text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
In projective geometry an ovoid is a sphere like pointset (surface) in a projective space of dimension . Simple examples in a real projective space are hyperspheres (quadrics). The essential geometric properties of an ovoid are:
Any line intersects in at most 2 points,
The tangents at a point cover a hyperplane (and nothing more), and
contains no lines.
Property 2) excludes degenerated cases (cones,...). Property 3) excludes ruled surfaces (hyperboloids of one sheet, ...).
An ovoid is the spatial analog of an oval in a projective plane.
An ovoid is a special type of a quadratic set.
Ovoids play an essential role in constructing examples of Möbius planes and higher dimensional Möbius geometries.
Definition of an ovoid
In a projective space of dimension a set of points is called an ovoid, if
(1) Any line meets in at most 2 points.
In the case of , the line is called a passing (or exterior) line, if the line is a tangent line, and if the line is a secant line.
(2) At any point the tangent lines through cover a hyperplane, the tangent hyperplane, (i.e., a projective subspace of dimension ).
(3) contains no lines.
From the viewpoint of the hyperplane sections, an ovoid is a rather homogeneous object, because
For an ovoid and a hyperplane , which contains at least two points of , the subset is an ovoid (or an oval, if ) within the hyperplane .
For finite projective spaces of dimension (i.e., the point set is finite, the space is pappian), the following result is true:
If is an ovoid in a finite projective space of dimension , then .
(In the finite case, ovoids exist only in 3-dimensional spaces.)
In a finite projective space of order (i.e. any line contains exactly points) and dimension any pointset is an ovoid if and only if and no three points are collinear (on a common line).
Replacing the word projective in the definition of an ovoid by affine, gives the definition of an affine ovoid.
If for an (projective) ovoid there is a suitable hyperplane not intersecting it, one can call this hyperplane the hyperplane at infinity and the ovoid becomes an affine ovoid in the affine space corresponding to . Also, any affine ovoid can be considered a projective ovoid in the projective closure (adding a hyperplane at infinity) of the affine space.
Examples
In real projective space (inhomogeneous representation)
(hypersphere)
These two examples are quadrics and are projectively equivalent.
Simple examples, which are not quadrics can be obtained by the following constructions:
(a) Glue one half of a hypersphere to a suitable hyperellipsoid in a smooth way.
(b) In the first two examples replace the expression by .
Remark: The real examples can not be converted into the complex case (projective space over ). In a complex projective space of dimension there are no ovoidal quadrics, because in that case any non degenerated quadric contains lines.
But the following method guarantees many non quadric ovoids:
For any non-finite projective space the existence of ovoids can be proven using transfinite induction.
Finite examples
Any ovoid in a finite projective space of dimension over a field of characteristic is a quadric.
The last result can not be extended to even characteristic, because of the following non-quadric examples:
For odd and the automorphism
the pointset
is an ovoid in the 3-dimensional projective space over (represented in inhomogeneous coordinates).
Only when is the ovoid a quadric.
is called the Tits-Suzuki-ovoid.
Criteria for an ovoid to be a quadric
An ovoidal quadric has many symmetries. In particular:
Let be an ovoid in a projective space of dimension and a hyperplane. If the ovoid is symmetric to any point (i.e. there is an involutory perspectivity with center which leaves invariant), then is pappian and a quadric.
An ovoid in a projective space is a quadric, if the group of projectivities, which leave invariant operates 3-transitively on , i.e. for two triples there exists a projectivity with .
In the finite case one gets from Segre's theorem:
Let be an ovoid in a finite 3-dimensional desarguesian projective space of odd order, then is pappian and is a quadric.
Generalization: semi ovoid
Removing condition (1) from the definition of an ovoid results in the definition of a semi-ovoid:
A point set of a projective space is called a semi-ovoid if
the following conditions hold:
(SO1) For any point the tangents through point exactly cover a hyperplane.
(SO2) contains no lines.
A semi ovoid is a special semi-quadratic set which is a generalization of a quadratic set. The essential difference between a semi-quadratic set and a quadratic set is the fact, that there can be lines which have 3 points in common with the set and the lines are not contained in the set.
Examples of semi-ovoids are the sets of isotropic points of an hermitian form. They are called hermitian quadrics.
As for ovoids in literature there are criteria, which make a semi-ovoid to a hermitian quadric.
See, for example.
Semi-ovoids are used in the construction of examples of Möbius geometries.
See also
Ovoid (polar space)
Möbius plane
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
E. Hartmann: Planar Circle Geometries, an Introduction to Moebius-, Laguerre- and Minkowski Planes. Skript, TH Darmstadt (PDF; 891 kB), S. 121-123.
Projective geometry
Incidence geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoid%20%28projective%20geometry%29 |
"Teen Angel" is a teenage tragedy song written by Jean Dinning and her husband, Red Surrey. It was performed by Jean's brother, Mark Dinning, and released in October 1959.
The record was not an instant success, with some radio stations in the U.S. banning the song, considering it too sad. Nevertheless, despite the reluctance of radio stations, the song continued to climb the charts. In the last week of 1959, the single jumped from #100 to #50 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It went on to reach #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (February 1960) and #37 in the UK Singles Chart (even though it was banned from being played by the BBC). Billboard ranked it as the #5 song of 1960.
Storyline
The song is about a girl and her boyfriend (the song's narrator) who go out for a ride together. He pulls her to safety when their car is stalled on a railroad track in the path of an oncoming train. But then she runs back to the car, and is killed in the collision. When her body is recovered, the narrator's high school class ring is in her hand, which was apparently the reason she ran back. The last verse ends with the lyrics: "I'll never kiss your lips again/They buried you today." The final line in the coda asks the Teen Angel to: "Answer me, please."
"Teen Angel" and its two predecessors at the Hot 100's top spot, "El Paso" by Marty Robbins and "Running Bear" by Johnny Preston, continued a string of pop tunes in which someone dies tragically.
Notable covers
UK artists Alex Murray and Garry Mills each separately covered "Teen Angel" in February 1960, issuing their versions in the UK at the same time as Dinning in an effort to have the UK hit with the song. Their versions both missed the charts, however, while Dinning's made it to #37 UK.
In late 1960, Rolf Harris issued a parody with new lyrics called "Tame Eagle".
American rock and roll revival act Sha Na Na performed "Teen Angel" at the 1969 Woodstock festival.
In 1974, the Canadian band Wednesday released its own take on "Teen Angel" much like it had done with "Last Kiss". But rather than it being a remake of the original, the storyline of the 1974 version reverses the role. After losing his girlfriend some time before, the 16-year-old boy loses his life in the same manner as the girl in the 1960 song (and the song in this case is narrated by a group of the boy's friends, rather than an individual). Their version reached #79 in the U.S. and #16 in Canada.
The song was included in a medley by Steve Goodman, who performed it along with "Tell Laura I Love Her" and "Laurie (Strange Things Happen)" in what he referred to as "dead girl songs".
Legacy
The original Mark Dinning recording is featured in the 1973 film American Graffiti (set in 1962); as a representative hit song of the era, has been re-released on numerous compilation albums including the 1984 Rhino LP Teenage Tragedies.
It is referenced in the book Travels with Charley: In Search of America by John Steinbeck and in the song "Gone for Good" by the Shins.
Chart performance
All-time charts
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one songs of 1960
References
1959 singles
1960 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Teenage tragedy songs
Vehicle wreck ballads
1959 songs
MGM Records singles
Censorship of music
Wednesday (Canadian band) songs
Mark Dinning songs
Songs banned by the BBC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen%20Angel%20%28song%29 |
Thane William Howard Hardcastle Christopher Bettany (28 May 1929 – 7 November 2015) was an English actor and dancer. He was the father of film and theatre actor Paul Bettany.
Early years
Thane Bettany was born in Sarawak, an independent state on the island of Borneo, which was then a British protectorate governed by the White Rajahs. Thane grew up with an elder brother, named Peter Bettany. His godmother was the American memoirist Agnes Newton Keith, author of Three Came Home.
The Bettanys knew the Rhys-Jones family, also British expats in Sarawak. In 1965, when both had been widowed, Howard John Bettany, Thane's father, married Margaret Rhys-Jones (née Molesworth; a descendant of Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth). The same year, further intermingling the families, Thane Bettany stood godfather to his new stepbrother's daughter, Sophie. In 1999 he was summoned by royal command to attend her wedding to Prince Edward, when she became Countess of Wessex (later Duchess of Edinburgh).
Dancing career
Bettany had become enamoured with ballet after seeing a performance as a child. Once he left school he took the money given to him by his father to go to school to study ballet. After National Service, when he served in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm as a mechanic, he entered Sadler's Wells Ballet School (which later became the Royal Ballet School). He began dancing in musical theatre, but after an accident on stage when he broke his back he had to give up professional dance. Acting was an obvious career move, but he had a stammer. He went to study mime in Paris with Charles Antonetti, who helped him manage his stammer. Bettany returned to England and joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company, which would later become the Royal Shakespeare Company. He played Osric to Sir Michael Redgrave's Hamlet. In The Tempest, he was the understudy for the role of Ferdinand; he then took over the part when the play transferred to Drury Lane with Sir John Gielgud.
Personal life
After a few years with the New Zealand Players, he returned home and taught at Corona Stage School, where he met Anne Kettle, whom he would later marry. He moved on to Norway as the Artistic Director of the English Theatre Company there, inviting Kettle over as his stage manager. Back in England they renewed their friendship at the Lincoln Theatre Royale. They married and settled in North London, "a rough estate in Harlesden" according to their son, and although stage work continued to be his focus, when his children were born he looked for other work to be closer to home. He continued to act, mainly in television; during this period he was cast in one of his most famous roles, as Tarak on Doctor Who.
The couple had three children: daughter Sarah, elder son Paul and younger son Matthew. Sarah and Paul initially attended school in North London. When Sarah, Paul and Matthew were 11, 9 and 2 years old, respectively, their father obtained employment as a drama teacher at the Hertfordshire all-girls boarding school, Queenswood School; the family lived on campus.
His son, Matthew, died after a fall at Queenswood when he was 8. Soon after, Paul left home to live on his own in London. Thane and Anne divorced in 1993 after 25 years of marriage. Bettany considered paying privately for sex-reassignment surgery, as he was too old for NHS protocols; in the end he judged it too expensive, and likely to hinder his remaining acting career. He lived in Fife, Scotland with his partner, Andy Little, continuing to work regularly as an actor, including performing with Dundee Rep until his death in November 2015. According to his son Paul, following the death of Andy after a 20 year relationship, Thane "went back into the closet" out of difficulties with grief and with reconciling his sexuality and Catholicism, fearing "not being able to get into Heaven".
Bettany was the father-in-law of actress Jennifer Connelly, who married his son Paul in 2003.
Filmography
References
External links
"My Son, the Actor"
Biography of Paul Bettany
1929 births
2015 deaths
English male ballet dancers
English male film actors
English male stage actors
People from Sarawak
Male actors from London
20th-century English male actors
People educated at Lucton School
People associated with Fife
English LGBT dancers
Fleet Air Arm personnel
English LGBT actors
LGBT male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thane%20Bettany |
Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1946 with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 57 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1946
Treaties entered into force in 1947
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of the Dominion of India
Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Union of South Africa
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of Yugoslavia
1946 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final%20Articles%20Revision%20Convention%2C%201946 |
Final Articles Revision Convention may refer to either of two International Labour Organization conventions:
Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946
Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final%20Articles%20Revision%20Convention |
Robert "Wolfman" Belfour (September 11, 1940 – February 24, 2015) was an American blues musician. He was born in Red Banks, Mississippi. When he was a child, his father, Grant Belfour, taught him to play the guitar, and he continued his tutelage in the blues from the musicians Otha Turner, R. L. Burnside, and Junior Kimbrough. Kimbrough, in particular, had a profound influence on him. His music was rooted in Mississippi hill country traditions, in contrast to Delta blues. His playing was characterized by a percussive attack and alternate tunings.
When Belfour was thirteen, his father died, and music was relegated to what free time he had, as his energy went to helping his mother provide for the family. In 1959, he married Noreen Norman and moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he worked in construction for the next 35 years.
In the 1980s, Belfour began playing on Beale Street. Eight of his songs are included on the musicologist David Evans's compilation album The Spirit Lives On: Deep South Country Blues and Spirituals in the 1990s, released by the German Hot Fox label in 1994. This led Belfour to Fat Possum Records and record his first album, What's Wrong With You, released in 2000.
The album Pushin' My Luck followed in 2003, receiving a positive critical review.
Belfour died on February 24, 2015, at the age of 74.
Discography
2000 What's Wrong With You
2003 Pushin My Luck
2013 Wolfman - Live at Blues Rules
References
External links
Robert Belfour page from Fat Possum Records site
[ Allmusic biography]
2007 interview
1940 births
2015 deaths
Delta blues musicians
Country blues musicians
Blues revival musicians
Fat Possum Records artists
Country blues singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
American male singers
People from Holly Springs, Mississippi
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Songwriters from Mississippi
Guitarists from Mississippi
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Belfour |
The Black Hawk State Historic Site, in Rock Island, Illinois, is adjacent to the historic site of the village of Saukenuk, the home of a band of Native Americans of the Sauk nation. It includes the John Hauberg Museum of Native American Life. The state park is located on a bluff overlooking the Rock River in western Illinois. It is most famous for being the birthplace of the Sauk warrior Black Hawk. The disputed cession of this area to the U.S. Government was the catalyst for the Black Hawk War.
Under the Sauk
The Sauk nation occupied this site as their principal village, called "Saukenuk". It was a well-drained area, suitable for growing corn. The Sauk had arrived by 1750, probably after the Fox Wars (1712-1733). When the explorer Jonathan Carver reached Saukenuk in 1766, he called it "the largest and best built Indian town" he had ever seen, "more like a civilized town than the abode of savages."
The Sauk successfully farmed the area during part of the year and spent the winters in camps down and across the Mississippi collecting fur-bearing animals. Sauk hunters skinned their catches and sold the peltry to fur traders from the Great Lakes. From 1763 on, these traders were mostly British, and from the 1780s on, most of them were employees or contractors of the Canada-based North West Company. In the spring, the Sauk gathered in sugar camps for maple sugaring before returning to the village (left empty since the fall) to plant crops and bury their dead.
The Sauk developed military and economic ties with British North America. Due to these ties, the Sauk expected British military assistance. Some of the Sauk traveled every year to British forts on far-away Lake Superior and near Detroit for trading and gift-giving.
A disputed 1804 St. Louis Treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison led to the transfer of Illinois lands to the U.S. Government, including Saukenuk. The Sauk did not consider this treaty valid, and they continued to live at the village.
When Thomas Forsyth arrived in Saukenuk in 1817, he described it as the most populous Indian village he had ever seen.
By 1826, an estimated 4,800 Sauk lived in and around Saukenuk. Others who passed through, such as William H. Keating, noted that the village was not limited to the Sauk. Keating estimated only about 20% of the warriors that the Sauk could muster had pure Sauk ancestry. It was the largest single settlement in the new U.S. state of Illinois. This is how Black Hawk described Saukenuk:
The Black Hawk War
The defeat of the British in the War of 1812 and the spread of American settlers into Illinois and up the Mississippi River doomed the village. In multiple treaties, many of the Sauk had signed land cessions that sold the land under Saukenuk to the new American nation. Part of the tribe established new villages in Iowa and in Missouri nearer their winter hunting grounds.
The campaign of 1832 led to a complete victory for the U.S. Army and the state of Illinois. Many of Black Hawk's followers were killed and the Quad Cities region was completely opened to settlement. However, many white Americans admired Black Hawk's courage in defense of his band's ancestral lands, and the native leader was elevated to the rank of a folk hero.
A statue of Black Hawk was raised on the site in 1892, and the Civilian Conservation Corps redeveloped and improved the park in 1934–1942.
The village site today
The last couple of blocks on the southern portion of 11th street Rock Island (U.S. Route 67) now cover the former site of the Sauk village of Saukenuk, with Black Hawk State Historic Site and John Hauberg Museum of Native American Life slightly to the east. Saukenuk had strong ties with the Meskwaki village to the north, what is now downtown Rock Island. Vandruff Island in the Rock River to the south of the village was also a place in which villagers spent their days. The island is now mainly a 180-foot-deep quarry with some residential development on the west side. The historic site is served by Illinois Route 5, which intersects with Interstate 74 in nearby Moline, Illinois.
John Hauberg Museum of Native American Life
The Hauberg Museum specializes in Sauk and Mesquakie cultural objects and artifacts. The museum is located in a lodge constructed in 1934 by the Civilian Conservation Corps and was named after John Hauberg, a philanthropist from Rock Island. Exhibits include full-size replicas of Sauk winter and summer houses, dioramas depicting Native life typical of the period from 1750 to 1830, trade goods, jewelry and domestic items, and several Black Hawk artifacts, including his tomahawk, two of his clay tobacco pipes, and a bronze bust fashioned from a plaster life mask.
Singing Bird Nature Center
The Singing Bird Nature Center offers educational programs in the northwest section of the park. One section of the building is dedicated to the study of local native birds. The nature center is named after Black Hawk's wife Asshewaqua meaning Singing Bird.
References
External links
Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
Black Hawk State Historic Site
1927 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Rock Island, Illinois
Illinois State Historic Sites
Nature centers in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Rock Island, Illinois
Native American museums in Illinois
Museums in Rock Island County, Illinois
Civilian Conservation Corps in Illinois
Protected areas of Rock Island County, Illinois
Protected areas established in 1927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Hawk%20State%20Historic%20Site |
The Bagnolians were a sect in the 8th century, deemed heretical, who rejected the Old Testament and part of the New Testament. They held the world to be eternal, and affirmed that God did not create the soul, when he infused it into the body. They derived their name from Bagnols, a city in Languedoc, France. Their doctrine generally agreed with that of the Manicheans.
See also
Manichaeism
Marcionism
References
Gnosticism
Christian denominations established in the 8th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnolians |
Magazine Gap Road is a winding road on the affluent and ultra-expensive Mid-Levels and the Peak on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is one of the main access leading to the Peak area.
Description
It starts low from Robinson Road and Garden Road. It runs east and uphill and meets Bowen Road and May Road. It continues and meets the junction with Coombe Road and Peak Road at . It ends in , where , a Japanese war shrine, was built during Japanese occupation of the territory between 1941 and 1945. It was destroyed in 1947, shortly after the Liberation of Hong Kong.
With road connections nearby, vehicles can reach either north or south of the island through roads in Wan Chai Gap and Wong Nai Chung Gap.
Intersections
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong § Hong Kong Island
Grenville House
Zig-zag
Stubbs Road
References
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Victoria Peak
Mid-Levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20Gap%20Road |
Wojo is a common nickname for many people with long Polish or other eastern European surnames beginning "Woj-".
Wojo or WOJO could refer to:
People
David Wojcinski (born 1980), former Australian rules footballer
Bob Wojnowski (born 1961), Detroit News sports writer, co-host of Stoney and Wojo with Mike Stone
Steve Wojciechowski (born 1976), American college basketball head coach and former player
Aleksander Wojtkiewicz (1963–2006), Polish chess player
The Great Wojo, professional wrestler Greg Wojciechowski (born 1951)
Other uses
Detective Stan Wojciehowicz, a character from the television sitcom Barney Miller
WOJO, a radio station (105.1 FM) licensed to Evanston, Illinois, United States
Wojo, a dialect of the West Banda language, spoken in the Central African Republic and South Sudan
Wojo railway station, a stop on the Prambanan Express in Indonesia
Hypocorisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojo |
Auto-Sleepers (also spelt as Auto-sleeper) is an English manufacturer of campervan motorhomes, based in Willersey a small village near Broadway, Worcestershire.
History
In 1961, the Trevelyan family and their two young sons, built their own motorhome based on a Morris Commercial J2 van, which they took on holiday to the South of France. On return they converted an Austin van, which attracted five orders from Henlys in Bristol. Going into business with local builder Bob Halling, the first retail products were produced.
Auto-Sleepers core product developed through the adoption of the successful monocoque body, a two-piece clamshell glass-fibre unit which gave the living unit strength and a lack of edge joints, which on a traditional sandwich construction produce a weaker body which is prone to leaking.
The company developed rapidly and quickly became a product market leader in the United Kingdom, as well as exporting its vehicles to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia and Japan
The Trevelyan family sold the business in 1997 to Steven Riley and Bill Cook, whilst retaining a small shareholding themselves. In 2000 the company was sold to Ian Capes and Stuart Johnson, whose Marquis company in 2005 was acquired by the Italian motorhome manufacturing company SEA Group.
Present
Like most British based motorcaravan manufacturers, its vehicles are based on van chassis supplied by major motor manufacturers, including the Peugeot Boxer and Mercedes-Benz Sprinter; the Ford Transit based conversions were dropped in 2010, and the Volkswagen LT conversions for model year 2017. The Service Centre is based in Willersey, near Broadway, Worcestershire, formerly managed by last family member involved with the business, Charles Trevelyan.
In June 2009, existing directors Geoff Scott and Mike Crouch acquired 100% of the shareholding via their company Trigano Group - the UK's largest dealernetwork of motorhomes, trading under the Marquis brand - returning Auto Sleeper into British private ownership.
References
External links
Company website
Auto Sleepers Owners Club
Auto Sleeper Owners Forum
Recreational vehicle manufacturers
Motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Worcestershire
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1961
1961 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Sleepers |
The Whin Sill or Great Whin Sill is a tabular layer of the igneous rock dolerite in County Durham, Northumberland and Cumbria in the northeast of England. It lies partly in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and partly in Northumberland National Park and stretches from Teesdale northwards towards Berwick.
It is one of the key natural features of the North Pennines. A major outcrop is at the High Force waterfall in Teesdale. Bamburgh Castle, Dunstanburgh Castle, Lindisfarne Castle and stretches of Hadrian's Wall all strategically take advantage of high, rocky cliff lines formed by the sill.
The Whin Sill complex is usually divided into three components: Holy Island Sill, Alnwick Sill and the Hadrian's Wall-Pennines Sill, which were created by separate magma flows, but at about the same time.
The Little Whin Sill is an associated formation to the south, in Weardale.
Derivation of name
Much of the early study of geology began in the British Isles, whence much of the terminology is derived. Quarrymen of Northern England used the term 'sill' to describe a more or less horizontal body of rock. 'Whin' was applied to dark, hard rocks. As the intrusive igneous origin of the Whin Sill was determined in the 19th century, the term 'sill' was adopted by geologists for concordant, tabular intrusive bodies.
Geology
Towards the close of Carboniferous Period and in the early Permian, some 295 million years ago (Ma), crustal extension caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates during the Variscan orogeny allowed the emplacement of igneous intrusions of magma across much of northern England of a suite of tholeiitic dolerite intrusions. These were largely concordant with the strata of the existing country rock. On cooling, these crystallised and solidified to form the Great Whin Sill. It is dated at around 301- 294 million years old, thus spanning the Carboniferous/Permian boundary at 299 Ma.
It underlies much of south and east Northumberland and the Durham Coalfield. Its maximum known thickness of around 70 metres occurs in the North Pennines.
Surface and subsurface records of the Great Whin reveal it is not always concordant over wide areas and often rises and falls in the stratigraphical succession in marked leaps and gentle transgressions different levels.
Studies of the petrology of the dolerites of the Whin Sill complex have revealed significant differences between the Little Whin Sill and the Great Whin Sill. The Little Whin Sill is olivine-bearing and believed to be composed of an early differentiate of the Whin dolerite magma. On the other hand, the Great Whin, non-olivine-bearing and slightly density graded, is a later differentiate of the Whin magma.
Two separate periods of Whin dolerite injection are confirmed by studies of vitrinite reflectance over the Alston Block where two periods of Whin contact metamorphism have been recognized. The two periods of Whin dolerite emplacement form part of the end-Carboniferous earth movements in northern England. They can be shown to have occurred between a period of compression from a W-SW direction and later gentle doming of the Alston Block near the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, dated about 300–295 Ma.
The lithology is notable in many respects, including well developed pegmatite segregations which can be found in Upper Teesdale. Late stage hydrothermal mineralisation has filled the joints with pectolite. The dolerite has been carbonated as metasomatic selvages into veins and joints and other flaws to produce 'White Whin'. Thermal metamorphism of the country rock in the contact zone produced coarse grained marbles within the contact aureole in a small number of places in Teesdale.
Disused roadstone quarries along the course of the sill offer sections for its interpretation.
Effects on landscape and geography
The regolith supports alpine/Arctic flora which includes spring gentian (Gentiana verna), bird's-eye primrose (Primula farinosa), mountain avens (Dryas octopetala) and Teesdale violet (Viola rupestris). This is an example of the intimate interaction and dependence of geology and ecology.
The resistance to erosion of the dolerite gives rise to a number of striking geomorphological features such as High Force, Low Force, Cauldron Snout, High Cup Nick, Scordale and Holwick Scars.
See also
Allolee to Walltown SSSI
Bamburgh Coast and Hills SSSI
Burnfoot River Shingle and Wydon Nabb SSSI
References
Geology of Northumberland
Paleozoic England
Sills (geology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whin%20Sill |
Kastellaun is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality.
Geography
Location
The town lies in the eastern Hunsrück roughly equidistant from the Moselle, the Rhine and the Nahe. The town centre lies between a depression in the north and the plateau of the Hunsrück, over which runs Bundesstraße 327, the so-called Hunsrückhöhenstraße (“Hunsrück Heights Road”, a scenic road across the Hunsrück built originally as a military road on Hermann Göring’s orders).
Climate
Yearly precipitation in Kastellaun amounts to 755 mm, which falls into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 53% of the German Weather Service's weather stations, lower figures recorded. The driest month is April. The most rainfall comes in June. In that month, precipitation is 1.4 times what it is in April. Precipitation varies only slightly and is spread very evenly throughout the year. Only at 1% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded.
History
Kestilun was first mentioned in writing in 1226. castle was built by the Counts of Sponheim and belonged until 1417 to the County of Sponheim.
In 1301, the castle and the town became home to Simon II, Count of Sponheim-Kreuznach and his wife Elisabeth. Count Simon granted Kastellaun town rights in 1305 and also secured market rights on 8 November 1309 from Emperor Henry VII, who was the brother of Baldwin of Luxembourg, Archbishop of Trier. In 1321, the castle and the town found themselves under siege from Baldwin, who in 1325 also built another castle at Buch, Burg Balduinseck, to counter Kastellaun's challenges to his authority. In 1340, Count Walram of Sponheim left Kastellaun and went to Bad Kreuznach.
In 1437, the Counts of Sponheim died out, and the inheritance fell with the Amt of Kastellaun to Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken and the Lord of Baden, who ruled it jointly. Frederick I acquired the Principality of Simmern and a share of the County of Sponheim from the Veldenz legacy, which he ruled, after the last Count of Veldenz had died, from Kastellaun. He was therefore the actual founder of the Palatinate-Simmern line. Frederick I and his brother Louis divided their father's holdings between them once again in 1459. Louis got the Duchy of Zweibrücken and Frederick resided in Simmern. The Palatinate-Simmern share of the County of Sponheim passed in 1560 to the Count Palatine Zweibrücken and in 1569 to Palatinate-Birkenfeld under Zweibrücken hegemony.
Living at the castle until 1594 were various bailiffs (Amtmänner) who represented the joint lords’ (the County of Veldenz, the Margraviate of Baden, Palatinate-Simmern and Palatinate-Zweibrücken) interests. Margrave Edward Fortunatus was driven out of Baden-Baden in 1594 and sought refuge at the castle, thereby making it a residence once again. In the course of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the town was occupied by Spaniards, Swedes, Lorrains, Hessians and Frenchmen. Great Plague epidemics raged.
The Sponheim lordship began to come to an end in 1687 as many parts of the Rhine's left bank were being occupied by King Louis XIV's troops in the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession). The main result of the occupation for Kastellaun was the castle's and the town's destruction. In 1776, the joint lordship ended definitively, and the Amt and town of Kastellaun passed to Palatinate-Zweibrücken.
During the French Revolutionary Wars, the region was occupied in 1793 and 1794 by French troops and in 1798 it was assigned to the Department of Rhin-et-Moselle, thereby making it French until the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Then, Kastellaun became part of the Prussian Rhine Province.
In 1820, the castle passed into private ownership. In 1884, the town bought the property and gave the ruin its first renovation.
Since 1946, Kastellaun has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. On 14 September 1969, it was granted town rights once again.
The castle hill and the ruins underwent renovation and restoration once again between 1990 and 1993. In 1999, the first castle house was rebuilt, followed by a second in 2005. On 9 September 2007, a documentation centre was dedicated as the “House of Regional History”.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Kastellaun's mayor is Christian Keimer.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Sable a fess countercompony gules and argent, in chief two crowns in fess Or.
The arms recall those formerly borne by the Counts of Sponheim, which featured a “chequy” pattern. The two crowns are said to symbolize two of the counts who held sway here. These arms appear on the town seal as early as the 15th century.
In the 1920s, Otto Hupp showed a somewhat different coat of arms for Kastellaun in the Coffee Hag albums, with azure (blue) as the field tincture instead of sable (black), and with 14 squares of alternating tinctures on the fess (horizontal stripe) instead of 12. The composition of charges, however, was otherwise the same as in the arms borne now.
Town partnerships
Kastellaun fosters partnerships with the following places:
Prémery, Nièvre, France
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Castle Kastellaun ruin (monumental zone) – ruin of the wedge-shaped complex founded in the early 14th century and destroyed in 1689 with upper and lower castle; lodging building with, in places, three-floor-high west wall and the west half of the adjoining rectangular tower, both with arch friezes; rectangular building attested by digs; keep; on the site of the lower castle the Catholic Church
Evangelical church, Kirchplatz 4 – triple nave, earlier half of the 14th century; tower possibly from the earlier half of the 14th century; quire, 15th century
Catholic Church of the Holy Cross (Kirche zum Hl. Kreuz), Schloßstraße 17 – Gothic Revival basilica, 1899–1902, architect Eduard Endler, Cologne
Town fortifications – Parts of walls from the former trapezoidal town fortifications, possibly from the earlier half of the 14th century; preserved, a stretch of wall along the backs of the houses on Burgweg and west of the Evangelical church; at Burgweg 6 a reconstructed gate; parts of a wall in the back parts of Eifelstraße 13 and 15, beside those reconstructed wall with parapet walk; remnants of a tower and a gateway arch near Marktstraße 14; parallel to Marktstraße and below the Evangelical church parts of the moat on the north side
Bahnhofstraße 17 – two-winged Renaissance Revival building, about 1900
Bahnhofstraße 23 – villa, pyramidal roof, about 1920
Bahnhofstraße 38 – stately building with hipped roof with Expressionist portal, marked 1922
Bahnhofstraße 54 – detached house, partly timber-frame, marked 1921
Bopparder Straße 11 – building with hipped roof, marked 1808
Bucher Straße 10 – former parish church (Pfarrkirche Hl. Kreuz); aisleless church, 1728; graveyard: graveyard cross, 1858; two grave crosses, 18th century, three basalt grave crosses, 19th century; five cast-iron grave crosses, Rheinböllen Ironworks, late 19th century; whole complex of buildings
Burgweg 8 – former Catholic school; Late Classicist slate quarrystone building, shortly before 1845
Burgweg 10 – timber-frame house, partly solid, plastered, 18th century, timber-frame addition
Kirchstraße 13/15 – timber-frame house, half-hipped roof, 17th century
Kirchstraße 17 – broadly seated half-hipped roof, partly timber-frame, plastered, about 1700
Beside Marktstraße 14 – town wall gateway arch, marked 1747; town wall tower
Marktstraße 14 – two-winged, three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid and slated, marked 1755, expansion/alterations in the 19th century
Marktstraße 16 – timber-frame house, plastered, rich stucco, caryatids, about 1890
Marktstraße 17 – former hotel “Zum Schwanen”; timber-frame house, partly solid, hipped mansard roof, possibly from the 17th century
Marktstraße 22 – former Scharfensteiner Hof; three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid and slated, hipped mansard roof, marked 1724
Schloßstraße 5a – timber-frame house, partly solid, mansard roof, possibly from the early 18th century
Schloßstraße 7 – timber-frame house, partly solid, plastered, mansard roof, early 19th century
Schloßstraße 10 – former Catholic rectory; building with hipped mansard roof, 18th century
Schloßstraße 11 – former financial office of the Margraves of Baden and the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken; today a Catholic rectory, two-winged timber-frame house, partly solid and slated, about 1700
Schloßstraße 15 – former tithe barn; one-floor building with hipped mansard roof, 18th century
Schloßstraße 19 – former Badish Amt winery; building with hipped mansard roof, marked 1670
Jewish graveyard, Hasselbacher Straße (monumental zone) – founded about 1879, 37 grave steles from 1885 to 1933
warriors’ memorial 1870/1871, Am Pfingstwald – sandstone obelisk
Sport and leisure
On the town's southeastern outskirts is found an indoor swimming pool with an integrated medical rehabilitation centre, and a sport and fitness area. Right nearby is a miniature golf course.
The Kyrill Path was established in May 2008, after the Kyrill storm laid waste to woodlands in 2007. Along the 800 m-long path leading through 1.5 ha of woodland devastated by the storm, the visitor can get an idea of the destruction wrought by the Kyrill storm and also learn something about the regeneration of new forest. Ten information stations deal in detail with geology, pedology, root development, climate, weather, life in dead wood, the bark beetle’s voraciousness, natural and artificial forest rejuvenation, mechanized wood harvesting and modern forestry.
Near the Kyrill Path, a ropes course and a barefoot path were opened in May 2008.
Along Kastellaun’s southern outskirts, along the old Hunsrückbahn (railway) right-of-way, runs the Schinderhannes-Radweg (cycle path). This begins in Simmern and leads by Kastellaun on the way to Emmelshausen.
Near Kastellaun lies the former Pydna Missile Base, where each year, an open-air electronic music festival called Nature One is held.
Among the many clubs, there is the Kastellaun Gymnastics Club (Turnverein Kastellaun), part of the widely known Kastellaun-Simmern Handball Playing Association (Handballspielgemeinschaft Kastellaun-Simmern).
Economy and infrastructure
Education
Located in Kastellaun are one primary school, an Integrierte Gesamtschule (IGS; a comprehensive school that combines Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium streams) with a gymnasial upper level, the Theodor Heuss School for the Mentally Handicapped/School for the Physically Handicapped and the Kastellaun Free Waldorf School.
Other institutions
The Julius-Reuß-Wohnheim is an institution geared to help people with disabilities. It is among the so-called Schmiedelanstalten (roughly “Swamp Institutions” – named for the wetland area where they were originally found; Julius Reuß was their founder) and is located in a residential neighbourhood between the town centre and the industrial park. It collaborates with the other institutions in town dedicated to care of the handicapped, namely the Theodor Heuss Schools mentioned above along with their special kindergarten for children with mental disabilities, the workshop and the daytime assistance centre at the Rhein-Mosel-Werkstätten (“Rhine-Moselle Workshops”) and the home of the club Betreutes Wohnen Hunsrück e.V. (“Hunsrück Assisted Living”) for those with physical illnesses.
Tourism
The town takes it upon itself to promote tourism. On offer are guided tours through the Old Town and to the castle ruins. The most important buildings and sites and historical events from the castle's and the town's history are described and explained on these tours by expert guides. The small, traditional Bell Leisure Park lies right nearby.
Kastellaun lies on the Deutsche Alleenstraße (Germany's longest themed holiday road, featuring many Alleen – tree-lined avenues).
Bundeswehr post
Kastellaun has been home since 20 March 1964 to a Bundeswehr barracks, which houses Command Support Battalion (Führungsunterstützungsbataillon) 282.
Famous people
Notable people born in the town
Philipp Christoph Reichsritter von Sötern (1567–1652), Archbishop and Elector of Trier
Eberhard Kieser (b. 2. December 1583 in Kastellaun; d. November 1631 in Frankfurt) German engraver and publisher
Arnold Constantin Peter Franz von Lasaulx (b. 14 June 1839; d. 25 January 1886) German mineralogist and petrographer
Heinrich Friedrich Zimmer (1851–1910), Celticist and Indologist; first German professor of Celtic studies
Albrecht Koschorke (b. 1958), literary critic at the University of Konstanz
Other notable people associated with the town
Simon II, Count of Sponheim-Kreuznach (c. 1270-1336)
Heinrich Barenbroch (about 1525–1587), Evangelical minister and reformer of the city of Essen
Edward Fortunatus (1565–1600), Regent of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, died at Castle Kastellaun
Friedrich Back (1801–1879), Evangelical minister, superintendent and Heimatforscher.
Friedrich Hachenberg (1915–1992), forester, from 1951 to 1968 led the Kastellaun forestry office and published several books and papers about the forests around the town
Karl-August von Dahl (b. 1942), Evangelical minister, in the 1980s one of the organizers and one of the most important minds of the movement for peace and against the stationing of US nuclear missiles in the Hunsrück
Jutta Renate von Dahl (b. 1943), Evangelical minister, in 1988 the first awarded the Aachen Peace Prize (Aachener Friedenspreis) for her involvement in the peace movement
Christian W. Schenk (b. 1951), German-Romanian lyricist, essayist, translator and publisher, lives in Kastellaun
Further reading
Kastellaun in der Geschichte. Herausgegeben von der Familienstiftung Pies-Archiv, der Integrierten Gesamtschule Kastellaun und der Stadt Kastellaun in Verbindung mit dem Forschungszentrum Vorderhunsrück
Band 1: Christof Pies (Red.): Gemeinsame Erinnerung. Jüdische Überlebende des Nationalsozialismus begegnen Bürgern und Schülern ihrer Heimatstadt. Projektwoche der Gesamtschule Kastellaun „Judentum und Nationalsozialismus“. Staatliche Integrierte Gesamtschule Kastellaun und Stadt Kastellaun, Kastellaun 1989, 220 S.
Band 2: Eike Pies: Bürgerbücher der Stadt und des Amtes Kastellaun. (1568–1798). Pies, Sprockhövel 1991, 675 S.,
Band 3: Bernd König et al.: Das Wahrzeichen Kastellauns, seine Burg. Pies und Stadt Kastellaun, Dommershausen und Kastellaun 1994, 207 S., oder
Band 4: Josef Peil (Zusammenstellung) et al.: Streiflichter. Zeugnisse aus dem Leben der Stadt Kastellaun und ihrer Bewohner. Pies und Stadt Kastellaun, Dommershausen und Kastellaun 1996, 292 S.,
Band 5: Friedrich Hachenberg: Wald um Kastellaun. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Stadtwaldes. Abschließend bearbeitet durch Franz-Josef Boeder. Pies und Stadt Kastellaun, Dommershausen und Kastellaun 1998, 183 S.,
Band 6: Michael Frauenberger: Bürgerbücher für das Amt Kastellaun (1568–1798). Band 2: Die lutherischen Pfarreien Alterkülz (mit Michelbach und teilweise Neuerkirch), Bell (mit Hasselbach, Hundheim, Krastel, Leideneck, Spesenroth, Völkenroth und Wohnroth), Gödenroth (mit Heyweiler), Roth (mit Hollnich) und Uhler ab 1701. Pies, Dommershausen 1999, 739 (XIX) S.,
Band 7: Eric Beres: Auswanderung aus dem Hunsrück 1815 - 1871. Strukturen, Ursachen und Folgen am Beispiel der ehemaligen Bürgermeisterei Kastellaun. [Veränderte Magisterarbeit.] Pies und Stadt Kastellaun, Dommershausen und Kastellaun 2001, 178 S.,
Band 8: Christof Pies (Red.), Rolf Claus et al.: Augenblicke – von Kestilun nach Kastellaun. Pies, Sprockhövel 2008, 243 S.,
Hubert Leifeld, Karl Peter Wiemer (Red.): Kastellaun. Burg und Stadt im vorderen Hunsrück. Rheinische Kunststätten (Heft 461). Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz. Neusser Druckerei und Verlag, Neuss 2001, 39 S.,
Autorenkollektiv: 25 Jahre Garnisonsstadt Kastellaun. Informationsschrift für Gäste und Soldaten''. Mönch, Koblenz, Bonn und Waldesch 1989, 84 S.
References
External links
Official webpage
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellaun |
QOR may refer to:
The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, a Canadian Forces airborne infantry regiment based in Toronto, Ontario
Quality of results, a term used in evaluating technological processes
QoR Watercolors by Golden Artist Colors, a "Quality of Results" line of modern watercolor paints.
Quality of Resilience (QoR), an electrical engineering term
qor gene, a gene in human DNA
Kor (Star Trek), character in the Star Trek universe
Qor, a school of dark magic in the game Meridian 59 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QOR |
Pavonia Terminal was the Erie Railroad terminal on the Hudson River situated on the landfilled Harsimus Cove in Jersey City, New Jersey. The station opened in 1861 and closed in 1958 when the Erie Railroad moved its passenger services to nearby Hoboken Terminal. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway also ran commuter trains from the terminal and various street cars, ferries and the underground Hudson and Manhattan Railroad serviced the station. The station was abandoned in 1958 and demolished in 1961. The site was eventually redeveloped into the Newport district in the late 20th century.
Pavonia was one of five passenger railroad terminals that lined the western shore of the Hudson Waterfront from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, along with those at Weehawken, Hoboken, Exchange Place, and Communipaw, with Hoboken being the only one still in service.
History
The Erie began developing the waterfront site in 1856.
The intermodal complex was open December 4, 1887. Across the river-facing facade was New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad, the name of the entity that built it, though it was also called Jersey City Terminal Station or Erie Railroad Station The colloquial name is taken from the 17th century European settlement of Pavonia, New Netherland, which began in the area and the ferry that served it. It has been described as "a brightly colored Victorian eclectic three story terminal located at the foot of Pavonia Avenue to serve a twelve track" station. It was designed by George E. Archer. The end of track was at about 40.7266 N 74.0304 W. Besides the railroad, the complex was served by ferries, streetcars and the rapid transit Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (now PATH). The terminal was also used by New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway trains. Long distance and suburban passenger trains reached the terminal by travelling through Bergen Hill via the Long Dock Tunnel and later under the Bergen Arches.
In October 1956 the Erie Railroad began moving its trains out of Pavonia Terminal and into Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Hoboken Terminal, and by 1960 had merged to become the Erie Lackawanna Railway. Erie's Northern Branch trains moved to Hoboken in 1959; the New York, Susquehanna and Western operated to the terminal until it pulled back to Susquehanna Transfer in 1961. The terminal was razed by 1961.
Service
Railroads
The Erie Railroad's Main Line ran from Jersey City to Chicago via Binghamton, Youngstown and Akron; with a line to Buffalo, and a spur to Cleveland. The name and a portion of the route exists in the form of the New Jersey Transit Main Line to Suffern, New York and, under contract for Metro North, all the way to Port Jervis. Parts of the contemporary Bergen County Line and Pascack Valley Line were also Erie operated, while sections of its Greenwood Lake Branch have been incorporated into the Montclair-Boonton Line. The Northern Branch of the Northern Railroad of New Jersey is another line from the Erie era along which freight is transported and that may be revived as light rail service. The last train to leave the station, the #1205 at 6:35 p.m. on Friday, December 12, 1958, was along the Northern Branch. The Newark Branch (with continuing service to Paterson) and the Orange Branch were also parts of its suburban network. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway main line ran to Wilkes-Barre, although passenger service was operated that far for only a few years (and that Wilkes Barre and Eastern line was completely abandoned, even for freight service, in 1939), while regular commuter service ran only to Butler, NJ until 1966.
Named trains, many of them long distance, originated at the station. These included Atlantic Express, Erie Limited, Lake Cities, Midlander, Mountain Express, Pacific Express, and Southern Tier Express.
Ferry
The Pavonia Ferry began running in 1851, along a route that had been established some decades earlier as Budd's Ferry. It was taken over by the Erie and sold to the Pavonia Ferry Company of Jersey City for what was considered a low price of $9,050, at New York City Hall, in February 1854. In February 1859 Nathaniel Marsh of the Erie Railroad Company purchased the lease on behalf of the Pavonia Ferry Company. He started a ferry which ran from Chambers Street (Manhattan) to the foot Pavonia Avenue on the other side of the Hudson River. Legal problems had prevented the Pavonia Ferry Company from establishing a ferry along this route. The New York and Erie Railroad paid an annual rent of $9,050 to transport passengers back and forth. Eventually the railroad constructed its Pavonia Terminal on the land-filled Harsimus Cove. Suburban and long distance travelers would transfer from trains to boats for the passage across the river.
Its final two routes from the terminal across the Hudson to Lower Manhattan were to Chambers Street Ferry Terminal and 23rd Street.
New York Waterway re-introduced service to Pier 79 at West 39th Street on December 1, 2006. Service officially ended January 2014. Ferry service is being restored in the Summer of 2019.
Streetcar
Numerous streetcar lines served the station. Eventually they (and indeed all of Hudson County lines) were operated by the Public Service Railway. The Grove Street, which operated between Exchange Place and Hudson Place (Hoboken), passed nearby. The Pavonia and the Crosstown originated at the station. The Hudson Bergen Light Rail Pavonia/Newport Station opened in 2002, and is located one and half blocks west of the PATH system.
H & M tube station
Originally named "Erie", the PATH's Newport station, originally built by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M), still bears the letter "E" engraved on its pillars. Opened on August 2, 1909, the station was built with only the island platform. The side platform was added around 1914 to handle the heavier passenger volume. It was closed in 1954 in order for the bankrupt railroad to reduce costs. The side platform remained dormant for nearly 50 years. The northernmost stairway exit from the two platforms led to a steep passageway, which originally went directly to the Erie Railroad terminal. In the 1920s, a second passageway and mezzanine area was built over the existing platforms and northbound trackway. This second passageway and mezzanine area were also closed in 1954 (as was also the entrance to/from Henderson Street), but was reopened in the late 1980s/early 1990s after the station was renovated. Also in 1954, the first moving sidewalk, or travellator, in the United States was installed. Named the "Speedwalk" and built by Goodyear, it was long and moved up a 10-percent grade at a speed of . The walkway was removed a few years later when traffic patterns at the station changed.
Site
The complex was built on the northern portion of landfilled Harsimus Cove. The southern part was the Pennsylvania Railroad abattoir and freight yard. A narrow slip kept that name, while another called the Long Slip was created and separated it from Hoboken Terminal. The only visible trace of the Erie's waterfront complex that remains today is part of the right of way/viaduct which carried trains from the foot of the Palisades escarpment to the waterfront. Part of it runs parallel to Boyle Plaza (the toll plaza for the Holland Tunnel) and is used for motor vehicular traffic to the Newport district of Jersey City.
See also
North River (Hudson River)
Bergen Hill
Timeline of Jersey City area railroads
List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City
Railroad terminals in New York City
Houston, West Street and Pavonia Ferry Railroad
Pier 63
References
External links
New York Times 1873 Terminal fire
New York Times 1903 terminal relocation
New York times 1903 letter listing ferries
Evolution of the New York Harbor ferries
Overview of rail companies serving Hudson Waterfront
Departure from terminal (video)
New York, Lake Erie, and Western Jersey City Passenger Terminal 1886
meeting to discuss better service 1879
Paterson and Newark Railroad
Breakwater and Pavonia collision
photos of Hudson River ferries and terminals
Map of Erie System 1884
Former Erie Railroad stations
Railway stations in New Jersey
Former New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway stations
Demolished buildings and structures in New Jersey
Former railway stations in New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1861
Ferry terminals in New Jersey
Ferries of New Jersey
Ferries of New York City
Water transportation in New York City
Railway stations in Hudson County, New Jersey
Hudson River
Transit hubs serving New Jersey
Demolished railway stations in the United States
Buildings and structures in Jersey City, New Jersey
1887 establishments in New Jersey
1958 disestablishments in New Jersey
Railway stations serving harbours and ports
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavonia%20Terminal |
Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1947 with the preamble stating:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the organisation of labour inspection in industry and commerce,...
Ratifications
As of 2021, 148 of the 186 ILO states had ratified the convention.
External links
Text
ratifications
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1947
Treaties entered into force in 1950
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bahrain
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Cape Verde
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of Chad
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of the Dominion of India
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
Treaties of Namibia
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of Qatar
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Zimbabwe
Treaties of Tanganyika
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to the Colony of North Borneo
Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
Treaties extended to British Cyprus
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to British Kenya
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sarawak
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
Treaties extended to Southern Rhodesia
1947 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20Inspection%20Convention%2C%201947 |
In mathematics, a 2-valued morphism is a homomorphism that sends a Boolean algebra B onto the two-element Boolean algebra 2 = {0,1}. It is essentially the same thing as an ultrafilter on B, and, in a different way, also the same things as a maximal ideal of B. 2-valued morphisms have also been proposed as a tool for unifying the language of physics.
2-valued morphisms, ultrafilters and maximal ideals
Suppose B is a Boolean algebra.
If s : B → 2 is a 2-valued morphism, then the set of elements of B that are sent to 1 is an ultrafilter on B, and the set of elements of B that are sent to 0 is a maximal ideal of B.
If U is an ultrafilter on B, then the complement of U is a maximal ideal of B, and there is exactly one 2-valued morphism s : B → 2 that sends the ultrafilter to 1 and the maximal ideal to 0.
If M is a maximal ideal of B, then the complement of M is an ultrafilter on B, and there is exactly one 2-valued morphism s : B → 2 that sends the ultrafilter to 1 and the maximal ideal to 0.
Physics
If the elements of B are viewed as "propositions about some object", then a 2-valued morphism on B can be interpreted as representing a particular "state of that object", namely the one where the propositions of B which are mapped to 1 are true, and the propositions mapped to 0 are false. Since the morphism conserves the Boolean operators (negation, conjunction, etc.), the set of true propositions will not be inconsistent but will correspond to a particular maximal conjunction of propositions, denoting the (atomic) state. (The true propositions form an ultrafilter, the false propositions form a maximal ideal, as mentioned above.)
The transition between two states s1 and s2 of B, represented by 2-valued morphisms, can then be represented by an automorphism f from B to B, such that s2 o f = s1.
The possible states of different objects defined in this way can be conceived as representing potential events. The set of events can then be structured in the same way as invariance of causal structure, or local-to-global causal connections or even formal properties of global causal connections.
The morphisms between (non-trivial) objects could be viewed as representing causal connections leading from one event to another one. For example, the morphism f above leads form event s1 to event s2. The sequences or "paths" of morphisms for which there is no inverse morphism, could then be interpreted as defining horismotic or chronological precedence relations. These relations would then determine a temporal order, a topology, and possibly a metric.
According to, "A minimal realization of such a relationally determined space-time structure can be found". In this model there are, however, no explicit distinctions. This is equivalent to a model where each object is characterized by only one distinction: (presence, absence) or (existence, non-existence) of an event. In this manner, "the 'arrows' or the 'structural language' can then be interpreted as morphisms which conserve this unique distinction".
If more than one distinction is considered, however, the model becomes much more complex, and the interpretation of distinction states as events, or morphisms as processes, is much less straightforward.
References
External links
"Representation and Change - A metarepresentational framework for the foundations of physical and cognitive science"
Boolean algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-valued%20morphism |
The Short-course Off-road Drivers Association (usually abbreviated as SODA) was a short course off-road racing sanctioning body in the United States.
History
SODA began as a Midwestern United States off-road racing series in the early 1970s. Most races were held in Wisconsin but a few were held in Michigan. The crown jewel of the series was the off-road championship event held at the Crandon International Off-Road Raceway - the "home of the world championship off-road race".
The vehicles used were primarily Trophy trucks, buggies (which were based on the original Volkswagen Beetle called Baja Bug), pickup trucks, and a few stock cars. All vehicles had heavily modified suspension.
Most drivers from SODA moved to CORR (Championship Off-Road Racing) after the 1997 season, which basically ended SODA's existence. A greatly diminished series continued on for at least a few years afterwards.
Classes
Class 1-1600, 1600 cc engine buggies with driver only
Class 2-1600, 1600 cc engine buggies with driver plus co-pilot (Sometimes run with class 1-1600)
Class 3, 4-wheel-drive Short Wheelbase vehicles (Jeep CJ, Ford Bronco, etc.)
Class 4, 4-wheel-drive full-size trucks
Class 5-1600, buggies with driver only
Class 6 Modified passenger cars, and later 2wd SUV's
Class 7s, 2-wheel-drive four-cylinder trucks
Class 8, 2-wheel-drive full-size trucks
Class 8s 2-wheel-drive full-size trucks (nearly stock vehicles, with restrictor plate V8 engines)
Class 9, Modified Buggies with up to 1914 cc Air-cooled engines, or 1600 cc engines water-cooled
Class 10, Class 9 with co-pilot
Class 11, Stock 1600 cc engine buggies with driver only
Class 12, Stock 1600 cc engine buggies with driver plus co-pilot (Sometimes run with Class 11)
Class 13, 2-wheel-drive full-sized trucks with more restrictions than Class 8
Heavy Metal, combined race with Class 3, Class 4 and Class 8 trucks
SODA Light A small single-seat short-wheelbase buggy with a small CC snowmobile engine
Television
The series was televised in starting with Crandon's race in 1989 on ESPN. Series races appeared tape delayed on ESPN/ESPN2 (often during the winter months). ESPN covered the two trophy truck classes (4 and 8) along with 7S. ESPN2 started covering races in 1995. It covered Classes 13, 9/10, and 1600. The ESPN2 races featured Marty Reid as the lead announcer, Ivan Stewart as color commentator, and Jimmie Johnson as pit reporter. In late 1996, SODA sanctioned the Chevrolet Off-Road Winter Series; drivers traveled across the country in the Glen Helen Raceway in California.
Video game
In 1997, Sierra Entertainment released a SODA-themed racing video game called SODA Off-Road Racing!.
Tracks that held races
Many Wisconsin and Michigan tracks held races, including:
Bark River Off-road Raceway, Bark River, Michigan
Crandon International Off-Road Raceway, Crandon, Wisconsin
Ionia Fairgrounds Speedway, Ionia, Michigan
I-96 Speedway, Lake Odessa, Michigan
Langlade County Speedway, Antigo, Wisconsin
Lake Geneva Raceway, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Luxemburg Speedway, Luxemburg, Wisconsin
Milan Dragway, Milan, Michigan
RedBud MX, Buchanan, Michigan
Road America, Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin
Sunnyview Expo Center, Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Memorial Total Off-Road Rally, Dresser, Wisconsin
Drivers
Scott Douglas
Evan Evans, 1996 Class 13 Champion
Walker Evans - 1994 and 1995 Class 4 champion
Jack Flannery, 7-time series champion
Brendan Gaughan - 1995 Class 13 champion, 1996 Class 8 champion
Johnny Greaves
Chad Hord
Jimmie Johnson
Jeff Kincaid
Curt LeDuc
Rob MacCachren, 1995 Class 4 champion
Scott Taylor
References
External links
1997 Crandon Spring results
Auto racing organizations in the United States
Off-road racing
Off-road racing series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-course%20Off-road%20Drivers%20Association |
Rheinböllen is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen, whose seat is in Simmern. It was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde Rheinböllen.
Geography
Location
Rheinböllen lies some 10 km as the crow flies southwest of the Middle Rhine at Bacharach in the southeast Hunsrück. The town is found in the transitional zone between (to the east) the Binger Wald (Bingen Forest) and (to the south) the Soonwald, a heavily wooded section of the west-central Hunsrück that since 2005 has belonged to the Naturpark Soonwald-Nahe.
Constituent communities
Rheinböllen has two outlying Stadtteile: Kleinweidelbach and Rheinböllerhütte.
Climate
Yearly precipitation in Rheinböllen amounts to 695 mm. This falls into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. Only at 39% of the German Weather Service's weather stations are lower figures recorded. The driest month is February. The most rainfall comes in June. In that month, precipitation is 1.6 times what it is in February. Precipitation varies only slightly. Only at 2% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded.
Name
The prefix Rhein— suggests some kind of historical dependence on Bacharach, to whose Vogtei Rheinböllen may well once have belonged, before it passed to the Counts Palatine. The past teacher and local historian Junges traced Bollen to an old word meaning "hill" or "height", leading to the interpretation of the name as meaning “Rhine Heights" (an apt description of the location, up on the Hunsrück). Through the ages, the name for Rheinböllen has taken many spellings: Rinbul, Rinbulle, Rynbuhel, Reynbullen, Rymbul, Rymbulen, Rynbule, Rinbelle, Bollen, Bullen, Rinbulde, Rheinbullen.
History
The Rheinböllen region was settled as early as the Stone Age. Shortly after 1900, workmen digging near the railway station found a sharpened, polished stone axe, the earliest evidence of human habitation in what is now the town. Archaeological finds in the area of the Altdorf ("Old Village", a triangle formed by the streets Simmerner Straße, Poststraße and Bahnhofstraße) point to Celtic beginnings. The Romans later drove a road through the settlement.
Street names used today, such as Wehr ("Defence") and Hinterster Graben ("Hindmost Moat") bear witness to a girding wall that once stood around the village. Rheinböllen was secured with two wall moats. An illustration from 1620 shows palisades on the wall, which itself had a defensive tower built into it.
Rheinböllen was the main centre in the so-called "Old Court" (Altes Gericht), the ancient core of Comital-Palatine lordship on the Hundisrück. Ellern, Erbach (in part), Dichtelbach and Kleinweidelbach, too, might also have been part of it. This "Old Court" likely had arisen by 1142, when Hermann von Stahleck was awarded the County Palatine by his brother-in-law, King Conrad III. The places within this landholding all lay in the archdeaconry of the Mainz Cathedral Provost's office, and thereby likely in the Nahegau. In the east, it bordered on Saint Peter's Parish, Bacharach, to which Rheinböllen definitely belonged, at least ecclesiastically.
After Hermann von Stahleck's death, Emperor Barbarossa transferred the County Palatine in 1156 to his stepbrother Konrad, who also held rights to estates in the Nahegau, to which Rheinböllen also almost certainly belonged.
The oldest known document about the town is a lease, dated 1 May 1309, concluded by Johann von dem Stein, serving as the Burgrave at Böckelheim, and the Schultheiß of Rheinböllen. The Burgrave held two fields in the Bischofsfeld as a Palatine fief, and transferred them to the municipality.
Rheinböllen was apparently a town once before. In 1316, the settlement was recorded as being an oppidum, the Latin word used in Roman times for any centre resembling a town, and in historical records made as late as the 13th and 14th centuries, it was still appearing in this meaning, describing mediaeval towns.
Emperor Louis the Bavarian and his elder brother Rudolf shared between themselves ownership of the Rhenish Palatinate. To curry the Rhenish princes' favour, Louis pledged, right after his regency began in 1314, the Altes Gericht together with Castle Fürstenberg and the settlements of Diebach and Manubach to Archbishop of Mainz Peter. Two years thereafter, Louis transferred half the village to Archbishop of Trier Baldwin, and another four years later to King John of Bohemia, Baldwin's nephew, whereupon the other half of the village was now given to the Archbishop. The settlement was a main centre in the County Palatine – and was likely at that time said to be a town – until 1359, through a pledge of 1,800 Florentine guilders, Simmern became part of the holding and was later raised to seat of the Amt.
As early as the 12th century, Rheinböllen supposedly had a marketplace within its walls. There is evidence that Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine granted market rights between 1314 and 1347. Markets have been part of Rheinböllen ever since. Livestock markets were still being held at the outbreak of the Second World War on the "Sauwasen" (the plot of land where the primary school now stands), and each year, there is still a craft market on Kermis Tuesday.
Rheinböllen's landholders changed often in the 14th and 15th centuries. Under the 1338 Palatine Partition among Rudolf II, Rupert the Younger and Rupert the Elder, the lordship over Rheinböllen changed once again: the two Ruperts – their name was "Ruprecht" in German – became the new lords. In the same year, King Louis forwent all claims to, among other things, the "half" of Rheinböllen, referring the pledgeholders, John of Bohemia and Archbishop Baldwin, to Count Palatine Rudolf and the two Ruperts. In 1352, Rupert I, Elector Palatine enfeoffed the Electorate of Trier with half of Rheinböllen.
The court at Rheinböllen existed already by 1359 and was held on the plot of land where the Catholic church now stands. On the neighbouring "Henkersbitz" (Henker is German for "hangman") stood the gallows. In 1886, when excavation was being done for the church that was to be built there, workers unearthed, among other things, bones and skulls – all that was left of those hanged on the "Henkersbitz".
About 1400, the Counts Palatine had enfeoffed several knightly families with parts of their Rheinböllen holdings, namely the families Knebel von Katzenelnbogen, von Crampurg, von Leyen, Futtersack von Steeg, Breitscheit von Richenstein and Hune von Bacharach. Even a family called the Knights of Rymbulle (Rheinböllen) crop up in documents from 1361 to 1389, although it is unknown whether or in what way they were linked with the town. Squire Dietrich von Rymbulle was also the fiefholder of the Sponheim Castle Kastellaun.
Two centuries later, Rheinböllen belonged to the Electorate of the Palatinate and had 48 hearths (for which, read "households"). At that time in history, about 1600, many Palatinate lordships owned meadows within town limits: Anthonius Kratz von Scharfenstein, Antonius Waldbott zu Bassenheim, Friedrich Hundt von Seilen, Christoph von Stein, Hans Henrich von Schmidtburg zu Gemünden, Michel von Kallenfels, Hans Knebel von Katzenelnbogen, Hans Christoph von Grorode, the family von Koppenstein and Hans Caspar von Sponheim.
At the end of the Middle Ages, Rheinböllen was a postal station on the route between Innsbruck and Mechelen, nowadays in Austria and Belgium respectively. An 18th-century geographical description explains that the road coming from Bacharach went through the market town. The reader furthermore learns something about the Palatinate woodlands, the iron-ore mining in the Ledenwald (forest) and the Guldenbach (brook), which has this name only from Rheinböllen on down, being called the Volkenbach farther upstream.
By the late 17th century at the latest, Rheinböllen was a Schultheißerei together with Dichtelbach and Erbach. In the 18th century, Electorate of the Palatinate posted the local tollkeeper who collected the road tolls.
In 1794, Emperor Napoleon annexed the Rhine's left bank, which would remain French for two decades. The Bürgermeisterei ("Mayoralty") of Rheinböllen thereby became the Mairie (also "Mayoralty") of Rheinböllen. The brewer and innkeeper Johann Jakob Mades served as maire (mayor). In 1804, the French emperor visited the Hunsrück in person, and young citizens from Rheinböllen, Dichtelbach, Ellern, Mörschbach and Kleinweidelbach had to ride out to meet him.
When allied troops crossed the Rhine on New Year's Night 1813–1814 near Kaub, France's hegemony in the region fell, and the Rhineland became Prussian. On the day that followed, New Year's Day 1814, Prince William, Field Marshal Blücher and Field Marshal Gneisenau rested at the Evangelical rectory for a few hours.
After the Congress of Vienna, the earlier Mairies of Argenthal and Rheinböllen, along with Liebshausen, were merged to form the Prussian Amt of Rheinböllen. Friedrich Mades, Johann Jakob Mades's son, became the mayor and served in that capacity until his death in 1851 – 35 years all together.
Less than a century later, the village lived the blackest day in its history. On 16 March 1945, the Second World War was in its death throes, at least in Europe. On this morning, a handful of SS men rather ill-advisedly decided to try to hold off the American advance on Rheinböllen, and to that end, destroyed an American tank. By way of response, the remaining tanks, supported by artillery, let loose a furious barrage on Rheinböllen. Some 25 properties did not survive the onslaught and were utterly destroyed. All that was left standing of the Evangelical church was the surrounding wall. The Catholic church's tower, too, was struck, but somehow managed to stay standing. Amazingly, only one citizen was killed, but thirty families were left homeless on this day.
After the war, Rheinböllen's skyline changed lastingly owing to steady growth. In rapid succession, one building zone after another sprang up, and the population rose sharply. In 1946, the year when Rheinböllen became part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate, there were 1,283 inhabitants. By 1985, this had risen threefold (3,661). The figure is now just under 4,000.
On 1 January 1969, one section of the municipality of Daxweiler with 70 inhabitants was transferred to Rheinböllen. On 17 March 1974, the hitherto self-administering municipality of Kleinweidelbach with 113 inhabitants was amalgamated with Rheinböllen. On 5 September 2009, Rheinböllen was raised to town by the Rhineland-Palatinate state government.
Former Jewish presence
Until the time of the "Thousand-Year Reich", Rheinböllen was among the places in the Simmern district that had considerable Jewish populations. The earliest trace of Jewish settlement in the town goes back to the mid 19th century. In 1842, seventeen "Israelite" (so the document styles them) children were attending the Catholic school. The oldest gravestone that can be deciphered at the Jewish graveyard on the road to Bacharach gives 11 September 1867 as Gottlieb Rauner's date of death. About 1900, there were eight Jewish families in town, all of whom earned livelihoods in retail business or trade. Older people in Rheinböllen can still remember names such as Hessel, Michels, Süßmann, Keller, Grünewald and Kann. The only Jewish institution in the municipality was a small synagogue on Bacharacher Straße. It is preserved. The memorial plaque there tells of the time in the town's history that was brought to an abrupt end by the Nazis.
Population development
What follows is a table of the town's population figures for selected years since the early 19th century (each time at 31 December):
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Rheinböllen's mayor is Bernadette Jourdant (formerly Oberthür), and her deputies are Bernd Raab, Siegmund Kappel and Erich Rott.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In Schwarz ein wachsender goldener, rotgezungter und -bewehrter ¾ Löwe.
The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Sable, issuant from base a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules.
Rheinböllen was the main centre in the so-called "Old Court" (Altes Gericht), the old Comital-Palatine holding on the Hunsrück. The lion "issuant from base" (a lion rampant is usually centred in the field with his whole body showing) is a "diminutive" of the Palatine Lion first borne by the House of Wittelsbach after they were enfeoffed with the County Palatine of the Rhine in 1214.
The arms have been borne since 18 May 1966.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Rheinböllen (main centre)
Evangelical church, Bacharacher Straße 10 – Baroque aisleless church, 1764/1765, extension 1845/1846, tower substructure possibly mediaeval; balustrade wall around the church, 18th century; at the head of the quire the Utsch-Puricelli family tomb with Carl Puricelli's Classicist tomb; monumental zone with possible former rectory and school (Marktstraße 13)
Saint Erasmus's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Erasmus), Kirchgasse 4 – Gothic Revival hall church, brick, 1870–1872; monumental zone with Catholic rectory (Kirchgasse 5) and former school (Kirchgasse 3)
(Before) Am Markt 1 – fountain, Classicist sandstone pylon, cast-iron basin, 1840
Am Markt 1 – old town hall; Gothic Revival brick building, 1873
Bacharacher Straße 8 – possible former rectory; timber-frame house, partly solid or slated, 1730–1733
Bacharacher Straße 11, former orphanage, Puricelli’sche Stiftung (monumental zone) – group of buildings enclosed by a wall: gate marked 18??; former orphanage, Gothic Revival quarrystone building, 1862–1864; Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, three-naved quarrystone building, 1887/1888, rich Gothic Revival décor; former hospital, quarrystone building; timber-frame administration building, garden (see also below)
Kirchgasse – cross, 18th century
Kirchgasse 3 – former school; great timber-frame house, partly solid or slated, 1780
Liebshausener Straße, graveyard – quarrystone chapel, 19th century; Gothic Revival Puricelli tomb, Utsch tomb, about 1860; tomb for ?, about 1844; block with vase and cloth; Illades tomb, about 1851; Smirdainiskow tomb, cast-iron, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century; fountain basin, cast-iron, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
Simmerner Straße/corner of Poststraße – Puricelli tomb chapel; Gothic Revival brick building, marked 1891
Wehrstraße 8 – wellhouse, brick building; cast-iron hand pump, Rheinböllen Ironworks, latter half of the 19th century
Hochsteinchen lookout tower, south of town on the "Hochsteinchen" – iron construction, 1893
Jewish graveyard, Auf dem Rockenberg (monumental zone) – founded in 1845, some 20 gravestones from 1852 to 1935
Kleinweidelbach
Kleinweidelbach 7, bakehouse and community centre – quarrystone building, 18th century
Rheinböllerhütte
Rheinböllen Ironworks (monumental zone) – formerly the most important ironworks in the Soonwald, known from the 9th century, foundry witnessed from 1598, in late 18th century taken over by the Brothers Puricelli; group of buildings from the 1830s/1840s and 1880s/1890s (new management house, old storage hall, gatehouse/magazine, so-called casino, houses, former gardener's house and bridge) as well as the family Puricelli's Saint Mary's and Saint Michael's Crypt Chapel (see next entry)
Teves-Straße – family Puricelli's crypt chapel (Gruftkkapelle St. Maria und St. Michael der Familie Puricelli); quarrystone aisleless church, 1857, expansion with triconch apses and crossing tower, 1906, architect Eduard Endler, Cologne
Teves-Straße 6–8 – house, latter half of the 19th century
Teves-Straße 20 – gatehouse/magazine; one-floor quarrystone building with clocktower, about 1830/1840; bridge, about 1840
Teves-Straße 21 – Late Classicist two-winged building, 1860
Teves-Straße 24 – so-called casino; former plastered house, hewn-stone building with knee wall, latter half of the 19th century
Teves-Straße 30 – former gardener's house; one-floor building with hipped mansard roof, timber framing plastered, 18th or 19th century; quarrystone barn, partly timber-frame, half-hipped roof, 19th century; bridge, mid 19th century
At the Kulturhaus in Rheinböllen (KiR, "Culture House in Rheinböllen"), there are regular cultural festivities. Rheinböllen also has a waterpark and a 500-hectare game farm.
Puricelli Foundation
The Puricelli’sche Stiftung (Puricelli Foundation) was built between 1864 and 1891 and today stands under monumental protection, and is also protected by the Hague Convention. The Puricelli Foundation was formerly an orphanage with a lovely Gothic Revival chapel. The endowment came from Mr. and Mrs. Puricelli.
The Foundation's goal is to maintain its institution and building, which in great part are under monumental protection and worthy of being considered monuments and stand as cultural icons far beyond their home region (especially the chapel with its fixtures and paraments), and, for public and social purposes, especially accommodating and caring for the elderly, those who need care and the handicapped, to put itself at their disposal, as well as to present the whole complex's importance to art history and cultural history with its equipment and furnishings.
On 1 November 2006, the Franziskanerbrüder, Betriebs u. Beschäftigungs gGmbh (“Franciscan Brothers, Operation and Activity Not-for-Profit Corporation”) took over sponsorship of the nursing home in Rheinböllen. The institution serves as a home for those with physical illnesses. Its name is Puricelli-Stift Rheinböllen.
Regular events
In Rheinböllen, regular events such as Christmas markets and a kermis (church consecration festival) are held. The biggest disco event in Rheinböllen is the XMAS-DANCE-PARTY (so called even in German) staged by JuKu e.V. (Jugend- und Kulturverein – "Youth and Culture Club"). This event is always held shortly before Christmas at the Kulturhaus in Rheinböllen and each year has about 1,000 guests.
Economy and infrastructure
Rheinböllen has its own interchange on the Autobahn A 61 and is 15 km by road from Bacharach on the Rhine, and also roughly 50 km from both Mainz and Koblenz.
Rheinböllen munitions depot
The Bundeswehr munitions depot, which lies south of town at the foot of the Hochsteinchen, has an area of 130 ha and 120 attendants. It has a siding on the Hunsrückquerbahn (railway). On 1 April 2004, the complex was downgraded from main munitions depot to depot/storage facility. Within the framework of the Bundeswehr's structural reform, the depot is to be fully shut down in 2011.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
(1732–1795), hereditary forester to the Elector of Mainz; said to be the Jäger aus Kurpfalz ("Hunter from the Palatinate"), the subject of a well-known folksong.
Famous people associated with the town
Leonhard Goffiné (1648–1719), Premonstratensian Canon and religious folk writer; was pastor in Rheinböllen in the 17th century
Eduard Puricelli (1826–1893), entrepreneur and member of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation.
References
External links
Verbandsgemeinde of Rheinböllen
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinb%C3%B6llen |
Daara J (pronounced , which means "the school" in Wolof) are a Senegalese rap duet that consists of N'Dongo D and Faada Freddy. Their music takes influence from hip hop, Afro-Cuban rhythms, and reggae and is performed in English, French, Spanish, and Wolof.
Daara J was formed in 1997 and quickly became popular in Senegal from the release of their first cassette album, Daara J. They followed in 1999 with a more politically themed recording, Xalima, which integrated numerous musical ideas and instruments from Senegal and other African countries. 2003's Boomerang was critically acclaimed and furthered the combination of various musical and lyrical influences of the previous two recordings. Activism has also been an important aspect of the group's philosophy since it was founded.
Formation
Daara J, formed in 1994, was originally a trio that consisted of Faada Freddy, N'Dongo D and Lord Alajiiman. Lord Alajiiman performed and toured throughout the world with the group until 2008 when the group split. Since then, Alajiman evolves in a solo career while contributing to the development of the music sector in Senegal. Daara J was formed when all of its members were in high school, where they were studying accounting. The rappers were influenced by American hip hop artists such as Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five and Afrika Bambaataa but also listened to their parents' music, which included artists such as Sly and the Family Stone and Aretha Franklin, and musical styles which included Cuban music. Faada Freddy cites the group's major inspiration as Das EFX. Originally, the members took instrumentals of hip hop tracks from the United States and France to rap over. Later they purchased a drum machine, but even with this equipment, a member of the group would have to imitate the other instruments in the song with his voice. Positive Black Soul, another Senegalese rap group, encouraged Daara J to record and perform.
Daara J and Xalima
Daara J and Xalima were both released on the label Déclic. The group's 1998 eponymous debut album was produced by the reggae musician Mad Professor and was successful locally, selling 15,000 copies. Their next album was released in 1999 and titled Xalima (). The album was politically themed and included guest performances from other Senegalese artists playing instruments such as the kora and balafon.
Boomerang
The group moved to Wrasse Records to release Boomerang in 2003. It featured performances by guests including Rokia Traoré. The album's title is based on the idea that hip hop music was born in Africa, spread around the world, then returned to the continent. Daara J note similarities between rap and tassou—a traditional African verbal performance technique used to discuss the social and political environment, daily life, and future aspirations. They believe it traveled from Africa by way of the United States slave trade. A year after the release of the album, Daara J won the Best African Act award from BBC Radio 3.
The album itself was described as "one of the hip hop albums of the century" by the British newspaper The Observer and was successful on European music charts. Other reviews have been positive; Matthew Pollesel of Splendid Magazine praised the album for its lyrical content: "...as Daara J show throughout Boomerang, it's possible to get the meaning of those words just by listening to the things that surround them—the intensity of the rappers' delivery, the quality of the beats, and how well all those other factors coalesce around the words. And on that score, Daara J's message comes through loud and clear." However, Katharina Lobeck of BBC Music noted that one of the tracks, the R&B-influenced "Hip Hop Civilization", is "too generically soppy for even the most hardened R&B fans", but went on to say that the album is "a successful sonic adventure which thrives on its defiance of the margins of established sales categories".
The group has made appearances at various WOMAD festivals around the world, the Live 8 concert in Eden Project, and Africa Calling. In 2017 they were on stage at the Abi Reggae festival in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Daara J has also performed with other hip hop artists and groups including Public Enemy, Wyclef Jean, and Mos Def.
Activism
Like many other African hip hop groups including Positive Black Soul, Daara J takes an activist stance. Faada Freddy states: "We tell of peace and how we can live together because there are lots of conflicts going on nowadays. We're here on behalf of the Africans to remind everybody that it shouldn't be like that. There's always a solution. Rather than fussing and fighting we'd better learn to live in peace and live together, because that's the only way to survive." The group is especially focused on educating the world about Africa. Faada Freddy has also stressed the importance of understanding life on the continent: "Nowadays people are tending to show the negative part of Africa but Africa is not only about AIDS, heartache, corruption and all that even though it exists just like everywhere else. But Africa has a lot to provide." In the Senegalese election of 2000, Daara J were involved in editing speeches for political leaders and the promotion of that year's campaign against corruption.
Discography
Albums
1998: Daara J
1999: Xalima
2003: Boomerang
2010: School Of Life
2016: Foundation
2020: ''Yaamatele
Faada Freddy solo discography
Albums
EPs
Singles
References
External links
Official site
Musical groups established in 1997
Senegalese hip hop groups
Wrasse Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daara%20J |
Barry Innis Posner, (born November 7, 1937) is a Canadian physician, research scientist and Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Medicine and Anatomy & Cell Biology at McGill University, where he also managed the Polypeptide and Protein Hormone Laboratory.
Biography
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Manitoba in 1961. A gold medalist in his graduating class, Posner pursued post-graduate work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland before joining the Royal Victoria Hospital and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in 1970 as an assistant professor. He was appointed to the ranks of Associate Professor in 1975 and Professor in 1979. He was the Director of the Polypeptide Hormone Laboratory at McGill University and a Professor in the Department of Medicine and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, as well as senior physician at the Royal Victoria Hospital. He has served as Director of the McGill Endocrine training program and physician-in-chief at the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital from 1996 to 2002.
Research
His fundamental research on insulin signaling led to the discovery of the endosomal system and the view that this is a central site for both initiating and regulating signal transduction. In the late 1980s, he discovered the peroxovanadium compounds as potent insulin mimetics; and in elucidating their mechanism of action, he defined the key role of phosphotyrosine phosphatases in regulating receptor tyrosine kinases. His group went on to define the role of lipid rafts as sites of intense signaling at both the cell surface and within endosomes. More recently Posner's diabetes research focused on the genes responsible for diabetes, the discovery of which will aid in the prediction and treatment of this disease.
Publications and scholarly activities
He has published over 290 scientific manuscripts, and, as a Visiting Professor, has delivered numerous prestigious lectures including the Banting and Best Memorial Lecture of the International Diabetes Federation (1991), the Pfizer Lectures at Harvard University (1993), the Joe Doupe Memorial Lecture at the University of Manitoba (1994), the Novartis lecture of the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (1997), the David M. Kovitz Memorial Lecture at the University of Calgary (2000), the 2nd John & Mary Davidson Lecture (and Award) of the University of Toronto in 2002, and the Volpe Distinguished Service Award of the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2008).
Recognition and awards
His academic contributions have been recognized by election to the Association of American Physicians (1988), receipt of the Distinguished Scientist Award of the CSCI (1991), election to Fellowship in the Royal Society of Canada, appointment as Officer of the Order of Canada (1999), and receipt of the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal (2002). In 2014, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec; and in 2015 received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Canadian Diabetes Association. On his retirement from McGill in 2019 he was awarded the McGill Medal for outstanding academic achievement.
References
url=http://www.genomequebec.com/v2009/chercheurs/index.asp?l=e Genome Quebec Retrieved October 2010.
External links
Dr. Barry. I. Posner at McGill University
1937 births
Living people
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian diabetologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Winnipeg
Academic staff of McGill University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Posner%20%28physician%29 |
The Jiotto Caspita is a prototype mid-engine sports car designed and manufactured by Dome in 1989. The car was billed as the "F1 on the Road." The original design of the car was done by Kunihisa Ito, who was the vice president and chief designer of Jiotto Design Incorporated. Its name is derived from the Italian exclamation "caspita".
History
The Caspita was the brainchild of Wacoal president Yoshikata Tsukamoto and Dome president Minoru Hayashi. A joint venture between the two companies was formed in July 1988 by the name of Jiotto Inc. (60% held by Wacoal and 40% held by DOME) to design and build the car. The engineering was entrusted to Dome, while the newly incorporated Jiotto Design studio was tasked with designing the car.
The Caspita was displayed at the 28th Tokyo Motor Show in 1989. In light of positive reception, a limited production run of 30 units was considered, but never came to fruition. The project would die out in 1993 due to the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble, which resulted in a lack of demand for sports cars.
The Mk. I Caspita is currently on display at the Motorcar Museum of Japan in Komatsu, whilst the Mk. II remains in possession of Dome and sits in their museum below the wind tunnel at their headquarters.
Design
The car had a sleek and aerodynamic body design inspired by Group C race cars. Design mockups of 1/5 scale were made for wind tunnel testing. Later, full-size models were made and tested at Dome's own wind tunnel as well as the JARI (Japan Automobile Research Institute) wind tunnel for aerodynamic refinement. Jiotto Design selected three design proposals out of the initially proposed 200 for final development. Out of the three, a design having an integrated rear wing and large side air intakes was fully developed.
The Mk. II Caspita was partially restyled with new twin circular taillights, circular headlights, and more traditionally styled side-view mirrors.
Powertrain
The Mk. I Caspita was built with a detuned Subaru 1235 flat-twelve engine, a Formula One engine originally built by Motori Moderni for Subaru and rated at and ; it could accelerate the car to 100 km/h from a standstill in 4.7 seconds. After the failure of Subaru's F1 effort, the 1235 was abandoned, leaving Jiotto without an engine supplier.
The Mk. II used a Judd GV V10 engine, with which it was capable of at 10,500 rpm and of torque at 10,500 rpm. This, combined with a curb weight of between and , gave the Caspita a claimed 0-100 km/h acceleration time of 3.4 seconds.
Both engines were longitudinally mounted and coupled to a 6-speed gearbox built by Weismann.
Chassis
The Caspita had a bonded aluminium and carbon fibre monocoque chassis made by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. The construction technique involved sandwiching aluminium between layers of carbon fibre and curing them in an autoclave to create a rigid structure. The process was repeated 15 times over a span of more than 2 months. This technique resulted in a kerb weight of for the Mk. I Caspita.
Accessed via two gull-wing doors, the Caspita's red-and-black interior was driver-focused and spartan in nature, with no air conditioning, cruise control, or other such driver amenities; it even lacked cup holders.
Like its Tokyo Motor Show contemporaries the Mitsubishi HSR-II and Isuzu 4200R, the Caspita employed advanced technology for the time, such as an electronically retractable rear wing and an electronically controlled adjustable suspension system which could raise the car by .
Specifications (1989 Mk. I Caspita)
Dimensions
Powertrain
Performance
Other
Specifications (1990 Mk. II Caspita)
Dimensions
Engine
Performance
Other
See also
Dome Zero
Yamaha OX99-11
Aspark Owl
McLaren F1
Cizeta-Moroder V16T
Bugatti EB 110
References
Jiotto Caspita Mk II specifications
Weismann
Official Dome's Caspita page
Jiotto Caspita - Full Story
Cars powered by boxer engines
Automobiles with gull-wing doors
Cars of Japan
Dome vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiotto%20Caspita |
Sankt Goar-Oberwesel is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the Rhein-Hunsrück district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, approx. 30 km southeast of Koblenz. Its seat was in Oberwesel. On 1 January 2020 it was merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein.
The Verbandsgemeinde Sankt Goar-Oberwesel consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Damscheid
Laudert
Niederburg
Oberwesel
Perscheid
Sankt Goar
Urbar
Wiebelsheim
Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate
Middle Rhine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Goar-Oberwesel |
Ian William Ridpath (born 1 May 1947, in Ilford, Essex) is an English science writer and broadcaster best known as a popularizer of astronomy and a biographer of constellation history. As a UFO sceptic, he investigated and explained the Rendlesham Forest Incident of December 1980.
Life and career
Ridpath attended Beal Grammar School in Ilford where he wrote astronomy articles for the school magazine. Before entering publishing he was an assistant in the lunar research group at the University of London Observatory, Mill Hill. He now lives in Brentford, Middlesex.
He is editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy and Norton's Star Atlas, and author of observing guides such as The Monthly Sky Guide and the Collins Stars and Planets Guide (the latter two with charts by Wil Tirion, and both continuously in print for over 30 years). His other books include Star Tales, about the origins and mythology of the constellations, and the children's book Exploring Stars and Planets, now in its fifth edition. He is a contributor to the Dorling Kindersley encyclopedia Universe, and a former editor of the UK quarterly magazine Popular Astronomy. He is also currently editor of The Antiquarian Astronomer, the journal of the Society for the History of Astronomy.
His early books on the subject of extraterrestrial life and interstellar travel – Worlds Beyond (1975), Messages from the Stars (1978) and Life off Earth (1983) – led him to investigate UFOs. But he became a sceptic, a position reinforced by his findings about the Rendlesham case. He was one of the first to offer an explanation for the so-called Sirius Mystery involving the supposedly advanced astronomical knowledge of the Dogon people of Mali, west Africa.
He was a space expert for LBC Radio from the 1970s into the 1990s, and was also seen on BBC TV's Breakfast Time programme in its early years. It was for Breakfast Time that he first investigated the Rendlesham Forest UFO case.
His star show Planet Earth ran at the London Planetarium from February 1993 to January 1995; it was the last show to use the planetarium's original Zeiss optical projector.
Awards
In 2012 he received the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Klumpke-Roberts Award for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy. In 1990 he won an award in The Aventis Prizes for Science Books (in the under-8 children's books category) for The Giant Book of Space.
Other interests
From 1993 to 1995 he was Race Director of the Polytechnic Marathon from Windsor to Chiswick, Britain's oldest marathon race which traced its origins back to the 1908 Olympic Marathon. In that role, he was involved in a public controversy over the ownership of the Sporting Life marathon trophy, originally awarded to winners of the Polytechnic Marathon, which was claimed in 1994 by the London Marathon. The Polytechnic Marathon was last held in 1996.
A keen astro-philatelist, he is chairman of the Astro Space Stamp Society.
Selected bibliography
Stars and Planets Guide. Collins (UK). . Princeton University Press (US). .
The Monthly Sky Guide. Dover. .
Astronomy: A Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley. .
Gem Stars. Collins. .
Times Universe. Times Books. .
Exploring Stars and Planets. Philip's. .
Star Tales. Lutterworth. .
Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy (ed.). Oxford University Press. .
Norton’s Star Alas and Reference Handbook (ed.). Dutton. .
References
External links
Personal website CV
Who's Who entry
Rendlesham Forest UFO investigation pages
Article on astronomical causes of UFOs
Star Tales – History and mythology of the constellations
Astro stamp pages
Ian Ridpath's page at Amazon Author Central US
Ian Ridpath's page at Amazon Author Central UK
1947 births
Amateur astronomers
English sceptics
English science writers
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Living people
People from Ilford
UFO skeptics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Ridpath |
In England and Wales, from 1846 to 1971, a county court judge was a judge appointed under the terms of the County Court Act 1846 to sit in the county courts. Each county court judge was assigned to a county court circuit.
Appointment
They were initially appointed by the Lord Chancellor; after the enactment of the Administration of Justice Act 1956, they were directly appointed by the Queen.
Salary
Their salary was initially £1,000. In 1852, a differential salary scheme was introduced whereby judges were paid £1,500, £1,350, or £1,200. In 1867, their salaries were uniformly set to £1,500. In 1937, it was raised to £2,000, and in 1952 it was raised to £2,800. Thereafter it was regularly adjusted upwards, up to £6,550 in 1969.
Style and dress
From 1884, they were given the style of "His Honour" while in office. In 1919, they were given the right to continue to use the style after retirement by royal warrant, though they did not keep their places in the order of precedence after they retired.
They wore robes of purple and black, though they never had any official sanction and could not be worn at court functions.
Some county court judges received knighthoods; but a demand for automatic knighthoods after fifteen years' service was rejected.
End
The Courts Act 1971 made all county court judges circuit judges and ended further appointments of county court judges, heralding the end of a distinct county court bench.
References
Polden, Patrick (1999). A History of the County Court, 1846–1971. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62232-8.
Judiciary of England and Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Court%20judge |
Night Hunter is a 1996 horror film directed by Rick Jacobson featuring a struggle between vampires and humans.
Plot
Jack Cutter (Don "Dragon" Wilson) is the last in long line of vampire hunters. After killing a few vampires in one L.A. restaurant, he is chased both by police and by other vampires.
References
External links
1996 films
American supernatural horror films
American vampire films
1996 horror films
1990s action horror films
American action horror films
American vigilante films
American films about revenge
American martial arts films
Martial arts horror films
1996 martial arts films
1990s vigilante films
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films set in Los Angeles
American exploitation films
Films scored by Terry Plumeri
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Rick Jacobson
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Hunter%20%281996%20film%29 |
The Tarbat Ness Lighthouse is located at the North West tip of the Tarbat Ness peninsula near the fishing village of Portmahomack on the east coast of Scotland. It was built in 1830 by Robert Stevenson and has an elevation of and 203 steps to the top of the tower.
History
At the Battle of Tarbat Ness in the 11th century, Thorfinn the Mighty defeated "Karl Hundason", possibly a Viking name for Macbeth.
Further down the peninsula at Portmahomack, in the 1480s the Clan Ross slaughtered a raiding party from the Clan Mackay by locking them in the Tarbat Old Church and setting fire to it. This event is known as the Battle of Tarbat.
Lighthouse
A storm in the Moray Firth in November 1826 saw the loss of 16 vessels and brought many applications for lighthouses to be constructed at Tarbat Ness and at Covesea Skerries.
Tarbat Ness Lighthouse was engineered by Robert Stevenson for the Northern Lighthouse Board and the light was first exhibited on 26 January 1830. James Smith of Inverness was the contractor responsible for the building of the lighthouse which cost £9,361. The lighthouse tower is the third tallest in Scotland behind North Ronaldsay and Skerryvore and is notable for having two distinguishing broad red bands.
Bella Bathurst's 1999 'The Lighthouse Stevensons' refers to a rescue made by the principal keeper William Davidson of 4 of the 5 crew members of a Norwegian schooner. No date given for this. She mentions this in the context that Robert Stevenson required keepers to stay with the light and not risk rescuing shipwrecked people. It seems that even with the light, ships could still be driven ashore. She accessed the full entries of logs and diaries available at the Northern Lights Board.
Earthquake shocks were sometimes reported and Tarbat Ness once shook so that the shades and lamp glasses rattled.
Probably the lighthouse was built on the foundations of a Roman fortification, that were later identified in the Middle Ages as a "Roman landmark" near Port a' Chait (now called "Port a Chaistell").
See also
List of lighthouses in Scotland
List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses
List of Category A listed buildings in Highland
References
External links
Northern Lighthouse Board
Northern Lighthouse Board history of Tarbat Ness
CANMORE: Port a chaistell
Lighthouses completed in 1830
Category A listed lighthouses
Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)
Lighthouses in Scotland
Ross and Cromarty
Buildings and structures in Highland (council area)
1830 establishments in Scotland
Works of Robert Stevenson (civil engineer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbat%20Ness%20Lighthouse |
The Alfa Romeo 1900 is an automobile produced by Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo from 1950 until 1959. Designed by Orazio Satta, it was an important development for Alfa Romeo as the marque's first car built entirely on a production line and first production car without a separate chassis. It was also the first Alfa Romeo offered with left-hand drive. The car was introduced at the 1950 Paris Motor Show.
1900 Berlina and Sprint
The 1900 was offered in two-door or four-door models, with a new 1,884 cc (bore , stroke ), , 4-cylinder twin cam engine. It was spacious and simple, yet quick and sporty. The slogan Alfa used when selling it was "The family car that wins races", not-so-subtly alluding to the car's success in the Targa Florio, Stella Alpina, and other competitions. In 1951, the short wheelbase 1900C (c for corto (Italian for short)) version was introduced. It had a wheelbase of . In the same year, the 1900 TI with a more powerful engine was introduced; it had bigger valves, a higher compression ratio, and was equipped with a double carburetor. Two years later, the 1900 Super and 1900 TI Super (also 1900 Super Sprint) with 1975 cc engine were introduced (bore increased to , stroke unchanged). The TI Super had two double carburetors and . Transmission was a 4-speed manual on basic versions and 5-speed manual in Super Sprint version, the brakes were drum brakes. The 1900 had independent front suspension (double wishbones, coil springs and hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers) and live rear axle. The first of the 1900 came fitted with 6.00-16 Pirelli Stella Bianca, and then in 1952 moved to the radial 165HR400 Pirelli Cinturato.
Production at the company's Milan plant continued until 1959: a total of 21,304 were built, including 17,390 of the saloons.
The chassis was designed specifically to allow coachbuilders to rebody it, the most notable of which was the Zagato designed, 1900 Super Sprint coupé, with an improved engine and custom body design. The Alfa Romeo 1900M AR51 (or "Matta") is a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle based on the 1900-series.
Coachbuilt versions
Iginio Alessio, then general manager of Alfa Romeo, was concerned for the viability of the independent Italian Coachbuilding industry–the advent of the unibody chassis design was threatening to put the carrozzerie out of business. Alessio was also a personal friend of Gaetano Ponzoni co-owner of Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, thus from 1951-1958 Alfa Romeo built five different variations of the 1900 unibody chassis specifically for independent coachbuilders.
Alfa Romeo gave official contracts to Touring to build the sporty 1900 Sprint coupé and to Pinin Farina to build an elegant four seat Cabriolet and Coupé. The availability of a suitable chassis led to many other coachbuilders to build versions of the 1900.
Carrozzeria Zagato built a small series of coupés with the unofficial designation of 1900 SSZ, designed for racing with an aerodynamic lightweight aluminium body and Zagato's trademark double bubble roof.
One-off specials where numerous from the famous Bertone BAT series of aerodynamic studies, to an infamous sci-fi like Astral spider designed by Carrozzeria Boneschi for Rafael Trujillo the dictator of the Dominican Republic. There was a Barchetta or "Boat Car" made by Ghia-Aigle in Lugano Switzerland designed by Giovanni Michelotti at the request of a wealthy Italian who had two passions: the 'Riva' boats and a woman, his mistress, the car has no doors or windscreen wipers.
Below is a sortable list of coachbuilt Alfa Romeo 1900s.
1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sport Spider
In 1954, Alfa Romeo made two spiders and two coupés using similar chassis as the C52 Disco Volante. In Bertone, Franco Scaglione penned two unique aluminium bodies, a coupé and a spider. The coupé was known as 2000 Sportiva. It weighs and has . The acceleration is on par with most contemporary exotics and top speed is around .
Engines
IKA Bergantin
Industrias Kaiser Argentina produced between 1960 and 1962 a car named IKA Bergantin in Argentina, the body and suspension was from the 1900 Berlina and engines were from the Willys line, the 4-L and the 6-L .
Gallery of models
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Alfa Romeo 1900 Register
1900
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1950
Sports sedans
Coupés
Roadsters
Cars discontinued in 1959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%201900 |
District Judge may refer to:
A United States federal judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate
A judge in a State court (United States), where the state is divided into judicial districts
A judge in the District courts of India
The short name for a Judge of the District Court (Ireland) in the Republic of Ireland
The short name for a Judge of the District Courts of Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka
In the judiciary of Northern Ireland:
District Judge, judge that sits to hear pre-trial applications and small claims cases in the County court, previously known as a Circuit Registrar
District Judge, judge that presides over the Magistrates' Courts, formerly known as a resident magistrate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District%20Judge |
Oneida Baptist Institute (OBI) is a coeducational Southern Baptist boarding school in Oneida, Kentucky, affiliated with the Kentucky Baptist Convention.
History
Oneida Baptist Institute was founded by James Anderson Burns with the intent of bringing an end to the culture of feuds and violence in Clay County, Kentucky. Burns aimed "to teach the children of the hostile clans to love each other and not fight," believing that a combination of education and Christian love would cause their feuds to "stop automatically." With the help of H. L. McMurray, a Baptist preacher originally from Kansas, Burns selected a site for the school and recruited members of the warring clans to work together to build it. The founder was correct and the collaborative efforts of many in starting the school put an end to the feuding in the area.
The first building was completed in 1899 and classes began on January 1, 1900, with four teachers and 125 students.
The current president is Larry Allen Gritton Jr., who has been president since mid-2013.
Notable alumni
Incidents
In February 2020, the parents of a Kentucky teenager filed a lawsuit against Oneida Baptist Institute. The lawsuit alleges their 13-year-old son was sexually assaulted by a 17-year-old student. The 17-year-old offender was expelled from the school for this violation of the younger student. The court case is still pending a ruling as of October 6, 2023.
References
External links
Baptist Christianity in Kentucky
Boarding schools in Kentucky
Educational institutions established in 1899
Private high schools in Kentucky
Schools in Clay County, Kentucky
Settlement schools
1899 establishments in Kentucky
Christian schools in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida%20Baptist%20Institute |
John Lawrence Smith (born November 15, 1948) is an American college football coach. He was the head football coach at Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Kentucky, a position he held from 2016 until he was fired by the university in 2018.
Smith was previously the head football coach at the University of Idaho (1989–1994), Utah State University (1995–1997), the University of Louisville (1998–2002), Michigan State University (2003–2006), University of Arkansas (2012), and Fort Lewis College in Colorado (2013–2016). He had been named head coach of his alma mater, Weber State University, after the 2011 season, but left after spring drills to take over at Arkansas following the firing of Bobby Petrino in April 2012. Smith has also been an assistant at multiple programs, most recently at Arkansas under Petrino, where he was in charge of special teams from 2009 to 2011.
Early life
Born in Idaho Falls in eastern Idaho and raised in nearby Iona, Smith lettered in football, basketball, and track for the Bees at Bonneville High School, and graduated in 1967. He played college football at Weber State College in Ogden, Utah, as both a linebacker and quarterback for the Wildcats in the Big Sky, then a college division conference for football. Smith was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity and graduated in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in physical education.
Coaching career
Early coaching career
Smith began his coaching career in 1971 as a graduate assistant at his alma mater, Weber State. For the next 17 seasons, Smith was an assistant coach, first at Montana for five seasons (1972–76) and then at Nevada (1977–81) for five more as the defensive coordinator. He then joined Dennis Erickson as defensive coordinator and assistant head coach for seven seasons at three schools: Idaho (1982–85), Wyoming (1986), and Washington State (1987–88).
The middle initial "L" became part of his public moniker in 1982, due to another John Smith at Idaho, John G. Smith (1924–1998). On the UI athletic staff since 1965, the elder Smith was the equipment manager at the time; he was the last head baseball coach (1967−1980) and a former assistant coach in football and basketball.
Idaho
After serving as an assistant head coach under Erickson for seven seasons, Smith began his head coaching career in 1989 back at Idaho, where he posted a record in six seasons. Under his leadership, the Vandals won two Big Sky championships and made the 16-team NCAA Division I-AA playoffs five times, advancing to the national semifinals in 1993. Smith's 53 wins remain the most in school history, seventeen clear of runner-up Erickson (36 in five years). His starting salary at Idaho was under $60,000, but after two seasons he became the first UI coach to be granted a multi-year contract, with a four-year deal in January 1991.
Smith inherited an 11–2 team from Keith Gilbertson that had made the I-AA semifinals in 1988, and returned All-American quarterback in John Friesz. Despite losing the first two games of the 1989 season to Washington State and Portland State, Idaho went undefeated (8–0) in conference play, the only time in school history; the Vandals lost in the first round of the I-AA playoffs and finished at 9–3. Friesz won the Walter Payton Award, was drafted by the San Diego Chargers, and spent a decade in the National Football League (NFL). Smith's next Vandal quarterback was southpaw Doug Nussmeier, who threw for over 10,000 yards and won the Walter Payton Award in 1993; he was drafted in the fourth round by the New Orleans Saints.
Utah State
In January 1995, Smith left Moscow to move up to Division I-A at Utah State in the Big West, with a five-year contract exceeding $100,000 per year. He stayed in Logan with the Aggies for three seasons (16–18, .470). Although Smith took another job in late November, he coached the 1997 Aggies in the first Humanitarian Bowl on December 29, a loss to Cincinnati.
Louisville
On November 24, 1997, Louisville hired Smith as head coach with a five-year contract at $375,000 per year. Inheriting a one-win team from 1997, the Cardinals improved to 7–5 in 1998 and were through 2002, with five straight bowl appearances and consecutive Conference USA titles in 2000 and 2001. Under Smith's tutelage, quarterback Dave Ragone was a three-time conference player of the year (2000–02).
On December 19, 2002, Smith accepted the head coaching job at Michigan State. He informed his Louisville players of the decision at halftime of the GMAC Bowl, which ended with a 38–15 loss to Marshall.
Michigan State
2003
After opening his first season at Michigan State in 2003 with wins over Western Michigan and Rutgers, Smith's team was unable to hold off a series of late game drives by WAC member Louisiana Tech, losing a 20–19 decision. The Spartans ended the regular season 8–4, and were then defeated by Nebraska, 17–3, in the 2003 Alamo Bowl, a game which also featured the injury of the Spartans' anticipated star quarterback Drew Stanton while he was playing on special teams. Smith was named the Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year in 2003.
2004
The second game of the 2004 season was the second of a "home-and-home" series against Rutgers, which the Spartans lost in New Jersey, 19–14. The Spartans also lost to Notre Dame and dropped a three-overtime game against rival Michigan, but beat a top-10 ranked Wisconsin team, 49–14. The Spartans lost their final two games that season and did not receive a bowl invitation—the first time a Smith-coached team hadn't gone to a bowl since 1997.
2005
Michigan State began the 2005 season with a 4–0 record in non-conference play including an overtime win against Notre Dame in South Bend. However, the Spartans only won two games in the Big Ten and were again unable to beat Michigan, losing 34–31 in the second straight overtime game between the two rivals.
One of the most significant games of the season was against Ohio State. The Spartans had a brief 17–7 lead in the second quarter. With 24 seconds and no time outs remaining in the first half, Michigan State faced a second down and 12 yards to go at the Ohio State 17 yard-line. Michigan State tried a running play resulting in no gain. Facing third down, Michigan State likely could have easily spiked the ball to stop the clock. However, with the clock running, it was perceived by many fans and sports commentators that chaos reigned on the MSU sideline. The confusion resulted in Michigan State lining up on the field with only ten players. The ensuing field goal attempt was blocked, and returned by Ohio State for a touchdown to cut the lead to 17–14. In half-time comments on ABC by Jack Arute, Smith, while raising his voice, blamed the coaching staff remarking, "That's a dang coaching mistake...the kids are playing their tail off, and the coaches are screwing it up!"
Michigan State finished the season 5–6, and did not receive a bowl bid for the second straight year.
2006
Michigan State began 2006 with three wins and then suffered an infamous late-game loss against Notre Dame. The Spartans led 37–21 midway through the fourth quarter, but, despite a raging thunderstorm, the Irish rallied for a 40–37 victory. This led to a now-famous video of John L. Smith slapping himself at the post-game press conference.
The following week, Michigan State's homecoming game, the Spartans were defeated 23–20 by an Illinois team that had not won a Big Ten game since 2004. After the game, players from both teams fought at midfield after several Illinois players tried to plant their flag at midfield of Spartan Stadium. In the post-game press conference, Smith admitted the coaches were having trouble motivating the players. Smith also slapped himself in the face as a reference to a claim by Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis who stated that he had been hit in the face during a sideline scrum earlier that season when his Fighting Irish played Michigan State.
Following another defeat to Michigan, Michigan State hosted and lost 38–7 to top-ranked Ohio State. At halftime, Spartan Stadium had mostly emptied, with a large portion of the remaining attendees being Ohio State fans.
MSU followed up those losses with a 41–38 win at Northwestern. The Spartans, down 38–3 in the middle of the third quarter, rallied for 38 unanswered points for the largest comeback in NCAA history. The Spartans then fell to Indiana the following week.
On November 1, Michigan State decided not to retain John L. Smith, and the remainder of his contract was bought out for $1.5 million. Smith and his coaching staff stayed on the job through the end of the 2006 season. Michigan State finished 4–8 (1–7 in the Big Ten). Smith was replaced by Mark Dantonio, previously the head coach of Cincinnati on November 27. Smith had a record of 22–26 (.458) in his four seasons at Michigan State.
Smith has compiled a record of 132–86 (.605) in his 18 years as a college head coach. 12 of his 18 teams have participated in postseason play, including seven straight from 1997 to 2003. Smith is one of 18 head coaches in college football history to take three different teams to bowl games. A defensive coach for most of his career, Smith is also known as one of the disciples of the spread offense, learned from Dennis Erickson, which he introduced at Michigan State.
Return to coaching: Arkansas
After two years of broadcasting, Smith returned to the sidelines in 2009 as the special teams coach at the University of Arkansas under head coach Bobby Petrino, his former assistant.
Weber State
Following his third year as an assistant at Arkansas in 2011, Smith left in December to lead his fifth Division I program at Weber State, his alma mater, an FCS program in the Big Sky Conference. He succeeded Ron McBride, who retired after seven seasons with the Wildcats. Smith coached the Wildcats through spring drills in April, but left days later to replace Petrino at Arkansas, who had been recently fired.
Arkansas
On April 10, 2012, the University of Arkansas fired head coach Bobby Petrino. Almost immediately, there was considerable media speculation that Smith would return to Arkansas, and replace Petrino. This was confirmed less than two weeks after the firing of Petrino, when multiple media outlets reported that Smith would indeed return to Arkansas. He was introduced as Arkansas' 29th full-time head coach the next day. The event was a reversal of roles as it was now Smith replacing Petrino as head coach; Petrino succeeded Smith at Louisville following Smith's departure in 2003. Smith signed a 10-month contract, leading to speculation that he was only taking the post on an interim basis for the 2012 season. The Razorbacks' formal announcement described him as "head coach", without any qualifiers; however, it also indicated that Smith's hiring would allow Arkansas to hire "a head coach for the future of the program" in a more appropriate timeframe following the 2012 season.
Coming off only the second 11-win season in school history, expectations were very high for the Razorbacks despite the acrimonious nature of Petrino's firing. However, they never recovered from a September, and ultimately finished . On November 24, the university announced that Smith would not be retained as head coach, but would serve as a consultant to the team until his contract ran out in February 2013.
Fort Lewis
On January 16, 2013, Smith was introduced as the head coach at Fort Lewis College, a Division II team in Durango, Colorado. He took over a Skyhawks program that was 0–10 in 2012, last in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC). In his three years at the helm, the Skyhawks went overall and in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference.
Fort Lewis notched seven wins in 2015, including six in conference games (7–4, 6–3 RMAC). The last time the Skyhawks notched seven wins in a season was 2006, during Ed Rifilato's first stint as the head coach. All four losses in 2015 came at the hands of nationally ranked teams.
Kentucky State
On December 7, 2015, it was announced that Smith had been hired as the head coach at Kentucky State University in Frankfort, a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) in Division II.
Personal life, family, and honors
Smith is married with three children. He is the uncle of former NFL quarterback Alex Smith.
Smith has earned a reputation for his adventurous attitude and actions, including para-gliding with his children in Zermatt, Switzerland, climbing 19,340-foot Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, flying in a T-38 Talon jet trainer in Texas at Randolph Air Force Base, skydiving from 14,000 feet over Greensburg, Indiana, and running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain.
In 2000 Sports Illustrated recognized Smith as one of Idaho's top 100 athletes of the 20th century. He was later inducted into the Idaho Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001.
Smith filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection on September 6, 2012. Smith said he began land investments when he was coach at Louisville from 1998 to 2002, and that he and other investors lost money when the real estate market softened.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Fort Lewis profile
Louisville profile
1948 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Fort Lewis Skyhawks football coaches
Idaho Vandals football coaches
Kentucky State Thorobreds football coaches
Louisville Cardinals football coaches
Montana Grizzlies football coaches
Nevada Wolf Pack football coaches
Utah State Aggies football coaches
Washington State Cougars football coaches
Weber State Wildcats football coaches
Weber State Wildcats football players
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
People from Idaho Falls, Idaho
Coaches of American football from Idaho
Players of American football from Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20L.%20Smith |
Whiteinch Victoria Park railway station was a suburban railway station serving Whiteinch in Glasgow, Scotland. It was opened as a goods station known as Whiteinch in 1874 as part of the newly constructed Whiteinch Railway. In 1897, the station was rebuilt as Whiteinch Victoria Park, with services running to Jordanhill railway station.
Passenger services were suspended from 1 January 1917 until 2 June 1919. Final closure of the passenger service was terminated in 1951. It remained in use for goods and as a depot during the electrification of other routes in the area, finally closing in 1967.
References
Disused railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1897
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951
Former North British Railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteinch%20Victoria%20Park%20railway%20station |
The Benton MacKaye Trail or BMT is a footpath nearly in length in the Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States and is blazed by a white diamond, 5″ across by 7″ tall. The hiking trail was created and is maintained by the Benton MacKaye Trail Association, and it is named for Benton MacKaye, the Massachusetts forester and regional planner who first had the idea for the Appalachian Trail in 1921.
The BMT runs from Springer Mountain in Georgia (sharing the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail) to Big Creek in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The trail passes through seven United States Wilderness Areas, while traversing three states (Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina). The lowest elevation (765 ft) on the BMT occurs at the crossing of the Hiwassee River in Tennessee. The highest elevation is the summit of Mt. Sterling in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina.
The trail crosses various trout rivers along its path including Shallowford Bridge and the Swinging Bridge over the Toccoa River in Georgia, the Ocoee, Hiwassee, Upper Bald and Tellico rivers in Tennessee, and the Little Tennessee River in North Carolina. It also crosses Eagle, Hazel, Forney, Noland and Big creeks in the Smokies, along with Fontana Dam and the Oconaluftee River.
References
Benton MacKaye Trail Association (2006). "Benton MacKaye Trail Association". Retrieved March 2, 2006.
Homan, Tim. 2004. Hiking the Benton MacKaye Trail: A guide to the Benton MacKaye trail from Georgia's Springer Mountain to Tennessee's Ocoee River. Peachtree Publishers. .
External links
Benton MacKaye Trail Association Official Site—includes a map
Trail photos
Hiking trails in Georgia (U.S. state)
Hiking trails in Tennessee
Hiking trails in North Carolina
Long-distance trails in the United States
Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest
Nantahala National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton%20MacKaye%20Trail |
Milltown is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Milltown, County Kildare, Ireland which played a leading role in developing the games in the county.
History
Milltown won the Junior Championship in 2008 defeating Robertstown by a single point. Emmet Mullhall is Milltown's most famous present player, having been a member of the Kildare panel on the county's last appearance in an All-Ireland final in 1998. Colin O'Shea, a real star for the future, played in the 2009 Minor Leinster final.
At some underage grades Milltown, along with Allenwood, Ballyteague & Robertstown, form part of the highly successful combined Parish of Allen club, Na Fianna.
Milltown have been affiliated to the GAA since 1888, and have affiliated each year since. This makes it the oldest club still in continuous existence in County Kildare.
Adding to their history, the Milltown U21s team were the first 21s team of Milltown to win a Championship Title in November 2017.
Achievements
Jack Higgins Cup (1) 1967
Kildare Intermediate Football Championship: (1) 1972
Kildare Junior Football Championship: (2) 2008, 2018
Bibliography
Red Sashes and Proud Hearts: 125 Years of Milltown GAA, by Ronan Byrne (2013)
Kildare GAA: A Centenary History, by Eoghan Corry, CLG Chill Dara, 1984, hb pb
Kildare GAA yearbook, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 2000- in sequence especially the Millennium yearbook of 2000
Soaring Sliothars: Centenary of Kildare Camogie 1904-2004 by Joan O'Flynn Kildare County Camogie Board.
External links
Milltown GAA club site
Milltown GAA's Facebook page
Milltown GAA on Twitter
Kildare GAA site
Kildare GAA club sites
Kildare on Hoganstand.com
References
Gaelic games clubs in County Kildare
Gaelic football clubs in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milltown%20GAA%20%28County%20Kildare%29 |
Uja Tirche (literally High Mountain) is a peak close to the Tibetan border in the Nanda Devi group of the Kumaon/Garhwal Himalaya. It was first climbed in 1937 by Lieutenant (later Major-General) R C A Edge, with a surveying party from the Survey of India.
References
Alpine Club Library Himalayan Index
International Association of Geodesy Obituary
Mountains of Uttarakhand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uja%20Tirche |
Reda Rekowo railway station is a railway stop serving the town of Reda, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of September 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Wejherowo County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda%20Rekowo%20railway%20station |
Mental Images GmbH (stylized as mental images) was a German computer generated imagery (CGI) software firm based in Berlin, Germany, and was acquired by Nvidia in 2007, then rebranded as Nvidia Advanced Rendering Center (ARC), and is still providing similar products and technology. The company provides rendering and 3D modeling technology for entertainment, computer-aided design, scientific visualization and architecture.
The company was founded by the physicists and computer scientists Rolf Herken, Hans-Christian Hege, Robert Hödicke and Wolfgang Krüger and the economists Günter Ansorge, Frank Schnöckel and Hans Peter Plettner as a company with limited liability & private limited partnership (GmbH & Co. KG) in April 1986 in Berlin, Germany. The Mental Ray software project started in 1986. The first versions of the rendering software were influenced, tested and used for production by Mental Images' then operating large commercial computer animation division, led by the visual effects supervisors John Andrew Berton (1986–1989), 2000 Academy Award winner John Nelson (1987–1989), and 1996, and 2000, Academy Award nominee Stefen Fangmeier (1988–1990).
In 2003, Mental Images completed an investment round led by ViewPoint Ventures and another large international private equity investor. Since Dec 2007, Mental Images GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Nvidia corporation with headquarters in Berlin, subsidiaries in San Francisco (Mental Images Inc.) and Melbourne (Mental Images Pty. Ltd.) as well as an office in Stockholm. After acquisition by Nvidia the company has been renamed Nvidia Advanced Rendering Center (Nvidia ARC GmbH).
Products
Mental Images was the developer of the rendering software Mental Ray, iray, mental mill, RealityServer, and DiCE.
Filmography
Mental Images (1987) (a short film of the same name)
Asterix in America (1994) (3D computer animation "Storm Sequence" and digital effects, software development)
Heaven (2002) (images computed with Mental Ray)
References
External links
Technical Oscars: The 75th Scientific & Technical Awards 2002 / 2003
mental images office at the Kant Dreieck tower
1986 establishments in Germany
2007 mergers and acquisitions
3D graphics software
3D imaging
Computer-aided design software
Nvidia
Software companies established in 1986
Software companies of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20Images |
"Midnight Special" is a traditional folk song thought to have originated among prisoners in the American South. The song refers to the passenger train Midnight Special and its "ever-loving light" (sometimes "ever-living light").
The song is historically performed in the country-blues style from the viewpoint of the prisoner and has been performed by many artists.
History
Lyrics appearing in the song were first recorded in print by Howard Odum in 1905:
However, these lyrics are known to be floater lines, appearing in various African-American songs of that period, notably in the "Grade-Songs", which are about prison captains and have nothing to do with a train or a light.
The first printed reference to the song itself was in a 1923 issue of Adventure magazine, a three-times-a-month pulp magazine published by the Ridgway Company. In 1927 Carl Sandburg published two different versions of "Midnight Special" in his The American Songbag, the first published versions.
The song was first commercially recorded on the OKeh label in 1926 as "Pistol Pete's Midnight Special" by Dave "Pistol Pete" Cutrell (a member of McGinty's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band). Cutrell follows the traditional song except for semi-comedic stanzas about McGinty and Gray and "a cowboy band":
In March 1929, the band, now Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Cowboys, recorded the song again, this time with the traditional title using only the traditional lyrics.
Sam Collins recorded the song commercially in 1927 under the title "The Midnight Special Blues" for Gennett Records. His version also follows the traditional style. His is the first to name the woman in the story, Little Nora, and he refers to the Midnight Special's "ever-living" light:
In 1934, Huddie William "Lead Belly" Ledbetter recorded a version of the song at Angola Prison for John and Alan Lomax, who mistakenly attributed it to him as the author. However, Ledbetter, for his Angola session, appears to have inserted several stanzas relating to a 1923 Houston jailbreak into the traditional song. Ledbetter recorded at least three versions of the song, one with the Golden Gate Quartet, a gospel group (recorded for RCA at Victor Studio #2, New York City, June 15, 1940).
John and Alan Lomax, in their book, Best Loved American Folk Songs, told a credible story identifying the Midnight Special as a train from Houston shining its light into a cell in the Sugar Land Prison. They also describe Ledbetter's version as "the Negro jailbird's ballad to match Hard Times Poor Boy. Like so many American folk songs, its hero is not a man but a train." The light of the train is seen as the light of salvation, the train which could take them away from the prison walls. It is highly reminiscent of the imagery of such gospel songs as "Let the Light from Your Lighthouse Shine on Me". Carl Sandburg had a different view. He believed the subject of the song would rather be run over by a train than spend more time in jail.
Although later versions place the locale of the song near Houston, early versions such as "Walk Right In Belmont" (Wilmer Watts; Frank Wilson, 1927) and "North Carolina Blues" (Roy Martin, 1930) — both essentially the same song as "Midnight Special" — place it in North Carolina.
Most of the early versions, however, have no particular location. Only one recording, collected by the Lomaxes at the Mississippi State Penitentiary, actually identifies the railroad operating the Midnight Special — the Illinois Central which had a route through Mississippi.
Other versions
Country musicians Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper had a top 5 country hit with their reworking of the song in 1959 as "Big Midnight Special".
Only two versions of the song have reached the US Billboard Hot 100. Paul Evans recorded the highest-charting version of "Midnight Special," reaching number 16 in the winter of 1960. Five years later, Johnny Rivers' version reached number 20 in 1965. The Johnny Rivers version was used as the theme for the NBC music program The Midnight Special.
The song has been recorded by Lead Belly, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Odetta, Les Paul, The Kingston Trio (who also recorded their song "The Tijuana Jail", which retains the same music but with new lyrics), Pete Seeger, Peter, Paul and Mary, Burl Ives, Big Joe Turner, Bobby Darin, Cisco Houston, Jimmy Smith, Mungo Jerry, Van Morrison, Little Richard, Buckwheat Zydeco, Otis Rush, The Spencer Davis Group, Lonnie Donegan, Eric Clapton, The Louvin Brothers, Long John Baldry, The Kentucky Headhunters, Willie Watson, Mischief Brew, Hoyt Axton, Odetta, Billy Bragg, and Creedence Clearwater Revival, among others. Jody Miller arranged her own version and included it on her first album Wednesday's Child is Full of Woe in 1963.
Harry Belafonte's 1962 version is notable for containing the first official recording of Bob Dylan, who played harmonica.
Harry Dean Stanton performs the song in the 1967 movie Cool Hand Luke.
Creedence Clearwater Revival‘s 1969 version was used in the opening sequence of Twilight Zone: The Movie, in a scene featuring Albert Brooks and Dan Aykroyd enthusiastically singing along.
ABBA recorded the song in 1975 for charity, as a part of a folk medley, along with "Pick a Bale of Cotton" and "On Top of Old Smokey". It was the B-side to their 1978 single "Summer Night City". The medley represents the group's only recording of material not written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus after their breakthrough with "Ring Ring" in 1973.
Dylan references a line from the song — "Shine your light on me" — on the second track, "Precious Angel", of his 1979 gospel album Slow Train Coming.
The Dutch band Drukwerk also recorded a cover of "Midnight Special" for their 1982 album Tweede Druk, mixing English and Dutch vocals.
Paul McCartney has performed it numerous times. It was the closing song on his 1988 album Снова в СССР and was performed on his 1991 appearance on MTV Unplugged, but was not included on the accompanying album.
Mischief Brew recorded a cover of "The Midnight Special" for their 2006 album, Songs From Under the Sink.
NEEDTOBREATHE used the song line "Let the midnight special shine a light on me" as a segue into their original song "Mercy's Shore" on their 2022 album Live From Bridgestone Arena.
See also
"Let Your Light Shine on Me", a religious variant of the same song
List of train songs
References
Bibliography
Cohen, Norm. Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong. University of Illinois Press (2nd ed), 2000.
Oliver, Paul. Songsters and Saints: Vocal Tradition on Race Records. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Collins, "Crying" Sam. "Midnight Special Blues". Jailhouse Blues, 14. Yazoo, CD, 1990.
Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax. American Ballads and Folk Songs. Dover Publications (reprint), 1994.
Otto Gray's Oklahoma Cowboys. "Pistol Pete's Midnight Special" by Dave Cutrell acc. by McGinty's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band. Early Cowboy Band. British Archive of Country Music, CD D 139, 2006.
Russell, Tony. Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921–1942. Oxford University Press, 2004.
Waltz, Robert B; David G. Engle. "The Midnight Special". The Traditional Ballad Index: An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World. Hosted by California State University, Fresno, Folklore, 2007.
Lead Belly songs
Burl Ives songs
Big Joe Turner songs
Paul Evans (musician) songs
Paul McCartney songs
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
The Beatles songs
The Weavers songs
Van Morrison songs
Creedence Clearwater Revival songs
American folk songs
1960 singles
1965 singles
Johnny Rivers songs
Songs about trains
Wilma Lee Cooper songs
Stoney Cooper songs
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown
Songs about prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%20Special%20%28song%29 |
Rahway station is an NJ Transit train station in Rahway, New Jersey that is located 20.7 miles southwest of New York Penn Station, with service on the Northeast Corridor and North Jersey Coast lines.
History
The station first opened on January 1, 1836. The station is located in downtown Rahway on an embankment completed in 1913, with bridges over Milton Avenue and Irving and Cherry Streets. The present station was built by New Jersey Transit at a cost of $16 million and opened in early 1999. It replaced a passenger station built by the Penn Central and the New Jersey Department of Transportation in 1974, which was an Amtrak stop from May 1971–November 1975. The City of Rahway completed a $600,000 public plaza in front of the station in 2001.
Another station in the city, North Rahway, previously existed at Scott Avenue, near the Merck facility, but was closed and demolished in 1993.
Platform layout
Rahway is just northeast of the Perth Amboy Junction, where the Northeast Corridor and the North Jersey Coast lines split at Union Tower, so Rahway is one of several transfer stations on NJ Transit. The station has an island platform for the Trenton and Long Branch-bound side of the station. The New York City-bound platform is a side platform more typical of the Northeast Corridor. Service bound for Long Branch and other points on the North Jersey Coast Line use one side of this island platform just east of the junction, as these trains would not be able to switch off of the main track in time to switch onto tracks at the Junction towards the Jersey Shore.
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor services bypass the station via the inner tracks.
Bibliography
References
External links
Irving Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Station House from Google Maps Street View
Milton Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
Northeast Corridor timetable – NJ Transit
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Railway stations in Union County, New Jersey
Former Amtrak stations in New Jersey
Stations on the Northeast Corridor
Stations on the North Jersey Coast Line
Rahway, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1836
1836 establishments in New Jersey
Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahway%20station |
Mrzezino railway station is a railway station serving the village of Mrzezino, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened on 15 December 1898 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
History
The station and the town used to be known as Sellen (Kr. Neustadt).
On 26 September 1993, the last scheduled steam passenger train operated along the line.
In 1998, the line was modernised. Stations have been equipped with a remotely controlled traffic centre from Gdynia, so that the presence of service stations along the route (in addition to the ticket offices) have become redundant.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of September 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1898
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrzezino%20railway%20station |
Fully () is a municipality in the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
History
Fully is first mentioned in the 11th Century as Fuliacum.
Geography
Fully has an area, , of . Of this area, 30.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 27.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 5.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and 36.2% is unproductive land.
It is on the right bank of the river Rhône and is well known for its wines. Fully is just the administrative name of a group of several villages of Vers-l'Eglise (sometimes called Fully), Branson, Châtaignier and Randonnaz along with a number of hamlets.
The natural reserve of Les Follatères (shared between Fully and Dorénaz), located on the south facing slopes above the Rhône elbow, has a variety of animal and plant species normally uncommon in Switzerland.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess, Gules two Grapes Or slipped Vert and Azure a Church Or doored and roofed Sable.
Demographics
Fully has a population () of . , 18.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 28.8%. It has changed at a rate of 21.5% due to migration and at a rate of 5.3% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population () speaks French (5,134 or 91.9%) as their first language, Portuguese is the second most common (195 or 3.5%) and Albanian is the third (82 or 1.5%). There are 52 people who speak German, 47 people who speak Italian and 4 people who speak Romansh.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The population was made up of 2,909 Swiss men (39.3% of the population) and 741 (10.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 3,145 Swiss women (42.4%) and 616 (8.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 3,207 or about 57.4% were born in Fully and lived there in 2000. There were 1,043 or 18.7% who were born in the same canton, while 412 or 7.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 798 or 14.3% were born outside of Switzerland.
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 29.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.8%. , there were 2,372 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,716 married individuals, 342 widows or widowers and 157 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 2,093 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 610 households that consist of only one person and 262 households with five or more people. , a total of 1,979 apartments (80.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 384 apartments (15.5%) were seasonally occupied and 107 apartments (4.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 12.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.73%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Sights
The entire hamlet of Branson is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 36.45% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (23.67%), the SVP (16.95%) and the SP (12%). In the federal election, a total of 2,733 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 63.0%.
In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 2,656 votes were cast, of which 154 or about 5.8% were invalid. The voter participation was 59.3%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 2,716 votes were cast, of which 211 or about 7.8% were invalid. The voter participation was 63.2%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Economy
, Fully had an unemployment rate of 5.9%. , there were 741 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 200 businesses involved in this sector. 366 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 54 businesses in this sector. 812 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 150 businesses in this sector. There were 2,695 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.2% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,400. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 431, of which 427 were in agriculture and 4 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 341 of which 53 or (15.5%) were in manufacturing and 288 (84.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 628. In the tertiary sector; 232 or 36.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 37 or 5.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 73 or 11.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 0.8% were in the information industry, 24 or 3.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 49 or 7.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 42 or 6.7% were in education and 89 or 14.2% were in health care.
, there were 279 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,548 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 9.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 71.4% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 4,765 or 85.3% were Roman Catholic, while 205 or 3.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 29 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.52% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 50 individuals (or about 0.89% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 168 (or about 3.01% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist, 2 individuals who were Hindu and 6 individuals who belonged to another church. 168 (or about 3.01% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 213 individuals (or about 3.81% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Fully about 1,628 or (29.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 492 or (8.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 492 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.3% were Swiss men, 31.5% were Swiss women, 5.9% were non-Swiss men and 4.3% were non-Swiss women.
, there were 8 students in Fully who came from another municipality, while 470 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully |
Sulsted is a small Danish town with a population of 1,512 (1 January 2023) situated in northern Jutland, 14 km north of Aalborg and 3 km north of the closest other town Vestbjerg.
Church
Sulsted Church was constructed –1200 and features a large number of frescos, all created in 1548 by Hans Maler from Randers.
Notable people
Knud Jespersen (1926 in Sulsted – 1977) a Danish politician, Chairman of the Communist Party of Denmark between 1958 and 1977
References
Cities and towns in the North Jutland Region
Towns and settlements in Aalborg Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulsted |
James Robert "Loafer" McAleer (July 10, 1864April 29, 1931) was an American center fielder, manager, and stockholder in Major League Baseball who assisted in establishing the American League. He spent most of his 13-season playing career with the Cleveland Spiders, and went on to manage the Cleveland Blues, St. Louis Browns, and Washington Senators. Shortly before his retirement, he became a major shareholder in the Boston Red Sox.
His career ended abruptly. During his brief tenure as co-owner of the Red Sox, McAleer quarreled with longtime friend and colleague Ban Johnson, president of the American League. In the wake of this disagreement, he sold off his shares in the Red Sox and broke off his relationship with Major League Baseball.
McAleer's rift with Johnson, along with his sudden retirement, damaged his professional reputation, and he received little recognition for his contributions to baseball. Today, he is most often remembered for initiating the customary request that the President of the United States throw out the first ball of the season.
Early years
McAleer was born in Youngstown, Ohio, an industrial center located near the border of western Pennsylvania. His father, Owen McAleer, died at a young age, leaving McAleer's mother, Mary, to support three children. The family lived on the city's west side, where the McAleer children were raised to value the concept of formal education. McAleer attended local public schools and graduated from Rayen High School. In later years, all three of the McAleer brothers moved on to successful careers, and the oldest, Owen McAleer, Jr., served for a time as mayor of Los Angeles.
A "strapping six-foot 175-pound outfielder," McAleer won early recognition for his physical speed. He became involved with a Youngstown minor league baseball club in 1882, remaining with the team until 1884. In 1885, McAleer joined another minor league organization in Charleston, South Carolina; and in 1887, he played for a team based in Memphis, Tennessee. His skill as a center fielder was recognized in 1888, while he was playing for a club in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Although his primary focus was organized sports, McAleer was also drawn to the field of entertainment. During one season of his minor league career, he became part-owner of the DeHaven Comedy Company, a theatrical road troupe that was organized in Youngstown. His interest in show business remained a constant, and in later years McAleer developed a strong friendship with Broadway composer and performer George M. Cohan.
Playing career
On April 24, 1889, McAleer broke into the Major Leagues in Cleveland, Ohio, where he established a reputation as a graceful outfielder. In 1891, when Patsy Tebeau became manager of the Cleveland Spiders, the club became known for its aggressive tactics. Tebeau encouraged players to block and hold runners, while he himself openly challenged and harassed officials. In 1896, the Cleveland manager was jailed for attacking an umpire who "decided it was too dark to continue a game". On June 27, 1896, McAleer was among several Cleveland players to be fined by a Louisville (Kentucky) judge for their role in the incident. Later that year, the club's notoriety prompted other National League teams to propose a boycott of Cleveland, "until the Spiders mended their ways." McAleer's periodic displays of temper were in keeping with this rowdy environment. During an August 18, 1891 game with the Cincinnati Reds, Reds player Arlie Latham tripped McAleer as he rounded third base; McAleer responded by chasing Latham around the field, while brandishing his bat.
At the same time, McAleer proved a strong performer. A later newspaper account described him as an outstanding outfielder who was "blessed with excellent speed". The article noted that McAleer's skills as a sprinter helped him steal 51 bases in one year and 41 in another. According to some accounts, he was "the first centerfielder to take his eyes off a fly ball, run to the spot where it fell to earth, and catch it". Less proficient as a hitter, McAleer accumulated a lifetime batting average of .253. During his career, the league's batting (pitchers removed) average for players with the same home field was .284. On April 24, 1894, he assisted in Cleveland's 1–0 victory over Cincinnati with a single in the ninth that drove home Buck Ewing, who had doubled. Along with teammates Cy Young, Jesse Burkett, John Clarkson, and Charles Zimmer, McAleer also participated in the Spiders' victory over the Baltimore Orioles in the 1895 Temple Cup, a post-season series between first and second-place teams of the National League. The Spiders placed second to the Orioles at the close of both the 1895 and 1896 seasons. McAleer's performance came in spite of a serious injury he received during a game held in Philadelphia on August 24, 1895, when he collided with a fence. Furthermore, he balanced his achievements in sports with a foray into politics in his hometown of Youngstown. During the summer of 1895, McAleer was promoted in the local media as a mayoral candidate, first as a Republican, and then as an independent.
In 1898, when the Spiders' owners purchased the St. Louis Browns franchise, McAleer opted to stay in Cleveland, taking a brief hiatus from baseball until the Cleveland Blues franchise joined the newly formed American League (AL). During his two-year absence, the Spiders lost many of their more experienced players. In 1899, the team won 20 games and lost 134, which is still percentage-wise the worst season record in Major League history. As baseball historian Bill James noted, the Spiders were forced to cancel home games due to poor attendance and "turned the last two months of the season into a long road trip". After a full year out of baseball in 1899, McAleer was back in a Cleveland uniform in 1900, in a new league, as player-manager of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the fledgling American League, then a minor league. McAleer's subsequent career as a major league manager (1901–11) overlapped with his playing career (1882–1907). Although he did not play professionally between 1903 and 1906, McAleer played in his last Major League game on July 8, 1907.
Managing career
Cleveland Lake Shores/Blues
In 1900, McAleer became player-manager of the Cleveland Lake Shores (a predecessor of the Cleveland Indians) and continued with the franchise in 1901, when the American League became a major league and the club was renamed as the Blues, a name borrowed from a team that had participated in the National League during the 1870s and 1880s. The Blues made their major league debut on April 24, 1901, with an 8–2 loss to the Chicago White Sox. Two other league games were canceled due to inclement weather, and the contest between the Blues and White Sox served as the inaugural game of the AL.
In July of that year, McAleer presided over the Blues' upset 6–1 loss to the Detroit Tigers. Although the Tigers' manager, Tommy Burns, agreed to forfeit the game for fear that the umpire, Joe Cantillon, would be injured by an angry crowd, McAleer agreed to play the Tigers using a reserve umpire. The Blues eventually closed the season with a 54–82 record, placing seventh in the eight-team American League.
McAleer, however, contributed little to this outcome. In 1901, he played in only three games with the Blues. The AL, established in 1900 by Ban Johnson, former president of the Western League, was by this time in direct competition with the well-established National League (NL). McAleer, a close friend of Johnson and his associate, Charles Comiskey, played a significant role in the new league's development, recruiting scores of experienced players from the NL.
St. Louis Browns
As manager of the Browns, McAleer lured players such as Hall of Famers Jesse Burkett and Bobby Wallace. In 1902, the Browns took second place in the league, with a record of 78 wins and 58 losses. Between 1903 and 1907, however, the team never ranked higher than fifth or sixth place in the AL. Then, in 1908, the club rebounded, finishing just games out of first place, with a record of 83 wins and 69 losses, landing at fourth in the AL. The Browns ended the 1909 season, however, with a record of 61–89, earning seventh place. McAleer was fired at the close of the season. Browns owner Robert L. Hedges, a Cincinnati carriage maker, replaced the "affable" McAleer with the "crustier" Jack O'Connor, who was expelled from the league in 1910 for seeking to influence the outcome of the annual batting championship.
Washington Senators
On September 22, 1909, McAleer became the manager of the Washington Senators (popularly known as the "Nationals"), a team that had ceased to be competitive since the death of star hitter Ed Delahanty six years earlier. The team fared little better under McAleer's management, finishing with a lackluster 66–85 record (seventh place) at the close of the 1910 season. The high point of the season was a game in which McAleer initiated what became a baseball tradition. On April 14, 1910, he asked visiting President William Howard Taft to throw out the first ball of a season opener. President Taft, an ardent fan of the game, readily agreed. Baseball historians Donald Dewey and Nicholas Acocella noted that the game "almost put an end to the career" of U.S. Vice President James S. Sherman, who "took a foul ball off the bat of Frank Baker directly in the head". This contest also featured a one-hit performance by pitcher Walter Johnson, who led the Senators to a 3–0 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics.
Managerial record
Executive career
Boston Red Sox
Toward the close of the 1911 season, McAleer announced his resignation as manager of the Senators. In 1912, he became a major stockholder in the Boston Red Sox, purchasing a half-interest in the team. That year, the Red Sox "cruised to the pennant with 105 victories".
By the time the Red Sox entered the sixth game of the 1912 World Series, the team had secured a 3–1 lead over the New York Giants. (The second game of the Series ended in a tie.) Then, McAleer pressured the team's manager, Jake Stahl, to hand the ball to unseasoned pitcher Buck O'Brien for the "clincher". McAleer's recommendation was apparently part of a strategy to ensure that the seventh game of the Series would be played at Boston's new Fenway Park. Although the Red Sox's loss to the Giants (at 5–2) guaranteed that the Series would conclude in Boston, the incident created conflict between McAleer and Stahl. Subsequent press releases suggesting that Stahl would replace McAleer as club president exacerbated these tensions.
In the seventh game of the Series, the Red Sox opened Fenway Park with a 7–6 victory over the Giants. The team suffered a public relations fiasco, however, when a Red Sox shareholder sold seats at the stadium that had been reserved for the club's most ardent fans, the "Royal Rooters". Finding themselves without seats, the Royal Rooters, led by Boston Mayor John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, marched around the stadium in protest. A riot ensued, and in the aftermath of the disturbance, only 17,000 Boston residents showed up for the final game. Nevertheless, the Red Sox emerged as victors, with a final score of 4–3 and one tied game.
Following the Series victory over the Giants, McAleer returned to his hometown to celebrate the event. A brass band met him at Youngstown's train depot, and a parade and fireworks display were held in his honor. The Youngstown Daily Vindicator reported: "As the auto bearing Mr. McAleer turned into West Federal Street, hundreds of sticks of red fire were burning at Central Square, while the quiet atmosphere was occasionally punctured by the explosion of a bomb".
Downfall
McAleer's tenure as part-owner of the Red Sox came to a swift end. On July 15, 1913, McAleer became involved in a dispute with the AL president, Ban Johnson, when McAleer forced the resignation of Red Sox manager Jake Stahl, one of Johnson's closest friends. While McAleer claimed that he released Stahl because of a foot injury preventing Stahl from serving as a player-manager, rumors suggested that the two men had strong personal differences. Following a bitter quarrel with Johnson, McAleer sold his holdings in the Red Sox. His feud with Johnson turned out to be a lifelong affair, despite efforts taken by their mutual friend, Charles Comiskey, to smooth over the rift. While McAleer never publicly discussed the disagreement that spurred his retirement, he supposedly relayed his version of events to Frank B. Ward, a sports reporter with The Youngstown Daily Vindicator, with the understanding that the details remain confidential until McAleer's death.
Although other sources tell a different story, Ward wrote that McAleer termed his "break" with Johnson as the result of a "betrayal" of trust. McAleer indicated that his controlling interest in the Red Sox entitled him to make all major decisions regarding the organization, Ward wrote. This view of McAleer's powers, however, was not shared by the club's manager, Stahl, the article added. To further complicate matters, Stahl's father-in-law, a Chicago-based banker, was reportedly a shareholder in the Red Sox. After one particularly heated exchange between Stahl and McAleer at the close of the 1912 season, Stahl went to Chicago to confer with Johnson. The article indicated that, after this meeting, Johnson sent McAleer a "sternly worded" letter, which may have been designed to preserve his relationship with Stahl and Stahl's father-in-law. According to the article, Johnson later confided to McAleer that he owed Stahl's father-in-law money and therefore felt obliged to take Stahl's side in the dispute. McAleer, however, took the admonition from Johnson as a betrayal of their friendship, refused to accept Johnson's explanations, and promptly retired, Ward wrote. This version of events is largely corroborated by the early research of baseball historian David Fleitz.
Baseball historians Dewey and Acocella, however, described a markedly different scenario in which Johnson secretly sold off McAleer's shares while McAleer was away on a 1913 world tour with Comiskey, New York Giants manager John McGraw, and members of the Red Sox team. According to this account, McAleer's conflict with Stahl was followed up by his involvement in a feud between two pairs of players – Tris Speaker and Joe "Smoky Joe" Wood, on one side, and Heinie Wagner and Bill Carrigan, on the other. The conflict had a "religious dimension" and was described in the press as "pitting Masons against members of the Knights of Columbus". McAleer evidently supported Wagner and Carrigan, the Catholic players in the dispute. These back-to-back incidents involving individuals associated with the Red Sox team "reinforced Johnson's belief that the club president was the source of all the trouble", Dewey and Acocella wrote. In his recent book, The Irish in Baseball, David Fleitz observed that McAleer's abrupt dismissal was typical of Johnson, "who had a history of ending relationships when they no longer benefited him personally".
Personal life
Relatively little is known about McAleer's private life. Research suggests that he was married three times, with his first marriage (to Hannah McAleer) taking place in the early 20th century. At some point, he married the former Anna Durbin, a native of Trenton, New Jersey. The couple had no children. According to her obituary, Anna McAleer was her husband's "constant companion" during his "active career as a baseball magnate". When the couple settled in Youngstown in 1913, she participated in charity work and joined the Altar and Rosary Society at St. Columba's Church, where she attended religious services. In 1930, Anna McAleer died suddenly at an apartment the couple shared on the north side of Youngstown. James McAleer, who discovered his wife's body after returning from a walk, was "overcome". McAleer had recently been released from a local hospital following an appendicectomy; he was quickly readmitted following his wife's death.
A few months later, McAleer married a Youngstown woman, Georgianna Rudge, a graduate of the Juilliard School of Music who was almost 23 years her husband's junior. Ultimately, Georgianna McAleer survived her husband by more than five decades. By the time of James McAleer's second marriage, his health was in decline. He was hospitalized within a few months of the wedding.
Final years
McAleer returned to Youngstown, where he spent his last years. Active in the community, McAleer served on the city's original draft board, which had been authorized under Ohio Governor James M. Cox during World War I. In retirement, the former baseball manager maintained friendships with celebrities including George M. Cohan and King Alfonso XIII of Spain. McAleer became acquainted with the Spanish monarch during a European tour with the Red Sox in the winter of 1912–13.
His final years were marked by poor health. Several weeks before his death, McAleer was admitted to a local hospital, where his health reportedly improved. This account, however, differs from that of baseball historian David Fleitz, who suggested that McAleer had been diagnosed with cancer in the early 1930s. In any event, McAleer died suddenly on April 29, 1931, shortly after being released from the hospital. He was 66 years old. After private funeral services at Orr's funeral home, McAleer's remains were interred at Oak Hill Cemetery, on Youngstown's near south side. Apart from his widow, he left behind two brothers, J.C. McAleer of Austintown, Ohio, and Owen McAleer of Los Angeles. Other survivors included two nephews, Captain Charlies McAleer, an officer in the U.S. Army, and James McAleer of Los Angeles.
Rumors persist that McAleer's death was the result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. While his name is included on some lists of Major League Baseball players who committed suicide, contemporary newspaper accounts indicated that McAleer died of natural causes.
Legacy
McAleer's hometown newspaper, The Youngstown Daily Vindicator, eulogized the ex-Major Leaguer in the following terms: "Forceful and resourceful, but always retiring when there was talk of his share in the development of baseball, James R. McAleer died within a matter of weeks after the passing of Byron Bancroft Johnson, his chief partner in the forming of the American League, and the man with whom he 'broke', which break brought about his retirement".
The article praised McAleer for assisting the careers of other baseball figures. In 1905, during his tenure as manager of the St. Louis Browns, McAleer helped future Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans secure a position with the American League, writing a personal letter to Johnson on Evans' behalf. Meanwhile, McAleer served as a contact for another Youngstown resident, John "Bonesetter" Reese, the Welsh-born "baseball doctor" who worked with players such as Cy Young, Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, Walter Johnson, and John McGraw.
McAleer's contributions to the game failed to win him a place in the Baseball Hall of Fame, however. In 1936, during the first elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame, he received just one vote in the balloting for 19th-century figures. Nevertheless, McAleer received an unofficial endorsement from Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie, who described McAleer as "one of the best ever". McAleer's obituary in The New York Times suggested that he was "one of the fastest outfielders the major leagues ever produced". In 2003, Bill James described McAleer as "the best defensive outfielder of the 1890s". More recently, baseball historian David Fleitz observed, "this brilliant defensive outfielder was a smart, clever, and ambitious man who helped to create two of the original eight franchises of the American League".
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball player-managers
Notes
References
Casway, Jerrold (2004). Ed Delahanty in the Emerald Age of Baseball. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. .
Dewey, Donald; Acocella, Nicholas (2005). Total Ballclubs: The Ultimate Book of Baseball Teams. Toronto: SPORT Media Publishing, Inc. .
Fleitz, David L. (2009). The Irish in Baseball: An Early History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
James, Bill (2001). Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: The Free Press. .
James, Bill (2003). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: Free Press.
Neft, David S.; Cohen, Richard M.; Neft, Michael L. (2003). The Sports encyclopedia: Baseball. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. .
Nemec, David; Wisnia, Saul (2000). 100 Years of Major League Baseball: American and National Leagues 1901–2000. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd.
Okrent, Daniel; Wulf, Steve (1989). Baseball Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Strickland, David L. (1984). Child of Moriah: A Biography of John D. Bonesetter Reese, 1855–1931. Youngstown: David L. Strickland.
Walton, Ed (1980). Red Sox Triumphs and Tragedies. New York: Stein and Day. ,
Further reading
Sports Illustrated Player Page
External links
1864 births
1931 suicides
1931 deaths
Baseball coaches from Ohio
Baseball managers
Baseball players from Youngstown, Ohio
Boston Red Sox owners
Burials in Ohio
Catholics from Ohio
Charleston Seagulls players
Cleveland Blues (1901) managers
Cleveland Blues (1901) players
Cleveland Infants players
Cleveland Lake Shores players
Cleveland Spiders players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball player-managers
Memphis Browns players
Memphis Grays players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Milwaukee Creams players
Minor league baseball managers
St. Louis Browns managers
St. Louis Browns players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) managers
Youngstown (minor league baseball) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20McAleer |
WSEE-TV (channel 35) is a television station in Erie, Pennsylvania, United States, affiliated with CBS and The CW Plus. It is the flagship television property of locally based Lilly Broadcasting, and is a sister station to NBC affiliate WICU-TV (channel 12), to which Lilly provides certain services under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with SJL Broadcasting. Both stations share studios on State Street in downtown Erie, while WSEE-TV's transmitter is located on Peach Street in Summit Township, Pennsylvania.
WSEE-TV's over-the-air digital broadcast signal covers Erie, Warren, and Crawford counties in Pennsylvania; reaches east to Jamestown, New York, west to Ashtabula, Ohio, north to London and Hamilton in Ontario, Canada, and south to Clarion, Pennsylvania. The station can be seen via satellite in North America and the Caribbean through C band. It is available in Puerto Rico via Liberty Puerto Rico (via translator W22FA-D in Mayagüez) as well as part of the locals package on Dish Network.
Until 2017, WSEE-TV was simulcast in standard definition on WICU-TV's third digital subchannel on virtual channel 12.3 from a separate transmitter in Greene Township; this was dropped on May 29, 2017, in favor of Ion Television. An upgraded multiplexer allowed the restoration of the WSEE simulcast to WICU on January 24, 2018, this time on 12.4, in 720p high definition; it was dropped again in March 2019 in favor of Start TV.
History
WSEE began broadcasting on April 24, 1954. The station was originally owned by the Mead family, publishers of the Erie Times-News. ABC programming was shared by WSEE and WICU-TV until WJET-TV signed-on in 1966. The Meads sold the station to Gillett Broadcasting in 1978. In 1981, the "-TV" suffix was added to the WSEE calls. Gillett then sold the station to SCS Communications in 1982. In 1988, SCS sold WSEE to Price Communications. Price sold WSEE along with three of its stations (WAPT in Jackson, Mississippi; WZZM in Grand Rapids, Michigan; and WNAC-TV in Providence, Rhode Island) to Northstar Television Group in 1989. Channel 35 also served as the market's UPN affiliate on a secondary basis throughout that network's eleven-year history, carrying network programming on weekends.
In 2002, WICU-TV entered into a local marketing agreement with WSEE-TV. From that point until June 1, 2009, the station continued to operate from studios on Peach Street/US 19 in Downtown Erie. On that date, WSEE-TV merged into WICU-TV's facilities on State Street. WSEE has been digital-only since February 17, 2009.
WICU-TV and WSEE-TV merged their websites in June 2011.
WSEE-DT2
WSEE-DT2 is the CW+-affiliated second digital subchannel of WSEE-TV, broadcasting in 720p high definition on channel 35.2.
History
What would become WSEE-DT2 signed-on in September 1998 after WSEE-TV entered into a partnership with The WB 100+, a national programming service operated by The WB for television markets ranked below 100, and Time Warner Cable. At the time, it was a cable-exclusive station, and as a result, used the call sign "WBEP" (standing for "The WB Erie, Pennsylvania") in a fictional manner for identification purposes. WSEE-TV provided local advertisement and promotional duties for the outlet based at the CBS affiliate's original facilities on Peach Street.
Before then, WB programming was available in Erie via cable and satellite from superstations WPIX-TV and WGN-TV, along with over-the-air reception (and some fringe cable coverage) of WBNX-TV from Akron, Ohio. WBEP shifted to WSEE's over-the-air bandwidth as a second digital subchannel on September 18, 2006, when the merged UPN and WB networks were combined into The CW.
News operation
Although the local marketing agreement between WSEE-TV and WICU-TV was established in 2002, the actual beginning of newscast consolidation between the two did not start until WSEE-TV actually moved into WICU's studios. WSEE-TV aired the final newscast from its separate Peach Street studios on May 28, 2009. With the challenges of moving, this station went without local news for nearly four days while technical and logistical arrangements were finalized.
When it resumed broadcasts, WSEE-TV's weeknight news at 11:00 p.m. was recorded while it broadcast live on the CW at 10:00 p.m.
After WSEE-TV moved its operations into the State Street facility, the existing studio set was split in two, allowing each station's newscast to look unique.
For one year starting in March 2009, a special feed of WSEE-DT2 (incorrectly identified on-air as "WBEP-DT2 Northwest Pennsylvania CW") was aired in the portions of Cattaraugus County, New York, served by Atlantic Broadband. This special feed replaced the first run of the prime time news at 10:00 p.m. with a replay of WICU-TV's weeknight show seen earlier at 6:00 p.m.. The practice was performed to compensate for the fact that WICU-TV is not seen on Atlantic Broadband (whereas WSEE-TV and WSEE-DT2 both are). Without explanation, "WBEP-DT2" was discontinued in March 2010, and Cattaraugus County viewers began receiving the same WSEE-DT2 feed as viewers in Pennsylvania including the WSEE-TV-produced 10:00 p.m. newscast.
Originally, WSEE-TV's sixty-minute weekday morning show Mornings Live was recorded at 4:00 a.m. and then aired in the 6 o'clock a.m. hour. It retained the show's branding (as made obvious by the lack of current conditions during weather forecasts) despite the actual operation. During the 2012–13 season, following the national trend toward 4:00 a.m. newscasts, Mornings Live was actually seen "live" from 4:00 a.m.–5:00 a.m. on WSEE-DT2 in addition to being taped for its later showing on WSEE-TV.
Until January 2013, this station's weeknight news at 6:00 p.m. was usually recorded during the mid-afternoon. The studios were unable to air two live broadcasts at the same time until a second high-definition production control room was added. Sister station WICU-TV airs a midday show weekdays at 12:30 p.m. following WSEE-TV's long-running noon newscast. On weekends, the two stations jointly produce local news at 6:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. These shows are known as Weekends Now. The WSEE-TV news department also produces a weekly public affairs program The Insider, which airs weekends Sunday morning on WSEE-TV.
During the week, WSEE-TV and WICU-TV maintain talent for news and sports that generally appear on one station. Most video footage and content is shared, coming from the same newsroom. In cases of breaking news, severe weather, or election coverage, the two simulcast newscasts and occasionally include the CW subchannel as well. On weekday mornings, WSEE-DT2 provides a simulcast of the first hour of WICU's 12 News Today at 5:00 p.m. and the NBC affiliate's midday show at 12:30 p.m.. It also airs the nationally syndicated broadcast The Daily Buzz from 6:00 p.m. until 9:00 p.m. with other CW Plus stations.
Along with their sister station WICU-TV, WSEE-TV upgraded newscasts to high definition in November 2012. The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch. WSEE's newscasts are now branded as SEE News.
In September 2015, Lilly Broadcasting announced that WICU-TV and WSEE-TV would no longer produce separate morning and evening newscasts as of October 12; the two stations now simulcast newscasts in these time periods. The stations' executive vice president, John Christianson, said that the WICU and WSEE newscasts were seen by viewers to have been essentially the same newscast with different anchors.
WSEE signed a shared services agreement with Jamestown, New York-based The WNY Media Company (doing business as WNY News Now) in July 2021.
Notable former staff
Al Benedict – news anchor and Pennsylvania Auditor General (1977–1985)
Leila Feinstein – reporter (1995–2000); now at KTLA
Micah Johnson – reporter and news anchor (1984–1985); now CEO of Entegy Group
Lloyd Newell – primary news anchor (1984–1986); now professor at Brigham Young University and host of Music and the Spoken Word
Dave Price – reporter (1997); served as weekday weather anchor for The Early Show, now a weather anchor at WNBC, New York
Steve Scully – now at C-SPAN
John Stehr – news anchor and reporter (1980); worked for several other stations as well as an anchor at CNBC and correspondent at CBS News, and worked at WTHR in Indianapolis from 1995 to 2018, before retiring.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Out-of-market coverage
WSEE-TV is available on some cable systems in Canada that serve communities on Lake Erie. Atlantic Broadband, the cable provider that serves McKean County, Pennsylvania, and portions of Cattaraugus County, New York, announced that WSEE-TV would replace Buffalo's WIVB-TV. Though an agreement was eventually reached with WIVB-TV, WSEE-TV was kept on the Atlantic Broadband lineups. However, Time Warner Cable announced it would remove WSEE-TV (along with WICU-TV) from its cable lineups in Westfield and Dunkirk, New York in favor of CFTO-TV from Toronto and YNN Buffalo. This despite the fact that Westfield and Dunkirk are arguably within WSEE-TV's must-carry territory, although both are located in Chautauqua County (part of the Buffalo market).
WSEE is also available on cable and over-the-air in portions of Ashtabula County, Ohio, which is part of the Cleveland market despite much of the county being located geographically closer to either the Erie or Youngstown markets.
From November 1997 to November 2019, WSEE-TV was available via the Primetime 24 package, when it replaced Raleigh's WRAL-TV (now an NBC affiliate) due to that station's regular preemptions of CBS programming. The service provides American network television service to C band satellite and some cable viewers in Latin America, the Caribbean, and in rural parts of the United States where local signals are not available. This feed of WSEE-TV, which is carried on all three cable providers in Puerto Rico and is relayed via Mayaguez-based W22FA-D, varies from its local one where local commercials are replaced with ads directed towards the Caribbean. The station's local newscasts and some syndicated shows are sometimes replaced with infomercials, although there is a taped Caribbean weather forecast by WSEE-TV's weather staff nightly at 11, available through a WSEE-TV-managed website specific to Caribbean weather and is branded as "One Caribbean Weather". On November 19, 2019, Lilly completed the purchase of WCVI-TV in the U.S. Virgin Islands from Family Broadcasting Corporation (which already carried a modified feed of sister ABC affiliate WENY-TV from Elmira, New York on their second digital subchannel under a lease agreement), adding the modified WSEE feed to that station's main feed the next day to allow it over-the-air coverage in the region. Once the purchase was completed, WCVI-TV and W32DZ-D took the place of WSEE-TV in the package's lineup.
See also
Channel 21 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 35 virtual TV stations in the United States
References
External links
CW Erie website
CBS Puerto Rico
1954 establishments in Pennsylvania
CBS network affiliates
Heroes & Icons affiliates
Dabl affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1954
SEE-TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSEE-TV |
Big Bog State Recreation Area, a recent addition to the Minnesota state park system, is located on Minnesota State Highway 72, north of Waskish, Minnesota. It covers 9,459 acres (38.3 km2), primarily swamps, bogs, and upland "islands".
The park was started by local grassroots efforts in 2002, it became a state recreation area and officially opened in June 2006.
The "Big Bog" is composed mostly of wetlands. The name was not widely used but had shown up previously in maps, such as by the National Geographic Society. The greater Big Bog region stretches from jackpine forests north of Upper Red Lake in Beltrami County, Minnesota and Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota to the communities along U.S. Route 71 leading to International Falls (Mizpah, Gemmell, Margie, Big Falls, and Littlefork) in Koochiching County, Minnesota. This includes much of the Pine Island State Forest and two National Natural Areas: Upper Red Lake Peatland, and the Lost River Peatland. It is also almost entirely unpopulated, except for the town of Waskish along Highway 72.
Flora and Fauna
Common trees include tamarack, tag alder, cedar, diamond willow, black and white spruce, jackpine, and green ash and black ash with paper birch, "popple" or quaking aspen, white and red pines in the uplands. There are numerous rare plants, including carnivorous sundews and pitcher plants. Animals include bald eagles, timber wolves, black bears, white-tailed deer, and moose.
History
The Big Bog sits on the southeast side of glacial Lake Agassiz, formed during the last ice age. This former lake bottom is quite flat, with occasional hills of gravel deposits or rock. As the lake drained, this area slowly filled in with wetland plants and animals. The Anishinaabe gathered blueberries, fished, and hunted game here until the late 19th century. In the 1920s and 1930s virtually all areas in the vicinity had their majestic old growth pine trees cut down as a massive logging effort swept through, but because of the swampy nature and lack of large stands of mature pines, the Big Bog area was relatively untouched. (Also see the Lost Forty in the Chippewa National Forest). Some efforts have been made to drain portions or harvest the peat, but met with little success. Scattered communities of mixed farming were relocated from some of the more remote areas during rural reform as part of the Rural Electrification Act during the 1930s and 1940s. The fishing-dependent community suffered after a disastrous fall in walleyed pike or walleye (Sander vitreus) population in both basins of Upper and Lower Red Lakes during the 1990s. In 2002 members of the Upper Red Lake Area Association pushed the idea of a new state park, soon after nearly 10,000 acres (40 km2) were classified as the Big Bog State Recreation Area.
Bog Walk
A recent addition to the Big Bog State Recreation Area is a raised boardwalk across the bog which allows visitors to explore one mile (1.6 km) into the "islands" of spruce within the bog, as well as the open wetlands. The boardwalk was designed to allow up to 37% of natural sunlight to fall through, allowing delicate bog plants to continue to grow under the walkway. Numerous signs identify aspects of the bog, including pitcher plants and an early failed attempt at draining the swamp lands. A parking pass needs to be purchased at the nature center nine miles south, on the northern side of the town of Waskish.
Natural Landmark designation
The greater Big Bog area includes the Upper Red Lake Peatland, a National Natural Landmark under the Historic Sites Act. It received this designation in May 1975 from the United States Secretary of the Interior, giving it recognition as an outstanding example of the nation's natural history. The designation describes it as
One of the largest peatlands remaining in the conterminous United States, illustrating a variety of geological features and plant associations, especially the dominant and rare string bog. An outstanding habitat for wildlife including endangered species.
Also included in the greater Big Bog area is the Lost River Peatland, a designated Scientific and Natural Area for the state of Minnesota. It was designated in 1991. It is also an Audubon Important Bird Area, and contains the largest number of rare plant species of any peatland in Minnesota.
References
External links
Big Bog State Recreation Area
Upper Red Lake Association (led efforts to create the park)
2006 establishments in Minnesota
Bogs of Minnesota
National Natural Landmarks in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 2006
Protected areas of Beltrami County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Landforms of Beltrami County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bog%20State%20Recreation%20Area |
Ranganayaki (, ), also known by her epithet Tayar, () is a Hindu goddess. She is the presiding goddess of the Sri Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam. She is the chief consort of Ranganatha, the tutelary deity of Srirangam. The goddess is regarded as a manifestation of Lakshmi, while Ranganatha is considered as a manifestation of Vishnu. She is also called Ranganayaki Nachiyar and Periya Piratti.
Ranganayaki is venerated by the people of Srirangam and by Vaishnavas, the adherents of Vishnu. According to Sri Vaishnava tradition, she is regarded co-equal to Ranganatha himself, considered to be both the means and the end of worship to the divine couple.
Temple
The shrine of the Ranganathaswamy temple has two main idols (mula murtis) and one processional idol (utsava murti), due to the fact that the processional idol was buried under a tree near her shrine during the invasion of the temple by Malik Kafur of the Khalji Dynasty in the year 1323 CE. A wall was erected and her murti was moved from her shrine so that it would not be desecrated. After the plunder, the idol was not found, and the priest of the shrine hastily ordered for a new idol to be created. This idol was the second main idol (mula murti) in the shrine. According to local legend, the goddess appeared in a dream of a devotee and told him where her procession idol (utsava murti) was. The idol was dug up by the devotee and re-installed. Unlike other temples, the processional idol of Ranganayaki never leaves her sanctum (garbhagriha). It is a temple custom that the goddess of the temple takes her place beside the god of the temple during processions. In Srirangam, however, the processional idol of Ranganatha is ritually carried by adherents to her sanctum, symbolically representing a husband visiting his beloved.
Once a year, on the occasion of Panguni Uttiram, the day in the Tamil month of Panguni when the star Uttiram is in ascension, the divine procession idols (utsava murtis) of Ranganatha and Ranganayaki, come together for a day. They are known together as the divya-dampatigal, (divine couple) existing beyond mortal confines or limitations. Due to this reason, this temple does not have a Tirukalyana-utsavam (wedding festival). This darshana is called serti-sevai (joint service).
The shloka called the Sri Gunaratna Kosam composed by Parasara Bhattar is dedicated to Ranganayaki. However, the traditional Lakshmi Ashstotram is recited in the temple during rituals. The Sri Stuti composed by Vedanta Desika and Kanakadhara Stotram written by Adi Shankaracharya are chanted by devotees of the temple in her praise.
References
Lakshmi
Hindu goddesses
Tamil mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganayaki |
Żelistrzewo railway station is a railway station serving the village of Żelistrzewo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened on 15 December 1898 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
History
The station and the town used to be known as Sellen (Kr. Neustadt).
On 26 September 1993 the last scheduled steam passenger train operated along the line.
In 1998 the line was modernised. Stations have been equipped with a remotely controlled traffic centre from Gdynia, so that the presence of service stations along the route (in addition to the ticket offices) have become redundant.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of September 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1898
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelistrzewo%20railway%20station |
Frank Joseph Kush (January 20, 1929 – June 22, 2017) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Arizona State University from 1958 to 1979, compiling a record of 176–54–1. Kush was also the head coach of the Canadian Football League (CFL)'s Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1981, the National Football League (NFL)'s Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts from 1982 to 1984, and the Arizona Outlaws of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1985. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1995. Kush was of Polish descent and was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.
Early life and playing career
Kush was born in Windber, Pennsylvania. He played three years as a 5'7", 160-pound defensive lineman at Michigan State University from 1950 to 1952, earning All-American honors in 1952 helping the Spartans capture a national championship in his last season.
College coaching career
After a stint in the United States Army, where Kush rose to the rank of first lieutenant as he coached the Fort Benning football team, he accepted an assistant coaching position at what was then Arizona State College under former assistant Spartan coach Dan Devine. When Devine left in 1958 to become the head coach at the University of Missouri, Kush was promoted to the position, which he would hold for the next 22 years.
During his time at Arizona State, Kush was known for being one of the most physically demanding coaches in the game. He was notorious for abusing his players both physically and emotionally. His daily football practices in the heat of the Arizona desert are still the stuff of legend today. One of his drills was known as "Bull in the Ring", whereupon he would have the players form a circle. He would put a player in the middle (most often, a player he felt needed "motivation"), call out a uniform number, and blow his whistle. That player would charge the player in the middle and the two would engage in contact until Kush blew the whistle again. Whichever of the two players gave the best effort would go back to the circle, while the player "dogging it" would stay in until Kush decided he could quit. Former NFL and Arizona State player Curley Culp once broke a teammate's facemask during this drill.
Another of his drills consisted of having only a center, quarterback, and two running backs line up on offense, with no other offensive lineman, and run running plays against the entire defense. Kush would run a running back into the line time and time again so he could get used to the punishment he would likely take in games.
Many observers saw Kush's personality and behavior as an effort to compensate for his short stature.
The most famous of Kush's motivational techniques was called "Mount Kush." Mount Kush was a steep hill near Camp Tontozona, the Sun Devils' training camp near Payson. It featured several large rocks, cacti, and no shade from the Arizona sun. If Kush felt a player especially needed discipline, that player would have to run up and down that hill numerous times.
During his lengthy career in the desert, Kush compiled a record of 176–54–1, with only one losing season. In his first eleven years, he captured two conference titles and finished runnerup five times. That success led to him accepting the head coaching job at the University of Pittsburgh on January 4, 1969. However, just five days later, Kush had a change of heart and returned to Arizona State.
Kush's return would begin a memorable era in Sun Devil football history. The Sun Devils won five consecutive Western Athletic Conference championships from 1969 to 1973, going 50–6 in conference play during this time. During this time, Arizona State won the 1970 Peach Bowl and the first three editions of the Fiesta Bowl. In 1974, the team dropped to 7–5, but bounced back with authority the following year when they went 12–0, capping the year with a thrilling 17–14 win over the Nebraska Cornhuskers in the Fiesta Bowl, a game in which Kush's son, Danny, kicked three field goals, including the game winner. The Sun Devils finished second in both major polls, their highest ranking in a final poll.
A down year in 1976 saw the team fall to 4–7, but another comeback resulted the next year with a 9–3 mark. In that year's Fiesta Bowl, the Sun Devils lost a bowl game for the only time under Kush's leadership, with a 42–30 defeat to Penn State.
The Sun Devils moved to the Pacific-10 Conference for 1978. Kush's team didn't miss a beat, once again finishing 9–3 and defeating Rutgers in the Garden State Bowl. That win would be one of the final highlights of Kush's tenure as controversy and scandal the next year toppled him from his head coaching position.
Kush was very active off the field as well. Not long after becoming head coach, he helped lead the drive for the referendum that elevated Arizona State to university status. Years later, he recalled that officials at the University of Arizona were adamantly opposed to Arizona State becoming a university; they believed U of A should be the only university in the state–an argument that befuddled Kush, since as he put it, "These are supposed to be educated people."
Dismissal from Arizona State
In September 1979 former Sun Devil punter Kevin Rutledge filed a $1.1 million lawsuit against the school, accusing Kush and his staff of mental and physical harassment that forced him to transfer. The most dramatic charge was that Kush had punched Rutledge in the mouth after a bad punt in the October 28, 1978, game against the Washington Huskies. During the next few weeks, overzealous fans turned things ugly when the insurance office of Rutledge's father suffered a fire and the family's attorney received two death threats.
On October 13, 1979, Kush was fired as head coach for interfering with the school's internal investigation into Rutledge's allegations. Athletic director Fred Miller cited Kush's alleged attempts to pressure players and coaches into keeping quiet. The decision came just three hours before the team's home game against Washington. Kush was allowed to coach the game, with the Sun Devils pulling off an emotional 12–7 upset of the sixth-ranked Huskies, fueled by the angry crowd incensed by the decision. After the game ended, Kush was carried off the field by his team. The win gave him a 3–2 record on the season, but all three victories were later forfeited when it was determined that Arizona State had used ineligible players.
After nearly two years, Kush would be found not liable in the case, but remained absent from the sideline throughout 1980, the first time in more than 30 years that he had been away from the game. Litigation related to the Rutledge incident continued until 1986.
In 1980, the NCAA slapped Arizona State with two years' probation and a ban from postseason play in 1981 for multiple violations under Kush.
Future NFL players who played under Kush at Arizona State include:
Charley Taylor
Curley Culp
Danny White
Benny Malone
Mike Haynes
John Jefferson
Steve Holden.
Baseball Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson also played a year of football at Arizona State for Kush on a football scholarship before switching to baseball.
Professional coaching career
Kush moved to the Canadian Football League the following year, serving as head coach of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In his only season with the team, he led his squad to an 11–4–1 mark and a berth in the CFL Eastern Conference championship game. Controversy followed him to the CFL, however, with Kush quarreling with some Ti-Cats players when he attempted to ban the common practice of taping shoes and ankles.
That performance helped Kush return to the United States when the Baltimore Colts hired him in 1982. During the strike-shortened season, the Colts had the dubious record of being the first NFL team since the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers to not win a game during the season, finishing 0–8–1. John Elway's refusal to play for the Colts after they chose him first overall in the 1983 draft has been attributed, in part, to his desire not to play for Kush.
The Colts improved the following year with a 7–9 record, then moved to Indianapolis during the off-season, much to the disappointment of Kush who had wanted the team to negotiate a move to Phoenix. After just four wins in fifteen games in 1984, Kush quit on December 13, just days before the final game of the season. Citing a desire to be closer to friends and family, Kush accepted a three-year contract with the United States Football League's Arizona Outlaws.
However, the league folded in August 1986, with Kush then living off his personal services contract with Outlaws owner Bill Tatham by offering assistance to beginners in a local youth football league, joking, "I'm the highest-paid Pop Warner coach in the country." Kush also used his disciplinarian image to serve as director of the Arizona Boys Ranch, a facility used to reform juvenile offenders.
Life after coaching
In 1995, Kush was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In part due to his work at the Arizona Boys Ranch, he was welcomed back to Arizona State as an informal goodwill ambassador a year later. On September 21, 1996, the school held Frank Kush Day and announced that the playing field at Sun Devil Stadium would be named "Frank Kush Field" in his honor. Reflecting Arizona State's rise to national prominence under Kush, the stadium's capacity more than doubled during his tenure, from 30,000 seats when it opened in 1958–the year Kush became head coach–to 70,311 seats when he was ousted. On the same night Arizona State went on to upset then #1 Nebraska in a dramatic 19–0 shutout, handing the Cornhuskers their first loss in over two seasons. In addition to the field honors, a bronze statue was placed outside the stadium.
On July 26, 2000, Kush was officially hired by Arizona State as an assistant to the athletic director, serving as a fund-raiser for the athletic department. He died on June 22, 2017, at the age of 88.
Head coaching record
College
NFL
Notes
References
External links
1929 births
2017 deaths
Arizona State Sun Devils football coaches
Baltimore Colts coaches
Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Michigan State Spartans football players
United States Football League coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army officers
People from Windber, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
American people of Polish descent
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Baltimore Colts head coaches
Indianapolis Colts head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Kush |
Richard Theodore Tarnas is a cultural historian and astrologer known for his books The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View and Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Tarnas is professor of philosophy and psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and is the founding director of its graduate program in Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness.
Biography
Tarnas' father, also named Richard Tarnas, worked as a government contract attorney, former president of the Michigan Federal Bar Association, and professor of law. His mother, Mary Louise, was a teacher and homemaker. The eldest of eight children, he grew up in Detroit, Michigan, where he studied Greek, Latin, and the Classics at the University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy.
In 1968 Tarnas entered Harvard, graduating with an A.B. cum laude in 1972. He received his Ph.D. from Saybrook Institute in 1976 with a thesis on psychedelic therapy. In 1974 Tarnas went to Esalen in California to study psychotherapy with Stanislav Grof. From 1974 to 1984 he lived and worked at Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, teaching and studying with Grof, Joseph Campbell, Gregory Bateson, Huston Smith, Elizabeth Kübler-Ross, and James Hillman. He also served as Esalen's director of programs and education. Jeffrey Kripal characterizes Tarnas as both the literal and figurative gate-keeper of Esalen.
From 1980 to 1990, Tarnas wrote The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View, a narrative history of Western thought which became a bestseller and remained in use in universities .
The book was highly acclaimed by Joseph Campbell, Huston Smith, Stanislav Grof, John E. Mack, Stanley Krippner, Georg Feuerstein, David Steindl-Rast, John Sculley, Robert A. McDermott, Jeffrey Hart, Gary Lachman, and others.
Tarnas is the founding director of the Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness program at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS), where he remains a core faculty member .
Tarnas' second book, Prometheus the Awakener, published in 1995, focuses on the astrological properties of the planet Uranus, describing "the uncanny way astrological patterns appear to coincide with events or destiny patterns in the lives of both individuals and societies". Tarnas suggests that the characteristics associated with the mythological figure Uranus do not match the astrological properties of the planet Uranus, and that a more appropriate identification would involve the mythological figure Prometheus.
In 2006, Tarnas published his third book, Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. It claims that the major events of Western cultural history correlate consistently and meaningfully with the observed angular positions of the planets. The book received favorable reviews in Tikkun magazine, in an anthroposophical journal, and in the web magazine Reality Sandwich (by Daniel Pinchbeck), but was panned in the Wall Street Journal.
Tarnas featured in the 2006 film Entheogen: Awakening the Divine Within, a documentary about rediscovering an enchanted cosmos in the modern world.
In 2007 a group of fifty scholars and researchers in the San Francisco Bay Area formed the Archetypal Research Collective for pursuing research in archetypal cosmology. An online journal, Archai: The Journal of Archetypal Cosmology, edited by Keiron LeGrice and Rod O'Neal, began a year later, based on the research orientation and methodology established in Cosmos and Psyche. Advisory-board members include Christopher Bache, Jorge Ferrer, Stanislav Grof, Robert A. McDermott, Ralph Metzner, and Brian Swimme. Contributors have included Keiron Le Grice, Richard Tarnas, Stanislav Grof, and Rod O'Neal.
In 2008 Tarnas was invited to address members of the Dutch Parliament about creating a sustainable society.
In 2007 John Cleese and Tarnas gave some public lectures together at the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California and in Santa Barbara. The lectures discussed regaining a connection to the sacred in the modern world. Cleese and Tarnas then taught a seminar at CIIS called "The Comic Genius: A Multidisciplinary Approach".
American Astronaut Susan Helms cited Tarnas' The Passion of the Western Mind as one of the five 'classic American books' that inspired her career as an astronaut.
Bibliography
By Tarnas
Books
LSD psychotherapy, theoretical implications for the study of psychology, 1976
Birth and rebirth: LSD, psychoanalysis, and spiritual enlightenment
The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View, 1991; Ballantine ()
Prometheus the Awakener: An Essay on the Archetypal Meaning of the Planet Uranus, 1995; Spring Publications, Woodstock, CT ()
Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View, 2006; Viking ()
Articles
"Uranus and Prometheus" Spring, 1983 psycnet.apa.org
"The Transfiguration of the Western Mind in Philosophy and the Human Future" Cross currents , 1989, vol. 39, no3, pp. 258–280 Association for Religion and Intellectual Life, New Rochelle, NY
"The Transfiguration of the Western Mind" ReVision, 1990
"The Masculine Mind" Only Connect: Soil, Soul and Society, 1990
"The Western Mind at the Threshold," The Quest, Summer 1993 (also published in Re-vision, Vol. 16, 1993)
"The Western World View: Past, Present And Future" in R. E. Di Carlo (Ed.), Towards a New World View: Conversations at the Leading Edge., 1996
"The Great Initiation", Noetic Sciences Review, Vol. 47, Winter 1998
"A new birth in freedom: A (p)review of Jorge Ferrer's Revisioning transpersonal theory: A participatory vision of human spirituality" Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 2001
R Tarnas, E Laszlo, S Gablik, "The Cosmic World-How We Participate in Thee and Thou in Us" Revision 2001
Foreword to Revisioning Transpersonal Theory by Jorge Ferrer, 2002; SUNY
"Two Suitors: A Parable" ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness 2007 Heldref Publications
"The modern self and our planetary future: a participatory view" symposium De Binnenkant van Duurzaamheid 2008
"The Planets" Theoretical Foundations of Archetypal Cosmology, 2009 - archaijournal.org
"The Ideal and the Real" Theoretical Foundations of Archetypal Cosmology 2009
"World Transits 2000–2020" archaijournal.org
Video
About Tarnas
Sean M. Kelly, "The Rebirth of Wisdom" Review of The Passion of the Western Mind by Richard Tarnas The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal pp. 33–44 jstor.org
See also
Participatory theory
Hermeticism
List of American philosophers
Postmodernism
References
External links
Richard Tarnas at California Institute of Integral Studies
Cosmos and Psyche website
California Institute of Integral Studies graduate program in Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness
A Review of Richard Tarnas's "The Transformation of the Cosmos
Critique of The Passion of the Western Mind, ch. vi, section The Postmodern Mind
Articles and interview
Epilogue to The Passion of the Western Mind
Understanding Our Moment in History: An Interview with Richard Tarnas by Scott London
The Enchanted Universe Interview by Shelley Ackerman, beliefnet
An Interview with Richard Tarnas by Ray Grasse Reprinted from The Mountain Astrologer, issue #124, Dec/Jan 2006
"Afterword" from Tarnas' Prometheus the Awakener
An Introduction to Archetypal Astrological Analysis by Tarnas
Radio interview CBC program "Tapestry"
"The Intelligent Universe: Is Nature Trying To Change Our Minds?" by Alice Klein Now Magazine April 17–24, 2008 Vol 27 No 33
Living people
Writers from Detroit
American astrologers
21st-century American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
Harvard University alumni
Integral thought
20th-century astrologers
21st-century astrologers
University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy alumni
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Tarnas |
County Route 540 (CR 540) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from the intersection of U.S. Route 130 (US 130) and Route 140 in Carneys Point Township to Harding Highway (US 40) in Buena Vista Township.
Mile markers on CR 540 continue from Route 140's mileage, which would indicate a short concurrency with Route 140 to that road's western terminus at US 130, while posted signage indicates CR 540's western terminus is at Route 140's eastern terminus at US 40.
Route description
The first of CR 540 are concurrent with the entire length of Route 140, running southeast through commercial areas of Carneys Point Township from an intersection with US 130 and interchanging with I-295 and the New Jersey Turnpike/US 40 at the point US 40 splits from the New Jersey Turnpike. From the east end of Route 140, signage for CR 540 begins past US 40, with the route heading southeast on two-lane undivided Hawks Bridge Road. The road runs through residential neighborhoods before crossing the Salem River into Mannington Township. The route intersects CR 631 as it heads through forests before entering a mix of woods and farms as the road turns south and briefly becomes a divided highway at the CR 646 junction. From here, CR 540 becomes Pointers Road and runs through more agricultural areas, crossing the marshy Mannington Creek before briefly turning southeast onto Bypass Road and intersecting CR 620 and Route 45.
Here, CR 540 turns to the east and forms a concurrency with Route 45, passing some homes before heading into farm fields with occasional residences. CR 540 splits from Route 45 by heading southeast on Welchville Road and passing through more farmland, crossing CR 653. After an intersection with CR 676, the road turns south-southeast into Alloway Township and crosses the SMS Rail Lines' Salem Branch line, entering more wooded areas with some farms. The route intersects CR 664 and CR 657 before crossing the Alloway Creek into the residential community of Alloway, where it heads south and comes to junctions with CR 581 and CR 640. From here, CR 540 heads southeast into more forested areas with occasional homes, entering Quinton Township. Upon coming to an intersection with CR 647 and CR 667, the route turns east onto Harmons Mill-Cohansey Road and enters agricultural areas, crossing back into Alloway Township and crossing CR 635. A short distance later, the route enters Hopewell Township in Cumberland County and becomes Deerfield Road as it comes to intersections with CR 721 and CR 723. The road enters Upper Deerfield Township in wooded areas before passing more farms as the route crosses CR 663 and Route 77. CR 540 continues northeast and crosses CR 677, at which point the road heads into a mix of farmland and woodland, intersecting CR 612, CR 711, and CR 687.
The route continues into Pittsgrove Township, Salem County and becomes Centerton Road and forms a concurrency with CR 553 as the road passes near Centerton Pond in wooded areas. Upon splitting from CR 553, CR 540 heads southeast on Norma Road and passes near some development before entering forested areas within Parvin State Park. Near Parvin Lake, the route crosses CR 645 and continues past farms. After crossing CR 638, CR 540 runs through a mix of farms, woods, and homes. Upon crossing the Maurice River in a forested area, the route continues east into Vineland in Cumberland County, where the name becomes Almond Road. The road passes under the Route 55 freeway and heads into wooded residential areas. CR 540 crosses CR 628 before splitting from Almond Road by turning south onto Quigley Avenue, with CR 747 continuing east on Almond Road. A block later, the route turns east onto Park Avenue and comes to an intersection with Route 47. Past this intersection, CR 540 becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and enters commercial areas before passing homes. The route crosses CR 615 and Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Vineland Secondary railroad line before crossing a Southern Railroad of New Jersey line a short distance later. From here, the road narrows back to two lanes and passes through wooded residential neighborhoods prior to reaching the CR 555 junction.
At this point, CR 540 turns south to follow CR 555 on four-lane Main Road before splitting from that route by turning east onto two-lane Landis Avenue. The route heads through less dense areas of residential development as it crosses CR 672 before intersecting CR 655 in commercial areas. Following the intersection with the latter, the road passes through woods as it crosses into Buena Vista Township, Atlantic County, where the road passes through agricultural areas with some homes, crossing CR 671. After the junction with CR 557, CR 540 turns northeast onto Cedar Avenue and passes through wooded areas of homes prior to reaching its eastern terminus at US 40, where the road continues as CR 622.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
540
540
540
540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20540%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
Dushanbe International Airport is an international airport in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. It is the main hub for Somon Air and is the home base for Tajik Air, which also has its headquarters on the property.
History
In 1924, the first airport was built in the country, in the city currently known as Dushanbe. In November 1929, a new airport was built to serve Stalinabad (past name of Dushanbe). In 1964, the current airport complex was put into operation. Over the years, the airport has been reconstructed several times.
On September 7, 1992, during the first months of the Tajikistani Civil War, President Rahmon Nabiyev and an entourage of his were on their way to the airport when they were ambushed by opposition forces. At the terminal, Nabiyev was forced to resign, practically at gunpoint, after a meeting and discussions with the armed opposition in the VIP lounge, before being released. Tanks and troops were reportedly stationed at the terminal during the whole ordeal.
A new French-built terminal, which can serve 1.5 million passengers a year, was opened on 3 September 2014. France provided Tajikistan a long-term, low-interest €20 million loan. Tajikistan's own contribution was €19 million.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
See also
Transport in Tajikistan
List of the busiest airports in the former USSR
References
External links
www.airport.tj
Airports in Tajikistan
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures in Dushanbe
Airports established in 1964
1964 establishments in Tajikistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe%20International%20Airport |
The municipalities of East Timor are divided into 65 administrative posts (former subdistricts). Each administrative post is divided into several sucos. Sucos are divided into several aldeias, the smallest political division of East Timor.
List
See also
Municipalities of East Timor
Sucos of East Timor
References
East Timor, Administrative posts
East Timor 2
Administrative posts, East Timor
East Timor geography-related lists
de:Liste der Verwaltungseinheiten Osttimors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative%20posts%20of%20East%20Timor |
Eastview Mall, located in Victor, New York (near Rochester, New York), is an upscale indoor shopping center owned and managed by Wilmorite Properties. The mall features JCPenney, Macy's, Von Maur, and Dick's House of Sports.
Eastview is located just off New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) Exit 45 on New York State Route 96. This shopping center has 144 stores and services including some that are unique to the Rochester-area market. Eastview Mall serves the entire Metro-Rochester, NY region, attracting customers from throughout Western NY, as well as visitors to the nearby Finger Lakes Vineyards and resort lake towns.
History
Eastview Mall was built in 1971. Original tenants were Sibley's and Sears. An expansion a year later added McCurdy's.
It was expanded in 1995 with the addition of a wing anchored by Lord & Taylor and JCPenney, and then expanded once more at the main entrance in 2003. In November 2011, it was announced that department store retailer The Bon-Ton would shutter its location. It was later announced that upscale department store retailer Von Maur would be building a 140,000 square foot outpost in its place.
In 2017, a Tesla supercharging station was added in the mall parking lot.
In August, 2018, it was announced the Sears in this location would close as part of an ongoing plan to phase out its brick-and-mortar stores. Plans were announced to develop Dicks House of Sports a new concept by Dick's Sporting Goods. Plans for a skating rink were later announced to be attached to the store.
In August 2020, Lord & Taylor announced that it would close all of its retail stores, citing the COVID-19 pandemic. Wilmorite, the mall development firm, proposed that the previous Lord & Taylor outpost be reconstructed for an unnamed "environmentally friendly home goods and clothing retailer," as well as a family owned grocery.
References
Shopping malls in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, New York
Shopping malls established in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastview%20Mall |
The Mozart Fellowship is a composer residency attached to the Music Department of the University of Otago, one of the five Arts Fellowships at the university. It is the oldest full-time composition residency in New Zealand and is currently the only position of its kind; the list of past fellows includes many of New Zealand's most notable composers. The current Mozart Fellow is Sean Donnelly.
History
The Fellowship was established in 1969 and the first appointed Mozart Fellow was Anthony Watson. It is awarded for a 12-month period, and no composer may hold the Fellowship for more than two years. Composers are also expected to spend the majority of their time based in Dunedin.
The appointed composer is paid a stipend which allows him or her to live and are given the freedom to work on projects of their own choice, although traditionally many recipients of the award have written compositions for performers within the University's Music Department or the city's orchestra Dunedin Symphony.
A reunion of past and present fellowship holders was held at the university in 2007.
List of Mozart Fellows
1970–71 Anthony Watson
1972 John Rimmer
1973–74 Edwin Carr
1975 Larry Pruden
1976–77 Gillian Bibby
1980 Chris Cree Brown
1981 John Elmsly
1983 Chris Cree Brown
1984 Jonathan Besser
1985 Kim Dyett
1986–87 Nigel Keay
1988–89 Anthony Ritchie
1990–91 Martin Lodge
1992 Gillian Whitehead and Bruce Crossman
1993 Helen Bowater
1994–95 Christopher Marshall
1996 Cheryl Camm
1997 Jason Kaminski
1998 Paul Booth
1999 Harold Anderson
2000 Ross Carey
2001 Alison Isadora
2002 Michael Norris
2003–04 Noel Sanders
2005–06 Rachel Clement
2007 Neville Copland
2008–09 Chris Watson
2010–11 Chris Adams
2012 Robbie Ellis
2013 Samuel Holloway
2014–15 Jeremy Mayall
2016-17 Chris Gendall
2018-19 Dylan Lardelli,
2020-21 Kenneth Young,
2022-23 Sean Donnelly
See also
Frances Hodgkins Fellowship
Robert Burns Fellowship
References
External links
University of Otago Mozart Fellowship page
Awards and prizes of the University of Otago
Classical music awards
1969 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%20Fellowship |
New Brunswick is an active commuter railroad train station in the city of New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey. The station services trains of New Jersey Transit's Northeast Corridor Line and Amtrak's Keystone Service and Northeast Regional. For New Jersey Transit trains, the next station to the southwest (towards Trenton Transit Center) is Jersey Avenue, while the next station to the northeast (towards New York Penn Station) is Edison. For Amtrak services, the next station southwest is Princeton Junction, the next station to the northeast is Metropark. The station consists of two handicap-accessible side platforms surrounding the four tracks.
Railroad service in New Brunswick began on January 1, 1838 with the extension of the New Jersey Railroad from East Brunswick (modern-day Highland Park) over the Raritan River. Construction of the current station depot at the junction of Albany and French Streets (State Route 27) and Easton Avenue (County Route 527) began in October 1903, opening on September 28, 1904 for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Service
The station has two high-level side platforms serving the outer tracks of the four-track Northeast Corridor.
NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor Line calls at the station. Most of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor services bypass the station via the inner tracks, except for select Keystone Service and Northeast Regional trains.
History
Train service to New Brunswick was begun by the New Jersey Railroad, northbound in 1838 and southbound in 1839. Its successor, Pennsylvania Railroad, built the current station in 1903 when the tracks were raised above street level. Service was eventually taken over by Penn Central and then Amtrak and New Jersey Transit. In 2005, the Clocker trains, a popular commuter service serving the station, were transferred to NJT.
The depot was designed in the Colonial Revival style and includes walls of light brown brick, hipped roof with gabled dormers and a deep cornice with dentil molding at its base. Brick quoins at the corners of the building convey an impression of strength and solidity. Windows display a popular Georgian Revival pattern of 9-over-1. Sills are incorporated into a stone belt course that wraps around the building, while lintels are embellished with prominent keystones. The design is similar to that of the Chester Transportation Center in Pennsylvania.
The station building was listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places since 1984, and is part of the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource.
Urban transit hub
In 2005 the station was designated the core of the New Brunswick transit village, a smart growth initiative to promote transit-oriented development which can include government incentives to encourage compact, higher density, mixed-use development within walking distance of the station.
In addition to New Jersey Transit bus operations and Rutgers Campus buses, the station is served by local shuttles known as Brunsquick and DASH. Studies are underway to develop the New Brunswick Bus Rapid Transit system, of which the station would be the hub. NJ 18 and NJ 27, which intersect at the station, would function as the two major corridors for a bus network that would connect downtown, residential neighborhoods, the five campuses of Rutgers in the city and Piscataway, and nearby communities.
New Brunswick is one of nine cities in New Jersey designated as eligible for Urban Transit Hub Tax Credits by the state's Economic Development Authority. Developers who invest a minimum of $50 million within of a train station are eligible for pro-rated tax credit. The Gateway is one such project located just to the north of station and connected by a new pedestrian bridge, creating a direct link to the Rutgers campus. It is the tallest building in the city and one of several new projects in the vicinity of the station that has led to a revitalization of the city's downtown surrounding it. Another planned building, a 16-story residential tower at Somerset Street located one block north of the station, is the second UTHTC-approved project in the city.
High-speed rail corridor
In August 2011 the United States Department of Transportation obligated $450 million to a six-year project to improve of the Northeast Corridor between New Brunswick and Trenton. The Next Generation High-Speed project is to upgrade electrical power, signals, and overhead catenary wires to improve reliability and increase speed to , and with new trains to .
Renovation and upgrades
In 2019 Amtrak earmarked funds for improvement at the station. NJ Transit allocated $49 million in September 2022 for renovation and upgrades of the station. On October 13, 2023, Amtrak announced New Brunswick station, along with Princeton Junction, would receive upgraded service due to increased demand.
See also
Millstone and New Brunswick Railroad
List of NJ Transit railroad stations
Bibliography
References
External links
New Brunswick Amtrak & New Jersey Transit Station (USA RailGuide -- Train Web)
NJDOT Liberty Corridor project description
George Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Easton Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
Albany Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Buildings and structures in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1838
Railway stations in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Stations on the Northeast Corridor
Amtrak stations in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Railway stations in New Jersey at university and college campuses
Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations
1838 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Brunswick%20station |
De La Salle College Waterford is a secondary school in Waterford, Ireland with over 1,000 students and 90 teachers.
De La Salle Teachers Training College
The De La Salle Brothers had a presence in Waterford since the 1870s, and opened a teacher training college at Newtown, Waterford in 1894. In 1894 Mr. J.L. Ahearn was appointed professor of irish, the first such appointment in a teacher training college. Students who completed the two year course were awarded the National Teacher(NT) qualification entitling them to teach in primary (national) schools.
In May 1939, lay teacher training ceased (male teacher training centered in St. Patrick's, Drumcondra), however, the De La Salle brothers continued to be trained for another 10 years, along with Marist and Presentation Brothers, in 1972 an agreement was made where brothers were trained alongside the christian brothers in St. Mary's College, Marino.
Secondary school
A secondary school was opened on the site in the 1940s. In 1948 it officially opened as a Day and Boarding School. The boarding school closed in 1990, and from 1991 operated as a day school only. In 2008 it appointed its first lay principal, and in 2009 The Le Cheile Schools Trust became the trustee body for the
school. School management was criticised in a 2012 Department of Education inspection report for taking on €500,000 in debts for refurbishments with little educational benefit, and for teachers teaching subjects for which they were not qualified, under the leadership of then principal Gearoid O' Brien.
Sports and Activities
Gaelic Games
Gaelic games were always a significant sport in De La Salle College, both as a teachers college and secondary school. Seven former GAA presidents trained at De La Salle, and a number of inter-county players and managers have gone to school in the college. In 2007 and 2008 they won the Munster Schools Dr. Harty Cup and All-Ireland Dr. Croke Cup. In football the won the Munster Schools Corn Uí Mhuirí in 1958, 1961, 1962, 1964 and 1965. The school is also strongly linked to De La Salle GAA club.
Soccer
Two former Irish soccer internationals Jim Beglin and John O'Shea are among the school's past pupils. The school has been successful in competitions, winning the FAI Schools minor title in 2002 and in 2009.
Musical Society
The De La Salle College Musical Society which is over 40 years old, performing its first musical in 1979 Joseph and His Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat. The annual College Musical performed in the college hall, is a significant event each year.
Principals
Br. Severus Harvey - first principal (-1891)
Br. Roderick (Thomas) Kane (1891-1911), Assistant Superior-General De La Salle Brothers from 1911.
Br. Damien Kellegher (1996-2008)
Gearoid O’ Brien (2008- 2015) - first lay principal
Margaret Betts (2015-2020)
Michael Walsh (2020 – present)
Notable alumni
Jim Beglin - Soccer player (Liverpool, Leeds United, Ireland)
John O'Shea - Soccer player (Manchester United, Ireland)
John Mullane - Hurler
Dave McCarthy - Gaelic footballer
Val Doonican - Singer and TV entertainer
Danny O'Dwyer - Journalist and creator of the Noclip documentary series
Liam Griffin - Hurler, Manager Manager, won All-Ireland in 1996
Maurice Cummins - politician, senator(leader of the seanad 2011-2016), Mayor of Waterford 1995-96.
Richard Langford - founding principal of Waterford RTC
Alumni of the Teachers Training College
Thomas Ashe - Irish patriot and hunger striker
Richard Barrett - Teacher, Republican, executed during the civil war in 1922
Sean McCarthy - Teacher, TD and Cork Lord Mayor, GAA President 1932-1935
Robert (Bob) O’Keeffe - Teacher, Hurler, GAA President 1935-1938
Pádraig MacNamee - Teacher, GAA President 1938-1943(first from Ulster)
Seamus Gardiner - Teacher, GAA President 1943-1946
Dan O’Rourke - Teacher, TD, Senator, GAA President 1946-1949
Seán Ó Súilleabháin - Teacher and Folklorist, with the Irish Folklore Commission
Michael Kehoe - Teacher, GAA President 1949-1952
Séamus Ó Riain - Teacher, GAA President 1967-1970
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Waterford (city)
Education in Waterford (city)
Secondary schools in County Waterford
1894 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1894
Waterford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20College%20Waterford |
The Sydney Olympic Park Hockey Centre, also known as the State Hockey Centre of New South Wales is a multi-use stadium in Sydney Olympic Park suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1998 to host the field hockey events at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Its current capacity is 8,000 people, with seating capacity for 4,000. For the Olympic Games capacity was boosted to 15,000 through the use of temporary stands.
Usage
The Sydney Olympic Park Hockey Centre is a premier field hockey facility, with the governing body of hockey in New South Wales, Hockey NSW being based there. The Sydney representatives of both the male and female versions of the semi professional Australian Hockey League, the New South Wales Waratahs and the New South Wales Arrows both play their home games at the stadium. The stadium also hosted the field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics, in which the Kookaburras, the men's Australian national hockey team, won the bronze medal, and the Hockeyroos, the woman's Australian national hockey team won the gold medal for the third consecutive time.
At the Sydney Paralympic games in 2000, the Paralympic football 5 and 7-a-side games were played at the stadium. Other sports such as gridiron, touch football, Oztag and lacrosse have all been played at the stadium. The stadium has also been hired out by schools who require such a facility.
During the 2018 Invictus Games located in Sydney, Archery was held on the second (original) field with entry via the Quaycentre.
Facilities
The stadium contains two fields, one for warm-ups (of which is still used for lower competitions) with the other for actual competition. The surface of both these fields, resurfaced in 2008, are POLIGRAS Olympia 2008 which contain polyethylene yarn for improved durability, UV stability, optimum ball/surface interaction and significantly less water requirements. POLIGRAS uses 100% recycled rubber for the elastic layers and heavy-metal-free yarns for the playing surface and uses 30-40% less water than other surfaces available on the market at the time. The pitch is 91.44 metres long by 54.86 metres wide. The main grandstand was designed by architects Ancher Mortlock Wooley and has seating for 1,500 people. It has a roof resembling a soaring glider or sail that sits 25 metres above the ground. It is held up by a 41m high mast removing any requirement for columns, a design that gives spectators an uninterrupted view of the action on the pitch.
Other facilities available at the stadium include a conference room (Waratah) overlooking the Olympic Pitch, and the Eva Redfern Lounge (overlooking Pitch 2) also available for hire. The Olympic pitch also has a series of team changerooms, FA room, tournament and drug testing rooms. A kiosk and retail outlet are open during competition and tournament events. Being part of the Sydney Olympic Park sporting complex, it shares many other facilities with the rest of the complex and makes it easily accessible by bus, train, ferry and car.
See also
2000 Summer Olympics venues
List of sports venues in Australia
References
2000 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 381.
External links
New South Wales Government website
Sydney Olympic Park website
Sports venues in Sydney
Field hockey venues in Australia
Olympic field hockey venues
Venues of the 2000 Summer Olympics
1998 establishments in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1998
Hockey
Field hockey in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Olympic%20Park%20Hockey%20Centre |
Inanam is a suburb and sub-district of Kota Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia. It is situated 10 kilometres from the city centre.
History
OKK Majimbun Majangkin is known as one of the key player in Inanam development. During the World War II, Inanam is also the base where the Kinabalu Guerillas led by Albert Kwok actively operating to fight the Japanese.
Demography
The town population consists of mainly the Dusun, and the Chinese who operate the shops. Of late however there is a large influx of immigrants both from the southern Philippines and Indonesia. Many of them are undocumented and live in squatters. A considerable number of them however were controversially naturalised and relocated into low-cost housing settlements provided by the Malaysian government.
Accessibility
Kota Kinabalu City (North) Bus Terminal is located in Inanam which become part of the BRT Kota Kinabalu.
Economy
A substantial part of the sub-district near the town centre consists of a light industrial area. Towards the interior, traditional Dusun villages scatter the hill slopes, with fruit orchards and rubber smallholdings.
Education
Primary school
SK Tobobon
SK Ruminding
SK Poring-Poring
SK Pomotodon
SK Malawa
SK Kionsom Inanam
SK Inanam Laut
SK Gudon Menggatal
SK Bantayan
SK Babagon Toki
SJK (C) Yick Nam
Secondary school
SMK Tebobon
SMK Inanam
SMK (A) Inanam
References
Populated places in Sabah
Kota Kinabalu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanam |
The California and Nevada Railroad was a narrow gauge steam railroad which ran in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area in the late 19th century. It was incorporated on March 25, 1884. J.S. Emery was listed as the railroad's president - the present day city of Emeryville is named after him. On March 1, 1885, the track was completed between Oakland and San Pablo via Emeryville. The track to Oak Grove (present day El Sobrante) was completed on January 1, 1887.
California & Mt. Diablo Railroad
The first of the California & Nevada was built by its predecessor, the California & Mt. Diablo Railroad. The California & Mt. Diablo Railroad was organized on March 21, 1881, at Emery's, an unincorporated settlement which later became the city of Emeryville. The narrow gauge track commenced at 40th Street/San Pablo Avenue and continued north through present day Berkeley, Albany, El Cerrito and terminated in Richmond.
The California & Mt. Diablo Railroad proposed to run from a pier on San Francisco Bay in Emeryville, then across central California and across the Sierra Nevada mountains at Sonora Pass near Bodie, California, and then east to a connection with the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in Utah. The California and Mt. Diablo was sold to the California and Nevada.
The California and Nevada reached San Pablo, California in 1886. It was subsequently extended around the northern end of the Berkeley Hills and the San Pablo Ridge, then southeastward down the valley drained by San Pablo Creek to Orinda, running along what is now the eastern shoreline of San Pablo Reservoir. A shortage of capital and constant problems with washed-out tracks barred further extensions. For most of its duration, the railroad was primarily run for weekend excursions. The railroad reached Orinda (then called "Bryants"), its furthest extent, in November 1891. At this point, it owned and operated of track.
On May 29, 1896, and again on July 12, 1899, the railroad was placed into receivership. After 1900 the railroad ceased to operate. The railroad was sold at foreclosure on November 29, 1902.
Oakland & East Side Railroad
The nascent pier into San Francisco Bay was acquired by "Borax" Smith who used it as the basis for construction of his massive interurban Key System causeway and ferry pier.
On March 7, 1903, the Oakland and East Side Railroad acquired the right-of-way of the California and Nevada on behalf of its parent company, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (see "paper railroad"). Santa Fe wanted the California & Nevada to gain access to Oakland from the Santa Fe's terminal at Richmond, California. The track beyond Richmond (from a point just north of today's El Cerrito Del Norte BART Station) to Orinda was abandoned. In 1903, Santa Fe converted the narrow gauge to standard track gauge between Richmond and Oakland. Upon completion of the standardization, on May 16, 1904, the Oakland and East Side Railroad was leased to the Santa Fe. That same day, the first Santa Fe train passed over the line.
Route
Oakland
Emerys (Emeryville)
Berkeley
Albany
El Cerrito
Richmond
San Pablo
Oak Grove (El Sobrante)
Fargos
Orinda Park
Bryant
The right-of-way today
The track from San Pablo to Orinda follows much of the route of the San Pablo Dam Road through El Sobrante. The Santa Fe line between Richmond and Oakland was abandoned by the Santa Fe in the early 1980s when the Santa Fe obtained trackage rights into Oakland via Southern Pacific Railroad's parallel line to the west – it was subsequently converted into the Richmond Greenway.
Today, the Ohlone Greenway runs along the original California & Nevada right-of-way between El Cerrito Del Norte Station and Albany. A bicycle path follows the course of the tracks while a BART aerial line runs along the western edge, within the old right-of way. In fact, for a few years, BART and Santa Fe trains ran simultaneously there.
See also
Rail trail
References
Sources
External links
Pacific Coast Narrow Gauge: California & Nevada Railroad
John Hall: California & Nevada Railroad
Defunct California railroads
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Narrow gauge railroads in California
Predecessors of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
History of Alameda County, California
History of Contra Costa County, California
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
Railway companies established in 1884
Railway companies disestablished in 1902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20and%20Nevada%20Railroad |
Sir William Henry Houldsworth, 1st Baronet (20 August 1834 – 18 April 1917) was a British mill-owner in Reddish, Lancashire. He was Conservative MP for Manchester North West from 1883 to 1906, and sometime chairman of the Fine Cotton Spinners' Association. He was made a baronet in 1887.
Life
William Henry Houldsworth was born on the 20th of August 1834, as the 4th and youngest son of Henry Houldworth (1797-1868) and Helen Hamilton. Houldworth's mother died while he was very young; while her exact date of death is unknown, his father remarried in 1838. Houldsworth bought farmland by the Stockport Branch Canal in Reddish in the 1860s and built Reddish Mill, then the largest cotton-spinning mill in the world (started 1863, completed 1865). Four members of the Houldsworth family were 60% shareholders in the Reddish Spinning Company Limited which built the North Mill (started 1870) and the Middle Mill (started 1874). An Institute (now Houldsworth working men's club) was completed in 1874. All the above were designed by the architect Abraham Stott. Houldsworth commissioned the architect Alfred Waterhouse to design St. Elisabeth's church, rectory and school. All the above buildings are still standing.
The start of a model village was also laid out, Houldsworth Model Village, with a variety of houses built in front of the mill. Some of the houses have been demolished, but those in Houldsworth Street and Liverpool Street remain.
He was created a baronet in 1887 as Sir William Henry Houldsworth, of Reddish, in the Parish of Manchester, in the County Palatine of Lancaster, and of Coodham in the Parish of Symington in the County of Ayr.
The City of Manchester made him a freeman in 1905, and the Victoria University of Manchester awarded him an honorary LLD. In later life, Houldsworth moved away from Reddish and Manchester, and concentrated on his estate, Coodham, Ayrshire in Scotland, where he built a domestic chapel designed by Alfred Waterhouse.
Legacy
Several features in Reddish are named after Houldsworth. A drinking fountain and four-faced clock, paid for by public subscription, was unveiled in Houldsworth Square on 11 September 1920.
The oldest block of Hulme Hall, Manchester a hall of residence for the University of Manchester which was largely funded in its infancy during the 1870s by Houldsworth, is named after him.
Family
Houldsworth married Elisabeth Graham Crum, daughter of Walter Crum.
Sport
He was a keen golfer and along with the Hon A.J.Balfour (Prime Minister from 1902-5) was instrumental in the establishment of the Balfour and Houldsworth Golf Challenge Cups - https://balfour.intelligentgolf.co.uk/ Still being played for 126 years later, the two premier trophies, the Balfour Cup and the Houldsworth Trophy are both magnificent examples of Victorian craftsmanship and have few equals in any sport
References
Notes
External links
The aerial view at spinningtheweb shows Houldsworth's mill (to the left of the road running vertically), the canal (running horizontally) and the housing (in front of the mill). St Elisabeth's church with its tower is at the top of the picture (above the mill). The school is to the left of the church and the WMC is the large building to the right of the church. One of Reddish Spinning Co Ltd's mills is at the top-left of the picture. The mill to the right is Broadstone mill; the right-hand half of the structure, both chimneys and the engine house (at the centre) have been demolished.
English industrialists
British textile industry businesspeople
Deputy Lieutenants of Ayrshire
Directors of the London and North Western Railway
1834 births
1917 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
People from Ardwick
People from Reddish
101
Cotton industry in England
19th-century English businesspeople
20th-century English businesspeople
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Manchester
Hulme Trust | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Houldsworth |
William A. Foley (William Auguste "Bill" Foley; born 1949) is an American linguist and professor at Columbia University He was previously located at the University of Sydney. He specializes in Papuan and Austronesian languages. Foley developed Role and Reference Grammar in a partnership with Robert Van Valin.
Career
In 1986, Foley published The Papuan Languages of New Guinea through Cambridge University Press. In 1991, his book The Yimas Language of New Guinea was published by Stanford University Press. In 1997, his book Anthropological Linguistics, "the first comprehensive textbook in anthropological linguistics" was published with an introduction by Noam Chomsky.
Works
William A. Foley and Robert D. Van Valin, Jr (1984). Functional syntax and universal grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
William A. Foley (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Google Books
William A. Foley (1991). The Yimas Language of New Guinea. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
William A. Foley (1997). Anthropological Linguistics: an introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
William A. Foley (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik - Ramu basin." In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, 109–144. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
William A.Foley (2022) "A Sketch Grammar of Kopar". Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton
References
External links
Prof. William A. Foley at the University of Sydney
Linguists from the United States
Linguists of Austronesian languages
Linguists of Southeast Asian languages
Linguists of Papuan languages
Linguists of Lower Sepik languages
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Living people
1949 births
Paleolinguists
Linguists of Sepik languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20A.%20Foley |
X. J. Kennedy (born Joseph Charles Kennedy on August 21, 1929, in Dover, New Jersey) is an American poet, translator, anthologist, editor, and author of children's literature and textbooks on English literature and poetry. He was long known as Joe Kennedy; but, wishing to distinguish himself from Joseph P. Kennedy, he added an "X" as his first initial.
Early life and academic career
In his youth, under the name Joe Kennedy, he was an active member of science fiction fandom and published well-regarded fanzines, including Vampire (a quarterly, 1945–1947) and the Vampire Annuals. He was a member of several amateur press associations, and co-founded the still-extant Spectator Amateur Press Association (SAPS). Between 1947 and 1953 he wrote science fiction stories for pulp magazines using the names Joe Kennedy or Joquel Kennedy.
Kennedy attended Seton Hall University (BSc, 1950) and Columbia University (MA, 1951). After serving for four years as an enlisted journalist with the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet, he studied at the Sorbonne from 1955 to 1956. Kennedy then spent the next six years pursuing a graduate degree in English at the University of Michigan but did not complete his Ph.D. There he met his future wife Dorothy Mintzlaff, who was a fellow graduate student.
Kennedy taught English at Michigan, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Tufts University (1963–1978), with visiting professorships at Wellesley College; the University of California, Irvine; and the University of Leeds.
Writing career
In the early 1970s, Kennedy and his wife Dorothy co-edited the influential journal Counter/Measures, a precursor in the New Formalist movement to The Reaper and The Formalist. He also served as poetry editor of The Paris Review. Kennedy's poetry has been published in The New Yorker, Poetry, and The Hudson Review. He became a freelance writer in 1978.
Kennedy is most recognized for his light verse, and was the first recipient of the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Michael Braude Award for Light Verse. His first book, Nude Descending a Staircase, won the 1961 Lamont Poetry Prize of the Academy of American Poets, and his dozens of books have won awards, including Guggenheim and National Arts Council fellowships, a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Bess Hokin Prize from Poetry magazine, and a Los Angeles Times Book Award for poetry (in 1985 for Cross Ties: Selected Poems), the 1969-1970 Shelley Memorial Award, the Golden Rose of the New England Poetry Club, honorary degrees from Lawrence and Adelphi Universities and Westfield State College. Kennedy received the National Council of Teachers of English Year 2000 Award for Excellence in Children's Poetry. He received the 2004 Poets' Prize for his work, The Lords of Misrule: Poems 1992-2002. Kennedy accepted the Poetry Society of America's Robert Frost Medal for lifetime service to poetry in 2009. In 2015, he received the Jackson Poetry Prize, awarded by Poets & Writers.
Kennedy also wrote a series of children's poetry books (Brats), translated Aristophanes' Lysistrata into English, and edited the anthology Tygers of Wrath: Poems of Hate, Anger, and Invective (University of Georgia Press, 1981). Kennedy edited several editions of the textbook anthology Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. With his wife Dorothy and scholar Jane E. Aaron, he is the editor of The Bedford Reader, a collegiate literature textbook used for teaching to the AP English Language and Composition test.
Family
Kennedy has had five children and six grandchildren with his wife Dorothy Mintzlaff Kennedy (1931-2018), and he resides in Peabody, Massachusetts.
Bibliography
For adults
Each year of first publication or revised edition links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article, for poetry, or "[year] in literature" article, for plays and prose:
1961: Nude Descending a Staircase: Poems, Songs, a Ballad New York: Doubleday (reprint edition in the Classic Contemporary Series, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1994)
1969: Growing into Love, New York: Doubleday
1970: Bulsh, Providence, Rhode Island: Burning Deck
1971: Breaking and Entering, New York: Oxford University Press
1971: Editor, with James Camp and Keith Waldrop: Pegasus Descending: A Book of the Best Bad Verse, New York: Macmillan (Burning Deck, 2003, reprint edition)
1974: Emily Dickinson in Southern California, Boston: Godine
1974: Celebrations after the Death of John Brennan, Lincoln, Massachusetts: Penmaen
1975: With James Camp and Keith Waldrop, Three Tenors, One Vehicle, Columbia, Missouri: Open Places Poet Series
1981: Editor: Tygers of Wrath: Poems of Hate, Anger, and Invective, with wood engravings by Michael McCurdy, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press
1983: Translator: French Leave: Translations, (from the French), Edgewood, Kentucky: Robert L. Barth
1983: Missing Link, Secaucus, New Jersey: Scheidt Head
1984: Hangover Mass, Cleveland: Bits Press
1985: Cross Ties: Selected Poems, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press
1990: Winter Thunder, Edgewood, Kentucky: Robert L. Barth
1992: Dark Horses: New Poems, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
1994: Jimmy Harlow, Cugiak, Alaska: Salmon Run Press
1999: Aristophanes Lysistrata, a new English version by X.J. Kennedy from Aristophones, Volume 2 (The Penn Complete Greek Drama Series), edited by David R. Slavitt & Palmer Bovie, University of Pennsylvania Press
2002: The Lords of Misrule: Poems, 1992-2001, Johns Hopkins University Press
2007: In a Prominent Bar in Secaucus: New and Selected Poems, 1955-2007, Johns Hopkins University Press
2014: A Hoarse Half-Human Cheer, Curtis Brown Unlimited (a novel)
2016: That Swing: Poetry, 2008-2016, Johns Hopkins: Poetry and Fiction
For students
All but Literature: An Introduction (1976) are intended as college texts but have been used by high school students:
1963: Editor with James Camp: Mark Twain's Frontier: A Textbook of Primary Source Materials Research and Writing, New York: Holt
1966: An Introduction to Poetry, Boston: Little, Brown (8th edition, with Dana Gioia, New York: HarperCollins, 1993)
1973: Editor: Messages: A Thematic Anthology of Poetry, Boston: Little, Brown
1976: An Introduction to Fiction, Boston: Little, Brown (6th edition, with Dana Gioia, New York: HarperCollins, 1995) (Pearson/Longman, 10th edition, 2007)
1976: An Introduction to Poetry, Boston: Little, Brown (8th edition, with Dana Gioia, New York: HarperCollins, 1993) (Pearson/Longman, 13th edition, 2009)
1976: Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Boston: Little, Brown (7th edition, with Dana Gioia, New York: Longman, 1999; 3rd compacted edition, with Dana Gioia, Longman, 2002) (Pearson/Longman, 10th edition; this edition is also available as a boxed set of four separate paperbacks, as Literature, Portable Edition)
1982: With Dorothy M. Kennedy: The Bedford Reader, New York: St. Martin's (4th edition, with Jane E. Aaron, 1991; abridged as The Brief Bedford Reader, 1994) (Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 9th edition, 2006); an abridged edition, The Brief Bedford Reader (9th edition) is also available
1987: With Dorothy M. Kennedy: The Bedford Guide for College Writers, New York: St. Martin's (4th edition, with Dorothy M. Kennedy and Sylvia A. Holliday, 1996), a later edition was written with the same authors and Marcia F. Muth (Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 7th edition)
2005: Handbook of Literary Terms, with Dana Gioia, and Mark Bauerlein; Pearson/Longman (also available as a trade paperback as The Longman Dictionary of Literary Terms, 2006)
2007: Writing and Revising: A Portable Guide by X.J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, and Marcia F. Muth; Bedford/St. Martin's Press
For children
Each year of first publication or revised edition links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article, for poetry, or "[year] in literature" article, for prose:
1975: One Winter Night in August and Other Nonsense Jingles, illustrated by David McPhail, New York: McElderry Books
1975: The Phantom Ice Cream Man: More Nonsense Verse, illustrated by David McPhail, New York: McElderry Books
1982: Did Adam Name the Vinegarroon? (verse), illustrated by Heidi Johanna Selig, Boston: Godine
1982: Editor, with his wife, Dorothy M. Kennedy: Knock at a Star: A Child's Introduction to Poetry, illustrated by Karen Lee Baker (Little, Brown & Company, revised edition, 1999)
1983: The Owlstone Crown (novel; also see below), illustrated by Michele Chessare, New York: McElderry Books
1985: The Forgetful Wishing Well: Poems for Young People, illustrated by Monica Incisa, New York: McElderry Books
1986: Brats, humorous verse, illustrated by James Watts, New York: McElderry Books
1989: Ghastlies, Goops, and Pincushions: Nonsense Verse, illustrated by Ron Barrett; New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books/Simon & Schuster
1990: Fresh Brats (comic verse), illustrated by James Watts; New York: McElderry Books
1991: The Kite That Braved Old Orchard Beach: Year-round Poems for Young People, illustrated by Marian Young; New York: McElderry Books
1992: Compiler with D. M. Kennedy: Talking like the Rain: A First Book of Poems, illustrated by Jane Dyer, Boston: Little, Brown
1992: The Beasts of Bethlehem, illustrated by Michael McCurdy (Margaret K. McElderry Books/Simon & Schuster, 1992); poems about the Nativity, based on the legend that the animals in the stable could speak on Christmas Eve
1993: Drat These Brats!, humorous verse, illustrated by James Watts; New York: McElderry Books
1997: Uncle Switch: Loony Limericks by X.J. Kennedy and illustrated by John O'Brien; New York: McElderry Books
1992: Editor, with Dorothy M. Kennedy: Talking Like the Rain: A Read-to-me Book of Poems, illustrated by Jane Dyer; Boston: Little, Brown & Company
1997: The Eagle as Wide as the World, novel for children, sequel to The Owlstone CrownMargaret K. New York: McElderry Books/Simon & Schuster
1999: Elympics, a picture book of poetry, illustrated by Graham Percy New York: Philomel Books/Penguin Putnam
2002: Exploding Gravy: Poems to Make You Laugh, by X.J. Kennedy, illustrated by Joy Allen, Little, Brown,
2002: Elefantina's Dream, poetry picture book, illustrated by Graham Percy New York: Philomel Books/Penguin Putnam
2005: Editor, with Dorothy M. Kennedy: Knee-Deep in Blazing Snow: Growing up in Vermont/Poems by James Hayford, Wordsong/ Boyds Mills
References
Morris, Bernard E., Taking Measure: The Poetry and Prose of X.J. Kennedy (Susquehanna University Press, 2003)
Footnotes
External links
"X. J. Kennedy webcast", National Bookfest 03
X.J. Kennedy website, includes some of Kennedy's poetry and a bibliography
Academy of American poets entry
several Kennedy poems at the Poem Tree website, a poetry anthology emphasizing metered poetry
Bedford/St. Martin's LitLinks page for Kennedy
Kennedy's composition textbooks published by Bedford/St. Martin's Press
Kennedy's literature textbooks published by Pearson/Longman
Celticly Wild, Teutonically Fussy: Ernest Hilbert Interviews Kennedy for the Contemporary Poetry Review
Christian Science Monitor article April 18, 2006
Interview at Boston magazine The Hub December 13, 2007
Audio: Kennedy reads "The Battle of Finnsburh: a fragment" from The Word Exchange: Anglo-Saxon Poems in Translation
The Hopwood Poets Revisited: Eighteen Major Award Winners;" features two original essays by Kennedy: the first recalling the impact and aftermath of his Hopwood "Major Poetry" Award at the University of Michigan, and the second a memoir of his graduate school literary friendship with fellow poet and National Book Award winner Keith Waldrop
1929 births
Columbia University alumni
Formalist poets
Living people
People from Dover, New Jersey
Poets from New Jersey
Seton Hall University
Tufts University faculty
University of California, Irvine faculty
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of North Carolina at Greensboro faculty
Wellesley College faculty
Yaddo alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.%20J.%20Kennedy |
Kartlis Deda (; Mother of Kartvel or Mother of Georgian) is a monument in Georgia's capital Tbilisi.
The statue was erected on the top of Sololaki hill in 1958, the year Tbilisi celebrated its 1500th anniversary. Prominent Georgian sculptor Elguja Amashukeli designed the twenty-metre aluminium figure of a woman in Georgian national dress.
Symbolism
She symbolizes the Georgian national character: in her left hand she holds a bowl of wine to greet those who come as friends, and in her right hand is a sword for those who come as enemies.
History
In 1966 Elguja Amashukeli was awarded the Shota Rustaveli State Prize for this sculpture. He called the statue "Capital", and it commonly became known as "Mother of Kartvel". The accessories of the sculpture, the cup with wine and sword, are an expression of the history of our city, Tbilisi, the endless battles with the enemies and the welcoming of friendly guests.
The original statue erected on Sololaki Hill in 1958 was a wooden allegorical statue that would temporarily decorate the capital. Later it was decided to become permanent and the wood texture was covered with aluminum in 1963 to limit environmental damage. In 1997, the old statue was replaced with a new one.
Gallery
See also
List of tallest statues
Mother Armenia
Mother Ukraine
References
Colossal statues
Monuments and memorials in Tbilisi
National symbols of Georgia (country)
1958 sculptures
Aluminium sculptures
Georgian words and phrases
National personifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartlis%20Deda |
Anna Maria Porter is a Canadian publisher and novelist.
Life and career
Born Anna Szigethy in Budapest, Hungary, she emigrated to New Zealand in 1956. She received a bachelor's degree and Master of Arts degree from the University of Canterbury. She started at McClelland & Stewart in 1969 and became president and publisher of Seal Books. In 1979, she founded Key Porter Books and in 1986 she purchased a majority stake in Doubleday Canada.
In 2004, she was appointed to the Board of Governors of York University.
In 1991, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for being "instrumental in bringing Canadian titles to the attention of the international market place". In 2003, she was awarded the Order of Ontario. She has been awarded honorary degrees from Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University), St. Mary's University, and the Law Society of Upper Canada.
In 2004, Porter sold her interest in Key Porter Books to focus on writing. She has published three mystery novels and three books on Middle European history. Her most recent book is The Ghosts of Europe, published in September, 2010.
She is married to the lawyer Julian Porter.
Selected works
Farewell to the 70's: a Canadian salute to a confusing decade (1979)
Hidden Agenda (1985)
Mortal Sins (1987)
The Bookfair Murders (1997)
The Storyteller: memory, secrets, magic and lies (2000)
Kasztner's Train: the true story of an unknown hero of the Holocaust (2007)
The Ghosts of Europe: journeys through central Europe's troubled past and uncertain future (2010)
Buying a Better World: George Soros and billionaire philanthropy (2015, Dundurn Press)
The Appraisal (2017)
In Other Words: How I Fell in Love with Canada One Book at a Time (2018)
Awards and honours
2010: Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing, winner, The Ghosts of Europe
2008: Charles Taylor Literary Prize for Non-Fiction, short-list, Kasztner's Train
2007: Nereus Writers' Trust Non-Fiction Prize, winner, Kasztner's Train
References
External links
Anna Porter's official website
Canadians of Hungarian ancestry
1940s births
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers
Canadian book publishers (people)
Canadian women novelists
Hungarian emigrants to New Zealand
Living people
Members of the Order of Ontario
New Zealand emigrants to Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
University of Canterbury alumni
Women book publishers (people)
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Porter |
Richard II (died 1105/06), called the Bald, was the count of Aversa and the prince of Capua from 1090 or 1091. He was under the guardianship of Count Robert of Caiazzo until he came of age in 1093.
The eldest son and successor of Jordan I of Capua and Gaitelgrima, daughter of Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno, he was named after his grandfather, Richard I of Capua. While digressing on this impressive lineage, the chronicler William of Apulia in his The Deeds of Robert Guiscard says that he "though now only a young man, already shows courage worthy of an adult."
He succeeded to his father's dominions at a very young age and immediately he and his family were thrown out of their city by the capricious Capuans. The counts of Aquino rose in rebellion and attacked Soria, defended by Richard's uncle, Jonathan, Count of Carinola.
Richard was an exile for the next seven years (during which a Lombard named Lando IV reigned) until, upon reaching his majority, he requested the aid of his great uncle, the count of Sicily, Roger I, and his first cousin once removed, the duke of Apulia, Roger Borsa. The two Rogers came, the former in exchange for the city of Naples and the latter for Richard's recognition of Apulian suzerainty, in May 1098 and besieged Capua for forty days.
It was an interesting siege, for Pope Urban II, embroiled in a controversy with Count Roger, came down to discuss the legatine power in Sicily with him and Anselm of Aosta, the archbishop of Canterbury in self-exile from King William II of England, came to meet the pope. With the aid of Sicilian Saracens, the city fell and the prince was reinstated, Apulian suzerainty acknowledged, and the pope and the count withdrew to Salerno.
The final eight years of his reign were uneventful and he left no heir and was succeeded by his younger brother Robert when he died (in 1105 or, more probably, 1106). Though he had accepted doing homage to the Hauteville duke of Apulia, his successors did not and Capua returned to de facto independence under them. Richard's confessor was Bishop Bernard of Carinola.
Sources
William of Apulia, The Deeds of Robert Guiscard Books One (pdf)
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
|-
|-
1106 deaths
Italo-Normans
Norman warriors
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20II%20of%20Capua |
Wake Up Wal-Mart was a campaign founded by United Food and Commercial Workers Union. It was based in Washington, D.C., and was often critical of the business practices of Walmart, the world's largest retailer, and the largest private employer in the United States. The group claimed Walmart was offering its employees substandard wages and health care benefits, and called on the retailer to improve both. Wake Up Wal-Mart was founded April 5, 2005, and maintained the web site WakeupWalMart.com, the centerpiece of the organization. The organization is now defunct. Its website is no longer active and the url wakeupwalmart.com now redirects to another UFCW-funded group, Making Change At Walmart.
Purpose
The group argued that Wal-Mart paid "poverty wages", relied on public health care rather than providing its employees with healthcare, and was, in general, harmful to communities.
Wal-Mart Workers of America
In 2005, the group formed an organization called "Wal-Mart Workers of America". The group said that the purpose of the new organization was to assist past and present Wal-Mart employees, but that it was not a formal labor union.
See also
Buffy Wicks
Criticism of Walmart
Walmart Watch
Whirl-Mart
Working Families for Wal-Mart
References
External links
Walmart labor relations
Change to Win Federation
Labor disputes in the United States
United Food and Commercial Workers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Up%20Wal-Mart |
Wilmorite Properties, Inc is a commercial real estate company based in Chili, New York, a suburb of Rochester, New York.
A subsidiary of the company owes significant back taxes and fees to the City of Rochester resulting from a loan and tax agreement surrounding the failed development of the Sibley Building.
The company manages Eastview Mall, The Mall at Greece Ridge, The Marketplace Mall, and Pittsford Plaza, all of which are in Rochester.
History
James P. Wilmot founded the company in the 1940s and since then, Wilmorite has developed retail, office, hotel, and residential real estate.
In 1967, Wilmorite built Greece Towne Mall (now The Mall at Greece Ridge), one of the first enclosed regional malls in New York State. In 1969, Wilmorite opened Long Ridge Mall and combined Greece Towne Mall and Long Ridge Mall in 1994, renaming it The Mall at Greece Ridge Center, dropping "Center" in 2006.
In 2005, the majority of the assets of the company were acquired by Macerich.
Notable former properties
Camillus Mall
Charlestowne Mall
Danbury Fair Mall
Fairmount Fair
Fayetteville Mall
Freehold Raceway Mall
Great Northern Mall
Irondequoit Mall
Mohawk Mall
Penn-Can Mall
Rotterdam Square
Shoppingtown Mall
Sibley Building
Tysons Corner Center
Westshore Mall
Wilton Mall at Saratoga
Park Point at RIT
References
External links
Official Website
Real estate companies of the United States
Companies based in Monroe County, New York
Macerich
1940s establishments in New York (state)
2005 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmorite%20Properties |
Mambai may be:
Mambai language (Cameroon)
Mambai language (Timor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai%20language |
The Rossington Collins Band was an American Southern rock band founded in 1979 by guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins following the 1977 plane crash which killed three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd, of which both had been members. The band included two other surviving members of Lynyrd Skynyrd, Billy Powell and Leon Wilkeson. The band wished to develop their own sound rather than being regarded as a reformed Lynyrd Skynyrd, and toward that objective they hired a female lead vocalist, Dale Krantz, who later married Rossington. The Jacksonville-based band released two albums before disbanding in 1982. Their biggest hit, "Don't Misunderstand Me," charted in late 1980.
Formation history
Following the crash of the Skynyrd plane in October 1977, chances for a reunion looked slim. Allen Collins had severe injuries to his arm that almost made it necessary for the arm to be amputated. Leon Wilkeson had suffered internal injuries that initially made doctors declare him dead at the scene of the crash, only to be resuscitated later. He also had a badly broken arm. Gary Rossington had also suffered severe injuries in the crash. Only Artimus Pyle (former Lynyrd Skynyrd drummer) and Billy Powell were in good enough condition to be released from the hospital within two weeks of the crash.
The earliest recording effort made by former band members were Pyle and Powell's involvement in the studio sessions for musician Leo LeBranche. Soon after, Powell, Pyle, Wilkeson, and Jo Billingsley (former Skynyrd vocalist) formed the band Alias (not to be confused with the 1980s Canadian rock band of the same name), which only existed for one album and a small round of live shows. The band also featured guitarist Barry Lee Harwood (who had played mandolin on Skynyrd's "Gimme Back My Bullets" record of 1976) and who would later be involved with the RCB.
Charlie Daniels gave new hope to fans in January 1979, when he announced "Lynyrd Skynyrd is back!" at his Volunteer Jam V in Nashville, Tennessee. All remaining members of Lynyrd Skynyrd, with the exception of bassist Wilkeson (whose arm was still in a cast) performed an instrumental version of "Free Bird."
From there, plans began to form a new band. However, Rossington and Collins did not wish for this new venture to be another Lynyrd Skynyrd, so they opted for Dale Krantz, who had been a backing singer for .38 Special and who Gary Rossington later married in 1982. Guitarist Barry Lee Harwood was living in Atlanta at the time when he got the call from Rossington and Collins to be in the band.
All seemed set, until Artimus Pyle, who had been slated to start rehearsals with the band, was involved in a motorcycle accident that broke his leg. Pyle decided that the RCB should find a new drummer rather than wait for him to recuperate. The suggestion came from Harwood to hire Jacksonville native Derek Hess.
The Rossington-Collins Band, as it was named, then began rehearsals and writing, which took a little longer than expected because of Krantz's initial anxiety about being in this band. Even while in the studio, RCB would continue to write and revise their songs until they were considered finished. This led to the use of many master reels of recordings.
Touring history
The band initially premiered in the summer of 1980 to positive reviews. One highlight of the 1980 tour backing their album Anytime, Anyplace, Anywhere, was a New Year's Eve performance at the Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. One permanent feature in the set lists was "Free Bird," which was performed without vocals and was dedicated to Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, Cassie Gaines, and Dean Kilpatrick.
At one performance in Springfield, Massachusetts during 1980, guitarist Rossington had to play onstage with a broken leg, which happened the day before.
Following the death of his wife, Kathy, Allen Collins would routinely walk off from gigs or not appear. This led to the cancellation of many performances during 1982. In addition to his Fender Stratocaster and Gibson Explorer, guitarist Collins switched between two double-cutaway Gibson Les Paul Specials during the live shows. Collins had not used a Les Paul since the early 1970s.
Despite the short length of The Rossington-Collins Band's existence, there were many soundboard recordings made of live shows, and studio recordings made by Allen Collins in preparation for their first studio album.
Allen Collins Band
In 1983, the Allen Collins Band, featuring Allen Collins, Barry Lee Harwood, Leon Wilkeson, Billy Powell, and Derek Hess from RCB along with Randall Hall and Jimmy Dougherty, former singer in Alias, was formed but quickly fell apart due to Collins' erratic behavior and lack of leadership. Collins tried to resurrect the project in 1985 but in early 1986, he was sidelined by a serious injury, which left him partially paralyzed, when he crashed his car into a culvert near his Mandarin home. Collins assembled a Skynyrd-tribute band in 1987, which would evolve into a full-fledged Skynyrd re-formation.
Members
Gary Rossington - guitar
Allen Collins - guitar
Leon Wilkeson - bass guitar
Billy Powell - keyboards
Dale Krantz-Rossington - vocals
Barry Lee Harwood - guitar, vocals
Derek Hess - drums and percussion
Discography
Anytime, Anyplace, Anywhere (1980) (No. 13, Billboard 200 albums, gold record)
This Is the Way (1981) (No. 24, Billboard 200)
References
External links
Southern rock musical groups from Jacksonville
Hard rock musical groups from Florida
1979 establishments in Florida
1982 disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Lynyrd Skynyrd
MCA Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossington%20Collins%20Band |
An arts festival is a festival that can encompass a wide range of art forms including music, dance, film, fine art, literature, poetry and is not solely focused on visual arts. Arts festivals may feature a mixed program that include music, literature, comedy, children's entertainment, science, or street theatre, and are typically presented in venues over a period of time ranging from as short as a day or a weekend to a month. Each event within the program is usually separate.
Arts festivals are largely curated by an artistic director who handles the organizations' artistic direction and can encompass different genres, including fringe theater festivals that are open access, making arts festivals distinctive from greenfield festivals, which typically are weekend camping festivals such as Glastonbury, and Visual Arts Festivals, which concentrate on the visual arts.
Another type of arts festivals are music festivals, which are outdoor musical events usually spanning a weekend, featuring a number of bands and musical genres including pop, rock, heavy-metal, and more. Since the 1960s, world-music festivals have become popular in a variety of countries. The most well-recognized music festival was Woodstock, which took place in 1969 in Bethel, New York. It was attended by 400,000 people and featured performances by The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and the Grateful Dead.
History
Probably the two oldest arts festivals are located in England. The Three Choirs Festival in the West of England was established as a "yearly musical assembly" by 1719. The other is the Norfolk and Norwich Festival which first took place in 1772. The largest arts festival in England today is the Brighton Festival Fringe.
Leading arts festivals include the Edinburgh Festival in Edinburgh, Adelaide Festival of Arts in Adelaide, the Biennale of Sydney, Festival d'Avignon in Avignon, France, and Tongyeong International Music Festival in Tongyeong, Korea and Sanskruti Arts Festival, Upvan, India. One-off arts festivals have included the Liverpool08 European Capital of Culture in 2008.
In the summer of 1793, revolutionary France was invaded by foreign armies which resulted in the destruction of all signs of royalty. During this time, French citizens sang, danced, and theaters as well as indoor music multiplied. By 1793, two dozen new venues for music and drama had been established, as a result of the end of restrictive monopolies that previously ruled. Art dealings were rapidly increasing and as a flood of paintings were for sale, this reduced artists to near impoverishment. Therefore, as a result, this called for an attempt to replace the old system of the arts with a new one. This gave rise to festivals that were used not only as an artistic outlet, but also for political protest against the old government system. These festivals often included religious symbolism, political messages and embodied the spirit of liberty, equality and fraternity. In 1792, The "Festival of Liberty" included a Declaration of the rights of man, busts of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Franklin, a hymn to liberty, women in white carrying chains, and a large chariot with a seated statue of liberty
Types of arts festivals
Arts festival
An Arts Festival is an umbrella term for a festival that focuses on multiple art genres including fine art (painting, drawing, pottery), music, photography, film, and other visual styles. Fringe festivals are a type of arts festival, often focusing on many arts but sometimes focusing on a specific art such as theater more than others. Some subgenres of an arts festival include art fairs, theater festivals, dance festivals, film festivals, music festivals (pop festivals) and more.
Art fair
An art fair is a subgenre of arts festival that focuses on visual art specifically, or specific fields of visual art such as new media art festivals. Other subgenres of art festivals are termed photography festivals or street art festivals, for example. Typically, an art fair has a wide range of artists, art dealers, collectors, and curators who buy or sell artwork in a venue, or gallery, that is open to the public. Some items for sale include photography, paintings, drawings, metalwork, handcrafted items and pottery.
Festivals of visual arts are also not to be confused with commercial art fairs. Artists participate in the most important of such festival exhibitions by invitation, and these exhibitions (e.g. the Venice Biennale) are organised by internationally recognized curators chosen by a committee of peers. Conversely art fairs are market-oriented shows where art dealers exhibit and sell the work of the artists they represent.
Theater festival
The first drama festival was in 543BC, at the Athenian Great Dionysia. At the drama festivals, playwrights and poets competed to have their plays performed, and the actors competed to win the title for best performance. The performances were given in semi-circular auditorium cut into hillsides and capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people. The stage consisted of a dancing floor, an orchestra, dressing room and scene-building area, known as a skene. The actors were typically men who wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts.
Film festival
Film festivals are organized events, usually staged by universities, private organizations, local governments, or arts associations, that show films in cinemas or screening venues and provide filmmakers a chance to get notable recognition among fellow film enthusiasts. Films can include international and domestic releases and can even be on a specific film-maker, genre or subject matter. Film festivals are typically annual events and can feature full-length or short films.
One of the most notable Film Festivals is the Sundance Film Festival, which originated from Salt Lake City in 1984 as part of the Sundance Institute organization and was founded by Robert Redford. To this date, it is one of the largest independent cinema festivals in the United States.
Poetry festival
Poetry festivals are organized events staged by poetry and literature groups, local arts associations, private organizations and others that showcase contemporary poetry and provide a chance for poets to meet each other, celebrate poetry, critique each other's work and debate poetic issues. Poets can include international, national and local writers, and can include a specific theme. They are often held in a particular location over set dates. In contrast to literary festivals, poetry festivals put poetry centre stage. Poetry Festivals are typically annual events. Festivals established for more than 10 years in the UK include the festivals at Aldeburgh, Ledbury and Torbay, and the Stanza Poetry festival in Scotland. In India, a number of popular poetry festivals and in Northeast India, Guwahati Grand Poetry festival and Assam Arts Biennale, which began in 2018, are the first of its kind in the region.
See also
European Festivals Association
References
External links
British Arts Festivals Association website
Visual arts exhibitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20festival |
Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the power of Congress, pursuant to Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, to enact laws that enforce and interpret provisions of the Constitution.
Background
Prior to the 1960s, many US states and municipalities used literacy tests to disenfranchise minorities. In 1959, the Supreme Court of the United States held, in Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, that literacy tests were not necessarily violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, nor of the 15th Amendment.
In 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which sought to safeguard the voting rights of disenfranchised minorities. Among other provisions, the Voting Rights Act made some literacy tests illegal. Section 4(e) was aimed at securing the franchisement of New York City's large Puerto Rican population and "provides that no person who has completed the sixth grade in a public school, or an accredited private school, in Puerto Rico in which the language of instruction was other than English shall be disfranchised for inability to read or write English."
Registered voters in the state of New York brought suit by alleging that Congress exceeded its powers of enforcement under the 14th Amendment and alleging that Congress infringed on rights reserved to states by the 10th Amendment.
Decision
By a 7–2 decision, the Supreme Court sided with Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, reversed the District Court, and held that Section 4(e) was constitutional. Writing the majority opinion, Justice Brennan stressed that Section 5 of the amendment is "a positive grant of legislative power authorizing Congress to exercise its discretion in determining the need for and nature of legislation to secure Fourteenth Amendment guarantees." Justice Brennan applied the appropriateness standard of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) to determine whether the legislation passed constitutional muster.
Section 4(e) arguably expanded rights beyond what the Court had recognized in Lassiter, but Brennan ruled that Section 4(e) was appropriate. In doing so, he has often been credited with introducing the "ratchet theory" for congressional legislation enacted under Section 5. It held that Congress could ratchet up civil rights beyond what the Court had recognized, but Congress could not ratchet down judicially recognized rights. The "ratchet theory" essentially set judicially recognized rights as a support on which Congress could expand if it so chose. According to the theory, Brennan's opinion allowed for multiple interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment, as opposed to just that of the judiciary.
In dissent, Justice Harlan criticized the "ratchet theory" and the idea of multiple interpreters of the 14th Amendment. Harlan relied on the separation of powers doctrine to argue that allowing Congress to interpret the 14th Amendment undercut the power of the judiciary. He objected to Congress having the power to interpret the 14th Amendment substantively (to create new rights). Harlan argued that the appropriate use of Section 5 power was the enforcement of judicially-recognized 14th Amendment rights.
Significance
Katzenbach v. Morgan is a prime example of judicial deference to Congressional authority. It allowed Congress great latitude in use of Section 5.
The Supreme Court, 31 years after Katzenbach, revisited the "ratchet" interpretation, in the case of City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) and stated, "This is not a necessary interpretation, however, or even the best one." By striking down the state application of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, it addressed the separation of powers concerns that had been voiced earlier by Harlan.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384
Further reading
Christopher W. Schmidt, "Section 5’s Forgotten Years: Congressional Power to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment Before Katzenbach v. Morgan," Northwestern University Law Review 113 (2018): 47–108.
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States equal protection case law
United States elections case law
1966 in United States case law
Legal history of New York (state)
Puerto Rican diaspora
History of voting rights in the United States
Political history of New York City
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzenbach%20v.%20Morgan |
Levent is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,911 (2022). It is one of the main business districts of Istanbul located on the European side of the city. It is situated to the north of the Golden Horn, at the western shore of the Bosphorus strait.
Levent, together with nearby Maslak, is one of the main business districts on the European side of the city, where numerous skyscraper projects are currently under construction or in the planning phase. One of the modern skyline clusters of the city is located here, hidden behind the hills of the Bosphorus and not disturbing the atmosphere of the historical peninsula of Istanbul, which is at quite a distance.
The tallest skyscraper in Levent is the 54-floor Istanbul Sapphire, which has a roof height of 238 metres (261 metres including its spire). It was Istanbul's and Turkey's tallest skyscraper between 2010 and 2016 — as of 2020, it is the 4th tallest skyscraper in Istanbul and Turkey, behind Metropol Istanbul Tower 1 (70 floors / 301 metres including its twin spires) in the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city; and Skyland Istanbul Towers 1 and 2 (2 x 70 floors / 293 metres), located adjacent to Türk Telekom Stadium in the Seyrantepe quarter of the Sarıyer district, on the European side.
The stations Levent and 4. Levent along the M2 line of the Istanbul Metro serve the Levent business district and its surrounding neighbourhoods.
Etymology
Levent is also a name for men in Turkey (cf. Levent) that derives from the Levend, a type of soldier (naval infantry) of the Ottoman Navy. Levend itself has derived from Levantino (Levantine) which means Person from the Levant (East Mediterranean) in Italian. This was how the Italians (the Genoese and Venetians) used to call the Ottoman sailors, a name which was also adopted by the Ottoman Turks. The use of the word levend for describing seamen first appeared in the Ottoman Turkish language during the 16th century. These marine soldiers had the reputation of possessing strong, muscular physiques and daring, fearless characters; which is the reason why the Turkish word levent, its Greek cognate levénti (λεβέντη) and its Bulgarian cognate levént (левент) are still popularly used for defining "athletic, gallant, brave" men.
The name Levent (Levend) came to be applied to the neighbourhood because in 1780 the Ottoman Fleet Admiral Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha was awarded a farmland here by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I; and in the early 19th century a military compound was built in the area of this farm. The nearby İstinye neighbourhood on the European shoreline of the Bosphorus also featured an important shipyard and dock for maintaining and repairing the military vessels of the Ottoman Navy. However, the Imperial Arsenal (Tersâne-i Âmire) and the Naval Ministry (Bahriye Nezareti) of the Ottoman Navy were located on the shores of the Golden Horn.
History
In the early 19th century, during the final years of the reign of Sultan Selim III, the first military compound of the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) Army was built in Levent; which was then known as the Levend(Levent) Çiftliği (Levend Farmlands), eventually becoming known as the Levend(Levent) Kışlası (Levend Barracks).
In 1868, during the first territorial organization of the Istanbul Municipality, Levend (Levent) was placed within the district of Beşiktaş (which was designated as the 7th Area of the Istanbul Municipality), having remained within this district ever since.
The modern neighbourhood of Levent was formed in 1947, when Emlak Kredi Bankası (a Turkish bank which was established to finance housing projects) chose the Levent area for constructing a well-planned residential compound, formed mostly of villa type houses with gardens. After the completion of the first phase of the Levent project in 1960, numerous other residential compounds were constructed in the area, eventually extending towards nearby Etiler.
Starting from the late 1980s and early 1990s, with initial projects such as the Sabancı Center, Yapı Kredi Towers, TAT Towers, Metrocity Towers and İş Bankası Towers, Levent became a popular location for constructing new skyscrapers, mostly owned by Turkish banks and conglomerates. One of the city's major skyline clusters (together with those of Maslak and Şişli on the European side; and Ataşehir and Kozyatağı on the Asian side of Istanbul) is located in Levent. At present, Levent hosts the tallest skyscraper of Istanbul and Turkey, the 54-floor Istanbul Sapphire; while the construction of numerous new mixed-use skyscraper projects and shopping malls are ongoing in the neighbourhood, which has evolved into a central business district.
Image gallery
Panoramic View
See also
Maslak
Bankalar Caddesi
Istanbul International Finance Center
List of tallest buildings in Istanbul
List of tallest buildings in Turkey
Architecture of Turkey
References and notes
External links
Emporis: Skyscrapers of Levent financial district
Neighbourhoods of Beşiktaş
Istanbul Central Business District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent |
Francis Nguyễn Trọng Trí, penname Hàn Mặc Tử (September 22, 1912 – November 11, 1940), was a Vietnamese poet. He was the most celebrated Vietnamese Catholic literary figure during the colonial era.
He was born Nguyễn Trọng Trí, at Lệ Mỹ Village, Đồng Hới District, Quảng Bình Province. His pen names included Minh Duệ, Phong Trần, Lệ Thanh, and finally Hàn Mặc Tử, by which name is known today. He grew up in a poor family, his father having died when he was young. He showed poetic talent at a young age. When he met Phan Bội Châu, he received encouragement and praise that made him well known. He contracted leprosy in 1937, and was finally hospitalized at Quy Hòa Hospital in September 1940, where he died two months later.
His many poems addressed to real or fictive women—in the manner of Giacomo Leopardi in the West, for example—remain popular, and he is known as a love poet in Vietnam. His poems on folk subjects are also well known.
Poetry
Hàn Mặc Tử's early poems—praised by Phan Bội Châu—are famous for their purity of diction and form, and show him to be a fluent Classicist with a strong interest in realistic subjects. Subsequently, his poetry showed the influence of French Symbolism, and after he fell sick, became increasingly violent and despondent. Personal despair combined with the search for poetic novelty led him to found the short-lived "Chaos" (Loạn) or "Mad" (Ðiên) school of poetry. More than a love poet, Hàn Mặc Tử was a Modernist, who sought to fuse, in a new poetic language, disparate traditions and experiences. Beginning with poems that refreshed the Classical tradition, he went on to absorb the French influence, which he directed toward the turbulence of his own painful history. His language, increasingly tortured, remained both Classical and innovative throughout; and though a Catholic, he made frequent use of Buddhist ideas and imagery.
Collections
Gái Quê (Country Girls) 1936, the only collection published during his lifetime
Chơi Giữa Mùa Trăng (Playing in the Moon Season)
Xuân Như Ý (Ideal Spring)
Ðau Thương (Suffering)
Thượng Thanh Khí (Fresh Air Above)
Cẩm Châu Duyên (Cẩm Châu Coast).
Đây thôn Vĩ dạ (Here is Vĩ Dạ hamlet).
Poetry in English
Hàn Mặc Tử's poetry has not appeared in credible English translations. His complex late style compounds the problems related to translating Vietnamese poetry into English; while the purity of his early style presents another set of challenges. A bilingual Vietnamese–French choice of his poetry was published in 2001 by French scholar Hélène Péras (Le Hameau des roseaux, Aryufen).
See also
Hạc San
References
1912 births
1940 deaths
Vietnamese male poets
Vietnamese Roman Catholics
Deaths from leprosy
People from Quảng Bình province
Infectious disease deaths in Vietnam
20th-century Vietnamese poets
20th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n%20M%E1%BA%B7c%20T%E1%BB%AD |
Hidden Camera Jihad also known as Jihad Hidden Camera is a propaganda film widely available on the internet. The film features clips of American & British soldiers being killed by IEDs and snipers and is overdubbed with slapstick style sound effects and an applause/laugh track.
It is often aired on Al-Zawraa TV, a TV channel that frequently airs footage of attacks on coalition forces.
In an interview with NPR Phil Alden Robinson (director of Sneakers and Field of Dreams) said he suspects the film is of American origin due to a number of pop culture references (including Tarzan and Fox News) and the software used to manufacture the film.
References
2006 films
2000s war films
Jihadist works
2006 independent films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20Camera%20Jihad |
This is a list of editorial cartoonists of the past and present sorted by nationality. An editorial cartoonist is an artist, a cartoonist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. The list is incomplete; it lists only those editorial cartoonists for whom a Wikipedia article already exists.
International
Patrick Chappatte, International New York Times
Kal, The Economist
Algeria
Ali Dilem
Argentina
Miguel Brascó
Australia
Dean Alston
Patrick Cook
Stan Cross
John Ditchburn
William Ellis Green
Arthur Horner
Geoff "Jeff" Hook
Mark Knight
Bill Leak
Michael Leunig
Stewart McCrae
Malcolm McGookin
Alan Moir
George Molnar
Peter Nicholson
Pat Oliphant
Ward O'Neill
Bruce Petty
Larry Pickering
Geoff Pryor
Paul Rigby, News Corporation
David Rowe The Australian Financial Review
Dan Russell
Jim Russell
John Spooner
Cathy Wilcox
Paul Zanetti
Bangladesh
Arifur Rahman, Toons Mag
Khalil Rahman, The Daily Jugantor
Belgium
Didier Dubucq
Gal
Philippe Geluck
Kamagurka
Karl Meersman
Jef Nys
Félicien Rops
Marc Sleen
Brazil
Carlos Latuff
Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre (19th century)
Zero
Canada
Aislin (Terry Mosher), The Montreal Gazette
Bado (Guy Badeaux)
Sid Barron
John Wilson Bengough
Blaine (Blaine MacDonald)
Stewart Cameron
Roy Carless
Bob Chambers
Serge Chapleau
Fred Curatolo
Michael de Adder, Halifax Daily News
Andy Donato, Toronto Sun
Brian Gable
Graeme MacKay, Mackay Cartoons
Bruce MacKinnon
Duncan Macpherson
Len Norris
Roy Peterson
André Pijet
Adrian Raeside
Vic Roschkov, Sr.
Wyatt Tremblay
Kerry Waghorn
Avrom Yanovsky
China
Wuheqilin (Fu Yu 付昱)
Colombia
Vladdo (Vladimir Flórez)
Denmark
Roald Als
Egypt
Mustafa Hussein
Ahmed Toughan
France
Diego Aranega
Jean-François Batellier
Cabu
Honoré Daumier
André Gill
Robert Lassalvy
Étienne Lécroart
Luz
Chantal Montellier
Amédée de Noé, aka Cham
René Pétillon
Françoise Pichard
Plantu
Jean-Marc Reiser
Riss
Siné
Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers (born in Switzerland)
Finland
Kari Suomalainen, Helsingin Sanomat
Greece
Chrysanthos Mentis Bostantzoglou (also known as Bost; Greek: Μποστ)
India
Sudhir Dar
Shekhar Gurera
Kutty
R. K. Laxman
Manjul
Shankar Pamarthy
Vasant Sarwate
Sudhir Tailang
Bal Thackeray
Tulal
E. P. Unni
Mir Suhail Qadri
Iran
Bozorgmehr Hosseinpour
Nikahang Kowsar
Mana Neyestani
Maziar Bijani
Ireland
Arthur Booth
Gordon Brewster
W. H. Conn
John Doyle ("H.B.")
Thomas Fitzpatrick
Rowel Friers
Harry Furniss
Grace Gifford
Charles E. Kelly
Ian Knox
J. D. Reigh
Martyn Turner
Israel
Gideon Amichay
"Dosh" (Kariel Gardosh)
Dudu Geva
Avi Katz
Michel Kichka
Ranan Lurie
Ze'ev
Italy
Japan
Susumu Matsushita
Jordan
Khaldoon Gharaibeh
Lebanon
Mahmoud Kahil, Asharq Al-Awsat, Al Majalla, Courrier International
Lithuania
Malaysia
Lat
Mexico
Paco Calderón
Antonio Helguera
Morocco
Abdellah Derkaoui
Nepal
Rabi Mishra
Netherlands
Johan Braakensiek
Bastiaan Geleijnse
Albert Hahn
Gregorius Nekschot
Louis Raemaekers
John Reid
Peter van Straaten
Jean-Marc van Tol
Willem
New Zealand
Jeff Bell, The Dominion Post, Waikato Times, Stuff, Stuff Jeff Bell Cartoons
William Blomfield
Guy Body, The NZ Herald, Guy Body’s Website
Bob Brockie, National Business Review
Peter Bromhead, Marlborough Express
Anthony Ellison
Malcolm Evans
Allan Hawkey, Waikato Times
Eric Heath
Trace Hodgson, Listener , NZ Truth, New Zealand herald, Trace Hodgson’s Cartoons
Jim Hubbard, The Dominion Post, Waikato Times, Jim Hubbard’s Cartoons
John Kent - (Varoomshka)
Sharon Murdoch, Sunday Star Times, The Press, Dominion Post
Gordon Minhinnick, New Zealand Herald
Sid Scales, Otago Daily Times
Tom Scott, The Dominion Post
Chris Slane, Chris Slane’s Cartoons
Garrick Tremain
Norway
Morten Mørland, The Times
Arifur Rahman
Pakistan
Yusuf Lodhi
Palestine
Naji al-Ali
Mohammad Saba'aneh
Emad Hajjaj
Poland
Zbigniew Lengren
Portugal
Bordalo Pinheiro, Rafael, Zé Povinho
Romania
Gogu Neagoe
Russia
Boris Efimov
Saudi Arabia
Hana Hajjar, Arab News
Serbia
Dušan Petričić
Predrag Koraksić Corax
Singapore
Heng Kim Song
South Africa
Jeremy Nell
Zapiro
South Korea
Kim Sung Whan
Spain
Kap, La Vanguardia, El Mundo Deportivo
Antonio Lara de Gavilán
Mingote, ABC
Switzerland
Patrick Chappatte
Tunisia
Z
Thailand
Kai Maew
Mor, Bangkok Post and Krungthep Thurakij
Chai Rachawat, Thairath
Turkey
Cem Kızıltuğ, Zaman
Salih Memecan, Sabah
Emre Ozdemir, Zaman
United Kingdom
Ewen Bain, Daily Record, Scots Independent
Steve Bell, The Guardian
Rupert Besley, Isle of Wight County Press
Peter Brookes, The Times
Peter Clark, The Guardian
Charles Exeter Devereux Crombie
Michael Cummings, Daily Express
Stanley Arthur Franklin, Daily Mirror and The Sun
Nicholas Garland, Daily Telegraph
Les Gibbard
Carl Giles
William Hogarth, 18th century
Richard Horne
Jak, Evening Standard
Mahmoud Kahil, Asharq Al-Awsat, Al Majalla, Courrier International
David Low
Malcolm McGookin
William Papas, The Guardian
Jonathan Pugh, The Times and The Daily Mail
Chris Riddell, The Observer
John Tenniel
Edward Tennyson Reed, Punch (19th and 20th Century)
Martin Rowson, The Guardian
Gerald Scarfe, The Sunday Times and The New Yorker
Peter Schrank
Clive Uptton
Victor Vicky Weisz
Dyke White, Daily Record and The Scottish Daily Express
Philip Zec, Daily Mirror
United States
Lalo Alcaraz, LA Weekly
F.O. Alexander, Philadelphia Bulletin
Nick Anderson, Houston Chronicle
Chuck Asay, Creators Syndicate
Tony Auth, Philadelphia Inquirer
Pat Bagley, Salt Lake Tribune
Clifford H. Baldowski
Cornelia Barns
Darrin Bell
Khalil Bendib
Clay Bennett, Chattanooga Times Free Press
Steve Benson, Arizona Republic
Oscar Berger
Randy Bish, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
Chip Bok, Akron Beacon Journal
Ruben Bolling, Tom the Dancing Bug
Jim Borgman, Cincinnati Enquirer
Matt Bors, United Media, United Features Syndicate
Luther D. Bradley, Chicago Daily News
Steve Breen, San Diego Union-Tribune
Steve Brodner
Jacob Burck, Chicago Sun-Times
Daryl Cagle, Cagle Cartoons
Stuart Carlson, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
William Charles (1776–1820)
Earle D. Chesney
Ron Cobb, Los Angeles Free Press
Paul Conrad, Tribune Media Services
Bill Crawford, United Media, NEA
Stacy Curtis
Jeff Danziger, Los Angeles Times Syndicate
Jay Norwood Darling, Des Moines Register
Bill Day, Cagle Cartoons
Sean Delonas, New York Post
Liza Donnelly, The New Yorker Magazine
Robert W. Edgren, The Evening World
Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant
Charles Evenden
Jules Feiffer
Charles Fincher, LawComix
Mark Fiore
Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post Dispatch (two-time Pulitzer prize)
Mike Flugennock
Joe Fournier, Chicago Tribune
Michael Fry, Houston Post
Ben Garrison
Thomas F. Gibson
John "DOK" Hager, Seattle Times
Walt Handelsman, New Orleans Advocate & Tribune Content Agency
Harold R. Heaton
Joe Heller, Green Bay Press-Gazette
Herblock, The Washington Post
Dick Hodgins, Jr.
Jerry Holbert, Boston Herald
Ed Holland, Chicago Tribune
David Horsey, Tribune Content Agency
Karl Hubenthal, Los Angeles Hearst newspapers
Etta Hulme, Fort Worth Star-Telegram
Barry Hunau, J. The Jewish News of Northern California
Frank Interlandi, Des Moines Register, Los Angeles Times
Cecil Jensen
Kerry G. Johnson
Clay Jones, The Free Lance-Star
Kevin Kallaugher, The Economist, Baltimore Sun
Steve Kelley, Times-Picayune
Kelly, The Onion
Warren King
Keith Knight, The K Chronicles, (Th)ink
Jeff Koterba, Omaha World Herald
Lyle Lahey
Mike Lester, Rome News-Tribune
Mike Luckovich, Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Ranan Lurie
Miel Prudencio Ma
Jeff MacNelly, Chicago Tribune
Reg Manning, Arizona Republic
Jimmy Margulies, The Record (Bergen County)
Doug Marlette, Tulsa World
Marguerite Martyn, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Bill Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Glenn McCoy, Belleville News-Democrat
John Tinney McCutcheon, Chicago Tribune
Shaw McCutcheon, Spokesman-Review
Wiley Miller
Jim Morin, Miami Herald
Thomas Nast
Neal Obermeyer, San Diego Reader, Lincoln Journal Star, The Reader
Jack Ohman, The Sacramento Bee
Pat Oliphant, Universal Press Syndicate
Carey Orr, Chicago Tribune
Ray Osrin, The Plain Dealer
Paul Palnik
Jeff Parker, Florida Today
Walt Partymiller
Mike Peters, Dayton Daily News
Joel Pett, Lexington Herald-Leader & Tribune Content Agency
John Pierotti
Ted Rall, Universal Press Syndicate
Michael Ramirez, Investor's Business Daily
Mikhaela Reid
Steve Sack, Minneapolis Star Tribune
Ben Sargent, Austin American-Statesman
Bill Schorr, United Media, United Features Syndicate
Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel)
Drew Sheneman, Tribune Content Agency
Jen Sorensen
Lee W. Stanley
Scott Stantis, Chicago Tribune & Tribune Content Agency
Wayne Stayskal, Tampa Tribune
Ed Stein, Rocky Mountain News
Ed Subitzky, New York Times
Dana Summers, Tribune Content Agency
Ann Telnaes, NYTS/CWS
Tom Toles, Washington Post
Tom Tomorrow (Dan Perkins), This Modern World
Rob Tornoe
J. P. Trostle, Herald-Sun (Durham, North Carolina)
Unit (Cristian Fleming), The Brooklyn Paper
Edmund S. Valtman, The Hartford Times
Gary Varvel, Indianapolis Star
Pete Wagner, (Minneapolis) City Pages, Minnesota Daily, Madison Press Connection, Hustler Magazine
Dan Wasserman, Boston Globe & Tribune Content Agency
Emil Weiss
Shan Wells, Huffington Post, Artizans, Cartoon Movement, Durango Telegraph
Charles Werner, Indianapolis Star
Signe Wilkinson, Philadelphia Daily News
Clint C. Wilson, Sr.
Monte Wolverton, Cagle Cartoons
Don Wright, Palm Beach Post
Larry Wright, Detroit News
Matt Wuerker, Politico
Adam Zyglis, Buffalo News
See also
Editorial cartoon
Editorial cartoonist
List of caricaturists
List of cartoonists
Editorial cartoonists
Cartooning-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20editorial%20cartoonists |
Monk Dawson is a film that was released in 1998, directed and produced by Tom Waller and starring John Michie, Benedict Taylor, Martin Kemp, Rhona Mitra, and Paula Hamilton. It was based on the 1969 novel of the same name written by Piers Paul Read.
The film is about Eddie Dawson, a monk who has led a sheltered existence at a Benedictine monastery, but when he is expelled from his order he has to learn to deal with the harsh realities of everyday life in 1970s London, finding work as a journalist. He falls in love with a beautiful widow then discovers she has been having an affair with his best friend.
Eddie later marries a young girl who he first met whilst a priest in the parish, however he decides to return to live as a monk on a remote island.
Despite being well received by film critics, the lack of a well-known cast led to a short box office run in the United Kingdom with a gross of just £7,210, and a straight to video release for the United States market. The film was chosen as the closer for the Leeds International Film Festival, and in 1999 it was also nominated for Best Film at the UK Creative Freedom Awards.
In Canada and the United States the film was re-released in 2004 as Passion of the Priest.
References
External links
De Warrenne Pictures: Monk Dawson
FilmThreat.com: Monk Dawson
1998 films
1998 drama films
British drama films
Films based on British novels
Films set in London
Films set in the 1970s
1990s English-language films
1990s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%20Dawson |
Philip Chandler Gale (November 15, 1978 – March 13, 1998) was an American pioneering Internet software developer, computer prodigy, and sophomore student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was notable for having written Total Access while at MIT, and was hired by EarthLink at the age of 16 to work on its development. In 2008, the company had more than one million users. By the age of 17, Gale had earned roughly a million dollars' worth of stock options at EarthLink for his innovative ISP programs.
In 1995, Gale's father died from a heart attack, and friends said Gale struggled to come to terms with the loss. He returned to MIT in 1996 and became a music major.
Early life and education
Philip Chandler Gale was the eldest child of Marie and David Gale. He had a younger sister Elizabeth. His parents and many of his immediate family were deeply committed to the Church of Scientology. His mother Marie had been in the church from the age of 12, and her parents and grandparents were also believers. Philip's father was a software engineer, and in 1981 had founded RealWorld, a supplier of accounting software. His parents met through the church in Los Angeles, where Marie was on staff and David was a fanatic.
The family moved from Los Angeles to New Hampshire when Philip was young, and he showed "an early aptitude for numbers and machines". Seeing his abilities, Marie taught him at home with another mother, and said that before the age of five, he was reading and doing math at the second and third-grade level. Later they lived in Clearwater, Florida; Charlotte, North Carolina; Utah; and Oregon.
From the age of 8, Gale lived and studied at The Delphian School in Sheridan, Oregon, a private boarding school based on L. Ron Hubbard's study technology. Philip's parents personally knew the founders of the school. He graduated from there at age 14. At that time, his family had moved to Utah. Gale got a job in programming at the marketing firm where his father worked, but he had contentious relations with fellow workers, as he could outperform many older programmers and had a tendency to treat people who were not as intelligent as he with contempt.
College and EarthLink
Gale was admitted to MIT at the age of 15 in 1993. He initially pursued studies in physics and engineering. In addition to his ability in programming, he was an accomplished musician. At MIT, he joined the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity as a freshman in late 1994.
At 16, Gale wrote an important software program called "Total Access", to increase usage of Internet service providers (ISP). He was hired by EarthLink over Christmas break his first year as a student, and took a 3-semester sabbatical from MIT to work at the company, which had been founded by Sky Dayton, a Scientology member and fellow Delphian School alumnus. As director of research and development, Gale developed his program to increase the ability of the company's internet servers to connect customers to the Internet, giving the firm a competitive advantage that helped it ascend to the top ranks among ISPs. It eventually acquired one million customers and a market share worth $2 billion.
During his time away from MIT, Gale started indulging in drinking, smoking, gambling, and sex, exploring experiences that were at odds with his earlier religious education. He abandoned Scientology, and compared its methods to the self-parodying Church of the SubGenius. During his time at EarthLink, Gale dated a couple of women, but had difficulties relating to many of his coworkers.
His father died from a heart attack in 1995 when Gale was 17. Friends and family said that Gale was profoundly affected by the loss of his father. A year later, he seemed to be struggling with real grief and trying to come to terms with it.
Before his 17th birthday he declared legal emancipation, which allowed him to exercise stock options worth about a million dollars at EarthLink, which was about to go public.
Return to MIT
Gale returned to MIT in 1996. In fall of 1997, he switched from physics to the humanities, becoming a music major and surprising some of his friends. He performed with a chorus and Balinese-style percussion orchestra. With a friend, Gale formed a rock band and played drums.
In late 1997 he took a course in Musical Aesthetics and Media Technology with MIT Media Laboratory professor Tod Machover. Machover later said that Gale was "a quiet, serious, unusual, talented and brilliant young man". As an example, Machover said that a week before his death, Gale returned with a proposal for a complex project, having gone in his own direction after some of their preliminary discussions. He proposed to develop a way to analyze diverse sounds, among them crowd noises, nature sounds, and machines clanging, permitting them to be organized and associated according to rhythmic, loudness, and coloristic similarities. "The idea was great, and very much in line with some of the more ambitious hopes that our group has for the future of music", Machover commented. Gale acquired an expensive new digital recorder to work on this project.
Also in the fall of 1997, Gale moved out of the fraternity house and room which he had shared with his friend Eric Hu, and into an apartment in Central Square with two other students. Hu later said that Gale had mentioned suicide in the weeks before his death, complaining about being bored and depressed, and feeling that his state would not change. Gale had a relationship for months with Christine Hrul, a student at Wellesley College, but he had abruptly broken off their relationship in February 1998. About that time, he wrote an email to an old friend saying he was depressed and thought about suicide. Friends said he had mostly stopped going to class and wasn't eating well.
Death
For weeks, Gale had been asking classmates how to get access to the roof of MIT's tallest structure, the Cecil and Ida Green Building, which is occupied by the Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department. On March 13, 1998, at about 7:30 pm in an empty classroom on the 15th floor of the Green Building, Gale brought his portable digital recorder, which he switched on. Gale then wrote and drew the following on the blackboard: Isaac Newton's equation for how an object accelerates as it falls, along with a sketch of a stick figure tossing a chair. He signed it, "Phil was here", picked up a chair and hurled it through the heavy plate glass window. Witnesses said that he cleared the glass shards away, and then jumped out the window.
Eric Plosky, a student at MIT, was inside an adjacent dorm watching television at the time of Gale's death, and heard a crashing sound. Plosky recounted to National Public Radio, "The windows of the building were sealed. So he actually had to throw a chair out the window to break it so that he could jump through. The noise that we heard was that chair hitting the ground. Some of the people in my dorm actually looked out the window in time to see him fall."
"It was typical Phil. It's so like him to have planned a show", said his former girlfriend Christine Hrul, "He was so careful with things in his life, so methodical". Students reported hearing the sound of breaking glass, then a splintering sound, and last a scream. Gale was taken to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 8:05 pm.
Police released part of Gale's suicide note, which was found at his apartment:
Presumably I have jumped from a tall building. Yes, it is odd. To tell you why would be to tell you my mind! I cannot do this. I am not crazy, albeit driven to suicide. "It is not about any single event, or person. It is about stubborn sadness, and a detached view of the world. I see my life — so much dreary, mundane, wasted time wishing upon unattainable goals — and I feel little attachment to the future. But it is not so bad, relatively. I exaggerate. "In the end, it is that I am unwilling (sick of living) to live in mediocrity. And this is what I have chosen to do about it. "The saddest part is the inevitable guilt and sorrow I will force on my family and friends. But there is not much I can say. I am sorry. Try to understand that this is about me and my 'fuked up ideas.' It is not because I was raised poorly or not cared for enough. It just is. "Please give my $ to my family and my gizmos to people who will use them. — and no fuking suing! "I am scared of the fall. I am scared of the impact. But when it is through, it will be through. "take care world, Philip"
Gale closed his handwritten suicide note with a smiley face and the words "And stay happy!"
After an investigation and an autopsy by Cambridge police, Gale's death at the age of nineteen, late on the evening of March 13, 1998, was ruled a suicide.
A memorial service was held at the MIT Chapel on March 19. His body was cremated in Boston and his ashes were shipped to his mother for a private ceremony. Gale was survived by his mother and a sister.
Media coverage and Scientology
Gale was raised a Scientologist, but at the time of his death he had distanced himself from its practices. Gale was said to have fully abandoned his Scientology beliefs while at EarthLink. A close friend at EarthLink, Brian Ladner, said that "Leaving Scientology was a traumatic experience. He was brought up thinking it was the only way." Ladner says while they worked together, he introduced Gale to Church of the SubGenius, which specializes in debunking cults and has developed its own cult following. During that period, Ladner reported that Gale hung a poster of J. R. "Bob" Dobbs, SubGenius' fictional spiritual leader, on his office door. According to Ladner, the pair of young men had also done a lot of partying in Los Angeles, and worked for a time on a "pornographic Web site hosted by EarthLink".
Shortly after Gale's death, speculation on campus, in the media, and on the Internet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology arose. Questions arose about the role his Scientology background may have played in his suicide, particularly because he died on the day that adherents celebrate founder L. Ron Hubbard's birthday. Gale had been in contact with a reporter for the Boston Herald and had been interviewed as part of a scathing 5-part series titled "Scientology Unmasked", published March 1 through 5, 1998, just days before his suicide by Joseph Mallia. Though Gale was not named in the special report for which he had been interviewed, Mallia also wrote an article about his death shortly thereafter.
Matthew Munsey, an MIT student who witnessed Gale's suicide, created a website called "Who is Philip Gale?" in an effort to make sense of the incident. He stated "Since this tragedy, I have thought a great deal about Philip and what he was trying to say. These questions need to be answered. Meanwhile, I will collect information here." This site included some personal notes from friends and photos, until it was taken down; it can only be accessed by web archival machines.
Others who spoke publicly dismissed the idea that Scientology was significant in his suicide. Lauren McLeod, a reporter with the Concord Journal and friend of Gale's, said that he had been struggling to deal with lasting grief following his father's sudden death from a heart attack in October 1995. His friend Eric Hu said that Gale had complained of being depressed and bored. Another friend from EarthLink had received an email expressing his discontent about a week before his death.
In November 1999 a fellow MIT student, Matthew Herper, published an article reflecting on several student deaths, including Gale's suicide.
People magazine featured Gale's story in a 2001 series of articles on suicides at MIT, describing him as a music major "so prodigiously bright that he counted few of his much older peers as intellectual equals". His mother and sister were interviewed and photographed for the article. Though it touched on Gale's Scientology upbringing, it mostly focused on the high suicide rate at MIT and student access to health care on campus.
In August 2001, the National Public Radio program All Things Considered noted that, in the wake of Gale's death, MIT had investigated how to deal with issues of student suicides. The student Eric Plosky commented to NPR:
"In many ways, suicide has been looked on as something that's just part and parcel of life at the Institute. That ingrained thinking historically, I think, has prevented administrators from looking at suicide as a problem to which there might be some reasonable response."
The investigative report released by MIT identified deficiencies within its mental health program. Between 1995 and 2015, the rate of suicides among MIT undergraduate students was 50% higher than the national average for college students, and slightly higher than comparable figures at nearby Harvard University. In a 2015 interview, MIT Chancellor Cynthia Barnhart acknowledged that the numbers were of concern, but had improved since the early 2000s.
See also
List of suicides
References
1978 births
1998 suicides
1998 deaths
American SubGenii
American former Scientologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Los Angeles
People from New Hampshire
College students who died by suicide
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Suicides in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Gale |
Tino Rodríguez is a Mexican-American painter. Born and raised in Guadalajara, Mexico, Rodriguez was influenced by the symbolism and themes evident in the Catholic churches of his youth. His work was also influenced by his absorption of fairy tales.
His work incorporates fantastical imagery combining animal and human forms, as well as dream-like backgrounds and settings.
His work has been exhibited at numerous venues in San Francisco.
The exhibition Tino Rodríguez: The Darkening Garden/El Jardin al Anochecer was featured at the San Jose Museum of Art in 2003.
Rodriguez studied at the Sorbonne in 1990. He received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the San Francisco Art Institute and his Master of Fine Arts from the University of New Mexico.
External links
Official Site
San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery
Arts Scene California
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
Mexican emigrants to the United States
University of Paris alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
American artists of Mexican descent
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
21st-century Mexican male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino%20Rodr%C3%ADguez |
Love Is Hell may refer to:
Love Is Hell, a Life in Hell anthology by cartoonist Matt Groening
Love Is Hell (Kitchens of Distinction album), 1989
Love Is Hell (Ryan Adams album), 2004
Love Is Hell (Phora album), 2018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Is%20Hell |
Rivermont Collegiate, formerly St. Katharine's/St. Mark's School, is a nonsectarian, independent, multicultural, college preparatory school for students two years old through twelfth grade, located in the Quad Cities in Bettendorf, Iowa, in the United States. Rivermont Collegiate is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), specifically the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS), the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB), Council for Advance and Support of Education (CASE), and the National Honor Society (NHS). The school currently resides on the former property of Joseph Bettendorf, namesake of the city.
History
In 1846, a group of transplanted New England Congregationalists with a strong social-reformer orientation formed the Trustees of Iowa College. Although founded in Davenport, Iowa, Iowa College moved from its Davenport location to the town of Grinnell after being invited by Josiah Bushnell Grinnell to move to his newly founded town, located at the intersection of two major railroads. The Davenport location was later renamed to Griswold College, after Bishop Alexander Viets Griswold of the Eastern Diocese of the Episcopal Church. Griswold College began growing slowly, adding a theological department, and Kemper Hall (which served as a boys' school).
In 1883, the trustees of Griswold College received a legacy from the estate of Miss Sarah Burr (an eastern churchwoman), for the establishment of a Church School for Christian girls in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. These funds were invested in Cambria Place, a magnificent residence designed by a famous architect (who designed the Illinois State Capitol and the Chicago Board of Trade Building), with five acres of land, high on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in Davenport, Iowa. On September 24, 1884, Bishop William Stevens Perry founded St. Katharine's School, which was placed high among college preparatory schools in the country. Meanwhile, Griswold college, theological department and boys' school were forced to close in the 1890s.
The school was originally organized as St. Katharine's School, an Episcopal boarding and day school for girls. Located at 10th and Tremont Streets in Davenport, for over eighty years the school educated local girls as well as those from afar. However, St. Katharine's later dropped its boarding program, became co-educational, in 1968 adding St. Mark's to its name to reflect the change.
In 1973, St. Katharine's St. Mark's moved to its current location, the former home of Joseph Bettendorf, and by 1980, the school amicably broke ties with the Episcopal Church. In 2001, the board of trustees voted to change the name of the school to Rivermont Collegiate, in order to reduce confusion about its religious affiliation.
The early days
The girls who attended St. Katharine's were subject to strict rules. Students were not allowed to have books, magazines, or newspapers delivered without the principal's permission. Students could not keep any food except for fruit. Students couldn't go to town without a parent or teacher, and no student could spend the night out of the building. The only time students could go home was on Thursdays, but only till 8:00 p.m. They couldn't even spend Sundays at home. The girls were not allowed to wear jewelry, big dresses or silk dresses. Also, one hour of exercise was required every day.
In 1910, the taxpayers of Davenport gave an observatory and telescope to the school but it burned to the ground in a fire.
Meanwhile, local industrialist Joseph Bettendorf was building his dream house, which later became the signature building of Rivermont Collegiate. Mr. Bettendorf, whose Bettendorf Company manufactured truck frames for railroad cars, helped draw the plans for an English Manor style mansion on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. In 1915, he supervised construction of the mansion, complete with a sweeping terraced lawn overlooking the Mississippi.
Designed for entertaining railroad executives and community members, the house included a stained glass domed conservatory, formal dining room, parlor, music room, and billiard room. The second floor contained several bedrooms, a large sitting room and servant quarters. A ballroom was located on the third floor, and at one time two bowling alleys were located in the basement. Craftsmen added Italian marble, carved stone, molded plaster and hand-carved woodwork, doors, paneling and staircases throughout the home.
The campus
Rivermont Collegiate campus consists of five buildings on the former Joseph Bettendorf property:
The Mansion, which is the former home of Joseph Bettendorf, now houses upper school and middle school classes, as well as administrative offices.
The Carriage House, formerly Joseph Bettendorf's garage, is now rebuilt as a boarding house for boarding students. The ribbon cutting for the opening of the rebuilt Carriage House was on July 31, 2017.
Becherer Hall was completed in 1999 and houses the lower school and early childhood program, as well as the auditorium and cafeteria.
The Gym serves as a basketball and volleyball court. It was added to the mansion in 1974.
The STEAM Center was completed in 2019 on the old site of the Wallace House, which was demolished on December 19, 2017. This building includes science, technology, engineering, art, and math classrooms on the first 2 levels, as well as 2 floors capable of holding 32 dorm students, in a 22,000 square foot space. It was estimated to cost $6 million.
Notable people
Alejandra Lillo, designer
Louise Meiszner, pianist
See also
List of high schools in Iowa
References
External links
Official Site
Group for SK/SM alumni
Quad Cities
Private elementary schools in Iowa
Private middle schools in Iowa
Private high schools in Iowa
Educational institutions established in 1884
Schools in Scott County, Iowa
Bettendorf, Iowa
Preparatory schools in Iowa
1884 establishments in Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivermont%20Collegiate |
In the United States, the processes of government procurement enable federal, state and local government bodies in the country to acquire goods, services (including construction), and interests in real property.
In fiscal year 2019, the US Federal Government spent $597bn on contracts. The market for state, local, and education (SLED) contracts is thought to be worth $1.5 trillion. Supplies are purchased from both domestic and overseas suppliers. Contracts for federal government procurement usually involve appropriated funds spent on supplies, services, and interests in real property by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or lease, whether the supplies, services, or interests are already in existence or must be created, developed, demonstrated, and evaluated. Federal Government contracting has the same legal elements as contracting between private parties: a lawful purpose, competent contracting parties, an offer, an acceptance that complies with the terms of the offer, mutuality of obligation, and consideration. However, federal procurement is much more heavily regulated, subject to volumes of statutes dealing with federal contracts and the federal contracting process, mostly in Titles 10 (Armed Forces), 31 (Money and Finance), 40 (Protection of the Environment), and 41 (Public Contracts) within the United States Code.
Value of government procurement
In fiscal year 2019, the US Federal Government spent $597bn on contracts. The Obama administration measured spend at over $500bn in 2008, double the spend level of 2001. Other estimates suggest spend was $442bn in fiscal year 2015 and $461bn in 2016. Federal Procurement Reports provide contract data which may be used for geographical, market, and socio-economic analysis, as well as for measuring and assessing the impact of acquisition policy and management improvements.
In Fiscal Year 2010, the top five departments by dollars obligated were:
Department of Defense ($365.9 bn)
Department of Energy ($25.7 bn)
Health and Human Services ($19.0 bn)
General Services Administration ($17.6 bn)
NASA ($16.0 bn).
The Top 100 Contractors Report for Fiscal Year 2009 lists contracts totalling $294.6 billion, the top five comprising aerospace and defense contractors:
Lockheed Martin ($38.5 bn)
Boeing ($22.0 bn)
Northrop Grumman ($19.7 bn)
General Dynamics ($16.4 bn)
Raytheon ($16.1 bn)
In the same period, small business contracts totalled $96.8 billion.
Law
The Federal Government's authority to enter into contracts derives from the U.S. Constitution, which defines its powers. The Federal Government acts through legislation, treaties, implementing regulations, and the exercise of those authorities. The Federal Government's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution, but Article 6 appears to assume the continued vitality of "Engagements" entered into under the preceding Articles of Confederation. Moreover, the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government's execution of its other powers. An early Supreme Court case, the United States v. Thomas Tingey, recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract. It is an incident to the general right of sovereignty, and the United States may, within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided, enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers. Scores of statutes now also expressly authorize departments and agencies to enter into contracts. The U.S. Congress passes legislation that defines the process and additional legislation that provides the funds.
Contract law
Private parties entering into a contract with one another (i.e., commercial contracts) have more freedom to establish a broad range of contract terms by mutual consent compared to a private party entering into a contract with the Federal Government. Each private party represents its own interests and can obligate itself in any lawful manner. Federal Government contracts allow for the creation of contract terms by mutual consent of the parties, but many areas addressed by mutual consent in commercial contracts are controlled by law in federal contracting and legally require use of prescribed provisions and clauses. In commercial contracting, where one or both parties may be represented by agents whose authority is controlled by the law of agency, the agent is usually allowed to form a contract only with reference to accepted notions of commercial reasonableness and perhaps a few unique statutes which apply. In federal government contracting, the specific regulatory authority is required for the Government's agent to enter into the contract, and that agent's bargaining authority is strictly controlled by statutes and regulations reflecting national policy choices and prudential limitations on the right of federal employees to obligate federal funds. By contrast, in commercial contracting, the law allows each side to rely on the other's authority to make a binding contract on mutually agreeable terms. Executive branch agencies enter into the contracts and expend the funds to achieve their Congressionally defined missions. When disputes arise, administrative processes within the agencies may resolve them, or the contractor can appeal to the courts.
The procurement process for executive branch agencies (as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act. To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts, a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation. This 53-part regulation defines the procurement process, including special preference programs, and includes the specific language of many clauses mandated for inclusion within Government contracts. Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements. These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) volumes of the respective agencies. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR.
Government contracts are governed by federal common law, a body of law which is separate and distinct from the bodies of law applying to most businesses—the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and the general law of contracts. The UCC applies to contracts for the purchase and sale of goods, and to contracts granting a security interest in property other than land. The UCC is a body of law passed by the U.S. state legislatures and is generally uniform among the states. The general law of contracts, which applies when the UCC does not, is mostly common law, and is also similar across the states, whose courts look to each other's decisions when there is no in-state precedent.
Contracts directly between the Government and its contractors ("prime contracts") are governed by federal common law. Contracts between the prime contractor and its subcontractors are governed by the contract law of the respective states. Differences between those legal frameworks can put pressure on a prime contractor.
United States Constitution
The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution, but courts found that power implicit in the constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers, such as the powers to establish post offices, post roads, banks, an army, a navy, or militias.
Statutes
Behind any federal government acquisition is legislation that permits it and provided money for it. These are normally covered in authorization and appropriation legislation. Generally, this legislation does not affect the acquisition process itself, although the appropriation process has been used to amend procurement laws, notably with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act (FARA) and the Federal Acquisitions Streamlining Act (FASA). Other relevant laws include the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, the Armed Services Procurement Act (ASPA) and the Antideficiency Act.
Antideficiency Act
U.S. Federal fiscal law is about Congressional oversight of the Executive Branch, not principally toward getting the mission accomplished nor getting a good deal for the Government. Fiscal law frequently prevents government agencies from signing agreements that commercial entities would sign. Therefore, fiscal law can constrain a federal agency from the quickest, easiest, or cheapest way to accomplish its mission. This constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of public funds is associated with the principle of checks and balances. A good working relationship and robust communication between the Executive and Legislative branches is the key to avoiding problems in this area.
The power within fiscal law comes from the Antideficiency Act (ADA), which provides that no one can obligate the Government to make payments for which money has not already been appropriated. The ADA also prohibits the Government from receiving gratuitous services without explicit statutory authority. In particular, an ADA violation occurs when a Federal agency uses appropriated funds for a different purpose than is specified in the appropriations act which provided the funds to the agency. The ADA is directly connected to several other fiscal laws, namely the Purpose Act and the Bona Fide Needs Rule.
Money appropriated for one purpose cannot be used for a different purpose, according to the Purpose Act (). The annual DoD appropriations acts include approximately 100 different appropriations (known as "colors of money"), and by this rule operations and maintenance (O&M) funds may not be used to buy weapons. Even an expenditure within the apparent scope of one appropriation may not be permissible if there is a more specific appropriation or the agency has made a previous funds election contrary to the proposed use of funds. For example, O&M fund can be used for purchasing repair parts, but if the parts are required to effect a major service life extension that is no longer repair but replacement – procurement funds must be used if the total cost is more than $250,000 (otherwise known as the Other Procurement threshold, for example, Other Procurement Army (OPA) threshold) or another procurement appropriation is available such as the armored vehicle or weapons appropriation.
An Antideficiency Act violation can also occur when a contract uses funds in a period that falls outside of the time period the funds are authorized for use under what is known as the Bona Fide Needs rule (31 USC 1502), which provides: "The balance of a fixed-term appropriation is available only for payment of expenses properly incurred during the period of availability or to complete contracts properly made within that period."
The Bona Fide Need Rule is a fundamental principle of appropriations law addressing the availability as to the time of an agency's appropriation. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 79 (1994); 64 Comp. Gen. 410, 414-15 (1985). The rule establishes that an appropriation is available for obligation only to fulfill a genuine or bona fide need of the period of availability for which it was made. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 79 (1994). It applies to all Federal Government activities carried out with appropriated funds, including contract, grant, and cooperative agreement transactions. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 78-79 (1994). An agency's compliance with the bona fide need rule is measured at the time the agency incurs an obligation and depends on the purpose of the transaction and the nature of the obligation being entered into. 61 Comp. Gen. 184, 186 (1981) (bona fide need determination depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case). In the grant context, the obligation occurs at the time of the award. 31 Comp. Gen. 608 (1952). See also 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1501(a)(5)(B). Simply put, this rule states that the Executive Branch may only use current funds for current needs – they cannot buy items that benefit future year appropriation periods (i.e., 1 October through 30 September) without a specific exemption. The net result of this rule is funds expire after the end date for which Congress has specified their availability. For example, a single-year fund expires on 1 October of the year following their appropriation (i.e., FY07 appropriations. (for example, 1 October 2006 through 30 September 2007) expire on 1 October 2007).
For example, operations and maintenance funds generally cannot be used to purchase supplies after 30 September of the year they are appropriated within with several exceptions – 1) the severable services exemption under 10 USC 2410 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-34, Instructions on Budget Execution, 2) Authorized stockage level exceptions and 3) long lead time exception. (see https://web.archive.org/web/20041027004108/https://www.safaq.hq.af.mil/contracting/affars/fiscal-law/bona-fide-need.doc ) The Government Accounting Office (GAO) Principles of Federal Appropriations Law (otherwise known as the GAO Redbook at http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm ) has a detailed discussion of these fiscal law rules which directly impact on the ability of a Federal agency to contract with the private sector.
Procurement Integrity Act
The Procurement Integrity Act (PIA), introduced after a three-year FBI investigation launched in 1986 known as "Operation Ill Wind", applies to persons who engage in federal source selections and includes prohibitions on gifts being given to source selection personnel, restrictions on the dissemination of procurement sensitive information and post Government employment restrictions. The Act applies to federal and contractor employees. Non-compliance may result in criminal or civil penalties, cancellation of the procurement, rescinding contracts, suspension or debarment. The Act is implemented at FAR 3.104.
Identical bids
President Kennedy's Executive Order 10936 of 24 April 1961 required federal agencies to investigate and report on identical bids received in connection with the procurement of goods or services. It was revoked by President Reagan in 1983 by Executive Order 12430.
Kennedy's order reflected concern that "the prevalence of identical bidding [was] harmful to the effective functioning of a system of competitive bids" and that "identical bidding [might] constitute evidence of the existence of conspiracies to monopolize or restrain trade or commerce". Reagan's order argued that the requirement had "proved ineffective" and "consume[d] resources that could be employed in a more effective manner to prevent antitrust violations".
FASA
Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (FASA) Pub. L. No. 103-355, 108 Stat. 3243
10 U.S.C. § 2323 has language similar to FASA for the Department of Defense (DoD), NASA and the Coast Guard. In this legislation, Congress extended the affirmative action authority granted DoD by 10 U.S.C. § 2323 to all agencies of the Federal Government. See 15 U.S.C. § 644 note. Regulations to implement that authority were delayed because of the decision in Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995). See 60 Fed. Reg. 48,258 (September 18, 1995). See 61 Fed. Reg. 26,042 (May 23, 1996) (proposed reforms to affirmative action in Federal procurement) form the basis for the regulations to implement this provision of FASA. See 62 Fed. Reg. 25,648 (May 9, 1997) for Government response to comments on the proposal, and 62 Fed. Reg. 25,786 (May 9, 1997) (proposed rules), 63 Fed. Reg. 35,719 (June 30, 1998) (interim rules), and 63 Fed. Reg. 36,120 (July 1, 1998) (interim rules), Federal Acquisition Regulation, Reform of Affirmative Action in Federal Procurement addressing the General Services Administration (GSA), NASA, and DoD.
Federal Acquisition Regulation
The procurement process is subject to legislation and regulation separate from the authorization and appropriation process. These regulations are included in the Code of Federal Regulations ("CFR"), the omnibus listing of Government regulations, as Title 48. Chapter 1 of Title 48 is commonly called the Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR"). The remaining chapters of Title 48 are supplements to the FAR for specific agencies.
The process for promulgating regulations including the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) includes publication of proposed rules in the Federal Register and receipt of comments from the public before issuing the regulation. Courts treat the FAR as having the "force and effect of law", and Contracting Officers do not have the authority to deviate from it. Supplements to the FAR have been issued following the same process, and have the same force and effect.
The FAR and its supplements permit a substantial variation from the purchases of paperclips to battleships. The Contracting Officer and the contractor must seek to achieve their sometimes conflicting goals while following the requirements of the regulations. As with any complex document (in book form, Title 48 of the CFR requires several shelves), the FAR and its supplements can be interpreted differently by different people.
Overseas suppliers
Under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and also some free trade agreements, the United States has undertaken to ensure procurements covered by the GPA are opened up to overseas suppliers "in a manner consistent with ... international obligations". Some agreements allow overseas suppliers to access government procurement markets and provide for reciprocal rights for US suppliers to access foreign government contracting opportunities. President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13788 (18 April 2017) provided for a review of such agreements so as to identify whether any could be considered to undermine US interests.
Trade-in or sales authority
40 USC 181(c) provides that "In acquiring personal property, any executive agency, under regulations to be prescribed by the Administrator, subject to regulations prescribed by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy pursuant to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, may exchange or sell similar items and may apply the exchange allowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property acquired". The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gives agencies general authority to sell federal personal property and use the proceeds to replace similar property during the same fiscal year or the next one, like a used car trade-in.
The Miscellaneous Receipts Act mandates that funds received by the US Government must be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts account at the US Treasury unless a specific exemption was authorized by Congress. The Miscellaneous Receipts Act prevents the Executive Branch from financing itself except as specifically authorized by Congress. 40 USC 181(c) thus is necessary to ensure a command that essentially trades or sells items, frequently information technology (IT) equipment, can retain the receipts from the trade-in or sale and apply them to the acquisition of replacement items.
Acquisition process
Generally, federal acquisitions begin with identification of a requirement by a specific Federal activity. A basic idea of what is needed and the problem statement are prepared and the requiring activity meets with an acquisition command having a Contracting Officer with an appropriate warrant issued by a specific acquisition activity. A contracting agency has the discretion to determine its own needs and the best method to accommodate them.
Military acquisitions
Procurements by military agencies have several unique aspects to their acquisition process compared to procurement by non-military agencies. The overall process is guided by the Adaptive Acquisition Framework which can be used for acquiring products, services, and software on anything from an "Urgent Needs" basis to a Middle Tier of Acquisition to a Major Capability Acquisition. These procurement needs may are filled by acquisition programs, one of which is a Program of Record.
Urgent needs
The GAO raised concerns in 2011 regarding urgent needs' complex and uncoordinated acquisition processes, noting that
G-job
During World War II, some tasks in government contracts were given directly to a workers, because the tasks involved military secrets and supervisors were not permitted to know the secrets. If a supervisor asked the worker what he or she were doing, they would reply "it's government work," or it's a "G-job."
Some workers took advantage of military secrecy by doing personal work while on the job and falsely claiming they were doing a G-job.
After the war, "G-job" became slang for doing personal work while on the job and using their employer's equipment and materials.
Programs of Record
A Program of Record is a procurement program which is "a directed, funded effort that provides a new, improved, or continuing materiel, weapon, or information system or service capability in response to an approved need". A Program of Record requires certain documentation (eg. Acquisition Program Baseline (APB), acquisition strategies, Selected Acquisition Reports (SAR), etc.) and is recorded in the Future Year's Defense Program (FYDP) or can be updated from the previous year's FYDP. Prime government contractors bid to secure contracts to fulfill these Programs of Record. The term "Program of Record" originates from these programs being recorded in the budget as "line item record[s]", hence the name. However, not all procurement programs are programs of record. For example, acquisition programs made on an "Urgent Needs" basis are not considered Programs of Record as they lack some of the required documentation. Such programs can be converted into programs of record later on if that documentation is completed and the program adheres to the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System, among other requirements.
The roadmap for the fulfilment of a Program of Record is split into five periods:
Materiel Solutions Analysis (MSA)
Technology Maturation and Risk Reduction (TMRR)
Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD)
Production and Deployment (P&D): this includes start of Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP), Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), transition to Full Rate Production/Full Deployment, and achievement of Initial Operational Capability (IOC)
Operations and Sustainment (O&S): this includes achievement of Full Operational Capability (FOC) and continues out to the product's end-of-life and disposal
Key points along the roadmap include three major Milestones and four major Decision Points.
Milestones:
Milestone A: typical requirements include having a draft Capability Development Document (CDD), completed the Analysis of Alternatives study, justified the affordability and feasibility of the program, identified the necessary technologies, established the scope of the program, estimated program cost, proposed an acquisition strategy, developed a test strategy for assessing the acquired product/service
Milestone B: allows a program to enter the Engineering & Manufacturing Development phase. Includes approval of the Acquisition Program Baseline (APB)
Milestone C: allows a program to award contracts, begin Production and Deployment phase, and enter Low-Rate Initial Product (LRIP)
Decision Points:
Materiel Development Decision (MDD): the "entry point" in the major capability acquisition process; requires an Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) or equivalent, as well as a having developed the study guidance and study plan for an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) study
CDD Validation: affirms the capability requirements being sought in the product or service being acquired
Development RFP (Request for Proposal) Release Decision Point: ensures that the acquisition program planned is affordable and achievable before releasing the RFP to the industry
Full Rate Production/Full Deployment Decision: allows a program to begin full rate production of a product or full deployment of the product to units
Contracting Officers
Each Contracting Officer (CO) has a specific warrant which states the conditions under which they are permitted to engage in Federal contracting as an agent of the Government. The authority of a Contracting Officer to contract on behalf of the Government is set forth in a public document (a certificate of appointment, formerly called a "warrant") which a person dealing with the Contracting Officer can review. The CO does not have authority to act outside this warrant or to deviate from the laws and regulations controlling Federal Government contracts. The private contracting party is held to know the limitations of the CO's authority, even if the CO does not. This makes contracting with the United States a more structured and restricted process than a commercial one.
Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law, an agency's authority to contract is vested in the agency head, for example, the Secretary of the Air Force or the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Agency heads delegate their authority to Contracting Officers, who either hold their authority by virtue of their position or must be appointed in accordance with procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Only Contracting Officers may sign Government contracts on behalf of the Government. A Contracting Officer has only the authority delegated pursuant to law and agency procedures.
Unlike in commercial contracting, there is no doctrine of apparent authority applicable to the Government. Any action taken by a Contracting Officer which exceeds their actual delegated authority is not binding on the Government, even if both the Contracting Officer and the contractor desire the action and the action benefits the Government. The contractor is presumed to know the scope of the Contracting Officer's authority and cannot rely on any action of Contracting Officers when it exceeds their authority.
Contracting Officers are assisted in their duties by Contracting Officer Representatives (CORs) and Contracting Officer Technical Representatives (COTRs), who usually do not have the authority of a Contracting Officer.
Planning
The Contracting Officer and internal departments/end users ideally undertake a planning exercise in advance of procurement commencing. Acquisition planning is described in FAR Part 7, Acquisition Planning, and in agency supplements to the FAR, for example, Defense FAR Supplement (DFARS) 207, Acquisition Planning and the US Army's supplementary regulation, AFARS Part 7, Acquisition Planning.
Acquisition planning is frequently dependent on the circumstances. For example, during World War II, quantity was the key. As in the Civil War, the U.S. achieved victory due in large part to the industrial base in the northern states. A war of attrition requires massive quantities of material, but not necessarily of great quality. During the Cold War, quality was key. The United States may not have had as many pieces of equipment as their opposition, but that equipment could be more effective, efficient, or lethal, and offset the opposition's numerical advantage. Today, the military needs equipment that works where it is needed, is dependable, has a high degree of maintainability, has long-term reliability, is agile and versatile, and aims to avoid equipment choices which might result in political debate and partisan politics.
As part of the acquisition planning process, the Government must address its buying power leverage. Many Government acquisition commands write acquisitions solely based on haphazard acquisition strategies which are primarily directed toward avoiding bid protests. Thus, it is necessary to emphasize competition and understand the acquisition from the view point of the contractor; Government acquisition commands should ask what is to be achieved and whether or not the program is really in the best interest of the Government, specifying needs in a manner designed to achieve full and open competition and including restrictive requirements "only to the extent that they are necessary to satisfy the agency's legitimate needs".
Many federal acquisitions are rushed due to poor time management. In these cases, the tendency is to issue a sole-source contract to known vendors even though FAR Part 6 specifically forbids sole-source contracting when it is due to a lack of advanced planning. There is also a high-cost premium that is added to the cost of an acquisition when a buyer wants a supplier/vendor to rush to execute a contract or push their contract to the head of all other work the contractor/vendor is executing. It is often said that "if you want it bad, you get it bad". Accordingly, poor acquisition planning generally produces poor and unjustifiable acquisition outcomes. Thus, it is critical to understand the time and resources required to properly plan and execute a federal acquisition: generally, the acquisition of moderate to complex requirements requires at least 120 days.
Where contracting officers recognise that acquisition documents have not been well formulated or are not suitable for ensuring fair and impartial competition, they have "broad discretion" to take appropriate corrective action. In some cases, the appropriate action will be to withdraw a solicitation and re-issue an amended one. In its review decision on an issue raised by Northrop Grumman Information Technology in 2011, the GAO notes that, allowing agencies "broad discretion", choices made by awarding agencies about the appropriate corrective action will generally be recognised, as long as they are appropriate to the concern being addressed. If there is found to be no impropriety in the agency's award decision or any impropriety is found not to have been prejudicial to the companies submitting bids, the GAO is more likely to question the corrective action. If the corrective action taken goes beyond the GAO's actual recommendations this will not in itself prevent the corrective action being accepted.
Preparing a proposal
Frequently, contractor proposals in response to a Request for Proposals (RFP) include an exact copy of the RFP's statement of work. An offeror's response usually indicates their approach to performing the statement of work, their approach to managing the program or project, and examples of past performance on projects similar in size, scope, and complexity.
Responsible bidders and responsive bids
Potential vendors responding to RFPs may be characterised as "responsible" and/or "responsive". A "responsible bidder" is one who is qualified or capable of meeting the requirements set out by the government in its bid solicitation or RFP. Kate Manuel notes that the concept of responsibility on the part of a bidder "has been the federal government’s policy since its earliest days". James F. Nagle, in his History of Government Contracting, describes how Robert Morris made contract awards to the lowest-priced qualified responsible bidder in contracting for the U.S. Army during the Revolutionary War.
A "responsive bidder" is one who submits a "responsive bid", one which, if accepted by the government as submitted, will obligate the contractor to perform the exact thing being called for in the solicitation. FAR 14.301 states:
To be considered for award, a bid must comply in all material respects with the invitation for bids. Such compliance enables bidders to stand on an equal footing and maintain the integrity of the sealed bidding system. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has observed that "responsiveness is determined at the time of bid opening from the face of the bid documents", and that "unless something on the face of the bid, or specifically a part of it, limits, reduces or modifies the bidder's obligation to perform in accordance with the terms of the solicitation, the bid is responsive". Furthermore, "the required commitment to the terms of the invitation need not be made in the exact manner specified by the solicitation; all that is necessary is that the bidder, in some fashion, commit itself to the solicitation's material requirements". In general, failure of a bidder to include completed standard representations and certifications does not render the bid nonresponsive because it does not affect the bidder's material obligations.
Evaluation
Evaluator scoring penalizes proposals that contain "fluff" or generic information that does not directly pertain to the specifics of the solicitation, i.e. the Government's need, source selection factors and work statement or performance specification. The proposing business is responsible for ensuring that it submits a well-written proposal with sufficient information logically arranged to demonstrate compliance with stated agency requirements and allow meaningful agency review: the agency is not required to piece together information to find compliance if this has not been presented to the agency in a coherent way. Charts and other infographics can help a proposal: examples include a six-line chart of the most compelling credentials of contractor's key personnel, or including a picture of a uniformed security guard on the pages describing contractor's uniforms. Professional proposal writers often have graphic design experience.
A proposal can be too long, causing the Government's source selection authority to skim over it. The Government source selection team may not wish to spend much time on the acquisition source selection. Also, it is possible for vendors to put too much information into proposals which do not go to the heart of the acquisition, particularly information not related to the source selection criteria as well as the work statement.
For simple acquisitions, Government source selection authorities have responded favorably to proposals which emphasize experience with the specific requirement that the Government is seeking to source and information on how a product or service will meet the needs of the Government as stated in the source selection factors and the work statement.
Contractors must also be aware of whether or not price is more important than non-price factors. Where price is more important than non-price factors, then the lowest-priced technically acceptable (LPTA) proposal in view of the source selection factors and work statement requirements will be selected. FAR 15.101-2(a) identifies LPTA as "appropriate ... when the government 'expects' it can achieve the best value from selecting the proposal that is technically acceptable and offers the lowest evaluated price". Where the solicitation indicates that the requirement is a best value acquisition, then a contractor must draft their proposal to emphasize how their proposed technical solution will meet each and every requirement and source selection factor.
For more complex acquisitions, source selection authorities will be interested in how the contractor will produce service or non-service deliverables. Thus, staffing plans, methodology to produce, past experience, ISO certifications, and other information which shows that risks to the Government acquisition have been identified and mitigated should be rated higher than other proposals which do not show such information. However, it is important that the proposal first and foremost address the solicitation's work statement or technical specifications and source selection factors.
Contractors must also be aware of the contract clauses in the contract to include requirements for specific standards which do not directly relate to the deliverables in question to include small business or minority set-aside requirements, Davis-Bacon (essentially local union labor rates must be used), specific accounting standards, specific certifications, etc.
A variety of factors can affect the contracting process and the contract clauses that are used in a Federal acquisition, including:
Cost: A number of cost thresholds exist which trigger increasing degrees of complexity in the acquisition process. These thresholds include the micro-purchase threshold, the simplified acquisition threshold, and the commercial items threshold. The micro-purchase threshold, as of August 2007, is generally $3,000, with some exception. No competition or publication requirements are mandated for micro-purchases; generally, the Government Commercial Purchase Card (GCPC) can be used for these purchases under FAR Part 13. From $3,000 to $100,000, agencies may make use of Simplified Acquisition Procedures under FAR Part 13. Blanket purchase agreements, basic ordering agreements, or other contracts may be awarded under simplified procedures, which allow supplies or services to be ordered at a predetermined fair and reasonable price. The simplified acquisition threshold can be increased in situations specified in FAR Part 13, including overseas contingency operations (for example, military operations) and during nuclear/biological/radiological disasters up to the limits described in FAR Part 2, Definitions. FAR Part 13 simplified acquisition procedures can be used up to $5,000,000 ($11M under specified exceptions) under a test program in which Congress continues to reauthorize for acquisition of commercial items under FAR Subpart 13.5, Test Program for Certain Commercial Items. Items must qualify as a commercial item under the definition of FAR Part 2 and be supported by market research as specified in FAR Part 10.
Type of acquisition (FAR Part 16, Types of Contracts): There are two main types of contracts – fixed price and cost reimbursement. In deciding which type to use, a Contracting Officer's identification of risk is key. A very well known requirement, such as for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items (in which no R&D would be needed and there are no high risk aspects) would be best acquired using a fixed-price contract, in which a price is fixed and includes the contractor's profit; all risk of cost overrun is transferred to the contractor. A higher risk, more unknown requirement is more suited for cost reimbursement type contracts, in which the contractor is reimbursed for all costs, and is paid a fee above that amount. In this arrangement, cost overrun risk is placed mainly upon the Government.
Buying patterns: If an agency has a continuing need for a requirement over a period of time, a vehicle that permits multiple orders may be advantageous. For example, a blanket purchasing agreement (BPA) or a basic ordering agreement (BOA) as described in FAR Part 13 may be used, which allow for repeated purchases at predetermined fair and reasonable prices. Above the simplified acquisition threshold, an indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract may be executed, as described in FAR Part 16.5.
Availability of existing contract vehicles: Agencies may use existing BPAs or BOAs, provided that the use is within the general scope of the contract. For example, an agency can make use of Federal Supply Schedules as described in FAR Subpart 8.4. Schedules offered by the General Services Administration (GSA) provide a number of pre-competed contract vehicles that give an immediate ability to obtain goods or services without going through the full contracting process.
Mandatory Sources: FAR Part 8 discusses the mandatory use of certain sources for acquiring some types of supplies and services. These sources include the Federal Prison Industries, various vendors who hire blind and disabled persons, and Federal Supply Schedules. Certain items cannot be purchased by most agencies, such as passenger motor vehicles; all passenger motor vehicles must be purchased by GSA, unless a waiver is obtained. This is due in part to Congressional restrictions on the use of appropriated funds to purchase vehicles and the special authority that GSA has as the Federal Government's motor pool manager.
Small Businesses and Socioeconomic Issues: contracting with small businesses and firms affected by certain socioeconomic factors require a highly complex subset of Government regulation which is described by FAR Parts 19 and 26.
Other requirements often apply to acquisitions depending upon the circumstances. These can include those listed in FAR Part 36, Construction and Architect-Engineer Contracts; FAR Part 41, Acquisition of Utility Services; and FAR Part 37, Service Contracting. Outside of a specified exception, acquisitions having a cost above the simplified acquisition threshold or the special authority under FAR Subpart 13.5 must be performed using the process specified under FAR Part 14, Sealed Bidding, or FAR Part 15, Contracting by Negotiation.
Workload of the Government contracting office and requiring activity. Contract vehicle selection (primarily indefinite duration, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) versus stand alone "C" contracts), market research, competition, use of performance incentives (or not), earned valued management system (EVMS) use, length of contract, number of options periods, simplification of source selection strategy and evaluation factors, inattention to fine acquisition details such as with regard to technical data rights, bundling of contract requirements into larger contract vehicles, and other decisions having a direct impact on acquisition outcomes including cost are frequently driven by workload of contracting and requiring activities. Bundling of requirements to reduce contracting actions in particular reduce contracting workload but necessarily create increased risks and other undesirable impacts to include reduction of potential vendors who directly accomplish the work in question (thereby increasing subcontracting and decreasing specific experience with particular categories of work by prime contractors). Overbundling also reduces competition by reducing the number of vendors willing to take responsibility as a prime integrator over areas that are not in their core business. At some point, bundling reduces vendor base to so called prime integrators who do little to none of the work in house.
An acquisition plan may have numerous elements as listed in FAR 7.105; depending upon the estimated cost of the acquisition, these elements include:
Statement of need and background
Applicable conditions
Cost
Life cycle costs if applicable
Capability or performance
Delivery or performance requirements
Tradeoffs – expected consequences of tradeoffs among cost, capability and schedule
Milestone chart depicting acquisition objectives
Plan of action
Potential sources
Competition plan – whether full and open competition used, and if not, justification
Source selection procedures
Acquisition considerations
Potential Government furnished information, equipment or services
Security and/or force protection considerations
Budgeting and funding
Product or service description
Logistics considerations
Environmental considerations
Contract administration issues
Participants in acquisition plan preparation (including source selection committee)
During the planning of an acquisition, several key aspects of the effort are decided, including:
The degree of competition required under FAR Part 6, Competition Requirements (i.e., full and open competition, full and open competition after exclusion of sources, or other than full and open competition, also called "sole-source")
Publication requirements for the acquisition (FAR Part 5, Publicizing Contract Actions)
Preparation of the SOW/PWS – a document that specifies the "who, what, when, where, how" of the contract; it must be specific enough for the contractor to adequately price the requirement and to be enforceable in court. Measurable outcomes must be stated clearly.
Required amount and type of funding for the proposed acquisition
Contract line item number (CLIN) structure: this is generally in Section B of an issued contract that is constructed in the Uniform Contract Format. The CLIN Schedule is what the offeror prices in their offer/proposal. It is often advantageous to construct a CLIN Schedule that matches an outline of the work statement. Failure to properly structure the CLIN structure to the contents of a work statement can lead to an inability to determine how much a contractor should be paid or penalized if performance issues arise.
Source selection criteria (SSC): Source selection criteria "1) Represent the key areas of importance and emphasis to be considered in the source selection decision; and (2) Support meaningful comparison and discrimination between and among competing proposals." (FAR 15.304, Evaluation factors and significant subfactors).
Independent Government cost estimate
Market research: Market research is a critical part of knowledge-based acquisitions. Information-driven and informed decision-making requires complete information to execute successful acquisitions. FAR Part 10, Market Research, gives guidance on the process of market research and its role in Federal acquisitions. Effective market research assists the Government in understanding industry terminology, and the basic concepts of the desired service or equipment item, identifying potential contractors who can provide the item. and determining the correct scope of the requirement to best fit the vendor base. Lack of adequate market research often results in contracts that fail to achieve the customer's expectations.
Acquisition Risks: Risk in contracting falls into three categories – schedule risk, performance risk and cost risk. Risks to the acquisition, including negative past experiences, must be identified and mitigation measures and risk allocation between the Government and a potential vendor determined.
Government provided equipment, resources, support or information: Often, the Government must provide for equipment, logistics support, information, and many other items vital to performance of a contract. If there is proprietary information in the potential Government furnished information (GFI), then measures must be taken to avoid violation of applicable regulations.
Stripped Down Components
1. Work statement: Deliverable list with performance and objective specifications if not a service contract (no brand names except as an example)
Measurable outcome deliverables in a service contract
Construction or architecture & engineering (A&E) (FAR Part 36)
Schedule / milestones (included in work statement)
2. CLINS matched tightly with work statement structure/outline
3. Source selection criteria
Risk
Contracting is all about risk allocation and minimizing risk to include cost, schedule and performance. The more vague the contract work statement, the more risk that the Government assumes.
Risk from Program Manager, Contracting and Investor's Perspective:
Risk. A measure of the inability to achieve program objectives within defined cost and schedule constraints. Risk is associated with all aspects of the program, for example, threat, technology, design processes, Work breakdown structure (WBS) elements, etc. It has two components, the probability of failing to achieve a particular outcome, and the consequences of failing to achieve that outcome.
Risk from a lawyer's standpoint:
Does this contract adequately describe all essential work / expectations, is there a schedule and is it enforceable? What are our remedies, if any?
Requiring activities and frequently contracting officers want to get an acquisition on contract as quickly as possible; sometimes too quickly. Thus, contracting officers and acquisition attorneys will frequently have to carefully review the overall acquisition to identify risks to cost, schedule and performance and recommend mitigation measures to decrease these risk areas.
Risk from an investor's perspective:
What is my expected payoff? The larger the expected payoff, the larger the associated risk, and vice versa. An investor who is a shareholder in a contracting company will seek to carefully balance the expected payoff with the associated risk, and he is incentivized to seek a large payoff, as long as the risk is acceptable. This perspective is unique in the sense that risk represents both opportunity and danger to the investor, while it only represents danger to the Program Manager and the Lawyer.
In other words, there is a misalignment in the perception of risk between the Program Manager, the Lawyer, and the Investor. It is ultimately the Investor who owns the contracting company, and this misalignment will have an effect on the Investor's behavior and the stock's performance.
Requirement overbundling
Cost, schedule and performance risk can be increased by over-bundling of a requirement into a single acquisition exercise. Over-bundling dries up the possible vendor base that might otherwise compete for a requirement. Thus, it is critical that an evaluation of the potential vendors who might compete for the overall work statement / deliverables be accomplished. This analysis will frequently require splitting up a requirement into different components. The bundling of a requirement also has a detrimental effect on the SSCs and CLIN structure, making it difficult to use in source selection, price evaluation and contract administration. Northern Missouri congressman Sam Graves introduced draft legislation in 2014 intended to address some of the shortcomings of excessively bundled contracts.
Overbundled requirements frequently suffer from very vague requirements and work statements, particularly in service contracts. In service contracts, the CLIN structure is priced on a per person per hour basis rather than on the service work deliverables themselves. Government or contractor ability to prepare cost or price estimates for vague work statements is severely limited; accordingly, the Government will negotiate a labor rate, number of people and individual qualifications for the requirement given that is the only feasible way to get an idea of cost. However, use of per person/per hour pricing for services is a poor contracting practice given the Government retains virtually all performance, cost and schedule risk given the contractor has fully performed under the CLIN statement when they provide the qualified body, rather than providing the needed service. One could argue that a CLIN statement which overbundles work in even a well written work statement and prices the work on a per person/per hour basis with limits on the numbers of person and types of qualifications the contractor can use is in contradiction to the work statement given the means the Government has asked the contractor to price the contract bears no relationship to the actual work itself and the Government is directing the contractor on how to execute the requirement – thus interfering with contractor performance and a sign of an employee-employer relationship rather than an independent contracting relationship. Also, the CLIN structure which prices on a per person basis or per hour basis generally pays for such persons on an annual basis rather than merely for the service on an a la carte or as-needed basis, therefore driving up costs in many cases. Pricing on a per person or per hour basis is a sign that a contract likely also qualifies as a personal services contract under FAR Part 37 – technically violating at least the spirit, if not the letter, of the Classification Act and FAR Part 37 except in specific circumstances and with specific determinations and findings.
Use of prime integrators in overbundled contracts sometimes has led to poor results in a number of major systems acquisitions. For example, what would happen if say the US Navy went too far in allowing contractors to make choices that make economic sense in the specific acquisition but add cost to the overall Navy? Example is a prime integrator who gets a good deal on a specific radar system that is not used in any other ship system – makes this specific buy cheaper but overall this costs the Navy a great deal of money given a lack of interoperability that drives a need to stand up training schools, supply system, work force increase, etc.
Over-bundling makes it easy for contracting, but many times, especially for complex acquisitions, does not deliver the results expected by the customer or war fighter for complex acquisitions, especially acquisitions that the acquisition command in question has little experience with or has substantial turn over of personnel during the life of the acquisition.
Small business acquisitions have mandatory restrictions on over-bundling. However, non-small business acquisitions are not subject to the same rules.
Example of how over-bundling causes big problems (permutations and evaluation of total price in source selection): Lets say a requiring activity wants to get polling services. Acquisition planning reveals there are five polls in ten different regions. However, it turns out that the Government will only be ordering one of the five polls in any real numbers and that particular poll is much more expensive in actual cost than the other four. If a weighting scheme is not applied to this bundled requirement, a vendor can make the four lightly ordered polls very cheap in their offer and the high volume poll very expensive, based on their knowledge of the ordering patterns of the Government in past acquisitions. Thus, on its face, the overall price of a bid when each poll is added together to arrive at a total price (used in source selection) would look attractive but in practice, the Government will burn through its budget very quickly given the vast majority of the actually ordered polls are extremely expensive (even though the actual cost of the most frequently ordered poll is far less than what was in the offer). To avoid the headache of a weighting scheme, all five polls should be broken apart and contracted for separately so they can be judged on their merits. This is an example of what is frequently done on major indefinite duration, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts and explains why some acquisitions are appallingly expensive and require additional funding to achieve the requiring activity's objectives.
Statement of work
The statement of work (SOW) is a formal document submitted along with the request for proposal (RFP) to a vendor that defines the work to be performed, the location of the work, the deliverable schedule, applicable performance standards, any special requirements (e.g., security clearances, travel, and special knowledge), and the period of performance.
Source selection
Source selection refers to the process for evaluating contractor proposals or quotes submitted in response to a request for proposals (RFP) or request for quotes (RFQ) based on the contract solicitation. Source selection is driven by what instructions to offerors clause is included in the contract solicitation (e.g., FAR 52.212-2 with the tailored language spelling out what the source selection criteria are, weighting, etc.).
After the requiring activity has written their SOW/PWS, figured out source selection approach, then selected factors and subfactors, then figured out weighting of non cost/price factors, then understood consequences of the above, they write a source selection plan (SSP). A SSP gives instructions to a source selection committee on how to evaluate each proposal. Courts will defer to the source selection committee's business judgment, so facts must be included to base a decision on; the source selection committee must not be arbitrary or lack facts in the record for their findings.
Ultimately, risk evaluation is where a source selection team wants to be. That is what is used to determine weakness, significant weakness and deficiencies, which are briefed to unsuccessful offerors. Making the connection between risk evaluation/source selection criteria/factors and offeror proposals is what source selection is all about
The process used for source selection can be selected from FAR Parts 13, Simplified Acquisition, 14, Sealed Bidding or 15, Contracting by Negotiation.
Contractors competing for a Government requirement have an opportunity to request clarification or amendment of a work statement or solicitation. The request for clarification must be done relatively early in the acquisition process, preferably as close to the publication of a solicitation, RFQ, RFP or other publication. Frequently, contracting officers will agree to such clarifications if a contractor's request is well reasoned.
Key principles for source selection:
Tell them what basis you are going to award it on (award criteria) (tell them)
Award it based on what you said you would award it based on (do what you said you would do)
Document what you did. (Tell them that you did what you said you would do in the first place) More is better as long as it makes sense.
If discussions are held, read the bid protests on discussions first to make sure you understand how to do it.
Formulation of a Competitive Range, defined at FAR 15.306(c)(1) as comprising "all of the most highly rated proposals", a tool which may enable uncompetitive proposals to be eliminated from further consideration.
FAR 15.209 states that if the Government intends to make award after exchanges with offerers after receipt of proposals, due notice of the intention to "conduct discussions with offerors whose proposals have been determined to be within the competitive range" must be provided. Notification procedures at 15.503(a) and debriefing procedures at FAR 15.305(c)(4) to FAR 15.306(c) must be followed in respect of offers excluded from the competitive range. If a competitive range is used, COs must send pre-award notifications to offerors thus excluded. An agency entering into discussions must provide "meaningful discussions".
If FAR Part 15 is used, there must be a proposal evaluation under FAR 15.305 to include a "fair and reasonable" price determination under FAR 15.305(a)(1), a past performance evaluation under FAR 15.305(a)(2) and a technical evaluation under FAR 15.305(a)(3).
For each factor rating, identify each offeror's key strengths, uncertainties and deficiencies of the proposal and then explain how the strengths, uncertainties and deficiencies resulted in that rating. Focus specifically on the factors and subfactors specifically stated in the solicitation/instructions to offerors. Do not use unstated source selection criteria to select the winning offer.
Discuss those discriminators that make one offeror better than another based on the selection criteria. Be as detailed and focused upon discriminators as the source selection results allow. If something was not a discriminator then say so and also state why it was not. If the strength had no bearing on the offeror's rating, state so.
Adequately address the impact of past performance on the decision; remember, no past performance is rated NEUTRAL!!
A drafter of the source selection decision document must show the source selection authority's thought process and reasons behind the comparative analysis. Use a declaration of thinking/intent on the part of the source selection authority (SSA). For example: I selected; I thought; I determined; I reviewed; etc.
Source selections cannot compare the offers against each other, only against the award criteria.
Spend some time on the summary to make it correct as it is very important. It is meant to very quickly put in words the best of the key discriminators used by the SSA to reach their decision.
Don't focus the discussion on only one offeror. The Source Selection Decision Document (SSDD) compares assessments of the successful offeror against the others. If there are a large number of offerors, the detailed discussion may be limited to the most highly rated offerors. Some light discussion of lower rated offerors is needed when a competitive range is not established.
Don't use ratings with contradicting supporting language, such as a "not detailed" rated "excellent." Examine ratings closely as they relate to your technical discussions. Ensure they are consistent (i.e., avoid having a weakness discussed in one proposal evaluation and not another proposal having the same weakness).
Don't identify or list weaknesses without discussing them and their importance to the thought process.
Don't treat a neutral performance confidence assessment favorably or unfavorably. (Don't disqualify an offeror for having a neutral rating.) No past performance must be rated as neutral under FAR Part 13 and FAR Subpart 15.3.
Ensure that, when documenting an award decision in the SSDD, SSA's are focusing on the underlying advantages and disadvantages of the proposals rather than merely the ratings themselves. HoveCo, B-298697: http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298697.pdf
Agency regulations frequently provide guidance on source selection: see for example, AFARS 5115.308 Source selection decision:
Consistency: what is bad for one proposal is bad for all; find an adverse comment, then look at of the proposals of the other bidders and see if the same problem exists in there and was not written up in the evaluation for those proposals. What is good for one proposal is good for all proposals (See above)
Take a hard look at definitions in instructions given to source selection committee – look at the words in them; start with the worst definition, i.e., unacceptable, look at the words in it, then see if those words show up in evaluations that are rated higher than that definition in the rating worksheets.
Compare SOW and delivery schedules on solicitation (for example, RFP/RFQ) to what is in proposals word for word to see if everything was addressed. State if something is missing to justify lower ratings; talk about everything that applies for each award criteria to "pile on" good comments for proposals you like; then show that more good was said about the ones you liked, and less good was said about the ones you don't.
Source selection criteria
Source selection criteria (SSC) can be simple or complex depending on the subject of the acquisition. If FAR Part 15 is used, then a concept called best value can be used; best value simply is an idea that the lowest bidder is not necessarily the winner of a competition – rather, an evaluation of the overall offer based on specified SSCs is accomplished and a source selection decision is accomplished (see below) based on those specified SSCs using a fact-based business judgement of the acquiring activity.
SSCs can vary widely in complexity depending on the acquisition process used, for example, FAR Part 13, Simplified Acquisition, or FAR Part 15, Negotiated Procurement. For example, under FAR Part 15, there is a range of source selection models including:
Lowest Price (LP) that is Technically Acceptable (TA) based on statement of work (SOW) (LPTA) (use this for VERY SIMPLE BUYS – for example, pencils)
LPTA with Past Performance (partial tradeoff) (more complicated)
Full Tradeoff based on LP, TA, past performance and stated criteria including SOW (VERY COMPLICATED BUYS) (sometimes known as best value)
Do not have to select lowest price
Can select higher priced proposal that provides better solution to objectives
A Business Judgment-based decision with rational basis
If FAR Part 13, simplified acquisition is used, then a contracting officer can select from a range of processes including Government Purchase Card (GPC) for purchases under the micro-purchase threshold (see definition section of FAR for current value (for example, in U.S., it is currently $2,500), simplified acquisition threshold (see FAR definition section, currently up to $150,000 within the U.S. with certain exceptions), or up to $6.5M for commercial items/services. Under FAR Part 13, contracting officers are not required to use FAR Part 15 processes or follow the publication requirements of FAR Part 5, however they MUST create their own processes to follow.
Vendor past performance is generally included as a source selection criteria. It is important to include a requirement for "recent and relevant" past performance.
Inadequate SSCs renders the best work statement and CLIN worthless.
Metrics/performance measures
A metric is a meaningful measurement taken over a period of time that communicates vital information about a process or activity, leading to fact-based decisions.
Focus on where things go bad – not resource effective to measure everything. Instead, select the critical few metrics for mission essential processes, process that have historically experienced chronic problems or process choke points and monitor them.
Characteristics of a good metric:
Meaningful to the customer
Simple, understandable, logical and repeatable
Shows a trend
Clearly defined
Data that's economical to collect
Timely
Drives appropriate action (this is most important feature of a good metric)
Shows how organizational goals and objectives are being met through tasks and processes
Contract management
Contract administration
Contract administration tasks can include:
payments (prompt payment essential) – frequently Wide Area Workflow (WAWF) is used.
modifications and adjustments, typically done using a changes clause
requests for equitable adjustments, which can be processed under FAR 49.002(c)) (these are essentially modifications under the applicable contract changes clause e.g., FAR 52.212-4 clause)
terminations for cause or convenience; for commercial items, there are terminations clause in the FAR 52.212-4 clause.
handling bid protests, ratifications and contract claims.
See the DCMA Handbook for more information on contract administration.
Requests for Equitable Adjustments
Requests for Equitable Adjustments (REAs) are modifications of the contract that were not done formally or properly. REAs are frequently based on the changes clause. They typically occur when new work is added or a change in current work is ordered, perhaps by the contracting officer, without the required documentation. Changed circumstances and equity are possible justifications for a contractor to ask for a REA. Contractors can ask for delay damages arising from contract changes in REAs.
The burden of showing evidence of increased costs lies with the contractor. Special rules exist for entitlement to whether or not contractor is entitled to profit in addition to the actual costs they incurred, especially in the cases of leased equipment that was held over due to delays on the part of the Government or the Government's failure to properly integrate other contractors who then interfered with our contractor's work. Cases out there that say the Government can reduce profit if risk was reduced due to the change.
Can use the settlement procedures in FAR Part 49, per FAR 49.002(c) but be advised that this section is really written for terminations – you have to adapt the settlement procedures, probably for terminations for convenience, to the REA.
The Government should make sure there is a release of claims (ROC) clause in the REA's contract modification – FAR / DFARS do not have a sample ROC clause. In the context of FAR Part 12 commercial items, the changes clause requires bilateral agreement.
A substantial number of federal cases deal with REAs:
"It is black letter law that every contract with the Government contains an implied obligation that neither party will do anything to prevent, hinder, or delay performance." Sterling Millwrights, Inc. v. United States, 26 Cl.Ct. 49, 67 (1992) (citing Lewis-Nicholson, Inc. v. United States, 213 Ct.Cl. 192, 550 F.2d 26, 32 (1977)).
When Government actions delay contractor performance and increase costs, "the contractor has a claim for damages". (Lewis-Nicholson, 550 F.2d at 26).
"A constructive change generally arises where the Government, without more, expressly or impliedly orders the contractor to perform work that is not specified in the contract documents." Lathan, 20 Cl.Ct. at 128 (citing Chris Berg, Inc. v. United States, 197 Ct.Cl. 503, 525, 455 F.2d 1037, 1050 (1972)).
Contractors may recover excess costs through an equitable adjustment, however, it "bears the burden of proving liability, causation, and resultant injury." Ralph L. Jones, 33 Fed.Cl. at 331 (citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States, 173 Ct.Cl. 180, 199, 351 F.2d 956 (1965); Electronic & Missile Facilities, Inc. v. United States, 189 Ct.Cl. 237, 253, 416 F.2d 1345 (1969)).
The standard of meeting this burden is high. Before an equitable adjustment will be granted, contractors must demonstrate: (1) increased costs arose from conditions materially different from what the contract documents indicated and that such conditions were reasonably unforeseeable based on all information available to the contractor; and (2) the changes in the requirements caused the increased costs in question. Johns-Manville Corp. v. United States, 12 Cl.Ct. 1, 33 (1987).
A contractor must distinguish for the court those delays for which the Government is responsible as opposed to its own; the contractor's standard for proving damages does not require "absolute exactness or mathematical precision." Ralph L. Jones, 33 Fed.Cl. at 336 (quoting Electronic & Missile, 189 Ct.Cl. at 257).
The court "needs only enough evidence to make a fair and reasonable estimate." Id. (citing Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 702; Electronic & Missile, 189 Ct.Cl. at 257).
Modifications
Two types of scope determinations in contracts. One is scope of the original contract – meaning, do we have to pay anything for this modification. The second one is whether or not the modification or change is within the scope of the original competition. The first issue comes up when a contractor demands more money (i.e., demand for more money in a CDA claim or REA); the second issue comes up when the Government wishes to modify the contract and the contractor agrees, but another contractor objects to the failure to recompete the contract.
Modifications are governed by the changes clause in the contract. However, the question of competitive scope must be determined first to determine if there will be a Competition in Contracting Act (CICA) violation first. As a collateral issue, the question of whether or not the modification is a good deal must be evaluated because any modification is inherently a sole source award to the incumbent contractor. Thus, there is no price competition for the modification. If the acquisition was done under FAR Part 12, Commercial Items, the Government has no ability to demand cost and pricing information from the Contractor to evaluate whether or not the contractor is ripping off the Government with inflated or padded charges.
With regard to competitive scope determinations, the GAO in American Air Filter Co., 57 Comp. Gen 567 (B-188408), 78–1, para 443, at 573, stated:
"The impact of any modification is in our view to be determined by examining whether the alteration is within the scope of the competition which was initially conducted. Ordinarily, a modification falls within the scope of the procurement provided that it is of a nature which potential offerors would have reasonably anticipated under the changes clause.
To determine what potential offerors would have reasonably expected, consideration should be given to the procurement format used, the history of the present and related past procurements, and the nature of the supplies or services sought. A variety of factors may be pertinent, including: whether the requirement was appropriate initially for an advertised or negotiated procurement; whether a standard off the shelf or similar item is sought; or whether, for example, the contract is one for research and development, suggesting that broad changes might be expected because the Government's requirement are at best only indefinite."
GAO issued a decision on 31 Jan 06 in DOR Biodefense Inc. and Emergent BioSolutions, B-296358.3 and B-296358.4 regarding whether a modification is within the scope of the original competition under the Competition In Contracting Act (CICA). Modifications outside the scope of the original competition must be competed or justified as sole source actions. Scope analysis is not mechanical, but requires an integrated assessment of multiple factors, including contract type, specification or statement of work, cost and performance period. Whether the modification requires competition also depends upon whether the original solicitation adequately advised offerors of the potential for that type of change, and thus whether the modification would have changed the field of competition. In Biodefense, the Army issued a single award ten year indefinite quantity contract for development and certification of vaccines for biological defense. The challenged modification was exercise of an optional CLIN for development of a type of vaccine not expressly listed in the solicitation's option that extended the performance period for the option by 8 years at a significant increase in cost. The GAO determined that this modification was, nevertheless, within the overall scope of the original competition based on the broad developmental purpose of the contract and the solicitation's express notice to offerors that additional vaccine types could be added after award and that changes in regulation may affect performance period and costs. The discussion of actions taken by the Army in the original solicitation to put competitors on notice of the potential for post-award modifications provides good practice insight.
See DOR Biodefense, Inc.; Emergent BioSolutions: http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/2963583.pdf
See DCMA's Contract Administration Handbook for more information: https://web.archive.org/web/20070807083159/http://guidebook.dcma.mil/15/instructions.htm
Claims
Contract Disputes Act
Contract claims are handled under the disputes clause in commercial items contracts or another clause in different types of contracts. The clause simply refers to another clause, the contract dispute clause. That clause invokes the Contract Disputes Act (CDA) and specific procedures that must be followed.
The Government seeks to avoid treating requests for additional money or changes to the contract as a claim, for several reasons. For starters, the Government has to pay interest from the date of receipt to the date of payment. Second, if the amount is over a specified amount, then the claim must be certified (see the FAR and CDA). Certification is essentially a company swearing under pain of 18 USC false claims act penalties that they are not falsifying the claim.
Instead of dealing with it as a claim, the Government should deal with it as a REA; the contractor will have to decide what is more advantageous to it – a REA or CDA claim.
Cancellation of contract
Contractors are understandably quite upset when an awarded contract is cancelled before contract performance can begin. There is some authority for a contractor to recover bid preparation costs in very limited circumstances. Even so, a contracting agency need only establish a reasonable basis to support a decision to cancel an RFQ; in this regard, so long as there is a reasonable basis for doing so, an agency may cancel an RFQ no matter when the information precipitating the cancellation first arises, even if it is not until quotations have been submitted and evaluated. Quality Tech., Inc., B-292883.2, Jan. 21, 2004, 2004 CPD para. 29 at 2–3; Datatrak Consulting, Inc., B-292502 et al., September 26, 2003, 2003 CPD para. 169 at 5. It is well established that an agency's lack of funding for a procurement provides a reasonable basis for cancellation, as agencies cannot award contracts which exceed available funds. First Enter., B-221502.3, Mar. 24, 1986, 86-1 CPD para. 290 at 3. Procurement authorities are presumed to act in good faith and in order for GAO to conclude otherwise, the record must show that procuring officials intended to injure the protester. Cycad Corp., B‑255870, April 12, 1994, 94-1 CPD para. 253 at 5. A protester's mere inference of bad faith is insufficient.
Terminations
The Government may terminate a contract for cause (commercial items), for default (T4D) or for convenience (T4C). Terminations for commercial items (FAR Part 12) contracts are governed by FAR 52.212-4(l) and (m), not the T4C or T4D clauses of FAR 52.249-x. FAR Part 49 prescribes T4D and T4C clauses in FAR Part 52 for non-commercial items (FAR Part 12) related contracts. In particular, T4D is covered by FAR Subpart 49.4, Terminations for Default. T4C is covered by several sections of FAR Part 49.
Termination for default reviews can be done a variety of ways, however, one method is to start with what is the ACTUAL deliverable on the contract, not the one that the customer thought they had. Carefully track what the contractor's actual performance is against the specific language in the contract. If there has been verbal changes by the Government without going through the contracting officer (which should never happen), is there something that indicates the contractor consented to those changes? In writing? For example, the DFARS 252.212-4 clause section that deals with modifications states that mutual consent is required for all modifications. In this review, use the language from the contract and then see if you have adequate evidence from the Government documenting the actual performance. Ask if the Government COR has signed any receiving reports e.g., DD Form 250s accepting performance (so they can get paid). Is there anything in the record that shows the Government placed the contractor on notice of their default or non conforming deliveries?
FAR Part 49 should be read that to get information on terminations including notice to cure and show cause notices. The more the Government tries to give the contractor chances to remedy their default, the more the Government bolsters its case that T4D is appropriate.
The various courts that review T4Ds have a high standard of review for T4Ds, so the Government should consider making sure the T4D is well supported and the Government has had little or no role in the contractors non-conforming performance as well as ensuring there is a clearly defined deliverable, several chances to cure and nothing in the record that indicates the Government failed to do something that was condition precedent to performance or the Government interfered with contract performance or failed to provide required cooperation/support. (For example, failure to provide security escorts or access to a work site thus causing delays on the part of Contractor performance).
The key point for T4Ds is that it is the only way that a Government agency can use prior year single year appropriated funds, such as O&M or many types of procurement funds, for reprocurement of the item in question. Accordingly, it is very important the Agency get the acquisition right up front because bad work statements and poor contract administration destroy the Government's ability to T4D, thus keep their prior year funds to get a replacement contractor.
Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) has a Terminations Handbook which is very useful in dealing with terminations for convenience issues.
Real options analysis
One approach to analysing government procurement of large systems such as weapons systems is to use real options analysis. Such procurements can be done in single annual lots ("single-year procurements" or SYPs), or, with Congressional approval, multi-year procurement (MYP) contracts. Multi-year contracts generally lower the risk for the contractor, and thus the unit price paid by the Government. One way to look at this situation is that a multi-year contract contains a real option for the contractor to escape the uncertainty associated with a sequence of single-year contract negotiations (analogous to a put option). Real options analysis can give an estimate of the value to the contractor of transferring revenue risk to the Government as a function of the contract's size and the volatility of the contract's value, even though the option is not actively traded. The negotiated price is also influenced by the attitudes towards risk of the negotiating parties.
Wartime contracting
Allegations of waste and corruption in government procurement during wartime have led to special oversight measures being put in place. During World War II this function was provided by the bipartisan Truman Committee established in 1941. After allegations of contract fraud and waste were made regarding expenditure during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan was established, modelled on the Truman Committee.
Contractor voice
One organization which provides a contractor perspective is the Coalition for Government Procurement (CGP), a non-profit association of commercial contractors. The CGP is based in Washington, D.C. and is registered under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995.
See also
Conjoint analysis – useful in determining essential elements of an acquisition from a customer's perspective.
Cost-plus contract
Economic conversion
Federal Information Technology Acquisition Reform Act
Governmentwide acquisition contracts
Contract adjustment board
Defense Acquisition University
Defense Contract Audit Agency, responsible for audits of many defense contractors
Defense Contract Management Agency, responsible for contract administration of US Department of Defense contracts.
NASA SEWP, an example of an acquisition contract that expanded from its original narrow focus to serve the entire Government
No-bid contract
Small and medium enterprise
Top 100 US Federal Contractors
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
References
Further reading
Vol. I –
Vol. II –
External links
Acquisition.gov- official US Federal Government website of the Integrated Acquisition Environment, functioning under the auspices of OMB's Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Chief Acquisition Officers Council
Business.gov provides information that explains how to become a federal contractor, how to find business opportunities, and the rules and regulations that federal contractors need to follow.
Federal Procurement Data System
Former U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manager Sentenced to Six Years in Prison in Bribery and Kickback Scheme, FBI
Procurement Technical Assistance Centers PTACs provide local assistance for firms marketing products and services to the Federal, state and local governments
Public Contract Law Journal
Government Procurement The official magazine of the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP)
U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School's Contract Attorneys Deskbook
United States administrative law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20procurement%20in%20the%20United%20States |
Constantine L. Seferlis (1930–2005) is acknowledged as a master sculptor and stone carver whose works exemplified a group of public monumental artists in the United States during the second half of the 20th century. Many of these stone masters were immigrants, primarily from southern Europe, including Italy and Greece, and they trained and worked in the classical milieu. Seferlis himself was born near Sparta, Greece, and, because of his precocious talent, was enrolled at an early age in the National Academy of Fine Arts in Athens. It was at the National Academy that Seferlis developed his artistic voice, his naturalistic style, and his love for the medium of stone.
Seferlis immigrated to the Washington, D.C., area in the latter part of the 1950s. His talent, grace, and humor were already evident in the sculptures he carved at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, his first job in the United States. Two years later, his art truly began to blossom and mature as he started work on the National Cathedral.
Over the next two decades, he worked on the cathedral's various ongoing interior and exterior construction projects. The National Cathedral was declared completed in 1990, almost nine decades after the cornerstone was laid, though restoration, elaboration, and intense maintenance continue to the present day. Seferlis’ contributions to the Cathedral take the form of limestone gargoyles, grotesques, capitals, pinnacles, saints, angels, keystones, bosses, column capitals, and freestanding figural sculptures of historical personages such as Helen Keller and Pope John XXIII.
In addition to the Shrine and the cathedral, Seferlis enthusiastically undertook a number of high-profile restoration projects on both public and private buildings. He carved elaborate capitals used in restoring the Corinthian columns of the east front of the U.S. Capitol building. Under the auspices of the National Park Service, he worked on restoring or replacing a number of the almost 200 historical commemorative stones that line the granite interior of the Washington Monument. For the Smithsonian Institution, Seferlis worked on renovating the façade of the emblematic Smithsonian Castle; carved exterior gates and finials; and restored the statue of St. Dunstan donated to the Institution by Westminster Abbey.
He also restored and renovated a number of famous fountains in the Washington, D.C., area, including the Dupont Circle fountain and the swan fountain in the French parterre at Hillwood Museum and Gardens (the Washington residence of Marjorie Merriweather Post).
Seferlis mounted several major exhibitions at prestigious venues, including the National Academy of Design and National Sculpture Society in New York. As a result of his highly regarded figural and ornamental sculptures, he was awarded a number of sought-after prizes in recognition of his artistic contributions. In 1971, he was inducted into the National Sculpture Society, followed by membership in the National Academy of Design in 1974.
Seferlis’ works, along with those of his colleagues, were highlighted for a wider audience in the documentary, “The Stone Carvers” (1984). This half-hour-long film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, Short Subjects in 1985 for filmmakers Marjorie Hunt and Paul Wagner. After being broadcast on public television, the short also won an Emmy.
Despite being continuously occupied with projects around the country and in his suburban Maryland studio, Seferlis managed to find the time and patience to guide aspiring artists and to mentor young talents. Many famous (and unsung) stone carvers working today at preserving and advancing the craft readily acknowledge his influence. He also reached out to the public to make them aware of the importance of stone carving and the arts in general by teaching at a number of museums, academic institutions, and continuing education programs in Washington, DC, Maryland, and Virginia. Among his many students was his own son Andy. Mr. Seferlis died in March 2005.
References
External links
Seferlis' profile at the Stone Carvers Guild website.
1930 births
2005 deaths
American architectural sculptors
American male sculptors
People from Laconia
Greek emigrants to the United States
Artists from Washington, D.C.
National Academy of Design members
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine%20Seferlis |
The men's 20 metre rapid fire (or military) pistol was one of the competitions in the 1900 Summer Olympics shooting events in Paris. It was held from August 1 to August 4, 1900. Six athletes from 2 nations competed. This event was contested for prize money by professionals. It is no longer included in the International Olympic Committee website's database of Olympic medal events. Five of the six shooters were from France; the host nation swept the medals as Maurice Larrouy won with Léon Moreaux second and Eugène Balme third.
Background
This was the second appearance of what would become standardised as the men's ISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistol event, the only event on the 2020 programme that traces back to 1896. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1904 and 1928 (when no shooting events were held) and 1908; it was nominally open to women from 1968 to 1980, although very few women participated these years. There is no women's equivalent on the Olympic programme, as of 2021. The 1900 event was very different from the 1896 event; it was open to professionals, shot at a distance of 20 metres instead of 25 metres, used 6 shots instead of 30, had targets with 10 points rather than 6 points, dropped the multiplicative scoring method, and had completely different requirements for the pistols used.
Competition format
The competition had each shooter fire 6 shots at 20 metres. The targets had 10 scoring rings. The maximum score was 60 points. Tie-breaking procedures are unknown.
Schedule
Results
The format was one series of six shots for a possible 60 points. It is not known how the five-way tie at 57 points was broken.
References
De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Shooting 1900". Accessed 3 March 2006. Available electronically at .
Men's pistol rapid fire
Men's 1896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20at%20the%201900%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2020%20metre%20rapid%20fire%20pistol |
The Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D is a small turbofan engine built by Pratt & Whitney Canada. It was introduced in 1971 at thrust, and has since undergone a series of upgrades to just over thrust in the latest versions. It is the primary powerplant for a wide variety of smaller jet aircraft, notably business jets.
Design and development
When it first ran in 1967 the JT15D was rare among turbofan engines in that it uses a centrifugal compressor as its high-pressure stage.
About 70% of the air passing through the fan goes down the bypass duct. The JT15D-4 and later variants use a "booster" axial stage behind the fan which runs at the same speed as the fan and directs the remaining 30% of the air into the high-pressure compressor, after which it passes into a reverse-flow annular combustor. The hot gases flow through a high-pressure turbine that drives the centrifugal compressor, and a low-pressure turbine that drives the fan and booster.
The engine was first run in August 1967 before being test flown on an Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck in an underslung external test pod.
Variants
JT15D-1The first model was introduced to power the Cessna Citation I, then known as the Fanjet 500. Deliveries started in 1972, and eventually on 1,417 -1s were delivered.
JT15D-1A
JT15D-1B
JT15D-4Introduced in 1973, improving thrust to . The -4 was the primary engine for the Cessna Citation II, and went on to find use on the Mitsubishi Diamond 1A, Aerospatiale Corvette and SIAI-Marchetti S.211. Eventually 2,195 engines of the -4 series were delivered.
JT15D-4A
JT15D-4B
JT15D-4C
JT15D-4D
JT15D-5 Certified in 1983. The first versions delivered and were used on the Beechjet 400A and Cessna T-47A. Several minor versions were introduced, the -5A for the Cessna Citation V, while the -5B powered the Beechcraft T-1A Jayhawk, the -5C the DASA Ranger 2000 and S-211A.
JT15D-5A
JT15D-5B
JT15D-5C
JT15D-5D Certified in 1993, increased thrust again, this time to . The -5D is used on the Cessna UC-35A and Cessna Citation Ultra.
JT15D-5F
Applications
Aérospatiale Corvette
Alenia Aermacchi M-311
Boeing Bird of Prey
Beechcraft Beechjet 400
Cessna Citation I
Cessna Citation II
Cessna Citation V/Ultra
EADS Barracuda
Hawker 400
Honda MH02
Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond
Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus
Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk
Rockwell Ranger 2000
Scaled Composites 401
Scaled Composites ARES
SIAI-Marchetti S.211/Aermacchi S-211
Sport Jet II
Stratos 716X
Specifications (JT15D-5D)
References
Notes
Bibliography
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.
External links
PWC JT15D Product Overview page
1960s turbofan engines
JT15D
Medium-bypass turbofan engines
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%20%26%20Whitney%20Canada%20JT15D |
The Church of the Annunciation (, , ), sometimes also referred to as the Basilica of the Annunciation, is a Catholic church in Nazareth, in northern Israel. It is one of two claimants to the site of the Annunciation – in which angel Gabriel appeared to the Virgin Mary and announced that she would give birth to Jesus – the other being the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation.
It was established over what Catholic tradition holds to be the site of the house of the Virgin Mary.
History
Tradition
The church was established at the site where, according to one tradition, the Annunciation took place. Another tradition, based on the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James, holds that this event commenced while Mary was drawing water from a local spring in Nazareth, and the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation was erected at that alternate site.
Late Roman/Byzantine shrine
Christian tradition has held that a structure was commissioned by Emperor Constantine I, whose mother, Saint Helena, helped to found churches commemorating important events in Jesus Christ's life. The Church of the Annunciation was founded around the same time as the Church of the Nativity (the birthplace) and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the tomb). Some version of it was known to have still been in existence around 570.
A competing view is that the Church was the site of the Holy House, which, according to Catholic legend, was transported by angels across the sea to Loreto, Italy, at the time of the Muslim conquest.
Crusader church
The second church was built over the ruins of the Byzantine-era church during the Crusades, following the conquest of Nazareth by Tancred in 1102. The Crusader-era church was never fully completed. Five Romanesque capitals carved by artists from northern France, and discovered during excavations in 1909, had not yet been installed in 1187 when news of Saladin's victory in the Battle of Hittin reached the city. Saladin granted permission to Franciscan priests to remain in Nazareth to oversee services at the church.
In 1260, Baybars and his Mamluk army destroyed the church during their attack on Nazareth.
Mamluk and early Ottoman period
A small number of Franciscans managed to stay in Nazareth until the fall of Acre in 1291. In the three centuries that followed, the Franciscans were in and out of Nazareth, depending on the local political situation, which was constantly in flux. Franciscan accounts of this period document their expulsion in 1363, their return in 1468 and a massacre of some of their members in 1542. Local Christian families with Franciscan support took care of the holy site even during this difficult period.
17th- and 18th-century churches
Emir Fakhr ad-Din granted the Franciscans permission to return to Nazareth and the church ruins in 1620, at which time they constructed a small structure to enclose the holy grotto that is venerated as the house of Mary.
In 1730, Dahir al-Umar permitted construction of a new church, which became a central gathering place for Nazareth Latin community. The church was enlarged in 1877.
20th-century basilica
The old church was completely demolished in 1954 to allow for the construction of a new basilica. The new basilica was designed by the Italian architect Giovanni Muzio, and built by the Israeli building firm Solel Boneh during the years 1960–1969. The Chief Engineer at this project was Ing. Shlomo Lopatin (Aluf) who was dedicated to the Basilica building process for more than 10 years, and it was indeed his life-project. It is built in a style sometimes characterised as Italian Brutalism.
Pope Paul VI celebrated Mass in the new church during his trip to the Holy Land in 1964 The basilica was completed in 1969.
Used by the Latin parish, it remains under the control of the Franciscans. It is the largest Christian Church building or sanctuary in the Middle East under the supervision of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.
Pope John Paul II made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land for the Great Jubilee of 2000 and celebrated Mass at the Basilica of the Annunciation on March 25, 2000.
Significance and rank
Under Canon Law, the church enjoys the status of a minor basilica. A historically significant site, considered sacred within some circles of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the basilica attracts many Catholic, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox Christian visitors every year.
Description
The current Catholic Church is a two-storey building finished in 1969 over the site of earlier churches from the Byzantine, Crusader, and the Israeli -period churches.
Lower church
The lower level contains the Grotto of the Annunciation, believed by many Christians to be the remains of the original childhood home of Mary.
Upper church
The upper level contains a number of images of Mary, mainly mosaics, each from a different country with significant Catholic population.
Courtyard gallery of Madonnas
On the walls enclosing the courtyard of the basilica, there is a gallery with icons (mainly mosaics, but also some made of ceramic tiles) representing some of the most important Marian devotions in different countries. Some of the main Marian devotions from Spain are included: the Virgin of Candelaria, patron saint of the Canary Islands; the Virgin of Montserrat, patroness of Catalonia; the Virgin of the Forsaken, patroness of Valencia; and the Virgin of Guadalupe, patroness of Extremadura.
Mass arrangements
As of November 2018, Catholic Masses are given in the Grotto, Upper Basilica, and adjacent St. Joseph's Church in the Arabic and Italian languages, according to the main church sign in English.
Gallery
See also
Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, Italy, where a three-wall structure is revered as the Holy House, removed from Nazareth through divine intervention
References
Bibliography
Halevi, Masha. The Politics Behind the Construction of the Modern Church of the Annunciation in Nazareth, The Catholic Historical Review, Volume 96, Number 1, January 2010, pp. 27–55.
Other reading
Official Website of Parish
Photos of the Church at the Manar al-Athar photo archive
Roman Catholic shrines
Annunciation
Basilica churches in Israel
4th-century churches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20the%20Annunciation |
Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Perinatal means "relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth."
Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation, and ends seven completed days after birth", but other definitions have been used.
The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally, an estimated 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.
Causes
Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths. Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants. Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.
Fetal mortality
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.
Neonatal mortality
Neonatal mortality refers to death of a live-born baby within the first 28 days of life. Early neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality refers to death after 7 days until before 28 days. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the infant mortality rate.
Perinatal mortality rate
The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis. It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.
PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries. The WHO has not published contemporary data.
Effects of neonatal nutrition on neonatal mortality
Probiotic supplementation of preterm and low birthweight babies during their first month of life can reduce the risk of blood infections, bowel sickness and death in low- and middle-income settings. However, supplementing with Vitamin A does not reduce the risk of death and increases the risk of bulging fontanelle, which may cause brain damage.
See also
Maternal death
Miscarriage
Neonatal intensive care unit
Neonaticide
Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day
Stillbirth
References
External links
WHO 2005 report
European Perinatal Health Report 2010
Medical aspects of death
Obstetrics
Infant mortality
Medical terminology
Midwifery
Pregnancy with abortive outcome
fi:Kohtukuolema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal%20mortality |
The Kutta condition is a principle in steady-flow fluid dynamics, especially aerodynamics, that is applicable to solid bodies with sharp corners, such as the trailing edges of airfoils. It is named for German mathematician and aerodynamicist Martin Kutta.
Kuethe and Schetzer state the Kutta condition as follows:A body with a sharp trailing edge which is moving through a fluid will create about itself a circulation of sufficient strength to hold the rear stagnation point at the trailing edge.
In fluid flow around a body with a sharp corner, the Kutta condition refers to the flow pattern in which fluid approaches the corner from above and below, meets at the corner, and then flows away from the body. None of the fluid flows around the sharp corner.
The Kutta condition is significant when using the Kutta–Joukowski theorem to calculate the lift created by an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge. The value of circulation of the flow around the airfoil must be that value which would cause the Kutta condition to exist.
The Kutta condition applied to airfoils
Applying 2-D potential flow, if an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge begins to move with an angle of attack through air, the two stagnation points are initially located on the underside near the leading edge and on the topside near the trailing edge, just as with the cylinder. As the air passing the underside of the airfoil reaches the trailing edge it must flow around the trailing edge and along the topside of the airfoil toward the stagnation point on the topside of the airfoil. Vortex flow occurs at the trailing edge and, because the radius of the sharp trailing edge is zero, the speed of the air around the trailing edge should be infinitely fast. Though real fluids cannot move at infinite speed, they can move very fast. The high airspeed around the trailing edge causes strong viscous forces to act on the air adjacent to the trailing edge of the airfoil and the result is that a strong vortex accumulates on the topside of the airfoil, near the trailing edge. As the airfoil begins to move it carries this vortex, known as the starting vortex, along with it. Pioneering aerodynamicists were able to photograph starting vortices in liquids to confirm their existence.
The vorticity in the starting vortex is matched by the vorticity in the bound vortex in the airfoil, in accordance with Kelvin's circulation theorem. As the vorticity in the starting vortex progressively increases the vorticity in the bound vortex also progressively increases and causes the flow over the topside of the airfoil to increase in speed. The starting vortex is soon cast off the airfoil and is left behind, spinning in the air where the airfoil left it. The stagnation point on the topside of the airfoil then moves until it reaches the trailing edge. The starting vortex eventually dissipates due to viscous forces.
As the airfoil continues on its way, there is a stagnation point at the trailing edge. The flow over the topside conforms to the upper surface of the airfoil. The flow over both the topside and the underside join up at the trailing edge and leave the airfoil travelling parallel to one another. This is known as the Kutta condition.
When an airfoil is moving with an angle of attack, the starting vortex has been cast off and the Kutta condition has become established, there is a finite circulation of the air around the airfoil. The airfoil is generating lift, and the magnitude of the lift is given by the Kutta–Joukowski theorem.
One of the consequences of the Kutta condition is that the airflow over the topside of the airfoil travels much faster than the airflow under the underside. A parcel of air which approaches the airfoil along the stagnation streamline is cleaved in two at the stagnation point, one half traveling over the topside and the other half traveling along the underside. The flow over the topside is so much faster than the flow along the underside that these two halves never meet again. They do not even re-join in the wake long after the airfoil has passed. There is a popular fallacy called the equal transit-time fallacy that claims the two halves rejoin at the trailing edge of the airfoil. This has been understood as a fallacy since Martin Kutta's discovery.
Whenever the speed or angle of attack of an airfoil changes there is a weak starting vortex which begins to form, either above or below the trailing edge. This weak starting vortex causes the Kutta condition to be re-established for the new speed or angle of attack. As a result, the circulation around the airfoil changes and so too does the lift in response to the changed speed or angle of attack."This starting vortex formation occurs not only when a wing is first set into motion, but also when the circulation around the wing is subsequently changed for any reason whatever." Millikan, Clark B. (1941), Aerodynamics of the Airplane, p.65, John Wiley & Sons, New York
The Kutta condition gives some insight into why airfoils have sharp trailing edges, even though this is undesirable from structural and manufacturing viewpoints.
In irrotational, inviscid, incompressible flow (potential flow) over an airfoil, the Kutta condition can be implemented by calculating the stream function over the airfoil surface.
The same Kutta condition implementation method is also used for solving two dimensional subsonic (subcritical) inviscid steady compressible flows over isolated airfoils.
The viscous correction for the Kutta condition can be found in some of the recent studies.
The Kutta condition in aerodynamics
The Kutta condition allows an aerodynamicist to incorporate a significant effect of viscosity while neglecting viscous effects in the underlying conservation of momentum equation. It is important in the practical calculation of lift on a wing.
The equations of conservation of mass and conservation of momentum applied to an inviscid fluid flow, such as a potential flow, around a solid body result in an infinite number of valid solutions. One way to choose the correct solution would be to apply the viscous equations, in the form of the Navier–Stokes equations. However, these normally do not result in a closed-form solution. The Kutta condition is an alternative method of incorporating some aspects of viscous effects, while neglecting others, such as skin friction and some other boundary layer effects.
The condition can be expressed in a number of ways. One is that there cannot be an infinite change in velocity at the trailing edge. Although an inviscid fluid can have abrupt changes in velocity, in reality viscosity smooths out sharp velocity changes. If the trailing edge has a non-zero angle, the flow velocity there must be zero. At a cusped trailing edge, however, the velocity can be non-zero although it must still be identical above and below the airfoil. Another formulation is that the pressure must be continuous at the trailing edge.
The Kutta condition does not apply to unsteady flow. Experimental observations show that the stagnation point (one of two points on the surface of an airfoil where the flow speed is zero) begins on the top surface of an airfoil (assuming positive effective angle of attack) as flow accelerates from zero, and moves backwards as the flow accelerates. Once the initial transient effects have died out, the stagnation point is at the trailing edge as required by the Kutta condition.
Mathematically, the Kutta condition enforces a specific choice among the infinite allowed values of circulation.
See also
Kutta–Joukowski theorem
Horseshoe vortex
Starting vortex
References
L. J. Clancy (1975) Aerodynamics, Pitman Publishing Limited, London.
"Flow around an airfoil" at the University of Geneva
"Kutta condition for lifting flows" by Praveen Chandrashekar of the National Aerospace Laboratories of India
A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer, Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York (1959)
Massey, B.S. Mechanics of Fluids. Section 9.10, 2nd Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. London (1970) Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-25005
C. Xu, "Kutta condition for sharp edge flows", Mechanics Research Communications 25(4):415-420 (1998).
E.L. Houghton and P.W. Carpenter, Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, 5th edition, pp. 160-162, Butterworth-Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, Jordan Hill, Oxford (2003)
Notes
Fluid dynamics
Aircraft aerodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta%20condition |
Lewis Oliver Hartman (May 3, 1876 – June 30, 1955) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church, elected in 1944.
Biography
He was born in LaGrange, Indiana. Lewis married Helen Marion Nutter December 21, 1922, in Newton, Massachusetts. She was born November 2, 1894.
Lewis entered the traveling ministry of the Cincinnati Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1903. Prior to his election to the episcopacy in 1944, he served as a pastor, secretary for Sunday schools, and an editor. He was editor of Zion's Herald for twenty-four years.
He was for a time the chairman of the General Conference Commission on Central Conferences. He was president of the Methodist Federation for Social Service. He also participated in ecumenical Methodist conferences.
As bishop he was assigned the Boston episcopal area, 1944–1948.
Hartman died June 30, 1955, at a hospital in Boston.
Selected writings
Louis O. Hartman to Rev. Soon Hyun (1917)
Popular Aspects of Oriental Religions (1917)
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops, Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Obituary in The LaGrange Standard, LaGrange, Indiana, July 7, 1955.
External links
Genealogical information about Mrs. Hartman
1876 births
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1955 deaths
People from LaGrange, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20O.%20Hartman |
DR Movie Co., Ltd. is a South Korean animation studio that was established in Seoul in 1990 and frequently works with Japanese companies on anime titles. Since 1991, the studio has been in an exclusive partnership with the Japanese animation studio Madhouse, and in 2001, Madhouse became a partial owner/investor. In 2006, Madhouse's parent company at the time, Index Holdings, invested 600 million yen. DR Movie has been responsible for the animation production end of several Madhouse anime, starting with Tenjho Tenge in 2004 and continuing notably with Claymore in 2007. DR Movie has also been looking to make partnerships with Chinese animation companies for future productions, and as of March 2007 entered into a joint venture studio in Qingdao, China.
Besides Madhouse, DR Movie also has worked extensively with Nickelodeon, Sunrise, Warner Bros Animation, Gonzo, and Studio Ghibli. DR Movie is the only Korean contract studio with which Ghibli has worked.
Additionally, DR Movie maintains a production facility in Busan, known as Busan DR.
Works
Original productions
Elsword: El Lady
Flowering Heart (2016–2017; co-production with Bridge and Busan DR)
Guardian Fairy Michel
Metal Fighter T-Boys
Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles
Paboo Infinity Force
The Rising of the Shield Hero (Season 2; co-produced with Kinema Citrus)
Terror Man
As an outsource studio for American production
Avatar: The Last Airbender - (19 episodes)
The Batman
Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman
Batman and Harley Quinn
Batman vs. Two-Face
Godzilla: The Series (Seasons 1 and 2)
Hellboy: Sword of Storms
Hellboy: Blood and Iron
High Guardian Spice
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
Hulk Vs
Justice League
Justice League Action
Justice League Dark
Loonatics Unleashed (Main Title Production)
Masters of the Universe: Revelation
Men in Black: The Series
Onyx Equinox
The Simpsons (Season 34 episode "Treehouse of Horror XXXIII" "Death Tome" segment)
Todd McFarlane's Spawn
Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay
Teen Titans ("Switched")
Young Justice (Season 3)
Notes
References
External links
DR Movie official site
DR Movie
South Korean animation studios
Entertainment companies of South Korea
Mass media in Seoul
Anime companies
Mass media companies established in 1990
Entertainment companies established in 1990
South Korean companies established in 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR%20Movie |
Shaharpara () is a village of historical importance in the south-eastern part of Sunamganj District, Bangladesh. It was founded in 1315 CE by Shah Kamal Quhafah and his disciples. It is approximately one hour drive away from the city of Sylhet and also from Sunamganj. The village is at the heart of the Sylhet Division and nestles on the bank of the river Ratna.
Etymology
The name Shaharpara derived from the title of its founder, Shah Kamal. 'Shah' means 'monarch', 'ar' (variant of 'er') means 'of' and 'para' means 'village' or 'footstep'; Shaharpara is a compound of Shah, ar and para (Shah+ar+para=Shaharpara), which is attributed to the footsteps of Shah Kamal Quhafah. Literal meaning of Shaharpara is 'footsteps of Shah', referring to the footsteps of Shah Kamal. It was when Shah Kamal Quhafah alighted himself on an island to survey the terrain for settlement and when a settlement was established, it inherited the phrase 'Shaharpara' as an honour for the settlement and ascription to Shah Kamal Quhafah.
Origin of Shaharpara
Shaharpara is a village that nestles on the bank of river Ratna in Syedpur Shaharpara Union Parishad, Jagannathpur upazila, Sunamganj district, Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. In 1315 CE, Shah Kamal Quhafah established a settlement on a group of islands in Ratnang Sea. Nowadays, it lies on the bank of river Ratna (river Ratna is a remnant of erstwhile Ratnang Sea). The settlement of Shah Kamal Quhafah became an epicentre for spiritual occurrence, academic and esoteric learning. Gradually, it transformed into a mega village enticing a number of adjoining islets when they transmuted into hamlets: Kamalshahi, Tilak, Mirpur, Muftirchawk, Nurainpur, Lalarchar, Kurikiyar and Noagaon. From ancient to medieval periods, Jagannathpur upazila and all of its bordering upazilas were submerged in a vast sea by the name of Ratnag.
Kamalshahi
Kamalshahi (), aka Kamalshah, was founded by Shah Muazzamuddin Qureshi and it was named in honour of his father, Shah Kamal Quhafah. Kamalshahi was the capital of Muazzamabad and centre of academic and esoteric learning. At present, Kamalshahi has lost its past grandeur, but mausoleums of Shah Kamal Quhafa, his wife and children are sites for historical and archaeological interests.
Tilak
Tilak () was a settlement established by kith and kin of ‘Moi’ or ‘Mai’, who was a female disciple of Shah Kamal Quhafah. Family and friends of Moi came to Shaharpara from Moi’erchar or Moiyarchar in southwest of Sylhet and they established a settlement on an islet of Shaharpara archipelago, which later came to be known as 'Tilak', as Moi's family belong to a Brahmanic denomination that required them wearing a mark on their forehead called, tilak, and the settlement later derived its name from that insignia on their forehead. At present, Tilak is considered as a hamlet of Greater Shaharpara.
Muftirchawk
Muftirchawk () was an estate of Mufti Da’eem Uddin Qureshi of Mullah Barhi and it was named after his appellation of mufti. Mufti Da’eem Uddin Qureshi returned to Shaharpara on vacations and married his paternal cousin. Descendants of Mufti Da’eem Uddin Qureshi have settled in Dargah Mahalla, Sylhet. Mufti Da’eem Uddin Qureshi's eldest son, Maulana Zia Uddin Qureshi, was a philanthropist, who founded the very first school in Sylhet.
Nurainpur
Nurainpur () is a hamlet within the periphery of Shaharpara; it was established by Shah Nurain Uddin Qureshi and thus named after him. Shah Nurain Uddin Qureshi was a descendant of Shah Kamal Quhafah; he was a social activist, who dedicated most of his life for welfare of people and societal improvement.
Mirpur
Mirpur () hosted a garrison from the formation of Muazzamabad until it was annexed and absorbed by the Mughal Empire of Delhi.
Consanguinity
People of Shaharpara are related to each other; this is because most of them have descended from three sons of Shah Kamal Quḥāfah and their surnames are Shah, Khwaja, Kamali or Kamaly, Qureshi, Mufti and Siddiqui after their ancestor Shah Kamal Quḥāfah, who settled on the bank of river Ratna and founded a village that was named "Shaharpara" (derived from his first name). Family ties and relations with other clans are strikingly similar to that of the Arab tribes. Descendants of Shah Kamal Quhafah have extended to five families: Mullah Family, Baglar Family and Shahjee Family in Shaharpara, Qureshi Family in Patli and Mufti Family in Sylhet Dargah Mahallah. Maulana Shah Shamsuddin Qureshi, who was a descendant of Shah Kamal Quhafah, established the Qureshi Family in Patli and Maulana Shah Zia Uddin, another descendant of Shah Kamal Quhafah, established the Mufti Family in Dargah Mahallah, Sylhet. Today the Kamali population stands at approximately 5000 and most of them have immigrated to western countries for a better life, but they maintain a website that aims to bring the clan members together.
History
In 1303, Shah Jalal Yamani vanquished Sylhet with aid of his 360 disciples and the military might of Sultan Shamsuddin Firoz Shah. After about a decade of Muslim governance of Sylhet, an expedition of 12 Sufi disciples was sent to Sunamganj under the leadership of Shah Kamal Quḥāfah, commonly known as Shah Kamal, son of Khwaja Burhanuddin Quḥāfah, who was a commander and companion of Shah Jalal. The expedition suffered due a turbulent rainfall of monsoon season and thus Shah Kamal Quḥāfah ended up near a village called Tilak in Jagannathpur upazillah in Sunamganj District with his disciples. It is assumed that the expedition was less adventurous because Shah Kamal Quḥāfah was accompanied by his Arab wife, who was not accustomed to the local weather. Shah Kamal Quḥāfah with his 12 disciples settled on the bank of river Ratna. These twelve Sufi disciples of Shah Kamal Quḥāfah are as follows:
1. Pir Kallu Shah, 2. Shah Chand, 3. Dawar Bakhsh Khatib, 4. Dilwar Bakhsh Khatib, 5. Shaikh Shamsuddin Bihari, 6. Shah Faizullah, 7. Shah Jalaluddin, 8. Syed Tajuddin, 9. Syed Bahauddin, 10. Syed Ruknuddin, 11. Syed Shamsuddin and 12. Shah Manik.
After Shah Kamal Quḥāfah founded a settlement on the bank of river Ratna, which is nowadays known as Shaharpara, though initially it was Shahpara, he established a mosque and khanqah in Shaharpara proper. Shah Kamal Quḥāfah came to Sylhet with his wife from Mecca in Saudi Arabia and she begot three sons and a daughter. Three sons of Shah Kamal Quḥāfah were Shah Jalaluddin Qureshi, Shah Muazamuddin Qureshi and Shah Jamaluddin Qureshi. State of Muazzamabad (Iqlim-i-Muazzamabad) was established by Shah Muazzamuddin Qureshi. Silhat was conquered in 1384, and its north-western thana contained the mint town of Muazzamabad. Around 1620 CE, Mughal annexed Muazzamabad and Sylhet; the seat of administration was transferred from Shaharpara and Sylhet to Sonargaon. Sonargaon comprised two iqlims, which is evidenced in inscriptions of Bengal: one stretching towards east and north-east, called iqlim e Muazzamabad, and the other stretching towards west and south-west keeping Dhaka in the middle, called iqlim e Mubarakabad.
Economy
Greater Shaharpara has a number of markets, emporiums and bazaar where people from neighbouring villages and beyond trade. Shaharpara Bazaar is largest amongst other bazaar in the area.
Education
Shaharpara has a number of primary schools, one seminary by the name of Shah Kamal Madrasa and one high school by the name of Shaharpara Shah Kamal High School.
See also
List of villages in Bangladesh
Jagannathpur Upazila
Syedpur Shaharpara Union
Budhrail
Islampur, Jagannathpur
References
Villages in Jagannathpur Upazila | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharpara |
Ashgabat International Airport () , formerly known as Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy International Airport, is one of five international airports in Turkmenistan. It is located within the city limits of Ashgabat (Ashkhabad). The old airport, with its air traffic control tower and a precision approach runway (12L-30R), opened in 1994 and was named after the country's first president, Saparmyrat Niyazov. The new airport terminal opened in September 2016, after being completely redesigned and rebuilt and after the south runway was moved and lengthened to parallel the north runway.
History
Soviet
Turkmen civil aviation began in 1927, the year air communications began between Chardzhou and Tashauz, flying through the settlements of Turtkul and Novo-Urgench (both in the Uzbek SSR). For this route, four-passenger Junkers F.13 aircraft were purchased in Germany, as well as Soviet four-passenger Kalinin K-4 aircraft. Eight aircraft served this airline. Later, in 1932, newer Soviet aircraft were purchased for the transport of passengers. The Kalinin K-5 aircraft seated six, and the Tupolev ANT-9 aircraft had twelve seats. With this replenishment of the Turkmen SSR air fleet, in 1932 an air division was formed at Chardzhou Airport that directly served the Chardzhou-Tashauz route, without stops in other settlements. In Soviet times, the airport was used exclusively for servicing flights within the USSR. Currently, in addition to the aircraft of the local airline fleet, the airport serves the planes of several foreign airlines of the world, performing both passenger and cargo flights.
Independent Turkmenistan
The first modern airport terminal opened in 1994 with a capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour. In Soviet times, the airport was used exclusively for domestic flights.
As part of Saparmurat Niyazov's aspiration to transform Turkmenistan into 'the new Kuwait', he sought to construct a distinctive airport. This zeal resulted in the control tower being constructed on the wrong side of the runway. The 'gaudy new terminal' now blocked the view of air traffic controllers as they guided pilots. The builders warned him of this, however, he responded that, "It looks better this way."
The building was dismantled in 2013.
New building (2016)
The Turkmen government let an international tender in 2012 for reconstruction of the airport in Ashgabat, to be named "Oguz Han". Polimeks, a Turkish construction company active in Turkmenistan since the late-1990s, was declared winner of the tender. The new airport was opened on 17 September 2016 by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow. The project cost $2.3 billion (€1.7 billion) and features a highly unusual terminal design in the shape of a falcon. The new airport has capacity to serve 14 million passengers per year at a rate of 1,600 passengers per hour. The airport covers 350,000 m2 and includes a passenger terminal, VIP terminal, cargo terminal with capacity to handle 200,000 tonnes of freight per year, a new air traffic control tower (ATCT), a maintenance hangar for three narrow-body aircraft, new fueling stations, catering, fire brigade, flight simulation, repair and maintenance buildings, parking space for 3,000 cars, a civil aviation school as well as a medical center. The airport has also a second 3,800-meter long runway to serve wide-body, double-deck jet airliners such as the Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8.
Facilities
There are two artificial runways, equipped with the second category ILS and platform, enabling them to take aircraft of all types. All services of the airport work around the clock. The airport includes passenger waiting rooms, immigration, customs, border control, a 24-hour reference service, VIP and CIP rooms, a business club, a ticket office for (Turkmenistan Airlines), shops, bars, fast-food outlets, currency exchange, a new baggage handling conveyor system, international telephone, a mother and child room and the offices for (Star Alliance air carriers and Turkish Airlines).
On 26 March 2014, a small passenger terminal was opened during a ceremony attended by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow. The terminal is located on the site of a pre-existing Turkmen SSR airport (behind the bus station) on 2013 Street (Cosmonaut Boulevard). For the period of construction of the main passenger terminal the temporary terminal served passengers departing from and arriving to Ashgabat. After commissioning of the main terminal, the terminal was used for domestic routes and charter flights.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Ground transportation
The airport is located near M37 highway and connect to them as a four-lane motorway. Terminal parking, short-term and long-term parking is available at the airport.
Bus
There is regular bus service by bus line 1, 18, 22, 58 from the airport to Ashgabat city. Complete list of local services is available at the Ashgabat passenger motor transport enterprise website.
Taxi
There are Awtomobil Ulag Hyzmaty company offering services at Ashgabat Airport.
See also
List of the busiest airports in the former USSR
List of airports in Turkmenistan
Transportation in Turkmenistan
References
External links
Airports in Turkmenistan
Airport
Transport in Ashgabat
Airports established in 1994
1994 establishments in Turkmenistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat%20International%20Airport |
Juan Marsé Carbó (8 January 1933 – 18 July 2020) was a Spanish novelist, journalist, and screenwriter who used Spanish as his literary language. In 2008, he was awarded the Cervantes Prize, "the Spanish-language equivalent" to the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Biography
Marsé was born Juan Faneca Roca in Barcelona. His mother died in childbirth, and he was soon adopted by the Marsé family, taking the name Juan Marsé Carbó.
At age 14, without finishing his studies, Marsé began to work as a jewelry apprentice. He spent some time working in the Barcelonès magazine 'Arcinema' and began his literary career in 1958 with some stories that appeared in 'Insula' and 'El Ciervo' magazines. His story, Nada para morir, won the Sésamo Prize, and in 1958 he published his first novel, Encerrados con un solo juguete (Locked up with a Single Toy), which was a finalist of the Biblioteca Breve Seix Barral Prize.
Afterwards, he spent two years in Paris working as "garçon de laboratoire" at the Pasteur Institute and translating screenplays and teaching Spanish. Back in Spain he wrote Esta cara de la luna (This Side of the Moon), repudiated and never included in his complete works. In 1965 he won the Biblioteca Breve Prize with Últimas tardes con Teresa (Last Evenings with Teresa).
He married Joaquina Hoyas and began working in advertising and writing dialogues for films. He wrote La oscura historia de la prima Montse (The Dark Story of Cousin Montse), which was not very successful, and Si te dicen que caí (If They Tell You I Fell), based on the murder of Carmen Broto. The latter was published in Mexico due to Francoist censorship and won the Novel International Prize.
In 1974, he started a column in the magazine Por Favor while continuing writing for the film industry. His novel La muchacha de las bragas de oro (Girl with Golden Panties) won the Planeta Prize in 1978, which made him known to the general public.
He wrote two novels about post-war Barcelona, Un día volveré (One Day I'll Come Back) and Ronda del Guinardó, followed by the collection of short stories, Teniente Bravo.
In the 1990s, he received numerous prizes, including Ateneo de Sevilla Prize for El amante bilingüe (The Bilingual Lover) and the Critic Prize and Aristeion Prize for El embrujo de Shanghai (The Shanghai Spell). In 1997 he was awarded the Juan Rulfo Prize for Latin American and Caribbean Literature. After seven years of silence he published Rabos de Lagartija (Lizards' Tails), which won the Critic Prize and Narrative National Prize. Marsé was the winner of the 2008 Cervantes Prize, the most prestigious award for Spanish-language literature.
MacLehose Press published The Calligraphy of Dreams in 2014.
Marsé died on 18 July 2020.
Film adaptations
The Dark History of Cousin Montse (Jordi Cadena, 1977)
Girl with the Golden Panties (Vicente Aranda, 1980)
Last Evenings with Teresa (Gonzalo Herralde, 1984)
If you say that I fell (Vicente Aranda, 1989)
The Bilingual Lover (Vicente Aranda, 1993)
Domenica - adapted from Ronda del Guinardó (Wilma Labate, 2001)
The Shanghai Spell (Fernando Trueba, 2002)
Lolita's Club (Vicente Aranda, 2007)
External links
Official Site of Juan Marsé (in Spanish)
Guided tour of locations featured in Marsé's novels
References
1933 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Barcelona
Premio Cervantes winners
20th-century Spanish novelists
21st-century Spanish novelists
Spanish male novelists
20th-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Mars%C3%A9 |
John Joseph O'Connor (June 2, 1866 – November 14, 1937), also known as Peach Pie, was a utility player in Major League Baseball in the American Association, the National League, and the American League, primarily used as an outfielder. O'Connor appeared in games across four decades.
O'Connor was involved in a scandal in 1910 when, as player-manager of the St. Louis Browns, he attempted to help Nap Lajoie win the batting title over Ty Cobb. O'Connor ordered a rookie third baseman to play in a position that allowed Lajoie to bunt and reach first base easily. Later, O'Connor and a coach tried to bribe the official scorer to change a call to a hit. Although Cobb won the title, the scandal led to an investigation, and O'Connor and the coach were fired and informally banned from baseball for life. Research in 1981 revealed that Cobb's statistics were incorrectly counted, and Lajoie should have won the batting title.
Career
O'Connor began his career as a left fielder and catcher for the Cincinnati Red Stockings, and he soon moved his way around the infield. He also played for the Columbus Solons from 1889 to 1891, and in 1892, he joined the Cleveland Spiders, where he would stay until 1898, when the owners of the St. Louis Browns were buying their players from the Spiders, who ceased to exist in 1899. O'Connor moved west to play with the Perfectos until 10 games into the 1900 season, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates. He played one season with the New York Highlanders before finishing his career back in St. Louis with the Browns. O'Connor is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades.
Scandal
O'Connor was the player-manager of the Browns in 1910, finishing a dismal 47–107. He tried to help Nap Lajoie win the batting title and the associated 1910 Chalmers Award over Ty Cobb in the last two games of the season, a doubleheader at Sportsman's Park. Cobb was leading Lajoie .385 to .376 in the batting race going into that last day. O'Connor ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to station himself in shallow left field. Lajoie bunted five straight times down the third base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on a fielding error, officially giving him a hitless at-bat and lowering his average. O'Connor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit, offering to buy her a new wardrobe. Cobb won the batting title by less than one percentage point over Lajoie, .385069 to .384095.
The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, who declared Cobb the rightful winner of the batting title (though Chalmers awarded cars to both players). At his insistence, Browns' owner Robert Hedges fired both O'Connor and Howell and released them as players; both men were informally banned from baseball for life. O'Connor accepted responsibility for the scheme, but maintained that it was the players' idea; he didn't object because the game was not a factor in the pennant race. To date, it is the most severe penalty handed down to a manager for in-game misconduct. It is tied for the most severe penalty overall ever handed down to a manager; Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds was also banned for life for betting on baseball.
In 1981, however, research revealed that one game was counted twice for Cobb when he went 2-for-3. As a result, his 1910 batting statistics should have been shown as 194-for-506 and .383399, less than 0.0007 behind Lajoie at 227-for-591.
Managerial record
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades
References
External links
1866 births
1937 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) players
Columbus Solons players
Cleveland Spiders players
St. Louis Perfectos players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Highlanders players
St. Louis Browns players
St. Louis Browns managers
Baseball player-managers
Baseball players from St. Louis
St. Joseph Reds players
Denver Mountaineers players
Little Rock Travelers players
Cleveland Forest City players
Minor league baseball managers
Sportspeople banned for life
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20O%27Connor%20%28catcher%29 |
Suri may refer to:
Places
Suri, Birbhum, a town in West Bengal, India
Suri I, community development block in West Bengal, India
Suri II, community development block in West Bengal, India
Suri Sadar subdivision, administrative subdivision in West Bengal, India
Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency), an assembly constituency in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal
Suri dynasty, a former South Asian empire
Şuri, a commune in Drochia District, Moldova
Suri, Hamadan, a village in Hamadan province, Iran
Suri, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan province, Iran
Suri District, an administrative division of Rumeshkan County, Lorestan province, Iran
Suri Rural District, an administrative division of Rumeshkan County, Lorestan province, Iran
Suri, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan province, Iran
Suri, West Azerbaijan, a village in West Azerbaijan province, Iran
Suri, Dolakha, Gaurishankar Rural Municipality, Dolakha District, Nepal
Sori, Kenya or Suri
People
Suri (name)
Sur (Pashtun tribe) or Suri, a Pashtun tribe
Suri (Ethiopia) or Surma people
Suri language, a Nilo-Saharan Eastern Sudanic language spoken by Suri people
Suri (Khukhrain), one of the ten clans of the Khukhrain
Other meanings
Śuri, Etruscan god
Suri (Peru), a mountain in Peru
Suri (flower)
Suri alpaca, a breed of alpaca
Darwin's rhea, a large flightless bird in South America
Suri, edible larva of the palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum
Suri, a lemur in the 2000 Disney animated film Dinosaur
See also
Siri (disambiguation)
Suri Sadar Hospital, West Bengal, India
Surry (disambiguation)
Unsuri (died 1039), Persian poet
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suri |
Sur, are a historical Pashtun tribe from among the Kakar living primarily in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. They claim descendance from Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid. The founder of the Suri Empire in India, Sher Shah Suri, belonged to the Sur tribe. They ruled the Suri Empire from 1540 until they were removed from power in 1555 after the Battle of Sirhind by Humayun and the Persian army, who re-established the Mughal Empire.
History
The Suri tribe of the Afghans inhabited the mountains of Ghor east of Furrah and their principal cities were Ghore, Feruzi and Bamian.
See also
Sur Empire
Suri (name)
Pashtun tribes
Mandesh
Qais Abdur Rashid
Amir Kror Suri
Notes
References
External links
GHURIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica
Pashtun tribes
Pashto-language surnames
Pakistani names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%20%28Pashtun%20tribe%29 |
New York State Route 214 (NY 214) is a long state highway through the Catskill Park sections of Ulster and Greene counties. The route begins at an intersection with NY 28 in the town of Shandaken, just southwest of the hamlet of Phoenicia. The route runs through the narrow mountain pass called Stony Clove Notch before reaching the town of Hunter, where it ends at NY 23A.
NY 214 was part of a tannery road constructed by Colonel William Edwards of Hunter in the late 1840s, opening by 1849. The road was upgraded in 1873 to the Stoney Clove Turnpike, which serviced hotels and resorts in the Catskills. In 1930, the route was designated as NY 214, but the part in Greene County was not state-maintained, instead by the county. From 1946 to 1956, the residents of the hamlet of Lanesville spent time fighting for NY 214 to be reconstructed due to being an unsafe dirt road for their children to attend school using their bus. After two sections were completed by 1952, the last section in Greene County was a political debate for four years over the New York State Department of Public Works delaying the project for a multitude of reasons. Construction of the final section finally commenced on July 16, 1956.
In 1994, it was proposed that NY 214 become part of a scenic byway and in 2013, the state of New York approved a bill creating the Mountain Cloves Scenic Byway, which is a byway with multiple branches serving the Catskill Mountains.
Route description
NY 214 begins at an intersection with NY 28 in the town of Shandaken as the latter runs along the Esopus Creek. NY 214 gains the moniker of Main Street, climbing downhill into the hamlet of Phoenicia, crossing a tributary of Esopus Creek, Stony Clove Creek, into the center of the community. A block after the water crossing, NY 214 turns northwest off Main Street, becoming a two-lane commercial street, bypassing the downtown section of Phoenicia, now paralleling the waterway. NY 214 soon leaves Phoenicia, bending northeast along Stony Clove Creek, crossing northeast along the sides of the nearby mountains, reaching the hamlet of Chichester, where it becomes a two-lane residential road in the middle of the notch.
NY 214 continues northeast out of Chichester, crossing through the town of Shandaken, remaining a two-lane roadway. A short distance northeast of Chichester, the route crosses out of Ulster County and into Greene County. NY 214 continues northeast through the town of Hunter. Reaching the hamlet of Lanesville, the route becomes a rural mountainside road through various mountains of the Catskill High Peaks. For a short distance along the route east of Lanesville, the route bends eastward rather than northeast, reaching the hamlet of Edgewood, which consists of a few homes and a junction with Notch Hill Road. At this junction, NY 214 turns northward between Plateau and Hunter mountains, becoming a two-lane woods road.
NY 214 passes a small pond of Stony Clove Notch, continuing north and turning northeast near Higgins Road. After the northeastern turn, the route junctions with the southern terminus of County Route 83 (CR 83 or Ski Bowl Road). The route winds out and becomes a flat area through Hunter, reaching a junction with NY 23A in the hamlet of Hunter, just west of Tannersville.
History
Construction and designation
NY 214 dates back to a road constructed in the late 1840s by Colonel William Edwards, a tanner from Hunter. This road was constructed along the clove that marks eastern flank of Hunter Mountain and western of Plateau Mountain in the Catskills so that Edwards to get hemlock tree bark to the tannery from the mountains. The road constructed by Edwards and first used by Amos Connolly by 1849 for the first wagon use was upgraded in 1873 upon state approval of the Stoney Clove Turnpike, which occurred by the New York State Legislature on April 30. The road's design used has been speculated that there was a significant issue with erosion when it comes to the road through Stony Clove Notch, even into the 1940s. Stacked rock walls were commonly used to create abutments and construct banks from the streams below.
In 1881, construction begun on the Stony Clove and Catskill Mountain Railway, a narrow-gauge railway from Phoenicia and the Ulster and Delaware Railroad to the village of Hunter. This new railroad was constructed to serve the Hotel Kaaterskill through the notch. The railroad was completed in 1883 and converted to standard gauge in 1899. An inn was constructed at the station in Edgewood, helping tourists and recreation through the Catskills. The railroad was shut down in April 1936 and in 1940, the tracks were torn up, though the right-of-way remains.
The Notch Road was not originally included in the New York State highway map in 1912. By 1921, it had not been added. However, in 1925, with pressure from New York State Senator Arthur F. Bouton, Notch Road was added to the state highway map in 1925. The dirt road was taken over by the state of New York in the late 1920s and designated as NY 214 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.
Reconstruction debacles
1946–1951
NY 214 became the subject of controversy for the conditions of the road through Lanesville and Greene County. The members of a committee of parents in Lanesville noted on December 2, 1946 that they would hold their students from going to school starting on January 6, 1947 if the state did not start work on repairing the road for safety. The committee noted that the conditions of NY 214 were dangerous, with the road's pavement not being maintained for use of the school bus and guard rails were not installed to keep cars from going into waterways. The parents remained committed and held about 55 students out of school starting January 2, stating that nothing still had been done to maintain NY 214. Burton Belknap, part of the State Education Department, stated that they intended to make sure they would work with the local parents in order to get the students back in school. The student strike was lifted on January 13 on conditions that the town of Hunter made for repairing the road.
Parents noted that they demanded safer guard rails because the ones that stood were dangerous to poor construction. They also noted several sections with drops that had none whatsoever. Petitioners had sent 700 signatures to the state stating that the road had been neglected for the previous 20 years. However, by May 22, nothing still had been done despite talks, but the state claimed they needed time to get this work done. The parents pointed out a case where a driver ended up in Stony Clove Creek due to lack of guard rail. The state stated that bids on upgrading NY 214 would not go out until July and that the repairs to pavement would be within two weeks. Bids on NY 214 for the regular repairs were accepted in mid-September, with an announcement on September 17 that a bid of $281,418.74 (1947 USD) was provided by Triple Cities Construction of Binghamton to reconstruct a long section of NY 214 from Edgewood to a point north of Stony Clove.
In November 1948 Greene County's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to support getting funds for the continuation of reconstruction of NY 214. Funding for this project would come from the Federal Aid Secondary Highway Program. The Board had received letters noting that getting the road a contract should be urgent once money is located. On February 22, 1949, the county announced that the amount of $155,000 (1949 USD) was allotted for the construction on NY 214 as a continuation of funds already allotted since 1946. This would cover the rest of the road through the town of Hunter. However, the chairman of the Board, Claude Tompkins and the supervisor for Hunter, G. Richard Ham, both requested an investigation into whether or not this would be enough money to pay for the project. That August, the Lanesville Parents Committee joined other groups in forming the Greene County chapter of the New York Good Roads Association. John Papp, the chairman of the Parents Committee noted that they were focused with the chapter on urging reconstruction of NY 214 By February 1950, Papp had been elected temporary president of the new Greene County chapter.
In February 1950, New York State Senator Arthur H. Wicks announced that the funds for construction of NY 214 would be put into a contract by May 1. The plans were completed and bridge designs were being finished. On May 16, the state announced that the bid would be let on the second section of NY 214. By September, things had gone backwards after an automobile with four children fell off the side of NY 214 due to the roadway caving in. This caused yet another parent strike, refusing to let their kids ride the bus on September 27. Senator Wicks called the capital in Albany to find out what the delay was in construction. The state noted that because NY 214 was not maintained by the state, but by Greene County, that it would require approval by the Federal Bureau of Roads in Washington D.C. The state noted that they cannot do any construction until once approval on the plans was obtained. In response, Wicks arranged to get the contract let advertised on October 12 and that a bid would be accepted by November 15. Residents were continuing to hold students from taking the bus to school and that the road was falling apart in numerous areas and that people would have to drive on the shoulder regularly. However, there were no bidders on the contract, and the New York State Department of Public Works opened more bids on December 13 for the long section of NY 214 at the cost of $214,000.
This second bidding process was met with success, as the John Arborio, Inc. company of Poughkeepsie for a total of $203,242.80 (1951 USD) won the bid in January 1951. The contract would include the construction of the two bridges and reconstruction of NY 214. The new roadway would be wide and paved with gravel and asphalt, replacing the dirt road that went through the notch. This contract would also eliminate curves and grades along NY 214 from Stony Clove Notch to Kaaterskill Junction and be completed by December 1, 1951.
1952–1956
After construction began on the section of NY 214 at its northern end, the issue came up with Greene County and its southern section of road. The state had put the project on its construction program for 1952, however, it required federal approval. The explanation was due to a request for action created by Wicks to the state superintendent of Public Works, B. D. Tallamy. Henry TenHagen, the deputy chief engineer at the state noted that the project was given to the Federal Bureau of Public Roads, who did not approve it due to restrictions on materials required for construction. The Board of Supervisors for Greene County and the town board for Hunter voted for construction the next year. The demand was raised not only due to the incident in 1950 of the car tumbling off the cliffside, but that a section of road had been washed out in a recent storm.
On June 9, the federal government approved that the last section of NY 214 was eligible for federal aid, at the cost of $700,000 (1952 USD), which would be subsidized by half by the government. However, due to the approval being announced late in the fiscal year, there was no ability on part of the state to let a bid contract until the next, as all state money for the year had dried up. The $700,000 project would go to four miles of grading, drainage structures, three bridges and paving of two lanes through Greene County. The federal government announced they would approve construction bidding once the state sent documents noting they acquired rights-of-way for the project. However, by July 30, no progress was made by the state on construction despite federal approval according to J. Ernest Wharton, a United States Congressman from Richmondville.
The debacle over the final section of NY 214 dragged into 1953 and soon 1954, when the residents of Lanesville pressed New York State Governor Thomas E. Dewey to take action on the stalled project. The federal appropriation of aid would expire on June 30, 1955 and the committee noted that the state had been making empty promises since February 1952. They pressured Dewey to take steps to expedite the project, as the Public Works department had been making excuses from federal aid, to engineer shortages, to lack of money, approval by Greene County and that the state must match the amount of the federal government provided. By May, the committee turned their requests to United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower for his support on the highway. Eisenhower referred the letter to the Bureau of Public Roads who noted that while the money was still there, it hinged on documents that were never sent regarding the right-of-way in 1952.
On August 24, the Department of Public Works noted a letter to the parents committee noting that NY 214 had been placed on the 1955 program for construction, like it had three years prior. The state also noted that they would do survey and design during the winter of 1954–1955 and then move the project to the contract stage in 1955. By late December 1954, the district engineer for the state noted that the work would be able to be contracted by April 1. However, plans were not sent to the state until late July 1955 to the main office in Albany. To make things worse, the defeat of a $750 million road bond amendment in November 1955 would potentially delay the work on NY 214 even further. Stating more run-around by the state, John Papp, the chair of the parents committee noted that the letting proposal for a contract was to start December 1, 1955, but defeating the amendment changed plans, even though part of the road was severely damaged in a storm on October 16.
By December 1955, however, the committee was fed up once again with the state and their treatment of the NY 214 reconstruction. They threatened yet another school strike after disappointed results from new Governor Averell Harriman, stating it was their only weapon left in the situation. Papp noted that a letter sent by Bellamy noted that the money was not contingent on the failed amendment. Soon after, the state canceled bids on the project, angering Wicks and New York State Assemblyman William E. Brady from Coxsackie. Angered by the decision, the parents went through with their threat to pull their children once again for a week in January 1956 until Wicks and Brady agreed to talk to the state. However, the state accused Papp in late January of confusing the issues over money for funding of the NY 214 project. The new Superintendent for the Public Works Department, John W. Johnson noted that the defeat of the amendment was the reason for canceling the bids of December 1.
On April 19, a letting for the section of NY 214 was finally held, but no bids were received on the project, requiring a second set to begin on June 7. However, Governor Harriman noted that the cost of the project had gone up to $815,000 instead of the original $700,000 estimated in 1952. The bid was won by Rock Construction Company of Sunset Park on June 25 at the cost of $757,886.60, who noted that official construction began on July 16. By August, trees had been removed and the flooded out would be moved away from the creek to avoid future issues. By early September, the company noted that they were about to pour concrete for one of the new bridges and that construction was progressing at a steady rate.
Scenic byway
In March 1994, the town of Hunter, the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development and the Greene County Planning Department nominated NY 214 along with the Kaaterskill Clove portion of NYS 23A and the clove portion of Platte Clove Rd. to the New York State Scenic Roads Program. In 2011, it was proposed that the Mountain Cloves Scenic Byway would serve a section of NY 214 from State Route 23A to the Greene County line. Eventually, this would connect the Catskill Mountains Scenic Byway with the Mountain Cloves Scenic Byway, with the designation of the former in 2015. On June 20, 2013, a bill passed the New York State Assembly to designate the Mountain Cloves Scenic Byway and sent to Governor Andrew Cuomo to be signed. On July 12, the Governor signed the Mountain Cloves Scenic Byway into law. The southern section of Route 214 was designated part of the Catskill Mountains Scenic Byway in November 2015.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
214
Catskills
Transportation in Ulster County, New York
Transportation in Greene County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20214 |
Mambai may refer to:
Mambai people, a people group also known as Mambae, Manbae or Maubere from Timor-Leste
Mambai language (Timor), the language spoken by Mambai people from Timor-Leste
Mambai language (Cameroon), a language also known as Mangbai or Mamgbay language from northern Cameroon and southern Chad
See also
Mumbai (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai |
Karl Theodor Vahlen (30 June 1869 – 16 November 1945) was a mathematician and professor who was a member of the Nazi Party. He served as the first Gauleiter of Pomerania and was a member of both the SA and SS.
Early years
Theodore Vahlen was born in Vienna, the son of a German classical philologist Johannes Vahlen (1830–1911). He went to volksschule and gymnasium in Berlin before studying mathematics at the University of Berlin and receiving his doctorate there in 1893.
From 1893, Vahlen was a Privatdozent in mathematics at the Königsberg Albertina University. In 1904, he began teaching at the University of Greifswald, and in 1911 he became an ordinarius professor there. He entered military service at the beginning of World War I with the rank of Hauptmann in the 68th (6th Royal Saxon) Field Artillery Regiment. He was an artillery battery commander on the western front (1914-1915) and the eastern front (1916-1917). Wounded in action on three occasions, he earned the Iron Cross, first and second class. He left the service on 30 September 1918 with the rank of Major of the reserves. He returned to teaching at the University of Greifswald.
Political career
Vahlen in 1919 initially became a member of the German National People's Party (DNVP). He co-founded a völkische group in Pomerania in 1922. In November 1923, he and his wife joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) just before it was outlawed as a result of the Beer Hall Putsch. He then joined the National Socialist Freedom Party, a Nazi front organization, becoming its Gauleiter in Pomerania on 4 April 1924. In May 1924, under its auspices, he was elected to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 6 (Pomerania). From mid-1924 through September 1926, he was the co-publisher of the daily newspaper Norddeutscher Beobachter (North German Observer).
When the ban on the Nazi Party was lifted, Gregor Strasser, Hitler's authorized representative for northern Germany, selected him to be the first Party Gauleiter for Gau Pomerania on 22 March 1925 and Hitler confirmed this appointment. Vahlen formally rejoined the Party on 11 May (membership number 3,961). In December 1925, Vahlen joined the National Socialist Working Association, a group of north and northwest German Gauleiters closely associated with Strasser. On 1 March 1926, Vahlen joined Strasser and his brother Otto Strasser in founding the publishing house Kampf-Verlag in Berlin.
By 1927, Adolf Hitler was replacing many early Party leaders whom he considered not to have the attributes to be effective party administrators. Consequently, Vahlen was placed on indefinite leave on 1 May 1927 and his newly appointed Deputy, Walther von Corswant, was effectively put in charge. On 21 August, Vahlen was finally dismissed and Corswant officially became Gauleiter.
Also in May 1927, Vahlen faced disciplinary actions stemming from an incident a few years earlier when he was Rector at the University of Greifswald. On 11 August 1924, Constitution Day, Vahlen had incited a crowd at the university against the Weimar Republic, which resulted in taking down the flags of the Republic and the Free State of Prussia. The university suspended him for political abuse of his function, and in May 1927 he was dismissed without a pension. Upon his dismissal, Friedrich Schmidt-Ott increased the funding Vahlen had been receiving for his work for the German Navy since 1922. Vahlen worked briefly as an assistant in Johannes Stark's private physics laboratory. In 1930 Vahlen returned to his birthplace and became a lecturer of mathematics at the Technische Hochschule Wien.
Once Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Vahlen's career again gained momentum and flourished in Germany as a result of his support for the NSDAP. In that year, he became an ordinarius professor of mathematics at the Humboldt University of Berlin, as successor to Richard Edler von Mises, who emigrated from Germany as a result of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which was in part directed against professors with Jewish ancestry, which von Mises had. After 1933, Vahlen was a strong advocate of Deutsche Mathematik, a parallel movement to Deutsche Physik, advocated by the Nobel Laureate physicists Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark; both movements were anti-Semitic. From 1934, he was ordinarius professor at the University of Berlin, a position he held until attaining emeritus status in 1937.
In July 1933 Vahlen joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) but on 10 July 1936 he switched to the Schutzstaffel (SS) with the rank of Sturmbannführer and was assigned to the SS Main Office. On 30 January 1938 he was attached to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS. He received successive promotions, the last being to SS-Brigadeführer on 9 November 1943.
During the period 1933 to 1937, Vahlen served as third vice president of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft. In January 1934 he became an employee in the University Department of the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and Public Education, and by 26 April he was head of the department. From 1 June 1934, he was a Ministerial Director and Chief of the Science Office at the Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture. Actually, the Science Office was split into two components, WI, a continuation of the Prussian department, and WII, the army office for research. Vahlen was head of WI, but, in actuality, the deputy chief, the chemist Franz Bachér ran WI. From this position, in 1936, Vahlen began publishing the journal Deutsche Mathematik, for which the Berlin mathematician Ludwig Bieberbach was the editor; in the journal, political articles preceded the scholarly articles. On 1 January 1937 Vahlen was relieved of his duties at the Ministry at his own request. Through a manipulation of the election process by Vahlen and his supporters, he was selected as president of the Prussian Academy of Sciences effective 1 January 1939 and remained in this post until 1 April 1943. In April 1944, Vahlen moved to Vienna after his Berlin apartment was destroyed in an air raid and again taught at the Technische Hochschule Wien. In August 1944 he moved to Prague and worked as a lecturer at the Charles University. At the end of the war in May 1945 he was imprisoned, and he died in Czech custody in November 1945.
Mathematics
Vahlen gained his doctorate with Beiträge zu einer additiven Zahlentheorie, and continued to specialise in number theory, but later turned to applied mathematics.
Theodor Vahlen was an early proponent of geometric algebra. His 1902 paper in Mathematische Annalen recounts William Kingdon Clifford's construction of his 2n dimensional algebra with n − 1 anti-commuting square roots of −1. Vahlen also recounts split-biquaternions and parabolic biquaternions originated by Clifford. But Vahlen cites Eduard Study most of all since Study also focussed on the geometric motions (translation and rotation) as implicit in algebra. Since Vahlen explores some of the fractional-linear transformations of Clifford algebras, he is sometimes remembered for the Vahlen matrices. These are matrices with coefficients in a Clifford algebra that act on a projective line over a ring.
In 1985 Lars Ahlfors recalled the article as follows: "The method was introduced as early as 1901 by K.T. Vahlen in a rather short, but remarkable, paper. His motivation was to unify the theory of motions in Euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic space, which is obviously in the spirit of Clifford. In this respect the paper seems somewhat antiquated, but the essence is in the method it advocates."
The subject of relativity was a polemical issue in Nazi Germany. As Mark Walker writes
Eventually Vahlen adopted the common tactic of ascribing the theory of relativity to other "Aryan" physicists, thereby accusing Einstein of plagiarism, but also making the theory palatable to the National Socialist state.
Works
1899: "Rationale Funktion der Wurzeln, symmetrische und Affektfunktionen", (i.e. "Rational functions of roots, symmetric and effect-functions") Klein's encyclopedia, 1–1.
1900: "Arithmetische Theorie der Formen", (i.e. "Arithmetic Theory of Forms") Klein's encyclopedia, Volume 1-2
1902: "Über Bewegungen und complexe Zahlen", (i.e. "On Motions and Complex Numbers") Mathematische Annalen 55:585–93
1905: Abstrakte Geometrie. Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der euklidischen und nicht-euklidischen Geometrie, (i.e. Arithmetic Geometry. Studies of the Foundations of Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry), Leipzig, 2nd edition 1940, Deutsche Mathematik, 2nd supplement
1911: Konstruktionen und Approximationen in systematischer Darstellung, (i.e. Systematic Representations of Constructions and Approximations) Teubner
1922: Ballistik (i.e. Ballistics) de Gruyter 2nd edition 1942
1929: Deviation und Kompensation, (i.e. Deviation and Compensation) Vieweg-Verlag
1942: "Die Paradoxien der relativen Mechanik", (i.e. "Paradoxes of relative mechanics") Leipzig, Deutsche Mathematik, 3rd supplement
Bibliography
Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977) Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (Yale)
Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator (1996) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser)
Macrakis, Kristie (1993) Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford)
References
External links
1869 births
1945 deaths
Academic staff of TU Wien
Gauleiters
German Army personnel of World War I
German expatriates in Austria
German expatriates in the Czech lands
German people imprisoned abroad
German National People's Party politicians
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Mathematicians from Vienna
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians
National Socialist Working Association members
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
19th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German people
Number theorists
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
SS-Brigadeführer
Sturmabteilung personnel
20th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
20th-century German people
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany
Nazis who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Czechoslovak detention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Vahlen |
Misha Dichter (born September 27, 1945) is an American pianist.
Biography
Misha Dichter was born in Shanghai to Polish-Jewish parents who fled during WWII. He moved with his family to Los Angeles, California, at the age of two and began studying piano at the age of five. He studied with Aube Tzerko, a pupil of Artur Schnabel, who established a concentrated practice regimen and intensive approach to musical analysis. Dichter also studied composition and analysis with Leonard Stein, a disciple of Arnold Schoenberg. He attended the Juilliard School in New York and studied with Rosina Lhévinne.
While enrolled at the Juilliard School, Dichter won the Silver medal at the 1966 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, an accomplishment which helped launch his international musical career. Shortly after, he performed Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 at Tanglewood with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Erich Leinsdorf, nationally broadcast live on NBC and subsequently recorded for RCA. Dichter made his debut with Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic in 1968 performing the same concerto. Appearances with the Berlin Philharmonic, Concertgebouw of Amsterdam, the principal London orchestras, and major American orchestras soon followed.
Dichter has contributed articles to leading publications including the New York Times. He has been seen frequently on national television, was the subject of an hour-long European television documentary, and was featured with his dog Thunder in the film My Dog: An Unconventional Love Story.
Dichter has needed to have multiple surgeries on his hands to allow him to continue playing, due to a condition called Dupuytren's contracture.
Recordings
Misha Dichter's acclaimed recordings for Philips, RCA, MusicMasters, and Koch Classics illustrate the scope of his musical interests. They include the Brahms piano concertos with Kurt Masur and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Brahms solo works including the Handel Variations, Beethoven piano sonatas, the complete Franz Liszt Hungarian Rhapsodies, the Liszt piano concertos with André Previn and the Pittsburgh Symphony, and Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue with Neville Marriner and the Philharmonia Orchestra, as well as music of Chopin, Mussorgsky, Schubert, Schumann, Stravinsky and Tchaikovsky.
Many of Dichter's recordings have also been reissued; his recording of Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata and Brahms's Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 83 with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra conducted by Kurt Masur, and his recording of Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata and Brahms's First Piano Concerto, also with Kurt Masur and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra were released on SACD by Pentatone. His recording of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies has been reissued on the Newton label.
Awards
Misha Dichter was honored in 1998 with the "Grand Prix International Du Disque Liszt" for his recording of Liszt's piano transcriptions released on the Phillips label.
He was inducted as a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity on April 13, 1999.
Cipa Glazman Dichter
At Juilliard, he met his future wife, Cipa Glazman. She was born in Brazil of Polish-Russian parents and had her first piano lessons at the age of six. She made her professional debut at 16 with the Symphony Orchestra of Brazil and came to the United States to study at Juilliard shortly thereafter. Together, Misha and Cipa Dichter are an accomplished piano duo. They have performed throughout North America, Europe, and at summer festivals in the U.S. such as Ravinia, Caramoor, Lincoln Center's Mostly Mozart, and the Aspen Music Festival. The Dichters have performed many previously neglected two-piano and piano-four-hand works. They recorded Mozart's complete piano works for four hands, which was released in a 3-CD set by Nimbus records.
The Dichters live in New York City.
Notes
Further reading
Gillespie, Anna; Gillespie, John. Notable twentieth-century pianists. A bio-critical sourcebook, Greenwood Press, 1995.
Lyman, Darryl. Great Jews in Music, J. D. Publishers, 1986.
Myers, Kurtz. Index to record reviews 1984–1987, G.K. Hall, 1989.
Noyle, Linda J. (Ed.). Pianists on playing. interviews with twelve concert pianists. Scarecrow Press, 1987.
Pâris, Alain. Dictionnaire des interpretes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siecle, Robert Laffont, 1989.
Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
External links
Official Misha and Cipa Dichter website
NYC-Plus.com
Kennedy Center website
Misha and Cipa Dichter info.
Interview with Misha Dichter by Bruce Duffie, July 22, 1994
, WNCN-FM, 12-Mar-1982
, WNCN-FM, 19-Mar-1982
1945 births
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Classical piano duos
Jewish classical pianists
Juilliard School alumni
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from New York City
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misha%20Dichter |
This is a list of alcoholic drinks. An alcoholic drink is a drink that contains ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and distilled beverages. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over one hundred countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption. In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink them. This minimum age varies between 15 and 21 years, depending upon the country and the type of drink. Most nations set it at 18
years of age.
Drinks by raw material
The names of some alcoholic drinks are determined by their raw material.
Alcoholic fermented drinks
Beer
Ale
Barleywine
Bitter ale
Brown ale
Cask ale
Mild ale
Old ale
Pale ale
Scotch ale
Porter (dark beer made from brown malt)
Stout (strong Porter)
Stock ale
Fruit beer
Lager
Pale lager (also "dry beer", made with a slow acting yeast that ferments at a low temperature while being stored)
Bock (strong lager)
Maerzen/Oktoberfest Beer
Pilsener (lighter lager brewed with partially malted barley)
Schwarzbier (dark lager)
Sahti (Finnish)
Small beer (very low alcohol)
Wheat beer (or "Hefeweizen", made with wheat in addition to malted barley)
Witbier ("White Beer", made with herbs or fruit instead of or in addition to hops)
Cauim (made from cassava or maize)
Cheongju (Korean, made from rice)
Chicha (made from cassava, maize root, grape, apple or other fruits)
Cider (made from apple juice or other fruit juice)
Perry (made from pears)
Plum jerkum (made from plums)
Desi daru (made by fermenting molasses or high sugar containing fruits)
Kilju (Finnish)
Huangjiu (made from rice, millet, or wheat using a special starter culture of yeast, mold, and bacteria)
Icariine liquor
Kasiri (made from cassava)
Kumis (Central Asia, traditionally made from horse milk but now primarily cow milk)
Makgeolli (Korean, made from rice)
Mead (made from honey)
Nihamanchi (South America) a.k.a. nijimanche (Ecuador and Peru) (made from cassava)
Palm wine (made from the sap of various palm trees)
Parakari (made from cassava)
Pulque (originally made by the natives of Mexico, made from the sap of the maguey plant)
Sake (made from (polished) rice)
Sakurá (made from cassava)
Sato
Sonti
Tapuy (Philippines, made from glutinous rice)
Tepache
Tiswin (made from corn or saguaro, a large cactus)
Tonto
Wine
Coca wine
Fortified wine
Port
Madeira
Marsala
Sherry
Vermouth
Vinsanto
Fruit wine
Table wine
Sangria
Sparkling wine
Champagne
Distilled beverages
Definition
A distilled beverage, spirit drink, or liquor is an alcoholic drink containing ethanol that is produced by distillation (i.e., concentrating by distillation) of ethanol produced by means of fermenting grains, fruits, botanicals, vegetables, seeds, or roots. Vodka, gin, baijiu, shōchū, soju, tequila, rum, whisky, brandy, and singani are examples of distilled drinks. Beer, wine, cider, sake, and huangjiu are examples of fermented drinks.
Hard liquor is used in North America, and India, to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones, and to suggest that undistilled are implicitly weaker.
List of known liquors
The following are liquors being produced around the world (by type, then alphabetically):
Cane sugar/sugar beet/honey distillations
Arrack
Cachaça
Horilka a.k.a. Samohon
Rum
Puncheon rum
Rhum agricole (from French Caribbean islands)
Fruit distillations
Apple distillations
Applejack
Fruit brandy distillations
Pálenka - Slivovice, Hruškovice, Bezovice,....
Borovička - Juniper
Calvados
Lambig
Eau-de-vie (French origin)
Kirsch
Rakia
Schnapps - fruit brandy
Medronho
Grape/wine distillations
Brandy
Armagnac
Cognac
Metaxa
Törkölypálinka
Singani
Pisco (Peru; Chile)
Pear distillations
Poire Williams
Williamine - brand of Poire Williams made from Williamine pears
Plum distillations
Damassine
Slivovitz
Ţuică
Raspberry distillations
Chambord
Himbeergeist
Grain-based distillations
Barley distillations
Gin
ManX Spirit (United kingdom)
London dry gin
Whisky
Irish whiskey
Japanese whisky
Scotch whisky a.k.a. Scottish whiskey, scotch
Corn distillations
American Whiskey
Bourbon whiskey a.k.a. Kentucky whiskey, bourbon (United States)
Tennessee whiskey
Texas whiskey
Canadian whisky
Quinoa distillations
American whiskey
Oat distillations
Whiskey
American Whiskey
Malt distillations
Jenever a.k.a. Genever
Gin
Damson gin
Sloe gin (England)
Rice distillations
Awamori (Japan)
Soju (Korea)
Mirin (Japan)
Shōchū (Japan)
Baijiu (China)
Rye distillations
Horilka a.k.a. Samohon
Rye Whiskey
Sorghum distillations
Baijiu a.k.a. Shaojiu (China)
Maotai a.k.a. Moutai
Kaoliang liquor a.k.a. Gaoling liquor, sorghum liquor
Wheat distillations
Horilka a.k.a. Samohon
Vodka
Unspecified/multiple grain distillations
Neutral grain spirit
Herbal distillations
Absinthe
Herbsaint
Schnapps
Geist
Plant-based distillations
Agave distillations
Mezcal
Tequila
Seed or botanical distillations
Where the seed or botanical is the dominant flavorant:
Anise distillations
Absinthe
Akvavit
Arak
Rakı
Coconut flower distillations
Arrack
Gin
Geist
Tree distillations
Palm tree distillations
Ogogoro (Nigeria)
Birch tree distillations
Freya Birch Spirit (Norway)
Vegetable distillations
Potato distillations
Horilka a.k.a. Samohon
Vodka
Complex or multiple distillations
Mamajuana
Poitín a.k.a. potcheen, poteen, potheen
Shōchū
Baijiu
Soju
Liqueur
See also
Alcoholic coffee drink
List of cocktails
List of coffee beverages
List of national drinks
List of national liquors
List of tequilas
List of U.S. state beverages
List of vodka brands
List of whisky brands
References
Alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20alcoholic%20drinks |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.