Union Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. It is located approximately one mile outside Shickshinny, along Route 239 and McKendree Road. Its elevation is approximately 616 feet (188 m).
History
Formerly known as Arch Bridge, this town was named for the stone bridge that crosses Shickshinny Creek. It served as a logging community until the Battle of Wyoming in 1778, when most of the white settlers fled their homes, fearing Iroquois raids. Several farmers and loggers returned a few years later to rebuild, including Shadrick Austin, who bought of land and, in 1801, established the Austin Family Inn.
Upon the establishment of the post office in 1850, the area was incorporated and renamed as Koonsville to honor William Koons, the town's first postmaster, who had moved to the area and occupied the Austin family inn that year.
That post office was decommissioned at the beginning of World War II; Koonsville is now serviced by the Shickshinny post office.
References
Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonsville%2C%20Pennsylvania |
Sir Frank Trevor Roger Bigham, KBE, CB (22 May 1876 – 23 November 1954) was an English barrister, an Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police from 1914 to 1931, and Deputy Commissioner from 1931 to 1935. He was the first officer to hold the position of Deputy Commissioner as a separate rank and not as an honorary title while also serving as an Assistant Commissioner.
Early life and education
Trevor Bigham was the third son (although the second surviving) of the judge, John Charles Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, and was entitled to the style "The Honourable" after 1910 due to his father's peerage. He was a King's Scholar at Eton College from 1890 to 1895, and then went up to Magdalen College, Oxford. He took a second in Mods in 1895 and a first in Literae Humaniores in 1899. In 1901, he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple. On 24 January 1900, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 24th (Territorial Force) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment.
Police career
On 4 December 1909, Bigham was appointed the Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID). On 29 January 1914, he succeeded Frederick Bullock as Assistant Commissioner "L", in charge of the Legal Department of Scotland Yard. During the First World War, he spent most of his time dealing with the control of aliens, and in 1919 he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).
On 6 November 1922, Bigham and his colleague, Assistant Commissioner Frank Elliott, were sent a box of chocolate éclairs poisoned with arsenic. Luckily, they were suspicious and did not eat them, and Walter Tatam, who had a history of mental problems, was later found guilty of attempted murder.
In 1928, he became Assistant Commissioner "C", in charge of CID. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Metropolitan Police Centenary Honours of 3 June 1929.
Following the sudden death of Sir Charles Royds on 5 January 1931, Bigham succeeded him as Assistant Commissioner "A", in charge of administration and uniformed operations and with the courtesy title of Deputy Commissioner. He also immediately became Acting Commissioner, as Lord Byng was absent on medical leave in France. Shortly afterwards, following a reorganisation, he became solely Deputy Commissioner, being succeeded as Assistant Commissioner "A" by Lieutenant-Colonel David Allan. Bigham retired in January 1935.
Family
Bigham married, at Temple Church, London, on 17 December 1901, Frances Leonora Tomlin, daughter of J. L. Tomlin. They had two daughters. She died in 1927, and four years later he married Edith Drysdale, a civilian official at Scotland Yard.
Footnotes
External links
Photographic portrait of Bigham in the National Portrait Gallery
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Deputy Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
1876 births
1954 deaths
English barristers
Members of the Middle Temple
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Younger sons of viscounts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Bigham |
Emmelshausen is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, to which it also belongs. Emmelshausen is a state-recognized climatic spa (Luftkurort), and in state planning is set out as a lower centre.
Geography
Location
The town lies in the Hunsrück roughly 6 km from the Rhine, south of Boppard and west of Sankt Goar.
Constituent communities
The Stadtteil of Liesenfeld lies on Emmelshausen's western town limit, on Landesstraße (State Road) 206 towards Gondershausen. It is the town's oldest centre. There is another Stadtteil called Basselscheid.
History
The earliest written documents date the founding of the settlement of Liesenfeld to the 15th century. As early as the 13th century, there was within what are now Emmelshausen's limits a settlement of the same name, which over time was forsaken. In the forest east of Emmelshausen was the Gallenscheid Court's execution place. The Court's administrative seat was Castle Schöneck. In 1314, the Court was pledged by the Empire to the Electorate of Trier, but the pledge was never redeemed. Beginning in 1794, Emmelshausen lay under French rule. In 1815 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna.
After the First World War, the municipalities of Liesenfeld, Basselscheid and Halsenbach ceded parts of their municipal areas so that the new railway station could be built in Emmelshausen. Emmelshausen became self-administering only in 1935; Liesenfeld and Basselscheid were amalgamated with the new municipality, which since 1946 has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In response to an application made by the Ortsgemeinde of Emmelshausen, the State Government of Rhineland-Palatinate decided on 1 September 2009 to designate Emmelshausen as a Stadt (“city”). The official act of conferral took place on 27 June 2010.
Politics
Town council
The honorary mayor is chair of the council.
Elections were held in May 2014.
Mayor
Emmelshausen's mayor is Andrea Mallmann.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads:
The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess, in chief per pale argent a cross gules and sable a lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned of the second, and in base gules three winged petasuses of the fourth.
Fifteen years after its modern founding, Emmelshausen was granted a coat of arms. It symbolizes the merger of the two centres of Basselscheid and Liesenfeld into the much newer railway centre of Emmelshausen. The two fields in the upper part of the escutcheon each refer to one of the older centres. The red cross on the silver field on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side stands for Basselscheid by referring to its former mediaeval allegiance to the Electorate of Trier, which bore this armorial device. Likewise, the charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, the lion rampant, was the armorial device borne by the Electorate of the Palatinate, to which Liesenfeld belonged until the 18th century. Indeed, the Trier Cross and the Palatine Lion are to be found in many modern German coats of arms in regions where these two bodies held sway. Below the line of partition stands a charge that is symbolic of not only the merger of the three centres, but also of this young town's quick development. It is three petasuses such as the one worn by the Roman god Mercury, complete with wings. Mercury is also not only a reference to the swiftness of the town's economic growth and steadily rising population, but also a reference to how these things came about, namely through the location of trade and industry in the town, rather than the practice of agriculture and handicraft industries that characterized so many other small places in the Hunsrück.
The arms have been borne since 1950.
Town partnerships
Emmelshausen fosters partnerships with the following places:
Luzy, Nièvre, France since 1985
Culture and sightseeing
In the field of culture, the Verbandsgemeinde of Emmelshausen is a centrepoint for the whole Rhine-Moselle Triangle. More than 20,000 spectators visit the Zentrum am Park (“Centre at the Park”) each year. The Kulturkreis Region Emmelshausen is with more than 2,200 members Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest cultural club, and its seat is in Emmelshausen. In the field of visual arts, a group known as die Wiebelsborner is very active.
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Emmelshausen (main centre)
Bahnhofstraße 12 – railway station on the Hunsrückbahn, 1908; reception building, partly quarrystone, one-and-a-half-floor storage and loading hall, partly timber-frame, railway facilities and tracks
Simmerner Straße 15 – one-floor wood-sided house, 20th century; whole complex of buildings with garden
Hunsrückbahn (monumental zone) – part of the line built between 1906 and 1908, one of the Prussian State Railway’s steepest stretches of line
Basselscheid
Saint Lucy’s Catholic Chapel (Kapelle St. Lucia), Kapellenweg 2 – brick aisleless church, marked 1896
Baybachstraße 8 – estate complex, mid 19th century, whole complex of buildings; timber-frame house, partly slated, timber-frame barn
Liesenfeld
Rhein-Mosel-Straße 107 – Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), about 1860
Chapel, north of Liesenfeld, near the Baunhöllermühle (mill) – aisleless church, 19th century
Clubs
About 100 clubs make for a great number of local festivals and events, thereby contributing to social coöperation and the practice of customs.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Emmelshausen is the terminus of the Hunsrückbahn (railway), which begins in Boppard. Passenger transport is operated by Rhenus Veniro GmbH & Co. KG.
References
External links
Brief portrait of Emmelshausen with film at SWR Fernsehen
Town’s official webpage
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmelshausen |
The Bunak (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) people are an ethnic group that live in the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor. Their language is one of those on Timor which is not an Austronesian language, but rather a Papuan language, belonging to the Trans–New Guinea linguistic family. They are surrounded by groups which speak Malayo-Polynesian languages, like the Atoni and the Tetum.
According to Languages of the World (Voegelin and Voegelin, 1977), there were about 100,000 speakers of the language, split evenly between the two nations.
Settlement area
Today's settlement area of the Bunak people is located in the mountains of central Timor, ranging from the East Timorese town of Maliana in the north to the Timor Sea in the south, where both the Bunak and the Tetun communities often live side by side in coexistence. The Bunak people are isolated linguistically and socially, since the adjacent Kemak people to the north, the Mambai people in the east, the Tetun people in the south and west and the Atoni people speak to the west speak Malayo-Polynesian languages. Bunak is considered as being one of the Papuan languages, even though there are strong influences from the neighboring languages. The other Timorese Papuan languages are spoken in the east of Timor. Because of the language diversity in the region, the Bunak people are able to speak at least one of the Malayo-Polynesian languages fluently (in East Timor, Tetum is the lingua franca), while their surrounding neighbors rarely learn the Bunak language. In the hard-to-reach mountains, the townships of the Bunak people are relatively isolated from their neighboring communities. In East Timor, their area expands to the west of Manufahi District and in West Timor (Indonesia) towards the east of the Belu Regency and Malaka Regency.
The Bunak people of East Timor live mainly in places like Bobonaro and Lolotoe in the town of Bobonaro District, Tilomar Subdistrict and Zumalai in the municipality of Cova Lima District, Cassa in the municipality of Ainaro District, and Betano and Same in the municipality of Manufahi District. In the western border area of Cova Lima District, the Bunak people form a minority among the Tetun people. However, many townships are mixed. Between Fohoren and the coast south of Suai mixed townships of Tetun and Bunak people are found. A total of 55,837 East Timorese speak the Bunak language as their native language.
In the eastern regions of West Timor, the Bunak people in Belu Regency form the majority in Lamaknen and South Lamaknen districts, and a minority in Riahat district in the southeast. Similarly, in the southeast of West Timor, the Tetun people form the majority. Individual Bunak settlements can be found among Tetun villages in the Rai Manuk district of Belu Regency, Kobalima, East Kobalima and East Malaka district of Malaka Regency. The westernmost Bunak settlements are Haroeh (Sanleo Administrative village, East Malaka district) and Welaus (North Lakekun Administrative village, Kobalima district). In the northwest are the isolated Bunak villages of Faturika, Renrua (both in Rai Manuk district) and Babulu (Kobalima district). To the east Bunak townships lie along the road to the Alas and South Alas Administrative village of East Kobalima district at the border with East Timor.
History and expansion
Mythical origins
According to legend, there was once a man named Mau Ipi Guloq who first domesticated the water buffalo. Together with his brother Asa Pharan, he one day caught two sows, which turned into women. His brother, however, claimed both women for himself, which eventually led Mau Ipi Guloq to part with him after a fight. One day a crow disturbed his buffalo, and so Mau Ipi Guloq shot a golden arrow at the bird with a golden blowpipe that he had borrowed from his brother. The crow flew with the arrow and Mau Ipi Guloq followed her into the underworld, where he met her sick ruler. Mau Ipi Guloq offered his help and discovered that his golden arrow was stuck in the ruler. He exchanged it with a bamboo arrow, which he soaked in his betel pouch. The ruler of the underworld was restored to health and gave Mau Ipi Guloq two oranges from a tree in the Underworld that turned into princesses. Asa Pharan asked his brother to exchange one of his wives for one of the princesses. But when he refused, Asan Paran threw Mau Ipi Guloq into a ravine and killed him. However, Mau Ipi Guloq's wives found him and brought him back to life by using an oil from the Underworld. He returned home healthy and brought back to his youth again; his brother also asked for a bath in the oil in order to be young again. Mau Ipi Guloq's wives heated the oil bath so much that Asa Pharan was scalded and died. Mau Ipi Guloq also married his brother's wives and became one of the main ancestors of the Bunak people.
Overview
Just as with any other Timorese ethnic group, there was originally no written tradition. All history and traditions were passed in by word of mouth until the coming of European colonization. Rich traditions do exist among the Timorese, especially the Bunak people. These narrative traditions are recited with repetition, rhyme and alliteration. This helps the performer remember the verses.
In general, it is assumed that Melanesians migrated to Timor around 3000 BC, to be partially displaced by later Proto-Malayo-Polynesian groups from 2500 BC. Some claim that the Fataluku people might have reached Timor from the east only after the Austronesians and that they were repressed or assimilated. There has been speculation of such a scenario even with the Makasae language. In the case of the Bunak people, however, there are only place names of Papuan linguistic origin in the homeland country, thus the Bunak people must have settled here before the Austronesians.
Moreover, as the Bunak people have common non-Austronesian vocabulary with the Fataluku language, Makasae language and Makalero language, the existence of a Proto-Timor-Papuan language, from which all the Papuan languages of Timor originate, had been postulated.
The present area of the Bunak people is the result of different migrations. Due to population growth, the Bunak people were forced to expand again and again to find new arable land. External influences also led to groups having to flee as well as forced resettlement.
Portuguese colonization began on Timor Island in the 16th century, while in the middle of the 18th century the Dutch extended their influence into the area of the Bunak people, so that it was divided into two sections, comprising a Western Dutch and an Eastern Portuguese sphere of interest. However, European rule remained predominantly nominal, with rule exercised by local traditional rulers. It was only in the early 20th century that the two colonial powers succeeded in building up a real colonial administration.
In the Second World War the Japanese occupied Timor from 1942 to 1945, ruling it as a single entity. There was fighting with Australian guerrilla commandos, with the aid of some Portuguese as well as many Timorese.
After the war, the west became part of Indonesia, while the east remained a Portuguese colony until 1975. When the Portuguese departed from Timor, the Indonesians first occupied the border region of East Timor. Nine days after the declaration of the Independence of East Timor, a full invasion followed, and a 24 year long struggle for independence. The civilian population fled the invasion into the wilderness, to only later have to gradually surrender to the invaders; it was not until 1979 that the last of the Bunak people living in the forests were forced to capitulate.
It was not until 1999 that Indonesia withdrew, and after three years of administration by the United Nations in East Timor did East Timir finally regain independence. however, the Bunak people and their homeland continued to be divided by the colonial border.
Since independence, more and more people from rural areas have moved to the capital, Dili, including many of the Bunak people. Many took up residence according to their geographical origin. Bunak speakers live in the west of the city in Comoro, Fatuhada and Bairro Pite, as well as in the city center in Suco Gricenfor, Acadiru Hun, Suco Santa Cruz and Suco Lahane Oriental. In 2006 there was unrest in the county, started mainly by East Timorese from Firaku and Kaladi. Bunak people belonging to the Kaladi were also involved in the conflict. In Dili, for example, there was confrontation between the Bunak people from Bobonaro District and Ermera District and Makasae people from Baucau District and Viqueque District for dominance in the market place.
Heartland
The heartland of the Bunak is located in the middle east of the East Timorese area of Bobonaro and north east of the municipality of Cova Lima District. Here is the only place where place names of Bunak origin are to be found, while in other areas inhabited by the Bunak there are also place names of Austronesian origin. Bunak settlements in bordering territories only have Austronesian place names. This indicates that the original homeland of the Bunak people lies in the center of the territory where the Bunak now cover.
In the Bunak language there are influences from Kemak and somewhat less from Mambai. From this we can conclude that the Bunak also had contact with the Mambai people and Kemak people in the past.
In the northeast, the Bunak people refer to themselves and their language as Gaiq or Gaeq, which is likely to derived from Mgai; the Kemak name for the Bunak people. According to Bunak oral traditions, they formerly belonged to the former kingdom of Likusa (Likosa), which once existed in the region of the Tokodede and Kemak people, which explains the adoption of anAustronesian name of the Bunak people. as well as the strong linguistic influence of the Kemak language on the Bunak language. In Marobo (Atsabe Administrative Post) and Suco Obulo, the Kemak people intermingled with the Bunak people, leading to cultural differences between the Kemak people on this side compared to the neighbouring Kemak people of Atsabe.
Between Maliana, Lamaknen and Maucatar
According to Bunak folk history in the northwest, they originally migrated from the east to the region south of Maliana and the present Indonesian districts of Lamaknen and Raihat. There they mingled peacefully with the local peoples, these being, according to source, the local Tetun or Atoin Meto people. The existing village names of Austronesian origin support these accounts. Legends of the Bunak people from the upper Lamaknen district, however, report that their forefathers had either expelled or killed the Melus (Timor) people when they came into the region. Research so far has not clarified whether the Melus were Tetun, Atoin Meto or another people. Investigations of the Bunak dialects suggest that the Bunak from the northeast and southwest met and settled in Lamaknen district. According to oral tradition, the region around Lamaknen district was an autonomous region of the Wehali Tetun people, bordering on the kingdom of Likusa. This influence can still be seen today as the Lamaknen dialect uses loanwords for ritual formulations from Tetum language.
In 1860 the region around Maucatar became a Dutch enclave, while the surrounding area was claimed by Portugal. The borders of the enclave coincided with the borders of the local Bunak kingdoms. The area now belongs to the Sucos of Holpilat, Taroman, Fatululic, Dato Tolu and Lactos. The territory of the then enclave of Maucatar is still inhabited by a large majority of Bunak. However, there are also Tetun place names. Therefore, it is assumed that the Bunak immigrated to this region and largely replaced the local Tetun, who today form a small minority.
In 1897 there were several battles around Lamaknen District areas between the northeastern kingdom of Lamaquitos (Lamakhitu) and the southern Lakmaras kingdom, which had as coalition partners the Bunak in the southwest. The end of this last traditional conflict between the indigenous kingdoms of the region has meant that the Bunak people in Lamaknen district have since gradually left their fortified villages on high ground and built houses close to water supplies. Spread out over a larger area, the clan members now only come to their clan houses to perform ceremonies.
As a result of the various territorial shifts between the Bunak kingdoms, however, the border between the two colonial powers of Portugal and the Netherlands remained a long-standing issue and was the subject of lengthy negotiations. In Lakmaras District, there were several deaths in the same year in clashes between Dutch and Portuguese troops. The Dutch claim to Maucatar was justified by Lakmaras sovereignty, which created a link to Maucatar. Meanwhile, Lakmaras had become subject to the kingdom of Lamaquitos, and this was part of the Portuguese sphere of power established by the Treaty of Lisbon in 1859. Maucatar would have failed as an Portugal enclave, according to the agreements that were already in place. On the other hand, the state of Tahakay (Tahakai, Tafakay, Takay; now in southern Lamaknen district) belonging to Portugal had subsequently become part of Lamaknen district. Tahakay, however, belonged to the Portuguese sphere of influence, while Lamaknen district belonged to the Dutch. Portugal opposed this loss in the negotiations of 1902, and therefore demanded the entire Dutch territories in the center of Timor. A compromise was reached with The Hague Convention of October 1, 1904: Portugal was to receive Maucatar, in exchange for the Portuguese enclave Noimuti in West Timor, and the border areas of Tahakay, Tamira Ailala and Tamiru Ailala of Lamaknen District. Portugal respected the treaty until 1909, but then there was a dispute over the border crossing on the eastern border of Oecusse District. In 1910, the Netherlands took advantage of the overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in order to regain Lakmaras with the help of European and Javanese troops.
In February 1911, following the 1904 Convention, Portugal tried to occupy Maucatar. However, in June, it faced a superior Dutch armed force from the Ambonese infantry, supported by European soldiers. On June 11, Portuguese troops occupied the territory of Lakmaras, but on July 18, Dutch and Javanese troops regained it. After the Dutch victory, the Portuguese then sought a peaceful agreement. They soon fell into trouble with a rebellion in the Manufahi District, which brought them to the negotiating table. On August 17, 1916, a treaty was signed in The Hague, which largely defined the borders between East and West Timor. On 21 November the agreed areas were exchanged. Noimuti, Maubisse, Tahakay and Taffliroe fell to the Netherlands, and Maucatar to Portugal, causing panic. Before the transfer to the Portuguese, 5,000 locals, mostly Bunaks, destroyed their fields and moved to West Timor. The population in Tamira Ailala would rather have stayed with Portugal, while in Tahakay the Dutch were welcomed.
It was only a few generations ago that Bunak established villages in the lowlands around Maliana, such as Tapo-Memo. Even today these villages still retain ritual relations with their native villages in the highlands.
After the Second World War, Bunak people from Lebos fled from the then Portuguese Timor to Lamaknen district. They were afraid of reprisals after collaborating with the Japanese during the Battle of Timor. The then ruler of Lamaknen, the Loroh (king) Alfonsus Andreas Bere Tallo, welcomed the arrival of the refugees, who founded the village of Lakus (in today's Desa Kewar).
As a result of the civil war between Augustine and UDT, refugees from East Timorese villages came to the border from August 1975 onwards. Among them were many Bunak people. They came from Odomau, Holpilat, Lela, Aitoun, Holsa, Memo and Raifun. At the end of August, the conflict crossed over to the other side of the border. Villages were destroyed, such as Henes in the Desa on the west side of the same name, which has not been rebuilt. The invasion of East Timor by Indonesia, which took place later in the following months, also caused more Bunak people to flee from their villages to escape the invasion. Some crossed the border, others sought shelter in the forests, where some of the people spent up to three years in hiding. Village communities were thus torn apart and resettled in different places until 1999. A similar fate befell the village of Abis in Lamaknen District. Although the inhabitants returned to their village after their escape in 1975, the village was burned down near the East Timor border. In 1999, other refugees also came to Lamaknen district from East Timor after the independence of East Timor and remain there to this day. There was fighting with the locals and in the process fields, huts and streets were destroyed.
Southwest of Cova Lima
Recently, Bunak people migrated to the southwest of Cova Lima District in two independent waves. The earlier group lives in slightly higher areas of Suco Beiseuc (formerly known as Foholulik, 2010: 30% Bunak) and Suco Lalawa (35% Bunak). They came in a large stream of refugees from the community of Bobonaro, when they fled in the Second World War before the arrival of the Japanese army. Guerrilla units of the Allies had operated against the Japanese of Lolotoe and the village of Bobonaro, and the Japanese troops carried out reprisals against the civilian population in Bobonaro in August 1942. This probably cost several tens of thousands of people their lives and drove others to flee.
The second wave are those Bunak people who settled in the lowlands between Suai and the border. They were forcibly resettled from northern Sucos in the Cova Lima District, such as Fatululic and Taroman, by the Indonesian occupation forces. The official reason was a development program for rice cultivation. However, in 1977, many East Timor peoples were forcibly removed from remote areas in order to cut support for Fretilin. The Indonesian army in East Timor set up so-called "Internment Camps", in which hundreds of thousands of civilians were interred.
Malaka and southern Belu
The Bunak of Namfalus village (Desa Rainawe, Kobalima District) originated in the same exodus of Bunak people in South Fohorem before the arrival of Japanese troops in the Second World War. Other Bunak people in this region are the descendants of the 5,000 refugees from Maucatar, who left the former Dutch enclave after the takeover by the Portuguese. The more recent Bunak people joined these villagers when they fled in 1975 and in 1999 when the violence in East Timor broke out.
The resettlement of the Maucatar Bunak people led to controversy with the local Tetun people, causing the Bunak to shift repeatedly. It was only in the 1930s that the administration succeeded in settling the refugees at their present places of residence. The Bunak people in these areas still trace their origin to certain places in Maucatar, such as those from Raakfao (Raakafau, Desa Babulu) in Fatuloro and those from Sukabesikun (Desa Litamali, Kobalima District) in Suco Belecasac. Despite the threat of assimilation to the neighboring Tetun people, they are still able to trace their origins.
Eastern Cova Lima
The Bunak settlements from Suai to Zumalai were also established only recently. The area was previously uninhabited. These relatively recent settlements also have connections to their places of origin. Thus, Beco village has a deep relationship with Teda village, east of Lolotoe, even though the migration was a few generations ago. Their dialect is close to that of the Lolotoe region, even if some of their vocabulary was taken from the southwestern dialect. Other settlements emerged only during the Indonesian occupation when all villages from the north along the southern coastal road around Zumalai were resettled. Their dialect is a Highlands dialect.
Ainaro and Manufahi
Bunak people live among the Mambai people in the south of Ainaro District and in the south-west of Manufahi District. Speakers of the Bunak language in these districts recognize their origin from the north-eastern Bunak region. Through the close contact with the Mambai people, most of the Bunak people are bilingual in Mambai, which is a Malayo-Polynesian language; their language also shows influence from Mambai.
Maununo was a suco that consisted of only three villages during the Indonesian occupation. The population of Maununo is 60% Tetun, 30% Bunak and 10% Mambai. In Suco Cassa the Bunak people form 55% of the population, followed by the Tetun and a small minority of Mambai. Even in Fohoailiku the Bunak people represent the majority. According to oral traditions, the Bunak people of Fahoailiku originated from western Ainaro, which they left due to conflicts with other Bunak groups during the Portuguese colonial period. The linguistic characteristics of the three Bunak groups in Ainaro suggest a common origin.
There are accounts of their origin that are conflicting. While parts of the Bunak stated that they had only entered the region later, others claimed that they were the original inhabitants. However, all Bunak settlements have Australian names, which would indicate an originally Malayo-Polynesian peoples settlement. So are places with names that begin with Mau (Mau Nuno, Mau-Ulo, Maubisse); that is typical of settlement areas inhabited by the Mambai people, Kemak people and Tocodede people. In the heartland of the Bunak people, such naming does not occur. Other places with names that are clearly of Mambai origin, such as Suco Beikala, which means bei "grandparents" and kala "ancestors".
In addition to the three main groups of the Bunak people in Ainaro, there are two other smaller groups, which were moved from the region around Zumalai only during the Indonesian occupation. The first group lives in the villages of Civil (Sivil) and Lailima (both in Suco Cassa). The second group from the east of Suco Casa are two Bunak villages, Leolima and Hutseo (along with its subsequent offspring, Hutseo 2 village) are surrounded by vast Mambai settlements. The inhabitants of these four villages speak the northeast dialect, with the variations typical of Zumalai.
In Manufahi District there are four isolated Bunak villages. The oldest of them is Loti (Lotin) in the southeast of Suco Daisula. The Bunak people emigrated here from Suco Aiasa in 1891, after a conflict with the ruler of Bobonaro. According to oral traditions, the inhabitants of Suco Aiasa had killed the ruler's wife, whereupon Bobonaro requested assistance from the Portuguese in August 1891. After several battles some of the inhabitants of Suco Aiasa fled to Manufahi. They first settled somewhat further north of today's Loti, where they had only contact with Mambai people and Lakalei speakers. This resulted in a unique deviation and even change in meaning in the local Bunak dialect.
After the failed rebellion of Manufahi, a part of the Bunak people of Loti was moved by the Portuguese to the location of today's Loti. Others were settled in two new villages in Suco Betano. One of them is Bemetan as it is known in Mambai language or Il Guzu (meaning "black water") in Bunak language, and the second being Leoai (Leo Ai / Leouai). During the Indonesian occupation, Bunak people who remained in the old Loti was also relocated to the new Loti. These three villages share their own extraordinary dialect.
The fourth Bunak village in Manufahi is Sessurai (Sesurai) in Suco Betano, on the road between Loti and Leoai. According to their traditions, these Bunak people fled from the region around Zumalai to Manufahi during the Portuguese colonial period. Their dialect corresponds to that from Zumalai, but has taken over some words from the Bunak people of Loti.
Culture
Social organization
The social isolation has also been reinforced part of the reputation of Bunak people. They have been described as rough and aggressive by their neighbors. This characterization can also be found in a Bunak legend, in which Kemak people have long ears and the Bunak people have small ears. The metaphorical length of the ears in the Bunak people points to a short-tempered and impatient temperament, while the Kemak people are described as calm and patient.
Although Bunak and Atoin Meto people differ culturally, the social organization and the ecology of both cultures belong in the same context where both the cultures of Atoin Meto and Bunak people benefit from each other. The approach of the Bunak people from a cultural and linguistic point of view is so far that Louis Berthe described it in 1963 as a mixture of Papuans and Austronesian roots.
The smallest social unit in the Bunak society is the clan or the house, which for example, in the upper Lamaknen is called deu. Several clans live together in villages (tas). Each village has its own territory. The clans have a different status. The clans of the nobles are called sisal tul (meaning, bones piece). The name derives from a ritual in which the bones of an animal that was sacrificed belonging to the noble clan. The highest of the nobility houses belong to the clan of the "feminine" chieftain. This man decides in case of problems in the village. The second highest clan represents the "masculine" chieftain who takes care of the village's relations with the outside world. Other clans are the consultants of the village chefs. Despite their extensive power (), the two chiefs are subordinate to the ritual chief. This has a limited power () within the affairs of the clan. Together with one of his sisters, the ritual chief is also the guardian of the holy objects in the clan house. In Lamaknen the siblings are called "the man holding the black basket" () and the "woman holding the black basket" ().
The different clans are connected to each other in the system of the malu ai. The malu clan are in this case in a partnership, the woman and feminine goods such as pigs and clothes, while from the ai baqa, clan receive wives and give masculine goods. This used to include gold, silver and water buffalo, now replaced by money and cattle. On ceremonial occasions, such as funerals or of the clan house repair, goods between are again malu and ai baqa replaced. However, women rarely leave their clan. In the majority of the Bunak family, a matrilineal system prevails for the succession. The man traditionally moves into the clan of the bride (Matrilocality), where the later children also grow up. The husband has to provide as a mane pou ("new man") his children and wife, but is not considered a family member. He also has no claims or rights over his wife and children, even if he had to pay a high bride price. In 1991 this was about US dollars 5,100. If the wife dies first, the widower must leave the village and even his own children, and return to his old home village. This may also be necessary through certain ceremonies. He is not allowed to take any valuable property, therefore he is dependent on the help of his clan and his family. He also does not receive the support from his own children as a clan. When the woman moves into an ai baqa clan, one speaks of the clipping of the woman from her clan. She is admitted to her husband's clan, where the family forms a new line of lineage (dil), establishing a new malu - ai baqa relationship. The children also belong to the clan of the father. Clans can maintain as much as fifteen malu relationships but there can never be more than three to six dil. They maintain their status in the further course of the mother line. The members of the dil lead the name of the maternal clan and keep their property and their sacred objects. In Ainaro, however, the influence of neighboring Mambai people has led to a patrilineal structure. Also here the Mambai and Bunak people share a common legend. Thus, the Bunak people from Mau-Nuno derive from the same mythical ancestral couple and the summit of the mountain from which they are derived has both a Bunak and a Mambai name.
Holy objects are handed down by the men to his uterine nephew. In any case of the marriage type, the father can only pass on to the son the objects which he has acquired in the course of his life. Other holy objects belong to the entire clan. They are generally regarded as sources of life energy. They are kept in the clan houses, where only the guardians reside. Previously, all clan members lived together in single lineage or clan house. Sometimes, the guardians still have a young couple who would help them with the daily work. Every clan house has an altar that can be found both inside and outside the house. In the house is the altar on one of the two piles which carry the first beam (lor bul). Across the street is the fireplace. On the common altar of the village (bosok o op, meaning "altar and height") are aligned to all the clan houses' lor bul. The village altar () represents the vital energy of the inhabitants. It is also called '; meaning "root of women, leaves of men", a metaphor for vitality where leaves move and roots allow plants to absorb water. The longer the roots, the longer the plant lives. Bunak people wishes each other a long life by saying (meaning "Let our roots be long") or (meaning "Let our roots be cool"). Cooling, in conjunction with water, symbolizes fertility; Heat is associated with danger and death. Other altars can be located at water sources, others were only used in the event of war.
Agricultural rites in Lamaknen
According to legend, when the Bunak people reached Lamaknen, they asked their ancestors in heaven for seeds so that they could work the land. On a field altar, Bei Suri; a man who had joined the Bunak people, was sacrificed and burned. Various parts of his body then appeared on the different plantations that the Bunak people had planted. Several traditional prose describes how various crops such as rice; which still the ceremonial food, were provided by parts of the hero's body. However, there are also versions that incorporate the corn into the legend, which today is the main food source of the Bunak people in Lamaknen. But this was only brought to Timor by the Europeans. The rain is also linked to the self-sacrifice of Bei Suri. After his death, he asked people not to cry anymore, and took the form of a bird that predicts the rain.
The researcher Claudine Friedberg explored the rituals of the Bunak people in Abis (Lamaknen) during the 1970s to the early 1980s and described in detail the ceremonies of the Bunak people in this region. However, the place no longer exists and a road now connects the region with the outside world, which previously could only be reached with horses at that time. Agriculture here is entirely dependent on the amount of monsoon that occurs. The reliability of sufficient rainfall is the critical moment of the agricultural calendar during the sowing season. It takes place in Lamaknen before the rain comes between October and December. The fields are prepared by means of slash-and-burn. Then the 'Lord of the Seeds' and the 'Rice Masters' lay down the dates for numerous ceremonies. The 'Lord of the Seeds' belongs to the clan to whom the legend is attributed to the sacrifice of Bei Suri. It is, however, none of the nobility houses. On the other hand, 'Rice Masters' are the guardians of the holy objects of certain, distinguished clans.
Before the sowing, a hunting takes place several days, in which the men usually take wild pigs. In the remaining time of the year, they will no longer hunt like they did. Wild game has become rare with the increase of population growth, so they beat around the countryside to prevent possible damage of their fields by wild animals. The prey is associated with the kukun, "the obscure ones". This refers to the local spirits of the deceased Melus who were once expelled by the Bunak people from the region. The kukun are the masters of heaven and earth (pan o muk gomo) and the masters of the prey. On the contrary, the living are the roman, the "clear ones". For the kukun there are small, inconspicuous altars from only a few stones in the surroundings that are scattered. About these muk kukun ("earth obscure") are the sites where the Bunak people make contact with the kukun spirits. The main altar stands near the village. In the evening of the first day of the hunt, the 'Lord of the Seeds' puts a liana around the wide cairn and binds its ends to two wooden stakes standing a few centimeters apart. The liana symbolizes the circling of the pigs, which can only flee through a narrow gate where the hunters are waiting for them.
On the following day, the Rice Masters sacrifice some betel nuts, some alcohol and feathers of a live chicken, to the muk kukun; which is in the selected hunting area, so that the 'Master of the Land' would surrender the wild pigs. At the same time, the 'Rice Masters' lie down in front of the altar and deceive themselves to sleep, so that the pigs are also to fall into a deep sleep. This makes it easier for the hounds to chase them. The booty of the first hunting day is brought back to the village in the evening, where a woman from the clan of the 'Lord of the Seeds' welcomes with betel just as one welcomes a guest. It is followed by "Welcome to the Smoke of Fire" (hoto boto hoso) ritual. The 'Lord of the Seeds', and the 'Rice Master' recite verses in reference to the seeds that were entrusted by the corpse of Bei Suri. One of the 'Master of the Word' sacrifices a cock with red feathers by killing him. The throat is not cut with a knife as it is usually done, to prevent severing ties with the "seed". The 'Lord of the Word' recites a welcome text and prays to the 'lord of the village altar'. This title refers to the Melus, who had originally erected the altar, and the first Bunak man who took it over. From the appendages of the cock is used predict about the upcoming planting season. The boiled cock is dissected and spread over small baskets of cooked rice. Some of them are offered to the altar and placed on its top. Then they are handed over to the clan of the female chief. Those baskets at the foot of the altar go to the Sabaq Dato, the clan of the "feminine chief" of the Melus. A basket is sacrificed at Bei Suri. This is the 'Lord of the Seeds'. The other baskets are distributed among the hunters.
On the third day of the hunt at night, the 'Lord of the Seeds' and the 'Rice Masters' bring the meat; which according to their belief contains the seeds of the future harvest, to the lataq altar at the edge of the village. This is done in silence, so as not to attract attention in carnivores. On the lataq, birds, insects and other animals are symbolically fed with rice and chicken to keep them away. In the afternoon of the third day, the various clans visit their graves and bring them fruits and special cakes. At the graves they meet with members of the respective malu clans that also bring fruits and cakes. After being presented to the deceased, the gifts are given to the ai baqa clan.
On the fourth day, after the last hunt, one last common ritual is performed. Women from all clans of the village bring in large baskets of cooked rice to the 'Lord of the Seeds' at the lataq altar. This is distributed to the hunters who have injured or killed a pig. It is a kind of compensation, because, contrary to the customary custom, they do not receive any part of the prey from this traditional hunting. The meat is consumed only by the 'Lord of the Seeds' and the rulers within the ritual circle. Exactly at this time the first heavy rain is expected to fall. It is in the experience of ritual leaders that the ritual and rain coincide on the same day and thus marks the success of the harvest. Every three years, the final ritual is even more complex. This period coincides with the three-year rhythm of the slash-and-burn. From the next day, the fields are sown after a piglet and a goat have been slaughtered at the respective field altar. The blood of the piglet is said to be cold and also to cool down the seeds. Coldness is a synonym for fertility for the Bunak people, while combining heat with death, danger, and struggle. The goat is said to carry the souls (melo) of the fallen trees to the hereafter on the top of their horns. Friedberg, however, noted in 1989 after a visit to the region that this ritual was no longer carried out at the field altars. The reason was that there was simply no one to sacrifice. Instead, a common cooling-down ritual of all village villagers was held at the village altar. The ritual for the souls of the trees was omitted, possibly because there was simply no more trees in the fields due to the short frequency of the slash-and-burns.
Seeds are being sown on the fields after it is directly slash-and-burned without being worked on. The digging-stick (nut) has an eight to ten centimeter large metal blade and it also the same tool used for weeding. Irrigated fields did not exist in Abis village, but in other parts of Lamaknen. These irrigation are prepared with the help of water buffaloes and cattle.
As long as the crops are not ripe, there are strict harvest prohibitions from kapitan and those supporting him, (meaning "to hear to see") are monitored. The kapitan himself is subordinate to the 'Master of the Firstfruits' (), also known as the 'Master of the Germs, the Sandalwood and the Beeswax' (). Sandalwood and beeswax were formerly important commodities whose production was under the control of the local rulers who protect the stocks. The Tobe (customary ritual leader with authority over land, forests, and water) of Atoin Meto people in Oecusse District also has a similar function as a resource manager. Kapitan and 'Master of the Firstfruits' came from the same clan, the house Sabaq Dato, at the Bunak people in Abis village.
Mangoes and candlenut are the first to become ripe. The entire harvest of both fruits is collected on the main square of the village. The clans of the male and female chieftains are the first to get their share of the mangoes, which is also larger than that of the others. Only the female chief receives a share of the candlenut. The rest is kept by the kapitan for general use.
Notes
Bibliography
References
Further reading
Louis Berthe, 1972 Bei Gua: Itinéraire des ancêtres, Paris.
Claudine Friedberg, Boiled Woman and Broiled Man: Myths and Agricultural Rituals of the Bunaq of Central Timor, in James J. Fox (Editor) 1980, The Flow of Life. Essays on Eastern Indonesia, Harvard University Press.
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TM1KZFZ
External links
ICRA International: article on endangered ethnicities in East Timor (in French)
Ethnologue page
Ethnic groups in East Timor
Ethnic groups in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak%20people |
Jatindra Nath Das (; 27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), better known as Jatin Das, was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary who worked to make India independent from the British Raj and was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He died in the Lahore Central Jail after a 63-day hunger strike.
Early life
Das was born in 1904 at Calcutta . He passed the matriculation and intermediate examinations in the First Division. He joined the Anushilan Samiti, a revolutionary group in Bengal, and also participated in Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement in 1921, aged 17. In November 1925, while studying for a B.A. at Bangabasi College in Calcutta, Das was arrested for his political activities and was imprisoned at the jail in Mymensingh. While interned there, he went on a hunger strike to protest the ill-treatment meted out to the political prisoners. After fasting for twenty days, the jail's superintendent apologised and he gave up the fast. Sachindra Nath Sanyal taught him how to make bombs.
On 14 June 1929, he was again arrested for revolutionary activities and was imprisoned in Lahore Jail to be tried under the supplementary Lahore Conspiracy Case.
Hunger strike
In Lahore Jail, Das began another hunger strike along with other revolutionary fighters, demanding equality for Indian political prisoners with those from Europe. The conditions of Indian inhabitants of the jails was deplorable. The uniforms that Indian prisoners were required to wear in jail with were not washed for several days, and rats and cockroaches roamed the kitchen area making the food unsafe to eat. Indian prisoners were not provided with any reading material such as newspapers, nor paper to write on. The condition of the British prisoners in the same jail was strikingly different.
Das's hunger strike started on 13 July 1929 and lasted 63 days. The jail authority took measures to forcibly feed him and the other independence activists. Eventually, the jail authority recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail.
Death and aftermath
Das died on 13 September 1929. Durgawati Devi led the funeral procession, which went from Lahore to Calcutta by train. Thousands of people rushed to the railway stations to pay homage to Das. A two-mile long procession in Calcutta carried the coffin to the cremation ground. It was Subhash Chandra Bose, who received the coffin of Das at Howrah railway station and led the funeral procession to the cremation ground. The hunger strike of Das in prison was one crucial moment in the resistance against illegal detentions.
After his death, the Viceroy informed London that "Mr. Das of the Conspiracy Case, who was on hunger strike, died this afternoon at 1 p.m. Last night, five of the hunger strikers gave up their hunger strike. So, there are only Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt who are on strike."
Tributes were paid by almost every leader in the country. Mohammad Alam and Gopi Chand Bhargava resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest. Motilal Nehru proposed the adjournment of the Central Assembly as a censure against the inhumanity of the Lahore prisoners. The censure motion was carried by 55 votes against 47. Jawaharlal Nehru said "Another name has been added to the long and splendid roll of Indian martyrs. Let us bow our heads and pray for strength to act to carry on the struggle, however long it may be and whatever consequences, till the victory is ours ".
Bose described Das as the "young Dadhichi of India", referring to the well known mythological yogi Dadhichi who sacrificed his life for the sake of killing a demon.
Popular culture
Tamil writer Ki. Rajanarayanan's semi-historical novel Gopallapurathu Makkal (1989) makes a reference to Das.
In the 2002 film The Legend of Bhagat Singh, the character of Das was played by Amitabh Bhattacharjee. A 35-minute documentary film titled Immortal Martyr Jatin Das was released in 2009.
See also
Batukeshwar Dutt
Pritilata Waddedar
Potti Sreeramulu
Thileepan
Bhagat Singh
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Bagha Jatin
References
Further reading
External links
Indian Post article
The Pioneer article by Balbir Punj
Anushilan Samiti
1904 births
1929 deaths
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Activists from Kolkata
People who died on hunger strike
Indian revolutionaries
Vidyasagar College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Indian people who died in prison custody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatindra%20Nath%20Das |
KURB (98.5 FM, B-98.5) is a commercial radio station in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is owned by Cumulus Media. The radio format is adult contemporary music, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December. The radio studios and offices are in Little Rock off Chenal Parkway.
KURB has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter tower is on Two Towers Road atop Shinall Mountain, near the Chenal Valley neighborhood of Little Rock.
The station's current lineup includes mornings with Kevin Idol and Robyn Cisar; middays with Randy Cain; and afternoon drive time with Becky Rogers. The station features John Tesh with "Intelligence for your Life", Sunday through Friday evenings and the "Best of Tesh" on Saturday mornings. B-98.5 is involvement with charitable organizations, most notably Arkansas Children's Hospital where more than $2.5 million has been raised through annual fundraising efforts. The station won the "Ken Peterson Founder's Award for Station of the Year" in 2008 for its work with ACH.
History
On July 7, 1972, the station signed on with call letters now on a Top 40 station in Hot Springs, Arkansas, KLAZ. It was the FM counterpart to KALO (1250 AM, now KFOG). KLAZ had an "underground" progressive rock format. It switched to Top 40 hits in the late 1970s. KLAZ benefited from the increasing popularity of FM radio as one of the first FMs in the market doing a format normally heard on AM radio in that era.
KLAZ changed call letters to KZOU and became "Zoo 98" in 1986, continuing as a Top 40. It was quite successful and ran the original sister station KAAY (1090 AM) out of the format. "Zoo 98" was also the only station to beat country music powerhouse KSSN (95.7 FM) in the first 10 years of its existence, and mopped the floor with Top 40 competitor KKYK, though it would eventually fall to KKYK after a series of missteps, including letting popular morning man Craig O'Neill leave for KKYK, and an ownership change at KKYK that took the station and its format more seriously. Despite being overtaken by KKYK in 1989, KZOU continued to be a CHR station.
In 1991, KZOU's owners were trying to exit the radio business and sold the station to GHB Broadcasting. GHB flipped the station to Hot AC as KURB "B-98.5" following a continued decline in ratings and the overall decline of the Top 40 format at the time. In a twist of irony, "B-98.5" would assure KKYK would not be able to gloat over its apparent victory, as the station hired Craig O'Neill back from KKYK and once again beat its former rival, which continued to struggle with its fellow CHR's nationwide.
Around 2000, KURB shifted to mainstream AC. Personalities who have previously worked at KURB include Little Rock radio veteran Craig O'Neill, who left the station in 2000 for a position in local television, anchoring evening newscasts for Little Rock's CBS network affiliate, KTHV. Other KURB alumni include Jeff Matthews, now with Conway Corp., and long-time local TV host and radio personality Lisa Fischer.
References
External links
KURB official website
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
URB
Cumulus Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KURB |
Medical Examination of Young Persons (Non-Industrial Occupations) Convention, 1946 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1946 with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 39 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Youth rights
Treaties concluded in 1946
Treaties entered into force in 1950
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
Occupational safety and health treaties
1946 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Examination%20of%20Young%20Persons%20%28Non-Industrial%20Occupations%29%20Convention%2C%201946 |
Wood's glass is an optical filter glass invented in 1903 by American physicist Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955), which allows ultraviolet and infrared light to pass through, while blocking most visible light.
History
Wood's glass was developed as a light filter used in communications during World War I. The glass filter worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications by removing the visible components of a light beam, leaving only the "invisible radiation" as a signal beam. Wood's glass was commonly used to form the envelope for fluorescent and incandescent ultraviolet bulbs ("black lights"). In recent years, due to its disadvantages, other filter materials have largely replaced it.
Composition
Wood's glass is special barium-sodium-silicate glass incorporating about 9% nickel oxide. It is a very deep violet-blue glass, opaque to all visible light rays except longest red and shortest violet. It is quite transparent in the violet/ultraviolet in a band between 320 and 400 nanometres with a peak at 365 nanometres, and a fairly broad range of infrared and the longest, least visible red wavelengths.
Properties and uses
Wood's glass has lower mechanical strength and higher thermal expansion than commonly used glasses, making it more vulnerable to thermal shocks and mechanical damage.
The nickel and barium oxides are also chemically reactive, with tendency to slowly form a layer of hydroxides and carbonates in contact with atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.
The susceptibility to thermal shock makes manufacture of hermetically sealed glass bulbs difficult and costly. Therefore, most contemporary "black-light" bulbs are made of structurally more suitable glass with only a layer of a UV-filtering enamel on its surface; such bulbs, however, pass much more visible light, appearing brighter to the eye. Due to manufacturing difficulties, Wood's glass is now more commonly used in standalone flat or dome-shaped filters, instead of being the material of the light bulb.
With prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, Wood's glass undergoes solarization, gradually losing transparency for UV.
Photographic filters for ultraviolet photography, notably the Kodak Wratten 18A and 18B, are based on Wood's glass.
Health effects
Bulbs made of Wood's glass are potentially hazardous in comparison with those made of enameled glass, since the reduced visible light output may cause observers to be exposed to unsafe levels of UV, because the source appears dim. The low output of black lights is not considered sufficient to cause DNA damage or cellular mutations, but excessive exposure to UV can cause temporary or permanent damage to the eye.
See also
Black light
Dichroic filter
Wood's lamp
References
Further reading
Optical filters
Glass trademarks and brands
Glass compositions
American inventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%27s%20glass |
Hala Strana is the name of a recording project of American musician Steven R. Smith. Smith began recording under the name in 2002 as an outlet which allowed him to explore the traditional music of Eastern Europe more fully than possible with his solo work. Although numerous musicians have contributed to the project, including Glenn Donaldson, Loren Chasse, and Darren Ankenman, most Hala Strana recordings are solo productions. His recordings have included such diverse instruments as hurdy-gurdy, bouzouki, harmonium, spike fiddles, bulbul tarang, the optigan keyboard, xaphoon, and field recordings. Hala Strana's releases have featured arrangements of traditional music from Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Albania, Ukraine and Bulgaria as well as original music influenced by the music of these areas. Hala Strana has recorded for a number of independent labels such as Soft Abuse, Last Visible Dog, Jewelled Antler, and Emperor Jones.
Discography
Karst E.P. – 3”CDr (Jewelled Antler, 2003)
Hala Strana – CD (Emperor Jones, 2003), LP (Desastre, 2017)
Fielding – 2xCDr (Jewelled Antler, 2003), 2xCD (Last Visible Dog, 2004), 2xLP (Worstward/Desastre 2020)
These Villages – CD (Soft Abuse, 2004)
White Sleep - 7" lathe cut (Soft Abuse, 2006)
Heave the Gambrel Roof - LP/CD (Music Fellowship, 2007)
Compendium - DL (Worstward Recordings, 2011)
Hala Strana Boxset - 5xCS box set (Cabin Floor Esoterica, 2014)
References
External links
Official site
Hala Strana at Emperor Jones
Foxy Digitalis interview
Worstward Recordings Bandcamp site
American experimental musical groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala%20Strana |
Mumble Bumble is a children's animated television series created by Christian Skjøtt and produced by Egmont Imagination and the CINAR Corporation (now WildBrain).
Overview and production
It follows the adventures of an imaginative blue hippopotamus named Mumble Bumble, the title character, and his best friends, Chic'o, the inquisitive chicken, and Greens, the busy frog who never looks before he leaps. Recurring characters include Roc and Oink. The idea, which is designed to be both educational and entertaining for a preschool audience, was devised by a mastermind named Christian Skjøtt, creator of the show.
Television airing
In Canada, it was broadcast on CBC Television and on Knowledge Kids. In foreign countries, it was also broadcast on Rai 3 in Italy, CITV and Tiny Living in the United Kingdom, Network 2 in Ireland, La Cinquième in France, Kindernet in the Netherlands, ZAZ in Mexico, SABC2 and on e.tv in South Africa, ABS-CBN in the Philippines, ATV in Hong Kong and TV Cultura in Brazil. It did not air in the U.S.
References
External links
CBC Television original programming
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment
1990s Canadian animated television series
2000s Canadian animated television series
1998 Canadian television series debuts
2000 Canadian television series endings
Canadian preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
1990s preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series
Animated television series about mammals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumble%20Bumble |
Chemeketa Park is an unincorporated community of approximately 150 homes located in Lexington Hills, in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Santa Clara County, California, that is now effectively a rural neighborhood of Los Gatos, California. The postal designation for Chemeketa Park is "Los Gatos 95033", although it lies approximately five miles South of the official boundaries of the incorporated town of Los Gatos. The community is in area codes 408 and 669.
Nearby communities are Redwood Estates, Aldercroft Heights, and the ghost town of Holy City. Chemeketa Park is accessed off of State Route 17, on Old Santa Cruz Highway along the Big Moody Curve.
Early history
Chemeketa Park was developed in 1925 and 1926 by J.B. Balcomb, a civil engineer from Palo Alto who had acquired a orchard in the Santa Cruz Mountains. An advertisement in the Sunday, June 20, 1926 edition of the San Jose Mercury Herald lists a
"pre-opening sale" of lots "as low as $50.00."
Initially, lots were used for vacation cabins. The mountain communities of Chemeketa Park and Redwood Estates, etc., were considered too remote, and too difficult to access, for year-round living. Lots were advertised to Bay Area families as a summer retreat, far from the stress of city living in San Francisco or San Jose.
By the mid-1930s, with the improvement of roads and water systems, many residents began occupying their cabins year-round and combining smaller lots into larger parcels.
The Balcomb Family and Chemeketa Park
J.B. Balcomb was killed in an automobile accident in the summer of 1927. His widow and son continued the sale of lots at Chemeketa Park. Balcombs continued to own property in the development until the mid-1960s.
Name derivation
Chemeketa is a Kalapuya Indian word with various meanings attributed to it, including "resting place," "meeting place," "old home," or "old camping ground." The Kalapuya lived in the area now known as the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Chemeketa was an original name of Salem, Oregon, and still exists as the name of a community college, a library district, and various parks and streets in the Salem and Portland areas.
When J.B. Balcomb and his wife emigrated from the mid-West to California, they first stopped through eastern Oregon where they most likely heard the name. The Native American theme is present throughout Chemeketa Park with street names including "Comanche Trail," "Ogallala Warpath," "Apache Trail," and "Navajo Trail."
Governance
Chemeketa Park lies in the unincorporated area of Santa Clara County. Districts for local elected representatives are:
1st Supervisorial (County)
18th Congressional (US)
28th State Assembly (CA)
15th Senate (CA)
Most of the roads within Chemeketa Park are considered private, and are not maintained by the County. The water system is also privately owned by the community and draws from natural sources and creeks within the Santa Cruz Mountains.
The Chemeketa Park Mutual Water Company was incorporated in 1929. Each property owner is a member and shareholder in the water company and may take part in its management. A five-member board is elected from the membership at an annual meeting each Spring. Board members, who are not paid for their service, meet monthly, with meetings open to all members.
The board is responsible for hiring the water master and bookkeeper and maintaining the roads. Each property owner pays a set fee each month for water and roads. Additionally, the water company owns and maintains a clubhouse that is used for meetings and community events. A separate volunteer group organizes the events, such as bluegrass music concerts and family picnics. Individual members may also arrange to use the clubhouse for private events.
References
External links
Biography of Jean B Balcomb
Chemeketa Park Mutual Water Company
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Santa Clara County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemeketa%20Park%2C%20Los%20Gatos%2C%20California |
Ole Hanson (January 6, 1874 – July 6, 1940) was an American politician who served as mayor of Seattle, Washington, from 1918 to 1919. Hanson became a national figure promoting law and order when he took a hardline position during the 1919 Seattle General Strike. He then resigned as mayor, wrote a book, and toured the lecture circuit, earning tens of thousands of dollars in honoraria lecturing to conservative civic groups about his experiences and views, promoting opposition to labor unions and Bolshevism. Hanson later left Washington and founded the city of San Clemente, California, in 1925.
Biography
Early years
Ole Hanson was born in a log cabin in Union Grove in Racine County, Wisconsin, the son of Thorsten Hanson and Goro Tostofson Hanson. He was the fifth of six children raised by the Norwegian immigrant couple.
As a teenager, the precocious Hanson worked as a tailor during the day and studied law at night. He passed the Wisconsin bar in 1893, despite being two years too young to practice law. In the end, Hanson never did work in the legal profession, instead going into the grocery business before moving west and going into real estate.
He worked as a real estate developer and co-founded Lake Forest Park, Washington, in 1912 as a rural planned community for professionals in the Seattle area.
Political career
Entering political life, he served in the Washington House of Representatives during 1908 and 1909. In 1912 he supported Theodore Roosevelt for President of the United States. In 1914, Hanson himself ran for the United States Senate as the candidate of the so-called Bull Moose Party. Hanson garnered nearly a quarter of the vote in the five-way race, won by Republican incumbent Wesley Livsey Jones with a 37% plurality.
In March 1918, Hanson was elected the thirty-third mayor of Seattle. Both he and his opponent, James Bradford, were progressive Republicans, but Hanson was considered more pro-labor. He ran on a platform of patriotism, eight hour workday for female workers, a minimum wage, initiative and referendum, and others. Predicted to win a strong majority, Hanson won by a slimmer margin of 32,286 to 27,677 for Bradford, or about seven points. Hanson supported the recall of socialist Anna Louise Strong from her school board seat.
In February 1919, tens of thousands of workers went on strike in what would become the Seattle General Strike. In 1916 and 1918, there was nearly a general strike, but negotiations had successfully defused the situation, while in 1919 they failed. Caused by the lowering of wages of shipyard workers, almost two dozen unions joined the strike. Right before and after his election, relations had soured between Hanson and the unions, and he was intensely critical of the Industrial Workers of the World on the campaign. Hanson deputized three thousand soldiers from Fort Lewis, and threatened to impose martial law despite lacking the authority to do so. Lacking cohesion and clear demands, the general strike began to dissipate as workers went back to work. Before a full week had passed, the strike was ended. Hanson received praise and national attention for his steadfastness against the unions.
In April 1919, anarchists made him one of the targets of booby-trap bombs mailed to approximately 30 prominent American officials. Hanson survived the assassination attempt, and responded by calling for a nationwide campaign of hangings and life imprisonment for members of the I.W.W. and other radicals. He resigned as Mayor on August 28, 1919, saying: "I am tired out and am going fishing."
Following his resignation, Hanson set to work writing a book on what he perceived to be the radical menace to America, published in January 1920 in the immediate aftermath of the so-called "Palmer Raids" as Americanism versus Bolshevism. In this tome, Hanson declared:
In Hanson's view, the fact that the 1919 Seattle general strike was peaceful belied its revolutionary nature and intent. He wrote:
Hanson toured the country giving lectures about the dangers of "domestic bolshevism." He earned $38,000 in 7 months, 5 times his annual salary as mayor.
Founding San Clemente
In 1925, Hanson put some of his wealth to work by purchasing a tract at the southern tip of Orange County, California. Hanson believed that the area's pleasant climate, beautiful beaches and fertile soil would serve as a haven to Californians who were tired of urban life. He named the city San Clemente after neighboring San Clemente Island, southernmost of California's Channel Islands.
Hanson envisioned his new project as a Spanish-style coastal resort town. He proclaimed, "I have a clean canvas and I am determined to paint a clean picture. Think of it — a canvas five miles long and one-half miles wide!"
In an unprecedented move, Hanson had a clause added to all deeds requiring that building plans be submitted to an architectural review board in an effort to ensure that future development would retain Spanish Colonial Revival style influence. Red tile roofs became a stylistic signature of the new community. Hanson succeeded in promoting his new venture and selling property to interested buyers. The area was officially incorporated as a city on February 27, 1928.
Over the years, Hanson built various public structures in San Clemente, including the Beach Club, the Community Center, the pier, and Max Berg Plaza Park, which were later donated to the city. He also had a Spanish Style home built overlooking the San Clemente Pier. This home was later named Casa Romantica.
Financially leveraged with mortgages on his various property ventures, Hanson lost all his remaining holdings during the Great Depression, including his beloved mansion in San Clemente. Hanson eventually moved along to launch a new property development at Twentynine Palms in San Bernardino County, California.
Death and legacy
Ole Hanson died of a heart attack on July 6, 1940, in Los Angeles, California. He was 66 years old at the time of his death. Hanson was survived by his widow and ten children.
The city of San Clemente bears numerous reminders of its founding father, including the Ole Hanson historic pool which overlooks the Pacific Ocean. His home in the center of the city overlooking the historic pier was restored and opened to the community as a cultural center.
Works
Address to the American Legion on "Bolshevism" praises the Russian people for overthrowing the Czarist autocracy
Americanism vs. Bolshevism Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1920.
Footnotes
Further reading
Jeremy Brecher, Strike! Revised edition. Boston: South End Press, 1997.
Ann Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007.
Terje I. Leiren, "Ole and the Reds: The 'Americanism' of Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson," Norwegian-American Studies, Volume 30, pg. 75.
Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955.
External links
Cliffe, "Know Your Mayor: Ol' Ole Hanson," VintageSeattle.org, November 27, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Trevor Williams, Ole Hanson's Fifteen Minutes, Seattle General Strike Project, Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington, 1999.
1874 births
1940 deaths
American people of Norwegian descent
People from Union Grove, Wisconsin
People from San Clemente, California
Members of the Washington House of Representatives
Mayors of Seattle
American political commentators
Washington (state) Progressives (1912)
Old Right (United States)
American anti-communists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Hanson |
Ricky Brad Sobers (born January 15, 1953) is a former professional basketball player who spent eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
A 6'3" guard born in the Bronx, New York, Sobers attended DeWitt Clinton High School in New York City, the College of Southern Idaho, and the University of Nevada at Las Vegas before being selecting by the Phoenix Suns with the 16th pick of the 1975 NBA draft. Sobers played two seasons for the Suns. In the 1976 Finals, Sobers was a key player in "the greatest game ever played" in NBA history. In 1977, he joined the Indiana Pacers, with whom he averaged a career best 18.2 points per game during the 1977–78 NBA season.
Sobers also played with the Chicago Bulls, Washington Bullets, and Seattle SuperSonics before retiring in 1986. He compiled 10,902 points and 3,525 assists in his career.
References
External links
Career Stats @ basketball-reference.com
1953 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Chicago Bulls players
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Indiana Pacers players
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Phoenix Suns players
Point guards
Seattle SuperSonics players
Southern Idaho Golden Eagles men's basketball players
Basketball players from the Bronx
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball players
Washington Bullets players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Sobers |
Itauçu () is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Itauçu is located 64 km. northwest of the state capital, Goiânia and is part of the Anápolis Microregion. It is connected to the capital by highway BR-070, which links Goiânia with Aragarças.
It has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north: Taquaral de Goiás and Santa Rosa de Goiás
west: Itaberaí
east: Petrolina de Goiás
south: Araçu and Inhumas
Demographics
Population growth rate 1991/2000: 0.24.%
Population in 2007: 8,710
Population in 1980: 9,770
Urban population in 2007: 6,404
Rural population in 2007: 2,306
The economy
The economy is based on cattle raising (49,000 head in 2004) and cultivation of soybeans, rice, corn, sugarcane, and beans.
Number of industrial establishments: 24
Number of retail establishments: 71
Banking establishments: Banco Itaú S.A.
Dairies: Laticínios Alvorada Ind. Com. Ltda. (22/05/2006)
Automobiles: 757
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 446
Total area: 41,650 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 21,088 ha. (bananas, sugarcane, citrus fruits)
Area of perennial crops: 3,555 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 3,618 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 3,471 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,000
Farms with tractors: 19
Number of tractors: 24
Cattle herd: 49,000 head IBGE
Health and education
In the educational sector there were 9 schools in activity in 2006, with 2,128 students. The literacy rate was 85.1%. In the health sector there was 1 hospital with 22 beds. The infant mortality rate was 19.60 (in 1,000 live births)
Itauçu had a score of 0.742 (2000) on the Municipal Human Development Index giving a state ranking of 103 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000) and a national ranking of 2,118 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000). For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br
Football
Founded on May 31, 1986, with the name of Associação Esportiva Itauçuense, in 2007 it was renamed Itauçu Esporte Clube is a football club that represents the city. In 2010, the weather changed from Ituaçu to Nerópolis and changed its name to Nerópolis Esporte Clube. But in 2014 he returned to his hometown, and played in the Campeonato Goiano (Third Division).
The team debuted professionally in 2006 at Campeonato Goiano (Third Division). The team, already in the debut season in professional football, reached the title by thrashing Tupy (de Jussara) in the final, 3x0. Altogether there were seven games with five wins, a draw and just one defeat. Highlight for Túlio Maravilha, top scorer of the competition with seven goals scored.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itau%C3%A7u |
Teen Angel was an American fantasy sitcom that aired as part of ABC's TGIF Friday night lineup from September 26, 1997, to February 13, 1998. It stars Corbin Allred as a high school student whose recently deceased best friend, played by Mike Damus, returns to earth as his guardian angel. The series was created by Simpsons alumni Al Jean and Mike Reiss.
Synopsis
Teen Angel follows a high school boy, Steve Beauchamp (Corbin Allred), and his recently deceased best friend, Marty DePolo (Mike Damus), who dies from eating a six-month-old hamburger from under Steve's bed on a dare and is then sent back to Earth as Steve's guardian angel. Marty's guide is a large disembodied head named Rod (Ron Glass), who identifies himself as God's cousin – a running gag throughout the series is that Rod is mistaken for God himself.
Marty, as a supernatural being, would frequently break the fourth wall. For instance, prior to the opening credits of the episode "Grumpy Young Men", Marty explains the absence of Steve's mother and the return of his father to the viewers.
Reception and cancellation
The series was created and placed in the TGIF lineup by ABC in an attempt to capitalize on the success of another ABC supernatural series, Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Along with Sabrina and the also-new You Wish, Teen Angel was one of three supernatural-themed sitcoms on the TGIF block that season.
At the time of the series airing, TGIF had already begun to decline (as a result of direct competition against the CBS Block Party during that season and the new Disney ownership). You Wish was canceled after only 13 episodes, and while Teen Angel lasted more or less a full season, it was also canceled after 17 episodes.
Cast
Mike Damus as Marty DePolo
Corbin Allred as Steve Beauchamp
Ron Glass as Rod, God's Cousin
Maureen McCormick as Judy Beauchamp
Tommy Hinkley as Casey Beauchamp
Katie Volding as Katie Beauchamp
Jordan Brower as Jorden Lubell
Conchata Ferrell as Aunt Pam
Jerry Van Dyke as Grandpa Jerry Beauchamp
Episodes
Awards and nominations
See also
Out of the Blue (1979 TV series) – one of many spin-off sitcoms connected to the sitcom Happy Days.
Teen Angel (1989 TV series) – teen drama, aired by The Disney Channel.
References
External links
1990s American high school television series
1990s American teen sitcoms
1997 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American fantasy comedy television series
English-language television shows
Television series about angels
Television series by ABC Studios
TGIF (TV programming block)
Angels in television
Television series about teenagers
Television shows set in Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen%20Angel%20%281997%20TV%20series%29 |
Daniel Andrew Hall (born 14 November 1983) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Oldham Athletic, Shrewsbury Town, Chesterfield and Darlington and in the Scottish Premier League for Gretna. He also played non-league football for Crawley Town, Forest Green Rovers, Stockport County, Hyde, Altrincham, Celtic Nation, Guiseley, Bradford Park Avenue, Curzon Ashton, Stalybridge Celtic, Droylsden and Mossley.
Career
Born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, he grew up in nearby Dukinfield. As a child he went to Globe Lane Primary School and Audenshaw High School.
As a young lad he played for Stalybridge Celtic, and was later picked up by the Tameside Centre of Excellence. From there he picked up a Youth Training Scheme place with the Oldham Athletic youth team, which led to him signing a professional contract with Oldham Athletic in 1999.
Rumours spread early in his career of a possible move to the Premier League with either Bolton Wanderers or Blackburn Rovers, but a string of injuries, culminating in a long period of absence due to patellar tendinitis, proved to be a frustration to his progress.
He spent one month's loan at Scarborough in 2003, only playing the first half of one game before returning to Oldham Athletic. He made a total of 78 appearances for Oldham.
He joined Shrewsbury Town on 13 May 2006. After joining Shrewsbury, Hall commented on his delight at signing for a club who are ambitious and also seem to be heading in the right direction under manager Gary Peters. Gary Peters claims to have been following the progress of Danny for around 3 years, starting during his time at Everton. At this time Hall was 19 years old and just making his step up to first team football at Oldham. Hall made his Shrewsbury debut in the 2006–07 opener against Mansfield Town, which finished 2–2. He went on to make a total of 27 league appearances over the course of the season.
On 10 January 2008 he completed a move to Scottish Premier League side Gretna until the end of the season. Hall was one of forty remaining employees made redundant by Gretna on 19 May 2008, shortly before the club was forced out of business due to financial problems.
Hall signed an initial one-year contract with Chesterfield in July 2008. Hall made thirty-two league appearances during a two-year stay at Saltergate, scoring twice. During his second season at Chesterfield, the player spent a brief period on loan at Darlington.
In May 2010, Hall opted to drop down a division to go and play for Conference National side Crawley Town. It was reported that Crawley had fought off competition from other clubs to sign him.
On 7 January 2011, Hall signed for fellow Conference National side Forest Green Rovers on a short-term loan. He was given the number 16 shirt. He made his debut the next day in a 1–0 victory over Fleetwood Town. Hall impressed in his first month at The New Lawn and Rovers extended his loan contract until April. After 17 appearances his loan spell with Forest Green expired after their home victory over Altrincham on 9 April 2011. He returned to Crawley on the same day they had secured promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history.
He joined Stockport County on an initial month deal in August 2011 but was released on 1 September after his contract had expired, having appeared just once for the club.
A day later, he joined Conference North club Hyde.
In May 2012 he joined Altrincham.
Shortly after Mark Bower took over Guiseley, he signed Hall. He was a key player for their promotion push. Covering for Danny Ellis after his injury he made a solid partnership with Adam Lockwood. In the pre-season of 2014–15 playing against Farsley he broke his leg and missed the first half of the season.
Hall joined Bradford Park Avenue on a season's loan on 21 August 2015. He subsequently joined Curzon Ashton in the summer of 2016.
In September 2016 he returned to Altrincham before leaving again in November. He then played for Stalybridge Celtic, Droylsden and Mossley, where he finished his career.
Honours
Shrewsbury Town
Football League Two play-off final runner-up: 2006–07
Chesterfield
Banner Jones Middleton Cup winner: 2008–09
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Ashton-under-Lyne
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Gretna F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Celtic Nation F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Curzon Ashton F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
Mossley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
National League (English football) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Hall%20%28footballer%29 |
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