text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Li Li (李莉, born February 26, 1975, in Xingning County, Guangdong Province) is an artistic gymnast from China. She competed during the early 1990s, and retired in 1994. An Olympian, World Cup medallist and national champion, the beam was her best apparatus. Here, she pioneered the exceptionally difficult and innovative 1 turn on back in kip position, to which the skill is named after her. No other gymnast has been able to perform the maneuver with as many spins.
Career
Li made her international debut at the 1990 Goodwill Games in Seattle, USA, where she wowed the world with her trademark 1 back spin on the beam, as well as a rare German giant into a Tkatchev on the uneven bars. Later the same year, she won one gold (team) and silver (bars) at the Asian Games, followed by another silver (beam) at the World Cup (her teammate Yang Bo took the gold). The following year, she competed at the 1991 World Championships in Indianapolis where the Chinese team placed fourth.
At the 1992 Olympic Games, Li finished 14th in the all-round, and made the bars final where she placed eighth (9.887). Her teammate Lu Li won the gold with a perfect 10.0, one of only two 10s awarded at those games. Again the Chinese women finished fourth in the team competition.
Li Li took the early lead in the all-around of the 1993 World Championships in Birmingham after performing on her best event, the beam. She stunned the crowd with a Yurchenko loop followed by the 1 back spin, and scored 9.837, the second highest score awarded on that night (Tatiana Lysenko got a 9.862 on her first vault). Li dropped to ninth place overall in the end after mediocre performance on other apparatus. She was in contention to win the beam gold in the event finals, but after a mistake on her Yang Bo jump, she decided to duplicate the element and as a result went over-time, which cost her two-tenths of a point and dropped her to fourth place (9.600). Without the deduction, she would have taken the silver. Another favorite for the gold, Shannon Miller, had a disastrous performance, falling from the beam twice and sitting on her dismount (7.850). The gold went to Lavinia Miloșovici (9.850), who had a simple and plain routine in comparison to Miller's and Li Li's.
Li went on to win the beam title in the 1993 East Asian Games and also the 1993 Chinese National Games. She was in the 1994 World Championships in Brisbane but failed to make the beam final, earning a 9.237. She retired from the sport soon after.
She is now a women's gymnastics coach at Buckeye Gymnastics in Westerville, Ohio.
Eponymous skills
Li has three eponymous skills listed in the Code of Points.
Competition history
References
External links
Chinese female artistic gymnasts
Living people
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
1975 births
Hakka sportspeople
Gymnasts from Guangdong
People from Xingning
Sportspeople from Meizhou
Asian Games medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 1990 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Olympic gymnasts for China
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games medalists in gymnastics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Li%20%28gymnast%29 |
Kemak is a language spoken in East Timor and in the border region of Indonesian West Timor. An alternate name is Ema. It is most closely related to Tocodede and Mambai. It has the status of one of the national languages in the East Timor constitution, besides the official languages of Portuguese and Tetum. The number of speakers has fallen in recent years.
Phonology
Sounds /b, ɡ/ can be heard as [β, ɣ] when in intervocalic position.
/t/ can have an allophone of [tsʰ] freely in initial position, and [tʃʰ] when before /i/.
/s/ can be heard as [z] when in voicing assimilation, and as [tʃʰ] when preceded by /n̪/.
/t, k/ have aspirated allophones of [kʰ, tʰ].
/ɡ, h/ are heard as [ɡʷ, ɸ] when before /u/.
/e, a/ can be heard as [ɪ, ɤ] when preceding or following /u/ within a syllable.
/o, u/ can be heard as [ɔ, ɯ] when after labial consonants.
References
External links
Kaipuleohone's collection of Robert Blust's materials include notes on Kemak
Timor–Babar languages
Languages of East Timor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak%20language |
Paul Vincent Costello (December 27, 1894 – April 17, 1986) was an American triple Olympic Gold Medal winner in rowing. He was the first rower to win a gold medal in the same event, double sculls, at three consecutive Olympics. He also won numerous national titles in both the single and double scull in the 1920s.
Costello won the double sculls race with his cousin John B. Kelly Sr., also known as Jack Kelly at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, and the 1924 Olympics in Paris, France. Costello repeated his winning ways at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands, with new partner Charles McIlvaine.
Historically, Costello has been overshadowed somewhat by Kelly who was also a triple Olympic gold medalist, having won both the single and double scull at the 1920 games, along with the double sculls at the 1924 games. Kelly gained additional fame as the father of both Grace Kelly, actress and Princess of Monaco, and John B. Kelly Jr., an accomplished oarsman in his own right. Costello and Kelly both rowed for the Vesper Boat Club of Philadelphia.
Achievements and awards
Gold Medal, Double Scull, 1920 Olympic Games
Gold Medal, Double Scull, 1924 Olympic Games
Gold Medal, Double Scull, 1928 Olympic Games
Member, United States Rowing Hall of Fame, Double Scull, (elected 1956)
References
Sources
Hickok Sports
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing
1894 births
1986 deaths
American male rowers
Rowers from Philadelphia
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1928 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Costello |
The Handmaid's Tale is a 1990 dystopian film adapted from Canadian author Margaret Atwood's 1985 novel of the same name. Directed by Volker Schlöndorff, the film stars Natasha Richardson (Offred), Faye Dunaway (Serena Joy), Robert Duvall (The Commander), Aidan Quinn (Nick), and Elizabeth McGovern (Moira). The screenplay was written by playwright Harold Pinter. The original music score was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto. The film was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival. It is the first filmed adaptation of the novel, succeeded by the Hulu television series which began streaming in 2017.
The film adaptation of "The Handmaid's Tale" faced numerous challenges in its development, with screenwriter Harold Pinter expressing dissatisfaction with the final product due to significant alterations from his original script. Pinter had contributed only part of the screenplay and ultimately gave the director and author carte blanche to make changes. He tried to have his name removed from the credits but was unsuccessful.
The film's reception was mixed, with an approval rating of 30% on Rotten Tomatoes, and critics expressing uncertainty about the movie's message and themes.
Plot
In the near future, war rages across the Republic of Gilead (formerly the United States of America) and pollution has rendered 99% of the population sterile. Kate is a woman who attempts to emigrate to Canada with her husband Luke and daughter Jill. As they attempt to cross the border by foot on a dirt road, the Gilead Border Guard orders them to turn back or they will open fire. Luke draws their fire, telling Kate to run, and is shot. Kate is captured, while Jill wanders off into the back country, confused and unaccompanied. The authorities take Kate to a training facility with several other women, where the women are trained to become Handmaids, who are concubines for the privileged but barren couples who run the country's religious fundamentalist regime. Although she resists indoctrination into the cult of the Handmaids, which mixes Old Testament orthodoxy with scripted group chanting and ritualized violence, Kate is soon assigned to the home of "the Commander" (Fred) and his cold, inflexible wife, Serena Joy. There she is named "Offred" ("of Fred").
Her role as the Commander's latest concubine is emotionless, as she lies between Serena Joy's legs while the Commander rapes her, both of them hoping that she will bear them a child. Kate continually longs for her earlier life, but nightmares of her husband's death and her daughter's disappearance haunt her. A doctor explains that many of Gilead's male leaders are as sterile as their wives. Desperately wanting a baby, Serena Joy persuades Kate to risk the punishment for fornication (death by hanging) in order to be fertilized by another man who may impregnate her and consequently spare her life. When Kate agrees to this, Serena Joy informs Kate that her daughter Jill is alive, and provides a recent photograph of her living in another Commander's household, but tells Kate she can never see her daughter. The Commander also tries to get closer to Kate, sensing that if she enjoyed herself more she would become a better handmaid. Exploiting Kate's background as a librarian, he gets her hard-to-obtain items and allows her into his private library. However, during a night out, the Commander has sex with Kate in an unauthorized manner. The other man selected by Serena Joy turns out to be Nick, the Commander's sympathetic chauffeur. Kate grows attached to Nick and eventually becomes pregnant with his child.
Kate ultimately kills the Commander, and a police unit then arrives to take her away. Believing the policemen are members of the Eyes, the government's secret police, she realizes that they are soldiers from the resistance movement (Mayday), of which Nick is also a part. Kate then flees with them, parting from Nick in an emotional scene.
Now free once again and wearing non-uniform clothes, but facing an uncertain future, a pregnant Kate is living by herself in a trailer while receiving intelligence reports from the rebels. Wondering if — and hoping that — she and Nick will be reunited, she resolves — with the rebels' help — to find her daughter.
Cast
Natasha Richardson as Kate / Offred
Robert Duvall as Fred Waterford, The Commander
Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy
Elizabeth McGovern as Moira
Aidan Quinn as Nick
Victoria Tennant as Aunt Lydia
Blanche Baker as Ofglen
Traci Lind as Janine/Ofwarren
Reiner Schöne as Luke, Kate's husband
Robert D. Raiford as Dick
Muse Watson as Guardian
Bill Owen as TV Announcer #2
David Dukes as Doctor
Blair Nicole Struble as Jill, Kate's daughter
Development
Writing
According to Steven H. Gale, in his book Sharp Cut, "the final cut of The Handmaid's Tale is less a result of Pinter's script than any of his other films. He contributed only part of the screenplay: reportedly he 'abandoned writing the screenplay from exhaustion.' … Although he tried to have his name removed from the credits because he was so displeased with the movie (in 1994 he told me that this was due to the great divergences from his script that occur in the movie), … his name remains as screenwriter".
Gale observes further that "while the film was being shot, director Volker Schlöndorff", who had replaced the original director Karel Reisz, "called Pinter and asked for some changes in the script"; however, "Pinter recall[ed] being very tired at the time, and he suggested that Schlöndorff contact Atwood about the rewrites. He essentially gave the director and author carte blanche to accept whatever changes that she wanted to institute, for, as he reasoned, 'I didn't think an author would want to fuck up her own work.' … As it turned out, not only did Atwood make changes, but so did many others who were involved in the shoot". Gale points out that Pinter told his biographer Michael Billington that
It became … a hotchpotch. The whole thing fell between several shoots. I worked with Karel Reisz on it for about a year. There are big public scenes in the story and Karel wanted to do them with thousands of people. The film company wouldn't sanction that so he withdrew. At which point, Volker Schlöndorff came into it as director. He wanted to work with me on the script, but I said I was absolutely exhausted. I more or less said, 'Do what you like. There's the script. Why not go back to the original author if you want to fiddle about?' He did go to the original author. And then the actors came into it. I left my name on the film because there was enough there to warrant it—just about. But it's not mine'.
In an essay on Pinter's screenplay for The French Lieutenant's Woman, in The Films of Harold Pinter, Gale discusses Pinter's "dissatisfaction with" the "kind of alteration" that occurs "once the script is tinkered with by others" and "it becomes collaborative to the point that it is not his product any more or that such tinkering for practical purposes removes some of the artistic element"; he adds: "Most notably The Handmaid's Tale, which he considered so much altered that he has refused to allow the script to be published, and The Remains of the Day, which he refused to allow his name to be attached to for the same reason …" (84n3).
Pinter's screenplay
Christopher C. Hudgins discusses further details about why "Pinter elected not to publish three of his completed filmscripts, The Handmaid's Tale, The Remains of the Day and Lolita," all of which Hudgins considers "masterful filmscripts" of "demonstrable superiority to the shooting scripts that were eventually used to make the films"; fortunately ("We can thank our various lucky stars"), he says, "these Pinter filmscripts are now available not only in private collections but also in the Pinter Archive at the British Library." In this essay, which he first presented as a paper at the 10th Europe Theatre Prize symposium, Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, held in Turin, Italy, in March 2006, Hudgins "examin[es] all three unpublished filmscripts in conjunction with one another" and "provides several interesting insights about Pinter's adaptation process".
Richardson's views
In a retrospective account written after Natasha Richardson's death, for CanWest News Service, Jamie Portman cites Richardson's view of the difficulties involved with making Atwood's novel into a film script:
Richardson recognized early on the difficulties in making a film out of a book which was "so much a one-woman interior monologue" and with the challenge of playing a woman unable to convey her feelings to the world about her, but who must make them evident to the audience watching the movie. … She thought the passages of voice-over narration in the original screenplay would solve the problem, but then Pinter changed his mind and Richardson felt she had been cast adrift. … "Harold Pinter has something specific against voice-overs," she said angrily 19 years ago. "Speaking as a member of an audience, I've seen voice-over and narration work very well in films a number of times, and I think it would have been helpful had it been there for The Handmaid's Tale. After all it's HER story."
Portman concludes that "In the end director Volker Schlöndorff sided with Richardson". Portman does not acknowledge Pinter's already-quoted account that he gave both Schlöndorff and Atwood carte blanche to make whatever changes they wanted to his script because he was too "exhausted" from the experience to work further on it. In 1990, when she reportedly made her comments quoted by Portman, Richardson herself may not have known that.
Filming locations
The scene where the hanging occurred was filmed in front of Duke Chapel on the campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Several scenes were filmed at Saint Mary's School in Raleigh, North Carolina. ('The Staircase' was used for this film and the Patterson house as a location)
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 7 of the 23 counted critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.9/10 and an approval rating of 30%. Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote that he was "not sure exactly what the movie is saying" and that by "the end of the movie we are conscious of large themes and deep thoughts, and of good intentions drifting out of focus." Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the film a "C−" grade and commented that "visually, it's quite striking", but that it is "paranoid poppycock — just like the book". John Simon of the National Review called The Handmaid's Tale "inept and annoying".
References
Works cited
Billington, Michael. Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. (13). Updated 2nd ed. of The Life and Work of Harold Pinter. 1996. London: Faber and Faber, 1997. (10). Print.
Gale, Steven H. Sharp Cut: Harold Pinter's Screenplays and the Artistic Process. Lexington, KY: The UP of Kentucky, 2003. (10). (13). Print.
–––, ed. The Films of Harold Pinter. Albany: SUNY P, 2001. . . Print. [A collection of essays; does not include an essay on The Handmaid's Tale; mentions it on 1, 2, 84n3, 125.]
Hudgins, Christopher C. "Three Unpublished Harold Pinter Filmscripts: The Handmaid's Tale, The Remains of the Day, Lolita." The Pinter Review: Nobel Prize / Europe Theatre Prize Volume: 2005–2008. Ed. Francis Gillen with Steven H. Gale. Tampa: U of Tampa P, 2008. 132–39. (hardcover). (softcover). . Print.
Johnson, Brian D. "Uphill Battle: Handmaid's Hard Times." Maclean's 26 Feb. 1990. Print.
Portman, Jamie (CanWest News Service). "Not the Tale of a Handmaid: Natasha Richardson Has Led an Outspoken Career". Canada.com. CanWest News Service, 18 Mar. 2009. Web. 24 Mar. 2009.
External links
1990 films
1990 independent films
1990 LGBT-related films
1990 science fiction films
1990s dystopian films
1990s feminist films
1990s romantic thriller films
American dystopian films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
American post-apocalyptic films
American romantic thriller films
American science fiction thriller films
Films about surrogacy
Films about totalitarianism
Films based on Canadian novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Margaret Atwood
Films directed by Volker Schlöndorff
Films scored by Ryuichi Sakamoto
Films set in North America
Films set in a fictional country
Films shot in North Carolina
Films with screenplays by Harold Pinter
The Handmaid's Tale
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
American pregnancy films
English-language independent films
ja:侍女の物語#映画 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Handmaid%27s%20Tale%20%28film%29 |
Aria ( Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian. 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 Haraiva, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 Harōiva) was an Achaemenid region centered on the city of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan. In classical sources, Aria has been several times confused with the greater region of ancient Ariana, of which Aria formed a part.
Geography
Aria was an Old Persian satrapy, which enclosed chiefly the valley of the Hari River (Greek , this being eponymous to the whole land according to Arrian) and which in antiquity was considered as particularly fertile and, above all, rich in wine. The region of Aria was separated by mountain ranges from the Paropamisadae in the east, Parthia in the west and Margiana and Hyrcania in the north, while a desert separated it from Carmania and Drangiana in the south. It is described in a very detailed manner by Ptolemy and Strabo and corresponds, according to that, almost to the Herat Province of today's Afghanistan. In this sense the term is used correctly by some writers, e.g. Herodotus (3.93.3, where the Areioi are mentioned together with the Parthians, Chorasmians, and Sogdians); Diodorus (17.105.7; 18.39.6); Strabo (2.1.14; 11.10.1, cf. also 11.8.1 and 8; 15.2.8 and 9); Arrian (Anabasis 3.25.1); Pomponius Mela (1.12, where we read that “nearest to India is Ariane, then Aria”).
Its original capital was Artacoana () or Articaudna () according to Ptolemy. In its vicinity, a new capital was built, either by Alexander the Great himself or by his successors, Alexandria Ariana (), modern Herat in northwest Afghanistan. Ptolemy lists several other cities, an indication of the province's wealth and fertility. The most important, according to Ptolemy and Arrian were:
History
The Persian Achaemenid district of Aria is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the Behistun inscription of Darius I (c. 520 BC). Representatives from the district are depicted in reliefs, e.g., at the royal Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rustam and Persepolis. They are wearing Scythian-style dress (with a tunic and trousers tucked into high boots) and a twisted turban around the head.
At the time of Alexander the Great, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a satrap, called Satibarzanes, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap Bessus of Bactria and Barsaentes of Arachosia. In late 330 BC, Alexander the Great, captured the Arian capital Artacoana. The province was part of the Seleucid Empire but was captured by others on various occasions and became part of the Parthian Empire in 167 BC. Aria was sometime between the late 2nd- and early 3rd-century conquered by the Kushan Empire, who would later in ca. 230 lose the province to the Sasanian Empire, where it became known as Harev.
See also
Arii (disambiguation)
Arianus (disambiguation)
Alexandria in Ariana
Arian (disambiguation)
Ariana (disambiguation)
Artacoana
Herat
References
Sources
Geographic history of Afghanistan
Achaemenid satrapies
History of Herat Province
Ancient history of Afghanistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria%20%28region%29 |
The siege of Capua was a military operation involving the states of medieval southern Italy, beginning in May 1098 and lasting forty days. It was an interesting siege historically for the assemblage of great persons it saw and militarily for the cooperation of Norman and Saracen forces which it necessitated.
The siege
The siege was instigated by Richard II, prince of Capua, who had been exiled from his own capital for seven years (1091–1098) by Lando IV until, reaching his majority, he requested the aid of his great uncle, the count of Sicily, Roger I, and his first cousin once removed, the duke of Apulia, Roger Borsa. The two Rogers came, the former in exchange for the city of Naples and the latter for Richard's recognition of Apulian suzerainty.
Roger of Sicily had lately arrested Robert, bishop of Troina and Messina, whom Pope Urban II had given the legateship of Sicily, though Roger himself was holding it. Embroiled in such controversy, the pope came down to discuss it with Roger, who released Robert. The pope's presence caused the saintly archbishop of Canterbury, a Lombard, Anselm of Aosta, then in self-exile from King William II of England, to go to meet the pope. According to Eadmer, Anselm's biographer, "the Lord Pope and Anselm were neighbours at the siege."
Eadmer also gives us an interesting portrait of the Arabs, whose brown tents Anselm found "innumerable." According to Eadmer, many Arabs, impressed by tales of Anselm's holiness, visited his tent for food and other gifts. The biographer goes on to say that the count, whose soldiers the Saracens were, would not allow them, though many would readily have done so, to convert to the Roman Catholic faith. "With what policy—if one can use that word—he did this, is no concern of mine: that is between God and himself." The policy, so inconceivable to Eadmer, is probably explained in this way: by maintaining a third religious and cultural party (other than Latin or Greek Christian) on the island, he assured that he could always have an ally, should either Muslim or Greek oppose him, a Latin. It also assured the presence of an "outlet for the military instincts and talents of his Muslim subjects," according to historian John Julius Norwich.
Aftermath
When the city surrendered, Richard was reinstated, Roger Borsa accepted his homage, and the pope and Roger of Sicily retired to Salerno.
Sources
Southern, R. W. Saint Anselm and His Biographer. Cambridge, 1963.
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
Capua 1098
Capua
Capua 1098
11th century in Italy
Capua
1098 in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Capua |
Lu Li (; born August 30, 1976) is a Chinese gymnast.
Lu made the Chinese national team in late 1991. However, liver illness almost prevented her from competing in the Olympic Games. In April 1992, just a few months before the Barcelona Games, she made her international debut at the World Championships in Paris, where her highly innovative uneven bars routine caught the attention of the gymnastics world. She only placed 4th because of a large step on the dismount, (although she was the leading gymnast in qualifying for the final).
Lu is best known for her gold medal on the uneven bars in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She won this with a perfect 10, which she achieved the same night as Lavinia Miloșovici also scored a perfect 10. Lu Li and Lavinia Miloșovici remain the last two people to score perfect 10s in Olympic competition to date. Lu Li also won a silver on the beam in the same games (tied with American Shannon Miller with a score of 9.912). This makes Lu Li China's second most successful female Olympic gymnast after Liu Xuan. Lu had troubles on her beam performance in the all-round competition, and placed a disappointing 34th.
Lu competed in the 1993 Chinese National Games and won the uneven bars title (tied with Luo Li, who would go on to win the 1994 World Championships in Brisbane). She retired shortly thereafter.
In 2000, Lu Li moved to California and was a coach there. She married Kim David Gussenhoven and has a son named JD. She moved to North Carolina in 2007, still as a coach. In 2009, Lu Li moved to Stockton, California and coached at Champion Gymnastics Academy. On September 1, 2009, Li, Kim, and JD moved to Washington and she was hired to coach at Emerald City Gymnastics in Redmond. Recently, she has started coaching gymnasts in Gig Harbor. Li then coached at Tech Gymnastics (formerly Eastside Gymnastics Academy) in Woodinville, WA. Currently Li coaches at Black Hills Gymnastics in Lacey, WA. They divorced in 2021.
References
1976 births
Living people
Chinese female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
People from Ningxiang
Sportspeople from Changsha
Gymnasts from Hunan
20th-century Chinese women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%20Li |
Strange Free World is the second album by British alternative rock band Kitchens of Distinction, released on 19 February 1991 in the US by A&M Records and on 18 March 1991 in the UK by One Little Indian Records. It is the follow-up to their 1989 debut Love Is Hell. Noted producer Hugh Jones, who worked with Echo & the Bunnymen (on their 1981 album Heaven Up Here), among many others, helped KOD to sound more at ease in the studio.
Reviewer Ned Raggett of AllMusic notes that "Musically, the tunes sound quite ambitious in many ways, often steering away from conventional verse-chorus-verse formulas," and calling the album an overall excellent effort. It is often considered one of the group's best works, as well as possibly its most popular and commercially successful, peaking at number 45 on the UK Albums Chart. The album also includes their first UK charting single "Drive That Fast," which peaked at number 93 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
Singles
"Quick as Rainbows" (March 1990)
UK single:
"Quick as Rainbows"
"Mainly Mornings" (Live)
"In a Cave" (Live)
"Shiver" (Live)
US promo 12" single:
"Quick as Rainbows"
"These Drinkers"
"Elephantiny" [acoustic version of "Elephantine"]
"Three to Beam Up"
"Drive That Fast" (January 1991)
UK single:
"Drive That Fast" (7" Edit)
"These Drinkers"
"Elephantiny"
"Three to Beam Up"
US promo 12" single:
"Drive That Fast"
"Railwayed"
Personnel
Kitchens of Distinction
Patrick Fitzgerald – vocals, bass
Julian Swales – guitar
Dan Goodwin – drums
with:
Roddy Lorimer – trumpet on "Under the Sky, Inside the Sea"
Technical
Hugh Jones – producer, engineer
Michael Ade – assistant engineer
Helen Woodward – mixing engineer
Richard Norris – assistant mixing engineer
Ken Perry – mastering
Colin Bell – photography
Art direction and design by Two Guys and Kitchens of Distinction
Mixed at Master Rock
Mastered at A&M Mastering
References
Kitchens of Distinction albums
1990 albums
Albums produced by Hugh Jones (producer)
One Little Independent Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange%20Free%20World |
Christine Sefolosha (born 1955) is a Swiss painter, born in Montreux.
Work and exhibitions
Her works have been shown at numerous one person and group exhibitions, including at the Cavin Morris Gallery in New York City, American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore and the Galerie Polad-Hardouin in Paris. and the Halle Saint-Pierre
She regularly shows her work at the Judy Saslow Gallery in Chicago. In 2009 she was introduced to Bruxelles's J. Bastien Art Gallery. She founded the studio Quai 1-L'Atelier in 2000 within Montreux' train-station waiting room.
Personal life
Sefolosha is the mother of Thabo Sefolosha, former NBA player who played for the Houston Rockets, Utah Jazz, Atlanta Hawks, Oklahoma City Thunder, and Chicago Bulls.
Sefolosha lived in South Africa for nine years.
References
External links
Cavin Morris Gallery
Arbre de lune (short bio and picture, French-language source)
http://www.rawvision.com/articles/66/sefolosha/sefolosha.html
1955 births
Living people
20th-century Swiss painters
21st-century Swiss painters
Swiss women painters
20th-century Swiss women artists
21st-century Swiss women artists
Swiss contemporary artists
People from Montreux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Sefolosha |
A. A. Watts may refer to:
Alaric Alexander Watts (1797–1864), British poet and journalist
Alaric Alfred Watts (1825–1901), British clerk and spiritualist
Alf Watts (1862–1928), British socialist
See also
Watts (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20A.%20Watts |
Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the "pleasantly plump" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation.
The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States.
Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts.
Plot
In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton, and both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast live on the WYZT station. Several of the dancers on the show, among them lead dancers Amber von Tussle and her boyfriend Link Larkin, attend Tracy and Penny's high school. Amber's mother Velma, the station's manager, ensures that her daughter is prominently featured and, as Corny Collins and the main dancers are white, only allows African-American dancers to appear on the monthly "Negro Day", hosted by local R&B disc jockey "Motormouth" Maybelle Stubbs.
When Corny announces that Brenda, a dancer on the show, will be taking a nine-month leave of absence, Tracy becomes ecstatic, especially when Link announces auditions for a replacement to be held at the WYZT studio the next day. At the audition, Velma rejects her for both being overweight and supporting integration. Given detention for skipping class, Tracy discovers the "Negro Day" kids practicing in the detention room and befriends Motormouth Maybelle's son, Seaweed, who teaches her several dance moves. While leaving detention, she inadvertently meets Link, dreaming of life with him. At a record hop, her new moves garner Corny's attention, and he chooses her to join the cast.
Tracy quickly becomes one of Corny's most popular performers, affecting Amber's chances of winning the show's annual "Miss Teenage Hairspray" pageant the following month and her relationship with Link, who grows fonder of Tracy. When Mr. Pinky enlists her as the spokesgirl for his Hefty Hideaway boutique, she persuades her agoraphobic mother, Edna, to accompany her there as her agent, where both receive makeovers, sharply boosting Edna's confidence.
Tracy introduces Seaweed to Penny, and the two become smitten. Later, Seaweed and his younger sister Little Inez take Tracy, Penny, and Link to a party at Maybelle's store. Amber, upset over losing Link to Tracy, follows her mother's advice and anonymously calls Edna to reveal her daughter's current whereabouts, which causes Edna to rush to the store and attempt to take her home immediately, but Maybelle convinces her to stay and take pride in herself. After Maybelle sadly informs everyone that Velma has cancelled Negro Day, Tracy suggests they march for integration. Link, unwilling to endanger his career, sincerely apologizes to Tracy, upsetting her by explaining that he is scheduled to sing in front of talent scouts at the pageant. Edna returns to her husband Wilbur's shop, but Velma gets there first, and tries to seduce him. Though he remains impervious to Velma's advances, Edna arrives to see Velma forcing him into a compromising position and furiously storms out. After accusing Wilbur of infidelity and changing the locks, Edna, out of hatred for Velma, forbids Tracy to be on the show, but changes her mind reconciling with Wilbur.
The next morning, Tracy sneaks out of the house to join the protest, which is halted by a police roadblock. The protesters engage in a brawl, while Tracy runs to the Pingletons' home, where Penny hides her in a fallout shelter. However, Penny's mother Prudy reports Tracy to the police and ties her daughter to her bed for "harboring a fugitive". Having been bailed out by Wilbur, Seaweed and his friends help Tracy and Penny escape. Link visits Tracy's house to find her, realizing that he loves her. Seaweed and Penny also acknowledge their love during the escape.
With the pageant underway, Velma assigns police officers to guard the WYZT studio to prevent Tracy from entering and rigs the pageant tallies to guarantee Amber's victory. Penny arrives at the pageant with Edna, while Wilbur, Seaweed, and the Negro Day kids help Tracy infiltrate the studio. Link breaks away from Amber to dance with Tracy; later, he pulls Little Inez to the stage to dance in the pageant.
Amber's attempt to re-claim her championship crown fails. Little Inez wins the pageant after a late surge of support, successfully integrating the program. Edna mans a camera to film Velma revealing her rigging scheme to Amber, resulting in Velma's dismissal. The set turns into a celebration as Tracy and Link cement their love by kissing each other.
Cast
Main characters
John Travolta as Edna Turnblad, Tracy's mother and a laundry business owner, who is agoraphobic and ashamed of her obesity. Travolta's casting as Edna continued the tradition of having a man in drag portray the character, going back to the original 1988 film, which featured drag queen Divine as Edna and at Hairspray's Broadway version, which featured Harvey Fierstein as Edna. Executives at New Line Cinema originally expected the part to be filled by an actor accustomed to playing comic roles, tossing around names such as Robin Williams, Steve Martin, and Tom Hanks. However, Travolta was aggressively sought after by producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron for this role because he had starred as Danny Zuko in Grease, the second most successful movie musical to date, beaten only by Mamma Mia!.
Nikki Blonsky as Tracy Turnblad, an optimistic, overweight teenage girl who loves dancing. Tracy's racial acceptance leads her to become an active supporter for the integration of The Corny Collins Show. Hairspray was Blonsky's debut as a professional actress.
Michelle Pfeiffer as Velma Von Tussle, the racist and sizeist manager of station WYZT. Velma is invested in keeping her daughter Amber in the spotlight and The Corny Collins Show segregated. Hairspray was the first film featuring Pfeiffer to be released in five years. Stardust, also featuring Pfeiffer, was shot before Hairspray, but released three weeks afterwards. The peculiarity of Pfeiffer and Travolta appearing onscreen together (Travolta starred in Grease, Pfeiffer in Grease 2) was not lost on the production staff; Travolta requested that Pfeiffer play the part of the villainess.
Amanda Bynes as Penny Lou Pingleton, Tracy's best friend, a sheltered girl who falls in love with Seaweed despite the disapproval of her stern, devoutly religious and racist mother Prudy. A young actress famous for appearances on Nickelodeon TV shows and in feature films, Bynes was one of the few movie stars cast among the teen roles.
Christopher Walken as Wilbur Turnblad, Tracy's father, the easygoing proprietor of the "Hardy-Har Hut" joke shop below the Turnblad family's apartment. John Travolta had asked that Walken be considered for the part, and he eventually beat out Billy Crystal and Jim Broadbent for the role of Wilbur.
Queen Latifah as "Motormouth" Maybelle Stubbs, a Baltimore rhythm and blues radio DJ who hosts "Negro Day" on The Corny Collins Show. Maybelle also runs a record shop on North Avenue. Queen Latifah appeared in the successful Zadan/Meron film musical Chicago, and worked under Adam Shankman's direction in Bringing Down the House. Aretha Franklin had been previously considered for the role.
James Marsden as Corny Collins, the host of The Corny Collins Show; his politically progressive attitudes lead him to fight his show's imposed segregation. Corny Collins is based upon Baltimore TV personality Buddy Deane, who hosted an eponymous local teen dance show in the late 1950s and early 1960s. James Marsden beat out both Joey McIntyre and X-Men co-star Hugh Jackman for the part.
Brittany Snow as Amber Von Tussle, Velma's bratty daughter and the lead female dancer on The Corny Collins Show. Amber becomes Tracy's enemy when she threatens both Amber's chances of winning the "Miss Teenage Hairspray" crown and her relationship with her boyfriend, Link. Snow previously worked with Shankman in The Pacifier. Hayden Panettiere was also considered for the part of Amber, but was decided against in part because of her then-upcoming work with the NBC television series Heroes.
Zac Efron as Link Larkin, Amber's boyfriend and the lead male dancer on The Corny Collins Show. Link is a talented (and mildly narcissistic) singer who becomes more attracted to Tracy. The character is based in part upon Elvis Presley. Efron, a popular teen actor who played Troy Bolton in the Disney Channel TV film High School Musical, was initially thought by Shankman to be "too Disney" for the role; however Shankman's sister, executive producer Jennifer Gibgot, convinced him to cast Efron, believing that the teen star would draw a substantial teen crowd.
Elijah Kelley as Seaweed J. Stubbs, Maybelle's son, a skilled dancer who teaches Tracy some dance moves and falls in love with Penny. Kelley, a relative newcomer to film, overcame other auditioners and several popular R&B stars for the part of Seaweed.
Allison Janney as Prudence "Prudy" Pingleton, Penny's mother, a racist Christian fundamentalist whose strict parenting keeps Penny from experiencing social life. Her husband is serving a prison sentence for an unspecified crime.
Minor roles
Paul Dooley as Harriman F. Spritzer, the owner of the "Ultra Clutch" company and the main sponsor of The Corny Collins Show. Although he prefers to keep The Corny Collins Show segregated, he will follow public opinion if it increases sales.
Jayne Eastwood as Miss Wimsey, Tracy's geography teacher, who gives Tracy the detention note that first leads her to Seaweed.
Jerry Stiller as Mr. Pinky, the owner of a dress shop called Mr. Pinky's Hefty Hideaway, who hires Tracy as his spokesgirl. In the original film, Stiller played Wilbur Turnblad.
Taylor Parks as Little Inez Stubbs, Maybelle's teenage daughter and Seaweed's younger sister, and a skilled dancer. Inez is based in part upon Ruby Bridges, the first black child to attend a formerly all-White school in the state of Louisiana.
George King as Mr. Flak, Amber, Link, and Tracy's history teacher. He gives Tracy detention when Amber frames Tracy for drawing a picture of him with breasts. He gives Link detention as well for coming to Tracy's defense.
Council members
Curtis Holbrook as Brad
Hayley Podschun as Tammy
Phillip Spaeth as Fender
Cassie Silva as Brenda
Nick Baga as Sketch
Sarah Jayne Jensen as Shelley
Jesse Weafer as I.Q.
Kelly Fletcher as Lou Ann
J.P. Ferreri as Joey
Spencer Liff as Mikey
Laura Edwards as Vicky
Tabitha Lupien as Becky
Corey Gorewicz as Bix
Joshua Feldman as Jesse
Becca Sweitzer as Darla
Everett Smith as Paulie
Tiffany Engen as Noreen
Brooke Engen as Doreen
The Dynamites
Nadine Ellis
Arike Rice
Tanee McCall
Cameos
In addition to the principal actors, the film contained several cameo appearances by individuals involved in the history of Hairspray:
Ricki Lake (Tracy Turnblad in the original film) as William Morris Talent Agent #1, (Audio) performs "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now".
Adam Shankman (choreographer/director of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #2 (Audio) sings "Tied Up in the Knots of Sin" with Shaiman which is heard when Prudy turns the record player on while she ties Penny up.
Marc Shaiman (co-lyricist/writer of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #3 (Audio) sings "Tied Up in the Knots of Sin" with Shankman which is heard when Prudy turns the record player on while she ties up Penny.
Scott Wittman (co-lyricist and music writer of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #4.
John Waters (writer and director of the original film, who also cameoed as Dr. Frederickson in the original film) as the "flasher who lives next door" during "Good Morning Baltimore"
Jamal Sims (Associate choreographer) as one of the Detention Kids
Anne Fletcher (Associate choreographer) as the school nurse
Zach Woodlee (Associate choreographer) as Smoking teacher
Singing cameos
Marissa Jaret Winokur (Original Broadway cast's Tracy) performs "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now"
Harvey Fierstein (Original Broadway cast's Edna) as brief singing cameo in the end credits "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now"
Corey Reynolds (Original Broadway cast's Seaweed) as singer of "Trouble on the Line". The song is heard shortly after "Big, Blonde and Beautiful" until Maybelle announces the cancellation of Negro Day.
Arthur Adams (One of the Broadway cast's Seaweed) performs "Boink-Boink" which is heard during "Big, Blonde and Beautiful".
Chester Gregory (One of the Broadway cast's Seaweed) performs "Breakout", which is heard during Tracy's introduction to Seaweed in detention.
Aimee Allen performs "Cooties"
Musical numbers
"Good Morning Baltimore" – Tracy (Nikki Blonsky)
"The Nicest Kids in Town" – Corny and Council Members (James Marsden)
"It Takes Two" – Link (Zac Efron)
"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs" – Velma and Council Members (Michelle Pfeiffer)
"I Can Hear the Bells" – Tracy (Nikki Blonsky)
"Ladies' Choice" – Link (Zac Efron)
"The Nicest Kids in Town (Reprise)" – Corny, Council Members, Penny, Edna, Wilbur (James Marsden)
"The New Girl in Town" – Amber, Tammy, Shelley, and The Dynamites (Brittany Snow)
"Welcome to the 60's" – Tracy, Edna, The Dynamites, and Hefty Hideaway Employees (Nikki Blonsky & John Travolta)
"Run and Tell That" – Seaweed, Little Inez, and Detention Kids (Elijah Kelley ft. Taylor Parks)
"Big, Blonde and Beautiful" – Motormouth (Queen Latifah)
"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)" – Velma and Edna (Michelle Pfeiffer & John Travolta)
"(You're) Timeless to Me" – Wilbur and Edna (Christopher Walken & John Travolta)
"I Know Where I've Been" – Motormouth (Queen Latifah)
"Without Love" – Link, Tracy, Seaweed, Penny, and Detention Kids (Zac Efron, Nikki Blonsky, Elijah Kelley, Amanda Bynes)
"(It's) Hairspray" – Corny and Council Members (James Marsden)
"You Can't Stop the Beat" – Company (Nikki Blonsky, Zac Efron, Amanda Bynes, Elijah Kelley, John Travolta and Queen Latifah)
"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)" (end credits) – (Queen Latifah, Zac Efron, Nikki Blonsky, and Elijah Kelley)
"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now" (end credits) – Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, and Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein
"Cooties" (end credits) – Aimee Allen
Music producer/composer/co-lyricist Marc Shaiman and co-lyricist Scott Wittman were required to alter their Broadway Hairspray song score in various ways in order to work on film, from changing portions of the lyrics in some songs (e.g., "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs", "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful", and "You Can't Stop the Beat") to more or less completely removing other songs from the film altogether.
"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now", a popular number from the stage musical, features Tracy, Penny, and Amber arguing with their respective mothers. Neither Shankman nor Dixon could come up with a solution for filming "Mama" that did not require a three-way split screen — something they wanted to avoid — and both felt the number did not adequately advance the plot. As a result, "Mama" was reluctantly dropped from the film during pre-production, although it is used by Shaiman as an instrumental number when the Corny Collins kids dance the "Stricken Chicken". A special version of "Mama" was recorded for the film's end credits in May 2007, during the final score recording process, which featured vocals from each of the three women most famous for portraying Tracy Turnblad: Ricki Lake from the 1988 film, Marissa Jaret Winokur from the original Broadway cast, and Nikki Blonsky from the 2007 film. Harvey Fierstein, who portrayed Edna as part of the original Broadway cast, has a brief cameo moment in the end credits version of "Mama" as well.
"It Takes Two", a solo for Link, was moved from its place in the stage musical (on Tracy's first day on The Corny Collins Show) to an earlier Corny Collins scene, although only the coda of the song is used in the final release print, and the song's background music can be heard immediately after the reprise of "The Nicest Kids in Town". "Cooties", a solo for Amber in the stage musical, is present in this film as an instrumental during the Miss Teenage Hairspray dance-off. As with "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now", a version of "Cooties", performed in a contemporary pop rendition by Aimee Allen, is present during the end credits.
The performance of a vintage dance called The Madison, present in both the 1988 film and the stage musical, was replaced for this version by a newly composed song, "Ladies' Choice". Portions of the Madison dance steps were integrated into the choreography for the musical number "You Can't Stop the Beat", and the song to which the dance is performed on Broadway can be heard during Motormouth Maybelle's platter party in the film, re-titled "Boink-Boink". "The Big Dollhouse", "Velma's Revenge" (a reprise of "Miss Baltimore Crabs"), and the reprise of "Good Morning Baltimore" were the only numbers from the musical not used in the film in any way.
Shaiman and Wittman composed two new songs for the 2007 film: "Ladies' Choice", a solo for Link, and "Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)", a song performed during the end credits by Queen Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, and Kelley. Another "new" song in the 2007 film, "The New Girl in Town", had originally been composed for the Broadway musical, but was deemed unnecessary and discarded from the musical. Director Shankman decided to use the song to both underscore a rise-to-fame montage for Tracy and to showcase Maybelle's "Negro Day", which is never actually seen in either of the earlier incarnations of Hairspray.
One additional Shaiman/Wittman song, a ballad entitled "I Can Wait", was composed for the film as a solo for Tracy, meant to replace the stage musical's reprise of "Good Morning Baltimore". "I Can Wait" was shot for the film (Tracy performs the number while locked in Prudy's basement), but was eventually deleted from the final release print. The audio recording of "I Can Wait" was made available as a special bonus track for customers who pre-ordered the Hairspray soundtrack on iTunes, and the scene itself was included as a special feature on the film's DVD release.
Post-production took place in Los Angeles. Composer/co-lyricist Shaiman continued work on the film's music, employing the Hollywood Symphony Orchestra to record instrumentation for both the songs and the incidental score.
Production
Early development
Following the success of the Broadway musical of the same name, which won eight Tony Awards in 2003, New Line Cinema, who owned the rights to the 1988 John Waters film upon which the stage musical is based, became interested in adapting the stage show as a musical film. Development work began in late 2004, while a similarly film-to-Broadway-to-film project, Mel Brooks' The Producers, was in production.
Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, the executive producers of the Academy Award-winning film adaptation of the Broadway musical Chicago, were hired as the producers for Hairspray, and began discussing possibly casting John Travolta and Billy Crystal (or Jim Broadbent) as Edna and Wilbur Turnblad, respectively. Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell, authors of the book for the stage musical, wrote the first draft of the film's screenplay, but were replaced by Leslie Dixon, screenwriter for family comedies such as Mrs. Doubtfire and Freaky Friday. After a year's deliberation on who should direct the film, Zadan and Meron finally decided to hire Adam Shankman to both direct and choreograph Hairspray. Upon learning he had been hired, Shankman arranged a meeting with John Waters, who advised him "don't do what I did, don't do what the play did. You've gotta do your own thing." Despite this, Shankman still noted "all roads of Hairspray lead back to John Waters."
Tory Gardner and his company Alterian, Inc. were hired to design and create the look of Edna Turnblad on John Travolta. Costume designer Rita Ryack wanted to put Edna into several revealing outfits, so Travolta ended up being encapsulated in prosthetics. He wore silicone prosthetics on his head and neck, and foam latex arms and legs that connected to a spandex and foam body suit.
Adaptation changes
Dixon was primarily hired to tone down much of the campiness inherent in the stage musical. The 2007 film's script is based primarily on the stage musical rather than the 1988 film, so several changes already made to the plot for the stage version remain in this version. These include dropping several characters from the 1988 version (such as Arvin Hodgepile (the role Mr. Spritzer fills), Velma's husband Franklin, Corny's assistant Tammy, the beatniks, et al.), removing the Tilted Acres amusement park from the story, and placing Velma in charge of the station where The Corny Collins Show is filmed.
One notable difference between the stage musical, the original film, and the 2007 film version of Hairspray is that Tracy does not go to jail in the 2007 version (thus eliminating the musical's song "The Big Dollhouse"). In both previous incarnations of Hairspray, Tracy is arrested and taken to jail along with the other protesters. Edna is presented in this version as an insecure introvert, in contrast to the relatively bolder incarnations present in the 1988 film and the stage musical. Among many other elements changed or added to this version are the removal of Motormouth Maybelle's habit of speaking in rhyming jive talk and doubling the number of teens in Corny Collins' Council (from ten on Broadway to twenty in the 2007 film).
Dixon restructured portions of Hairsprays book to allow several of the songs to blend more naturally into the plot, in particular "(You're) Timeless to Me" and "I Know Where I've Been". "(You're) Timeless to Me" becomes the anchor of a newly invented subplot involving Velma's attempt to break up Edna and Wilbur's marriage and keep Tracy off The Corny Collins Show as a result. The song now serves as Wilbur's apology to Edna, in addition to its original purpose in the stage musical as a tongue-in-cheek declaration of Wilbur and Edna's love for each other. Meanwhile, "I Know Where I've Been", instead of being sung by Maybelle to the kids after being let out of jail, now underscores Maybelle's march on WYZT (which takes place in the stage musical at the end of "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful").
The song "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful" was inspired by a line that Tracy delivered in the original film ("Now all of Baltimore will know: I'm big, blonde and beautiful!"), but in the stage version and in this film, Motormouth Maybelle performs the song. A reprise of the song was added to the 2007 film, which is sung by Edna and Velma.
Pre-production and casting
Hairspray was produced on a budget of $75 million. Casting director, David Rubin, introduced an open casting call to cast unknowns in Atlanta, New York City, and Chicago. After auditioning over eleven hundred candidates, Nikki Blonsky a high school student from Great Neck, New York was chosen for the lead role of Tracy. Nikki Blonsky auditioned for the role of Tracy Turnblad in New York City in 2006 at eighteen years old. She had no previous professional experience in acting or in singing. Blonsky had auditioned for the role because it became her dream to play the role of Tracy after seeing the musical on Broadway. Blonsky, working at Cold Stone Creamery at the time, received the news from film director, Adam Shankman, that she had received the part. Relative unknowns Elijah Kelley and Taylor Parks were chosen through similar audition contests to portray siblings Seaweed and Little Inez Stubbs, respectively. John Travolta was finally cast as Edna, with Christopher Walken ultimately assuming the role of Wilbur. Several other stars, including Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Allison Janney were chosen for the other supporting adult roles of Motormouth Maybelle, Corny Collins, Velma Von Tussle, and Prudy Pingleton, respectively. Teen stars Amanda Bynes, and Zac Efron were cast as Tracy's friends Penny and Link, and Brittany Snow was cast as her rival, Amber Von Tussle. Jerry Stiller, who played Wilbur Turnblad in the original film, appears as plus-sized women's clothes retailer Mr. Pinky in this version.
Since Hairsprays plot focuses heavily on dance, choreography became a heavy focus for Shankman, who hired four assistant choreographers, Jamal Sims, Anne Fletcher, and Zach Woodlee, and put both his acting cast and over a hundred and fifty dancers through two months of rehearsals. The cast recorded the vocal tracks for their songs as coached by Elaine Overholt in the weeks just before principal photography began in September.
Principal photography
Principal photography took place in Toronto, and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from September 5 – December 8, 2006.
Hairspray is explicitly set in Baltimore, Maryland and the original 1988 film had been shot on location there, but the 2007 film was shot primarily in Toronto because the city was better equipped with the sound stages necessary to film a musical. The opening shots of the descent from the clouds and the newspaper being dropped onto the stoop are the only times that the actual city of Baltimore is shown in the film.
Most of the film was shot at Toronto's Showline Studios. Most of the street scenes were shot at the intersection of Dundas Street West and Roncesvalles Avenue. A PCC streetcar with Toronto Transit Commission livery is seen in the opening sequence. Some of the signs for the 1960s-era stores remain up along the street. Toronto's Lord Lansdowne Public School was used for all of the high school exteriors and some of the interiors, while the old Queen Victoria School in Hamilton was also used for interiors. Scenes at Queen Victoria were shot from November 22 to December 2, and the school was scheduled to be demolished after film production was completed. As of the 2017–2018 school year, there are no plans to close this school.
Thinner than most of the other men who have portrayed Edna, Travolta appeared onscreen in a large fat suit, and required four hours of makeup in order to appear before the cameras. His character's nimble dancing style belies her girth; Shankman based Edna's dancing style on the hippo ballerinas in the Dance of the Hours sequence in Walt Disney's 1940 animated feature, Fantasia. Although early versions of the suit created "a dumpy, Alfred Hitchcock version of Edna," Travolta fought for the ability to give his character curves and a thick Baltimore accent. Designed by Tony Gardner, the fat suit was created using lightweight synthetic materials, consisting of layered pads and silicone, which was used from the chest upwards. The suit provided the additional benefit of covering Travolta's beard, eliminating the problem of his facial hair growing through his makeup midday.
Shankman's inspirations
Shankman included a number of references to films that influenced his work on Hairspray:
The film's opening shot — a bird's eye view of Baltimore that eventually descends from the clouds to ground level — is a combination of the opening shots of West Side Story and The Sound of Music.
Before we see a full shot of Tracy, we see individual shots of her upraised right and left arms. This is reminiscent of our first views of Sadie Thompson (Joan Crawford) in the 1932 film Rain.
Several scenes involving Tracy, such as her ride atop the garbage truck during the "Good Morning Baltimore" number and her new hairstyle during "Welcome to the '60s", are directly inspired by the Barbra Streisand musical film version of Funny Girl.
During "Without Love", Link sings to a photograph of Tracy, which comes to life and sings harmony with him. This is directly inspired from the MGM musical The Broadway Melody of 1938, in which a young Judy Garland swoons over a photo of actor Clark Gable as she sings "You Made Me Love You".
The dress that Penny wears during "You Can't Stop the Beat" is made from her bedroom curtains, which can be seen during "Without Love". This is homage to The Sound of Music, where Maria uses old curtains to make play clothes for the von Trapp children.
Reception
Box office
Hairspray debuted in 3,121 theaters in North America on July 20, 2007, the widest debut of any modern movie musical. The film earned $27.5 million in its opening weekend at #3, behind I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This made Hairspray the record-holder for the biggest opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical. This record was later broken by the release of Mamma Mia!, which grossed $27.8 million on its opening weekend. Hairspray is currently the twelfth highest grossing musical in U.S. cinema history, surpassing The Rocky Horror Picture Show ($145 million) and Dreamgirls ($103 million), released seven months prior. Ending its domestic run on October 25, 2007, Hairspray has a total domestic gross of $118.9 million and $202.5 million worldwide. Its biggest overseas markets include the United Kingdom ($25.8 million), Australia ($14.4 million), Japan ($8 million), Italy ($4.6 million), France ($3.9 million) and Spain ($3.8 million). At the time, this made Hairspray the third musical film in history to cross $200 million internationally, behind 1978's hit Grease ($395 million) and 2002's Chicago ($307 million). It is the seventh highest-grossing PG-rated film of 2007, and has grossed more than other higher-budgeted summer releases like Ocean's Thirteen ($117 million) and Evan Almighty ($100 million).
Two weeks after its original release, new "sing-along" prints of Hairspray were shipped to theaters. These prints featured the lyrics to each song printed onscreen as subtitles, encouraging audiences to interact with the film. On January 4, 2008, Hairspray was re-released in New York City and Los Angeles for one week because John Travolta was present for Q&A and autographs.
Critical reception
Hairspray has garnered acclaim from film critics such as Roger Ebert, The New York Times, and The Boston Globe, as well as a smaller number of reviews comparing it unfavorably to the Waters original. The film is one of the top picks on Metacritic, with an average of 81 from 37 critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 219 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80, making it one of 2007's best-reviewed films. The site's consensus states: "Hairspray is an energetic, wholly entertaining musical romp; a fun Summer movie with plenty of heart. Its contagious songs will make you want to get up and start dancing". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor named it the 4th best film of 2007. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post named it the ninth best film of 2007.
Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, saying that there was "a lot of craft and slyness lurking beneath the circa-1960s goofiness," also stating that "The point, however, is not the plot but the energy. Without somebody like Nikki Blonsky at the heart of the movie, it might fall flat, but everybody works at her level of happiness..." Ebert also noted that this film is "a little more innocent than Waters would have made it..." Krishna Shenoi, of the Shenoi Chronicle, called the movie "Shankman's masterpiece," saying that it moved away from his previous works into a different direction, making a light comedy that deals with serious issues maturely. Shenoi also said that the film was everything he wanted Grease to be. Lou Lumenick of The New York Post hailed Hairspray as "The best and most entertaining movie adaptation of a stage musical so far this century — and yes, I'm including the Oscar-winning Chicago," calling it "one of the best-cast movies in recent memory..." New York Daily News critic Jack Matthews called the film "A great big sloppy kiss of entertainment for audiences weary of explosions, CGI effects and sequels, sequels, sequels." The Baltimore Sun review offered Michael Sragow's opinion that "in its entirety, Hairspray has the funny tilt that only a director-choreographer like Shankman can give to a movie," pointing out that Shankman skillfully "puts a new-millennial zing behind exact re-creations of delirious period dances like the Mashed Potato." Dana Stevens from Slate called Hairspray "intermittently tasty, if a little too frantically eager to please." Stevens noted that "Despite its wholesomeness, this version stays remarkably true to the spirit of the original, with one size-60 exception: John Travolta as Edna Turnblad," saying "How you feel about Hairspray will depend entirely on your reaction to this performance..."
The New Yorkers David Denby felt the new version of Hairspray was "perfectly pleasant," but compared unfavorably to the Broadway musical, since "[director Adam Shankman and screenwriter Leslie Dixon] have removed the traces of camp humor and Broadway blue that gave the stage show its happily knowing flavor." Denby criticized the dance numbers, calling them "unimaginatively shot," and he considered "the idea of substituting John Travolta for Harvey Fierstein as Tracy's hefty mother... a blandly earnest betrayal." Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com found Hairspray "reasonably entertaining. But do we really need to be entertained reasonably? Waters' original was a crazy sprawl that made perfect sense; this Hairspray toils needlessly to make sense of that craziness, and something gets lost in the translation." Zacharek was also displeased with the way Latifah's performance of "I Know Where I've Been" was incorporated into the movie, saying "The filmmakers may believe they're adding an extra layer of seriousness to the material... [but] the inclusion of this big production number only suggests that the filmmakers fear the audience won't get the movie's message unless it's spelled out for them."
Despite critical and commercial success, Hairspray garnered some criticism upon its release from the LGBT community, particularly Travolta's portrayal of Edna Turnblad, a role played in the original film by drag performer Divine, and in the stage adaptation by Harvey Fierstein. Kevin Naff, a managing editor for a Washington, D.C./Baltimore area gay newspaper named the Washington Blade, called for a boycott of the film, alleging that Scientology, in which Travolta is an adherent, was homophobic, and it supported "cure" workshops for homosexuals. Adam Shankman rebuffed Naff's proposed boycott stating that Travolta was not a homophobe, as he (Shankman), Waters, Shaiman, Wittman, and several other crew and creative staff were homosexual, and Travolta got along well with the entire production. Shankman made it clear "John's personal beliefs did not walk onto my set. I never heard the word 'Scientology'."
Accolades
Home media
Hairspray was released in standard DVD and HD Blu-ray Disc formats in Region 1 on November 20, 2007. The Blu-ray disc is encoded with 7.1 channel DTS-HD Master Audio. The standard DVD was released in two versions: a one-disc release and a two-disc "Shake and Shimmy" edition.
Bonus features on the two-disc release include two audio commentaries, a feature-length production documentary, featurettes on the earlier versions of Hairspray, dance instruction featurettes, deleted scenes including Tracy's deleted song "I Can Wait", a slightly extended ending, and an alternate version of the "Big, Blonde and Beautiful" reprise, and behind-the-scenes looks at the production of each of the film's dance numbers. The Blu-ray release, a two-disc release, includes all of the features from the two-disc DVD, and includes a picture-in-picture behind-the-scenes feature, which runs concurrently with the film. An HD DVD version of the film was originally slated for release in 2008, but was canceled due to New Line Cinema's announcement that it would go Blu-ray exclusive with immediate effect, thus dropping HD DVD support.
Cancelled sequel
Due to Hairsprays financial success, New Line Cinema had asked John Waters to write a sequel to the film. Waters reunited with director/choreographer Adam Shankman for the project, and songwriters Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman were set to compose the film's musical numbers.
The story would have looked at Tracy's entering the late 1960s era of music and the British Invasion, and used the Hippie movement and Vietnam War as backdrops. While no official casting was announced, New Line said that they hoped to "snag much of the original Hairspray cast." John Travolta, however, publicly announced that he would not return because he is "not a big sequel guy".
The sequel was set for a mid-July 2010 release by Warner Bros., which owns New Line Cinema. However, in June 2010, Shankman told British press that Hairspray 2: White Lipstick was no longer in development. Shankman has also said that there will be no sequel. In February 2019, John Waters announced he had written a sequel for HBO, but did not produce it.
See also
Cross-dressing in film and television
Hairspray (musical)
Hairspray (1988 film)
Civil rights movement in popular culture
Civil Rights Movement
Notes
References
External links
2007 films
2000s English-language films
2000s dance films
2000s musical comedy films
2007 romantic comedy films
2000s romantic musical films
2000s teen comedy films
2000s teen romance films
American dance films
American historical musical films
American historical romance films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
American teen comedy films
American teen musical films
American teen romance films
British dance films
British historical musical films
British historical romance films
British musical comedy films
British romantic comedy films
British romantic musical films
British teen comedy films
British teen romance films
Civil rights movement in film
Films about interracial romance
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about television
Films based on musicals based on films
Films directed by Adam Shankman
Films scored by Marc Shaiman
Films set in 1962
Films set in Baltimore
Films shot in Hamilton, Ontario
Films shot in Toronto
Films with screenplays by Leslie Dixon
John Waters
Musical film remakes
New Line Cinema films
2000s American films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspray%20%282007%20film%29 |
Dartmouth High School is a Canadian public high school located in the Brightwood neighbourhood of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. Encompassing grades 9 through 12, Dartmouth High School has always had a diverse student body with many ethnic groups, along with a wide variety of courses and educational opportunities for students. Along with English, the school also offers the French immersion program. Dartmouth High overlooks the Halifax Harbour, which can be seen from about one sixth of the rooms in the building.
Staff
During the 2005–2006 school year, Dartmouth High School has had a teaching staff of roughly 60, with about 12 support staff. Due to changes in the teacher pension plan in Nova Scotia, 19 retired in 2006.
The school's former principal, Phil Legere, was honoured with the SAA "Distinguished Principal's Award" in 2005. He retired in 2008. The principal is now Eartha Monard.
The Arts
Music Department
In 2001, 2003 and 2006, the school's concert band went to Cuba to help promote music and perform in the country. The concert band usually goes on lengthy and distant trips each year, though in 2007, they went on a smaller scale trip to Cape Breton for the Cape Breton Music Festival. In 2008 the band visited several European countries including Austria and the Czech Republic, and played in the Atlantic Music Festival. Following this trip, the band not go far in 2009, instead taking part in an Arts night, sponsored by the HRSB. The band went to Boston, Massachusetts in 2010. The School also has a Choral Group, Jazz Band, Ska Ensemble, and other smaller scale ensembles. The event known as "A Battle of the Bands" is held regularly in support of the Music Department.
Theater
The drama department stages a large scale production each year, usually in conjunction with the school's band or the Halifax Regional Arts, a division of the Halifax Regional Center For Education.
Stage productions
2019: Elf the Musical
2018: Romeo and Juliet
2018: Seussical2017: Julius Caesar
2017: Urinetown
2016: Makeup, Tights, and Everything Nice (original musical)
2011: A Christmas Carol
2010: Little Shop of Horrors (musical)2009: Once Upon a Mattress2008: Sweeney Todd2007: West Side Story2006: Othello2005: Ducktails and Bobbysocks2004: The Flies2003: Hotel Paradiso2002: The Importance of Being Earnest1998: The Girl Who Wasn't Blue1997: Hollywood Hotel1996: Cats1995: The Baltimore Waltz''
Athletics
Dartmouth High School has competitive teams in all the major high school sports, most distinctively excelling in cross country and track and field where they have won many Metro banners. The Spartans have also won many recent Metro Boys Rugby titles, and Tier II Football titles in 1995, 2004, 2010 and current champions in 2018. The last Tier I Football Championship was won in 1971.
Dartmouth High School maintains a sports rivalry with cross-town school Prince Andrew High School, who they play each Thanksgiving in football, called the Turkey Bowl. The Turkey Bowl was suspended for the 2010 season due to vandalism of the playing field and fan violence.
School renovations
In March 2011 demolition started of northeast side of the school for the construction of new gymnasium facility and an entire wing under the direction of the Nova Scotia Department of Education. The new gymnasium was completed in 2012, fully equipped with renovated locker rooms and a storage room. The project is expected to take 3 years and it required the offices of the Nova School Boards Association to be relocated . In the fall of 2010 school wide electrical upgrades started as well as a new roof.
Transportation
Dartmouth High School is located next to the Bridge Terminal, a major bus station in the Halifax Transit system. In 2021, Halifax Transit launched a pilot program to provide high school students with free transit passes. The program aims to provide youth with convenient transportation and encourage the use of public transit. Dartmouth High School was chosen as one of four schools where the program is being piloted over the 2021/22 school year.
References
External links
Dartmouth High School official website
School profile at Halifax Regional Centre for Education
DHS staff directory
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
High schools in Nova Scotia
Schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Educational institutions established in 1959
1959 establishments in Nova Scotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%20High%20School%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 |
The men's individual competition with free revolver event was one of the competitions in the Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. It was held on 1 August 1900. 20 shooters from 4 nations competed, with five shooters per nation. Medals were given for individual high scores, and the scores of the five shooters were summed to give a team score for the team event. The target designed for this competition is still being used today. The event was won by Karl Röderer of Switzerland, with his countryman Konrad Stäheli taking bronze. Between them was Achille Paroche of France with silver.
Background
This was the second appearance of what would become standardised as the men's ISSF 50 meter pistol event. The event was held at every Summer Olympics from 1896 to 1920 (except 1904, when no shooting events were held) and from 1936 to 2016; it was open to women from 1968 to 1980.
All four of the competing nations were making their debut; none had a shooter in this event in 1896. The event doubled as the first World Championship in free pistol.
Röderer used a Waffenfabrik Bern 1882 Swiss Ordnance Revolver.
Competition format
The competition had each shooter fire 60 shots at a distance of 50 metres. The target was round, 50 centimetres in diameter, with 10 scoring rings. Scoring for each shot was up to 10 points, in increments of 1 point. The maximum score possible was 600 points.
Revolver must have a barrel of 11 cm in length. Ties were broken by greatest number of shots on target (1 or better), then greatest number in the black (7 or better), then by ring (10, 9, 8, etc.).
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
Karl Röderer set the initial Olympic record with 503 points.
Schedule
Results
References
International Olympic Committee medal winners database
De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Shooting 1900". Accessed 3 March 2006. Available electronically at .
Men's pistol military
Men's 1900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20at%20the%201900%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2050%20metre%20pistol |
Zeke is a masculine given name and nickname, sometimes a shortened form (hypocorism) of Ezekiel, which may refer to:
People
Caleb Bailey (1898-1957), US Marine Corps brigadier general and athlete
Zeke Bella (1930–2013), American baseball player
Zeke Bonura (1908–1987), American baseball player
Zeke Bratkowski (1931–2019), American football player
Zeke Clements (1911–1994), American country musician
Zeke Dombrowski (born 1986), American soccer player
Ezekiel Elliott (born 1995), American football running back
Ezekiel Emanuel (born 1957), American oncologist, bioethicist and professor
Zeke Jabbour, American professional bridge player
Zeke Jones (born 1966), American wrestler
Zeke Manners (1911–2000), American country musician
Zeke Manyika (born 1955), Zimbabwean-born British musician
Zeke Meyer (1892–1962), American racecar driver
Zeke Moore (American football) (born 1943), American football player
Zeke Moore (basketball) (born 1997), Trinidadian-American basketball player
Zeke Moreno (born 1978), American football player
Zeke Mowatt (born 1961), American football player
Zeke Nnaji (born 2001), American basketball player
Alden Sanborn (1899–1991), American rower
Zeke Smith (1936–2016), American football player
Zeke Steggall (born 1971), Australian snowboarder
Isiah Thomas (born 1989), American retired Hall-of-Fame basketball player
Zeke Turner (born 1996), American football player
Zeke Upshaw (1991–2018), American basketball player
Zeke Vandenburgh (born 1999), American football player
Zeke Wilson (1869–1928), American baseball player
Zeke Wissinger (1902–1963), American football player
Zeke Wrigley (1874–1952), American baseball player
Zeke Zarchy (1915–2009), American trumpet player
Zeke Zawoluk (1930–2007), American basketball player
Zeke Zekley (1915–2005), American cartoonist
Zeke Zettner (1948–1973), American musician
Fictional characters
In film
Zeke, in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, portrayed by Bert Lahr
a character in the 2002 film Ice Age
Zeke Baylor, in the High School Musical film series
Zeke Finklestein, in the 2009 film The Rebound
Zeke Hawkins, in the 1993 film Sliver
Zeke Tyler, in the 1998 film The Faculty
Zeke, military slang for zombies in the film World War Z
On television
Zeke Abramowitz, a character in the American web series Zombie College
Zeke Kinski, in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Zeke Landon, in the Manifest (TV series)
Ezekiel "Zeke" Stone, protagonist of the short-lived series Brimstone (TV series)
Zeke, a nickname for Philip Banks in List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters
Zeke, nickname of the character Tom (Lost) in Lost
Zeke, in the animated series Bob's Burgers
Zeke, Sid's baby brother from the animated series Sid the Science Kid
Comics, manga, and novels
Zeke Asakura, English name for Hao Asakura, in the anime and manga series Shaman King
Zeke Brenner, in the comic strip Doonesbury
Zeke Stane, a Marvel Comics villain
Zeke Midas Wolf or Big Bad Wolf in Disney comics
Zeke Yeager, in the anime and manga Attack on Titan (Shingeki no Kyojin)
Zeke or Gustaf Zuckermandel, Jr., in the Left Behind novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins
In video games
Ozychlyrus Brounev Tantal, better known as Zeke von Genbu, from Xenoblade Chronicles 2
References
Masculine given names
Nicknames
Hypocorisms
English masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeke |
George Thomas Stovall (November 23, 1877 – November 5, 1951), nicknamed "Firebrand", was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the Cleveland Naps and the St. Louis Browns in the American League, and he also played two seasons with the Kansas City Packers of the short-lived Federal League. He was the manager of the Naps for one season in , and in , he went to the Browns, serving as player-manager for two seasons. In , he jumped to the Packers as a first baseman-manager. In 1916, he signed with the Toledo Mud Hens and played a season there before retiring from baseball at age 39.
In 5596 career at bats, Stovall had 1382 hits. He recorded 231 doubles and 142 career stolen bases. While for the most part a first baseman, he did play some second base and even third base, especially early in his career. In 1905, he played 46 of his 112 games at second. Every year from 1905 until 1910, Stovall recorded at least 13 stolen bases.
In late 1913, Stovall was suspended by the American League for spitting tobacco juice at an umpire. However, league president Ban Johnson did not think this went far enough, and ordered Stovall fired. He was succeeded by the relatively little-known (at the time) Branch Rickey.
His elder brother, Jesse Stovall, pitched two seasons in the major leagues.
Managerial record
See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
References
External links
The Deadball Era
1877 births
1951 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Cleveland Naps players
St. Louis Browns players
Cleveland Naps managers
St. Louis Browns managers
Minor league baseball managers
Portland Webfoots players
Burlington River Rats players
Kansas City Packers players
Toledo Iron Men players
Vernon Tigers players
Jacksonville Indians players
Baseball players from Missouri
Major League Baseball player-managers
People from Jackson County, Missouri
Baseball coaches from Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Stovall |
Sarah Gibson Blanding (November 22, 1898 – March 3, 1985) was an American educator and academic administrator who served as Vassar College's sixth president (1946–1964) and its first female president. A strong public advocate, she worked hard to advance the professional, political, and academic place of women in the world and was a general proponent of expanded educational opportunity.
Biography
Blanding was born on a farm in Kentucky in 1898. She attended the New Haven Normal School of Gymnastics, where she graduated in 1919. That same year, Blanding was hired as a physical education instructor by the University of Kentucky, where she simultaneously began her undergraduate work in the A.B. program. While at UK she coached the women's basketball team from 1919 through 1922, leading the team to a 3-14-1 record. She played on the team as team captain in 1923 under coach A.B. "Happy" Chandler. Upon graduation in 1923, Blanding was appointed the university's acting dean of women, becoming the youngest dean in the country, at age twenty-four. Blanding obtained her master's degree in political science at Columbia University in 1926, and pursued graduate studies at the London School of Economics under Harold Laski. In 1929, she was appointed dean of women and professor of political science at the University of Kentucky. She served in these positions until 1941, when she was selected as the first dean of Cornell University's College of Home Economics and became the first female dean at Cornell.
Blanding was named president of Vassar College in 1946. One member of the Board of Trustees explained that they selected her because she impressed them as a "great personality". Indeed, Blanding was always known for her outspoken character; at Cornell she was praised for being an effectively aggressive administrator. Blanding herself credited her independent and charged personality to her upbringing on a farm and to the running of her own tobacco farm in Kentucky for many years.
A biography of Sarah Gibson Blanding would be incomplete without mentioning the famous "no sex until marriage" speech that she gave in April 1962 to the students of Vassar College while serving as college president. She demanded that students (all females at that time) withdraw from the college if they engaged in premarital sex. This unusual and controversial speech was picked up by the media and made national news.
During her tenure at Vassar, Blanding instituted several important changes. In 1949, she helped establish the Mary Conover Mellon Foundation for the Advancement of Education, a research program that studied and promoted the psychological welfare of college students. An evaluation of Vassar was conducted under Blanding's leadership in the form of a two-year assessment, which reviewed everything from living conditions to academic objectives. A new curriculum that emphasized independent study was put into place as a result. Blanding encouraged the advancement of faculty members at Vassar on a merit system, not years served, and increased faculty salaries by 116%. She also instituted the house fellow system, where faculties lived in dormitories alongside students. Blanding raised $25 million for Vassar in nine years, tripling its endowment. Three new buildings (Ferry House, Chicago Hall, and Noyes House) were erected, and three major reconstructions of older buildings occurred during her presidency.
Blanding died on March 3, 1985.
Other work
Sarah Blanding served on many boards and commissions, often as the only woman. Her positions: consultant to the U.S. Secretary of War as member of the Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation (1943-1946); member of the President's Commission on Higher Education under President Truman; and member of the Public Advisory Board of the Economic Cooperation Administration. Blanding had a prominent public presence. In the 1950s, she spoke out to protect the rights of several faculty members against allegations made by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Blanding received international attention on another occasion. Many students found an impromptu speech at a required convocation in 1964, reproaching premarital sex, alcohol, and "vulgar conduct" among Vassar students, out of step with their own mores. She also served as the first female on the First Board of Foreign Scholarships administering Fulbright Scholarships, and the National Committee that chose the first Marshall Scholarships.
Upon her retirement as Vassar president in 1964, the college presented Blanding with a tractor "evoking both the practical effects of her tenure and her Kentucky childhood". Blanding died in 1985. She had been a lifelong advocate of academic freedom and independent thinking for her students. "I like people," Blanding once said. "I like all kinds of people. I get along well with them because I trust them. I make it plain to everyone on my staff that I want them to stand up and fight for their own ideas. If they have better arguments, they win."
Legacy
Blanding Tower as well as the low-rise Blanding I, II, III and IV dormitories at the University of Kentucky are named for Sarah Blanding.
References
Sources
Daniels, Elizabeth Adams. "Sarah Gibson Blanding" American National Biography. 1999 ed.
"Everybody's Weekly." The Philadelphia Inquirer. 7 April 1946.
"Sarah Gibson Blanding Obituary." The New York Times. 4 March 1985.
"Vassar Saddened by Death of Sarah Gibson Blanding." Vassar Views. No. 80 March 1985: 1
"Vassar College and its Eight Presidents, 1861-1986: An exhibition prepared to honor Frances D. Fergusson on the occasion of her inauguration as the ninth president of Vassar College." October 11, 1986.
External links
Biography at Vassar College Encyclopedia
Biography at the University of Kentucky
Sarah Gibson Blanding Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
1898 births
1985 deaths
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Cornell University faculty
Kentucky Wildcats women's basketball coaches
Kentucky Wildcats women's basketball players
Presidents of Vassar College
University of Kentucky faculty
American women's basketball coaches
Deans of women
20th-century American women
American women academics
Women heads of universities and colleges
20th-century American academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Gibson%20Blanding |
Harry Woods (12 March 1890 – 1956) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. He initially trained as a glass worker whilst playing as an amateur for St Helens Recreation, and then Ashton Town and St Helens Town. In 1911, he joined Norwich City, then in the Southern League, where he played until the outbreak of World War I, making 151 appearances and scoring 37 goals in all competitions.
Woods served in the Tank Corps in France during the war, and finally began his Football League career with South Shields, then in the Second Division, in August 1919. After two seasons with the club, during which he scored 24 times in 95 games, which earned him a £2600 move to Newcastle United in January 1922. Woods failed to settle at St James' Park, however, managing just two goals in 16 appearances before he joined Arsenal on 25 August 1923. He scored ten goals in his first season, helping the Gunners to narrowly avoid relegation, but after Jimmy Brain made his first-team debut in October 1924 and established himself in the side, Woods' opportunities were limited. The team's form improved dramatically after Herbert Chapman was appointed manager in 1925, but Woods played only three times under him, and left for Luton Town in August 1926, where he scored 27 goals in 105 games. He moved back into non-league football with North Shields in 1930.
Woods died in 1956.
References
Sources
1890 births
1956 deaths
Footballers from St Helens, Merseyside
English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Ashton Town F.C. players
St Helens Town A.F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Gateshead A.F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
North Shields F.C. players
Southern Football League players
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Tank Regiment soldiers
Military personnel from Merseyside
Military personnel from Lancashire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Woods%20%28footballer%29 |
Vedanta University is a proposed, private, multi-disciplinary, co-educational university to be started by Anil Agarwal of Vedanta Resources corporation near Puri-Konark highway, Odisha, India. According to news reports and as of September 2010, there were no clear plans regarding the establishment of this proposed University. However, in late April 2015 a revival of the project was initiated; The ex-Chief Secretary of Odisha, Mr. Bijay Patnaik, was hired as the President of the Vedanta University Project to revive this project.
The vision
Anil Agarwal, an Indian businessman, who heads the London based Vedanta Resources corporation and Naveen Patnaik, the Chief Minister of Odisha state in eastern India, had signed a memorandum of understanding to create a world class, multidisciplinary university, Vedanta University. The university, which would be entirely a not-for-profit venture, was planned to be funded from Agarwal's personal funds Sam Pitroda, the chairman of the Knowledge Commission was the choice of the first chancellor of Vedanta University. Recent reports also suggest that at least three Nobel laureates have been contracted to join the university. In July 2009, the government of Orissa passed a landmark bill to allow the massive university to be set up and function with autonomy.
Academics and research
According to the Anil Agarwal Foundation, the university was being modeled most closely on Stanford University and aims to be a peer institution to Stanford in terms of world-class research and education.
Schools and colleges
Engineering
Medicine
Business
Liberal Arts
Sciences
Law
Performing Arts
Centers of excellence
Health Sciences
Manufacturing Sciences
Agricultural Research
Rural Economics
Information & Communication Technology
Pharmaceutical Research
Urban Planning
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology
Campus and township
The foundation has identified of land near the Puri-Konark marine drive between Nuanai and Balighai for the proposed Vedanta University. However the land acquisition for the university has hit a roadblock with the Supreme court ordering a status quo and hence the project has been stayed.
Environmental violations
Several environmental violations were raised against the university which resulted in cases in the High court and the Supreme Court. In May 2010, Government of India asked the Anil Agarwal Foundation to stall the construction of the proposed Vedanta University at Puri to address issues related to environmental violations in the project.
Controversies
An academic has questioned whether, given its location and size, Vedanta can achieve its aims of being a leading research university. A rejoinder was also published. Another criticism leveled at the university, by politicians, local academicians, and the farmers currently occupying the proposed site relates to the relatively vast area of the proposed campus and its large student intake, although a few individual opinions differ.
Legal issues
High Court declares land acquisition for the university as illegal and void
On 16 November 2010, the Orissa High Court declared the land acquisition for the Rs 15,000-crore Vedanta University project in Puri town as illegal and void
Supreme Court - status quo on all land acquisition for Vedanta
A couple of months later, the Supreme court of India based in New Delhi ordered a stay or status Quo on all acquisition proceedings.
Abandonnent of the project
It was claimed that when completed the world-class multi-disciplinary university over an area of 6,800 acres on Puri-Konark marine drive would be at par with Harvard and Oxford universities. The university, when fully operational, was to have an intake of 100,000 students with cutting-edge research facility in 95 academic disciplines. But local opposition, problems over land acquisition led to the company abandoning the project, according to their statements. 26 out of the 30 staff posted on site had been since posted to other locations and the project as "as good as over" according to a Vedanta official.
Revival attempt starting 30 April 2015
A revival of the project is being tried with the hiring of the ex-Chief Secretary of Odisha, Mr. Bijay Patnaik, as the President of the Vedanta University Project. He joined this position on 30 April 2015.
He told TOI
that his priority would be to expedite the decision in the supreme court case. Asked about potential conflict of interest, he said that such a question does not arise as the project he has joined has nothing to do with Vedanta as a company and he personally feels that the university is a desirable project that should take shape in the interest of Odisha. In an interview with Telegraph
he discusses more details on his task in reviving Vedanta University. He also gave an interview
(in Odia) to OTV, a major cable channel in Odisha where he addresses many questions that has been raised by the media on this issue.
Some signs of a possible revival were earlier reported in September 2014
and December 2014.
However, prior to that, in the previous years (2012, 2013), Anil Agarwal in some of his interviews did talk about his continuing interest in establishing Vedanta University.
See for example:
The Supreme court of India on 28 November 2016 gave some positive indications that it may allow Vedanta University. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India and a member of the bench hearing this case, Justice T.S. Thakur, is quoted to have said "Why should anyone oppose setting up of a world class university which will give opportunity to over one lakh students? If somebody is making an investment of Rs 2,500 crore in education, why should somebody oppose it? Students will benefit. Public would benefit."
The Supreme Court bench seems to have suggested that the court may monitor the setting up of the university so as to make sure that the land is used for the
university and not for commercial purposes.
Following that, the promoter, Mr. Anil Agarwal, said to OTV in Bhubaneswar: "We will definitely go ahead with the plan to set up the university".
See also
Higher education in Orissa
Footnotes
References
SC Orders status quo on Vedanta University
Vedanta University Official Site
Anil Agarwal
New Indian university modeled after Stanford
Baltimore architects hired to design new Indian university
Indian Foundation Will Give $1-Billion to Create a Huge Research University
Billionaire Proposes New Research University
The Anil Agarwal Foundation Announces a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Orissa to Establish Vedanta University
Vedanta, Orissa to sign MoU for mega varsity
Orissa to have world class Vedanta University
And a $3 billion hope for education
Orissa’s $3 bn to Vedanta varsity
Giving big: Largest gifts to colleges
$1 billion investment inspired India's new Vedanta University
Vedanta University
Top-notch Univ to come up in Orissa (CNN-IBN video)
U.S. firm unveils masterplan for Indian university
"In Rural India, an Ambitious Academic Vision" Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 July 2007.
For Planners, the Opportunity of a Lifetime
In Rural India, an Ambitious Academic Vision Chronicle of Higher Education, July, 2007.
Indian college to be modeled after Stanford
Campus Politics
Higher and Bigger Education in Orissa
Universities in Odisha
2006 in education
Puri
Vedanta Resources
Proposed buildings and structures in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta%20University |
Harry Woods may refer to:
Harry M. Woods (1896–1970), musician and songwriter
Harry Woods (actor) (1889–1968), American actor
Harry Woods (footballer) (1894–?), English footballer
Harry Woods (Illinois politician) (1863–1914), American politician
Harry Woods (Australian politician) (born 1947), Australian politician
Harry Woods (rugby league), English rugby league footballer of the 1930s
Harry Woods (rugby union) (1903–1972), Australian rugby union player
See also
Harry Wood (disambiguation)
Henry Woods (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Woods |
Ketel is a legendary Magyar tribal chieftain of perhaps Kabar origin, who lived at the end of the 9th century. He was the father of Alaptolma, and the first known ancestor of the Koppán clan.
According to the medieval Gesta Hungarorum, the leader of the Magyars, Árpád, donated a large estate to Ketel along the Danube and Váh (Vág) rivers where he settled with his people. Today, Ketel is honoured as the legendary founder of the city of Komárom with his son, Alaptolma.
References
Magyar tribal chieftains
Gesta Hungarorum
Koppán (genus) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketel |
Schwieberdingen is a municipality of the Ludwigsburg district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The town itself is located about from Stuttgart, the state capital, and from Ludwigsburg, the district capital. Schwieberdingen belongs to the Stuttgart Region and Metropolitan Region. Schwieberdingen is twinned with the French township of Vaux-le-Pénil.
Schwieberdingen was possibly founded in the 3rd century, but was first mentioned in a 1304 document. The town is characterized by its location on the route from Flanders to the Black Sea, which today forms the Bundesstraße 10. After the Second World War, Schwieberdingen transitioned from an agricultural base to an industrial one.
The town's sports club is the TSV Schwieberdingen. Its largest division, the football club, plays in the Verbandsliga Württemberg.
Geography
Schwieberdingen is located in the southwest part of the , in the center of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
The landscape around Schwieberdingen shows a great diversity of soil formations, visible in the suffixes -berg, -grund, and -tal within the municipality. The river Glems flows through Schwieberdingen.
The highest point above sea level in Schwieberdingen is the Katharinenlinde at NN, and the lowest is the Gemarkungsgrenze at NN.
Climate
Schwieberdingen is characterized by a mild climate caused by its location in the southwest region of the Neckar basin. It is shielded by the Black Forest to the west, the Swabian Alb to the south, the Swabian-Franconian Forest to the east, and the Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park to the northwest. Belonging to the Upper Rhine Valley and the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, Schwieberdingen is in one of the warmest areas of Germany. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of , while the coldest is January with an average temperature of . The average annual rainfall in Schwieberdingen is , coming mostly between June and August as is normal in southern Germany. Low rainfall in the region has led to the necessity of external water supply, found in the project from 1954 onward.
Area distribution
According to the , the municipality of Schwieberdingen comprises total, as of 2014. Agriculture takes up most of the municipality area at 61.3%, while the rest of the municipality is urban environment or woodland.
History
The first traces of habitation in Schwieberdingen come from about 5000 BC, in the Neolithic period. The has discovered two Neolithic settlements in Schwieberdingen. The first belonged to what has been called the and is date to 4300 BC to 4200 BC and includes the skeleton of a woman dated to 4000 BC. The second settlement belonged to the Michelsberg culture and is about 700 to 800 years newer than the Schwieberdinger culture.
Roman and Migration periods
The Roman Empire conquered the modern-day municipal area and its Celtic inhabitants in 85 BC. The Romans then built a road through the area to a ford on the Glems. This road, at first just for the Roman military, would shape Schwieberdingen's destiny as one of the few connections between the Rhine and the Danube. Emperor Hadrian in particular made great use of the road. Roman farming estates were established in the area of present-day Schwieberdingen.
In the 3rd century AD, the Alemanni conquered the Imperial province of Germania Superior and possibly established the first settlement in the municipal area. The territory of Schwieberdingen, then called "Suidbert-ingen", was fully established by 500, when the Franks subdued the Alemanni. The border between Francia and the Alemanni became, with the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, the border of the dioceses of Speyer and of Constance. The Schwieberdingen of this time period must have been a military settlement to protect the important river crossing on the Glems. Other Alemannic settlements existed in the area, most notably , which was established between 750 and 802 but abandoned in the 14th century.
Middle Ages
Schwieberdingen was mentioned for the first time as "Swiebertingen" in an urbarium from 1304, though the had property in the village from 1160. In 1321, the count governing Schwieberdingen sold the territory to Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg.
References
External links
Official site
Entry at the Baden-Württemberg State Informational System
1300s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1304 establishments in Europe
Ludwigsburg (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwieberdingen |
In numerical analysis, Lebedev quadrature, named after Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lebedev, is an approximation to the surface integral of a function over a three-dimensional sphere. The grid is constructed so to have octahedral rotation and inversion symmetry. The number and location of the grid points together with a corresponding set of integration weights are determined by enforcing the exact integration of polynomials (or equivalently, spherical harmonics) up to a given order, leading to a sequence of increasingly dense grids analogous to the one-dimensional Gauss-Legendre scheme.
The Lebedev grid is often employed in the numerical evaluation of volume integrals in the spherical coordinate system, where it is combined with a one-dimensional integration scheme for the radial coordinate. Applications of the grid are found in fields such as computational chemistry and neutron transport.
Angular integrals
The surface integral of a function over the unit sphere,
is approximated in the Lebedev scheme as
where the particular grid points and grid weights are to be determined. The use of a single sum, rather than two one dimensional schemes from discretizing the θ and φ integrals individually, leads to more efficient procedure: fewer total grid points are required to obtain similar accuracy. A competing factor is the computational speedup available when using the direct product of two one-dimensional grids. Despite this, the Lebedev grid still outperforms product grids. However, the use of two one-dimensional integration better allows for fine tuning of the grids, and simplifies the use of any symmetry of the integrand to remove symmetry equivalent grid points.
Construction
The Lebedev grid points are constructed so as to lie on the surface of the three-dimensional unit sphere and to be invariant under the octahedral rotation group with inversion. For any point on the sphere, there are either five, seven, eleven, twenty-three, or forty-seven equivalent points with respect to the octahedral group, all of which are included in the grid. Further, all points equivalent under the rotational and inversion group share the same weights. The smallest such set of points is constructed from all six permutations of (±1, 0, 0) (collectively denoted as a1), leading to an integration scheme
where the grid weight is A1. Geometrically these points correspond to the vertices of a regular octahedron when aligned with the Cartesian axes. Two more sets of points, corresponding to the centers and vertices of the octahedron, are all eight uncorrelated permutations of (denoted as a3), and all twelve permutations of (denoted as a2). This selection of grid points gives rise to the scheme
where A1, A2, and A3 are the weight functions that still need to be determined. Three further types of points can be employed as shown in the table. Each of these types of classes can contribute more than one set of points to the grid. In complete generality, the Lebedev scheme is
where the total number of points, N, is
The determination of the grid weights is achieved by enforcing the scheme to integrate exactly all polynomials up to a given order. On the unit sphere, this is equivalent to integrating all spherical harmonics up to the same order. This problem is simplified by a theorem of Sergei Lvovich Sobolev implying that this condition need be imposed only on those polynomials which are invariant under the octahedral rotation group with inversion. Enforcing these conditions leads to a set of nonlinear equations which have been solved and tabulated up to order 131 in the polynomial.
References
External links
Fortran code for evaluating Lebedev grid points and weights
Python codes: quadpy and CasperBeentjes
Downloadable grid points
Numerical integration (quadrature) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev%20quadrature |
Hartwick Pines State Park is a public recreation area covering in Crawford County near Grayling and Interstate 75 on the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The state park contains an old-growth forest of white pines and red pines, known as the Hartwick Pines. It is claimed by the Michigan Department of Natural resources that this old growth area, along with the Red Pine Natural Area Preserve in Roscommon County resembles the appearance of all Northern Michigan prior to the logging era. These areas do, however, lack the reoccurring low intensity fires which once occurred throughout northern Michigan, impacting regeneration of red pine and eastern hemlock, as well as leading to an increased content of hardwood species such as sugar maple and beech.
History
The Hartwick Pines are a old-growth remnant of a pine grove that was withdrawn from logging by a local timbering firm in 1927—a time when very little old-growth pine remained in northern Michigan. Karen Michelson Hartwick, widow of lumberman Major Edward Hartwick, donated the grove, which was then in size, and 8000 surrounding acres (32.4 km2) of cutover land to the state of Michigan as a memorial to the logging industry.
Salling Hansen Lumber Company heavily logged much of the property within Hartwick Pines State Park during the 1880s and 1890s. The Civilian Conservation Corps planted many of the park's trees in the 1930s as part of a massive restoration effort. Hence, this forest is known as "second growth."
On November 11, 1940, the Armistice Day Blizzard badly damaged the Hartwick Pines old-growth pine grove. of old trees were destroyed by windthrow from this and other storms, leaving behind the that remain.
Logging museum
The Hartwick Pines Logging Museum was erected by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in 1934–1935. It contains recreated exhibit rooms, photographs and artifacts of the lumber boom years of northern Michigan. The museum is located in two replica logging camp buildings and has outdoor exhibits of logging equipment and an enclosed steam-powered sawmill that is operated during summer events. The museum is administered by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Michigan History Museum.
Activities and amenities
The Michigan Forest Visitor Center contains an exhibit hall on the history of the forests in Michigan, an auditorium, classroom space, a bookstore operated by the non-profit Friends of Hartwick Pines, and restrooms. The visitor center has an auditorium that can seat 105 people and a nine-projector multi-image slide show. The show is approximately 14 minutes long and shares the story of logging from past until today. Programs and special events are offered throughout the year.
The state park includes a campground, day-use area, and network of four-season trails for summer hiking and winter cross-country skiing. The Old Growth Forest Trail to the pine grove is a loop long. The Old Growth Forest is an even-aged stand of pines estimated to be between 350 and 375 years old. The tallest trees are between 150 and 160 feet tall, and have a girth of more than four feet DBH (Diameter at breast height). These eastern white pine are some of the largest trees in the eastern United States. The last remaining virgin maple and beech hardwood forest in the state is at Warren Woods State Park.
There are two foot trails on the south side of M-93. The wooded Au Sable River foot trail is approximately three miles in length and takes hikers across the East Branch at two different locations. The Mertz Grade Trail winds through forest and field for approximately two miles and was named for the early logging railroad spur it shares for a portion of its distance.
There are four small lakes located within the state park. Two of the lakes were originally named Bright and Star Lake. However, there were too many Star Lakes so they settled on Bright and Glory Lake.
In the news
Although changes in drilling technology make drilling for oil and gas possible under historically nonproductive strata in northern Michigan, including sections of state forests, the state of Michigan decided in 2014 not to auction off mineral rights under Hartwick Pines.
See also
Edward E. Hartwick Memorial Building: a structure within the park.
References
External links
Hartwick Pines State Park Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Hartwick Pines State Park Map Michigan Department of Natural Resources
State parks of Michigan
Protected areas of Crawford County, Michigan
Protected areas established in 1927
1927 establishments in Michigan
IUCN Category V
Old-growth forests
Civilian Conservation Corps in Michigan
Forestry museums in the United States
Industry museums in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwick%20Pines%20State%20Park |
Viridomarus (or Britomartus as translations vary; died 222 BC) was a Gaulish military leader who led an army against an army of the Roman Republic at the Battle of Clastidium. The Romans won the battle, and in the process, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the Roman leader, earned the spolia opima by killing Viridomarus in single combat.
References
Celtic warriors
3rd-century BC Gaulish tribal chiefs
Year of birth unknown
222 BC deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridomarus |
Francis Edmund Storrs (1883 – 10/11 November 1918) was a British academic and intelligence agent. He was the younger brother of Arabist and colonial administrator Sir Ronald Storrs.
He was educated at Radley College from 1897 to 1902, and then at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he received a BA; he won scholarships at both institutions He was a professor at Elphinstone College in Bombay in 1908, and then at Rangoon College in 1912.
He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1911. On 28 November 1912, he married Catherine Josephine Schiff (d. 1956 Dec. quarter, Westminster).
During the First World War, he initially worked for the civil service in matters concerned with supplying Russia; he was awarded the Russian Order of St. Anne for this service. In 1916-17 he served with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in Greece with the rank of Lieutenant, then in 1917 with the Secret Intelligence Service in the Aegean. At the time, large areas of Greece were effectively under Allied military occupation, nominally controlled by the Venizelist government. Storrs was responsible for the passport control and port control of some thirty islands in the Cyclades, and in effect for all counter-espionage work in this area.
He suffered the unusual indignity, in May 1917, of losing his front teeth to his own gunfire; whilst test-firing a surplus three-pounder gun they had mounted to a yacht, he ignored a warning to remove his pipe, and the recoil knocked out two teeth.
He worked under Compton Mackenzie, who left a favourable portrait of him in Ægean Memories (p. 25):
...without [Storrs], whatever fruits our work in the Cyclades bore could never have been achieved. Virgil and Horace spoke at his summons, and he commanded all the elegance of light verse that is the Cambridge man's prerogative.
His conscientiousness was almost excessive. Night after night he would be working on the files of his office until two or three in the morning after a hard day's work of almost incessant worrying interviews. He was a martyr to bad headaches, but I never heard him give way to more than a weary groan of expostulation when human folly or vice was seeming unendurable any longer. I can never repay Francis Storrs in this world for his personal loyalty and devoted service.
In the autumn of 1917 he left Athens, and moved back to London, where he was in residence in May 1918. He died in Chelsea, of the Spanish flu, on the 10th or 11 November 1918. Sources vary; it is likely he died at some point in the night, and did not live to see the Armistice. A bell at Rochester Cathedral, where his father was Dean, was dedicated in his memory in 1921, as was a French prize at Radley College.
References
Radley College Register 1847-1962, 1965.
Rochester Cathedral
Ægean Memories, Compton Mackenzie, 1940.
1883 births
1918 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Deaths from Spanish flu
People educated at Radley College
MI6 personnel
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Academic staff of the University of Yangon
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Storrs |
Alaptolma (or Tolma) is a legendary Magyar tribal chieftain who lived in the first part of the 10th century.
According to the medieval Gesta Hungarorum, Alaptolma, son of Ketel, built a castle on the estate of his father, at the confluence of the Danube and Váh () rivers. This ancient castle became the core of the town of Komárom. Today Ketel and Alaptolma are honoured as the legendary founders of the city.
References
10th-century Hungarian people
Magyar tribal chieftains
Gesta Hungarorum
Koppán (genus) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaptolma |
The Church of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution) was a Protestant Christian denomination with Arminian theology, roots in the Mennonite and German Reformed communities, and close ties to Methodism that formed in 1889 by a majority of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ when that denomination (of a similar tradition) amended the church constitution to give local conferences proportional representation at the General Conference; to allow laymen to serve as delegates to General Conference; and to allow United Brethren members to hold membership in secret societies. The constitution's amendment procedure of the day made amendments all but impossible, but denominational leaders felt these changes were necessary for the good of the church.
A minority faction contended the changes were invalid since they were not adopted by all church members. They argued that the majority had effectively seceded from the church by adopting them. Led by Milton Wright, the only one of the church's six bishops to side with them, they reorganized under the original constitution as adopted in 1841.
For the next 57 years, both churches operated under the name Church of the United Brethren in Christ. However, the majority faction added the designation "New Constitution" to its name, while the minority faction added the designation "Old Constitution." However, both claimed 1800 as their founding date, with heritage dating to 1767, and the same history up to 1889.
The Church of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution) ceased to exist when it merged with the Evangelical Church in 1946 to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church (EUB), which in turn merged in 1968 with the Methodists to form the United Methodist Church. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution) is now known as the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
In the 1968 merger with the Methodists, all property deeds of the Evangelical United Brethren were ceded to the United Methodist Church. In the Northwest United States, over fifty Evangelical United Brethren churches immediately negotiated to purchase their deeds back and depart. They formed the Evangelical Church of North America (ECNA). Many of the former Evangelical United Brethren churches in Pennsylvania joined the new ECNA, even though their deeds belonged to the Methodists, prompting a ten-year dispute. Eventually, the Methodists gave the dissenting Pennsylvania churches the opportunity to purchase their deeds for token amounts. The churches did so with haste and were much relieved to have their property back and be in an organization of former EUB churches.
At about the same time, the ECNA and Canadian Evangelical Church began talks and proposals of merging. The ECNA composed and printed a compatible draft of new By-laws for the possible merger. When the Pennsylvania churches reviewed the draft they requested wording that would guarantee local churches own their property. The ECNA conveyed it was not necessary since there was no overt statement of property ownership currently in the By-Laws. With sensitivities heightened by the recent regaining of their deeds, the churches asked for wording that would prevent future changes in the by-Laws claiming church property. When the ECNA refused, the Pennsylvania churches requested withdrawal without contest for property, which the ECNA reluctantly granted. Anticipating departure, the Pennsylvania churches formed the Association of Evangelical Churches in 1981, and stated in their first By-Law that each church shall hold full title to its property. As an added precaution, it further stated that the paragraph on owning church property could not be amended without a unanimous vote of its member churches.
References
External links
Association of Evangelical Churches
United Methodist Church
Evangelical United Brethren Church
Former Christian denominations
United Methodist Church predecessor churches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20United%20Brethren%20in%20Christ%20%28New%20Constitution%29 |
The Kemak (, also known as Ema) people are an ethnic group numbering 80,000 in north-central Timor island. They primarily live in the district of Bobonaro, East Timor, while the rest live in the East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia.
They are close to the Tetum people. The Kemak people speak the Kemak language. Kemak people are one of the smallest of the 14 Austronesian subgroups in Timor. Most of them are adherents of traditional beliefs, while part of them profess to the Catholic faith. Territorial community is headed by a leader, divided into genera. There are three levels of conjunctions. The "private" type of group corresponds to the level of uma or house. It does not only mean housing, but its category includes the exogamous groups of older and younger brothers who share a common ancestor. The "collective" type refers to the Morobe community, which encompasses 7 villages containing mainly 3 houses, and united by a common ritual cycle.
Settlement area
For the most part the Kemak people live in Atabae, Cailaco, Maliana (Bobonaro District, 39,000 Kemaks) and Atsabe (Ermera District, 18,500 Kemaks), but also partly in the Cova Lima District (2,100 Kemaks) of East Timor and in Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara of Indonesia. According to the 2010 East Timor census, 61,969 people identify Kemak language as their mother tongue. In 1970, there were 45,084 people.
History
Kemak people of Atsabe
Before the colonial period, Atsabe was one of the centers of Timor under the koronel bote (meaning "Kings") of Atsabe Kemak, which dominated the entire Kemak inhabited areas in East Timor until the colonial period. The Kemak areas includes the north of present-day Bobonaro, in the northern Ainaro, and in the area of Suai that were tributary to Atsabe. The small Kemak empire of Marobo had a peripheral location, which is why the Kemak people there were mixed with the neighboring Bunak people for generations. Atsabe was part of a complex alliance system through rituals, marriage and trade, though which the Tetun Dili people of Wehali with its capital, Laran were established. Laran was at the same time the spiritual center of the entire island. In addition to Tetum Dili and Kemak people, the Bunak people and Mambai people of Aileu were also part of this alliance system. Together with the east of the island, the Portuguese called this area Belu (also Belos or Fialaran).
According to the oral traditions of the Atsabe Kemaks people, they came relatively late under the colonial Portuguese rule. One reason could have been the far-reaching dispersal of the inhabitants and the impassibility of the mountainous landscape. Only in the 19th century did the Portuguese-Angolan troops had first invaded the area. The then Kings Dom Tomás Pinto opposed the invaders. But Dom Tomás was defeated and had to go to Atambua to flee to West Timor. Portuguese sources mentioned the region of Atsabe and Liurai only in the middle of the 19th century. The Atsabe rulers were particularly prone to rebel against the colonial leaders and their presence in the island. Two of Dom Tomás' grandchildren, Nai Resi and Nai Sama later fought for power. While Nai Resi turned against the Portuguese colonialists, Nai Sama supported the Portuguese. Nai Sama was finally executed by his own men, while Nai Resi was captured by the Portuguese in Hatulia and executed as well.
The Portuguese were first regarded as another people with their own ruler. After the resistance to them had failed, the Kemak people accepted the leaders of the Portuguese as part of their higher hierarchy that provided them with a larger army, holy men, the Catholic priests and with a larger Lulic (ritual practitioner). The flag of the Portuguese and even its flagpole were viewed as sacred objects. The colonial rulers, confirmed as administrators of Portugal, were again legitimized by handing over of the flag.
The acceptance of Kemak people for the established Catholicism was closely related to their understanding of the personified holiness. This imported concept of holiness is seen as a stronger expansion of the local's existing traditional Luli. The Catholic priests were given land to build chapels and were allowed to do mission work. But the success of conversion was not much because of the friendless but rather so that one's own spiritual powers can be increased.
Nai Resi's son, Dom Cipriano Gonçalves (Dom Siprianu) became the ruler of Atsabe in 1912 until 1943. During the Japanese occupation of Timor, he and the population of Atsabe made passive resistance. Therefore, Siprianu along with six of his relatives were taken hostage by the Japanese and later executed.
Since the Portuguese education system was reserved for the ruling class, they was also able to secure the leading positions in the colonial administration. The same was true later during the Indonesian occupation, the boundaries of collaboration and apparent cooperation for the protection of its own people were obvious. The East Timorese resistance also found partial support here.
The son of Siprianu and the last ruler of Atsabe, Dom Guilherme Maria Gonçalves became a co-founder of the pro-Indonesian party, Timorese Popular Democratic Association (APODETI) in 1974, which called for the support of East Timor to Indonesia. During the Indonesian occupation, Dom Guilherme was the Governor of Indonesian Timor Timur from 1978 to 1982. Later, he distanced himself from Indonesia and went into Portuguese exile. After the East Timorese people had spoken in a 1999 referendum for an independence from Indonesia, pro-Indonesian militias attacked family members and allies of the former koronel bote (meaning "rulers"). The reason was due to the suspect that the former ruler supported the independence movement.
Other Kemak communities
In the spring of 1867, the Kemak people from Lermean (today the municipality of Ermera District) under the supremacy of Maubara rose up against the Portuguese colonial masters. Governor Francisco Teixeira da Silva defeated the opposition in an unequal fight. In the decisive battle, which lasted for 48 hours, the rebels had to defend themselves against a superior fire power. Fifteen villages were taken and burnt down. The number of victims among the Timorese is not known, while the Portuguese counted their own losses with two dead and eight wounded. The territory of Lermeans was divided into the neighboring kingdoms.
In 1868, the Portuguese sent a military force to Suco Sanirin (Sanir / Saniry) whose liurai (ruler) refused to pay taxes, and a fort in Suco Batugade was made to serve as a center for military operations. The Kemak people of Suco Sanirin were officially Balibo Subdistrict tributary under Batugade military command.
Between 1894 and 1897, several empires rebelled in the west of the Portuguese colony. In the Portuguese punitive action, several Kemak empires such as Sanirin, Cotubaba and Deribate were practically wiped out. Thousands of residents fled to West Timor of the Dutch East Indies and settled there in Belu. More followed in the years between 1900 and 1912. Investigations assume at least 12,000 refugees.
Religion and social structure
Like the other ethnic groups of East Timor, the Kemak people today are largely adherents of the Catholic faith. Thus, in the Atsabe Administrative Post almost all inhabitants are Catholics. It spread particularly during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor (1975–1999) as a demarcation to the majority Muslim invaders. The church offered protection, criticized the brutal behavior of the occupiers, and was a means of peaceful protest. The veneration of the Virgin Mary, especially in small towns, is particularly marked by numerous religious ceremonies in churches and grottoes.
Nevertheless, the Christian rites still bear traces of the animistic, traditional religion. Components of the ancient religion are ancestral cult, reliquary worship and the concept of sacred (Kemak language: luli, Tetum language: lulik) places. One of them is Mount Dar Lau, which is the mythical place of origin of the Atsabe Kemak people. According to legend, heaven and earth were once connected at this point. Christian priests that kept animistic practices, are revered as holy men with spiritual powers (Luli). Such spiritual powers are passed on through a blessing. In doing so, these spiritual forces are not only derived from the office, but rather men who are credited with spiritual forces to join the priesthood.
There are slight variations in the ceremonies between the different groups of Kemak communities, such as the Atsabe Kemak and the Marobo Kemak people.
Society is characterized by a hierarchical division according to the families, the "houses". The house of the Koronel (Tetum language: Liurai), the traditional kingship, had their authority derived from their origins in their founding fathers and their luli. The latter could either be both in a person himself as well as in sacred objects. The same applies to the traditional priests (gases ubu), who claimed their position on the basis of their origin and ritual knowledge. They were the guardians of sacred history and traditions. Only the king surpasses them in holiness. He also retains the largest share of holy objects, which were handed down from their founding fathers. But the authority of the priests is limited to the rituals. However, it was possible that a person have both secular power, for example, as a village chief, and at the same time a priest. The king of Atsabe had both authorities. In addition, the king's house secured his position of power though strategical marriage policy, the exchange of women and material goods, and the formation of an army to fight in regional feuds and head hunting.
The sacred houses are built together by all men who belong to a tribe line. They meet on a weekend, once a month, for eleven months. At the end of the monthly work is always a small ritual feast celebrated. The sacred houses consist of seven levels, each with four steps. Restriction to the access depends on the degree of kinship. Simple guests are allowed only in the lowest level of the house, friends at least in the second level, married relatives in the third, relatives from neighbouring villages in the fourth and partly in the fifth, those married in the village in the sixth and only the Lulik Nain (meaning "Lord of the Holy") up to the seventh level. He is the guardian of the house and the sacred objects, which are kept here. At the inauguration of the house, a buffalo is sacrificed and a great feast is celebrated.
Funeral ceremonies
The burial ceremonies of the Kemak people (Tau tana mate) are divided into three phases, namely Huku bou, Leko-cicir lia and Koli nughu. The burial ceremonies are referred to as black rituals (Metama no). It is one of the occasions when the living ones come into contact with their ancestors, which also leads to the renewal and restructuring of the social connections between the living and the dead as well as between the alliance partners, whom are connected by marriage. The house of the "bride-donors" (ai mea) and those of the "bride-receptors" play central roles in the burial ceremonies, as in other major events. Before all members of the family have arrived, the ritual cannot be started. The blood of the sacrificial animals that the Ai mea have donated is used to brush ritual objects and the grave. In times of polygamy, the attendance of second wives and their participation (Bei-bei) is an absolute requirement. In addition, there are also the attendance of the entire sides of the family, such as those of the older and younger houses (ka'ara-aliri), which are connected by marriage and the friendly and allied ones.
For the Atsabe Kemak people the first phase of burial, the Huku bou, consists of sacrifice of at least five water buffaloes and several goats and pigs. The dead person is then buried in a Christian grave. The second phase, Leko-cicir lia, is the most cost-intensive ritual of the Kemak culture. This is usually performed jointly for several deceased. Only a high status dead person, such as a Koronel, receive an independent ritual. The ritual is usually performed before the beginning of the planting season (August to September), since it is combined with the request to the ancestors for a rich harvest. According to traditional belief, the second rite have not been performed yet for the soul of the deceased and it is said to remain near his house and village (Asi naba coa pu). The later the leko-cicir lia takes place, the more shall the lonely soul long for his society, and therefore will call for the souls of the living to him. An accumulation of deaths within a house is regarded as a sign of such a case. Nevertheless, the ritual is usually carried out only years after the first phase, since the house of the dead must first afford the economic means for such expensive ritual. It is particularly complicated by the concept of the Second Burial. The bones of the deceased are excavated, cleaned and re-buried, while the soul of the dead are guided through ritual songs (Nele) of the priest to the village of the ancestors on the Tatamailau, East Timor's highest mountain. The songs can take up to 14 hours. During the ritual, water buffaloes are once again presented as animal sacrifices. The severed sexual organs of all sacrificial animals are brought deep into the sacred jungle (Ai lara hui) at the end of the ceremony and placed there before Bia Mata Ai Pun (the origin of spring and trees). The ancestors are conjured up by a song, through the sacrifices of animals, to transfer the souls of the dead to the ancestors. At the end the bones of the dead are again buried. The conclusion is now a Christian Mass, the only reference to the new faith.
References
External links
Reaffirming the Kemak culture of Marobo: Then and now
Ethnic groups in East Timor
Ethnic groups in Indonesia
th:ภาษาเกมัก | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak%20people |
Dr. Zygmunt Szkopiak (12 December 1926 – 21 October 2002) was a Polish scientist, diplomat, and historian who from 1986 until its dissolution in 1990, served as the last Minister of Foreign Affairs in the London-based Polish government-in-exile.
Born in Morzewiec, a small village in north-central Poland, 14 km from the country's 8th largest city, Bydgoszcz, Zygmunt Szkopiak was 12 at the time of the September 1939 German invasion of Poland. The Szkopiak family, which included his parents and siblings, was deported to Austria where they spent the war toiling as agricultural slave laborers. Liberated by the British Eighth Army, he and his family received refugee status and were sent to England where he entered the Polish College of the University of London at Battersea, received a doctorate in the physics of metallurgy and joined the staff of Battersea College of Advanced Technology which, in 1968, became the University of Surrey. He authored numerous scientific papers in his research specialties which centered upon stress relaxation and internal friction, and served as editor of a Polish scientific journal and a visiting professor abroad. He also met and married Lucia, like himself, a Polish refugee, whose father was one of the victims of the Katyn Massacre and who reached England via Belarus, the Middle East and South Africa.
Szkopiak was a member of the co-ordinating committee of the European Freedom Campaign group, which was established in London at an Inaugural Rally at Westminster Central Hall on 10 December 1988 and consisted almost exclusively of representatives from countries behind the Iron Curtain. On 17 August 1989, The Daily Telegraph published a letter, which he signed as Minister of Foreign Affairs, explaining that "for the past 44 years we have continued as the legitimate government" and setting forth "the terms under which the Polish Government-in-Exile would cease to function". An ardent anti-communist he was a supporter of the Western Goals Institute and was present at their dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand on 25 September 1989 for El Salvador's President, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet.
Starting in 1984, he held the title of professor at Polish University Abroad and, from 1983 to 1991, was a Christian Democratic member of the exile-based National Council of Poland. His final official post, from 1991 to 1997, was as president of the Federation of Poles in Great Britain.
Zygmunt Szkopiak died in London seven weeks before his 76th birthday.
References
Szkopiak, Zygmunt C (1986). The Yalta Agreements: Documents prior to, during and after the Crimea Conference 1945. London: The Polish Government in Exile.
Tarka, Krzysztof (2003). Emigracyjna dyplomacja: Polityka zagraniczna Rządu RP na Uchodźstwie 1945–1990 [Diplomacy of Emigration: Foreign Policy of the Polish Government in Exile 1945–1990], Warsaw. {in Polish}
Polish anti-communists
Polish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Polish exiles
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Alumni of the University of London
Academics of the University of Surrey
People from Bydgoszcz County
1926 births
2002 deaths
Holocaust survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt%20Szkopiak |
Paul ten Bruggencate (24 February 1901 – 14 September 1961) was a German astronomer and astrophysicist.
Youth and education
Ten Bruggencate was born in Arosa, Switzerland, and went to several schools in Switzerland, in the Netherlands and in Germany. He further studied at the University of Munich and started his PhD work with Hugo von Seeliger. However, due to health problems, Seeliger had to hand over the supervision of his PhD students to Hans Kienle.
Ten Bruggencate graduated from the University of Munich and in 1924, together with Hans Kienle, moved to the Göttingen University Observatory. Ten Bruggencate stayed as an assistant at the Göttingen University until 1926, when he traveled to Java. He worked there with the Dutch astronomer Joan Voûte at the Bosscha Observatory near Lembang and started a survey of Cepheid variable stars. After two years at the Bosscha Observatory, he visited the Mt. Wilson Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory In the United States. In 1929 he moved to the University of Greifswald in northern Germany, where he finished his habilitation on Cepheid variable stars in 1935. Most of this work was based on the observations carried out in Lembang.
Academic career
Ten Bruggencate became chief astronomer at the Potsdam Observatory in 1935. The most valuable equipment at that time at Potsdam was the solar telescope in the Einstein Tower. From that time on, the main focus of ten Bruggencate's research became the Sun. In 1941, during World War II, ten Bruggencate became the director at the Göttingen University Observatory. In pursuing his interest in observing the Sun, he looked for a new solar telescope. The already existing observatory at the Hainberg, south east of Göttingen, provided the best location within the surrounding area. The interest of the military in the effect of the Sun on short wave radio communication made it possible to build this observatory during the war. Military patronage and ten Bruggencate's profound knowledge of the solar telescope in Potsdam assisted construction of the new telescope.
A personal antipathy between ten Bruggencate and Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer, who also worked for some time at the Göttingen University Observatory, led to a division of the German solar observations. While Kiepenheuer founded the Fraunhofer Institute(not to be mixed with today's Fraunhofer Society) and coordinated several solar observatories across Europe, ten Bruggencate built his own observatory. Both groups were serviced and supported by the military to help forecast short-wave communication conditions.
After the war, the observations were continued. Ten Bruggencate established a second solar observatory in Switzerland where the weather conditions were more favorable compared to the often cloudy skies over Germany. The Locarno Observatory was planned and built in the late 1950s. Ten Bruggencate was the president of the Academy of Sciences Göttingen from 1958 until 1961. He also remained as director of the Göttingen University Observatory until his death in 1961. The Locarno Observatory became fully operational shortly after his death.
The Locarno Observatory was closed in 1984 and the equipment transferred to the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, Spain. Teide Observatory also hosts telescopes of the Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics.
The crater Ten Bruggencate on the Moon is named after him.
References
Further reading
Paul ten Bruggencate, "Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmogony", Office of Military Govt. for Germany, Field Information Agencies Technical, British, French, U.S., 1948.
1901 births
1961 deaths
People from Plessur District
20th-century German astronomers
Swiss expatriates in the Netherlands
Swiss emigrants to Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20ten%20Bruggencate |
County Route 539 (CR 539) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Main Street (U.S. Route 9 or US 9) in Tuckerton to CR 535 in Cranbury Township. Much of the two-lane route passes through isolated areas of the Pine Barrens and the eastern end of the Fort Dix entity of Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst. In these stretches, the route has a speed limit of , one of the few two-lane roads in the state to carry a 55 mph limit. CR 539 passes through three boroughs: Tuckerton, Allentown, and Hightstown. Other than those boroughs, the route travels mainly through rural townships.
Route description
CR 539 begins at an intersection with US 9 in Tuckerton, Ocean County, heading north on two-lane undivided North Green Street. South of US 9, the road continues as CR 603. The route passes through residential areas as it becomes the border between Little Egg Harbor Township to the west and Tuckerton to the east before fully entering Little Egg Harbor Township. CR 539 heads through decreasing residential development as it heads into the densely forested Pine Barrens and intersects CR 602 prior to an interchange with the Garden State Parkway. Following this interchange, the speed limit of the road rises to , the route comes to a junction with CR 606, and passes through the rural Pine Barrens for several miles. Upon crossing into Stafford Township, the road passes through the small residential community of Warren Grove, where it intersects CR 608. From here, CR 539 passes through more forest, intersecting CR 610 before becoming Warren Grove-Whiting Road entering Barnegat Township and crossing Route 72/CR 532.
After this intersection, the road continues north and passes through Lacey Township as Cedar Bridge-Whiting Road before entering Manchester Township and becoming Roosevelt City Road. The route passes near a few wooded areas of homes before running through more forest, crossing a New Jersey Seashore Lines railroad line, and passing housing developments and businesses in the community of Whiting. Here, CR 539 intersects CR 530 and forms a brief concurrency with that route, passing businesses as it comes to the Route 70 junction. At this point, CR 530 turns west along Route 70 and CR 539 heads northwest into more of the Pine Barrens on Whiting-New Egypt Road, becoming Pinehurst Road at the CR 14 junction. The route briefly passes through Jackson Township before entering Plumsted Township, where the road turns northwest and north through forested areas of the Fort Dix Military Reservation. After leaving the Fort Dix grounds, CR 539's speed limit drops to and enters a mix of farms and woods with a few homes and businesses, heading northwest and crossing CR 640. Following this junction, the route enters more wooded areas of residential development, passing New Egypt Speedway before crossing CR 528. The county route becomes concurrent with CR 528 Truck and passes more rural areas of homes before becoming Hornerstown Road and reaching an intersection with CR 537, where CR 528 Truck turns west onto that route.
Upon crossing CR 537, CR 539 enters Upper Freehold Township in Monmouth County and intersects CR 27, at which point the road becomes Trenton-Forked River Road and heads through agricultural areas with some homes, crossing another section of CR 27. The route heads through more areas of farms, woods, and residences, where it turns west onto Davis-Allentown Road at a roundabout with CR 539 Alt. and runs northwest through more rural areas. CR 539 enters Allentown, where it becomes High Street and passes through residential areas before intersecting CR 524. CR 539 forms a concurrency with CR 524, with the two routes continuing northeast along Main Street to a short overlap with CR 526. The road leaves Allentown for Upper Freehold Township and enters farmland as it intersects CR 526 Spur. A short distance later, CR 524/CR 539 reaches an interchange with Interstate 195 (I-195).
At this point, the name of the road becomes Old York Road and it forms the border between Robbinsville Township, Mercer County to the west and Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County to the east briefly before CR 524 splits from CR 539 by turning east along New Canton-Stone Tavern Road. CR 539 continues northeast past a mix of farms and residential subdivisions before passing through more agricultural surroundings. The road briefly turns east and runs through a wooded part of Millstone Township, Monmouth County.
After a turn to the north, CR 539 enters East Windsor Township in Mercer County and passes farms with some homes, intersecting CR 630 before passing over the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95). Following this, the road passes through residential subdivisions before entering Hightstown. CR 539 then becomes South Main Street at this point and passes homes, with CR 571 joining the route from the east. Upon reaching the commercial downtown of Hightstown, northbound CR 539/CR 571 join Route 33 as it merges from Mercer Street onto Main Street. (Traveling southbound, CR 539/571 follow Route 33 onto Mercer Street for one block before turning east onto Ward Street and then south onto South Main Street.) CR 571 then leaves the concurrency by turning to the west on Stockton Street. After crossing the Rocky Brook, Route 33 splits from CR 539 by turning to the east on Franklin Street while CR 539 continues on North Main Street past more homes, intersecting CR 633. The road heads back into East Windsor Township and runs through farmland, passing under Route 133. The road passes near housing developments, becoming South Main Street as it crosses the Millstone River into Cranbury Township, Middlesex County, in wooded areas. CR 539 reaches an intersection with US 130 a short distance later at a modified traffic circle. Continuing north along South Main Street, CR 539 ends at a signalized intersection with CR 535 and CR 685 (Old Trenton Road).
History
When the 500-series county routes were first designated in the 1950s, CR 539 traveled west from Hightstown to Princeton on Stockton Street, Princeton–Hightstown Road, and Washington Road, the route of present-day CR 571. It became CR 571 by 1976. More recently, the state had previously designated CR 539's northern terminus to be at the US 130 traffic circle though signage at and around the intersection showed CR 539 continuing north of the circle. CR 685 was the official designation for this portion of South Main Street. By 2019, the current terminus had been established by the state.
Two special routes of CR 539 existed at the creation of the 500-series county routes. County Route 539 Spur ran from Warren Grove to Waretown. The road today is now Ocean County Route 610 from CR 539 to Route 72, and CR 532 from Route 72 to its current end at US 9 (CR 532 at the time ran on what is now CR 554). This designation was removed by 1961. County Route 539 Alternate followed what is now CR 526 from Allentown to Princeton Junction. It was renumbered as a western extension of CR 526 by 1956. A Monmouth County-takeover of Sharon Station Road in Upper Freehold known as County Route 539 Alternate occurred in 2009.
Parts of CR 539 in Ocean and Monmouth counties were planned to be a part of Route 37 which would have run from Trenton to Seaside Heights. The section of the road which was actually built as a state highway was between Hornerstown Road in Plumsted Township and Burlington Path Road (CR 27) in Upper Freehold. Though this section is no longer state-maintained, this section of CR 539 still has a wide right-of-way, wide shoulders, and an old bridge from 1940 with "State Highway Route 37" engraved on the ends.
Major intersections
CR 539 Alternate
County Route 539 Alternate (CR 539 Alt. or CR 539A) is a Monmouth County-maintained segment of Sharon Station Road in Upper Freehold Township. The road begins at a roundabout with CR 539 near the Cream Ridge Golf Course. Its entire length is a divided highway with one lane in each direction and jughandles for U-turn movements and a northbound entrance to Dutchess Drive. It travels north through farmland over Doctors Creek before passing to the east of housing developments. At its signal-controlled intersection with CR 526 where CR 539 Alt. ends, there are light industrial facilities surrounding the junction. Sharon Station Road continues north as a township-maintained road.
In 2009, Monmouth County assumed jurisdiction of the southernmost of Sharon Station Road between CR 539 and CR 526 as a part of an overall project to allow through traffic on CR 539 to bypass Allentown. Monmouth County has designated this road County Route 539A although the route became signed as CR 539 Alternate between CR 539 and CR 526. Before the takeover, Sharon Station Road was an undivided two-lane municipal road. The road was reconstructed beginning in January 2020 to its present configuration. Reconstruction was substantially completed in 2023.
The county is also proposing taking over jurisdiction of Sharon Station Road between CR 526 and CR 524 which would bring the total mileage to .
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
CR 539 pictures
539
539
539
539
539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20539%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
The King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre () (KFSH&RC) is tertiary referral hospital in Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia.
Overview
As a tertiary referral hospital, it offers primary and highly specialized inpatient and outpatient medical care and participates in clinical and research studies. Overall, it has been ranked 600th globally. A large portion of the patient population are referrals from other hospitals from across Saudi Arabia as a whole and the surrounding regions.
History
KFSH&RC was established in 1970 on land donated by King Faisal and was officially opened in 1975 by King Khalid. From 1973 to 1985, the hospital was administered by the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA). In 1985, following a Royal Decree, the contract with HCA ended and the responsibility for the administration and operation of the hospital's premises was undertaken by a national team.
The following are some key developments:
In 1997, The King Fahd National Centre for Children's Cancer opened.
In 2000, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre – Jeddah Branch opened.
In 2002, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre becomes a corporation.
In 2018, The King Abdullah Centre for Cancer and Liver Diseases opened.
In 2019, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre – Madina branch opened.
In 2021, KFSH&RC was transformed into an independent not-for-profit organization.
Notable events
King Fahad died in August 2005.
King Salman underwent surgery for his gallbladder in July 2020.
Mohammad Bin Salman was admitted and underwent surgery for appendicitis in February 2021.
See also
List of hospitals in Saudi Arabia
List of things named after Saudi Kings
King Saud Medical Complex
References
1975 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Hospital buildings completed in 1975
Hospitals established in 1975
Hospitals in Saudi Arabia
Buildings and structures in Jeddah
Buildings and structures in Riyadh
Organisations based in Riyadh
Companies based in Riyadh
Medical research institutes in Saudi Arabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Faisal%20Specialist%20Hospital%20and%20Research%20Centre |
The Clitophon (, also transliterated as Cleitophon; ) is a 4th-century BC dialogue traditionally ascribed to Plato, though the work's authenticity is debated. It is the shortest dialogue in Plato's traditional corpus. It centers on a discussion between Clitophon and Socrates, with Socrates remaining mostly silent. Most scholarship until recently has been concerned with the authenticity rather than the actual meaning and contents of Clitophon.
The dialogue depicts Clitophon complaining to Socrates that Socrates' speeches are merely exhortative; they create a desire for justice and virtue, but do not instruct how one becomes just or what justice is. Throughout the dialogue Clitophon seems to narrate his changes towards justice and the protreptic from seeing Socrates as a god upon a stage with hopes and beliefs in attaining justice and virtue to thoughts of doubt and disappointment and eventual defiance of Socrates. Clitophon addresses Clitophon's contempt for protreptic, or exhortative, speeches. It showcases the ignorance of Socrates and depicts, as Mark Kremer puts it, the conflict of philosophy of Socrates and Clitophon's irrationality.
Clitophon outside of Clitophon
Not much is known about the historical Clitophon. What is known, outside of Plato, is from his presence in Aristophanes' The Frogs and Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians. Depicted as a student of Euripides by Aristophanes, Clitophon is mentioned in relation to Theramenes, an Athenian politician, in both works. However while these works tell of Theramenes as Clitophon's companion, Bowe mentions Frogs and Athenian Constitution as not accurate reflections of the historical Clitophon, for only Theramenes is referenced in the works and Clitophon's character cannot be decided based solely upon his associations with Theramenes.
As is evident from Plato's Republic and Clitophon, Clitophon was a politician of Athens, active from 411–405 BC, who was an advocate of ancestral law and a companion of Thrasymachus. In the Republic, Clitophon speaks to defend Thrasymachus' position that justice is what is right to the ruling body. Clitophon sticks to this position even when Thrasymachus backs down (340a-340b). This is the only point in which Clitophon speaks in Republic, but it shows his stubbornness and faith in his own opinions. This reluctance to yield is seen in Clitophon as well.
Summary of Clitophon
Opening
Socrates addresses Clitophon and confronts him on the rumor of Clitophon censuring spending time with Socrates while praising time with Thrasymachus (406a1-a4). Clitophon claims that he heard incorrectly and that while he did not praise some things of Socrates, he did praise others (406a5-a7). Socrates agrees to listen to Clitophon's side so that he might learn how to better himself by allowing himself be subject to Clitophon's criticism (407a1-a5).
Clitophon's imitation of Socrates' protreptic speeches
Clitophon starts off by reminding Socrates that he is amazed by what Socrates says and admires his exhortative speeches (407a6-a8). Clitophon continues by giving examples of speeches, which Socrates has given (407a8-b2).
Speech concerning wealth
Socrates states that fathers focus on increasing their wealth while not finding teachers of justice to instruct their sons on how to use their wealth justly (407b2-b6). He is concerned with the traditional education, which emphasizes music, gymnastics and writing, for disharmony stems from the spirit rather than lacking of measure in music (407c1-d2). The fathers respond saying that injustice is a choice rather than a lack of education. Socrates counters this asking why would someone voluntarily do something hateful to the gods. He asserts that if one is willfully unjust, then he would be willing to allow defeat in battle; therefore it is more apt to say that one is involuntarily unjust (407d5-d7). He ends this speech declaring that more care should be given towards this education of justice (407d8-e3).
Clitophon interjects at the end of the first speech to reiterate his admiration of Socrates before continuing onto the second speech (407e3-e4).
Speech concerning knowledge of use
Socrates points out that those who exercise the body are caring only for the part that is ruled, while neglecting the soul, which is what rules (407e5-e8). He goes on to say that if someone does not know how to use a tool, such as a lyre, eyes, ears and body, then that person would not know how to use that of his neighbors (407e8-408a4). Rather than using it incorrectly, it should be left alone (407e8-e9). The same concept pertains to the soul. If one does not know how to use their soul, then they should die or submit themselves to a life of slavery and those who are experts should rule (408a5-b3).
Clitophon concludes the speeches and agrees with the content of Socrates' exhortative works, for they wake people as if they were sleeping, and Clitophon has never spoken against them and never will (408c1-c4).
Questioning of Socrates' companions
Clitophon wishes to learn what is followed by these speeches by comparing justice, as if an art, to improve the soul as medicine improves health (408c4). He asks if the companions of Socrates are now able to pursue virtue further or if they are merely only able to exhort others (408d3-e2). He compares the care of the body and soul to the care of agriculture. One should not care only for the products of agriculture, but also pay heed to that which improves the body more permanently; therefore one should pay heed to the soul and virtue and seek a device able to secure such virtue (408e5-e10). Clitophon asks the companions what art improves the soul; they respond "justice" (409a2-a6) Clitophon is not satisfied, for with justice as an art, like medicine and carpentry, it must have two effects (409a7-b1). Medicine results in more physicians and health; carpentry results in more carpenters and buildings (409b2-b6). With one result being the perpetuation of the art, justice results in just men (409b6-b8). He then asks for the second result of justice (409b8-b4).
The companions give the answers "the beneficial," "the needful," "the useful," "the profitable" (409c1-c3). Clitophon finds these answers inadequate, for they are not unique to justice but are the results of all other arts as well (409c6-c7). Another answer given is "friendships" (409d4-d6) Upon elaboration, the definition of friendship is narrowed to the agreement of knowledge (409e3-e10). Again, this attribute can be given to other arts as well (410a3-a4). Finally Socrates answers that justice is to harm enemies and benefit friends, then later it seems that just men never injure anyone and do only good (410a8-b2).
Clitophon's defiance and final question
Clitophon is frustrated by these responses, or lack thereof, and claims that Socrates is unable to tell him how to attain virtue and justice (410b3-b6). This inability is either from Socrates' ignorance of how to go further than exhorting, or his unwillingness to share such knowledge with Clitophon (410b6-c6). He gives this reason for his association with Thrasymachus and others, searching for definitions and actions toward justice (410c6-c7).
Clitophon asks Socrates one last time about the nature of the body and how to care for it (410c7-d5). If Socrates is able to tell him, then Clitophon will be able to praise Socrates whole-heartedly (410e3-e5). If not, Clitophon asserts that, while Socrates is excellent at creating a desire for virtue, he is an obstacle to those whom he has already inculcated that desire (410e5-e8).
Themes
Protreptic
According to Slings, the use of the protreptic in Clitophon is a parody of protreptic literature, which is designed to cause a change in behavior of the listener. Whether or not Clitophon was paraphrasing, Socrates' speeches lack congruence in content with three unrelated exhortations, taking the pattern of the Platonic trichotomy of values. Clitophon employs this pattern with exhortative motifs seen in other dialogues. The beginning of the dialogue is the accusing protreptic seen in Plato's Apology at 29d9-e3. Slings' example of the accusing protreptic is, "you care about the pseudo-Values x, y, not about true Values p, q." Clitophon's first example of Socrates' speech reflects the motifs of wealth from Plato's Euthydemus; gaining wealth has no use without knowing how to use it (280b8-d7), it is better to leave wisdom than money to your children (282a7-8, 301e1-3), not only one's children but oneself should be educated in wisdom (307c3-4). The last motif of slavery is within the second example of Socrates' speeches in which variants are seen also in Plato's Euthydemus (280e3-281e2) and Alcibiades I (117c6-e5), Xenophon's Memorabilia (4.2.25-29), Aristotle's Protrepticus (62-66). What one cannot handle should be left to others or be left alone. The use of the protreptic and protreptic motifs in Clitophon is to prove that explicit protreptic is not advantageous and instead implicit protreptic ought to be preferred.
Justice
As Slings mentions, justice is a secondary theme in Clitophon; justice is primarily used to show the ignorance of Clitophon. Clitophon depicts the concentric definitions of justice's results with the latter definition expanding upon the former until the definition is closer to the object in search and aporia, confusion or puzzlement, is reached. However, in Clitophon, aporia is reached prematurely before Socrates gives his definition. The first set of definitions of the result of justice are definitions borrowed from Republic I with some differences; Clitophon lacks "the gainful" and places "the beneficial" at the beginning of the list rather than the end. The second definition of "friendship in the cities" is a common concept in 4th century philosophical literature, but Slings counters that friendship cannot be given as a definition of the result of justice, for it is the parallel to justice. In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, justice and friendship have the same subject and object; therefore they increase correspondingly (1159ab25-26, 1160a7-8). With respect to the third definition, Plato is the first to reject that to be just is to harm enemies and benefit friends. His rejection is due to Socrates' other definition that justice is benefiting everyone; however, this definition is left undeveloped. In the end, these definitions failed to fit into the criteria of an art with two results.
Clitophon's ignorance
Clitophon throughout the dialogue displays his own ignorance, whether intentionally or not. Most important to understanding the dialogue is his ignorance of Socrates' speeches, methodology and his own ignorance.
As Moore points out, Clitophon does not understand Socrates' speeches. He paraphrases them, takes them out of context, and implies there was a much larger audience for the speeches than there actually would have been. There is a misrepresentation and misunderstanding of Socrates' definition of justice and the differing means through which Socrates and Clitophon view virtue and justice as being achieved, by speech and deed, respectively. It is possible that Socrates uses protreptic speeches because he sees being just as being the same as having a desire to be just; therefore justice is achieved through speech. Clitophon holds that deeds and actions need to bring about change and make one just. This clear misunderstanding of justice is an example of how Clitophon misunderstands Socrates' speeches, for Clitophon has already been given the answer for how to achieve justice.
Through not understanding his speeches, Clitophon does not understand Socrates' methods. Clitophon tries to make the protreptic speeches of Socrates effectual while in their nature they are solely meant to encourage and cause people to have a desire for justice. Clitophon misunderstands the Socratic method of elenchus, the cross-examination statements of interlocutors. Clitophon attempts to employ elenchus when he had questioned Socrates' companions, but the portrayal of his method when relating the conversation to Socrates is too one-sided with concern only for his answers and paraphrasing that of the others. This leads Bryan to label Clitophon as a pseudo-dialogue through his use of pseudo-elenchus. Having spoken with Socrates on the topic of justice it is clear that either Clitophon was not a receiver of Socrates' elenchus or he did not realize that he had been given the answer to how to achieve justice. Due to Clitophon's desire to be told what to think, this does not make him a proper interlocutor for elenchus.
The largest obstacle and most important example of Clitophon's ignorance is his ignorance of his ignorance. Slings, in his portrayals of the levels of Clitophon's character, defines Clitophon as an unabashed young man, who is defensive when provoked; this is seen in his hubristic claims to know of Socrates' speeches and methods, and his attack of Socrates. Wishing to gain the knowledge of how to attain justice for political advancement, Clitophon knows that to be told what he wants, he needs to claim aporia. However to actually experience aporia through elenchus, Clitophon needs to acknowledge ignorance and bad qualities. Clitophon remains ignorant to his bad qualities and assumes that he knows much in terms of Socrates' speeches and methodologies. This ignorance holds Clitophon back from gaining the knowledge of justice.
Historical vs. literary Socrates
The character of Socrates in the dialogue causes difficulty in interpreting the dialogue and Socrates' silence. The Socrates within Clitophon is not necessarily equated with the historical Socrates. Within 4th century philosophical texts of the genre logos Sokratikos, the literary character of Socrates was prominent. The double character of Socrates in Clitophon, as Slings points out, labels Clitophon as a literary work rather than a philosophical pamphlet. The reader must detach himself or herself and read Clitophon as a fictional work. Socrates is used as a symbol of the protreptic and this causes the misinterpretations of the dialogue as well as the meaning of Socrates' silence. Socrates' character in the dialogue must be realized in his capacity as a tool of protrepsis and not as an accurate portrayal of the historical Socrates.
Socrates' silence
One of the more puzzling aspects of the dialogue is Socrates' silence. Clitophon seems to be an attack on him and yet there is no rebuttal of Clitophon's remarks. What meaning, if anything, does his silence impart on the dialogue? Hayden Ausland indicates that his silence may be just a characteristic of the protreptic genre. This silence leaves the dialogue open-ended to elicit the reader to think what may have happened and reflect on what was just said. Another belief is that Socrates' silence is a pause in thinking, which continues into his speeches in Republic.
Socrates' silence also may be due to his inability to go further to teach Clitophon. As mentioned, Clitophon is ignorant of his faults and not aware of Socrates' methods at work. Socrates may not be able to do more for him. The gap between Socrates and Clitophon is illuminated and depicts the weakness of speech to not help make Clitophon understand Socrates' teachings.
As another stylistic reason, the silence is a Platonic characteristic to show what Socrates is by showing what he is not. Socrates is put in the light of Clitophon's ignorance and differences between the two are seen. Kremer notes that Clitophon is depicted as the antipoetic foil of Socrates.
Orwin suggests that this silence may be indicative of a legal study, stating that Clitophon may be a counter-Apology, in which Socrates is a defendant, which would not necessitate a response from Socrates. The dialogue begins with Socrates speaking in third person when referring to himself and Clitophon, which can be equated with a legal statement. What follows would then be the defense of Clitophon.
An important note is that Socrates claimed that he would reply, for he had stated that he would listen to Clitophon's complaints and try to learn from them. Along the same thought, Socrates is searching for the truth of people's perceptions of him and his teachings. A characteristic of Platonic dialogues is for Socrates to listen. In Clitophon, he is acting as the audience for Clitophon, who is taking on the role of the frank speaker. Socrates is also setting a precedent for the correct behavior when someone is speaking, something which Clitophon himself does not do well.
Authenticity
Many ancient authors, such as Diogenes Laërtius, who stated that it was taken straight from the hand of Plato, had cited Clitophon. 1491 Ficino translations and the 1513 Aldine Press editions of Plato's works say that Clitophon was not by Plato. These statements derived from Greek manuscripts, which did not clearly state the author of Clitophon. In the 19th century, scholars began to label Clitophon as spurious because it did not fit their subjective interpretation of what qualifies as Platonic works. Attempts to defend the authenticity have sprung up, but among the defenses there is still much disagreement over classifying the work as fragmentary, completed and independent, or related to Republic.
Spurious
The rejection of Clitophon depends on both thematic and philological reasons. Heidel and others believed that the vocabulary used in Clitophon would not have been used by Plato; however, that argument has been defeated by Brünnecke, Kester and Grube. Plato's use of language is too varied and interpretations of style are too subjective to be able to use language as a base from which to deem Clitophon unauthentic.
Another argument is based on the anti-Socratic sentiment. It is difficult at first to answer why Socrates would be criticized by his student and follower. Schleiermacher was one of the first to lead people to characterize Clitophon as spurious; while he acknowledges its listing in the Platonic corpus, he could not reconcile the non-Socratic sensitivity.
If Clitophon is spurious, then who would have written this dialogue? Slings had originally noted that due to the similarity of writing to that of Plato's, it must have been written by a student of Plato. Schleiermacher believed it to have been written by a contemporary school of rhetoric, which wrote this dialogue as an attack against Socrates. It is difficult to attribute a work so similar in style to Plato's to another person. Slings in his later work changed his thesis on the authorship and claimed that it is easier to accept as a work of Plato than to postulate an anonymous author similar to Plato's skill.
Genuine work of Plato
Yxem was the first to question the Aldine editions' of 1513 placement of Clitophon. As already mentioned, there are ancient writers who have cited Clitophon and indicated no suspicions of its authenticity. Grote argued that it safer to accept this work as one of Plato rather than ascribe it to another.
Plato's attack on Antisthenes
Brunnecke, Kester and Souilhe believe this dialogue to be an attack on Antisthenes. Based upon Diogenes Laërtius crediting Antisthenes with three books of protreptic works in his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers vi 16, Clitophon may well be a criticism of Antisthenes. The author of Clitophon uses one of Antisthenes' protreptic works and summarizes its content. Throughout Clitophon, Plato disparages the use of protreptic speeches. This could easily be an answer to why Plato seems to be anti-Socratic; he wishes to indirectly denounce Antisthenes via Socrates.
Fragment or draft of Plato
Many think that Clitophon is a fragment or draft written by Plato. Grube believes Clitophon to have been a draft of Plato as a reflection of his dissatisfaction with his earlier methods, a tone seen in the middle period of Plato's works, but was abandoned as is attested to in its lack of revision. Bury believed that, if indeed it was written by Plato, Clitophon would be a fragmentary preface of Republic, a stance held by Shorey and Grote. However, Slings makes note that no ancient author ever indicated that Clitophon was incomplete or unfinished. In Parallel Lives, Plutarch, fully aware of Clitophon, mentions that Plato's life ended before finishing his work (32.2), namely Critias, not Clitophon; this indicates that Clitophon was finished in the opinion of ancient authors.
Finished work of Plato related to Republic
Discussed previously, Grube thought Clitophon was not necessarily a finished work, but one associated with Republic. Thrasyllus of Mendes, Tiberius' astrologer, arranged Clitophon within the Platonic corpus including Republic, Timaeus, and Critias. Grube thought it to be the criticism of Republic I and the rest of the Republic was a response to Clitophon. Annas defends this stance with her belief that the remainder of Republic, being mostly a monologue by Socrates, to be the response to the silence of Socrates. Also, with the views of justice in Republic I, Clitophon is a natural reaction to Republic I, with Clitophon seeking out Thrasymachus. With Clitophon and Socrates at odds within Republic without any explanation, Orwin indicated that Clitophon might be the missing confrontation between Socrates and Clitophon. However, there are difficulties when attempting to understand Clitophon in relation to Republic, for it is unclear where Clitophon should be placed. It is possible that Clitophon was written after Republic and Clitophon only draws definitions from Republic. But regardless of when it was written, it can still be read as an introduction to Republic, and only completed by it.
Independent completed work by Plato
Although there are clear ties to Republic thematically in terms of the discussions on justice, Clitophon has very different themes concerning philosophical methods, resulting in its classification as an independent work in its own right. Above, the identification of Clitophon as a legal study has already been mentioned with no connections to another dialogue. On the other hand, Slings labels Clitophon as a short dialogue according to Müller's standards. Clitophon is used on this view to criticize protrepsis, for the colleagues of Socrates were only able to gain slogans and motifs surrounding justice rather than a full understanding of it. Clitophon is also a warning of how to not read protreptical dialogues and of the dangers of relying on these dialogues to gain insight. Clitophon did not want to think for himself, but rather to be told what to think by Socrates. As a replacement to protreptic speech, Slings proposes that Clitophon champions elenchus as the mode through which to attain virtue and justice by reaching aporia.
See also
The Tragedy of Reason
References
Bibliography
External links
Clitopho translated by George Burges
Free public domain audiobook version of Clitopho translated by George Burges
. Collection includes Clitopho. George Burges, translator (1855).
Dialogues of Plato | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitophon%20%28dialogue%29 |
This is a list of areas of existing old-growth forest which include at least of old growth. Ecoregion information from "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World".
(NB: The terms "old growth" and "virgin" may have various definitions and meanings throughout the world. See old-growth forest for more information.)
Africa
Australia
In Australia, the 1992 National Forest Policy Statement (NFPS) made specific provision for the protection of old growth forests. The NFPS initiated a process for undertaking assessments of forests for conservation values, including old growth values. A working group of state and Australian Government agencies took the NFPS definition into consideration in developing a definition that was accepted by all governments (JANIS 1997).
In 2008, only a relatively small area (15%) of Australia's forests (mostly tall, wet forests) had been assessed for old-growth values.
Of the of forest in Australia assessed for their old-growth status, (22%) is classified as old-growth. Almost half of Australia's identified old-growth forest is in NSW, mostly on public land. More than 73% of Australia's identified old-growth forests are in formal or informal nature conservation reserves.
In 2001, Western Australia became the first state in Australia to cease logging in old-growth forests.
The term "old-growth forests" is rarely used in New Zealand, instead, "The Bush" is used to refer to native forests. There are large contiguous areas of forest cover that are protected areas.
Eurasia
North America
Canada
United States
Central America
Caribbean
South America
See also
List of oldest trees
Old-Growth Forest Network
Notes
References
Lists of forests
Forestry-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20old-growth%20forests |
In Medieval France a paréage or pariage was a feudal treaty recognising joint sovereignty over a territory by two rulers, who were on an equal footing, pari passu; compare peer. On a familial scale, paréage could also refer to the equal division of lands and the titles they brought between sons of an inheritance.
Such a power-sharing contract could be signed between two secular rulers or, most usually, by a secular and an ecclesiastic ruler, as in the case of the most famous, the Act of paréage of 1278 that founded a legal basis for the Principality of Andorra, signed by the Count of Foix and Viscount of Castellbo and the Bishop of Urgell. The Count and the Bishop were to receive taxes in alternate years, to appoint local representatives to administer justice jointly, and should forbear to make war within Andorra, where each might levy soldiers, nevertheless. The wording of a paréage, an exercise in defining reciprocity without sacrificing suzerainty, was the special domain of ministerial lawyers, being produced in the universities from the late eleventh century.
Contracts of paréage were very numerous in the regions of intensely protected local rights, Languedoc and Catalonia, during the high and late Middle Ages, especially between lay and clerical interests. Erecting new towns called bastides repopulated "desert" or uninhabited lands: "in an effort to colonize the wooded wilderness of southwest France, almost seven hundred towns were founded during the two centuries between 1200 and 1400". A formal agreement of paréage was often necessary. By the terms of several paréages agreed upon between the Cistercian abbey of Bonnefont-en-Comminges on the one hand and the local seigneur or the king on the other, the Abbey granted the land from one of its outlying granges, the king granted certain liberties, such as market privileges, that made the new village attractive, and the two agreed to split tax revenues. An example of a paréage that was settled through the arbitration of William Durant the Younger, established the "paréage of Mende" (1307), between the bishop of Mende in the Lozère and Philip IV of France; it remained in effect until 1789.
Notes
Treaties by type
13th century in Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A9age |
The New Orleans mayoral election of 2002 was an election for Mayor of New Orleans; the primary round of voting was held on February 2, 2002, followed by a runoff on March 2. It resulted in the election of Ray Nagin as mayor.
Background
In New Orleans, Louisiana mayoral elections, there is an open primary. Unless one candidate takes more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a run-off election is then held between the top two candidates in the primary round of voting. In this case, the runoff was held on March 2, 2002. In the runoff, Ray Nagin defeated Richard Pennington to become mayor of New Orleans, the first time in over 50 years that a New Orleans mayor had been elected with no previous experience as an elected official.
Candidates
The election campaign opened with the attempt of two-term mayor Marc Morial to change the city charter to allow him to run for a third term. Morial's attempt was unsuccessful, so a perceived political vacuum attracted a larger-than-usual number of candidates.
Ray Nagin, vice president and general manager of New Orleans cable provider Cox Communications, entered the race later than most other major candidates. He campaigned as a pro-business reformer and political outsider in a race against several career politicians, promising to enact reform proposals outlined by the Bureau of Governmental Research, a good-government group. Financing his campaign mainly through his own resources, he went into the campaign relatively unknown outside business circles, but gained support after strong showings in debates and influential endorsements from the Times-Picayune and the Gambit newspapers.
Richard Pennington was brought to New Orleans in October 1994 by then-mayor Marc Morial to lead the cleanup of the corruption-ridden NOPD as Police Superintendent. He entered the race after Morial failed in his attempt to run for reelection, and emerged as the expected front-runner with high name-recognition and endorsements from US Representative Bill Jefferson and District Attorney Harry Connick Sr. Emphasizing a results-oriented administration, he promised to develop a computer-based program called Citystat to monitor city repairs and maintenance, and to streamline the process of obtaining licences and permits.
State Senator Paulette Irons ran describing herself as a "fiscal conservative with a social conscience." She was considered an early front-runner, spending much of the campaign in a dead heat with Pennington, before her support faltered in the face of criticisms and attack ads accusing her of misrepresenting the death of her brother, who was killed while robbing a grocery store in 1980. Her disappointing showing in the primary was a surprise to many political pundits.
Jim Singleton's career in politics began in the 1970s under mayor Moon Landrieu and included a 24-year stint on the city council. Leader of the Central City political organization BOLD, Singleton controlled a powerful voting bloc in council for much of the 1990s.
Troy Carter, city council member for District C, ran on a campaign promoting economic development. With a reputation as an aggressive fundraiser, he raised $1.1 million for his primary race, more than any of his opponents.
Other candidates also running included:
Tulane University law professor Vernon Palmer
Pastor Leonard Lucas, who defeated longtime incumbent Sherman Copelin to become a State Representative in 1999
funeral home owner Emile Labat
Clarence Hunt, the owner of two employment recruiting firms, who returned to New Orleans to run for mayor after living in California for years
gardener Quentin Brown Jr.
lawyer Thomas Delahay Dunn Jr.
University of New Orleans student Timothy Hill
unemployed actor and supermarket produce manager Manny "Chevrolet" Bruno
lawyer Ed Cerrone
plumber Albert "Superman" Jones
Write-in Drew “Player for Mayor” Michel
Campaign
The primary campaign was relatively short and quiet. The candidates agreed on most major issues, including the need to boost the city's economic climate by eliminating patronage and improving public schools. Some controversy arose from one of Nagin's main campaign planks, a proposal to sell or lease the city's Louis Armstrong International Airport and use the money to improve roads and schools. Other candidates proposed regionalizing the airport, but were unwilling to take the drastic step desired by Nagin. Nagin also proposed setting up committees to oversee the appointment of officials in an effort to curb political patronage, while Pennington insisted on retaining mayoral prerogative in appointments. Nagin was also the only candidate to oppose a living wage referendum, which passed but was eventually defeated in court.
Nagin went into the primary round of voting with influential endorsements from both the Times-Picayune and the Gambit. Outgoing mayor Marc Morial did not endorse any candidates in the primary or the runoff; both leading candidates were promising a reduction in the patronage that was so prominent in Morial's administration.
The runoff campaign saw Nagin pick up endorsements from defeated candidates Singleton, Carter, and Lucas. The campaign took a negative turn when ads appeared attacking Nagin's credentials as a member of the Democratic party, and when Pennington professed to have information about Nagin that 'sickened him to the core', without specifying its nature.
Results
Mayoral Primary, February 2
The most prominent feature of the primary results was a dramatic surge in Nagin's support; going into the primary, Pennington was widely predicted to finish first. Precinct-by-precinct returns prompted political analysts to attribute Nagin's first-place finish in the primary to a high turnout by white voters who disproportionately preferred Nagin to his main opponent, Pennington. Nagin also saw support in higher-income black neighborhoods. Pennington found his main base of support in predominantly African-American neighborhoods, winning 217 black-majority precincts to Nagin's 46. The primary results were also seen as a rejection of New Orleans politics-as-usual; both the runoff candidates were political newcomers despite the candidacies of several prominent politicians.
Runoff, March 2
In the runoff, Nagin kept the base he had established in the primary, but expanded his support to win every majority-white precinct. Pennington maintained his base among lower and middle-class black voter, but was unable to pick up the support of many voters who had supported candidates defeated in the primary. Ray Nagin's runoff victory sent him to city hall, where he has served as New Orleans's mayor since May 2002.
Sources
2002
New Orleans
2002 Louisiana elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20New%20Orleans%20mayoral%20election |
Yulduz Usmonova () (born December 12, 1963) is an Uzbek singer, song-writer, composer and actress. She is the People's artist of Uzbekistan and honored artist of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. She has achieved widespread fame in Uzbekistan, other parts of Central Asia, and more recently in Turkey. Usmonova has also acted in a number of Uzbek films.
Yulduz Usmonova was born in Margilan in the Ferghana region of Uzbekistan. Her parents worked at a silk factory. She studied music at the pedagogical institute in Margilan.
She was discovered by Gavharxonim Rahimova after singing at a Women’s Day show. Rahimova helped to open many doors for Usmanova. After being introduced to professors from the Uzbekistan State Conservatory, she prepared under their guidance. She studied vocal, and then later became a popular singer in Uzbekistan after independence in 1991. She became famous throughout Central Asia and later in Turkey and has released songs in many languages, such as Uzbek, Uyghur, Turkish, Russian, Tajik, Arabic, Kazakh, Chinese, Indian and Tatar.
Works
Yulduz Usmonova, through the creative use of folk melodies, enriched with the spirit of patriotism, created songs based on the verses of Muhammad Yusuf and many other poets (We won't give you to anyone, Uzbekistan), (May you remain ours, my people). Furthermore, Uzbek music in the 20th century included traditional lyrical songs (Nastarin, Sanamgina, Qizil Olma), festive songs (Nozanin, Buxorodan kuyov Qiling), lyrical-dramatic compositions (Ona, Shoh va gado, Otajon, Allohim, Muhammad Yusufga), and performed a range of foreign and friendly nations' songs on stage, such as "Allah Allah Ya-Baba" (in Arabic), "Dunyo" (in Turkish), "Parvardigori" (in Persian).
In the late 1980s, Yulduz Usmonova released her debut album, "Mayda". In 1990, she won second place in the international competition "Osiyo ovozi," held in Alma-Ata. Following this, her album "Olma-Olma" was well-received on the World Music Charts Europe, reaching high rankings. Her song "I Wish You Were Here," with English and Uzbek lyrics, achieved high ratings on several European pop charts. Later, she released albums such as "Jannona" (1995), "Men shu yerda bo'lsang" (1995), "Binafsha" (1996), "Tanlov albomi" (1997), and "Dunyo" (1999). Additionally, in 1999, Yulduz Usmonova participated in a music festival in the Netherlands. In 2002, she was honored with the title "Middle Asia's Queen of the Arts".
Filmography
Discography
Studio albums
1993: Alma Alma
1995: Jannona
1996: Binafscha
1999: Oqqan daryo oqaveradi
1999: Yulduz
2001: Buncha go'zal bu hayot
2001: Oshiqlik
2002: Yoshligim, beboshligim
2003: Mendan meni so'rama
2003: О Любви
2004: Men o'zimni topmasam
2005: Yondiraman, yonaman
2005: Ayol
2005: Биё, Жонам
2006: Faqat sabr tiladim
2007: Kerak bo'lsa jonim fido
2007: O'zbekiston — qanday bo'lsang shunday sevaman
2008: Inadim
2009: Dunya
2009: Sen ham asra, ko'zmunchog'ingman
2010: Tilimdan emas dilimdan
2010: Kible Benim Kalbimde
2011: Bir Şans Ver
2019: Men seni sevaman
Videography
(1991) “Aylanma“
(1991) “Qizil olma”
(2000) “Sevgilim“ (feat. Ruslan Sharipov)
(2001) “Nozanin” (feat. Ruslan Sharipov)
(2003) “Mendan meni so'rama“
(2003) “Senga”
(2004) “Qalb”
(2004) “Men kimman ayt”
(2004) “O'g'il bola”
(2005) “Biyo jonam biyo” (In Tajik)
(2005) “Ko'rmasam bo'lmas”
(2005) “Nadur” (feat. Akron Ibodullaev)
(2005) “Sevaman seni” (feat. Davron Ergashev)
(2006) “Bevafo yorim”
(2006) “Iymon”
(2006) “Jon me bari jon” (In Tajik)
(2006) “Muhabbat”
(2006) “Oh dilame” (In Tajik)
(2006) “Sog'inch”
(2006) “Тик так” (In Russian)
(2006) “Ангел мой” (In Russian)
(2007) “Dadajon”
(2007) “O'p - o'p”
(2007) “Oq kema”
(2007) “Yana bahor”
(2007) “Любовь моя” (feat. the band "Dostar") (In Russian)
(2008) “Affet Allahim” (In Turkish)
(2008) “Babacim” (In Turkish)
(2008) “Öp” (In Turkish)
(2008) “Salovat”
(2008) “Shekilli”
(2009) “Görmesem Olmaz” (feat Fatih Erkoç)
(2009) “Yalan”ya (In Turkish)
(2010) “Beni kovma kalbinden” (In Turkish)
(2010) “Seni severdim" (In Turkish)
(2010) “Yalvar guzel Allah`a” (In Turkish)
(2010) “Yolvor go'zal Allohga”
(2011) “Aldadi” (feat. Atham Yuldashev)
(2011) “Aynanayin”
(2011) “Belli belli” (In Turkish)
(2011) “Dunya” (In Turkish)
(2011) “Ey yor” (In Tajik)
(2011) “Ko'z yoshim oqar”
(2018) "Yalli-yalli"
(2019) "Taralli dalli"
(2022) "Muhabbat"
(2022) "Yor biyo" (In Tajik, feat Malik)
(2022) "Bu sevgi"
(2022) "Tojiki medonet" (in Tajik, feat Malik)
(2022) "Kel"
(2022) "Bas" (in Tajik)
(2023) " DA KUJO SHUMO" (in Uzbek and Tajik, feat Malik)
Awards
She has been the laureate of several international music competitions (Yurmala, 1989; Alma-Ata, 1991). She was awarded the title of "Dame of Eastern Songs" (2000, Turkey). She has performed on stage in Europe, Asia, America, and North Africa. She served as a two-term deputy in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1995-2000).
Honored "Artist of Uzbekistan" (1993)
People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1995)
"People's Artist of Karakalpakstan" (2000)
Order of Outstanding Merit (2005)
Order for Loyalty (2018)
"Shuhrat" Medal (2021)
"El-yurt hurmati" Order.
References
External links
Yulduz Usmanova's Music on Tmhits.com
1963 births
Living people
People from Margilan
Uzbeks
Uzbekistani film actresses
Usmanova
20th-century Uzbekistani women singers
Turkish-language singers
Kazakh-language singers
Tatar-language singers
Arabic-language singers
Tajik-language singers
20th-century Uzbekistani actresses
21st-century Uzbekistani actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduz%20Usmonova |
The General Electric YF120, internally designated as GE37, was a variable cycle afterburning turbofan engine designed by General Electric Aircraft Engines in the late 1980s and early 1990s for the United States Air Force's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program. It was designed to produce maximum thrust in the class. Prototype engines were installed in the two competing technology demonstrator aircraft, the Lockheed YF-22 and Northrop YF-23.
Pratt & Whitney's competing F119 was selected over the F120 to power the ATF, the competition for which the Lockheed team won, and became F-22 Raptor.
History
Development
General Electric (GE) began developing the GE37, which would become basis of the XF120 and YF120, for the Joint Advanced Fighter Engine (JAFE) program in the early 1980s aimed at supplying the powerplant for the Air Force's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF). The core technology used in the F120 design was developed during two industry-government programs, the Advanced Technology Engine Gas Generator (ATEGG) and Joint Technology Demonstration Engine (JTDE) programs. The design was meant to address the challenging supercruise requirement of the ATF. This meant the engine had to produce a large amount of dry thrust (without afterburner) and therefore have high off-design efficiency ("design" being standard cruise conditions). Unlike competitor Pratt & Whitney, GE elected against developing a conventional fixed bypass turbofan and instead chose to design a variable cycle engine. Additional innovations include the use of one-piece disk and rotor blade assemblies, or "blisks", in the fan and compressor stages to increase performance and durability as well as reduce weight and parts count. The original RFP called for maximum thrust in the class.
Due to the ATF's increasing weight during development from to , thrust requirement was increased by 20% to the class in order to meet performance requirements. GE's design changed to incorporate a 12% larger fan to increase airflow as well as cooling air, particularly for the nozzles. For flight demonstration, YF120s were fitted with the larger fan, unlike the YF119 which used its original small fan. As a result, both demonstrator aircraft had higher performance with the YF120s than with the YF119s. The YF120-powered the YF-22 and YF-23 to supercruise speeds of Mach 1.58 and Mach 1.72 respectively. While the YF120 engine never went into production, it was installed in the YF-22 for the high angle of attack demonstrations.
The Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) configuration of the F120 was tested in December 1990. Component improvements enabled it to achieve YF120 thrust levels at lower temperatures. The USAF ultimately chose the Pratt & Whitney's F119 proposal for full-scale development and production. The more ambitious F120 design was judged to be riskier, and General Electric also accrued fewer testing hours than Pratt & Whitney.
Further developments
The YF120 was also proposed as the basis for a more exotic engine, the Turbine-Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) engine that was to be used in demonstrator aircraft like the X-43B and future hypersonic aircraft. Specifically, the YF120 was to be the basis for the Revolutionary Turbine Accelerator (RTA-1). The variable cycle technology used in the YF120 would be extended to not only turn the engine into a turbojet but also into a ramjet. In that mode all airflow would bypass the core and be diverted into the afterburner-like "hyperburner" where it would be combusted like a ramjet. This proposed engine was to accelerate from 0 to Mach 4.1 (at 56,000 ft) in eight minutes.
Technology from the YF120 has been applied to subsequent GE designs; in the 1990s, GE and Rolls-Royce began jointly developing the F136 engine for the Joint Strike Fighter program. While drawing from lessons learned from the YF120, the F136 is a conventional fixed-bypass design; it also leveraged advances in turbine engine technology from the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology (IHPTET) program, which continued developments from ATEGG and JTDE. Despite better performance potential than the incumbent Pratt & Whitney F135, The F136 was eventually cancelled due to a lack of funding.
Despite not selecting the YF120 for the ATF, the USAF would further the development of variable cycle engine technology through the Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE), a joint government and industry effort that aims to address future turbine engine needs. Under the VAATE, the Adaptive Versatile Engine Technology (ADVENT) program would continue the development of variable cycle turbine engine technology into an adaptive three-stream architecture. The follow-on Adaptive Engine Technology Demonstrator (AETD), Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) and the Next Generational Adaptive Propulsion (NGAP) resulted in the development of the GE XA100 and the P&W XA101 for potential reengining of the Lockheed Martin F-35 and adaptive engines for the Next Generation Air Dominance and F/A-XX programs, successors to the ATF.
Design
The YF120 is a twin-spool axial-flow afterburning turbofan. The design consists of a two-stage fan driven by the single-stage low-pressure turbine and a five-stage compressor driven by the single-stage high-pressure turbine. Notably, the engine has two bypass channels which are located at the front and rear of the first compressor stage of the high-pressure spool, also known as the core-driven fan stage; these two bypass channels are key to the engine's variable cycle operation. The annular combustor is a double-dome design. The high and low-pressure spools are counter-rotating, which eliminates the stationary vanes between the turbines and reducing the number of parts and decreasing weight. The engine is controlled by a three-channel fuel-cooled full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system.
Variable cycle
The YF120's variable cycle system worked by varying the bypass ratio of the engine for different flight regimes, allowing the engine to act like either a low bypass turbofan or nearly a turbojet. As a low bypass turbofan (like competitor F119), the engine performed similarly to comparable engines, with the aft bypass channel behind the core-driven fan stage open. When needed, however, the engine could direct more airflow through the hot core of the engine (like a turbojet) by closing the aft bypass channel, increasing the specific thrust of the engine. This made the engine more efficient at high altitude, high thrust levels than a traditional low bypass turbofan. Fan-to-core pressure matching was performed by a variable area bypass injector (VABI).
An expected disadvantage of this variable cycle system would be increased complexity and weight. GE claims to have combated this by using simple pressure driven valves rather than complex mechanically actuated valves to divert airflow. GE stated that this system resulted in the variable cycle system adding only 10 lb to the engine. Additionally, a production F120 engine was expected to have 40% fewer parts than the F110 engine.
Nozzle
The YF120 had different nozzle designs for the YF-22 and YF-23 technology demonstrator prototypes tailored to the specific airframe.
The engine for the YF-22 featured a two-dimensional thrust vectoring nozzle that could vector in the pitch direction. This capability gave the aircraft a serious advantage in pitch agility by greatly increasing the amount of nose pitching moment available to the aircraft. The pitching moment is traditionally generated by the horizontal stabilizer (and/or canard, if applicable), but with a thrust vectoring nozzle that moment can be augmented by the thrust of the engine. During high AoA demonstrations, the YF120-powered YF-22 flew at trimmed AoA of 60 degrees at 82 knots. At this attitude the aircraft was able to demonstrate controllability. Later analysis revealed that the aircraft could have maintained controlled, trimmed flight up to 70 degrees AoA. The wedge shapes of the nozzle flaps also reduce the infrared signature by flattening the exhaust plume and mixing it with shed vortices for cooling.
On the YF-23, rather than a thrust-vectoring nozzle, the engine had a single-expansion ramp nozzle (SERN), with the top consisting of a variable external flap, or paddle, to control the nozzle area while the bottom was a fixed ramp. The engines were placed well forward of the trailing edge of the YF-23's aft fuselage, where each nozzle transitions to a trench on top of the aft fuselage that is lined with heat-resistant material. This allows the exhaust plume to be rapidly cooled before exiting the aircraft, significantly reducing the infrared signature particularly when viewed from below; the trenches in the aft deck were lined with tiles that were “transpiration cooled” from engine bleed air to withstand the heat of the exhaust.
Applications
Lockheed YF-22
Northrop YF-23
Specifications (YF120)
See also
References
GE unveils ramjet design for shuttle Technology News Flight International 23/09/03 .
External links
GE/Allison/Rolls-Royce Team Developing YF120 Fighter Engine for JSF Aircraft Candidates. Press release GE Aviation (Sept 2, 1996).
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force page on the YF120
Northrop YF-23 Enthusiast's site
YF120
Low-bypass turbofan engines
1980s turbofan engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Electric%20YF120 |
The International Skating Union has organised the European Speed Skating Championships for Men since 1893. Unofficial championships were held in the years 1891–1892.
History
Program
In the years 1891–1892, three distances had to be skated: ⅓ mile (536 m) – 1 mile (1,609 m) – 3 miles (4,828 m).
In the years 1893–1895, three distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1500 m – 5000 m.
In the years 1896–1935, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1500 m – 5000 m – 10000 m (the big combination).
In the years 1936–1947, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1500 m – 3000 m – 5000 m (the small combination).
In the years 1948–2017 and subsequent odd years, four distances are skated: 500 m – 1500 m – 5000 m – 10000 m (the big combination).
Starting in 2017, in odd years, a separate competition with four distances is held: 500 m – 1000 m – 500 m – 1000 m (the sprint combination).
Starting in 2018, in even years, a single distance championships with seven events will be held: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, team pursuit, mass start, and team sprint.
Note that at the 1967 European Championships in Lahti, Finland, it was so cold that the officials decided that they did not want to expose the skaters to the extreme cold for a long time and so they replaced the 10000 m event with a 3000 m event, in effect using the small combination distances instead of the big combination ones.
Ranking systems used
In the years 1891–1892, one could only win the European Championships by winning all three distances. If no one won all three distances, no winner would be declared. Silver and bronze medals were not awarded.
In the years 1893–1907, one could only win the European Championships by winning the majority of the distances, so there would be no European Champion if no skater won at least three distances (two distances in the years 1893–1895, when only three distances were skated). Silver and bronze medals were never awarded.
In the years 1908–1925, ranking points were awarded (1 point for 1st place, 2 points for 2nd place, and so on); the final ranking was then decided by ordering the skaters by lowest point totals. The rule that a skater winning at least three distances was automatically European Champion was still in effect, though, so the ranking could be affected by that. Silver and bronze medals were awarded now as well.
In the years 1926–1927, the ranking points on each distance were percentage points, calculated from a skater's time and the current European record time. Apart from that, the system used was the same as in the immediately preceding years.
Since 1928, the samalog system has been in use.
Medal winners
Numbers in brackets denotes number of victories in corresponding disciplines. Boldface denotes record number of victories.
Unofficial Allround championships
Official Allround championships
Note that from 1936 to 1948, non-European skaters were allowed to participate if they were members of European skating clubs.
Sprint championships
500 metres
1000 metres
1500 metres
5000 metres
Mass start
Team pursuit
Team sprint
All-time medal count
Allround and Sprint Championships (1891–2023)
Unofficial European Championships of 1891, 1892 and 1946 (not recognized by the ISU) included
Single Distance Championships (2018–2022)
Combined all-time medal count (1891–2023)
Unofficial European Championships of 1891, 1892 and 1946 (not recognized by the ISU) included
Multiple medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Allround and Sprint Championships
All events
See also
European Speed Skating Championships for Women
World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men
References
Footnotes
Medal Winners in European Allround Championships. International Skating Union (2006-04-24). Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
Recurring sporting events established in 1893
All-round speed skating | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Speed%20Skating%20Championships%20for%20Men |
The International Skating Union has organised the European Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1970, but they were discontinued after the 1974 tournament because of lack of interest. The European Championships for Women were reinstated in 1981.
History
Distances used
In the years 1970–1982, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1,000 m – 1,500 m – 3,000 m (the mini combination).
From 1983 to 2017, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1,500 m – 3,000 m – 5,000 m (the small combination).
Starting in 2017, in odd years, a separate competition with four distances is held: 500 m – 1000 m – 500 m – 1000 m (the sprint combination).
Starting in 2018, in even years, a single distance championships with seven events will be held: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, team pursuit, mass start, and team sprint.
Ranking systems used
Since 1970, the samalog system has been in use.
Medal winners
Numbers in brackets denotes number of victories in corresponding disciplines. Boldface denotes record number of victories.
Allround championships
Sprint championships
500 metres
1000 metres
1500 metres
3000 metres
Mass start
Team pursuit
Team sprint
All-time medal count
Allround and Sprint Championships (1970–2023)
Single Distance Championships (2018–2022)
Combined all-time medal count (1970–2023)
Multiple medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Allround and Sprint Championships
All events
See also
European Speed Skating Championships for Men
World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women
References
Footnotes
Medal Winners in European Allround Championships. International Skating Union (2006-04-24). Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
Recurring sporting events established in 1893
All-round speed skating | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Speed%20Skating%20Championships%20for%20Women |
The Brigade Speciale Beveiligingsopdrachten (BSB) () is the elite police tactical unit of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee. Its missions include counter-terrorism, protection of government and military officials, and targeting organised crime.
Like many other European police tactical units, the BSB was established in 1975 following Munich massacre. While the BSB conducts special operations, its missions are not planned by the Netherlands Special Operations Command (NLD SOCOM).
Origin
Following the Munich massacre in 1972, many European nations decided to establish dedicated counter-terrorist units. The Netherlands were no exception and established multiple Bijzondere Bijstandseenheden (BBE) (English: Special Support Units). The tip of the spear was formed by the Bijzondere Bijstandseenheid Mariniers (BBE-M) (English: Special Support Unit Marines), currently named M-Squadron of the Netherlands Marine Corps, which was the primary domestic counter-terror unit. The Royal Marechaussee contributed to the BBEs by providing snipers. However, Royal Marechaussee high command foresaw the emergence of an operational gap. The BBEs could exclusively be deployed during terrorist threats, while regular police or Marechaussee personnel was not adequately trained or equipped to operate in high-risk settings. Therefore, the decision was made to establish the BSB under the command of the Royal Marechaussee. As such, the BSB could function as a figurative bridge between the regular police and the BBEs.
The first class of BSB operators was trained by the West German police tactical unit Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9) in 1975. The unit achieved operational status in 1976 with 24 men. In the following years, the BSB focussed on providing personal security details to senior military officials (both Dutch and foreign) on domestic and foreign soil. In addition, the BSB was intensely involved with combating violent political activism during the 1980s, for example during the Vondelstraat riots.
In March 2017, news media reported that the BSB had taken over the personal security duties of threatened Dutch politician Geert Wilders after two officers of the personal security service of the National Police Corps had leaked sensitive information.
Organisation
The BSB consists of three operational divisions: the Security Division, the Observation Team and the Arrest Team. Since 2015, the BSB is based in a new headquarters on the former United States Air Force air base Camp New Amsterdam in Huis ter Heide.
Security Division
The primary task of the Security Division is providing personal security details to (military) dignitaries, both Dutch and foreign. The bodyguards of the BSB cooperate closely with officers of the Dienst Koninklijke en Diplomatieke Beveiliging (DKDB) (English: Royal and Diplomatic Security Service) of the National Police who receive similar training. Compared to the DKDB, the BSB is particularly dedicated to operating in high-risk locations. For example, the BSB provides security to both the ambassadors and the embassies in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan.
In addition to personal security details, the BSB conducts a wide range of other special security operations. The brigade is responsible for providing security during money and gold transports of the De Nederlandsche Bank, the Dutch central bank. In addition, the BSB runs the sky marshal program which has been active since 2004. Non-uniformed BSB operators regularly travel aboard passenger flights which have been indicated as to carrying a potential terrorist threat.
Observation Team
The Observatieteam (OT) (English: Observation Team) is deployed when the public prosecutor has approved an order for structural observation. The legal frameworks for such observations are codified in the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedures and the Special Investigative Powers Act. Additionally, the Observation Team of the BSB conduct observations on behalf of the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). As opposed to their AIVD counterparts, BSB OT personnel is always armed.
The OT distinguishes 'structural' and 'dynamic' observations. Structural observation consists of covert observation of individuals in order in to gain insight into their pattern of life. These operations are usually accompanied by the interception of telecommunications. Dynamic observations are usually conducted by teams consisting of 7 to 10 operators using vehicles, on foot or from one or multiple static locations. For dynamic observations which require motorised vehicles, the BSB has a large and diverse fleet of civilian vehicles at its disposal. The discrete operation of these cars and motorcycle is taught by the training and education division during a specialised driving course.
Arrest Team
The BSB has fielded an independent police tactical unit, known as Arrestatieteam (AT) (), since 1994. The AT is tasked with conducting the arrests of armed suspects, combating organised crime and neutralising other life-threatening situaties for which the regular police or Marechaussee are not adequately equipped or trained. The BSB has made this AT available to the Dienst Speciale Interventies (DSI) of the National Police. While the AT of the BSB resided under command of the DSI during operations, formally it is not part of the DSI. In addition, the brigade provides operators to the Unit Intervention, which is a mixed DSI unit consisting of both police and military operators, and the Rapid Response Teams of the DSI. Compared to the ATs of the DSI, the AT of the BSB is more often deployed for raids related to criminal investigations of the Investigations Branch of the Marechaussee. Due to the BSB being a military unit, the brigade can also be deployed for the arrest of personnel of the Netherlands Armed Forces.
Equipment
Weaponry
Pistols: Glock 17 and Glock 26
Submachine Guns: MP5, MP7, and FN P90
Shotguns: Mossberg 590A1.
Assault Rifles: HK 416, HK 417 and SIG MCX (chambered in .300 AAC Blackout).
Machine Guns: FN Minimi.
Sniper Rifles: Accuracy International rifles (chambered in .308 Winchester and .338 Lapua Magnum).
Vehicles
The BSB has access to a wide range of vehicles, some of which are armoured. A selection of vehicles known to be in use:
References
Bibliography
External links
Official BSB page (Dutch)
Specialist law enforcement agencies of the Netherlands
Royal Marechaussee
Special forces of the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade%20Speciale%20Beveiligingsopdrachten |
Braubach is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. 10 km southeast of Koblenz. Braubach has assorted medieval architecture intact, including portions of the town wall, half-timbered buildings, and castle Marksburg on the hill above.
Braubach was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Braubach.
History
In 1276 King Rudolf of Habsburg made Braubach a free city under Count Gottfried of Eppstein. Count Eberhard I of Katzenelnbogen bought the city and castle in 1283. Until 1479, the Counts rebuilt the castle constantly. The castle was never conquered and never destroyed. The City of Braubach was the administrative centre of the Katzenelnbogen wine production with Rhens, Spay, Boppard, Horchheim and Salzig and an amount of 33000 L of wine in 1438 and 84000 L of wine in 1443.
In the 1845 travel guide Le Rhin, Victor Hugo notes: "Then comes Braubach, named in a charter of 933, fief of the Counts Arnstein of Lahngau; an Imperial city under Rodolph in 1270, a domain of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen in 1283; accruing to Hesse in 1473; to Darmstadt, in 1632, and in 1802 to Nassau. Braubach, communicating with the baths of the Taunus, is charmingly situated at the foot of a high rock, crested by Marksburg, the castle of which is now a state prison.
Partner cities
Villeneuve-sur-Yonne
Notes and references
External links
Homepage
Medieval German architecture
Populated places on the Rhine
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
Middle Rhine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braubach |
A Boxpok is a steam locomotive wheel that gains its strength through being made of a number of box sections rather than having traditional solid spokes (the name is a variation on "box-spoke"). Being hollow, they allow better counterbalancing and stability than conventional drivers, which is important for fast locomotives. The Boxpok wheel was patented by General Steel Castings Corporation of Granite City, Illinois.
Other wheels
The Boxpok was the most common of the four disk wheels in use by US steam locomotive designers, the others being the Baldwin and Scullin. A fourth design, the Universal, was used in locomotive rebuilds. All vary slightly in appearance but are essentially the same in structure.
The term "Boxpok" is also sometimes used to describe the Bulleid Firth Brown (BFB) wheel in use on British railways at that time, but this is incorrect; while the BFB is similar to the Boxpok, one side of each box section is left open, so is not a true box structure unlike the Baldwin, Boxpok and Scullin drivers.
See also
SCOA-P wheel
References
Train wheels
de:Eisenbahnrad#Boxpok-Räder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxpok |
Eduardo Mendoza may refer to:
Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa (1917-2009), Venezuelan scientific researcher, politician, and statesman
Eduardo Mendoza Garriga (1943-), Spanish novelist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20Mendoza |
Wekiwa Springs State Park is a Florida State Park in Apopka, Florida. It is located 20 minutes north of Orlando, off Interstate 4 at exit 94, near Altamonte Springs and Longwood. The park also contains the head water of the Wekiva River. It also serves as the headquarters of one of the state's five AmeriCorps Florida State Parks chapters.
Although the springs are spelled Wekiwa Springs, the river and most subdivisions and streets in Seminole County use the Wekiva spelling. Wekiwa is the Creek word for a spring, but contrary to popular belief that Wekiva means "flowing water", it was actually an alternate spelling used by developers.
History
In the 1800s, Central Florida was primarily agricultural; however, with the end of the Civil War, a tourist trade started to take advantage of Florida's temperate winters, long summers and natural environment, and out of that growth came Wekiwa Springs. In 1941, the Apopka Sportsmen's Club purchased the property from the Wilson Cypress Company, which had maintained a small turpentine camp in what is now the park, maintaining the area for recreational use. John H. Land, Mayor of Apopka, Florida, and co-owner of the Apopka Sportsmen's Club campaigned the Florida State Legislature for three years to preserve the land. By 1969 the state of Florida expressed interest in the property for use as a state park, and, starting in 1970, visitors have come for the natural spring, crystal clear water, and the area's wildlife. The spring maintains a year-round water temperature of .
Attractions
The spring
The main attraction at Wekiwa Springs Park is the spring, providing approximately 42 million gallons of water to the Wekiva River each day. The swimming area varies in depth from under a foot to five feet, and a small cavern at the source of the spring. The cavern extends deeper into a cave, which has been explored in great detail. SCUBA and cave diving is strictly prohibited. The park has a nature center, and access to Wekiwa Springs, Wekiwa Springs Run, Rock Springs Run and the Wekiva River. Picnic pavilions equipped with charcoal grills exist in the picnic area. Canoes can be rented at the nature center. There are four campsites in Wekiwa Springs State Park that can only be accessed by canoe or kayak.
Camping
Spread out across the is located a fairly substantial camping area. Infrastructure exists to support all forms and types of camping from tents to recreational vehicles. Family, primitive and cabin youth camping areas are available. Camp Cozy is located from the main spring and offers primitive camping. Pets are allowed, but must be leashed at all times. Intoxicants are prohibited.
Trails and hiking
There is a network of trails in the park, allowing for bicycling, hiking, and horseback riding. The main hiking trail is long, and the Volksmarch trail is marked with orange diamonds. A trail connects the main parking area with a distant parking lot at Sand Lake within the State park.
Ecology
The area around the spring is largely undeveloped and has acres of untouched Florida Ecology. Among the wildlife of the park are coyote, rabbit, deer, gray fox, bobcat, raccoon, opossum, alligator, and black bear. Fishing is permitted, as well as canoeing and snorkeling. However, SCUBA and specifically cave diving are not. The cave has been explored in the past to a distance of about 50 meters.
Administrative
Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). The nature center is open Saturday and Sunday from noon to 3:00 p.m. EST.
References
External links
Wekiwa Springs State Park at Florida State Parks
Wekiwa Springs State Park at State Parks
Wekiwa Springs State Park at Absolutely Florida
Wekiwa Springs State Park at Wildernet
State parks of Florida
Parks in Orange County, Florida
Springs of Florida
Protected areas established in 1969
Nature centers in Florida
Apopka, Florida
Bodies of water of Orange County, Florida
1969 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wekiwa%20Springs%20State%20Park |
In aeronautics, ice protection systems keep atmospheric moisture from accumulating on aircraft surfaces, such as wings, propellers, rotor blades, engine intakes, and environmental control intakes. Ice buildup can change the shape of airfoils and flight control surfaces, degrading control and handling characteristics as well as performance. An anti-icing, de-icing, or ice protection system either prevents formation of ice, or enables the aircraft to shed the ice before it becomes dangerous.
Effects of icing
Aircraft icing increases weight and drag, decreases lift, and can decrease thrust. Ice reduces engine power by blocking air intakes. When ice builds up by freezing upon impact or freezing as runoff, it changes the aerodynamics of the surface by modifying the shape and the smoothness of the surface which increases drag, and decreases wing lift or propeller thrust. Both a decrease in lift on the wing due to an altered airfoil shape, and the increase in weight from the ice load will usually result having to fly at a greater angle of attack to compensate for lost lift to maintain altitude. This increases fuel consumption and further reduces speed, making a stall more likely to occur, causing the aircraft to lose altitude.
Ice accumulates on helicopter rotor blades and aircraft propellers causing weight and aerodynamic imbalances that are amplified due to their rotation.
Anti-ice systems installed on jet engines or turboprops help prevent airflow problems and avert the risk of serious internal engine damage from ingested ice. These concerns are most acute with turboprops, which more often have sharp turns in the intake path where ice tends to accumulate.
System types
Pneumatic deicing boots
The pneumatic boot is usually made of layers of rubber or other elastomers, with one or more air chambers between the layers. If multiple chambers are used, they are typically shaped as stripes aligned with the long direction of the boot. It is typically placed on the leading edge of an aircraft's wings and stabilizers. The chambers are rapidly inflated and deflated, either simultaneously, or in a pattern of specific chambers only. The rapid change in shape of the boot is designed to break the adhesive force between the ice and the rubber, and allow the ice to be carried away by the air flowing past the wing. However, the ice must fall away cleanly from the trailing sections of the surface, or it could re-freeze behind the protected area. Re-freezing of ice in this manner was a contributing factor to the crash of American Eagle Flight 4184.
Older pneumatic boots were thought to be subject to ice bridging. Slush could be pushed out of reach of the inflatable sections of the boot before hardening. This was resolved by speeding up the inflation/deflation cycle, and by alternating the timing of adjacent cells. Testing and case studies performed in the 1990s have demonstrated that ice bridging is not a significant concern with modern boot designs.
Pneumatic boots are appropriate for low and medium speed aircraft, without leading edge lift devices such as slats, so this system is most commonly found on smaller turboprop aircraft such as the Saab 340 and Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia. Pneumatic de-Icing boots are sometimes found on other types, especially older aircraft. These are rarely used on modern jet aircraft. It was invented by B.F. Goodrich in 1923.
Fluid deicing
Sometimes called a weeping wing, running wet, or evaporative system, these systems use a deicing fluid—typically based on ethylene glycol or isopropyl alcohol to prevent ice forming and to break up accumulated ice on critical surfaces of an aircraft.
One or two electrically-driven pumps send the fluid to proportioning units that divide the flow between areas to be protected. A second pump is used for redundancy, especially for aircraft certified for flight into known icing conditions, with additional mechanical pumps for the windshield. Fluid is forced through holes in panels on the leading edges of the wings, horizontal stabilizers, fairings, struts, engine inlets, and from a slinger-ring on the propeller and the windshield sprayer. These panels have diameter holes drilled in them, with . The system is self cleaning, and the fluid helps clean the aircraft, before it is blown away by the slipstream. The system was initially used during World War II by the British, having been developed by Tecalemit-Kilfrost-Sheepbridge Stokes (TKS).
Advantages of fluid systems are mechanical simplicity and minimal airflow disruption from the minuscule holes; this made the systems popular in older business jets. Disadvantages are greater maintenance requirements than pneumatic boots, the weight of potentially unneeded fluid aboard the aircraft, the finite supply of fluid when it is needed, and the unpredictable need to refill the fluid, which complicates en route stops.
Bleed air
Bleed air systems are used by most large aircraft with jet engines or turboprops. Hot air is "bled" off one or more engines' compressor sections into tubes routed through wings, tail surfaces, and engine inlets. Spent air is exhausted through holes in the wings' undersides.
A disadvantage of these systems is that supplying an adequate amount of bleed air can negatively affect engine performance. Higher-than-normal power settings are often required during cruise or descent, particularly with one or more inoperative engines. More significantly, use of bleed air affects engine temperature limits and often necessitates reduced power settings during climb, which may cause a substantial loss of climb performance with particularly critical consequences if an engine were to fail. This latter concern has resulted in bleed air systems being uncommon in small turbine aircraft, although they have been successfully implemented on some small aircraft such as the Cessna CitationJet.
Electro-thermal
Electro-thermal systems use heating coils (much like a low output stove element) buried in the airframe structure to generate heat when a current is applied. The heat can be generated continuously, or intermittently.
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner uses electro-thermal ice protection. In this case the heating coils are embedded within the composite wing structure. Boeing claims the system uses half the energy of engine fed bleed-air systems, and reduces drag and noise.
Etched foil heating coils can be bonded to the inside of metal aircraft skins to lower power use compared to embedded circuits as they operate at higher power densities. For general aviation, ThermaWing uses a flexible, electrically conductive, graphite foil attached to a wing's leading edge. Electric heaters heat the foil which melts ice.
Small wires or other conductive materials can be embedded in the windscreen to heat the windscreen. Pilots can turn on the electric heater to provide sufficient heat to prevent the formation of ice on the windscreen. However, windscreen electric heaters may only be used in flight, as they can overheat the windscreen. They can also cause compass deviation errors by as much as 40°.
One proposal used carbon nanotubes formed into thin filaments which are spun into a 10 micron-thick film. The film is a poor electrical conductor, due to gaps between the nanotubes. Instead, current causes a rapid rise in temperature, heating up twice as fast as nichrome, the heating element of choice for in-flight de-icing, while using half the energy at one ten-thousandth the weight. Sufficient material to cover the wings of a 747 weighs and costs roughly 1% of nichrome. Aerogel heaters have also been suggested, which could be left on continuously at low power.
Electro-mechanical
Electro-mechanical Expulsion Deicing Systems (EMEDS) use a percussive force initiated by actuators inside the structure which induce a shock wave in the surface to be cleared.
Hybrid systems have also been developed that combine the EMEDS with heating elements, where a heater prevents ice accumulation on the leading edge of the airfoil and the EMED system removes accumulations aft of the heated portion of the airfoil.
Passive (icephobic coatings)
Passive systems employ icephobic surfaces. Icephobicity is analogous to hydrophobicity and describes a material property that is resistant to icing. The term is not well defined but generally includes three properties: low adhesion between ice and the surface, prevention of ice formation, and a repellent effect on supercooled droplets. Icephobicity requires special material properties but is not identical to hydrophobicity.
To minimize accretion, researchers are seeking icephobic materials. Candidates include carbon nanotubes and slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) which repel water when it forms into ice.
See also
Atmospheric icing
Icing conditions
Icing accidents
Aero Caribbean Flight 883 (2010)
Air Algérie Flight 5017 (2014)
Air Florida Flight 90 (1982)
Air France Flight 447 (2009)
Alan Kulwicki plane crash (1993)
Arrow Air Flight 1285 (1985)
Colgan Air Flight 3407 (2009)
Comair Flight 3272 (1997)
Loganair Flight 670 (2001)
Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751 (1991)
Sol Líneas Aéreas Flight 5428 (2011)
United Express Flight 2415 (1989)
West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 (2005)
References
Bibliography
External links
SAE paper on Electro-Thermal Ice Protection by Strehlow, R. and Moser, R.
Ice in transportation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20protection%20system |
Robert, Rob, or Bob Saunders may refer to:
Robert Saunders (Irish lawyer) (c. 1650–1708), Serjeant-at-law
Robert Saunders Jr. (1805–1868), American academic and politician
Robert Alan Saunders, American computer scientist and professor
Robert Hood Saunders (1903–1955), mayor of Toronto
Rob Saunders (born 1968), Irish rugby union player
Bob Saunders (American football), American football coach
Bob Saunders (baseball) (1902–1983), baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues
Bob Saunders (politician) (1929–2016), American politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Saunders |
Christian Falster (January 1, 1690 – October 24, 1752) was a Danish poet and philologist, born at Branderslev (island of Laaland). He became rector of the school at Ribe. He preferred to live there, refusing to accept better positions, and keeping his rectorship. He published translations of Ovid (1719) and the Satires of Juvenal (1731); 11 original satires on his times, often reprinted (1720–39); and in Latin a number of works, such as Viglia Prima Noctium Ripensiun (1721); Memori Obscur (1722); Amnitates Philologic (three volumes, 1821–32).
The editors of The Classical Journal wrote that:
Falster thought that all learning should be brought to bear upon theology,
and, like Erasmus, he that classical authors could contribute
much toward sound religion. Falster's work covered a broad field from the
history of Greek literature on the one hand, to Latin lexicography on the
other, recognizing that philology, in the narrow sense, and literature
are inextricably interwoven.
References
Danish male poets
18th-century Danish philologists
18th-century Danish translators
1690 births
1752 deaths
18th-century Danish poets
18th-century male writers
People from Lolland Municipality
People from Lolland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Falster |
Julius Erich Wess (5 December 19348 August 2007) was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted as the co-inventor of the Wess–Zumino model and Wess–Zumino–Witten model in the field of supersymmetry and conformal field theory. He was also a recipient of the Max Planck medal, the Wigner medal, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Heineman Prize, and of several honorary doctorates.
Life and work
Wess was born in Oberwölz Stadt, a small town in the Austrian state of Styria. He received his Ph.D. in Vienna, where he was a student of Hans Thirring. His Ph.D. examiner was acclaimed quantum mechanics physicist Erwin Schrödinger. After working at CERN in Switzerland and at the Courant Institute of New York University, United States, he became a professor at the University of Karlsruhe. In later life, Wess was professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. After his retirement he worked at DESY in Hamburg.
His doctoral students include Hermann Nicolai.
Julius Wess died at the age of 72 in Hamburg, following a stroke.
Publications
Scientific articles authored by Julius Wess recorded in INSPIRE-HEP.
References
Further reading
Julius Wess Nachruf
Die Fakultät für Physik trauert um ihren Kollegen Prof. Dr. Julius Wess
Wess Nachruf HU Berlin
1934 births
2007 deaths
People from Murau District
20th-century Austrian physicists
20th-century German physicists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
People associated with CERN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Wess |
Nasalis may refer to:
Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), the only monkey in the genus Nasalis
Nasalis muscle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis |
Super Cub may refer to:
Backcountry Super Cubs Super Cub, an American amateur-built aircraft design
Honda Super Cub, a light motorcycle, and the most produced motor vehicle in history.
Piper PA-18 Super Cub, an American light aircraft design.
Super Cub, a Japanese light novel, manga, and anime series
Supercub the lion, a foster lion cub who was adopted from a zoo in Kenya East Africa and became friends with Christian the lion and other lions being cared for by George Adamson. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Cub |
Robert Major ("R. M.") Garrett (1807-1885), was a doctor and Virginia politician who served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1859 to 1863. Garrett was educated at the College of William & Mary, and, in addition to serving as mayor, he was a physician and the administrator of Eastern State Hospital.
References
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
1807 births
1885 deaths
College of William & Mary alumni
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20M.%20Garrett |
The Langley Aerodrome was a pioneering but unsuccessful manned, tandem wing-configuration powered flying machine, designed at the close of the 19th century by Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley. The U.S. Army paid $50,000 for the project in 1898 after Langley's successful flights with small-scale unmanned models two years earlier.
Design and development
Langley coined the name "Aerodrome" and applied it to a series of engine-driven unmanned and manned tandem wing aircraft that were built under his supervision by Smithsonian staff in the 1890s and early 1900s. The term is derived from Greek words meaning "air runner".
After a series of unsuccessful tests beginning in 1894, Langley's unmanned steam-driven model "Number 5" made a successful 90-second flight of over at about at a height of on May 6, 1896. In November, model "Number 6" flew almost . Both aircraft were launched by catapult from a houseboat in the Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C. The flights impressed Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt enough for him to assert that "the machine has worked" and to call for the United States Navy to create a four-officer board to study the utility of Langleys "flying machine" in March 1898, the first documented U.S. Navy expression of interest in aviation. The group approved the idea, although the Navy did not take on the project. Instead, the Board of Ordnance and Fortification of the U.S. Department of War acted on the recommendation and made $50,000 in grants to the Smithsonian for construction of a full-scale man-carrying version. Langley's technical team also built a gasoline-powered quarter-scale unmanned model, which flew successfully twice on June 18, 1901, and again with an improved engine on August 8, 1903.
The full-scale Aerodrome's internal combustion engine generated 53 horsepower, about four times that of the Wright brothers' gasoline engine of 1903. The Aerodrome's other features, however, especially structure and control, left much to be desired. The Aerodrome had a primitive control system that included a cruciform tail and a centrally-mounted rudder. Langley again used a houseboat catapult for launch. He chose his chief engineer, Charles M. Manly, to ride the aircraft and operate the controls as best he might. On the first flight attempt, October 7, 1903, the craft failed to fly and dropped into the Potomac River immediately after launch. On the second attempt, December 8, the craft collapsed after launch and again fell into the river. Rescuers pulled Manly unhurt from the water each time. Langley blamed the calamities on a problem with the launch mechanism, not the aircraft. The real problem lay in his failure to consider the problems of calculating stress on an airframe and correct control of an aircraft. He made no further tests, and his experiments became the object of scorn in newspapers and the U.S. Congress.
Nine days after the December 8, 1903, failure, the Wright brothers conducted four successful flights near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
1914 modification and flight tests
At the Smithsonian's instigation, Glenn Curtiss extensively modified the Aerodrome in an attempt to bypass the Wright brothers' patent on aircraft and to vindicate Langley. He reduced the wing area and aspect ratio and strengthened its structure, and modified the tail to act in the conventional way. He also upgraded the power train, replacing the ignition and cooling systems and fitting new propellers designed after the Wright pattern. Finally, he added floats to operate from the water surface and lowered the centre of mass by about . He made a few short hops in it in 1914, none lasting more than a few seconds.
Based on these flights, the Smithsonian displayed the Aerodrome in its museum as the first heavier-than-air manned, powered aircraft "capable of flight." The attempt at deception misfired. Their action triggered a feud with Orville Wright (Wilbur Wright had died in 1912), who accused the Smithsonian of misrepresenting flying machine history. Orville backed up his protest by refusing to donate the original 1903 Wright Flyer to the Smithsonian, instead loaning it to the extensive collections of the Science Museum of London in 1928. The dispute finally ended in 1942 when the Smithsonian published details of the Curtiss modifications to the Aerodrome and recanted its claims for the aircraft.
Curtiss called the preparations "restoration" claiming that the only addition to the design was pontoons to support testing on the lake, but critics, including patent attorney Griffith Brewer, called them alterations of the original design. In a June 22, 1914, letter to The New York Times, Brewer asked "Why, if the Langley flying machine was a practical flying machine, did not those in charge of the machine try to fly it without alteration?" Brewer also questioned the decision to allow someone who had been found guilty of patent infringement to be chosen to prepare the historic aircraft for tests.
Curtiss flew the modified Aerodrome from Keuka Lake, New York, hopping a few feet off the surface of the water several times for no longer than five seconds at a time. Photos of a bit of daylight beneath the pontoons taken at an additional test conducted closer to shore a few days later were published by the media.
Preservation
Two of Langley's scale model Aerodromes survive to this day. Aerodrome No. 5, the first Langley heavier-than-air craft to fly, is on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Aerodrome No. 6 is located at Wesley W. Posvar Hall, University of Pittsburgh, and was restored in part by the engineering students. Fabric on the wings and tail is the only new material, although the tail and several wing ribs were rebuilt using vintage wood from the same time period, provided by the Smithsonian. Langley had been an astronomy professor at the university before he ascended to the Smithsonian's top job.
The man-carrying Aerodrome survived after being rebuilt and tested by Curtiss and was converted back to Langley's original 1903 configuration by Smithsonian staff. It occupied a place of honor in the Smithsonian museum until 1948 when the Institution welcomed home the original 1903 Wright Flyer from the U.K. Afterward, the Aerodrome resided out of view of the public for many years at the Paul Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. Today it is displayed at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia
See also
History of aviation
Manly-Balzer engine
Notes
References
Tobin, James. To Conquer The Air: The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight. Free Press division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. 2003
External links
Contemporary reporting in Flight magazine on the Aerodrome (Wayback Machine)
Biplanes
Tandem-wing aircraft
1900s United States experimental aircraft
Individual aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1903
Aviation history of the United States
Single-engined tractor aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%20Aerodrome |
Dùn-Àluinn (1912) by Iain MacCormaic (1860–1947) was the first full-length novel in Scottish Gaelic literature. It was first published as a weekly serial in the People's Journal May - September 1910. Iain MacCormaic had also published a novella, Gun d'thug i speis do'n Armunn a few years before. The name is sometimes anglicised as Dunaline.
It was closely followed by Angus Robertson's An t-Ogha Mòr, which had actually been serialised prior to Dun Aluinn's publication, and so vies for the position of first novel.
Plot summary
It is about the horror of the Highland Clearances, and the heir of a despotic landlord, Cailean Og, who is disinherited. The most interesting character is the Church of Scotland minister who gives a sermon about social rights. For a novel of its period, it is fairly cosmopolitan, and the action ranges to locations as exotic as gold mines in New Zealand.
References
DÙN-ÀLUINN
Scottish novels
1912 British novels
Scottish Gaelic literature
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in British magazines
Scottish Gaelic novelists
Highland Clearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9n%20Aluinn |
Ross Smith may refer to:
Australian rules footballers
Ross Smith (b. 1942), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
Ross Smith (b. 1965), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
Association footballers
Ross Smith (Scottish footballer) (born 1992), Scottish association football player
Ross Smith (soccer) (born 1980), Canadian association football player
Other sportspeople
Ross Smith (ice hockey) (born 1953), Canadian ice hockey player
Ross Smith (badminton) (born 1985), Australian badminton player
Ross Smith (darts player) (born 1989), English darts player
Ross Smith (rugby union) (1929–2002), New Zealand rugby union player
Others
Ross Macpherson Smith (1892–1922), Australian aviator
Ross Smith (Australian politician) (born 1938), member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
See also
Ross Smith Secondary School, Australia, named after the aviator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Smith |
Angela Margaret Scoular (8 November 1945 – 11 April 2011) was a British actress.
Early life
Her father was an engineer and she was born in London. She attended St George's School, Harpenden, Queen's College, Harley Street and RADA.
Career
Scoular was among a small group of actors to have appeared in two James Bond films, made by different production companies. Scoular played Buttercup in the comedy Casino Royale (1967) and then two years later made an appearance in the Eon Productions Bond film series playing Ruby in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969).
Her other film credits include A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1968), Great Catherine (also 1968), Doctor in Trouble (1970), The Adventurers (1970), Adventures of a Taxi Driver (1976), and Adventures of a Private Eye (1977).
Her television credits included playing Cathy in a 1967 BBC production of Wuthering Heights, Doctor in the House, The Avengers, Coronation Street, Penmarric, As Time Goes By and You Rang, M'Lord? (in the recurring role of Lady Agatha Shawcross).
Scoular appeared in a play entitled Little Lies, starring Sir John Mills, at the Wyndham's Theatre, London, England, which ran from July 1983 through February 1984, written by Joseph George Caruso. The play was produced at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto, Canada in 1984, with the same cast, for six weeks.
Personal life
She was a niece of actress Margaret Johnston. She moved in with actor Leslie Phillips in 1977, at which time she was pregnant by another actor. She brought up her son with Phillips and married him in 1982.
Illnesses and death
Scoular had depression and anorexia nervosa. She attempted suicide in 1992. It was revealed in March 2009 that she had bowel cancer; she was eventually declared cancer-free, but in the months preceding her death she had feared its return. Weeks before her death, she was arrested for driving under the influence.
She died on 11 April 2011 after ingesting acid drain cleaner and pouring it on her body, causing lethal burns to her digestive tract and skin. She was survived by Phillips and her son, Daniel. An inquest at Westminster Coroner's Court on 20 July 2011 established that Scoular had been an alcoholic and had depression and anxiety about debts; she was on medication for bipolar disorder at the time of her death. The coroner recorded that Scoular had "killed herself while the balance of her mind was disturbed", and stated that her death was not suicide.
Filmography
Wuthering Heights (1967) as Cathy Earnshaw
A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) as The Society Girl
Casino Royale (1967) as Buttercup
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1968) as Caroline Beauchamp
Great Catherine (1968) as Claire
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) as Ruby Bartlett
The Adventurers (1970) as Denisonde
Doctor in Trouble (1970) as Ophelia O'Brien
Adventures of a Taxi Driver (1976) as Marion
Adventures of a Private Eye (1977) as Jane Hogg
References
External links
1945 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English actresses
Actresses from London
English film actresses
English television actresses
Female suicides
People with bipolar disorder
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Westminster
Alumni of RADA
2011 suicides
20th-century British businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Scoular |
Nicholas Scratch is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is predominantly a foe of the Fantastic Four and Patsy Walker.
Publication history
Nicholas Scratch first appeared in Fantastic Four #185 (August 1977) and was created by Len Wein (writer) and George Pérez (artist).
The name "Nicholas Scratch" is an amalgam of colloquial and euphemistic names for the Devil: "Old Nick" and "Old Scratch" or "Mr. Scratch" (as used in "The Devil and Daniel Webster").
Fictional character biography
Nicholas Scratch is the son of Agatha Harkness and was a resident of the hidden community of New Salem, Colorado, a secret community populated by magic users. Agatha left the reclusive community to live among normal people, and in time even became a nanny to Franklin Richards, son of Reed and Sue Richards of the Fantastic Four. Scratch fathered seven children, who would come to be known as Salem's Seven. Scratch, now a warlock, became the leader of New Salem and brought the community to believe that it had been betrayed by Harkness through her dealings with the outside world. The New Salem witches then abducted Agatha for her trial and execution. They also abducted Franklin Richards in the process, which then caused the Fantastic Four to follow them back to New Salem. Although initially defeated and captured, the Four escaped and confronted Scratch at Harkness's trial, where all of the New Salem community was present. They countered Scratch's claims against Harkness by explaining that they hadn't known of New Salem until Scratch's actions made them aware of it. Outraged, Scratch attacked, swaying the community against him. The New Salem community then exiled him and banished him to a dimension known as the Dark Realm.
From the Dark Realm, Scratch restored the Salem's Seven's powers and took mental control of the Fantastic Four. He attempted a world conquest, but was thwarted and confined to the Dark Realm by Agatha Harkness. From the Dark Realm, he later took mental possession of Franklin Richards. He had Salem's Seven takeover New Salem, but was defeated by Agatha Harkness and Gabriel, Devil Hunter. Scratch's powers were removed by Harkness, leaving him as a normal human being. Agatha Harkness eventually disowned Scratch as her son.
Later, after the destruction of New Salem, Scratch resurfaced in the town of Centerville as "Mayor Nicholas." The whole town of Centerville and all of its inhabitants had entered a contract as an amusement park version of "America's Heartland Next-Door." When Patsy Walker returned to visit her hometown, she discovered that the town's whole population was possessed by demons. A team composed of Avengers and Thunderbolts helped clear the town, which was apparently being victimized by a convoluted conspiracy composed of the amusement park developers, the Sons of the Serpent, and Salem's Seven. After defeating them, the Avengers/Thunderbolts team departed but Patsy elected to remain in Centerville.
Soon Patsy discovered that Scratch was the mastermind behind the ongoing haunting of Centerville. She defeated him and accused him of serving Mephisto, but in reply, Scratch called down his true new master Dormammu. Abducting Hellcat, Dormammu then revealed his plans for domination via conquest of Hell, and that Scratch would become Sorcerer Supreme. Dormammu's plans were later defeated by the other Hell Lords causing Hell to freeze over. Dormammu then fled with Scratch.
Scratch had not been seen until he was featured in The Resurrection of Nicholas Scratch three-part storyline in Marvel Knights 4 where Scratch manipulated Salem's Seven and the Fantastic Four into releasing Shuma-Gorath only for the Fantastic Four, Diablo, Doctor Strange, and his own children to defeat him and Shuma-Gorath. Scratch was banished to Hell, where he made an alliance with Mephisto.
Powers and abilities
Scratch possesses vast indeterminate power through manipulation of the forces of magic. He has teleported, fired bolts of force and energy, traveled between dimensions, shown the ability to control and influence minds, and animated gargoyles to serve him. He could gain more power by tapping into extradimensional energy in entities or objects of power existing in dimensions tangential to Earth's. He had the mental powers of mesmerism, thought-casting, illusion-casting, and mental-probing. For a time, Nicholas Scratch was deprived of his supernatural powers by a spell cast by Agatha Harkness.
Scratch wields the Satan Staff, a mystical power object that served as a focus for Scratch's magical powers. With it, he could direct the combined magical powers of the entire community of New Salem when they allowed him to do so.
In other media
Television
Nicolas Scratch appears in The Avengers: United They Stand episode "The Sorceress Apprentice" voiced by Stephen Ouimette.
References
External links
Nicholas Scratch at Marvel.com
Characters created by George Pérez
Characters created by Len Wein
Comics characters introduced in 1977
Fantastic Four characters
Marvel Comics characters who can teleport
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics supervillains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Scratch |
Shavahn Nikole Church (born May 3, 1989 in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California) is an American-British artistic gymnast who lives and trained in California. She formerly competed for the United States but decided in 2005 to represent Great Britain.
Early life
Church was born and raised in the California to British parents Raymond and Mandy Church. She has two sisters, Carley and Jade, who were also born in the United Kingdom. Her grandparents live in England.
She began training gymnastics at age 7.
Career
Church was a member of the U.S. Junior National Team in 2003. In 2004, she competed at the American Classic, finishing third on floor exercise and fifth all-around. Her placements qualified her for the U.S. championships in June 2004, where she broke her hand on her first event, the uneven bars.
Following an October 2004 ACL tear and faced with the likelihood of not making the U.S. Worlds team for 2005, Church decided to switch to competing for Great Britain while continuing to live and train in the U.S. She made her major international debut at the 2005 World Championships in Melbourne. Not fully recovered from an injury and severely out of competition practice, she placed 20th in the all-around.
Church was a member of the English team for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Due to an injury to captain and world bronze medallist Beth Tweddle, the team had to compete with only four members, and were unable to challenge Australia for the gold medal. Instead, in the last rotation, they were in a dogfight with Canada for the silver. Church's bars routine secured second place for the team. In the all-around, Church was in medal contention until her beam routine, where a narrow save after a large wobble was not enough to prevent her from dropping behind, and she finished fifth. In apparatus finals, she bounced back, finishing second on bars to Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs of Canada.
Church was also a member of the British team for the 2006 European Championships in Greece. She had hopes of more success on bars (her highest Commonwealth Games score would have qualified her to the European finals), but injury struck in the qualifying rounds and she was unable to complete the competition. Later in 2006, she underwent surgery, and the recovery kept her out of further competition that year.
As a member of the University of California, Los Angeles women's gymnastics team, Church's competition debut was delayed after arthroscopic surgery on her right knee. In 2008, her only year of competition, she scored a season-best (9.875) at the NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championships, which was her final gymnastics meet. She was named a UCLA letterwinner for the year.
In July 2008, Church announced her retirement from gymnastics and began a coaching career in California.
Eponymous skill
Church has an eponymous uneven bars release move listed in the Code of Points.
Competitive History
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
American female artistic gymnasts
British female artistic gymnasts
English female artistic gymnasts
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
U.S. women's national team gymnasts
People from Tarzana, Los Angeles
21st-century American women
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavahn%20Church |
Gitanjali S. Gutierrez is an American lawyer. She is the lawyer for the defendant Mohammed al-Qahtani, who is held at Camp Delta in Guantanamo Bay by the United States Military.
Gitanjali Gutierrez is an attorney with the Center for Constitutional Rights, a New York–based nonprofit organization.
The Toronto Star quoted Gutierrez, in a February 4, 2007, article,
states that Gutierrez was the first lawyer to visit a Guantanamo captive.
The article quotes Gutierrez about the emotional state of her clients, since her first visits to the camp:
"They were just shell-shocked. They were getting news for the first time from outside."
"It has been a downhill battle since ... and they now just struggle to maintain hope."
"This place isn't just illegal, it's immoral, and I don't think the U.S. can afford to keep it open."
Gutierrez is one of the plaintiffs in CCR v. Bush, filed on July 9, 2007.
Four other individuals filed this suit.
In addition to President Bush,
the other defendants were, Keith B. Alexander Director of the National Security Agency;
Michael D. Maples, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency;
Porter J. Goss, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency;
Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security;
Robert S. Mueller III, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
and John D. Negroponte, Director of National Intelligence.
Gutierrez and her colleagues were suing the US government to object to its interception of their mail, email and phone calls.
On October 15, 2007, Gutierrez wrote about her upcoming first meeting with Majid Khan.
Khan, a Pakistani who was a legal resident of the US, who completed his high school and University education in Maryland, is the first of the "high value detainees" to meet with a lawyer.
Majid Khan, and thirteen other captives, including Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Zubaydah, were transferred from CIA custody, to military custody in Guantanamo, on September 6, 2006.
The high value detainees had been clandestinely held in the CIA's black sites.
She has been awarded the Fourth IRDS Awards for Law for fighting for the rights of these prisoners, awarded by the Lucknow-based Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS).
Gitanjali Gutierrez was a featured speaker at TEDxBermuda 2011, presenting: "Finding Humanity in the Tortured Darkness of Guantanamo"
Bermuda appointment
Governor of Bermuda George Fergusson announced on February 27, 2015, that he has appointed Ms Gitanjali Gutierrez to be Bermuda's Information Commissioner, designated under section 50 of the Public Access to Information Act 2010 [PATI]. "Ms Gutierrez will take up her duties with effect from March 2, 2015, ahead of the Act coming into force on April 1, 2015," a spokesperson said.
Mr Fergusson said: "Ms Gita Gutierrez has a distinguished record as a lawyer dealing with issues of public access to information in the US and, to some extent, the UK. "She has impressive experience of leading a team in complex areas of legal interpretation and public scrutiny. I am very pleased that she will be taking on this important and difficult role."
Ms Gutiérrez, who is married to a Bermudian and has lived on the Island since 2011, is a graduate of Bucknell University and Cornell Law School, where she has also served as an adjunct professor of law. Her legal career has focused particularly on civil rights issues.
The PATI legislation allows the public to request information from publicly funded bodies. The information commissioner, who will initially be appointed for five years, is to start by assessing Bermuda's readiness for PATI. She will also deal with appeals over requests that are turned down.
References
Guantanamo Bay attorneys
American jurists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American people of Indian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali%20S.%20Gutierrez |
Kebira Crater () is the name given to a circular topographic feature that was identified in 2007 by Farouk El-Baz and Eman Ghoneim using satellite imagery, Radarsat-1, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data in the Sahara desert. This feature straddles the border between Egypt and Libya. The name of this feature is derived from the Arabic word for "large", and also from its location near the Gilf Kebir ("Great Barrier") region in southwest Egypt. Based solely on their interpretations of the remote sensing data, they argue that this feature is an exceptionally large, double-ringed, extraterrestrial impact crater. They suggest that the crater's original appearance has been obscured by wind and water erosion over time. Finally, they speculated that this feature might be the source of the yellow-green silica glass fragments, known as "Libyan desert glass", that can be found across part of Egypt's Libyan Desert. They neither conducted any fieldwork at this feature nor studied any samples collected from it. However, the Kebira Crater is currently not listed in the Earth Impact Database. Field trips to investigate the feature have found no supporting evidence. The "central uplift" clearly retains the horizontal bedding of the surrounding sandstone tableland, providing clear evidence against a possible impact origin.
Characteristics
According to their interpretations of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM + ) images, Radarsat-1 data, and SRTM data, El-Baz and Ghoneim described this circular feature as having a central peak, an inner ring, and discontinuous outer rim. The hypothetical outer rim is 31 kilometres (19 mi) in diameter. This feature consists of well-cemented, coarse- and fine-grained sandstones of the Gilf Kebir and Wadi Malik formations.
Were this an impact structure, it would be bigger than the largest confirmed impact structure in the region, the Oasis crater in Libya, which is approximately half the size, with a diameter of approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi). It is estimated that a meteorite large enough to have created a Kebira-sized impact structure would have been roughly 1 kilometre (0.75 mi) in diameter.
Origin of Kebira Crater
Because it is based entirely on remote sensing data and the current lack of formally published field studies, ideas about the impact origin of the Kebira Crater remain unconfirmed and untested according to papers published in the formal scientific literature. In one paper, it and some other recently proposed impact structures are described as being "dubious." The Impact Field Studies Group's Impact Database (formerly Suspected Earth Impact Sites, SEIS) list rates this as improbable for an impact origin. This catalog notes that the observed circular area was visible in Google Earth as having a flat top in the center. They suggest that the flat tops indicates that the strata within the center of this feature is flat-lying and undisturbed. If this is an impact structure, the strata within the center of it would not be flat lying. Instead, the strata within it center would be complexly and distinctly folded, tilted, and faulted as a result of an extraterrestrial impact.
After the existence of a possible impact structure was announced, in early March 2006 an expedition traveled through the site and informally published their findings: "[C]ontinued north . . towards a large circular feature that was recently announced to be an 'impact crater' . . We drove past the 'central uplift' along its western edge, then drove into the central part. It is evident, that what is considered the 'central uplift' is in fact nothing more than an eroded outlier of the Gilf, the undisturbed horizontal bedding being clearly visible at all times. The circular shape appears to be pure coincidence, the whole feature is the result of drainage patterns and subsequent eolian erosion, there is nothing to suggest its impact origin." And "We were now in the crater area, looking at the western edge of the central uplift area of the 'crater'. What we saw were uniform horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, undisturbed except by the processes of natural erosion. The jumbled, chaotic rock formation that we would expect to see in the central uplift area of a crater was not evident at all."
A study published in Meteoritics & Planetary Science reported a field investigation of another "crater field" East of the Gilf Kebir, also reported based on remote sensing data. After analyzing the presence/absence of several geologic features associated with impact craters, such as target rocks, breccias, pseudo-shatter cones, and circular morphology, the authors concluded: "[T]here are [sic] no clear and unequivocal evidence supporting the impact origin of the circular structures in Glif Kebir region; until substantial evidence is produced, it's necessary to identify the origin of the craters in others [sic] endogenic geological processes." They proposed the most likely alternative source of the crater to be a hydrothermal vent, although they went on to say: "However, even this hypothesis is not fully satisfactory: probably these complex and peculiar features are the result of interaction between different geological process. At present, this hypothesis cannot be completely constrained; further investigations are necessary. Anyway, the lacking of clear evidences of a meteoritic impact and the geological framework of the investigated area, lead us to confirm the hydrothermal-volcanic hypothesis.
Libyan desert glass source
As noted by Longinelli and others, the Carboniferous Wadi Malik Formation and erosional remnants of the Lower Cretaceous Gilf Kebir Formation, which are exposed within this proposed impact structure, "have been considered as possible source materials for LDG despite the lack of clear evidence" for the origin of this feature as the result of an extraterrestrial impact. Because of its size and hypothesized origin, El-Baz and Ghoneim speculated that the Kebira Crater was the source of Libyan desert glass that is found scattered over about within the Great Sand Sea in western Egypt and near the Libyan border. Aboud also suggested that if the Kebira Crater is an impact structure, it might be the solution to the mystery about the source of Libyan desert glass. However, he cautioned that origin of this feature was still largely conjecture that required additional research to confirm. Ramirez-Cardona and others also suggested that the Kebira Crater might be the source of Libyan desert glass. Instead of proposing that Libyan desert glass was ejected from this feature by an impact, they hypothesized that it was transported from it by an Oligocene-Miocene Gilf River system that contained the Kebira Crater within its drainage basin. They also noted that evidence for the Kebira Crater being an impact structure lacked direct field observations. Most recently, Longinelli and others studied the oxygen isotope and chemical composition of Libyan desert glass and samples of sands and sandstone from its proposed source areas. They found that the mean oxygen isotope values of the sandstone samples from the Kebira Crater differed greatly from their Libyan desert glass samples. Because of this, they concluded that the sandstone exposed in this feature can be ruled out as being the source of Libyan desert glass.
See also
List of possible impact structures on Earth
References
External links
Anonymous (nd) Africa (Impact Craters), Earth Impact Database, Planetary and Space Science Centre, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada.
Britt, R. R. (2006) Huge Crater Found in Egypt. Space.com
Brügge, N. (2012) Remarks to the origin of the craters around Gilf Kebir and Djebel Uweinat (Egypt)and the supposed impact craters of Libya, Geology of the Libyan Desert.
Jastive, K. (2006) Largest Crater in the Sahara Discovered by Boston university Scientists (News Release), Media Relations, Boston University.
Possible impact craters on Earth
Impact craters of Egypt
Impact craters of Libya
Geology of Libya
Geology of Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebira%20Crater |
Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (born Anne-Josèphe Terwagne; 13 August 1762 – 8 June 1817) was a Belgian singer, orator and organizer in the French Revolution. She was born at Marcourt, in Prince-Bishopric of Liège (from which comes the appellation "de Méricourt"), a small town in the modern Belgian province of Luxembourg. She was active in the French Revolution and worked within the Austrian Low Countries to also foster revolution. She was held in an Austrian prison from 1791 to 1792 for being an agent provocateur in Belgium. She was a cofounder of a Parisian revolutionary club and had warrants for her arrest issued in France for her alleged participation in the October Days uprising. She is known both for her portrayal in the French Revolutionary press and for her subsequent mental breakdown and institutionalization.
Early life (1767–1789)
She was born Anne-Josèphe Terwagne in Marcourt, Rendeux, to Pierre Terwagne (b. 1731) and Anne-Élisabeth Lahaye (1732–1767). Her mother died after giving birth to her third child, leaving Anne-Josèphe alone with her father and two brothers; Pierre-Josèphe (b. 1764) and Josèphe (b. 1767). After her mother died, she was sent to live with her aunt in Liège and was put into a convent school where she learned how to sew.
About a year after Anne-Josèphe began school, her aunt married and stopped paying for her school. Anne-Josèphe fled back to her father after he remarried because she was forced to be a house maid and tend to her aunt's children. Life at her father's was no better, her stepmother treated her just as poorly as her aunt did. Her eldest brother went to Germany to stay with relatives by the name of Campinados.
At the age of 13, Anne-Josèphe and her younger brother went to Xhoris to stay with some of their father's relatives. While in Xhoris, she constantly was snubbed and overworked to the point where she could not take it any longer. As a result, she went back to her aunt in Liège, but found that she was still mistreated. After realizing the need to start her own life, she learned to herd cows in Sougné, a province in Limburg.
A year later, she went back to Liège to work as a seamstress, only to face the same discontent with her life as before. She proceeded to seek refuge with a different aunt, by the name of Clamend, who lived in Xhoris. Before long, a woman asked Anne-Josèphe to come to Antwerp with her to care for her daughter, but the woman abandoned her at the inn they were staying at after a few weeks.
Luckily for Anne-Josèphe, a woman by the name of Madame Colbert saw something within her and took her in as the governess to her children. Anne-Josèphe was sixteen when she started living with Madame Colbert; her life consisted of teaching Madame Colbert's children and studying operatic singing in several European capitals. They ended up at Madame Colbert's house in London where eventually a rich Englishman set his eyes on Anne-Josèphe.
One night when Madame Colbert was out, the Englishman entered the home begging for Anne-Josèphe to elope with him. According to her account after she declined, she was abducted and taken by force. When he became of age and inherited his fortune, the unmarried couple went to Paris to live their lives. She quickly caught onto his lavish ways and tried to work with him, but in 1787 he returned to England leaving her in Paris with 200,000 livres.
At some point between 1784 and 1787 she crafted a relationship with 60-year-old Marquis de Persan, a councillor of the Parliament of Paris. Much about their relationship remains a mystery, but what is known is that they communicated through letters, and that he treated her very generously. Anne-Joseph operated under the alias Mademoiselle Campinado whenever she worked as a courtesan.
After meeting renowned Italian tenor Giacomo David she was inspired to break away from Marquis de Persan and pursue her singing career. She found a noteworthy castrato teacher named Giusto Fernando Tenducci and because she could not afford the full cost of the lessons with the help of Tenducci's attorney they drafted an agreement. She had no idea of Tenducci's plan to scam her out of money so he could pay his debts.
While traveling toward her father, she got news that her father had died and so she was forced to change her plans. Tenducci was not able to execute his plan because she no longer had a reason to visit and drop off a large sum of money. Tenducci proceeded to convince her to travel to Italy with him, her two brothers, and her half brother Pierrot. She was under the impression that she was going to be reimbursed for the travel expenses.
They left for Genoa, Italy, at some point between May 1787 and February 1788. After recognizing his true intentions, she sought help from friends and lawyers who assured her that the contract was invalid. In order to go to Rome like she now desired, Anne-Josèphe needed money. In March 1789, she wrote to Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, a Swiss banker, thanking him for his assistance in acquiring payment from Marquis de Persan, asking for a loan to buy her eldest brother a managership, and requesting letters of recommendation for Rome and Naples.
Rumors about the French revolution began surfacing in Rome. In May 1789, after her younger brother was situated in Rome, she traveled from Italy to Paris, where she became swept up in the early stirrings of the revolution.
Role in French Revolution (1789–1790)
King's cockade and National Assembly
Anne-Josèphe's first involvement in the revolution was on 17 July 1789 when King Louis XVI was at the Hôtel de Ville, sanctifying the revolution while wearing a tricolored cockade. She dressed in a man's riding habit and a round hat in order to appear as a man to avoid the discrimination faced by women.
On 4 August 1789 she attended an important National Assembly meeting discussing the rapidly spreading revolution. By the end of the month the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed. She decided to move to Rue de Noailles in Versailles to ensure that she make it to all of the National Assembly meetings. She learned as much as she could about the unfolding events like the Women's March on Versailles so she could understand the issues and begin to help. In October 1789, she moved to Paris so she could continue to attend the National Assembly meetings which took place in there.
Society of Friends of the Law
In January 1790 she founded, along with Gilbert Romme, the Société des amis de la loi ("Society of Friends of the Law"), a club that sought to encourage and assist patriotic work in the provinces. The club was short-lived, and Anne-Josèphe turned her revolutionary zeal into oratory at the Club des Cordeliers and the terraces of the National Assembly. Frustrated by the minimal opportunities available to female patriots, she supported the formation of mixed-sex and women's patriotic clubs. Around this time is when she became known as Théroigne de Méricourt.
Rumors from the press
Théroigne was beginning to realize that the majority of the supporters of the revolution were interested in the rights of men and not in the rights of women. Beginning in November 1789, the Parisian royalist press began to construct a flamboyant and infamous caricature of Théroigne as a "patriots' whore" and "female war chief." According to the pages of these pamphlets, she assaulted the Bastille and led the October Days march on Versailles; she fought soldiers and was "ever to be found where the unrest was greatest," attired in a "scarlet riding-habit and... black plume." She was portrayed as a shameless libertine who was sexually involved with "Deputy Populus" ("the people") and one tabloid wrote that "every representative [of the National Assembly] may fairly claim to be the father of her child."
Austrian imprisonment (1790–1792)
In May 1790, impoverished and much affected by the libels of the royalist press, Théroigne left Paris for Marcourt. After a short stay, she proceeded to Liège, in which town she was seized by warrant of the Austrian Government, and conveyed first to Tyrol and thereafter to the Kufstein Fortress, where she was interrogated about her revolutionary activities. She was taken by mercenaries on a 10-day journey to Austria during which she was bullied and nearly raped by her three captors. The Austrians, influenced by Théroigne's portrayal in the Paris tabloids, attributed to her an exaggerated role in the Revolution. They portrayed her as a subversive "Pythia," a possible spy who had corrupted soldiers with inflammatory rhetoric, threatened the royal family, and instigated the October Days.
François de Blanc was appointed by Prince Kaunitz, the Imperial Chancellor, to be Thèroigne's interrogator. After about a month of heavy interrogation, Blanc found that she had no useful information to offer and that many of the rumors regarding her were false. Eventually Blanc grew an affection to her and arranged for her release after he discovered that she had many health issues, including depression, insomnia, migraines, and coughing of blood.
Role in the French Revolution cont. (1792–1793)
Return to Paris
In January 1792, Théroigne returned to Paris. News of her Austrian captivity had preceded her, and she was welcomed as a hero. On 1 February, she spoke at the Jacobin Club, where she described her ordeal and was lauded as "one of the first Amazons of liberty." Throughout the spring of 1792, she campaigned for women's rights to bear arms, and in March argued for the establishment of a battalion of women who might defend the city. Her recruiting work for this battalion, however, proved unpopular, and she was denounced to the Jacobins for causing unrest in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.
Tuileries palace
During the insurrection of 10 August, Théroigne was involved with the death of royalist prisoners at the Place Vendôme. That Theroigne lynched to death the royalist pamphleteer is not true. She later was awarded a civic crown for her courage on 10 August 1792.
Affiliation with the Gironde
Théroigne's revolutionary activities remained subdued for the remainder of 1792, but she often was seen at the Jacobins in her riding habit. In early 1793, she composed a series of placards arguing for the active involvement of women in encouraging patriotic duty. Théroigne had, by this point, allied herself with the Girondins, a political faction at odds with the even more radical Jacobins.
On 15 May, Théroigne was delivering a speech in the Jardin des Tuileries when she was attacked by a group of women allied with the Jacobins. The women, objecting to her pro-Girondin sentiments, stripped her naked and beat her severely.
She was rescued by the intervention of Jean-Paul Marat, but suffered afterward from headaches and mental troubles.
Institutionalization and death (1794–1817)
Théroigne's behavior became erratic, and on 20 September 1794, she was certified insane and put into an asylum in Faubourg Marceau. She ultimately was sent to La Salpêtrière Hospital in 1807, where she lived for 10 years, intermittently lucid and speaking constantly about the revolution. Following a short illness, she died there on 8 June 1817.
Fact and fiction in the French Revolution
The history of this fictional Théroigne came to overshadow and confuse her actual actions during this time. By her own account, she was not present at the fall of the Bastille, nor did she march on Versailles during the October Days; rather, she had lived at Versailles throughout the summer of 1789, attending debates at the National Assembly and meeting with political figures such as Jérôme Pétion, Camille Desmoulins, and the Abbé Sieyès. She did indeed, while at Versailles, dress in a man's riding habit, but she did not lead any insurrectionary actions.
In popular culture
Literature
Theroigne de Mericourt appears as a minor character in Hillary Mantel's 1992 novel A Place of Greater Safety.
The play Théroigne de Mericourt by Paul Hervieu was written in 1902 and was performed by Sarah Bernhardt on 23 September 1902.
Theroigne de Mericourt appears in Samantha Silva's 2021 novel Love and Fury: A Novel of Mary Wollstonecraft.
Video games
In Assassin's Creed Unity (2014), Théroigne de Méricourt appears in several side missions. She is voiced by Natalia Payne.
In Steelrising (2022), Théroigne de Méricourt appears in the Downloadable content: Steelrising - Cagliostro's Secrets. She is voiced by Lucy Montgomery.
References
Attribution
Further reading
Desan, Suzanne. "Théroigne de Méricourt, Gender, and International Politics in Revolutionary Europe." Journal of Modern History 92.2 (2020): 274–310.
Jackie Pigeaud (ed.), Théroigne de Méricourt, La Lettre-mélancolie, Lettre adressée en 1801 à Danton (mort en... 1794), transcribe par Jean-Pierre Ghersenzon, Verdier / L’Éther Vague, 2005.
Elisabeth Roudinesco, Théroigne de Méricourt,Une femme mélancolique sous la Révolution, Préface d'Elisabeth Badinter, Albin Michel, Mars 2010.
External links
1762 births
1817 deaths
French courtesans
French feminists
People from Rendeux
Women in the French Revolution
Walloon people
Jacobins
Girondins
Belgian women's rights activists
Belgian spies
People from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Belgian emigrants to France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theroigne%20de%20Mericourt |
Altrincham was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 to 1945. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
History and boundaries
Altrincham was created under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 from the much larger two-member constituencies of Mid Cheshire and East Cheshire, as one of eight new single-member divisions of the county of Cheshire.
Under the Representation of the People Act 1918, it was redefined to cover the urban districts of Altrincham, Ashton upon Mersey, Bowdon, Cheadle and Gatley, Hale, Handforth, Lymm and Sale, and part of the rural district of Bucklow, all in Cheshire. The boundaries were broadly similar, with Bramhall (then part of Hazel Grove and Bramhall UD) being transferred to Knutsford.
Subsequent reorganisations of local authority areas resulted in Ashton upon Mersey being absorbed into Sale, which later became a municipal borough; Altrincham being expanded to include the parish of Timperley, also becoming a municipal borough; and Handforth being absorbed into the urban district of Wilmslow.
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944 set up Boundary Commissions to carry out periodic reviews of the distribution of parliamentary constituencies. It also authorised an initial review to subdivide abnormally large constituencies (those exceeding an electorate of 100,000) in time for the 1945 election. This was implemented by the Redistribution of Seats Order 1945 under which Cheshire was allocated one additional seat, by splitting the Altrincham Division into two seats:
Altrincham and Sale Parliamentary Borough, comprising the two respective municipal boroughs; and
Bucklow County Division, comprising the urban districts of Bowdon, Cheadle and Gatley, Hale and Lymm and the part of the rural district of Bucklow. It also included the former parishes of Baguley, Northenden and Northen Etchells which had been absorbed into the county borough of Manchester.
The part comprising the former urban district of Handforth was transferred to Knutsford.
Members of Parliament
Constituency created (1885)
Election results
Elections in the 1880s
Brooks' death caused a by-election.
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1910s
General Election 1914–15:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Unionist: Collingwood George Clements Hamilton
Liberal: Edward Powell
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Percentage change and swing are calculated from 1929.
Elections in the 1940s
A General Election was due to take place before the end of 1940, but was postponed due to the Second World War. By 1939, the following candidates had been selected to contest this constituency;
Conservative: Edward Grigg
Labour: C F C Donnelly
References
See also
History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Cheshire
1913 Altrincham by-election
1933 Altrincham by-election
Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1945
Altrincham
Politics of Trafford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Bhitarkanika Mangroves is a mangrove wetland in Odisha, India, covering an area of in the Brahmani River and Baitarani River deltas.
History
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were zamindari forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of was declared the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary, with an area of , was declared Bhitarkanika National Park in September 1998. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002.
Flora and fauna
About 62 mangrove species occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including Avicenna, Bruguiera, Heritiera and Rhizophora. Reptiles present in the mangroves include saltwater crocodile, king cobra, Indian python and water monitor. Between August 2004 and December 2006, 263 bird species were recorded, encompassing 147 resident and 99 migrant species. A heronry encloses about , where 11,287 nests were counted in 2006.
Olive ridley turtles arrive in January to March for nesting at Gahirmatha Beach. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 individuals were captured every year until 1982. Since 1983, collecting and marketing turtles and their eggs is banned.
References
External links
Bhitarkanika.org
Mangroves of Orissa (Orissa State Forest Department: Wildlife Organisation)
Bhitarkanika Trip report - Wildlife Times
Bhitarakanika : Tourists Place in Odisha
YouTube Video
Mangrove ecoregions
Ecoregions of India
Environment of Odisha
Forests of Odisha
Forests of India
Wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha
Western Indo-Pacific
Wetlands of India
Ramsar sites in India
Indomalayan ecoregions
Tourism in Odisha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhitarkanika%20Mangroves |
ATI Avivo is a set of hardware and low level software features present on the ATI Radeon R520 family of GPUs and all later ATI Radeon products. ATI Avivo was designed to offload video decoding, encoding, and post-processing from a computer's CPU to a compatible GPU. ATI Avivo compatible GPUs have lower CPU usage when a player and decoder software that support ATI Avivo is used. ATI Avivo has been long superseded by Unified Video Decoder (UVD) and Video Coding Engine (VCE).
Background
The GPU wars between ATI and NVIDIA have resulted in GPUs with ever-increasing processing power since early 2000s. To parallel this increase in speed and power, both GPU makers needed to increase video quality as well, in 3D graphics applications the focus in increasing quality has mainly fallen on anti-aliasing and anisotropic filtering. However it has dawned upon both companies that video quality on the PC would need improvement as well and the current APIs provided by both companies have not seen many improvements over a few generations of GPUs. Therefore, ATI decided to revamp its GPU's video processing capability with ATI Avivo, in order to compete with NVIDIA PureVideo API.
In the time of release of the latest generation Radeon HD series, the successor, the ATI Avivo HD was announced, and was presented on every Radeon HD 2600 and 2400 video cards to be available July, 2007 after NVIDIA announced similar hardware acceleration solution, PureVideo HD.
In 2011 Avivo is renamed to AMD Media Codec Package, an optional component of the AMD Catalyst software. The last version is released in August 2012. As of 2013, the package is no longer offered by AMD.
Features
ATI Avivo
During capturing, ATI Avivo amplifies the source, automatically adjust its brightness and contrast. ATI Avivo implements 12-bit transform to reduce data loss during conversion; it also utilizes motion adaptive 3D comb filter, automatic color control, automatic gain control, hardware noise reduction and edge enhancement technologies for better video playback quality.
In decoding, the GPU core supports hardware decoding of H.264, VC-1, WMV9, and MPEG-2 videos to lower CPU utilization (the bitstream processing/entropy decoding still requires CPU processing). ATI Avivo supports vector adaptive de-interlacing and video scaling to reduce jaggies, and spatial/temporal dithering, which attempts to simulate 10-bit color quality on 8-bit and 6-bit displays during process stage.
ATI Avivo HD
The successor of ATI Avivo is the ATI Avivo HD, which consists of several parts: integrated 5.1 surround sound HDMI audio controller, dual integrated HDCP encryption key for each DVI port (to reduce license costs), the Theater 200 chip for VIVO capabilities, the Xilleon chip for TV overscan and underscan correction, the Theater 200 chip as well as the originally-presented ATI Avivo Video Converter.
However, most of the important hardware decoding functions of ATI Avivo HD are provided by the accompanied Unified Video Decoder (UVD) and the Advanced Video Processor (AVP) which supports hardware decoding of H.264/AVC and VC-1 videos (and included bitstream processing/entropy decoding which was absent in last generation ATI Avivo). For MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4/DivX videos, motion compensation and iDCT (inverse discrete cosine transform) will be done instead.
The AVP retrieves the video from memory; handles scaling, de-interlacing and colour correction; and writes it back to memory. The AVP also uses 12-bit transform to reduce data loss during conversion, same as previous generation ATI Avivo.
HDMI supports the transfer of video together with 8-channel 96 kHz 24-bit digital audio (and optionally Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio streams for external decoding by AV receivers, since HDMI 1.3). Integration of an audio controller in the GPU core capable of surround sound output eliminates the need for S/PDIF connection from motherboard or sound card to the video card, for synchronous video and audio output via HDMI cable.
The Radeon HD 2900 series lacked the UVD feature, but still was given the ATI Avivo HD label.
ATI Avivo Video Converter
ATI has also released a transcoder software dubbed "ATI Avivo Video Converter", which supports transcoding between H.264, VC-1, WMV9, WMV9 PMC, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX video formats, as well as formats used in iPod and PSP. Earlier versions of this software uses only the CPU for transcoding, but have been locked for exclusive use with the ATI X1000 series of GPUs. Software modifications have made it possible to use version 1.12 of converter on a wider range of graphics adapters. The ATI Avivo Video Converter for Windows Vista was available with the release of Catalyst 7.9 (September 2007 release, version 8.411).
The ATI Avivo Video Converter with GPU transcoding acceleration is now also available for use with HD 4800 and HD 4600 series graphics cards and is included with the Catalyst 8.12 drivers. Support for Vista x64 is available via a separate download starting with Catalyst 9.6 (9-6_vista32-64_xcode). The new software is faster than Badaboom, an encoder that uses NVIDIA's CUDA to accelerate encoding, but has a higher CPU utilization than Badaboom. One review reported visual problems with iPod and WMV playback using Catalyst version 8.12, and although concluding there was no clear winners, if forced to choose would go with the Avivo converter.
Software support
ArcSoft TotalMedia Theatre
Corel WinDVD
Media Player Classic Home Cinema
MediaPortal
Cyberlink PowerDVD
Microsoft Windows Vista internal MPEG-2 decoder
Nero
All Linux players supporting Xv output (with AMD Catalyst 9.1 or newer)
See also
Unified Video Decoder (UVD)
Video Coding Engine (VCE)
References
External links
ATI Avivo
ATI Technologies
Video acceleration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI%20Avivo |
The Barrelman was a name adopted by Joseph Smallwood for his fifteen-minute radio program on the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland to promote pride in Newfoundland's history and culture. The show began as a column in the Daily News newspaper, and later appeared as a radio show on St. John's radio station VONF (Now CBN) in 1937 and became part of BCN's schedule when the network was established two years later. Within a week of its 1937 premiere, it had gathered an appreciative audience that it caught the attention of F.M. O'Leary Limited who began sponsoring it. The program was aired six nights a week and remained on the air for seven years.
The opening introduction was always; F.M. O'Leary Limited presenting The Barrelman in a program of making Newfoundland better known to Newfoundlanders. The show consisted of The Barrelman (Smallwood) telling anecdotes and tales illustrating the culture and likeable attributes of the Newfoundland people in a historical context.
The program made Smallwood a household name throughout Newfoundland. In November 1943 Smallwood left the program to operate a pig farm in Gander, and was succeeded as the Barrelman by journalist Michael Harrington. Harrington continued the show until 1955. Subsequently, Smallwood became a leading figure in Newfoundland politics.
A barrelman is an individual who was stationed in the crow's nest of a ship and was the first to spot any sign of danger and the one who first sighed land. It was an appropriated term to distinguish Smallwood's relay to his message of making Newfoundland better known to Newfoundlanders.
References and notes
External links
The Best of The Barrelman (1938–1940)
Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador
1937 radio programme debuts
1955 radio programme endings
Canadian talk radio programs
1930s Canadian radio programs
1940s Canadian radio programs
1950s Canadian radio programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Barrelman |
A disposition is a quality of character, a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way.
The terms dispositional belief and occurrent belief refer, in the former case, to a belief that is held in the mind but not currently being considered, and in the latter case, to a belief that is currently being considered by the mind.
In Bourdieu's theory of fields, dispositions are the natural tendencies of each individual to take on a specific position in any field. There is no strict determinism through one's dispositions. The habitus is the choice of positions according to one's dispositions. However, in retrospect, a space of possibles can always be observed.
A disposition is not a process or event in some duration in time, but rather the state, preparation, or tendency of a structure "in waiting". In the field of possibilities, its actual triggering has a statistical value.
Metaphysics
The debate about dispositions in metaphysics attempts to understand the fundamental nature of properties, including how they relate to laws of nature. The initial question asks if dispositions are real.
Realism about dispositions, or dispositionalism, argues that dispositions are causally efficacious properties inherent to objects that are sufficient to produce change. Consider fragility. If a glass is suitably struck, it will break. Fragility is a property of the glass that accounts for this breaking. Paradigmatic examples of dispositional properties include fragility, solubility, and flammability. Dispositionalism maintains that even paradigmatic examples of what appears to be qualitative such as squareness has causal powers (for instance - when combined with the property of hardness - to make a square impression in soft wax). This view is historically argued for by Aristotle and Leibniz. Contemporary proponents include Sydney Shoemaker, U.T. Place, Stephen Mumford, Alexander Bird, George Molnar, and Brian Ellis.
Others answer that dispositions are not real properties. Anti-realism about dispositions, or categorical, argues that dispositions are ontologically derivative of the interaction of categorical (or qualitative) properties and laws. Accordingly calling a glass fragile, is a useful shorthand for describing the potential interactions of its microstructure (a categorical property) and the laws of nature; dispositions are not additional elements of being. Since the microstructure and laws are enough to explain fragility, there is no causal role for a dispositional property, here fragility, to play. This view is historically argued for by Descartes, Boyle, Hume and the logical positivists. Contemporary proponents, including David Lewis, David Malet Armstrong, and Jonathan Schaffer, continue in a neo-Human, empiricist tradition that argues for categorical on the assumption that there are no necessary connections between distinct existences.
Middle ground views are possible. The most notable is the Limit (or Identity) View defended by Charles B. Martin and John Heil. According to this view, dispositional and categorical - or as Martin prefers "qualitative", because categorical seems to be misleading - predicates are different ways of identifying one and the same property. Additionally, the properties lie on a spectrum in which it could approach either limit; however, it can never reach either end because those concepts are unrealizable. Ontologically, however, there is no real difference between the two. Fragility, for example, is both a real disposition of glass to break upon being struck and abstraction from the underlying molecular structure. Squareness, to take another example, is both a quality of having four sides of equal length that meet at equal angles and an abstraction from the fact this property interacts with its environment to leave square impressions on soft wax (when combined with the property ‘hardness’).
Law
In law, a disposition is a civil or criminal hearing where a case can be resolved.
Education
In educational settings, learning dispositions are characteristics or attitudes to learning. These may be learned. Some examples are taking responsibility, grit, and persistence when faced with problems.
Religion
In Christian thought, "disposition" has two meanings. Firstly, it may refer to a deliberately practiced habit of behaving in a certain way, for example, "a virtue is an habitual and firm disposition to do the good." Secondly, it may refer to a state of a person that is required for reception of a sacrament, for example, a disposition of genuine repentance is required for the forgiveness of sins in confession.
See also
Ability
Adaptive expertise
Counterfactualism
Dispositional attribution
Habitus (sociology)
Nature versus nurture
Truth
References
External links
Belief
Metaphysical properties
sv:Disposition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition |
John Henry Owen Brown DCM (c. October 1908 – 15 September 1965) was a Quartermaster Sergeant in the Royal Artillery in the British Army, who served in France at the beginning of the Second World War. He was one of Britain's most successful espionage agents as a prisoner of war following his capture by German forces, and, following the war's conclusion, acted as a prosecution witness in trials for treason.
Prisoner of war
Before he left England he had been sent on a special course for spies operating in enemy hands. He was told that he would be of more use as a POW than as a combat soldier.
He was captured at Dunkirk on 29 May 1940 and remained a prisoner of war until 1945. He volunteered to serve at the Blechhammer POW camp in Upper Silesia, and the fact that he had been a member of the British Union of Fascists before the war helped him ingratiate himself with the Germans and strike up a relationship with the camp commandant.
In the summer of 1942 a special camp was established to separate potential collaborators from other British POWs, Stalag III-D near Berlin. This in turn was divided into Special Detachment 999 (an officers' camp) and Special Detachment 517 (for other ranks). Both were presented by the Germans as "holiday camps" away from the poor rations, hard work and cold of normal camps, but the camp security was run by the Abwehr.
Brown was one of the prisoners sent to Freigegeben (Open Prison) Stalag III-D for an initial examination. A former member of the British Union of Fascists, he had developed a good relationship with the Germans, which he exploited to run a very efficient blackmarket operation among the conscripted foreign workers, using some of the profits to buy "luxury" items such as extra food, medicine for the camp hospital and even musical instruments for the camp band. Brown also had a hidden radio so was aware of the course of the war.
At Stalag III-D Brown quickly realised something was wrong, and after his visit he returned to Blechhammer. There he had met Captain Julius Green, a Jewish-Glaswegian officer who was the camp's dentist. Green gave Brown the codes and the means to pass intelligence back to London through MI9's Escape and Evasion Network.
Brown decided to return to Stalag III-D as soon as possible; not only were the conditions better, he was suspicious of what the Germans were planning. After a carefully orchestrated row with the senior British NCOs at Blechhammer he persuaded the Commandant, Rittmeister Prinz Von Hohenlohe, to transfer him back to Stalag III-D. He arrived on 12 June 1943 where he was selected by Major Heimpel of the Gestapo to be senior British NCO of Special Detachment 517 based at Genshagen, in the Teltow-Fläming district of Berlin.
Throughout all this time, while being distrusted by the British P.O.W.s, he was reporting to MI6 by coded letters, giving guidance on targets for bomber attacks. More particularly he was engaged in subverting the German proposal to form a British Free Corps to fight for Germany. His cohorts included opera singer Margery Booth, a fellow British spy, who on one occasion whilst entertaining the camp inmates sang before Hitler just after Brown had hidden secret documents in her dress; Hitler subsequently sent her red roses wrapped in a Swastika flag. Brown was instrumental in identifying the British traitor John Amery, and both Brown and Booth had contact with William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw), and were recruited by Joyce as a broadcaster on the German Concordia radio service; both later identified him post war, and were witnesses at his trial.
At one point Brown was confronted by Major Heimpel with a statement from a traitor giving details of Brown's espionage activities, but Brown blamed it on some of the Jewish inmates, saying they were out to destroy the idea of a British Free Corps. The Germans believed him, but Heimpel still believed that he was a secret agent, and when the British Free Corps were disbanded Himmler ordered Brown's arrest.
As the Allied forces entered Germany, Brown and a friend managed to kill an SS Colonel, steal his car and make contact with US Army forces. However, once back with British forces he found himself facing a charge of aiding the enemy. Word of his secret work for the Allies soon came from London, and he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal in recognition of his achievements. After the war he was the chief prosecution witness at 20 treason trials.
Later life
He wrote of his wartime exploits in a book, In Durance Vile (Hale 1981), concluding "...I was only able to do what I did because of my Christian belief which sustained me in my durance vile through not only the danger, but the hopeless dreariness of prisoner-of-war life". Brown's story is recounted from the perspective of Reg Beattie, one of the members of his team, in the book about Reg's POW diary entitled "Captive Plans".
After working as a businessman in Newcastle, he moved to Dorset, where he died in September 1965 at the age of 56. He was survived by his wife, Nancy.
External links
Distinguished Conduct Medal -
Bibliography
Sean Murphy. Letting the Side Down: British Traitors of the Second World War, PP122–3. London: The History Press Ltd, 2005.
References
1908 births
1965 deaths
Date of birth missing
British Army personnel of World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal
Royal Artillery soldiers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
Military personnel from London
People from Wandsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Brown%20%28British%20Army%20soldier%29 |
Breck School is an independent college-preparatory preK–12 school in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. It was founded in 1886 and is affiliated with the Episcopal Church. The school includes a Lower School consisting of grades preschool through four, a Middle School consisting of grades five through eight, and an Upper School consisting of grades nine through twelve. Breck School is accredited by the National Association of Independent Schools.
History
Breck was established in 1886 in Wilder, Minnesota and named after Episcopal missionary the Rev. James Lloyd Breck. The school moved to 2095 Commonwealth Ave in Saint Paul under the direction of the Rev. Charles Haupt, in 1916. In 1920 it moved to 2102 Carter Ave., just a few blocks away in Saint Anthony Park. Then, in the fall of 1922 it moved a few more blocks west to Como and Hendon (now a part of the Luther Seminary). In 1938, the school became an exclusively boys' school, and military curriculum was added. This military aspect was eliminated in 1959. Girls were reintroduced in 1952 in grades one to three, and eventually throughout the school in 1967. A fire destroyed the original Chapel of the Holy Spirit at the school's River Road location in Minneapolis in 1979. In 1981, the school moved to its present location in Golden Valley at the campus of that city's former middle and high school, which were closed after a school district merger. Breck celebrated its centennial in 1986. That same year, John C. Littleford was succeeded by interim headmaster Kathryn C. Harper. Sam Salas served as headmaster from 1987 until retiring in June 2007. Edward Kim succeeded Salas as Head of School in July 2007. In January 2017, Natalia Rico Hernández was named 16th Head of School, beginning her tenure in July 2017.
Language programs
Breck School has an established language program. Breck's language programs, including Spanish, French, and Mandarin, extend from preschool to 12th grade. The Mandarin Chinese program was created by Margaret Wong.
Community involvement
2008 U.S. Senate debate
On Saturday, October 11, 2008, Breck hosted the second debate between U.S. Senate candidates Republican Norm Coleman, Democrat Al Franken, and Independence Party candidate Dean Barkley. The debate was aired locally on KARE-11 TV and nationally on C-SPAN. Several hundred local community members watched the debate live inside the Breck Cargill Theater and more than 200,000 Minnesotans watched the debate on television.
Athletics
Breck School is part of the Independent Metro Athletic Conference in the Minnesota State High School League and has won 28 state championship titles in 10 sports. Several players from the hockey and football programs have gone on to play for Division One programs. The boys hockey team won the state championship in 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2010. The girls' hockey program was established in 1994; it won the Minnesota state consolation tournament in 2007, and second place in the state tournament in 2008 and 2010, and won the state championship in 2012, 2018, 2019, 2020.
Awards
Notable alumni
Jamie Erdahl 2007, NFL Network Host and Sports Broadcaster
Frank Mars 1901, creator of the Milky Way and other candy bars
Walter Lewis Bush, Jr. 1947, former owner of the Minnesota North Stars, member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, and recipient of the Olympic Order
Richard Proudfit 1949, founder of the non-profit, Feed My Starving Children
Stanley Hubbard 1951, Chairman and President, Hubbard Broadcasting
Bradford Parkinson 1952, inventor of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology
Paul Johnson 1953, gold medal Olympian and member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Lee R. Anderson, Sr. 1957, owner and chairman of Minnesota-based APi Group, Inc.
R. T. Rybak 1974, Mayor of Minneapolis for three terms from 2002 to 2014
Alice Goodman 1976, poet
Spencer Reece 1981, author and poet
Wayne Wilderson 1984, television actor
Erik Stolhanske 1987, actor/comedian
Alec Soth 1988, photographer
Craig Taborn 1988, pianist, keyboardist and composer
Craig Finn 1989, frontman of the band The Hold Steady
Marisa Coughlan 1992, actor
Charlie Korsmo 1996, former child actor turned lawyer
Dominique Byrd 2002, former NFL tight end
John Curry 2002, former NHL goaltender
Peter Mueller, center for HC Kometa Brno
Blake Wheeler, captain and right wing for the Winnipeg Jets
Kate Schipper 2013, forward for the Minnesota Whitecaps
David Roddy 2019, NBA player for the Memphis Grizzlies
References
External links
Breck School website
Breck School Alumni Association
Breck School Athletics
Breck School History at the City of Faribault Heritage Preservation Commission
Breck School's page at the Minnesota State High School League
Educational institutions established in 1886
Private elementary schools in Minnesota
Private high schools in Minnesota
Private middle schools in Minnesota
Episcopal schools in the United States
Episcopal Church in Minnesota
Schools in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Preparatory schools in Minnesota
1886 establishments in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breck%20School |
The Bloomington PrairieThunder were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Bloomington, Illinois. They were a member of the Central Hockey League in the Turner Conference. The team was originally a member of the United Hockey League (later known as the International Hockey League) prior to its merger into the CHL in 2010. They played their home games at the U.S. Cellular Coliseum.
History
On September 12, 1999, John Butler and Mike Nelson, both of Bloomington, began formulating a plan to bring a minor league hockey team to Central Illinois. On August 18, 2004, ground was broken for the $37-million U.S. Cellular Coliseum, the arena that would become the home of the PrairieThunder. On September 20, 2005, the United Hockey League (UHL) awarded Butler and Nelson a membership to obtain a franchise.
On February 1, 2006, a contest was announced to name the new hockey franchise and on February 23, 2006, the official name was announced. "PrairieThunder" refers to a train called "Prairie Thunder" that passed through Bloomington in its early history. On July 20, 2006, the PrairieThunder unveiled their team logo, which featured a charging bison smashing its hooves into a sheet of ice. The team's colors were navy, silver, old gold, and white.
October 13, 2006: the PrairieThunder played their first game in franchise history, against the Muskegon Lumberjacks. They lost the contest 7–3.
October 14, 2006: the PrairieThunder played their first home game at the U.S. Cellular Coliseum against the Fort Wayne Komets. This was also the PrairieThunder's first regular season victory, as they won the contest 4–2 before a crowd of 5,102. Andre Neic scored the first goal at the US Cellular Coliseum, at 4:20 of the first period.
February 17, 2007: Trevor Baker records the first hat trick in franchise history.
January 27, 2007: Largest crowd in team history in attendance to see Lucas Horn, 5,488 (as of March 26, 2009)
January 12, 2008: Rookie goalie Loic Lacasse posts first shutout in franchise history in 2–0 win over Port Huron at U.S. Cellular Coliseum.
April 5, 2008: The PrairieThunder establish a professional hockey league record at all levels by scoring four goals in a 35-second span, during the first period in a 9–4 win at Flint. Scoring the goals were Jon Booras, John Nail, Neil Clark, and Brett Holmberg. The team was then featured in the April 21, 2008, edition of Sports Illustrated for the accomplishment.
July 12, 2008: PrairieThunder defenseman Rob Guinn was killed in auto accident in Iowa. This led the team to honor him on their jerseys and the ice during the 2008–09 season.
December 27, 2008: PrairieThunder center Don Parsons breaks the minor league career goals scored record by an American player with his 678th, passing Flint General Kevin Kerr.
December 3, 2009: PrairieThunder re-sign Erie Otters forward Michael Liambas following his suspension from the OHL for severely injuring Kitchener Rangers defenceman Ben Fanelli.
June 1, 2010: The IHL makes major announcement that the IHL will merge with the Central Hockey League for the 2010–2011 season along with four other teams from the IHL (Fort Wayne Komets, Quad City Mallards, Evansville IceMen, Dayton Gems).
April 28, 2011: After the PrairieThunder was swept in the first round of the Central Hockey League playoffs, team owner Tim Leighton failed to contact the U.S. Cellular Coliseum for a lease extension after their five-year lease ended.
May 23, 2011: East Coast investors Gary DelBuono and Sandra Hunnewell were approved of a new CHL expansion franchise to play in Bloomington for the 2011–12 season. They also announced that former PrairieThunder players would play for the new Bloomington CHL franchise. Former PrairieThunder general manager Jim Riggs would also be the GM of the new CHL franchise in Bloomington, the Bloomington Blaze.
Season by season records
Mascot
The team held a name-the-mascot contest, sponsored by the Bloomington Pantagraph, to find a name for the mascot. Megan Fish, a 12-year-old sixth-grader at Chiddix Junior High School, was the first of 12 individuals to submit the name Chip. The next most popular entry was "Boomer", which had seven submissions. Chip the Buffalo made his first public appearance at the open house and public scrimmage held by the PrairieThunder on October 4, 2006, interacting with fans and signing autographs.
References
External links
PrairieThunder Hockey
Defunct Central Hockey League teams
International Hockey League (2007–2010) teams
Professional ice hockey teams in Illinois
Ice hockey teams in Illinois
Defunct ice hockey teams in Illinois
Ice hockey clubs established in 2006
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2011
Prairie
2006 establishments in Illinois
2011 disestablishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington%20PrairieThunder |
Perilla ketone is a natural terpenoid that consists of a furan ring with a six-carbon side chain containing a ketone functional group. It is a colorless oil that is sensitive to oxygen, becoming colored upon standing. The ketone was identified in 1943 by Sebe as the main component of the essential oil of Perilla frutescens. Perilla ketone is present in the leaves and seeds of purple mint (Perilla frutescens), which is toxic to some animals. When cattle and horses consume purple mint when grazing in fields in which it grows, the perilla ketone causes pulmonary edema leading to a condition sometimes called perilla mint toxicosis.
Synthesis
Perilla ketone was synthesized in 1957 by Matsuura from 3-furoyl chloride and an organocadmium compound similar to the Gilman reagent made from an isoamyl Grignard reagent and cadmium chloride. Perilla ketone has also been prepared in 74% yield via the Stille reaction from a 3-furyl-organotin compound and isocaproyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran solvent.
See also
Perillene
References
3-Furyl compounds
Ketones
Monoterpenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla%20ketone |
The Lakemba Mosque, also known as the Masjid Ali Bin Abi Talib and officially the Imam Ali bin Abi Taleb Mosque, is Australia's largest mosque. It is located at 71-75 Wangee Road, Lakemba. Owned and managed by the Lebanese Muslim Association (LMA), Lakemba Mosque and the LMA offices are situated contiguously at the same address.
History
A small house on the current site of Lakemba Mosque was purchased and used by the Lebanese Muslim Association from the 1960s as a place of worship. The house was demolished in the early 1970s and construction of the current building commenced. Construction lasted five years, with the mosque being completed in 1977. The opening of the mosque was attended by the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Fundraising for the mosque took place both locally and internationally, with about half the funds coming from the Middle East and the largest single donation coming from the Saudi royal family. Lakemba Mosque was the second purpose-built mosque in Sydney and remains arguably Australia's most well-known and important mosque.
While historically Muslims of Lebanese heritage constituted the majority of the congregation, today people of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Somali and South-East Asian backgrounds also attend in significant numbers, along with a small but growing number of converts. The overwhelming majority of the congregation is either of Hanafi or Shafi'i background.
Controversies
1977 'Holy War' document
During Ramadan celebrations on September 30, 1977, around 4000 copies of a document calling for a "Holy War" (Jihad) was distributed to worshippers at Lakemba mosque. The document stated that Muslims must wage war against foreign interference and to spread Islam. It also made discriminatory references to Christians, Jews, Hindus and others, referring to them as "infidels" that must be fought. Middle Eastern Christian groups such as the Maronites and Copts believed that the document was created by Muslim Brotherhood members active at the mosque.
Taj El-Din Hilaly
Taj El-Din Hilaly, the former Imam of Lakemba Mosque from the 1980s till 2007 (and whose wages were paid by Gaddafi's Libyan Islamic Call Society and private individuals") is known to have made numerous controversial statements.
1988 speech regarding Jews
In 1988 when Hilaly delivered a lecture to a group of Muslim students at University of Sydney on the topic "The Disposition of Jews in the light of the Qur'an." He was quoted as saying:
Hilaly has not since apologised nor retracted his comments, in which he accused Jews of "causing all wars."
February 2004 sermon
In February 2004 Hilaly gave a sermon at a mosque in Sidon, Lebanon, whilst overseas the text of which was translated by the Australian Embassy in Beirut. It appeared to show him supporting terrorist attacks. In his sermon, Hilaly said:
In his speech, he also predicted that Muslims would control the White House and appeared to support Hezbollah. The Australian Federal Police declined to investigate his activities overseas.
2006 Holocaust denial
In July 2006 Hilaly was sacked from Prime Minister of Australia John Howard's Muslim Community Reference Group following comments he made in which he denied the Holocaust, calling it a "Zionist lie". He also referred to Israel as a "cancer". This prompted calls for legal action to be pursued against him in a country which has the highest per-capita number of Holocaust survivors in the world outside Israel.
October 2006 sermon
In October 2006, Hilaly delivered a Ramadan sermon in Arabic in which he made statements concerning female clothing which proved highly controversial. The key part of these was:
He also said, "in the state of zina, the responsibility falls 90 per cent of the time on the woman. Why? Because she possesses the weapon of enticement (igraa)." Hilaly later claimed that he had intended to suggest that "if a woman who shows herself off, she is to blame...but a man should be able to control himself." He also contended that his references to the prison sentence of Bilal Skaf, the leader of a group of Lebanese Australians who committed gang rapes in Sydney in 2000, in which he said that women would "sway suggestively" before men "and then you get a judge without mercy (rahma) and gives you 65 years", were aimed at illustrating the need for harsh sanctions for rape.
There was a significant backlash to Hilaly's comments.
Alleged link to Al-Qaeda
In February 2009, a Sydney Morning Herald journalist was ejected from the Lakemba mosque and the newspaper later reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, a key organizer, recruiter and spiritual motivator for the Islamist terrorist group al-Qaeda, spoke via phone link. A director of the mosque said that Shady Alsuleiman was in charge of organising evening youth events at the time of the sermon.
Alleged sectarianism
In March 2015, adjunct professor Clive Williams at Macquarie University's Centre for Policing, Intelligence & Counter Terrorism wrote that Sunni Muslims did not welcome Shia Muslims at the mosque.
Christmas controversy
In late 2012 Shaykh Safi told the congregation, during prayers, that they should not take part in anything to do with Christmas. A fatwa warned that, "disbelievers are trying to draw Muslims away from the straight path". The Grand Mufti of Australia, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, said these views did not represent the majority of Muslims in Australia. Keysar Trad, former director and president of the LMA, said they previously greeted people with Merry Christmas, "I don't know what has changed."
Mosque personnel
Lakemba Mosque has a number of staff who assist in the running and maintenance of the mosque. Currently the mosque has three official Imams:
The Imam of Lakemba Mosque is Shaykh Yahya Safi, who worked as an Imam in Lebanon before his appointment at the Lakemba Mosque in 1996. Shaykh Yahya gives the khutbah every fortnight, unless there is a visiting Shaykh from overseas.
The assistant Imam as of 2016 is Shaykh Mohammed Gomaa from Egypt. Shaykh Gomaa is a bilingual Imam who was trained at Egypt's prestigious Al-Azhar University. He specialises in Qur'anic Commentary and alternates in giving the Friday sermon each fortnight.
The deputy assistant Imam, as of 2015, is Shaykh Mohamed Harby. Shaykh Mohamed is a qāriʾ from Egypt who specialises in the sciences of Qur'an which he teaches at an advanced level to students at the Lebanese Muslim Association.
Due its influence and significance, the mosque regularly hosts and is a first stop for visiting Islamic scholars from overseas.
Activities
The mosque offers a number of religious classes, such as in prophetic biography, fiqh and aqidah. The mosque gives a platform to a number of local Shaykhs to speak and teach, such as Shaykh Wesam Charkawi. Since 2014, the mosque has served as the centre of the National Mosque Open Day event.
Several thousand worshippers normally attend weekly prayers on Fridays. In 2015 around 30,000 worshippers attended Eid prayers at the mosque and in the road outside, making it one of Australia's largest Eid celebrations. In 2016, an estimated 40,000-50,000 attended Eid prayers.
See also
Islam in Australia
Islamic schools and branches
List of mosques in Oceania
References
Sources
External links
Lakemba Mosque
Mosques in Sydney
Mosques completed in 1977
1977 establishments in Australia
Sunni Islam in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakemba%20Mosque |
Music Box was a pioneering pan-European 24-hour cable and satellite television channel that ran from 29 March 1984 to 30 January 1987, and was operated by Music Box Limited. It was originally one of three services (along with Premiere and The Children's Channel) that formed Thorn EMI's venture into satellite television as a British version of MTV, and later became part of Virgin Vision as one of Richard Branson's business ventures launched in 1983.
A special Italian version of Music Box was created in the spring of 1988, and some other shows were also re-transmitted by Japanese broadcaster NHK.
The network was originally based in the heart of London, in a building where Virgin Vision and Super Channel were also based, and later gave home to the offices of CNN International until 2007. The address during the satellite years was 19-21 Rathbone Place.
History
Background
As a 24-hour television channel during the 1980s, Music Box was able to reach 60 million potential viewers in Europe and the Middle East thanks to satellite distribution. At the time, a satellite dish and receiver were very expensive and for this reason had better viewing figures in countries where cable television was already used such as Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
It was said to have made a small contribution to the overthrow of eastern European communist regimes as its prime, it was illegally watched by young Europeans living in those countries using makeshift satellite systems, and it gave many young people their first view of life in the rest of Europe.
Operation
The creator of Thorn EMI's three satellite channels as director of programmes was Julian Mounter, who joined Music Box from Thames Television. Recognising that income for satellite television would be slow in coming, Mounter set about negotiating revolutionary union deals to enable the use of smaller crews in the studio and on location, commandeered a boardroom at the headquarters of Thorn EMI as one of the studios and a small basement on Shaftesbury Avenue, and it was there that many of the programmes were made before better facilities were found. The channels broke new ground in graphics, promotions, presentation and set standards within practices still followed today. Mounter left in 1986 to become director general of Television New Zealand, and the three channels then took on individual senior management. Directors on the channel included Rob Jones, who took over from Mounter as director of programmes, Geoffrey Davies, Rod Fairweather, John Leach, Les Harris, Ludo Graham, Simon Sanders and Siubhan Richmond, as Carol McGiffin was part of the production team.
On 9 August 1986, the Yorkshire Television region of the UK's ITV decided to go 24 hours a day and filled its entire nighttime period until 6am with a simulcast of Music Box.
On 30 January 1987, the last music video that played was "Don't Give Up" by Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush, whether this song is also shown before closed early from the defunct satellite network Europa TV three months prior. Shortly after the service ceased for the final time, Super Channel launches on the same frequency which previously used by Music Box on pan-European satellite Eutelsat I F-1 (ECS-1) located at 13° east, replaced during the year by Eutelsat I F-4 (ECS-4). For this reason, Music Box stopped being a 24-hour television channel and Virgin set up Music Box as an independent producer of music programmes, continuing to broadcast its shows until the end of September 1987 for ten hours a day on Super Channel. From October 1987 until January 1990, it was reduced from ten hours a day to just a couple of hours a day of music programmes to be produced for Super Channel, with a two-month long break in late 1988 due to problems related to the sale of this service.
Later years
Music Box ended its satellite broadcasts in January 1990 with the last pan-European showing of The Power Hour, it became a specialised producer of music shows for major British broadcasters and is now owned by Tinopolis, which also owns the firm Sunset + Vine, previously the owner of Music Box.
The company's best-known programmes of this period are the late night ITV show Forever, which features pop videos and interview clips from the recently stock footage, and the Capital One dance music show Mixmag TV which they produced on 1 November 2001, following their move from Rapture TV that previous day.
Programming
As a pan-European satellite channel (1984–1990)
Transmission – indie music with Rachel Davies, Simon Potter and later with Pat Sharp (1989)
The Power Hour – hard rock, metal with Dante Bonutto and Amanda Redington, later with Alison Craig, Jacky Lynn and Nikki Groocock (1986–1987)
It's Simon Potter – music mix and music news (1988)
Sunday Cinema – all about the latest movies with Sunie Fletcher (1986)
Sunday Smooch – music ballads and romance with Gloria Thomas or Amanda Redington (1986–1987), later renamed to The Smooch (1988)
Eurochart – the official Music & Media magazine's European Top 100 singles chart from Amsterdam with Dutch presenter Erik de Zwart (1986–1987)
Countdown – charts from Europe and live performances from Amsterdam with Dutch presenters Erik de Zwart and Adam Curry (1987)
Off the Wall – fashion and trends from London with Steve Blacknell (1986), later with Simon Potter and Sunie Fletcher (1987–1988)
The Gaz Bag – with Gareth Jones (also known as Gaz Top)
The Shadow
One Night Stand – live concerts (1984–1987)
The Maggot – with Timmy Mallett (1986)
Music Box Live – live from the Music Box studios in London which include new videos, competitions and regular features originally with Simon Potter, and later with Nino Firetto also produced as Pepsi Live (1987)
Chart Attack – the UK Top 40 singles chart usually with Simon Potter (1986–1988), occasionally with Mark Webster (1987), and Tony Gregory (1989)
Boogie Box – dance videos with Martin Buchanan (1987), with Michaela Strachan or Steve Walsh (1988)
Rockin' at the Speed of Light – a chat with an artist on a fake beach in the Music Box studio and videos with Sunie Fletcher, and sometimes with Tony Dortie (1987)
The Face – music videos with Alison Craig (1987)
The Buzz – press review, news and videos with Tony Dortie (1987)
Mug with Marty – music videos with Martin Buchanan (1986)
Private Eyes – music interviews by Sunie Fletcher (1986)
Music Box Special – interviews and special events (1987)
The Amanda Redington Show – music videos, later renamed Supersonic (1987)
Supersonic – music videos with Amanda Redington and also Barbie Wilde (1987–1988, which is not to be confused with the 1970s ITV show of the same name)
American Storm - the latest videos from America with Simon Potter (1986)
Backtracks – classic videos (1985–1986)
Videopix – video request show with Martin Buchanan and Simon Potter (1984–1987), later with Nino Firetto (1987–1988)
Non-Stop Dance Hour – dance videos with Gloria Thomas (1986)
Global Chart Show – weekly show featuring singles and albums chart from the whole world (1989)
Tracking – music videos and press reviews usually with Tony Dortie, and occasionally with Nicky Campbell (1987–1988)
The Rock of Europe – interviews (1988)
Rockin' in the UK – indie music with Simon Potter and a little help from Rachel Davies (1988)
Totally Live – formerly known as Music Box Live and Pepsi Live with Nino Firetto (late 1987), and occasionally with Nicky Campbell, Simon Potter, Anthea Turner or Timmy Mallett (1988)
Nino Firetto – guests, features such as "Papa Luigi", music videos and news, live from the Music Box "living room" (1988)
Music Box News – the latest music news with Sunie Fletcher, Alison Craig or Andy Bird – a feature of Music Box Live, Pepsi Live and later Totally Live. Paul McKenna made his television debut as the presenter of Music Box News.
Formula One – charts from Europe and performances from the German show Formel Eins, with John Leslie who made his television debut (late 1987 and 1988)
European Top 40 – the European singles chart with Amanda Redington (1988–1989)
Coca-Cola Rockfile – big events around Europe, monthly show with Simon Potter and Amanda Redington (1988)
Supertime Club – mix of cartoons and music videos for younger viewers with Catherine Kirkwood and Mark Chase (1988)
Rox Box – interviews and specials co-produced with Belgian broadcaster RTBF and hosted by Ray Cokes (early 1987), who went later to MTV Europe and by Lucienne also from RTBF
For other British broadcasters (1990–2007)
BPM
Raw Power – hard rock and metal show previously known as The Power Hour from the satellite years presented by Phil Alexander, 'Krusher' Joule, his dog Bullseye, and Ann Kirk (for ITV, 1990–1997)
Noisy Mothers (new name for Raw Power)
Club Nation (for ITV, 1997)
Pop Down the Pub (for ITV, 1998)
Vivid
Sussed! (produced for Nickelodeon)
Buzz (produced for Channel 4)
Transmission – indie music videos (continuing on ITV after the satellite era of Music Box)
Soundtrax – ten-minute music shows (for ITV)
With...
...Forever (for ITV)
Music with Attitude
Popped in Crashed Out (for ITV)
Kerrang! Awards
L¡VE
Mixmag TV
Presenters
The following presenters have all been employed by Music Box either as presenters or VJs:
Adam Curry
Alison Craig
Amanda Redington
Andy Bird (later involved with the Disney Channel)
Ann Kirk
Anthea Turner
Barbie Wilde
Catherine Kirkwood
Dante Bonutto
Diana Harris
Julie Brown
Eddie Kid
Erik de Zwart
Gareth Jones (also known as Gaz Top, later a presenter on The Children's Channel)
Gary Crowley
Gloria Thomas
Jacky Lynn
John Leslie
Leigh Francis
Mark Chase
Mark Webster
Martin Buchanan
Michaela Strachan
Naomi Ryan
Nicky Campbell
Nikki Groocock
Nino Firetto
Pat Fish
Pat Sharp
Paul Cooke (previously Capital Radio)
Paul Kaye
Paul McKenna
Phil Alexander
Philip Scott
Rachel Davies
Ray Cokes
Sam Wilson
Simon Potter (later a producer for the company and Sunset+Vine)
Steve Blacknell
Steve 'Krusher' Joule (and his heavy metal hunting hound Bullseye)
Steve Walsh
Sunie Fletcher (previously at NME magazine, in the 1990s at MTV Europe as an employee)
Timmy Mallett
Tony Dortie
Tony Gregory (later a television director and producer)
Some presenters also recorded a track and video for a song called "Back to the Rhythm" under the name of The Rap Pack in December 1986, they were: Nino Firetto, Amanda Redington, Gloria Thomas, Timmy Mallett, Steve Blacknell, Simon Potter and Martin Buchanan.
See also
List of European television stations
Timeline of cable television in the United Kingdom
Lifestyle Satellite Jukebox
The Power Station
The Box
CMT Europe
VH1
4Music
References
External links
Music Box at TV Ark
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1987
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Music video networks in the United Kingdom
1980s in Europe
1980s in the United Kingdom
1980s in British television
History of television in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Box%20%28TV%20channel%29 |
Sophie Milman (born 1983) is a Russian-born Canadian jazz vocalist.
After emigrating from Russia in the early 1990s, Milman, who is Jewish, spent most of her childhood years in Israel where she listened extensively to jazz. Her family later emigrated to Toronto, Canada.
Milman's self-titled debut album was released on October 12, 2004, in Canada by Linus Entertainment and in 2006 in the United States by Koch. She graduated from the University of Toronto in 2011 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.
Milman is married to lawyer, professor, and musician Casey Chisick. He was executive producer on her albums Make Someone Happy (2007) and Take Love Easy (2009) as well as her concert DVD Live in Montreal (2008).
Milman's recording of "So Long, You Fool" is used in commercials for Air Wick's Winter Collection candles.
Milman won 2008 Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year for Make Someone Happy. She earned a Grammy Award nomination in 2018 for her involvement with Yiddish Glory.
Discography
Sophie Milman (Linus Entertainment, 2006)
Make Someone Happy (Linus, 2007)
Take Love Easy (Linus, 2009)
In the Moonlight (eOne, 2011)
Live at the Winter Garden Theatre (Linus, 2013)
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Jewish Canadian musicians
Jewish singers
Canadian women jazz singers
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year winners
Russian Ashkenazi Jews
Russian emigrants to Israel
Israeli emigrants to Canada
Singers from Toronto
Jewish jazz musicians
21st-century Canadian women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Milman |
Major Abraham Nicholas (died Sunday, September 3, 1738) served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1735 to 1736. He married a woman named Ann and had at least one son, Abraham Nicholas who died on March 5, 1751.
Nicholas was the first Adjutant-General of the Virginia Colony from 1 November 1728, until his death ten years later. (Succeeded by Isham Randolph, appointed Adjutant-General by Governor William Gooch, who was approved by the Council on 9 November 1738.)
References
Year of birth unknown
1738 deaths
Abraham Nicholas
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Virginia colonial people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Nicholas |
Inside the Asylum is a 2004 book by former US Undersecretary of Defense Jed Babbin, which accuses the UN and "Old Europe" of anti-Americanism.
Babbin accuses the UN of having links to terrorist organizations and selling its moral legitimacy for oil and enriching itself at the expense of the Iraqi people but undermining American pressure on Saddam Hussein.
Babbin suggests that the US should leave the UN and focus on forming alliances with countries that he considers are really for freedom and democracy.
Babbin accuses Kofi Annan and his "wasteful bureaucracy of UN employees" of acting not in the name of the UN Charter to promote world peace and global security but instead channeling dirty money such as from Iraq's Oil for Food program, supporting terrorist causes, and using the Security Council to attempt to shackle the American sovereignty in its own international affairs and thereby illegitimately expanding its own vastly-overreaching political power.
Publication information
Jed Babbin. 2004. Inside the Asylum: Why the United Nations and Old Europe Are Worse Than You Think. Regnery Publishing, Inc. .
See also
World peace
2004 non-fiction books
Criticism of the United Nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%20the%20Asylum |
Andrew Lewis (born in Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire on 14 May 1963) is a British composer known mainly for his acousmatic music, that is, electroacoustic music heard only over loudspeakers, though he also composes some chamber and orchestral music.
Education
He studied music at the University of Birmingham in England, first as an undergraduate (1981–84), then as a postgraduate studying composition with Jonty Harrison. It was during this time that he became one of the original members of BEAST, performing electroacoustic music throughout the United Kingdom under Harrison's direction. After gaining a PhD in 1992 he worked briefly in the Music department at the University of Surrey (England) (1992–93) before becoming lecturer at the Bangor University (Wales). He is currently a Professor of music there, as well as directing the work of the Electroacoustic Music Studios and Electroacoustic WALES, which performs electroacoustic and acousmatic music.
Music
Much of his acousmatic music displays an interest in the abstraction of unseen and unrecognisable sounds, an approach particularly strongly evident in earlier works such as Arrivals (1987) and Time and Fire (1991). However, with the composition of Scherzo (1992) a parallel concern with the anecdotal and pictorial possibilities of recognisable sounds began to emerge, and much of his subsequent work plays on the tensions between these two approaches. Since moving to Wales, much of the evocation of image in his music relates to the landscape of the area in which he lives and works. Ascent (1994) evokes the wildness of the mountain landscape of Snowdonia, which was awarded a ‘Euphonie d’Or’ by the Bourges electroacoustic music competition, as one of the most notable former prizewinning works between 1975 and 2005. More recently the cycle of works Four Anglesey Beaches (1999-2003) takes as its inspiration the seascapes and coastal locations of the area.
Although very little music exists for conventional forces, there have been a few notable exceptions in recent years: Eclipse (orchestra, 2004) was premiered under Elgar Howarth in 2004, while in the same year Tempo Reale (string quartet, 2004) was chosen by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies for a performance in London's Wigmore Hall.
A handful of writings on the analysis of electroacoustic music also exist, in particular ‘Francis Dhomont’s Novars’, Journal of New Music Research, Vol. 27 (1998), No. 1–2, pp. 67–83.
Works
The Song of Five Anger, acousmatic (1982)
Empire canons, two trumpets (1982)
Logos, acousmatic (1983)
Quad, four clarinets (1983)
Sonnerie aux morts, acousmatic (1984)
La Corona, ensemble (1984)
Adagio, acousmatic (1985)
Rond'eau, acousmatic (1985)
FM, music theatre for solo guitarist (1985)
Principles of Flight, shakuhachi and electroacoustic sounds (1986, rev. 1991)
MARanaTHA, four amplified voices and live electronics (1986)
Storm-song, piano and electroacoustic sounds (1987)
Arrivals, acousmatic (1987)
...a cord of three strands..., ensemble, computer and live electronics (1988)
Time and Fire, acousmatic (1990)
Changes, flute, viola and harp (1990)
Tracking, piano trio (1990)
int/EXT, harpsichord and electroacoustic sounds (1991)
PulseRates (with BEAST), acousmatic (1991)
Scherzo, acousmatic (1992, revised 1993)
Ascent, acousmatic (1994, revised 1997)
Eclipse, orchestra (1996, rev. 2004)
môr(G)wyn, acousmatic (1996)
Cân, acousmatic (1997)
Nunc dimittis, boys' choir and organ (1998)
Cable Bay, acousmatic (1999)
CHROMA - Thema, flute (alto flute), oboe, horn, trombone, viola, harp (1999)
Shadow Play, small orchestra (1999)
Tempo Reale, string quartet (1999, rev. 2004)
Dawns, harp and electroacoustic sounds (2000)
Jeux d'ombres, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and piano (2000)
double (fragment), 2fl, 2ob, 2clt (2bcl), hn, 2pno, 2vln, vla, vlc, elec bs (2001)
double (serenâd), 2 ob, 2 cl, 2 basset hn, 2 bsn, 4 hn, cb (2002)
Penmon Point, acousmatic (2003)
Llanddwyn Skies, acousmatic (2003)
Benllech Shells, acousmatic (2003)
'Budo' Variations, trumpet, percussion and computer (2006)
Danses acousmatiques, acousmatic (2007)
Schattenklavier, piano and computer (2009)
X-over, piano or toy piano (2009)
Number Nine Dream, orchestra (2010)
Vox Populi, interactive installation (2011)
Vox Dei, 8 amplified voices and live processing (2011)
Dark Glass, acousmatic (2011)
Tantana, acousmatic (2011)
Air, bassoon and computer (2012)
Lexicon, acousmatic with video (2012)
Il re lunaire, fl, cl, vl, vc, vib, pno (2013)
References
Computer Music Journal, Vol 24 Issue 1 (MIT Press), Austin L., 'Review, 29th Festival International des Musiques et Créations Electroniques
28 May-6 June 1999, Bourges, France'
‘Francis Dhomont’s Novars’, Journal of New Music Research, Vol. 27 (1998), No. 1–2, pp. 67–83
Roy S., 'L’analyse des musiques electroacoustiques: modeles et propositions' (L’Harmattan, Paris, January 2004)
External links
Sonic Arts Research Archive
Lewis's staff page at the University of Wales Bangor
1963 births
Living people
English composers
People from Sutton-in-Ashfield
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
Academics of the University of Surrey
Academics of Bangor University
Alumni of the University of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Lewis%20%28composer%29 |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: New York Yankees over Chicago Cubs (4–0)
All-Star Game, July 6 at Crosley Field: National League, 4-1
Other champions
Amateur World Series: Great Britain
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: West, 5-4
Central American and Caribbean Games: Cuba
Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Grover Cleveland Alexander
Alexander Cartwright
Henry Chadwick
Most Valuable Player
Jimmie Foxx, Boston Red Sox, 1B (AL)
Ernie Lombardi, Cincinnati Reds, C (NL)
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Johnny Vander Meer, Cincinnati Reds, P
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Joe McCarthy, New York Yankees
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league baseball final standings
Negro American League final standings
Memphis won the first half; Atlanta won the second half.
Memphis beat Atlanta 2 games to 0 games in a contested play-off. At the league's winter meetings it was decided that the Red Sox had won the Negro American League pennant due to Memphis's two wins and the forfeiture of the Black Crackers in game three of the series.
Negro National League final standings
Events
January–May
February 10 – The St. Louis Browns trade Rollie Hemsley to the Cleveland Indians for Ed Cole, Roy Hughes and Billy Sullivan.
March 6 – The Philadelphia Phillies trade Dolph Camilli to the Brooklyn Dodgers for Eddie Morgan and $45,000.
April 3 – Goose Goslin joins the Washington Senators.
April 16 – The St. Louis Cardinals trade Dizzy Dean to the Chicago Cubs for Curt Davis, Clyde Shoun, Tuck Stainback and $185,000.
April 18 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the New York Yankees in the season opener at Fenway Park. Hall of famer Joe Gordon makes his major league debut at second base for the Yankees.
April 19
Heinie Mueller of the Philadelphia Phillies and Ernie Koy of the Brooklyn Dodgers each hit a home run in their first Major League Baseball at-bats, as Brooklyn defeats Philadelphia, 12–5, at the Baker Bowl.
Enos Slaughter goes three-for-five in his major league debut with a double and a strike out.
Fritz Ostermueller holds the New York Yankees to just two hits, as the Boston Red Sox shutout the Yanks, 6-0.
April 24 – Dizzy Dean holds his former team to just four hits, as the Cubs beat the Cardinals, 4-0.
May 5 – The Chicago Cubs defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 21-2 at Wrigley Field.
May 6 – At International League, Newark Bears outfielder Bob Seeds hits four home runs in four successive innings and drives in 12 runs against the Buffalo Bisons. The next day, Seeds slams three more. His seven homers in the two-day barrage account for 17 runs batted in and 30 total bases. In his first 59 games‚ Seeds will clout 28 HR with 95 RBI.
May 14 – The Philadelphia Athletics acquire Dick Siebert from the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Paul Easterling, Gene Hasson and George Turbeville.
June–July
June 5 – The Chicago White Sox win the first game of a double header with the Philadelphia Athletics, 8-2, to snap a ten-game losing streak.
June 6 – The Cincinnati Reds sent Alex Kampouris to the New York Giants in exchange for Wally Berger.
June 11 – Cincinnati Reds pitcher Johnny Vander Meer tosses a no-hitter against the Boston Bees, leading his team to a 3–0 win.
June 13 – The Philadelphia Phillies sent Bucky Walters to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for Spud Davis, Al Hollingsworth and $50,000.
June 15 – Johnny Vander Meer becomes the first, and only to date, pitcher in Major League history to throw two consecutive no-hitters as the Cincinnati Reds blank the Brooklyn Dodgers, 6–0.
June 18
Babe Ruth signs a contract to coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Ruth dons a Dodger uniform the next day, entertains observers with a batting demonstration, and works the third-base coaching box for the remainder of the season.
Lefty Mills of the St. Louis Browns pitches a 1–0 shutout over the New York Yankees. It is the second of only two shut outs the Yankees endure all season.
June 26 – Carl Hubbell wins his 200th career game‚ as the New York Giants beat the visiting Chicago Cubs, 5–1, and stretch their National League lead over the second-place Cincinnati Reds to two games. Larry French takes the loss, while newly acquired Bob Seeds‚ up from Newark‚ leads the way with a 470-foot inside-the-park home run.
July 6 – At Crosley Field, home of the Cincinnati Reds, the National League defeats the American League, 4–1, in the All-Star Game.
July 12 – The Pittsburgh Pirates complete a thirteen-game winning streak to pull themselves within half a game of the first place New York Giants.
July 16 – The St. Louis Browns snap a ten-game losing streak with an 8–3 victory over the Boston Red Sox.
July 29 - Jake Powell is interviewed by WGN's Bob Elson. When asked about his work as a police office in Dayton Ohio, Powell brags that he "beats n*****s in the head". Commissioner Landis suspends Powell for the comments.
August–September
August 2 – The Brooklyn Dodgers and the St. Louis Cardinals used a yellow baseball in the first game of a doubleheader as an experiment. The two teams went back to the white ball in the second game as the Dodgers swept the doubleheader 6–2 and 9–3.
August 7 – Mickey Cochrane is replaced as manager of the Detroit Tigers by Del Baker.
August 9 – The Philadelphia A's send Bill Nicholson and $30,000 to the Washington Senators for Dee Miles.
August 10 – The New York Yankees trade Eddie Miller to the Boston Bees for Gil English, Johnny Riddle, cash and four players to be named later. On February 4, , the Yankees receive Joe DiMaggio's brother, Vince to complete the trade.
August 20 – Cleveland Indians catchers Hank Helf and Frank Pytlak break the "all-time altitude mark" by catching baseballs dropped from the 708-foot Cleveland Terminal Tower.
August 22 – Preacher Roe makes his major league debut for the St. Louis Cardinals. He lasts just 2.2 innings and gives up four earned runs. He doesn't pitch in the major leagues again until with the Pittsburgh Pirates.
August 27 – In the second game of a doubleheader, Monte Pearson pitches a no-hitter as the New York Yankees crush the Cleveland Indians, 13–0.
September 9
Lou Boudreau makes his major league debut for the Cleveland Indians in an 11–5 loss to the Detroit Tigers.
The Cincinnati Reds sell Jake Mooty and Jimmy Outlaw to the Brooklyn Dodgers. Five days later (September 14), Commissioner Landis voids the deal, making both players eligible for the draft. Outlaw is drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1938 rule 5 draft on October 5, and traded to the Dodgers for Lew Krausse and cash on December 13. Brooklyn then packages him with Buddy Hassett, and send him to the Boston Bees for Ira Hutchinson and Gene Moore the same day. Mooty isn't drafted until October 3, 1939, by the Chicago Cubs from Syracuse (International).
September 10 – At the Polo Grounds, the New York Giants defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers, 20-2.
September 30 – The Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals play to a 7–7 tie. The tie breaks the Cubs' ten-game winning streak that sees them go from 3.5 games back of the Pittsburgh Pirates to first place in the National League.
October–December
October 5 – Red Ruffing and the New York Yankees take game one of the 1938 World Series, 3-1, over the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field.
October 6 – The Cubs jump out to a 1–0, then 3–2 lead against the Yankees, however, two run home runs by Frankie Crosetti and Joe DiMaggio in the eighth and ninth inning, respectively, give the Yankees the 6–3 victory.
October 8 – With two outs and no one on base, a two out rally in the fifth inning plates two runs, as the New York Yankees take game three of the World Series, 5-2.
October 9 – The New York Yankees defeat the Chicago Cubs, 8–3, in Game four of the World Series to win a record third consecutive World Championship, and seventh overall, four games to none.
November 1 – National League batting champ Ernie Lombardi of the Cincinnati Reds is named the Most Valuable Player. Chicago Cubs pitcher Bill Lee is the runner-up.
November 2 – Boston Red Sox first baseman Jimmie Foxx is voted Most Valuable Player of the American League for the third time, with New York Yankees catcher Bill Dickey second in the voting.
November 28 – The Chicago White Sox 25-year-old pitching star Monty Stratton has his right leg amputated as a result of a hunting accident. Stratton attempted comeback is chronicled in The Stratton Story, with James Stewart in the title role.
December 6 – The Chicago Cubs trade Frank Demaree, Billy Jurges and Ken O'Dea to the New York Giants for Dick Bartell, Hank Leiber and Gus Mancuso.
December 14 – Major League Baseball teams adopt several resolutions. The National League allows the Cincinnati Reds to play their season opener one day before other teams, as a way of honoring the 100th anniversary of baseball and of the 1869 Red Stockings being the first professional team. In other news, Will Harridge is re-elected as American League president and given a 10-year term. The AL permits the Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Athletics to play night games. Finally, MLB agree on a standard ball but disagree on increasing rosters from 23 to 25 players. Judge Landis will eventually decide on 25.
December 15 – The Boston Red Sox trade Ben Chapman to the Cleveland Indians for Denny Galehouse and Tommy Irwin, trade Pinky Higgins and Archie McKain to the Detroit Tigers for Elden Auker, Chet Morgan and Jake Wade, and sell Bill Harris' contract to the New York Giants.
December 16 – The Boston Bees trade Ray Mueller to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Johnny Dickshot and Al Todd.
Births
January
January 7 – Fred Whitfield
January 10 – Willie McCovey
January 16 – Ron Herbel
January 18 – Curt Flood
January 23 – Bob Moorhead
February
February 2 – Max Alvis
February 7 – Johnny Werhas
February 13 – Dick Hughes
February 15 – Chuck Estrada
February 18 – Manny Mota
February 19 – Bob Sadowski
February 22 – Steve Barber
March
March 3 – Tetsuya Yoneda
March 5 – Larry Elliot
March 7 – Jimmie Hall
March 15 – Bob Locker
March 16 – Cal Browning
March 23 – Sam Bowens
March 25 – Alan Koch
March 30 – Dave Baldwin
March 31 – John Herrnstein
March 31 – Moose Stubing
April
April 2 – Al Weis
April 4 – A. Bartlett Giamatti
April 5 – Ron Hansen
April 5 – Don Prince
April 8 – Tom Butters
April 11 – Art Quirk
April 16 – Rich Rollins
April 18 – Rogelio Álvarez
April 20 – Jim Dickson
April 22 – John Orsino
May
May 3 – Chris Cannizzaro
May 4 – Howie Koplitz
May 10 – Merritt Ranew
May 12 – Norm Gigon
May 15 – Al McBean
May 27 – Fred Bruckbauer
May 29 – Fay Vincent
May 29 – Dale Willis
May 31 – Ray Washburn
June
June 2 – Lee Gregory
June 2 – Gene Michael
June 4 – Art Mahaffey
June 10 – Johnny Edwards
June 15 – Billy Williams
June 19 – Bob Aspromonte
June 24 – Don Mincher
June 27 – Elmo Plaskett
June 28 – Orlando McFarlane
July
July 1 – Craig Anderson
July 2 – Don Choate
July 2 – Hal Reniff
July 6 – John Boozer
July 6 – Barry Shetrone
July 7 – Bob Lipski
July 8 – Bill Spanswick
July 10 – Mike Brumley
July 11 – Ted Schreiber
July 12 – Ron Fairly
July 13 – Don Pavletich
July 16 – Bob Burda
July 17 – Deron Johnson
July 19 – Gordie Richardson
July 20 – Tony Oliva
July 27 – Harry Wendelstedt
July 29 – Don Wert
August
August 4 – Ray Oyler
August 11 – Vada Pinson
August 16 – Buck Rodgers
August 17 – Dick Lines
August 27 – Joe McCabe
August 28 – Billy Cowan
August 28 – Dick LeMay
September
September 1 – Merlin Nippert
September 8 – George Werley
September 9 – Jay Ward
September 13 – Bob Heffner
September 14 – Frank Carpin
September 15 – Gaylord Perry
September 17 – Bobby Wine
September 20 – Tom Tresh
September 24 – George Banks
September 27 – Alex George
September 29 – Mike McCormick
October
October 2 – Mike de la Hoz
October 3 – Patricia Roy
October 11 – Bill Roman
October 13 – Ron Moeller
October 18 – Bobby Knoop
October 19 – Vic Roznovsky
October 31 – Jim Donohue
November
November 5 – Ed Olivares
November 6 – Mack Jones
November 7 – Jake Gibbs
November 7 – Jim Kaat
November 14 – Johnnie Seale
November 17 – Aubrey Gatewood
November 18 – Bud Zipfel
November 19 – Manny Jiménez
November 19 – Ted Turner
November 20 – Herm Starrette
November 27 – Vern Handrahan
November 27 – José Tartabull
December
December 4 – Billy Bryan
December 5 – Al Moran
December 5 – Chico Ruiz
December 6 – Amado Samuel
December 14 – Ken Hunt
December 17 – Leo Cárdenas
December 18 – Mike White
December 22 – Matty Alou
December 24 – Bobby Henrich
December 25 – Jack Hamilton
Deaths
January
January 1 – Frank Sexton, 65, pitcher for the 1895 Boston Beaneaters of the National League.
January 12 – Dupee Shaw, 78, pitcher who played six seasons. Won 30 games and struck out 451 batters in 1884.
January 16 – Earl Clark, 30, backup outfielder who hit .291 in 293 games for the Boston Braves and St. Louis Browns from 1927 to 1934.
January 16 – Joe Sommer, 79, infielder/outfielder between 1880 and 1890, most prominently for the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association.
January 19 – Bill Everitt, 69, infielder who played from 1895 through 1901 for the Chicago Colts/Orphans and the Washington Senators.
January 20 – Herb Goodall, 67, pitcher for the 1890 Louisville Colonels of the American Association.
January 27 – Larry Battam, 61, third baseman for the 1895 New York Giants of the National League.
January 24 – Jim Mutrie, 86, manager who led New York Metropolitans to the American Association title in 1884, then won pennants in 1888–89 after moving to NY's NL franchise – which he renamed by marveling over his "Giants"; career .611 winning percentage was best of 19th century.
January 28 – Bill Hill, 63, pitcher who played from 1896 to 1899 for five different National League clubs.
January 28 – Pop Rising, 56, outfielder for the 1905 Boston Americans.
January 31 – Charlie Chech, 59, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Naps and Boston Red Sox between 1905 and 1909.
January 31 – Jim Gray, 75, infielder who played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys/Burghers/Pirates between 1884 and 1893.
February
February 3 – Mike Donovan, 56, third baseman for the Cleveland Naps in 1904 and the New York Highlanders in 1908.
February 9 – Charlie Daniels, 76, pitcher for the 1884 Boston Reds of the Union Association.
February 16 – Lee Tannehill, 57, infielder for the Chicago White Sox from 1903 to 1912, who is credited as the first player to hit a home run in the original Comiskey Park.
February 21 – George Merritt, 57, outfielder who played from 1903 through 1905 for the Pittsburgh Pirates.
February 22 – Mert Hackett, 78, catcher for five seasons, including the 1883 National League champions, the Boston Beaneaters.
February 26 – Tex Jones, 53, played nine games for the Chicago White Sox in 1911.
March
March 2 – Walter Prince, 76, first baseman who played from 1883 to 1884 for the Louisville Eclipse, Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals.
March 4 – Jack Taylor, 64, pitcher for the Chicago Orphans/Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals from 1898 to 1907, who won twenty or more games in four seasons, hurled 187 consecutive complete games between 1901 and 1906, and was a member of the world champion 1907 Cubs.
March 6 – Rube Lutzke, 40, third baseman for the Cleveland Indians from 1923 to 1927, who led the American League in putouts and assists in the 1923 season.
March 7 – Stephen McKeever, 84, co-owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers since 1912 and club president since 1932.
March 13 – Rube Ellis, 52, left fielder who hit .260 in 555 games for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1909 to 1912.
March 18 – Hobe Ferris, 60, lowest ever career on-base percentage; committed first ever error in a World Series game.
March 18 – Milo Netzel, 51, third baseman/left fielder for the 1909 Cleveland Naps of the American League.
March 20 – Bob Fothergill, 40, left fielder for the Tigers, White Sox and Red Sox from 1922 to 1933, whose .325 career average ranks him for 41st place on the Major League all-time list.
March 24 – Joe Dolan, 65, backup infielder for the Colonels, Phillies and Athletics between the 1896 and 1901 seasons.
March 25 – Al Burris, 64, pitcher for the 1894 Philadelphia Phillies.
March 26 – Harry Hempstead, 69, owner of the New York Giants from 1912 to 1919; son-in-law of John T. Brush.
March 29 – Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston, 70, civil engineer and businessman who was the co-owner, with Jacob Ruppert, of the New York Yankees from 1915 to 1923.
March 30 – Dasher Troy, 81, second baseman for five seasons, most notably for the 1884 American Association champs, the New York Metropolitans.
April
April 3 – Charlie Brown, 66, pitcher for the 1897 Cleveland Spiders of the National League.
April 3 – Count Campau, 74, outfielder for three seasons, and one-time manager for the St. Louis Browns in .
April 6 – J. B. Young, 80, pitcher who appeared in one game with the 1892 St. Louis Browns of the National League.
April 11 – Cristóbal Torriente, 44, All-Star Cuban right fielder in the Negro leagues who batted .339 lifetime.
April 17 – Alex Beam, 68, pitcher for the 1889 Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the National League.
April 20 – Tim O'Rourke, 73, backup infielder who played from 1890 through 1894 for the Syracuse Stars, Columbus Solons, Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels and St. Louis Browns.
April 30 – Sun Daly, 73, outfielder for the 1892 Baltimore Orioles, who earned his nickname because he never wore sun glasses.
May
May 11 – Buzz Murphy, 43, outfielder who played from 1918 to 1919 with the Boston Braves and the Washington Senators.
May 21 – Sam Childs, 76, first baseman for the 1883 Columbus Buckeyes of the American Association.
May 21 – Silver King, 70, pitcher who had three 30-win seasons for the 1887–89 St. Louis Browns and another for the 1890 Chicago team in the Players' League, who is regarded as the first sidearm pitcher.
May 22 – Harry Lumley, 57, right fielder and manager who spent his entire career with the Brooklyn Superbas in the National League from 1904 to 1910, while leading the league with 18 triples and nine home runs during his rookie season.
June
June 12 – Josh Reilly, 70, second baseman for the 1896 Chicago Colts of the National League, who later managed in the minor leagues.
June 12 – Buck Thrasher, 48, right fielder who hit .255 in 30 games with the Philadelphia Athletics from 1916 to 1917.
June 20 – Pat Newnam, 57, first baseman who played from 1910 to 1911 for the St. Louis Browns of the American League.
June 25 – Bumpus Jones, 68, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds and New York Giants from 1892 to 1893, who hurled a no-hitter against the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1892 season.
June 27 – Jerry Donovan, 61, backup catcher for the 1906 Philadelphia Phillies.
July
July 4 – Chief Roseman, 82, outfielder for six different teams between 1882 and 1890, who also managed the St. Louis Browns in his last major league season.
July 9 – George Dickerson, 46, pitcher for the Cleveland Indians in the 1917 season.
July 21 – Carl Spongberg, 54, pitcher for the 1908 Chicago Cubs.
July 27 – Milt Reed, 48, shortstop/second baseman who played between 1911 and 1914 with the Cardinals and Phillies, and for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League in 1915.
July 31 – Bill Carney, 64, right fielder who played briefly for the Chicago Cubs in the 1904 season.
July 31 – Doc Miller, 55, Canadian outfielder who posted a .295 average from 1910 through 1914 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Doves/Rustlers/Braves, Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds, while leading the National League with 192 hits in the 1912 season.
August
August 1 – Al Munro Elias, 67, who along with his brother Walter founded in 1913 the Elias Sports Bureau, official statistician of the National League.
August 1 – Tug Thompson, 81, Canadian outfielder/catcher for the 1882 Cincinnati Red Stockings and the 1884 Indianapolis Hoosiers, and a member of the 1882 American Association Champion team.
August 2 – Jim Curry, 52, second baseman who played in part of three seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics, New York Highlanders and Detroit Tigers.
August 11 – Cliff Hill, 45, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1917 season.
August 30 – Gene Moore, 52, pitcher who posted a 2-2 record and a 4.76 ERA for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Cincinnati Reds between 1909 and 1912.
September
September 7 – Lee King, 44, outfielder for the Philadelphia Athletics (1916) and the Boston Braves (1919).
September 19 – Pink Hawley, 72, pitcher who posted a 167-179 record and a 3.96 ERA in 393 games with the Browns, Pirates, Reds, Giants and Brewers from 1892 to 1901.
September 27 – Cy Ferry, 60, pitcher who played from 1904 to 1905 for the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Naps of the American League.
September 28 – Bill Rollinson, 82, catcher for the 1884 Washington Nationals of the Union Association.
October
October 3 – Morgan Murphy, 71, catcher and noted sign stealer for 11 seasons, from 1890 to 1901.
October 4 – Fred Doe, 74, pitcher who played for the Pittsburgh Burghers and the Buffalo Bisons of the Players' League during the 1890 season.
October 16 – Joe Knight, 79, Canadian-born outfielder who finished sixth in the 1890 National League batting race with a .312 average.
October 24 – George Borchers, 69, pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings (1888) and the Louisville Colonels (1895).
October 29 – Tom Daly, 72, catcher/second baseman for five teams of three different leagues, who posted a .278 average in 1568 career games played between 1884 and 1903.
October 29 – Babe Towne, 58, backup catcher for the 1906 Chicago White Sox.
November
November 1 – Charles Weeghman, 64, owner of the Chicago Whales of the "outlaw" Federal League (1914–1915) and Chicago Cubs (1916–1919); builder of what would become Wrigley Field.
November 3 – Milt Scott, 77, first baseman who played between 1882 and 1886 for the Chicago White Stockings, Detroit Wolverines, Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Baltimore Orioles.
November 10 – Chet Spencer, 55, outfielder for the 1906 Boston Beaneaters of the National League.
November 11 – Fred Hartman, 70, third baseman who posted a .278 average and 333 RBI between 1894 and 1902 for the Pirates, Browns, Giants, White Sox and Cardinals.
November 12 – Andy Harrington, 49, pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds in the 1913 season.
November 14 – Les Nunamaker, 49, catcher for the Red Sox, Yankees, Browns and Indians from 1911 to 1922, who in 1914 threw out three baserunners attempting to steal in the same inning, to become the only 20th-century catcher to accomplish this feat at major league level.
November 21 – Polly Wolfe, 50, backup outfielder who played in 1912 and 1914 for the Chicago White Sox.
December
December 3 – Guy Hecker, 82, American Association pitcher/first baseman who won the Triple Crown as a pitcher in 1884 and a batting title in 1886 while hurling a no-hitter in 1882; one of two pitchers to hit three home runs in a single game (along Jim Tobin) and the only pitcher in Major League Baseball history to collect six hits in a nine-inning game.
December 7 – Tom Kearns, 79, second baseman/catcher who played between 1880 and 1884 for the Buffalo Bisons and Detroit Wolverines.
December 19 – Art Griggs, 54, first baseman/outfielder for the Browns, Naps, Tip-Tops and Tigers between the 1909 and 1918 seasons.
December 24 – Luke Lutenberg, 74, first baseman for the 1894 Louisville Colonels.
December 24 – Bill Yohe, 60, first baseman who played for the Washington Senators of the American League during the 1909 season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%20in%20baseball |
Hahnstätten is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the association community of Aar-Einrich. It is situated on the river Aar, approx. 10 km south of Limburg an der Lahn, and 35 km east of Koblenz. In 1949 the conductor Bruno Weil was born here.
Hahnstätten was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Hahnstätten.
There is a large limestone quarry, operated by Schaefer Kalk.
References
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnst%C3%A4tten |
John Holloway (c.1666 – December 14, 1734) was a politician and lawyer in the British colony of Virginia. He served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses (1720–34), having represented at various times, King and Queen County, York County and Williamsburg. He also served as the first mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia (1722–23), and treasurer of the colony (1723–34).
Early and family life
Born probably in London, and the grandson of George Holloway of Oxford, Holloway was educated and became a lawyer. He also served as a soldier in King William's army in Ireland, and invested in a business venture that failed.
Holloway emigrated to the Virginia colony from England around 1700. He married Elizabeth Cocke, widow of Dr. William Cocke, the Secretary of State, and sister of Mark Catesby. However, they had no children.
Career
Holloway first settled in King and Queen County and its voters elected him as one of their representatives to the House of Burgesses in the 1710-1712 and 1712-1714 sessions.
Some time during the 1710s, Holloway and fellow attorneys John Clayton and William Robertson prepared a collection of Virginia statues in force, which Clayton later revised and William Parks published in 1733.
Midway during the decade, Holloway moved to the colony's capital at Williamsburg, part of which is in York County, and part in James City County. York County voters elected Holloway as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses in 1720, and fellow burgesses elected him as their speaker, and kept re-electing him until his death. When the legislature incorporated Williamsburg as a town in its own right, Holloway became its first mayor, as well as its sole representative in the House of Burgesses (for a couple of terms, after which he resumed as one of York County's representatives).
Holloway also served as the colony's treasurer until his death, and was succeeded as both Speaker and as treasurer by John Randolph of Charles City County an attorney whom some considered as his political rival.
References
1666 births
1734 deaths
Speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Politicians from Williamsburg, Virginia
Colony of Virginia
House of Burgesses members
Colonial Williamsburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Holloway%20%28Virginia%20politician%29 |
The Ottoman archives are a collection of historical sources related to the Ottoman Empire and a total of 39 nations whose territories one time or the other were part of this Empire, including 19 nations in the Middle East, 11 in the EU and Balkans, three in the Caucasus, two in Central Asia, Cyprus, as well as the Republic of Turkey.
The main collection, in the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (The Prime Minister's Ottoman Archives) in Istanbul, holds the central State Archives (Devlet arşivleri).
After more than a century in the center of the old city, the Ottoman state archives were relocated in 2013 to the Kağıthane district of Istanbul.
History
The present collection contains a few documents from the earliest period up to the reign of Sultan Süleyman in the sixteenth century. The organization of these records as a modern archive began in 1847 with the establishment of Hazine-i Evrak. The original building was located on the grounds of the grand vezir's offices in Gülhane and contained several main groups of documents: the records of the Imperial Council (Divan-i Hümayun) and the records of the grand vezir's office (Bab-i Ali), as well as the records of the financial departments (Maliye) and cadastral surveys (tapu tahrir defteri). Mustafa Reşid Paşa ordered the building a new record office in 1846. It was completed by architect Gaspare T. Fossati in 1848. The office of "Surveillance of Treasury of Documents" was formed and Muhsin Efendi was appointed as its manager.
With the establishment of the Republic, the Hazine-i Evrak was transformed into Başvekalet Arşiv Umum Müdürlüğü (The General Directorate of the Prime Ministry) and eventually the Başbakanlık Arşiv Genel Müdürlüğü. During this period, the records of various nineteenth-century Ottoman offices and administrative authorities were added to the collections.
Concurrent with these changes and additions, Turkish scholars took the first steps to classify and catalog the various collections beginning in the 1910s. These early efforts produced a number of classified collections (tasnif) which are still cited according to the name of the scholar who created the catalog. Today the work of cataloging the vast collection continues.
After more than a century in the center of the old city, the Ottoman archives were relocated in 2013 to the Kağıthane district of Istanbul.
The archives and the Armenian genocide
The Ottoman Archives not only contain information about the Ottoman dynasty and the Ottoman state, but also about each nation that holds part of these resources. Though touted as being open to all researchers, scholars have complained about being prevented access to view documents due to the nature of their research topic. However, many Armenian genocide researchers including the British-Armenian Ara Sarafian and Taner Akcam (known for his research on and acceptance of the Armenian genocide) have used the Ottoman archives in Istanbul extensively when citing research for their books, though they have made claims that they were obstructed before gaining access.
The European Parliament stressed in a resolution voted on 15 April 2015, that Turkey should use the commemoration of the centenary of the Armenian genocide as an important opportunity to recognize the Armenian genocide and open its archives.
The WikiLeaks cable 04ISTANBUL1074 classified and signed by David Arnett on July 4, 2004 at the Consulate General of the US in Istanbul states, that Turkey has eliminated incriminating documents concerning the Armenian genocide from the archives:
Gallery
See also
Venice State Archive
Dubrovnik Archive
National Archives of Hungary
References
Further reading
External links
The Ottoman Archives
Oriental Collections at Bulgarian National Library
Government of the Ottoman Empire
Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
State archives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%20archives |
groff ( ) (also called GNU troff) is a typesetting system that creates formatted output when given plain text mixed with formatting commands. It is the GNU replacement for the troff and nroff text formatters.
Groff contains a large number of helper programs, preprocessors, and postprocessors including eqn, tbl, pic and soelim. There are also several macro packages included that duplicate, expand on the capabilities of, or outright replace the standard troff macro packages.
Groff development of new features is active, and is an important part of free, open source, and UNIX derived operating systems such as Linux and 4.4BSD derivatives — notably because troff macros are used to create man pages, the standard form of documentation on Unix and Unix-like systems.
OpenBSD has replaced groff with mandoc in the base install, since their 4.9 release, as has macOS Ventura.
History
groff is an original implementation written primarily in C++ by James Clark and is modeled after ditroff, including many extensions. The first version, 0.3.1, was released June 1990. The first stable version, 1.04, was announced in November 1991. groff was developed as free software to provide an easily obtained replacement for the standard AT&T troff/nroff package, which at the time was proprietary, and was not always available even on branded UNIX systems. In 1999, Werner Lemberg and Ted Harding took over maintenance of groff.
See also
TeX
Desktop publishing
Notes
References
External links
groff mailing list archive (searchable)
Groff Forum, hosted by Nabble, archiving the groff mailing list into a searchable forum (sadly none of the emails are visible today).
gives background and examples of troff, including the GNU roff implementation.
Home page of mom macros
GNU Project software
groff
Free typesetting software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groff%20%28software%29 |
South Brent is a large village on the southern edge of Dartmoor, England, in the valley of the River Avon. The parish includes the small hamlets of Aish, Harbourneford, Lutton, Brent Mill, and many scattered farmhouses. It is five miles (8 km) north-east of Ivybridge and 14 miles (22 km) east-northeast of Plymouth.
History
On the high moorlands are many hut circles, enclosures, and barrows, all dating from the Bronze Age. The manor of Brent belonged to Buckfast Abbey from the time of the foundation of the abbey in the early 11th century. It was bought at the Dissolution by Sir William Petre, a large receiver of monastic spoils in South Devon.
South Brent was originally a woollen and market centre with two annual fairs.
Brent Hill is the steep hill just outside the village from which it takes its name (Old English brant – steep). On it are the ruins of an ancient building, supposed to have been a chapel, and of a windmill built about 1790.
Amenities
The village centre is within the boundaries of Dartmoor National Park. It is a thriving community with shops, pubs, businesses, primary school, village hall, sports ground and community centre.
South Brent primary school supports about 250 children. The buildings are modern and replace the old school which is now a community centre.
Parish church
The massive Norman tower of St Petroc’s Church (now at the west end) was apparently the central tower of a cruciform building. The west portion of the church was demolished, perhaps in the early 14th century, when the existing nave was rebuilt with two transepts. In the early 15th century these transepts were enlarged into aisles. The fine font of red sandstone is late 12th century and is similar in style to others in neighbouring churches.
On the south of the churchyard is the manor house, part of which is 15th century.
In 1436 the vicar, the Rev John Hay, was dragged out of the church and murdered while officiating at divine service. The door through which he was taken has been walled up, though the old doorway is just visible.
Transport
South Brent is next to the Devon Expressway which connects Exeter to the north-east and Plymouth to the west.
Brent railway station was opened on the South Devon Railway on 15 June 1848. It served as the junction for the branch line to Kingsbridge from 19 December 1893. The station closed in 1964, though for some years there has been a movement to reopen it in order to reduce commuter traffic on the roads. The nearest railway station is Ivybridge railway station, which is 4.5 miles away.
Sport and leisure
The Palstone Park recreation ground is the home of the South Brent Football Club. It was founded as South Brent United in 1931.
It is also the home of South Brent Judo Club formed in April 1974.
Locals complain that South Brent experiences higher rainfall than surrounding towns and villages. It seems likely that the hills of Dartmoor do affect the microclimate of South Brent.
Notable former residents
William Crossing (1847–1928), Dartmoor historian
References
Sources
Wall, Greg (2005) The book of South Brent, Halsgrove
External links
South Brent GENUKI
Sustainable South Brent
Villages in Devon
Civil parishes in South Hams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Brent |
Edward Barradall (c. 1703–1743) was a British attorney, admiralty judge and politician who represented the College of William and Mary in the House of Burgesses, and compiled the first volume of decisions of the general Court of the Colony of Virginia.
Early and family life
Born in England to Henry Barradall and his wife Catherine Blumfield, who had married in 1676, Barradell studied law and was admitted to the bar at the Inner Temple.
On January 5, 1736, in Virginia, Barradell married Sarah, the daughter and granddaughter of planters named William FitzHugh, and sister of Burgess William Fitzhugh. They had a son, Edward Barradall, Jr., orphaned as a child but who reached adulthood and had children.
Career
Barradall emigrated from England with his two brothers and sisters to the Colony of Virginia. He developed a successful legal practice in Williamsburg and Lord Fairfax, who had vast land claims sometimes known as the Northern Neck Proprietary was one of his clients. Barradell succeeded John Clayton as the Attorney General of Virginia in 1737.
That same year, Sir John Randolph who represented the College of William and Mary in the House of Burgesses (and was also its Speaker) died, and Barradell succeeded him as burgess for the next sessions, until his death. Barradell also served as Judge of the Admiralty Court. and mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia (1736-1737).
Edward Barradall is sometimes called Virginia's first law reporter, for a manuscript of his notes concerning cases adjudicated by the General Court of Virginia between April 1733 and October 1741 was published long after his death, although the original manuscript is now lost.
In 1739 one of Barradall's indentured servants, John Davis, a West Country man imported from Bristol, ran away, so Barradall advertised for his return, noting that since he had lived in Philadelphia he might be trying to run back there. He offered a cash reward and a pistol for Davis' return.
Death
Barradall died about 1743 in Virginia, as did his wife Sarah. Both are buried together in the same tomb in the churchyard of historic Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg.
References
1703 births
1743 deaths
Fitzhugh family of Virginia
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Attorneys General
American people of English descent
House of Burgesses members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Barradall |
Sherlock: Case of Evil is a 2002 made-for-television movie focusing on Sherlock Holmes (James D'Arcy) as a young adult in his late 20s. The story noticeably departs from the classic depiction, style and backstory of the original material.
Plot summary
As the movie opens, Sherlock is in pursuit of the criminal Professor Moriarty (Vincent D'Onofrio) and apparently shoots him to death. His body cannot be found, however, as it falls in a sewer. After this incident, Holmes gains notoriety with the press and the police for his apparent killing of Moriarty, and meets Dr. Watson (Roger Morlidge), an early practitioner of autopsies, for the first time. Together, they start an investigation into the murder of several crime lords and become convinced that Moriarty is alive and behind a plot to organize drug dealing. Given that Moriarty is supposedly dead, Holmes finds it hard to convince Inspector Lestrade (Nicholas Gecks) of this claim. Holmes' investigation leads him to an actress (Gabrielle Anwar), who posed as a rich woman to lure Holmes into the plot. Richard E. Grant also appears as Holmes' brother, Mycroft, who was addicted to opium by Moriarty when Sherlock was young.
Cast
James D'Arcy ... Sherlock Holmes
Roger Morlidge ... Dr. Watson
Gabrielle Anwar ... Rebecca Doyle
Vincent D'Onofrio ... Moriarty
Nicholas Gecks ... Insp. Lestrade
Peter-Hugo Daly ... Henry Coot
Richard E. Grant ... Mycroft
Struan Rodger ... Ben Harrington
Mihai Bisericanu ... Sgt. Cox
Mihai Gruia Sandu ... Dr. Cruickshank
Constantin Bărbulescu ... Captor #1 (as Costi Barbulescu)
Doru Dumitrescu ... Captor #2
Constantin Vasilescu ... Goldie Duggan
Corneliu Tigancu ... Chinese Proprietor
Fritha Goodey ... Anna
Ioana Abur ... Victoria
Natalie Ester ... Pretty Young Hopeful
Oana Ardelean ... Debutante #1
Cristina Teodorescu ... Debutante #2
Andreea Bălan ... Burlesque Girl
Mihai Dinvale ... Theatre manager
Ștefan-Dominic Voronca ... Young Holmes (as Stefan Veronca)
Valentin Popescu ... Killer
Radu Captari ... Pianist
Anca Androne ... Nurse
Adrian Huluban ... Surgeon
Cornel Ragea ... Policeman
Vasile Albinet ... Policeman
Adrian Pavlovschi ... Policeman
Critical reaction
Laura Fries of Variety wrote that "D'Arcy makes a convincing Holmes" and "[gives the character] the passion and drive he needs for such intense devotion to crime solving, but also the emotional weaknesses that plague him." Fries added that, despite his "questionable" English accent, "D'Onofrio captures the massive ego and appetites of Moriarty" and " offers such an intimidating physical presence", and that "[s]pecial effects coordinator Daniel Parvulescu has fun on all accounts, creating realistic props as well as a rich, atmospheric London set."
Anita Gates of The New York Times wrote: "Case of Evil is a competent, well-plotted mystery, and it's awfully pretty, thanks to the production designer (Chris Roope) and the director of photography (Lukas Strebel). ... The film has its tongue in its cheek a good bit of the time. At least the director, Graham Theakston, makes it seem tongue in cheek, going for just the right level of knowingness."
Steve Lewis of Mystery*File wrote: "I think you can be a lifelong Sherlock Holmes fan and still enjoy this movie. ... [W]hile there were several nicely done attempts to show Holmes’s deductive abilities ... there is, sad to say, no great attempt by the end of the movie to be little more than just another action flick. The atmosphere and general ambiance is nicely done, though. ... I surprised myself by warming more and more to the characters as the movie went on."
Jay Seaver of eFilmCritic panned the film, giving it a single star out of five, writing: "[L]et's just accept the idea that Sherlock Holmes needs to be sexed up and made relevant for a twenty-first century audience. Do writer/producer Piers Ashworth and director Graham Theakston manage to make an entertaining movie out of that? No. In their hands, Sherlock becomes a generic hero tortured by the past and Moriarty becomes a thug without any sort of air of mystery about him. ... The two leads, D'Arcy and D'Onofrio, are especially weak. Forget previous portrayals of Holmes and Moriarty, and just focus on their tendency to chew scenery and do little, if anything, with body language."
References
External links
American television films
2002 television films
2002 films
2002 action films
2000s crime films
2000s serial killer films
Action television films
Crime television films
Films about drugs
Films about heroin addiction
American serial killer films
Sherlock Holmes films
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock%3A%20Case%20of%20Evil |
In mathematics, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is a common approach to finding an accurate approximation to the solution to an equation, or system of equations. It is particularly used when solving singularly perturbed differential equations. It involves finding several different approximate solutions, each of which is valid (i.e. accurate) for part of the range of the independent variable, and then combining these different solutions together to give a single approximate solution that is valid for the whole range of values of the independent variable. In the Russian literature, these methods were known under the name of "intermediate asymptotics" and were introduced in the work of Yakov Zeldovich and Grigory Barenblatt.
Method overview
In a large class of singularly perturbed problems, the domain may be divided into two or more subdomains. In one of these, often the largest, the solution is accurately approximated by an asymptotic series found by treating the problem as a regular perturbation (i.e. by setting a relatively small parameter to zero). The other subdomains consist of one or more small areas in which that approximation is inaccurate, generally because the perturbation terms in the problem are not negligible there. These areas are referred to as transition layers, and as boundary or interior layers depending on whether they occur at the domain boundary (as is the usual case in applications) or inside the domain.
An approximation in the form of an asymptotic series is obtained in the transition layer(s) by treating that part of the domain as a separate perturbation problem. This approximation is called the "inner solution," and the other is the "outer solution," named for their relationship to the transition layer(s). The outer and inner solutions are then combined through a process called "matching" in such a way that an approximate solution for the whole domain is obtained.
A simple example
Consider the boundary value problem
where is a function of independent time variable , which ranges from 0 to 1, the boundary conditions are and , and is a small parameter, such that .
Outer solution, valid for t = O(1)
Since is very small, our first approach is to treat the equation as a regular perturbation problem, i.e. make the approximation , and hence find the solution to the problem
Alternatively, consider that when and are both of size O(1), the four terms on the left hand side of the original equation are respectively of sizes , O(1), and O(1). The leading-order balance on this timescale, valid in the distinguished limit , is therefore given by the second and fourth terms, i.e.,
This has solution
for some constant . Applying the boundary condition , we would have ; applying the boundary condition , we would have . It is therefore impossible to satisfy both boundary conditions, so is not a valid approximation to make across the whole of the domain (i.e. this is a singular perturbation problem). From this we infer that there must be a boundary layer at one of the endpoints of the domain where needs to be included. This region will be where is no longer negligible compared to the independent variable , i.e. and are of comparable size, i.e. the boundary layer is adjacent to . Therefore, the other boundary condition applies in this outer region, so , i.e. is an accurate approximate solution to the original boundary value problem in this outer region. It is the leading-order solution.
Inner solution, valid for t = O(ε)
In the inner region, and are both tiny, but of comparable size, so define the new O(1) time variable . Rescale the original boundary value problem by replacing with , and the problem becomes
which, after multiplying by and taking , is
Alternatively, consider that when has reduced to size , then is still of size O(1) (using the expression for ), and so the four terms on the left hand side of the original equation are respectively of sizes , , O(1) and O(1). The leading-order balance on this timescale, valid in the distinguished limit , is therefore given by the first and second terms, i.e.
This has solution
for some constants and . Since applies in this inner region, this gives , so an accurate approximate solution to the original boundary value problem in this inner region (it is the leading-order solution) is
Matching
We use matching to find the value of the constant . The idea of matching is that the inner and outer solutions should agree for values of in an intermediate (or overlap) region, i.e. where . We need the outer limit of the inner solution to match the inner limit of the outer solution, i.e.,
which gives .
The above problem is the simplest of the simple problems dealing with matched asymptotic expansions. One can immediately calculate that is the entire asymptotic series for the outer region whereas the correction to the inner solution is and the constant of integration must be obtained from inner-outer matching.
Notice, the intuitive idea for matching of taking the limits i.e. doesn't apply at this level. This is simply because the underlined term doesn't converge to a limit. The methods to follow in these types of cases are either to go for a) method of an intermediate variable or using b) the Van-Dyke matching rule. The former method is cumbersome and works always whereas the Van-Dyke matching rule is easy to implement but with limited applicability. A concrete boundary value problem having all the essential ingredients is the following.
Consider the boundary value problem
The conventional outer expansion gives , where must be obtained from matching.
The problem has boundary layers both on the left and on the right. The left boundary layer near has a thickness whereas the right boundary layer near has thickness . Let us first calculate the solution on the left boundary layer by rescaling , then the differential equation to satisfy on the left is
and accordingly, we assume an expansion .
The inhomogeneous condition on the left provides us the reason to start the expansion at . The leading order solution is .
This with van-Dyke matching gives .
Let us now calculate the solution on the right rescaling , then the differential equation to satisfy on the right is
and accordingly, we assume an expansion
The inhomogeneous condition on the right provides us the reason to start the expansion at . The leading order solution is . This with van-Dyke matching gives . Proceeding in a similar fashion if we calculate the higher order-corrections we get the solutions as
Composite solution
To obtain our final, matched, composite solution, valid on the whole domain, one popular method is the uniform method. In this method, we add the inner and outer approximations and subtract their overlapping value, , which would otherwise be counted twice. The overlapping value is the outer limit of the inner boundary layer solution, and the inner limit of the outer solution; these limits were above found to equal . Therefore, the final approximate solution to this boundary value problem is,
Note that this expression correctly reduces to the expressions for and when is and O(1), respectively.
Accuracy
This final solution satisfies the problem's original differential equation (shown by substituting it and its derivatives into the original equation). Also, the boundary conditions produced by this final solution match the values given in the problem, up to a constant multiple. This implies, due to the uniqueness of the solution, that the matched asymptotic solution is identical to the exact solution up to a constant multiple. This is not necessarily always the case, any remaining terms should go to zero uniformly as .
Not only does our solution successfully approximately solve the problem at hand, it closely approximates the problem's exact solution. It happens that this particular problem is easily found to have exact solution
which has the same form as the approximate solution, by the multiplying constant. The approximate solution is the first term in a binomial expansion of the exact solution in powers of .
Location of boundary layer
Conveniently, we can see that the boundary layer, where and are large, is near , as we supposed earlier. If we had supposed it to be at the other endpoint and proceeded by making the rescaling , we would have found it impossible to satisfy the resulting matching condition. For many problems, this kind of trial and error is the only way to determine the true location of the boundary layer.
Harder problems
The problem above is a simple example because it is a single equation with only one dependent variable, and there is one boundary layer in the solution. Harder problems may contain several co-dependent variables in a system of several equations, and/or with several boundary and/or interior layers in the solution.
It is often desirable to find more terms in the asymptotic expansions of both the outer and the inner solutions. The appropriate form of these expansions is not always clear: while a power-series expansion in may work, sometimes the appropriate form involves fractional powers of , functions such as , et cetera. As in the above example, we will obtain outer and inner expansions with some coefficients which must be determined by matching.
Second-order differential equations
Schrödinger-like second-order differential equations
A method of matched asymptotic expansions - with matching of solutions in the common domain of validity - has been developed and used extensively by Dingle and Müller-Kirsten for the derivation of asymptotic expansions of the solutions and characteristic numbers (band boundaries) of Schrödinger-like second-order differential equations with periodic potentials - in particular for the Mathieu equation (best example), Lamé and ellipsoidal wave equations, oblate and prolate spheroidal wave equations, and equations with anharmonic potentials.
Convection-diffusion equations
Methods of matched asymptotic expansions have been developed to find approximate solutions to the Smoluchowski convection-diffusion equation, which is a singularly perturbed second-order differential equation. The problem has been studied particularly in the context of colloid particles in linear flow fields, where the variable is given by the pair distribution function around a test particle.
In the limit of low Péclet number, the convection-diffusion equation also presents a singularity at infinite distance (where normally the far-field boundary condition should be placed) due to the flow field being linear in the interparticle separation. This problem can be circumvented with a spatial Fourier transform as shown by Jan Dhont.
A different approach to solving this problem was developed by Alessio Zaccone and coworkers and consists in placing the boundary condition right at the boundary layer distance, upon assuming (in a first-order approximation) a constant value of the pair distribution function in the outer layer due to convection being dominant there. This leads to an approximate theory for the encounter rate of two interacting colloid particles in a linear flow field in good agreement with the full numerical solution.
When the Péclet number is significantly larger than one, the singularity at infinite separation no longer occurs and the method of matched asymptotics can be applied to construct the full solution for the pair distribution function across the entire domain.
See also
Asymptotic analysis
Multiple-scale analysis
Activation energy asymptotics
References
Differential equations
Asymptotic analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20matched%20asymptotic%20expansions |
Norm N. Nite (born Norman Durma, January 25, 1941), is the author of the Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N' Roll book series. Nite began his career as a disk jockey at WGAR (AM) in Cleveland and later at WMJI there. He went on to host shows at WCBS-FM and WNBC in New York City. Nite's historical interest in Rock & Roll led him to compile, as the first volume of "Rock On" describes it, "an exhaustive array of data on more than 1,000 of the most popular artists of the fifties and early sixties. Any singer who had a top 100 single during the golden days of rock n' roll can be found in (the) book." Subsequently, due to the popularity of this volume, first released in 1974, he authored a second volume in 1978, covering, as described on the dust jacket, "The Modern Years: 1964-Present" with an introduction by Wolfman Jack. In 1985 Rock On Volume 3 was released and billed "Rock On Volume 3 – The Video Revolution: 1978 – Present". During 1988 he narrated the radio program Solid Gold Scrapbook. From 1988-1990, Nite hosted a nationally syndicated oldies radio program on the Unistar Radio Network called U.S. Hall of Fame.
In July 2005, Nite began broadcasting live from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 5 (Sirius Gold, now known as Sirius XM 50s on 5), which is also available on channel 9905 on the Dish Network. His show had originally aired Wednesdays through Sundays, but in August 2006, he cut back his on-air schedule to Fridays through Sundays from 3-6 p.m. US Eastern time (12-3 p.m. Pacific time).
From 2005 to 2014, Nite broadcast on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, presenting "Remember Then", an hour dedicated exclusively to the music that was on the charts on the corresponding date during a designated year, mainly between 1956 and 1963. The "Remember Then" hour aired between 4-5 p.m. Eastern (1-2 p.m. Pacific). Nite was an enthusiastic cheerleader of the music and its artists, and also did much to promote the 50s on 5 channel and its other on-air talent. In February 2014, SiriusXM made a sudden management move to drop live deejays from virtually all of its 50s on 5 programming, ending Nite's broadcasts without the chance to have a farewell broadcast. (Some deejays from the 50s on 5 New York studio were reassigned to weekday shifts on SiriusXM's more-favored 60s on 6 channel, including Pat St. John.)
Although Nite once split his time between New York City, New York and Cleveland, Ohio, he now lives in Cleveland full-time.
References
External links
Norm N. Nite official website
The Silhouettes website
1941 births
Living people
Sirius Satellite Radio
Radio personalities from Cleveland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20N.%20Nite |
John Harmer served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1737 to 1738.
Harmer was mayor of Williamsburg in 1738 and 1746, a churchwarden for Bruton Parish Church, and Burgess for Williamsburg from 1742 to 1747. He also served as a justice of the York County Court.
Notes
References
Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Volume 1. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915. . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Harmer%20%28mayor%29 |
Edward William Macleay Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham, (8 September 1879 – 1 December 1955) was a British colonial administrator and politician.
Early life
Grigg was the son of Henry Bridewell Grigg, CIE, a member of the Indian Civil Service, sometime Political Resident of Travancore, and Elizabeth Louisa, née Thomson, whose parents were the Australian politician and administrator Sir Edward Deas Thomson and his wife, Anna Maria, daughter of General Sir Richard Bourke, Governor of New South Wales from 1831 to 1837. Born in Madras, he was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, where he won the Gaisford Prize for Greek verse in 1902. Upon graduation, he embarked on a career in journalism. He joined The Times in 1903 as secretary to the editor, George Earle Buckle, then moved to The Outlook in 1905, where he worked as assistant editor under James Louis Garvin. Grigg returned to The Times in 1906, where he was the head of the colonial department until he resigned in 1913 to become the co-editor of The Round Table Journal.
Military service
At the start of the First World War, Grigg enlisted in the Grenadier Guards and was commissioned as a special-reserve second lieutenant (on probation) on 13 March 1915. He was confirmed in his rank on 11 August, with a promotion to temporary lieutenant. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant (effective 15 July 1915), and to temporary captain on 8 November. Serving in France, he distinguished himself in combat before his transfer to the staff as a GSO 3 on 4 February 1916, briefly relinquishing his temporary rank of captain with effect from 27 January, and resuming it from 15 April.
He received the Military Cross in 1917 and the Distinguished Service Order the following year and was a lieutenant-colonel by the end of the war. He was the only civilian (non-regular officer) to become GSO 1 of a division during the war. Grigg was created Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1919 and served as military secretary to Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) from 1919 to 1920, accompanying the prince on tours of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. For his services, Grigg was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1919 and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1920.
Entry to politics
Upon his return in 1920, Grigg became a private secretary to Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Grigg became devoted to Lloyd George and developed a deep respect for the "Welsh Wizard" that subsequently limited his political career. After Lloyd George's departure in 1922, Grigg passed up a number of appointments within the civil service to enter the House of Commons. He was elected to Parliament as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in 1922 from the constituency of Oldham. Meanwhile, he also served as secretary to the Rhodes Trust, a position that he held from 1923 to 1925.
In 1923, Grigg married Joan Dickson-Poynder, daughter of his fellow politician Lord Islington. They had three children:
John Edward Poynder Grigg, 2nd Baron Altrincham (15 April 1924 – 31 December 2001), journalist and author
Annabel Desirée Grigg, (b. 19 November 1931),
Anthony Ulrick David Dundas Grigg, 3rd Baron Altrincham (12 January 1934 — 1 August 2020).
Governor of Kenya
In 1925, Grigg resigned his seat to accept an appointment as governor of Kenya. He was frustrated in his assigned task to merge Kenya with the bordering British colonies of Uganda and Tanganyika, but he provided energetic administration to the colony by improving agriculture, education and infrastructure during his governorship. However, he opposed consideration of the colony's development into a multi-racial state and believed that the native African population was ill-prepared for managing the government. Meanwhile, he was named KCMG in 1928. Grigg declared female circumcision to be illegal in the colony and used the armed forces of the colony to enforce the ban. Men who were caught circumcising women were arrested by British authorities, which led to some backlash in Kenya's indigenous African majority.
Resuming politics
Grigg returned to Britain in 1930. He was offered his choice of Indian governorships, but his poor health, along with that of his wife, forestalled his accepting an appointment. Instead, Grigg decided to re-enter politics. Though initially nominated as the Conservative candidate for the Leeds Central constituency in the 1931 general election, Grigg loyally stood aside for the National Labour candidate, Richard Denman. Two years later, he returned to Parliament in a by-election for the constituency of Altrincham. He would serve as MP for Altrincham until the constituency was abolished in 1945.
Grigg's return to politics coincided with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor. Grigg feared the Nazi movement and in two books pressed the case for a strong defence against the threat that it posed. However, Grigg never openly challenged the policy of appeasement that was advanced by the governments of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain and kept his criticisms private. When war broke out, Grigg joined the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Information. In April 1940, he became first the financial secretary, then joint parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War, a post that he held until March 1942. He declined Winston Churchill's invitation to become First Commissioner of Works, as it was dependent upon acceptance of a peerage, and Grigg did not return to government until 21 November 1944 when he was selected as Minister-Resident for the Middle East as successor to Lord Moyne, who had been assassinated two weeks earlier. Grigg was also appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1944.
Later life
In the aftermath of the Conservative caretaker government's defeat at the 1945 general election, Grigg was raised to the peerage as Baron Altrincham, of Tormarton in the County of Gloucester, which ended his political career. Three years later, he assumed the editorship of the National Review, a post that he held until failing health forced his retirement in 1954. Grigg died a year later in Gloucestershire aged 76. His son, John Grigg, who became the second Baron Altrincham upon his father's death, disclaimed the peerage in 1963 under the terms of the Peerage Act of that year.
Works
The Greatest Experiment in World History (1924)
Unity (1935)
The Faith of an Englishman (1936)
Britain Looks at Germany (1938)
The British Commonwealth: Its Place in the Service of the World (1944)
Kenya's Opportunity: Memories, Hopes and Ideas (1955)
Arms
References
ThePeerage.com: Sir Edward William MacLeay Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham
External links
Altrincham, Edward Grigg, 1st Baron
Altrincham, Edward Grigg, 1st Baron
Alumni of New College, Oxford
British Army personnel of World War I
British Kenya people
Colonial governors and administrators of Kenya
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Grenadier Guards officers
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians
People educated at Summer Fields School
People educated at Winchester College
People from Chipping Sodbury
People from Tormarton
Politicians from Chennai
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Principal Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister
Recipients of the Military Cross
The Times people
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs who were granted peerages
War Office personnel in World War II
1
Barons created by George VI
Military personnel of British India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Grigg%2C%201st%20Baron%20Altrincham |
Ciarduna is a type of Italian pastry.
Ciarduna siciliana is a traditional sweet pastry from the province of Agrigento, Sicily (Italy). It consists of an almond cookie shell filled with a ricotta filling.
Traditional ingredients
flour
sugar
Strutto
vanilla
active yeast
Ammonia Baking Powder (ammonium bicarbonate)
Homogenized milk
crushed almonds
Cinnamon
icing sugar (when decorating the tops of the ciarduna's)
See also
List of almond dishes
References
Cuisine of Sicily
Italian pastries
Cheese dishes
Almond desserts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciarduna |
George Gilmer (1700 – January 15, 1757) served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1746 to 1747.
Biography
Gilmer was born near Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1700. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. In 1731, Gilmer emigrated to Virginia, settling in Williamsburg. In the mid-1730s, Gilmer owned and ran an apothecary in Williamsburg and owned several lots.
He married three times. He first married a Miss Ridgeway and secondly Mary Peachy Walker. His third wife, Harrison Blair, was the daughter of Archibald Blair.
Gilmer died in Virginia on January 15, 1757.
Dr George Gilmer was the great-grandfather of both George Rockingham Gilmer of Georgia and Thomas Walker Gilmer of Virginia.
References
1700 births
1757 deaths
College of William & Mary faculty
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Politicians from Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gilmer%20Sr. |
TIM is the name of a Japanese comedy unit (kombi). The unit consists of and . They are most famous for their antics on the owarai show Uchimura Produce, as well as various children's shows such as . The two are also members of the owarai and music group NO PLAN. Red, the tsukkomi, is originally from Kyoto, and Golgo, the boke, hails from Saitama.
As tsukkomi, Red is easily embarrassed and blushes quickly, which is where he gets the name. At the end of every episode of Uchimura Produce, the host, Teruyoshi Uchimura would shout, "And today's Red is..." to which Red would insert some strange (often embarrassingly un-funny) pseudo-English or meaningless Japanese phrase. Occasionally Red was given his own corner, "Red's World" (a play on Summers' Ōtake's "Ōtake World") in which he would perform weird and nonsensical ad libs (e.g. "Ariga-ton, ton, Washington!" and "Pan! Pan! This is Japan!"). Red is a graduate of Bukkyo University in Kyoto.
Golgo (named after the famous manga Golgo 13) is the boke and is also known for being confusing and rather odd. Golgo is known for his physical and set-up gags, contrasting the more verbal and corny mental humor of Red. Formerly, Golgo was often seen with an un-lit cigar on-air (although he hates tobacco), and he also always sports a small, chaplin-esque moustache. A famous gag of Golgo's has him crying out, "Ah... Inochi!" and then spreading out his arms and lifting one leg in an attempt to mimic the shape of the kanji , meaning "life".
History
TIM was formed by the two in 1994 as an acronym for Time Is Money after close apartments in Tokyo brought the two together. Both went to the Japanese National High School Baseball Championship; Red with the winner of the Kyoto Prefectural Baseball Tournament, and Golgo with the winner for Saitama.
External links
Watanabe Entertainment (Official)
Japanese comedy duos
Watanabe Entertainment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIM%20%28owarai%29 |
Dipterocarpus coriaceus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae endemic to Kalimantan, Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia. This very large tree occurs in mixed dipterocarp forests on hillsides and undulating land. This species was reported in the New Straits Times to be extinct in Peninsular Malaysia in July 2013 as its last natural habitat in Bikam Forest Reserve in Perak was de-gazetted and cleared for oil palm cultivation.
References
coriaceus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Critically endangered flora of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20coriaceus |
Whichford is a village and civil parish in Warwickshire, England, about southeast of Shipston-on-Stour. The parish adjoins the county boundary with Oxfordshire and the village is about north of the Oxfordshire town of Chipping Norton.
The parish includes the hamlet of Ascott, about east of Whichford village. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 336.
Manor and toponymy
The Domesday Book of 1086 records Wicford as a manor of 15 hides. In a document of about 1130 the name is spelt Wicheforda. Its etymology is not certain but it may mean "Ford of the Hwicce", who were an Anglo-Saxon tribe that settled and founded a kingdom in the area in the latter part of the 6th century AD.
Ascott is a common English name meaning "eastern cottage(s)".
Parish church
The oldest part of the Church of England parish church of St Michael is the 12th-century Norman south doorway. The nave and part of the chancel are also 12th-century. In the 13th century the chancel was enlarged and the north aisle was added. There were many alterations in the 14th century including the addition of the northwest tower, south chapel and insertion of several new windows. The nave clerestory was added in the 15th century. St Michael's is a Grade II listed building.
St Michael's west tower has a ring of eight bells. William Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire cast the sixth bell in 1695. William Taylor, who at the time had bell-foundries at Loughborough and Oxford, cast the seventh bell in 1848. John Taylor & Co of Loughborough cast the third, fourth, fifth and tenor bells in 1904. At the time these completed a ring of six bells. The ring was increased to eight in 1998, when John Taylor & Co cast and hung the present treble and second bells. St Michael's has also a Sanctus bell that William Bagley cast in 1706.
Whichford House
Whichford House was built in the 17th century as St Michael's rectory. In the 18th century it was enhanced with an open stairwell, and a stone chimneypiece and wooden panelling in one of the principal rooms. The House is a Grade II* listed building.
Notable people
George Rainbird (1905-1986), British publisher, lived at Whichford House
Amenities
Whichford has a pub, the Norman Knight.
References
Bibliography
External links
Whichford and Ascott
Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Villages in Warwickshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whichford |
Manavadar is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district of India.
History
Bantva Manavadar was a princely state of British India. Founded in 1733, it became a British protectorate in 1818. On 25 September 1947, it acceded to the newly formed Pakistan. However, Indian forces entered the area on the grounds that the state was a vassal of the Junagadh state, which was itself a vassal of the Baroda state that had acceded to India. This land is still considered a disputed area between India and Pakistan.
It was also known as the Asia's third center for cotton ginning. It contained almost around more than 75 ginning factories of cotton.
Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Manavadar, along with Junagadh State and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map.
Geography
Manavadar is located at . It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 feet).
Demographics
India census, Manavadar had a population of 27,559. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Manavadar has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 63%. In Manavadar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
It has developed cotton industry and cotton and groundnut are the most cash crops of the area. The town was famous once upon a time due to its vegetable ghee industries, but in winds and sweeps of economic reform in India, all three units has been closed. Manavadar taluk have big towns or villages like Bantwa, Nanadiya, Khambhla, Nakara, Pajod, Jilana, Sardargadh, Kodvav (List of Indian Princely States), Mitdi, Limbuda, Indra, Sherdi, Bhimora, Bodka (Swamina), Galvav, Sanosara, Koyalana (Ghed), Zinzari, Chudva, Khadiya, Vadala, Sitana, Bhitana, and Padaradi (Ghed) (પાદરડી-ઘેડ).
References
Cities and towns in Junagadh district
Former capital cities in India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavadar |
John Amson (1698 – death unknown, possibly 1765) was an English physician and amateur botanist who moved to Virginia and served as alderman and mayor of Williamsburg, during the Colonial period, from 1750 to 1751.
Biography
Amson owned lots 212–217 in Williamsburg from 1746 to around 1758. In 1762, he bought 180 acres of land from Henry Tyler, of the noted Tyler family.
In 1760, a perennial flower, the genus of Amsonia Blue Star, was named after Amson. It came about after then-General George Washington, on campaign during the French and Indian War, contracted what he believed to be the consumption, called tuberculosis today. In 1758, on his way to Williamsburg, Washington sought a definitive answer as to his illness, stopped for a medical consultation at the Governor's Palace, where Dr. Amson lived on the north-west edge of town. Amson diagnosed Washington with a common cold and convinced him he was not going to die.
Legacy
To commemorate Amson, John Clayton, clerk of courts for Gloucester County and author of the book Flora Virginica, named the native flora Amsonia after the doctor, and sent the seeds to botanist John Bartram for his seed and plant business.
References
External links
Williamsburg Government - PAST MAYORS AND GOVERNORS
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
18th-century American people
18th-century English medical doctors
18th-century English people
1698 births
18th-century deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Amson |
John Francis McElhone (born 21 April 1963 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish guitarist and songwriter.
He has played with three bands who have enjoyed a top-20 presence in the UK Singles Chart; the new wave bands Altered Images and Hipsway, and the alternative/pop rock band Texas. Altered Images and Texas have had top-20 UK Albums Chart hits.
McElhone contributed the musical part of co-writing the bulk of Texas's material.
He is the son of Scottish Labour MPs Frank and Helen McElhone. He is the father of child actor Jack McElhone, who co-starred with Gerard Butler and Emily Mortimer in the 2004 film Dear Frankie.
References
External links
IMDb Biography
British Hit Singles - 14th Edition -
The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums - 7th Edition -
Guinness Rockopedia -
The Great Rock Discography - 5th Edition -
1963 births
Living people
Scottish bass guitarists
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish new wave musicians
Scottish rock guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Scottish male songwriters
People educated at Holyrood Secondary School
Texas (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20McElhone |
The Naked Truth is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13, 1995, to February 28, 1996, and on NBC from January 16, 1997, to May 25, 1998. The series stars Téa Leoni and Holland Taylor. The show took place at the office of a tabloid news publication.
Plot
Pulitzer Prize nominated photographer Nora Wilde (Téa Leoni) divorces her rich, philandering husband Leland Banks, asking for nothing in the settlement except the use of her maiden name. Broke and without prospects for employment, after Leland blackballs her from respectable mainstream work, Nora seeks work at The Comet, a sleazy celebrity tabloid owned by Sir Rudolph Halley (Tim Curry) and run by ruthless Camilla Dane (Holland Taylor). Initially, Nora is repulsed by the depths to which she has to sink for her new job – she finds herself in demeaning situations such as stealing Anna Nicole Smith's urine to run a pregnancy test, and staking out the sewer for mutant alligators – but before long, she begins to feel at home. Nora's coworkers include egotistical Nicky Columbus (Jonathan Penner), a potential love interest; T.J. (Darryl Sivad), a humorless African-American man always clad in dark sunglasses; and Stupid Dave (Mark Roberts) who is mentally disabled. At home, Nora deals with deranged building manager Mr. Donner (Jack Blessing) and Chloe Banks (Amy Ryan), her best friend and former step-daughter.
In the second season, the show switched networks and was retooled. Meat-mogul Les Polanski (George Wendt) buys The Comet, intending to make it a respectable publication. Gone were the outlandishly zany antics from the first season, and Stupid Dave was now merely referred to as Dave. Chloe disappears without explanation, as does Mr. Donner (since Nora has a new apartment). Mary Tyler Moore (replacing Dyan Cannon from season one) and George Segal both make frequent guest appearances as Nora's parents in season two, eventually moving into the apartment across the hall. Most episodes centered on Nora's romantic life and how her job could intrude on that.
Season three saw enormous changes. Camilla quits The Comet and moves on to rival tabloid The National Inquisitor, leaving most of the staff behind. By this point, she and Nora had become close, so she asks Nora to join her at the Inquisitor. Also moving to The Inquisitor was Dave, who was no longer mentally disabled. Their new coworkers include smug reporter Jake Sullivan (Tom Verica), photographer Suji (Amy Hill), studious fact checker Harris (Jim Rash), and Bradley Crosby (Chris Elliott), the self-proclaimed illegitimate son of Bing Crosby.
History
The series began on ABC and was canceled after a single season despite ranking at #25 with an 11.4 rating. For its second season, the series moved to NBC with new cast members and a general retooling of the show away from its tabloid settings. The second season ranked at #4 with a 16.8 rating. Its third and final season plummeted to #74 and was canceled at the end of the season.
Episodes
References
External links
1990s American sitcoms
1990s American workplace comedy television series
1995 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
NBC original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about journalism
American television series revived after cancellation
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series by Brad Grey Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naked%20Truth%20%28TV%20series%29 |
U.S. Route 30 (US 30) is a U.S. Highway that runs east–west across the southern part of Pennsylvania, passing through Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on its way from the West Virginia state line east to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River into New Jersey.
In Pennsylvania, US 30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, an auto trail which ran from San Francisco, California, to New York City before the U.S. Routes were designated. The Lincoln Highway turned northeast at Philadelphia, however, using present US 1 and its former alignments to cross the Delaware River into Trenton, New Jersey.
Points of interest along US 30 include the Gettysburg Battlefield, Dutch Wonderland, the Flight 93 National Memorial, Fort Ligonier, Westmoreland Mall, Jennerstown Speedway, Idlewild and Soak Zone, and Independence Mall at the Independence National Historical Park.
Route description
West Virginia to Pittsburgh
US 30 enters Pennsylvania from West Virginia in Beaver County, heading east along two-lane undivided Lincoln Highway. The road passes through rural areas and comes to an intersection with Pennsylvania Route 168 (PA 168) south of the borough of Hookstown, where it briefly becomes a divided highway. US 30 continues as an undivided road, turning northeast and then southeast before it comes to a junction with the western terminus of PA 151. The road heads southeast and crosses PA 18 in the community of Harshaville.
The route passes through Raccoon Creek State Park, where it turns south and crosses Raccoon Creek. The road leaves the state park and curves to the southeast.
US 30 enters Allegheny County and continues east along Lincoln Highway, reaching the community of Clinton. Here, the route turns to the southeast and comes to an interchange with the PA 576 toll road to the southwest of Pittsburgh International Airport, where the route briefly becomes a divided highway. The road continues southeast and reaches the community of Imperial, where it passes under the Montour Trail.
US 30 heads into developed areas, crossing Steubenville Pike, and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the US 22 freeway, where US 30 heads east for a concurrency with US 22 and PA 978 continues southeast. US 22/US 30 run east as a four-lane freeway through suburban areas, coming to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Oakdale Road that serves Hankey Farms. Farther east, the freeway has a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with McKee Road that provides access to the borough of Oakdale to the south.
From here, US 22/US 30 turn east-northeast and reach an interchange that connects to Old Steubenville Pike, Bayer Road, and Montour Church Road. The freeway comes to an interchange with I-376, where US 22/US 30 head southeast concurrent with I-376 and PA 60 continues east (south) at-grade along a four-lane divided highway.
I-376/US 22/US 30 head southeast as the four-lane Penn-Lincoln Parkway, reaching an interchange with Ridge Road. The freeway comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with Campbells Run Road, where it widens to six lanes. The highway curves to the east and meets I-79 at an interchange. Past this interchange, I-376/US 22/US 30 narrows to two lanes eastbound and head into the borough of Rosslyn Farms, turning southeast and coming to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with Rosslyn Road that serves Rosslyn Farms.
The freeway crosses into the borough of Carnegie and reaches a bus-only eastbound exit and westbound entrance connecting to the PRT's West Busway before passing over a Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad line. The highway passes over Chartiers Creek and another Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad line as it leaves Carnegie and comes to the PA 50 interchange. I-376/US 22/US 30 narrows to four lanes, passing under a Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway line and curving northeast into the borough of Green Tree.
The freeway reaches the PA 121 interchange, where it gains a third westbound lane, and heads east, entering the city of Pittsburgh and coming to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with Parkway Center Drive. The highway turns north and reaches a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with US 19, where US 19 joins I-376/US 22/US 30 on the Penn-Lincoln Parkway. Within this interchange, the road has an eastbound runaway truck ramp and passes under a ramp carrying both directions of US 19 Truck.
The freeway widens to six lanes and passes under a Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway line before reaching an interchange with PA 51, where US 19 Truck joins the Penn-Lincoln Parkway from PA 51 and US 19 splits from the Penn-Lincoln Parkway by heading north along with PA 51. Past this interchange, I-376/US 22/US 30/US 19 Truck narrows to four lanes and passes under Mount Washington in the Fort Pitt Tunnel.
After emerging from the Fort Pitt Tunnel, the freeway passes over Norfolk Southern's Mon Line and PA 837, coming to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance that connects to northbound PA 837. The Penn-Lincoln Parkway heads onto the Fort Pitt Bridge, a double-decker bridge carrying four lanes in each direction, and passes over CSX's Pittsburgh Subdivision railroad line and the Monongahela River as it heads into Downtown Pittsburgh at Point State Park and comes to an interchange with the southern terminus of I-279, where US 19 Truck heads north along I-279 and I-376/US 22/US 30 continue east along the Penn-Lincoln Parkway. The I-279 interchange also includes eastbound exits and westbound entrances with Boulevard of the Allies/Liberty Avenue and Fort Duquesne Boulevard that serve Downtown Pittsburgh.
The four-lane freeway heads east-southeast between Downtown Pittsburgh to the north and the Monongahela River to the south, reaching a partial interchange with Stanwix Street with no eastbound exit. The highway heads under the Smithfield Street Bridge and comes to an interchange with Grant Street, where it widens to six lanes. I-376/US 22/US 30 pass under the Panhandle Bridge carrying PRT's Pittsburgh Light Rail line and then the Liberty Bridge before the lanes split as it reaches a westbound ramp to Second Avenue north of the South Tenth Street Bridge and south of the Duquesne University campus.
Past this, the highway continues east between urban areas to the north and the Monongahela River to the south, with the Three Rivers Heritage Trail in the median. The freeway comes to an interchange connecting to PA 885 and Forbes Avenue north of the Birmingham Bridge, at which point the trail leaves the median of the freeway and the river heads further south from the freeway. I-376/US 22/US 30 head southeast, with the Three Rivers Heritage Trail parallel to the south, and reaches a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with PA 885. The highway turns east away from the trail and passes over the Allegheny Valley Railroad's P&W Subdivision line.
The freeway comes to an interchange with Beechwood Boulevard before it narrows to four lanes and passes under the southern portion of Squirrel Hill in the Squirrel Hill Tunnel. Past the tunnel, I-376/US 22/US 30 head through wooded areas and pass over Ninemile Run in Frick Park. The highway leaves Pittsburgh as it comes to an interchange with Braddock Avenue that serves the boroughs of Edgewood and Swissvale. The freeway continues east through suburban areas in Edgewood, passing under Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line and the PRT's Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway.
I-376/US 22/US 30 turn to the northeast and head through a corner of the borough of Braddock Hills before entering the borough of Wilkinsburg. In Wilkinsburg, the freeway comes to an interchange with the southern terminus of PA 8, where US 30 splits from I-376/US 22 on the Penn-Lincoln Parkway by heading southeast at-grade on Ardmore Boulevard.
Pittsburgh to Breezewood
US 30 follows Ardmore Boulevard, a five-lane divided highway with two eastbound lanes and three westbound lanes, and enters the borough of Forest Hills, running through suburban development as it curves to the south. The road narrows to two westbound lanes before it curves to the southeast. The route turns to the south-southeast and passes through the center of Forest Hills.
US 30 gains a third eastbound lane before it skirts the border between the borough of North Braddock to the west and the borough of Chalfant to the east as it comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with Electric Avenue. Past this interchange, the route becomes four-lane undivided Lincoln Highway and heads south, crossing into the borough of East Pittsburgh. The road crosses over Bessemer Avenue on a bridge before it curves southeast and heads onto the George Westinghouse Bridge, where it passes over Braddock Avenue, a Union Railroad line, Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line, Turtle Creek, and Norfolk Southern's Port Perry Branch.
After passing over Turtle Creek, US 30 leaves East Pittsburgh, turning into a divided highway and passing over East Pittsburgh McKeesport Boulevard. The route comes to an interchange with Greensburg Pike and becomes undivided before it enters the borough of East McKeesport as Greensburg Avenue. Here, the road turns northeast, curving east and intersecting the northern terminus of PA 148. US 30 runs east-southeast as it leaves East McKeesport and continues along Lincoln Highway. Along this stretch, the route briefly becomes a divided highway at intersections with Luehm Avenue and PA 48.
US 30 enters Westmoreland County in the Laurel Highlands region and continues south along four-lane undivided Lincoln Highway, curving southeast and passing through the community of Stewartsville. The road briefly becomes a divided highway at intersections with Leger Road/Carpenter Lane and Center Highway/Robbins Station Road. The route turns to the east and comes to an eastbound exit and entrance with Main Street in the community of Fairmont before it enters the borough of Irwin.
US 30 gains a center left-turn lane before it leaves Irwin and becomes a four-lane divided highway as it comes to the Irwin interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76). Past this interchange, the median turns into a center left-turn lane.
US 30 runs along the southern border of the borough of Adamsburg and becomes a divided highway as it reaches an interchange with Edna Road serving Adamsburg. The road becomes five lanes with a center left-turn lane and passes through the community of Lincoln Heights and running along the southern border of the city of Jeannette.
Past Jeannette, US 30 curves southeast and turns into a four-lane divided highway, coming to an interchange with the PA 66 toll road. After this interchange, the route briefly widens to six lanes before curving east and becoming a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane, turning into a four-lane divided highway as it passes south of the Greengate Centre shopping center and comes to a bridge over the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad's Radebaugh Subdivision line.
US 30 becomes a freeway that bypasses the city of Greensburg to the south and curves southeast, reaching an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with West Pittsburgh Street. The road enters Greensburg and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 136. The route runs along the southwest border of the borough of Southwest Greensburg and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 119/PA 819/PA 66 Bus.
Past this interchange, US 30 passes over the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad's Greensburg Industrial Track line and the Five Star Trail, at which point it heads through a section of the borough of South Greensburg before it comes to a right-in/right-out interchange with Cedar Street. At this point, the freeway curves northeast, reaching a diamond interchange with Mt. Pleasant Road. The road passes through a section of Greensburg and comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with PA 130. A short distance later, the freeway section ends at westbound exit and eastbound entrance with East Pittsburgh Street to the east of Greensburg.
US 30 heads east as the six-lane, divided Lincoln Highway and reaches an interchange serving the Westmoreland Mall to the south of the road. The road narrows to four lanes and continues east-southeast. Farther east, the route runs through rural areas with some development, passing to the north of Arnold Palmer Regional Airport as it widens to six lanes and comes to an intersection with PA 981 to the south of the borough of Latrobe.
US 30 narrows to four lanes before it reaches a cloverleaf interchange with PA 982 that provides access to Latrobe to the north and the borough of Youngstown to the south. The median of the road widens and the westbound lanes cross the Loyalhanna Creek, at which point the Loyalhanna Creek runs in the median of US 30. The route comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 217. Past this intersection, US 30 winds southeast through a gap in Chestnut Ridge, with the eastbound lanes crossing the Loyalhanna Creek.
At this point, the road heads east as a four-lane divided highway with the Loyalhanna Creek parallel to the south, passing to the north of the Idlewild and Soak Zone amusement park. The median widens again and the route intersects the southern terminus of PA 259 in the community of Millbank. US 30 curves south and turns to the east. The road curves southeast and the median narrows, at which point it heads along the southwest border of the borough of Ligonier as a four-lane divided highway. The route crosses PA 711 and passes to the south of Fort Ligonier.
US 30 leaves Ligonier and narrows to a two-lane undivided road, intersecting the northern terminus of PA 381. The route passes through the community of Laughlintown and runs along the southern border of the borough of Laurel Mountain. Past the borough of Laurel Mountain, the road ascends Laurel Hill and comes to a westbound runaway truck ramp. Further up the hill, the route reaches a westbound truck brake check station and briefly becomes a divided highway through a sharp turn before it comes to another westbound truck brake check station.
At the summit of Laurel Hill, US 30 enters Somerset County and begins to descend the hill along two-lane undivided Lincoln Highway, passing through a section of Laurel Ridge State Park where it crosses the Laurel Highlands Hiking Trail. After descending the hill, the road runs east-southeast. The route enters the borough of Jennerstown and becomes West Pitt Street. US 30 intersects PA 985 and becomes East Pitt Street.
The road leaves Jennerstown and becomes the Lincoln Highway again. The route heads through the community of Jenners Crossroads before it has a junction with PA 601 in the community of Ferrellton. US 30 briefly becomes a four-lane divided highway as it comes to an interchange with the US 219 freeway.
Past this interchange, the route becomes a two-lane undivided road again and winds southeast. The road runs along the southwest border of the borough of Stoystown and passes under Somerset Street before it reaches an interchange with the northern terminus of PA 281.
Past Stoystown, US 30 crosses the Stonycreek River and intersects the southern terminus of PA 403 before it comes to a bridge over CSX's S&C Subdivision railroad line. The route comes to the entrance road to the Flight 93 National Memorial to the south. The road runs through the community of Buckstown and passes north of the borough of Indian Lake before it reaches an intersection with PA 160 in the community of Reels Corner. US 30 continues east-southeast and passes to the north of the Stony Creek Wind Farm before it begins to ascend Allegheny Mountain, winding to the east. Approaching the summit of the mountain, the road comes to an eastbound truck brake check station.
US 30 leaves the Laurel Highlands region as it crosses into Bedford County and reaches the summit of Allegheny Mountain, where it turns north-northeast and begins to descend the mountain. The road makes a hairpin turn to the southeast and winds east, coming to an eastbound truck brake check station as it continues to descend. The route heads east-northeast and enters the borough of Schellsburg, where US 30 becomes Pitt Street and crosses PA 96.
Upon leaving Schellsburg, the road becomes the Lincoln Highway again and passes north of Shawnee State Park, curving southeast and then east. The route passes under the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-70/I-76) before intersecting the eastern terminus of PA 31.
US 30 heads east-northeast a short distance to the south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike and reaches a junction with the eastern terminus of PA 56 before it curves southeast and crosses the Raystown Branch Juniata River in the community of Wolfsburg. The route runs south and comes to an intersection with the western terminus of US 30 Bus., at which point US 30 becomes a four-lane freeway that bypasses the borough of Bedford to the north.
US 30 heads southeast and reaches a cloverleaf interchange with the US 220 freeway. The freeway crosses the Raystown Branch Juniata River and runs to the north of the river, passing over US 220 Bus. The route leaves Bedford and crosses the river again before it comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with the eastern terminus of US 30 Bus., where the freeway section ends and US 30 becomes four-lane divided Lincoln Highway.
US 30, the Raystown Branch Juniata River, and the Pennsylvania Turnpike pass southeast through the Bedford Narrows, a gap in Evitts Mountain. Here, US 30 intersects the northern terminus of PA 326 and curves northeast, crossing over the river and under the turnpike. The route becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane, curving east. The road turns into a four-lane divided highway and has interchanges with Pennknoll Road, where it passes south of UPMC Bedford hospital, and Lutzville Road. US 30 continues east and southeast and passes east through a gap in Tussey Mountain. The route has an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with the western terminus of US 30 Bus., where it becomes a freeway that bypasses the borough of Everett to the north. The freeway turns north between the mountain the west and Everett to the east before it turns east and passes over PA 26 prior to an interchange with the Bud Shuster Bypass that connects to PA 26. The freeway section of US 30 ends at an intersection with the eastern terminus of US 30 Bus. east of Everett, where US 30 becomes four-lane divided Lincoln Highway. The road curves southeast as it runs north of the Raystown Branch Juniata River. The route crosses the river and winds east, heading into the community of Breezewood, where it passes several businesses and comes to an at-grade intersection with I-70. At this point, I-70 joins US 30 in a wrong-way concurrency on a non–limited access section of Interstate Highway that has two eastbound lanes, three westbound lanes, and a center left-turn lane before the road comes to an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike, where I-70 splits from US 30 and heads west along with I-76 on the turnpike. From here, US 30 narrows to a two-lane undivided road and crosses the Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike before it heads northeast into rural areas and climbs Rays Hill, gaining a second eastbound lane and passing over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76).
Breezewood to Lancaster
At the summit of Rays Hill, US 30 enters Fulton County and descends the hill as two-lane undivided Lincoln Highway, with the Pennsylvania Turnpike parallel to the north. The route turns east away from the turnpike and comes to an intersection with PA 915, at which point PA 915 heads east for a concurrency with US 30. The road heads into the Buchanan State Forest, with PA 915 splitting to the north. US 30 ascends Sideling Hill and reaches the summit, where it comes to an eastbound truck brake check station. At this point, the road begins to descend Sideling Hill, winding east. Along the descent, the roadway comes to two truck brake check stations and two runaway truck ramps in the eastbound direction. The route leaves the state forest and heads southeast, passing through the community of Saluvia. US 30 curves east-southeast and comes to an intersection with PA 655 in the community of Harrisonville. The road turns southeast in the community of Breezy Point and ascends Scrub Ridge. The route comes to a westbound truck brake check station before it reaches the community of Summit, where it heads south to descend Scrub Ridge. US 30 continues south and briefly becomes a divided highway as it intersects Lincoln Way, where it turns into a two-lane expressway that bypasses the borough of McConnellsburg to the north. The road makes a hairpin turn to the northeast and gains a second westbound lane. The route curves east and comes to a diamond interchange with US 522 that serves McConnellsburg, where it becomes a four-lane divided expressway. Past this interchange, the expressway becomes a three-lane undivided road with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane, turning to the south-southeast. US 30 becomes a divided highway and intersects Lincoln Way again, where the expressway section ends. The route becomes a three-lane undivided road with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane as it ascends Tuscarora Mountain. The road narrows to two lanes as it continues to climb the mountain and follow a winding alignment.
At the summit of Tuscarora Mountain, US 30 enters Franklin County and curves northeast to descend the mountain. The road comes to an eastbound truck brake check station as it winds northeast and reaches an eastbound runaway truck ramp and gains a westbound truck lane. The route curves to the east-southeast and narrows to two lanes. At the bottom of the mountain, US 30 enters the Cumberland Valley and becomes Lincoln Way West, briefly turning into a divided highway as it reaches an intersection with PA 75. The road becomes undivided again and heads to the south of the community of Fort Loudon. The route continues east-northeast through rural areas in the valley, intersecting the northern terminus of PA 416 and passing through the community of St. Thomas. US 30 gains a center left-turn lane, crossing Back Creek. Farther east, the road has a junction with the northern terminus of PA 995 before it enters the borough of Chambersburg. At this point, the route runs through developed areas and splits into the one-way pair of West Loudon Street eastbound and Lincoln Way West westbound, with West Loudon Street a two-way, two-lane road and Lincoln Way West carrying two lanes of one-way traffic. US 30 crosses the Conococheague Creek and the Chambersburg Rail-Trail, with the eastbound direction shifting to West Queen Street, which carries two lanes of one-way traffic. The route heads into downtown Chambersburg and intersects US 11, which is routed on the one-way pair of Main Street southbound and 2nd Street northbound. Westbound US 30 meets southbound US 11 at Memorial Square, which features a fountain in the middle of the intersection. Upon crossing southbound US 11, US 30 becomes East Queen Street eastbound and Lincoln Way East westbound, crossing under Norfolk Southern's Lurgan Branch railroad line before both directions of US 30 rejoin on Lincoln Way East, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road runs east and passes south of WellSpan Chambersburg Hospital before it widens to five lanes as it comes to an interchange with I-81 on the eastern border of Chambersburg. Past this interchange, the route heads through the community of Stoufferstown as a four-lane divided highway, soon becoming a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. US 30 narrows to three lanes as it continues through a mix of rural areas and development, passing south of the community of Fayetteville before it forms a short concurrency with PA 997 upon intersecting that route in the community of Greenwood. The road leaves the Cumberland Valley as it heads into the Michaux State Forest, where it crosses South Mountain. The route passes south of Caledonia State Park and becomes a three-lane road with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane, crossing the Appalachian Trail. US 30 briefly becomes four lanes before it loses the second lane eastbound and intersects PA 233, where it turns into a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane.
US 30 enters Adams County and becomes Chambersburg Road, continuing east through Cashtown Gap in South Mountain. The road becomes three lanes with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane before it turns back to a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The route intersects the western terminus of PA 234. US 30 continues east with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes before narrowing to a two-lane road. The route curves southeast in the community of Hilltown and gains a center left-turn lane. The road passes through the community of McKnightstown, where it narrows to two lanes. US 30 crosses CSX's Hanover Subdivision railroad line at-grade in the community of Seven Stars. The route heads to the north of Gettysburg Regional Airport and passes through the community of Stremmels before it runs through a section of Gettysburg National Military Park. US 30 enters the borough of Gettysburg and becomes Buford Avenue, passing north of the United Lutheran Seminary as it heads into developed areas and turns east onto Chambersburg Street. The route continues into downtown Gettysburg and meets US 15 Bus./PA 116 at Lincoln Square, a traffic circle. At this point, US 30 heads east concurrent with PA 116 on York Street, with PA 116 splitting to the east and US 30 continuing northeast along York Street. The route leaves Gettysburg upon crossing Rock Creek and becomes York Road, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, with CSX's Hanover Subdivision parallel to the northwest. The road turns into a four-lane divided highway as it comes to an interchange with the US 15 freeway. US 30 continues east-northeast as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane through a mix of rural areas and development, passing through the community of Guldens. The route curves east and briefly gains a second westbound lane before heading through the community of Brush Run. The road narrows to two lanes and crosses the South Branch Conewago Creek, where the name changes to Lincoln Way West. US 30 enters the borough of New Oxford, crossing CSX's Hanover Subdivision at-grade and meeting Carlisle Street/Hanover Street at the New Oxford Town Square, a traffic circle. The route becomes Lincoln Way East before it leaves New Oxford, where it turns into York Road and gains a center left-turn lane. The road crosses PA 94 in the community of Cross Keys and gains a second westbound lane further east before it reaches the borough of Abbottstown. Upon entering Abbottstown, US 30 becomes two-lane West King Street, meeting PA 194 at the Abbottstown Square traffic circle, before it continues along East King Street.
Upon crossing Beaver Creek, US 30 leaves Abbottstown and heads into York County. The route follows Lincoln Highway, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road curves to the northeast and passes through the community of Farmers, where it bends to the east-northeast. US 30 heads to the north of York Airport before it reaches the community of Thomasville, where it narrows to two lanes and crosses a York Railway line at-grade. The route gains a center left-turn lane and passes through more developed areas. The road widens to a four-lane divided highway and reaches an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 116. US 30 heads east-northeast as West Market Street, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane, and turns into a four-lane divided highway as it comes to a junction with the northern terminus of PA 616. Past this intersection, US 30 splits from West Market Street at a trumpet interchange by heading north onto a four-lane freeway, with PA 462 continuing east along West Market Street towards the city of York. The freeway passes over a York Railway line and curves northeast, passing under PA 234. The route continues northeast and comes to a diamond interchange with PA 74 in a business area north of the borough of West York, with the West Manchester Town Center shopping center located northwest of the interchange. US 30 widens to six lanes before the freeway section ends, with US 30 becoming a six-lane divided highway with at-grade intersections called Loucks Road that passes development. The road enters the city of York and curves east. The route leaves the city of York and crosses Susquehanna Trail/11th Avenue, where the name changes to Arsenal Road, before it reaches an intersection with I-83 Bus. and the southern terminus of PA 181 north of the borough of North York. US 30 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-83, where it narrows to four lanes, before it passes over Codorus Creek and the York County Heritage Rail Trail and then Norfolk Southern's York Secondary railroad line. The route continues east, turning into an unnamed four-lane freeway and reaching an interchange with Memory Lane that serves the community of East York. The freeway reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 24 south of the York Galleria shopping mall. US 30 continues east-northeast and passes north of the Haines Shoe House as it heads into rural areas, coming to a diamond interchange with Kreutz Creek Road that provides access to PA 462 and the borough of Hallam to the south. The freeway reaches a diamond interchange at Cool Springs Road, which heads south to connect to PA 462 and the borough of Wrightsville.
US 30 crosses the Susquehanna River on the Wright's Ferry Bridge into Lancaster County, where it heads into the borough of Columbia and passes over Norfolk Southern's Port Road Branch railroad line and the Northwest Lancaster County River Trail before coming to an interchange with PA 441 that serves Columbia; the Turkey Hill Experience is located south of this interchange. From here, the freeway heads northeast and curves to the southeast. The route leaves Columbia and turns east, coming to a diamond interchange with Prospect Road. US 30 passes through the borough of Mountville before it reaches a diamond interchange with Stony Battery Road that serves Mountville. The freeway runs east-northeast through suburban development, coming to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Centerville Road. The route turns northeast and crosses under PA 23. US 30 curves east as it reaches a diamond interchange with PA 741. The freeway widens to six lanes before it curves northeast and crosses the Little Conestoga Creek. The route comes to an interchange with Harrisburg Pike, at which point it enters the city of Lancaster and narrows to four lanes with an auxiliary lane in each direction, passing southeast of the Park City Center shopping mall that is served by the Harrisburg Pike interchange. US 30 leaves the city limits as it passes over Amtrak's Keystone Corridor and Norfolk Southern's Lititz Secondary railroad lines, reaching an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with PA 72. The route comes to an interchange with the eastern terminus of the PA 283 freeway. At this point, the US 30 freeway widens to six lanes and turns east as it becomes paralleled by a pair of frontage roads called Chester Road eastbound and York Road westbound. The frontage roads serve the interchanges at Fruitville Pike, PA 501, and US 222/PA 272 to the north of Lancaster. Past the US 222/PA 272 interchange, the frontage roads end and US 222 heads east concurrent with US 30 on the freeway before US 222 splits northeast on a freeway at a trumpet interchange. From here, US 30 continues southeast as a four-lane freeway with an auxiliary lane in each direction, coming to a diamond interchange with PA 23 at New Holland Pike. At this point, PA 23 joins US 30 in a wrong-way concurrency, with the freeway crossing the Conestoga River before PA 23 splits to the southwest at a partial cloverleaf interchange. US 30 runs through a section of the city of Lancaster before it meets Greenfield Road at a partial cloverleaf interchange; Greenfield Road provides access to the Discover Lancaster Visitors Center. The freeway curves to the south-southeast, passing over Norfolk Southern's New Holland Secondary and Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad lines before coming to a partial interchange with PA 340 that has no westbound exit. US 30 continues as a four-lane freeway with an eastbound auxiliary lane before the freeway section ends at an interchange with the eastern terminus of PA 462 to the east of Lancaster.
Lancaster to New Jersey
Past the interchange with the eastern terminus of PA 462, US 30 heads east-southeast along Lincoln Highway, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane, passing through the community of Greenland. The route heads into the Pennsylvania Dutch Country of eastern Lancaster County and is lined with many Amish tourist attractions. The road crosses Mill Creek and heads north of the Tanger Outlets Lancaster outlet mall and south of the Dutch Wonderland amusement park. US 30 passes south of the American Music Theatre and runs between two shopping centers before it reaches an intersection with PA 896. Past this intersection, the route narrows to a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane and heads through agricultural areas with some development, passing through the community of Soudersburg. US 30 crosses the Pequea Creek and runs through the community of Paradise before it comes to a bridge over Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad line. From here, the route continues east-southeast a short distance to the north of the Amtrak line. The road closely parallels the railroad tracks as it heads through the community of Kinzers. The Amtrak line diverges to the south east of here. The route splits into a one-way pair, with two lanes in each direction, as it reaches the community of Gap and comes to an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 772. US 30 continues along the one-way pair, with both directions rejoining at a junction with the northern terminus of PA 41. Past the PA 41 junction, the route is a four-lane divided highway that soon turns into a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, intersecting the southern terminus of PA 897. The road leaves Gap and turns into a three-lane road two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane as it ascends a hill. Farther east, the route becomes three lanes with a center left-turn lane.
US 30 enters Chester County and continues east along Lincoln Highway, passing through the community of Black Horse. The route turns into a four-lane undivided road and comes to an intersection with PA 10 north of the borough of Parkesburg, where it becomes a divided highway. US 30 splits from Lincoln Highway at an eastbound exit and westbound entrance by heading onto a four-lane freeway called the Coatesville Downingtown Bypass, with US 30 Bus. continuing east along Lincoln Highway. The freeway heads east, crossing Buck Run and coming to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with Airport Road that provides access to Chester County G. O. Carlson Airport. Following this, the route runs east-northeast through a mix of rural areas and suburban development. US 30 heads into the city of Coatesville and crosses the West Branch Brandywine Creek before it comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 82 that provides access to Coatesville. Past this interchange, the freeway leaves the city limits of Coatesville and passes under PA 340 before reaching an interchange with Reeceville Road. The route curves east-southeast and crosses under PA 340 again before running east and coming to a diamond interchange with PA 340 north of the community of Thorndale. US 30 heads east-northeast and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 322 that serves the borough of Downingtown. Farther east, the freeway passes over PA 282 and the East Branch Brandywine Creek before it comes to a bridge over the Struble Trail and enters a section of Downingtown, reaching a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with Norwood Road that provides access to PA 282. The route widens to six lanes and heads near suburban development before it comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with PA 113, at which point it leaves the borough limits of Downingtown and narrows back to four lanes. US 30 curves southeast and reaches an interchange with US 30 Bus. Past this interchange, the name of the freeway changes to Exton Bypass. The route turns northeast and runs parallel to Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad line to the south of the road. US 30 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 100 that serves the community of Exton to the north. Following this, the freeway continues east-northeast parallel to the Amtrak line. US 30 comes to an interchange with the US 202 freeway and the eastern terminus of US 30 Bus., at which point the freeway section ends. The Exton Bypass portion of US 30 is designated the Exton Bypass Scenic Byway, a Pennsylvania Scenic Byway.
Past the interchange with US 202 and US 30 Bus., US 30 heads east-northeast along four-lane divided Lincoln Highway and passes south of a park and ride lot, running through the community of Glenloch. The route soon becomes Lancaster Avenue, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. In the community of Frazer, the road comes to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 352. Farther east, US 30 widens to five lanes with a center turn lane before it reaches a junction with the eastern terminus of PA 401. The route turns into a four-lane divided highway prior to intersecting the southern terminus of PA 29. Past this intersection, the road crosses under Norfolk Southern's Dale Secondary railroad line and continues east as it runs north of the borough of Malvern, becoming undivided. US 30 briefly gains a center left-turn lane before it becomes a divided highway again as it passes south of Paoli Hospital prior to crossing under Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad line to the north of the community of Green Tree. At this point, the route enters an area of suburbs called the Philadelphia Main Line as it heads into the community of Paoli, becoming a four-lane undivided road. In the center of Paoli, the road has a junction with Paoli Pike before it passes south of the Paoli station serving Amtrak's Keystone Corridor and SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line. US 30 gains a center left-turn lane and reaches an intersection with PA 252. Following this intersection, the route runs south of the parallel Amtrak line, passing south of the Daylesford SEPTA station in the community of Daylesford. The road loses the center turn lane and runs further south but still parallel to the railroad tracks, turning northeast. US 30 reaches the community of Berwyn, where it passes south of the Berwyn SEPTA station and curves east and then southeast, gaining a center left-turn lane. The route turns to the northeast and reaches the community of Devon, where it drops the center turn lane and runs south of the Devon SEPTA station before passing to the north of the Devon Horse Show grounds. Past Devon, the road bends to the east-southeast.
Upon intersecting Old Eagle School Road/Sugartown Road, US 30 enters Delaware County and continues east-southeast along four-lane undivided Lancaster Avenue, curving east and running through the downtown area of the community of Wayne. The route passes through the community of St. Davids and turns southeast. East of here, the road becomes a divided highway before turning undivided again. US 30 briefly becomes a divided highway again as it curves east and reaches an interchange with I-476. Past this interchange, the route turns back into an undivided road and crosses under SEPTA's Norristown High Speed Line before coming to an intersection with PA 320 in the community of Villanova. Following this intersection, the road runs through the Villanova University campus, passing south of St. Thomas of Villanova Church, and curves southeast prior to the Ithan Avenue intersection, where it heads to the south of Villanova Stadium and the Finneran Pavilion arena. After passing through the university campus, US 30 runs through the community of Rosemont. Upon intersecting County Line Road, the route enters Montgomery County and heads into the community of Bryn Mawr, passing through the downtown area. The road continues southeast and briefly re-enters Delaware County before heading back into Montgomery County. US 30 passes through the community of Haverford, where it heads north of the Haverford School. The route continues into the community of Ardmore and runs through the community's downtown area, passing south of the Ardmore station serving Amtrak's Keystone Corridor and SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line. Past Ardmore, the road heads through the community of Wynnewood. The route runs southeast before it crosses the East Branch Indian Creek and passes between the St. Charles Borromeo Seminary to the northeast and Lankenau Medical Center to the southwest as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane prior to reaching an intersection with US 1 (City Avenue).
Upon crossing US 1, US 30 enters the city of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County and continues southeast along two-lane undivided Lancaster Avenue through the Overbrook neighborhood. At the intersection with 62nd Street/Malvern Avenue, the route passes north of the 63rd and Malvern Loop that serves as the terminus of SEPTA's Route 10 trolley line and heads into urban areas of West Philadelphia a short distance to the south of Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad line, running north of Overbrook High School after the 59th Street intersection. Farther southeast, a SEPTA trolley track follows the westbound lanes past the 54th Street junction. At the intersection with 52nd Street/Lansdowne Avenue, US 30 heads further south from the Amtrak tracks and SEPTA's Route 10 trolley line begins following the road. The route splits from Lancaster Avenue by turning east onto Girard Avenue, which carries two lanes of traffic and SEPTA's Route 15 trolley line. The road runs east and crosses over Amtrak's Keystone Corridor railroad line at the Belmont Avenue intersection before widening to four lanes. Farther east, US 30 passes over CSX's Harrisburg Subdivision railroad line before it comes to an interchange with I-76 (Schuylkill Expressway) and US 13 to the north of the Philadelphia Zoo, crossing under the Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge carrying Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line at this interchange. At this interchange, US 13 heads south along 34th Street and continues east (north) along the Girard Avenue Bridge over the Schuylkill River while US 30 becomes concurrent with I-76 on the six-lane Schuylkill Expressway at this point and the road heads south, with the Philadelphia Zoo to the west and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, the Schuylkill River Trail, and the Schuylkill River parallel to the east. The freeway turns southeast and runs between Amtrak's Northeast Corridor to the southwest and the river drive, trail, and river to the northeast, with Boathouse Row on the opposite bank of the river. The Schuylkill Expressway comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with Spring Garden Street, which heads east across the Schuylkill River toward the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The freeway continues south, heading east of Amtrak's Penn Coach Yard, and comes to an interchange with the western terminus of I-676.
At this point, US 30 heads east concurrent with I-676 on the six-lane Vine Street Expressway. It immediately crosses the Schuylkill River and then the Schuylkill River Trail and CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line on the river's east bank on the Vine Street Expressway Bridge before coming to an interchange with 23rd Street and 22nd Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway that has access to the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Franklin Institute science museum. From this point, the Vine Street Expressway enters a depressed road cut and passes under several streets and two freeway lids, running along the northern edge of Center City Philadelphia. Vine Street serves as a street-level frontage road to the freeway. Within this alignment, there is an exit for PA 611 (Broad Street). After passing under 10th Street in Chinatown, the last street the depressed alignment passes under, the highway rises up and reaches a split between the Vine Street Expressway, which continues to I-95, and I-676/US 30. At this split, there is also an eastbound exit and westbound entrance for 8th Street. After exiting the Vine Street Expressway, eastbound I-676/US 30 has a brief at-grade portion along southbound 6th Street east of Franklin Square to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge approach, an example of a non–limited access section of Interstate Highway. Westbound I-676/US 30 has a ramp from the bridge to the Vine Street Expressway that intersects 7th Street and 8th Street at-grade. From this point, I-676/US 30 crosses over I-95, Christopher Columbus Boulevard, and then the Delaware River into New Jersey on the seven-lane Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which also carries pedestrians and the PATCO Speedline. This bridge and its approaches are maintained by the Delaware River Port Authority.
History
The path of the Lincoln Highway was first laid out in September 1913; it was defined to run through Canton, Ohio; Beaver; Pittsburgh; Greensburg; Ligonier; Bedford; Chambersburg; Gettysburg; York; Lancaster; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Camden, New Jersey. This bypassed Harrisburg to the south, and thus did not use the older main route across the state between Chambersburg and Lancaster. From Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, this incorporated a number of old turnpikes, some of which still collected tolls:
Part of the Harrisburg and Pittsburgh Turnpike, chartered in 1806, broken up in 1814 into separate turnpike companies, of which the following were included:
Greensburg and Pittsburgh Turnpike, Pittsburgh to Greensburg
Somerset and Greensburg Turnpike (renamed the Stoystown and Greensburg Turnpike 1815), Greensburg to Stoystown
Bedford and Somerset Turnpike (renamed the Bedford and Stoystown Turnpike 1815), Stoystown to Bedford
Chambersburg and Bedford Turnpike, Bedford to Chambersburg
Chambersburg Turnpike, Chambersburg to Cashtown
Part of the Gettysburg and Petersburg Turnpike, from Cashtown to Gettysburg
York and Gettysburg Turnpike, Gettysburg to York
Wrightsville Turnpike, York to Wrightsville
Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge, Wrightsville to Columbia
Lancaster and Susquehanna Turnpike, Columbia to Lancaster
Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, Lancaster to Philadelphia
This original 1913 path of the Lincoln Highway continued east from Philadelphia, crossing the Delaware River to Camden, New Jersey, on the Market Street Ferry. The city of Philadelphia marked the route from the ferry landing west on Market Street through downtown and onto Lancaster Avenue to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike in early 1914. By 1915 Camden was dropped from the route, allowing the highway to cross the Delaware River on a bridge at Trenton, New Jersey (initially the Calhoun Street Bridge, later the Bridge Street Bridge).
In 1924, the entire Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania was designated Pennsylvania Route 1 (PA 1). In late 1926 the route from West Virginia to Philadelphia (using the new route west of Pittsburgh) was assigned US 30, while the rest of the Lincoln Highway and PA 1 became part of US 1. The PA 1 designation was gone by 1929, but several branches from east to west – PA 101, PA 201, PA 301, PA 401, PA 501 and PA 601 – had been assigned by then. (PA 701 was assigned later as a branch of PA 101.)
Ohio to Downtown Pittsburgh
As defined in 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran east-northeast from Canton, Ohio, to Alliance and east via Salem, crossing into Pennsylvania just east of East Palestine. From there it continued southeasterly to Beaver, crossing the Beaver River there and heading south along its left bank to Rochester and the Ohio River's right bank to Pittsburgh.
By 1915, the highway had been realigned to the route it would follow until the end of 1927. It ran east from Canton, Ohio to Lisbon and then southeast to East Liverpool on the Ohio River. After crossing into Pennsylvania, it turned north away from the river at Smiths Ferry, taking an inland route to Beaver, where it rejoined the Ohio River. It crossed the Beaver River into Rochester, joining the 1913 alignment, and turned south with the Ohio to Pittsburgh.
1915 route
This route entered Pennsylvania along PA Route 68. After crossing Little Beaver Creek, it turned south on Main Street, passing under the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad (PRR) into Glasgow. After passing through that community on Liberty Street, the highway turned north and passed under the railroad again at Smiths Ferry, merging with Smiths Ferry Road. This alignment through Glasgow carried the Lincoln Highway until ca. 1926, when the present PA 68 was built on the north side of the railroad.
The Lincoln Highway left the banks of the Ohio River on Smiths Ferry Road, which includes an old stone bridge over Upper Dry Run. It turned east on Tuscarawas Road through Ohioville, entering Beaver on Fourth Street and turning south on Buffalo Street to reach Third Street (PA Route 68). By 1929 this inland Glasgow-Beaver route was numbered PA Route 168, while the route along the river, never followed by the Lincoln Highway, was PA 68.
Where PA 68 crosses the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad from Beaver into Bridgewater along Third Street and then the Beaver River on the ca. 1963 Rochester-Bridgewater Bridge, the Lincoln Highway instead ran along Bridge Street, just to the north, and crossed the Old Rochester-Bridgewater Bridge into Rochester.
Continuing through Rochester to Pittsburgh, the Lincoln Highway left the Old Rochester-Bridgewater Bridge on Madison Street, turning onto Brighton Avenue, and then crossing the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway (PRR) on New York Avenue. After running alongside the Ohio River on Railroad Avenue, the highway crossed the railroad again in Freedom (about a block north of Third Street), running through Freedom on Third Avenue.
South of downtown Freedom, Third Avenue merges into the Ohio River Boulevard, also known as PA Route 65, which runs along the old Lincoln Highway into Conway. There the old highway went onto First Avenue and State Street, rejoining PA 65 in Baden. Further into Baden, the old highway left PA 65 again, onto State Street, becoming Duss Avenue in Harmony Township. At the Ambridge limits, this becomes PA Route 989, but the old highway turned west at 14th Street and then south on Merchant Street.
Crossing Big Sewickley Creek from Ambridge, Beaver County into Leetsdale, Allegheny County, Merchant Street becomes Beaver Street, a brick road. Beaver Road and Beaver Street continues through Edgeworth, Sewickley, and Osborne, merging back into PA 65 at the border with Haysville. Sewickley officially changed the name of its piece to Lincoln Highway by an ordinance in January 1916, and Osborne, Edgeworth and Leetsdale soon followed suit, but that name is no longer used.
In Glenfield, the highway crossed the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway twice, once near the present overpass and again west of Toms Run Road. The old road next to the Ohio River, Beaver Street, is still a yellow brick road but now used only by local traffic.
The old road left PA 65 again in Emsworth as Beaver Road, becoming Brighton Road in Ben Avon before re-merging with PA 65. It splits yet again, also in Ben Avon, onto Brighton Road, another yellow brick road. In Avalon it is California Avenue, and in Bellevue it is Lincoln Avenue, coincidentally named after Lincoln soon after the U.S. Civil War.
The highway crosses into Pittsburgh on a high concrete arch bridge over Jack's Run, built in 1924 to replace an earlier bridge built for a streetcar line, and returns to the California Avenue name. It crosses Woods Run on a similar 1928 bridge next to a newer bridge built for the Ohio River Boulevard (PA Route 65). Where California Avenue curves away from PA 65, the Lincoln Highway continued next to it on Chateau Street, turning east on Western Avenue and then south on Galveston Avenue onto the 1915 Manchester Bridge to the Point.
During the time that the Lincoln Highway ran through Rochester, the Rochester-Pittsburgh segment was locally maintained. It was often foggy, and a July 1926 Lincoln Highway Association road report states that it was "paved city streets, mostly poor", in stark contrast to the good paving east of Pittsburgh. By 1924, reports recommended following an alternate on the other side of the river between Rochester and Pittsburgh. The route west of Rochester had similar problems; it was a dirt road, despite being a state highway. By 1922 an official detour was recommended via East Palestine, Ohio and Beaver, largely identical to the initial 1913 plan.
1927 route
Work began in the mid-1920s on a new route to the south of the existing route, passing through West Virginia and bypassing the problematic sections on both sides of Rochester; the Lincoln Highway was moved to it December 2, 1927. This new route had already been numbered U.S. 30 in late 1926.
The new Lincoln Highway bypassed the community of Imperial on a bypass built for it. Just southeast of Imperial, the highway turned east on Steubenville Pike, joining what was U.S. Route 22 before the present U.S. 22/U.S. 30 freeway was built ca. 1964. Steubenville Pike runs along the north side of the freeway, crossing to the south side and then merging with it just west of the I-376 interchange. From the late 1940s to 1982, the appropriately-named Penn-Lincoln Drive-In Theater operated on a stretch of the original Lincoln Highway in North Fayette, just east of Imperial. It reopened for one season in 1985 as the Super 30 West Drive-In. The site is now occupied by Penn-Lincoln Shopping Center.
US 22 and US 30 now join I-376 and turn southeast, but the Lincoln Highway (and US 22/30 before the nearby part of what is now I-376 opened in 1953) continued east with PA 60 through Robinson Township. In 1950, the Twin Hi-Way Drive-In Theater opened along the Robinson Township stretch, its name derived from the road's former designation of dual U.S. Route 22/30. Through Crafton, the highway used Steuben Street, Noble Avenue, Dinsmore Avenue, and Crafton Boulevard, now northbound PA 60. In Pittsburgh, the highway ran along Crafton Boulevard, Noblestown Road, and South Main Street, as PA 60 still does. It turned onto Carson Street (now PA Route 837) at the West End Circle, crossing the 1927 Point Bridge into the Point.
Downtown Pittsburgh to North Huntingdon
From 1915 to late 1927, the Lincoln Highway crossed the Allegheny River on the Manchester Bridge to the Point, touching down at the foot of Penn Avenue after meeting the Point Bridge. It made its way through downtown to Bigelow Boulevard (now PA Route 380), using Water Street, Liberty Avenue and Oliver Avenue. It continued to follow present PA 380 onto Craig Street and Baum Boulevard to East Liberty. The highway left East Liberty and Pittsburgh on Penn Avenue, the old Pittsburgh and Greensburg Turnpike, also now part of PA 380, and further east part of PA Route 8. (PA 380 however bypasses the center of East Liberty.)
The Boulevard of the Allies opened east from downtown Pittsburgh in 1923, and in 1924 it was designated as an alternate route. By 1930, this bypass ran along the Boulevard of the Allies, Forbes Avenue, Beeler Street, Wilkins Avenue and Dallas Avenue, rejoining the Lincoln Highway at Penn Avenue, west of Wilkinsburg.
Leaving the Pittsburgh area, the Lincoln Highway turned onto Ardmore Boulevard (now signed as PA 8 north of I-376, and U.S. 30 south of I-376). It then branched away from Ardmore Boulevard along Electric Avenue, turned northeast on Braddock Avenue, then east on Penn Avenue. The Lincoln Highway originally continued onto Airbrake Avenue and then turned south at 11th Street to cross Turtle Creek and the Pennsylvania Railroad main line over a bridge; a 1925 replacement bridge starts at the intersection of Airbrake Avenue, Penn Avenue, Monroeville Avenue, and Greensburg Pike. The Lincoln Highway then followed Greensburg Pike up to current U.S. 30.
In 1932, a bypass of the grades into and out of Turtle Creek, including the George Westinghouse Bridge, was opened. It runs along current U.S. 30 from the interchange with Electric Avenue in Chalfant to the intersection with Greensburg Pike in North Versailles.
The borough of White Oak had named their main street Lincoln Way in an attempt to convince the Lincoln Highway Association to use it, but instead the highway continued along Greensburg Pike through North Versailles.
Later history
The Penn-Lincoln Parkway was built from 1953 to 1962 as a freeway bypass across the Pittsburgh area for both the Lincoln Highway (US 30) and the William Penn Highway (US 22).
In 1953, the portion of present-day US 30 between PA 283 in Lancaster and PA 462 east of Lancaster was built as a freeway alignment of US 230. In 1967, US 30 was shifted to a freeway bypass between Prospect Road east of Columbia and east of Lancaster; the route replaced the US 230 designation between the present-day PA 283 and PA 462 interchanges. PA 462 was designated onto the former alignment of US 30 between those two points. In 1972, US 30 was shifted to a bypass between west of York and Columbia, with PA 462 extended west along the former alignment of US 30.
In 1963, the freeway bypass of US 30 between east of PA 10 and east of Downingtown was completed, with US 30 Bus. designated onto the former alignment of US 30. In December 1995, the US 30 freeway was extended east to bypass Exton, ending at an interchange with the US 202 freeway. As a result, US 30 Bus. was extended east through Exton along the former alignment of US 30 to its current eastern terminus.
From 1997 to 2004, significant construction was completed to the US 30 bypass around Lancaster.
A bypass of the section of US 30 in Gap, in Lancaster County, was first proposed in February 2012. In 2015, a PennDOT project began to build a bypass to the north of Gap for westbound US 30 between the PA 772 and PA 41 intersections to improve traffic flow and safety at the congested intersection of US 30 and PA 41. The bypass, which cost $10 million, was opened on August 4, 2016.
On April 7, 2018, a section of US 30 in East Pittsburgh sank down a hill after a landslide. One apartment building was destroyed, another threatened and ultimately demolished. The damaged road section reopened in late June 2018.
There are plans for improvements to be made to the US 30 freeway bypassing Coatesville and Downingtown in Chester County. The project is split into a western section between PA 10 near Parkesburg and PA 82 in Coatesville and an eastern section between Reeceville Road near Coatesville and US 30 Bus. east of Downingtown. The western section will remain four lanes wide, with construction planned to begin in 2026. The eastern section is planned to be widened to six lanes, with construction beginning as early as 2028. In addition to improvements made to the freeway, interchanges will also be improved. Construction of the western section is projected to cost $355 million while the eastern section is projected to cost $460 million.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
Pennsylvania Highways: US 30
US 30 at AARoads.com
Pennsylvania Roads – US 30
The Roads of Metro Philadelphia: US 30 Expressway (Chester County Section)
The Roads of Metro Philadelphia: Vine Street Expressway (I-676/US 30)
James Lin, The Lincoln Highway: Pennsylvania
Lincoln Highway maps ca. 1926, New York to Pittsburgh
30
Transportation in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Pittsburgh
Transportation in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Bedford County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Fulton County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Adams County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in York County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Philadelphia
U.S. Route 030 in Pennsylvania
Delaware River Port Authority | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%2030%20in%20Pennsylvania |
Dipterocarpus cornutus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae native to peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra and Kalimantan. Reaching heights of up to 50 meters tall, it is known for having large leaves. Its flowers are around 4 cm in diameter and of a pale yellow colouration. It drops seeds with green holes in the middle.
References
cornutus
Flora of Kalimantan
Flora of Sumatra
Flora of Malaya
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Dipterocarps of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20cornutus |
In Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia.
Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a "Striped marsupial cat" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum.
History
The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these.
Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit of the Coast Mountains, before mentioned, there lived two varieties of mammals which seemed to me to be unknown to science: but I had much difficulty in acquiring this knowledge. One of the animals [the local Aborigines] called yarri. From their description I conceived it to be a marsupial tiger. It was said to be about the size of a dingo, though its legs were shorter and its tail long, and it was described ... as being very savage. If pursued it climbed up the trees, where the natives did not dare follow it, and by gestures they explained to me how at such times it would growl and bite their hands. Rocky retreats were its most favourite habitat, and its principal food was said to be in a little brown variety of wallaby common in Northern Queensland scrubs. Its flesh was not particularly appreciated ... and if they accidentally killed a yarri they gave it to their old women. In Western Queensland I heard much about an animal which seemed to me to be identical with the yarri here described, and a specimen was once nearly shot by an officer of the black police in the regions I was now visiting [Herbert River]. Lumholtz goes on to contrast the description of this animal with a leaf-eating species recognisable as a tree kangaroo, possibly that now known as Lumholtz's, after the author's work in scientific appraisal of these and other species of the region.
Reports have come consistently from the Northeast of Queensland, and indicate a fast and agile creature (Welfare & Fairley, 1981).
Though these have diminished in number since the 1950s, they have continued (the Beast of Buderim being one recent example of the phenomenon). Such sightings in modern context, when able to be investigated further, have been universally identified as introduced domestic cats gone feral — natural selection tends favour proportions, markings and behaviours more commonly associated with actual wild species, after only a few generations in the wild. The domestic cat was introduced to Australia some hundreds of years ago, and have dispersed (and been dispersed) nationally, with only some islands remaining free from the declared pest.
Thylacoleo, an animal of similar size and predatory habits, did live in Australia as recently as the late Pleistocene period, perhaps coexisting with the very first humans that arrived at Australia who were the ancestors of modern Australian Aboriginals. However, scientists estimate that Thylacoleo became extinct 30,000 years ago. Modern sightings of an animal described as remarkably like Thylacoleo have led some researchers to speculate that a small relict population has somehow survived in remote areas. Cryptozoologists who promote the theory of survival of the Tasmanian tiger or thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus, a Thylacinid, and also currently accepted as extinct, favour proposed survival of the Queensland tiger. The fundamental difference between the two cases, however, is that the last Tasmanian tiger in captivity died in 1936, and the species was not officially declared as extinct until 1986. This makes the prospect of species survival of the thylacine more likely than that of Thylacoleo.
Thylacine or Thylacoleo?
In his 1965 revision of the book Furred Animals of Australia, Ellis Troughton proposed that the Queensland tiger was merely a mainland variant of the thylacine. When discussing sightings of the Queensland tiger or animals thought to be the Queensland tiger, people sometimes refer to them as thylacines, though there are distinct and consistent differences in the descriptions of the animals (i.e.: head shape, position and colour of stripes, arboreal habits).
While Cape York artist Percy Trezise believes the region is home to the thylacine, others have cited the popular urban myth of American soldiers bringing pumas to Queensland during World War II, with local Bob Whiston and tree kangaroo expert Roger Martin suggesting that sightings are of either Lumholtz's or Bennett's tree kangaroos, unfamiliar animals which walk on four legs when terrestrial and are found in the areas from which reports originate (this concurs with one of Bernard Heuvelmans' theories regarding some sightings).
In popular culture
The theory of continued Thylacoleo presence on mainland Australia and thylacine presence in Tasmania has been covered on various Television shows including an episode of Animal Planet's show Animal X and on The National Geographic Channel. Individual sightings of the Queensland marsupial tiger continue to appear in newspapers, though in far less numbers than formerly. In the 1970s, naturalist Janeice Plunkett collected over 100 reports of sightings or shootings of "tigers", including reports clearly indicating that the animal observed was a marsupial. Some writers believe that, if the animal did formerly exist, it may now be extinct, given the diminishing numbers of tiger quolls and northern quolls across the same region.
See also
Drop bear
References
Australian legendary creatures
Purported mammals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20tiger |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.