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Dipterocarpus costulatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It grows up to tall.
Distribution and habitat
Dipterocarpus costulatus is native to Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo and Sumatra. Its habitat is in lowland kerangas forest or hill forest from sea level to altitude.
Conservation
Dipterocarpus costulatus is threatened by logging and habitat loss, particularly in Borneo. The tree is logged for its hardwood. Forests where the species is present are being cleared for agricultural or plantation development. More frequent fires threaten lowland populations.
References
costulatus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Plants described in 1927
Flora of the Sundaland heath forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20costulatus |
Marymount College, Tarrytown (also known as Marymount College of Fordham University) was a women's college in the United States which eventually became part of Fordham University. The Marymount campus was located in Tarrytown, New York. The last class graduated in 2007, and the campus was sold in 2008.
History
Johanna Butler was born on July 22, 1860, in County Kilkenny, Ireland, the daughter of prosperous farmers John and Ellen Forrestal Butler. At the age of sixteen, she joined the French congregation of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM) at Béziers, taking the name "Marie Joseph". In 1903, Butler was appointed superior of the congregation's convent and school on Long Island. In 1907, her cousin James Butler donated land near Tarrytown, New York for the founding of the college. The college was founded as an independent girls' boarding school by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM) to "create a place of learning where women could grow and where they could receive an education that would prepare them for positions of leadership and influence in the world." In February 1908, the school opened with six students. By 1918, the school offered an advanced two-year degree. In 1919, it obtained a provisional college charter. The charter became permanent in 1924, which is the year that Marymount began granting baccalaureate degrees. Marymount College at Tarrytown was the first of several colleges founded by the RSHM (Marymount colleges). It was the first women's college in the United States to offer a study abroad program.
In 2000, Marymount entered into an agreement to consolidate with Fordham University. The college was renamed Marymount College of Fordham University. In October 2005, after two years of study, Fordham announced its plans to close Marymount in 2007. At the time, John N. Tognino, chair of the Fordham University Board of Trustees, explained that "despite the very best efforts of the faculty, administration and staff, it is no longer academically or financially feasible to continue to operate Marymount College as a separate school within the University".
In August 2007, Fordham announced it would sell the Marymount campus. The decision disappointed many alumnae, as the university had purchased the college with the promise that it would try to continue to operate it as a women's institution. The University claimed unjustifiable and disproportionate costs to maintain the large campus as reason for closure. Skeptics saw the acquisition of the college as a real estate venture. On February 17, 2008, Fordham announced the sale of the campus for $27 million to EF Education, a chain of private language-instruction schools.
See also
Marymount colleges
References
Tarrytown, New York
Former Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Marymount College, Tarrytown
Educational institutions established in 1907
Educational institutions disestablished in 2007
Schools in Westchester County, New York
1907 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount%20College%2C%20Tarrytown |
Dipterocarpus elongatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae found in Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) and Singapore. This large tree occurs in secondary and primary forest, as well as in freshwater swamp forest.
References
elongatus
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Malaya
Critically endangered flora of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20elongatus |
John Prentis (c. 1726 – c. 1775) eldest son of William Prentis and Mary (Brooke) Prentis of Williamsburg, Virginia. His father owned and operated a successful ordinary store which he inherited upon his father's death in 1765. During his life he served the Williamsburg community in several capacities including: Justice of the Peace, Sheriff of York County, judge of the York County Court, vestryman of Bruton Parish Church, colonel in the Williamsburg militia and as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1759 to 1760.
References
External links
City of Williamsburg, Virginia, History Past Mayors and Governors
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
1720s births
1770s deaths
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Prentis |
J. Howard Starr Rink is a 2,000-seat arena in Hamilton, New York. It opened in 1959 and was the home of the Colgate Raiders men's and women's ice hockey teams until 2016. The arena was dedicated in honor of former head coach John Howard Starr on December 11, 1959. The hockey arena was built as the southern half of the William A. Reid Athletic Center, a twin barrel-vaulted complex which also houses Cotterell Court. The complex is located on the western side of campus next to Andy Kerr Stadium and across Broad Street from Huntington Gymnasium, the school's former athletics facility.
Prior to its completion, all Colgate home games were played on open-air surfaces and the lack of available ice caused the men's program to be shuttered from 1951 through 1957. The Rink served as the home of the women's program from their move to varsity status in 1997 until the Class of 1965 Arena was completed, upon which both programs migrated to the new facility.
Currently, the building is being used as a basketball practice facility.
References
Sports venues in New York (state)
College ice hockey venues in the United States
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Colgate Raiders ice hockey
Sports venues in Madison County, New York
1959 establishments in New York (state)
Sports venues completed in 1959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr%20Rink |
The 3-inch gun M1918 was a United States 3-inch anti-aircraft gun that entered service in 1918 and served until it was largely superseded by the 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 in 1930, though the M1918 remained with some National Guard units until early in World War II. The M3 was subsequently replaced by the M1 90mm AA gun early in World War II, primarily during 1942. The M3 3" gun was later adapted for the anti-tank role, serving as the main armament of the M10 tank destroyer during World War II.
The predecessor: 3-inch gun M1917
The 3-inch gun M1917 was the United States Army's first dedicated anti-aircraft gun, entering service during World War I. Only a few were built, as the similar 3-inch gun M1918 on a mobile mount was considered more useful and was produced in large numbers.
Development of the M1917 started in 1915, and as the name implies, took two years to enter service. The gun was essentially an unmodified 3-inch M1903 (76.2 mm L/55) coastal-defense gun barrel on a new fixed mount allowing it to be aimed to high elevations. A number were used during World War I on fixed mountings; 116 were completed by April 1919. Most of the weapons were deployed at United States Army Coast Artillery Corps seacoast forts after World War I. In the immediate post-war era it was developed as the 3-inch M2, using a removable barrel liner. In 1928 it was further improved in the 3-inch M4 by using a thicker removable liner that eased manufacturing. However, the M2 and M4 appear to have been produced in small quantities. The M1917, M2, and M4 remained in service through World War II.
History of the 3-inch M1918
For mobile use the original coastal gun was too heavy, so a smaller version was developed as the 3-inch M1918. This weapon was based on the Driggs-Seabury 3-inch gun M1898, a smaller predecessor of the M1903. This weapon had a barrel 50 calibers long instead of 55 calibers, and a smaller breech ( instead of with a different cartridge (reportedly 76.2x585R instead of 76.2x690R) featuring the maximal propelling charge decreased from | to . The barrel of the M1918 was shortened to 40 calibers and a semi-automatic breech was added. "Semi-automatic" on this type of weapon meant that the breech would open automatically after firing. Like the adaptations that created the M2 and M4, the M1918 was also fitted with a removable liner in 1927 and a barrel 50 calibers long, becoming the 3-inch M1; a year later the M3 weapon was introduced with a larger removable liner. Another upgrade was started in 1931 as the T8, and then T9, but these projects were cancelled in 1938 when the 90 mm gun M1 was selected in their place. The 3-inch gun M1918 remained in service, particularly in National Guard units, and saw action in early World War II.
In September 1940 a project started to adapt the 3-inch gun to the anti-tank role, starting with the T9 experimental model but equipping it with the breech, recoil system and carriage borrowed from the 105mm M2 howitzer. The gun was accepted for service as the 3-inch M5.
A similar derivative of the T9 – the 3-inch M6 – was intended to be mounted on the M5 self-propelled gun, which was eventually abandoned. A final adaptation was the 3-inch M7, which included minor modifications for mounting on the M6 heavy tank and M10 tank destroyer. M7 saw wide use although it was supplanted to some extent by more powerful weapons such as the 90mm M3 and the British QF 17 pounder. 6,824 M7 guns were manufactured.
Variants
3-inch Gun M1917 – Original fixed-place anti-aircraft gun introduced in 1917, barrel based on 3-inch gun M1903.
M1918 – Mobile anti-aircraft gun using a barrel based on the 3-inch gun M1898 and a new mount.
M1 – Variant of the M1918 with a removable barrel liner.
M2 – Variant of the M1917 with a removable barrel liner.
M3 – Development of the M1918 with a removable barrel liner, but on a mobile mount.
M4 – Version of the M2 with a thicker liner for easier manufacturing.
M5 – Version of the T9 adapted for anti-tank use.
M6 – Version of the T9 as mounted in the 3-inch M5 Gun Motor Carriage.
M7 – Version of the M5 for use on the M6 heavy tank and M10 tank destroyer
Self-propelled mounts
Heavy Tank M6 (M7 gun in mount T49).
3in Antiaircraft Gun Carriage T1 (Garford 7½ ton 6x4 truck chassis).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T1 / M5 (high speed tractor M2 chassis, M6 gun).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T7 (Trackless Tank chassis).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T15 (Ford 4x4 / 6x6 truck chassis).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T20 (Light Tank M3 chassis).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T24 (Medium Tank M3 chassis, M3 gun).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T35 / M10 (M4 Sherman chassis, M7 gun in mount M5).
3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T40/M9 (Medium Tank M3 chassis, M1918 gun).
3in Gun Motor Carriage T50.
3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T55.
3in Gun Motor Carriage T56, T57 (Light Tank M3A3 chassis, M7 gun).
Surviving examples
The only known surviving example is located at the Fort Sill, Oklahoma museum.
See also
List of anti-aircraft guns
G-numbers
3-inch/23-caliber gun - US Navy AA gun
3-inch/50-caliber gun - US Navy dual-purpose gun
United States home front during World War I
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
British QF 3-inch 20 cwt
Japanese Type 88 75 mm AA gun
Soviet 76 mm air defense gun M1931
Notes
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry – Anti-Tank Weapons, Arco Publishing Company, New York, 1974 (WWII Fact Files), .
Hogg, Ian. Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000. Pg.117
.
.
External links
"Fast Motorized Guns With Steel Brains - Built To Hunt Planes In Next War" Popular Mechanics, March 1930, pp 458-459
United States. Army. Ordnance Dept, "Handbook of artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel", May 1920. See "3-Inch Anti-Aircraft Gun, Model 1918" Pages 326–339 and "3-Inch Anti-Aircraft Gun, Model 1917" Pages 340–353
Training Air Defense August 1940 Popular Mechanicsarticle on 3-inch M3 coastal defense unit
M5 & M7 armor penetration table
Fort Sill, Oklahoma Museum site, only survivor located here.
World War I anti-aircraft guns
Anti-aircraft guns of the United States
Tank guns of the United States
World War I artillery of the United States
76 mm artillery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-inch%20gun%20M1918 |
NGC 57 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on 8 October 1784 by astronomer William Herschel.
SN 2010dq
On June 3, 2010, Koichi Itagaki detected a magnitude 17 supernova 17" west and 1" south of the center of NGC 57 at coordinates 00 15 29.70 +17 19 41.0: Itagaki detected the August 29th 2011 an other supernova in NGC 57, 2011fp, with magnitude 17,9.
See also
Elliptical galaxy
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
Pisces (constellation)
References
External links
Discovery image of SN 2010dq (2010-06-03) / Wikisky DSS2 zoom-in of same region
Elliptical galaxies
Pisces (constellation)
0057
00145
01037
17841008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%2057 |
Thomas Everard (1719–1781) served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1766 to 1767. He was a clerk at the House of Burgesses and lived in the Brush-Everard House in Colonial Williamsburg. He supported the fight for independence from the British Empire, including serving on the committee that selected delegates from Virginia for the Continental Congress.
Orphaned at the age of 10, he was admitted to Christ's Hospital, where he obtained an education. He then immigrated to Virginia, where he entered into an apprenticeship with Matthew Kemp. Upon the end of his apprenticeship, he obtained his first position as a clerk. He bought the house and property now called Brush-Everard House in Williamsburg and 1600 acres in western Virginia and at the edge of Williamsburg.
Early life and education
Everard was born about 1719 in St. Paul's Parish, Shadwell, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. He was baptized in August 1719. His father, William, was a skinner by trade.
At the age of ten, he was admitted to Christ's Hospital, a school established for the children of the poor and homeless in London. There he was trained, along with all his fellow students, to read, write, and maintain accounts. The students were called Bluecoat Boys because of their uniforms. He completed his education.
After completing his education at Christ's Hospital, he was discharged in January 1735 to his uncle Edward Everard and Edward Athawes, a local merchant, who arranged for him to enter an apprenticeship in Colonial America. He then immigrated to the Colony of Virginia in 1735, where he was an apprentice to Matthew Kemp. Kemp was a clerk of James City court and the Secretary's office. He was also an alderman, justice of the peace, and a Representative of Middlesex County, Virginia. Everard was an apprentice for six years at the Secretary's office, the first four of which were under Matthew Kemp, who died in 1739.
Career
Everard served in many other public offices, including being clerk of the York County court, the General Court, and of Elizabeth City County. He was also commissioner of accounts, before and after the American Revolutionary War, He was the mayor of Williamsburg serving twice from 1766 to 1767 and again from 1771 to 1772. He was also a clerk of the Committee of Courts of Justices at the House of Burgesses. Everard was a member of the Court of Directors of a psychiatric hospital (now called Eastern State Hospital).
Supported Virginia's independence
Everard signed the 1770 Non-Importation agreement in support of Virginia's fight for independence from the British Empire. He served on the committee that elected delegates from Virginia to the Continental Congress.
Personal life
He was married to Diana Robinson (born September 12, 1726), daughter of Major Anthony Robinson of York County, Virginia. The Robinsons were a prominent family in the area, which helped him to become more prominent. They had two daughters: Frances "Fanny" married the Rev. James Horrocks of Bruton Parish Church and president of the College of William & Mary. Martha "Patsy" married Dr. Isaac Hall of Petersburg, Virginia in 1774.
Everard purchased the Brush-Everard House in 1775 and the rear portion of the property in 1773. He owned several enslaved people, including those who greeted visitors and rode in his carriage with him, such as when he traveled to the county court in Yorktown. He purchased 1000 acres in western Virginia and 600 acres on the edge of Williamsburg.
He died in 1781, without evidence of a will. Diana, his wife, is believed to have died in the late 1750s or the early 1760s. After Frances's husband died in 1772, she was in poor health and moved back to her father's house until her death in December 1773. Martha lived with her father until or after her marriage in 1774. After her father died, Martha and her husband inherited property owned by her father and her sister.
References
1719 births
1781 deaths
American people of English descent
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
People educated at Christ's Hospital
County clerks in Virginia
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Everard%20%28mayor%29 |
Dipterocarpus eurhynchus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The tree is found in Borneo (except Sabah), Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines. This species occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached clay soils.
References
eurhynchus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Trees of the Philippines
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20eurhynchus |
Giovanni Maria Trabaci (ca. 1575 – 31 December 1647) was an Italian composer and organist. He was a prolific composer, with some 300 surviving works preserved in more than 10 publications; he was especially important for his keyboard music.
Biography
Trabaci was born in Montepeloso (now Irsina, near Matera). Nothing is known about his early life. On 1 December 1594 he was appointed tenor at Santissima Annunziata Maggiore in Naples, but already in 1597 he must have been known as an organist and organ expert, because he was invited that year to test the organ of Oratorio dei Filippini. He served as organist there for a while, and then became, in 1601, organist to the Spanish viceroys at the Chapel Royal of Naples. The second organist was Ascanio Mayone, and Giovanni de Macque was maestro di cappella. Trabaci succeeded Macque in 1614 after the latter's death, and held the post for the rest of his life. Between 1625 and 1630 he also worked at the Oratorio dei Filippini.
Trabaci was most noted for his keyboard works, which include ricercares, canzonas and toccatas collected in two publications (Libro primo..., 1603, Libro secondo..., 1615). His bold harmonic language, with unexpected modulations to distant keys, and experiments with structure in these works influenced Girolamo Frescobaldi. He wrote 2 pieces in that experimental idiom: His "Durezze et ligature" and "Consonanze stravaganti" (1603). He also wrote numerous sacred vocal works, but these are, in general, more conservative. His 1602 book of motets, Motectorum, features advanced harmonic writing and may have influenced Carlo Gesualdo's 1603 Sacrae cantiones.
References
List of works
Sacred vocal music
21 Motectorum, per 5-6 voci e 8 voci
8 Rithmis, per 5 voci
3 Missarum et 6 motectorum, per 4 voci
21 Psalmarum pro vesperis et completario totius anni, cum 4 antiphonis et 4 missae, per 4 voci
Sylvae amonicae
23 Hinni e 23 motetti, per 8 voci e basso continuo
13 Psalmi vespertini cum 6 rithmis, per 4 voci
13 Motetti, per 5 voci (1634)
4 Passionem
4 Messe
Laudaum, per 4 voci
Salmo, per 4 voci
Secular vocal music
Il primo libro de (21) madrigali (per 5 voci
(14) Villanelle et arie alla napolitana a 3 e a 4 (per 2-3 voci
Il secondo libro de (20) madrigali (per 5 voci
Madrigale per 5 voci
Solo aria e aria, per 3 voci
Keyboard music
Ricercate, canzone francese, capricci, canti fermi, gagliarde, partite diverse, toccate, durezze e ligature, e un madrigale passagiato nel fine (1603, Napoli)
Il secondo libro de ricercate & altri varij capricci [includes 100 versi sopra li Otto Finali Ecclesiastici] (1615, Napoli)
External links
Italian Baroque composers
Renaissance composers
1570s births
1647 deaths
Italian Renaissance people
People from Irsina
Italian male classical composers
17th-century Italian composers
17th-century male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Maria%20Trabaci |
Paul Bevan Lieberstein (born February 22, 1967) is an American actor, screenwriter, television director and television producer. A Primetime Emmy Award winner, he is best known as writer, as executive producer, and as supporting cast member Toby Flenderson on the NBC sitcom The Office. He served as the series' showrunner from seasons five to eight.
Early life
Lieberstein grew up in West Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Judith and Stanley Lieberstein. He is Jewish.
He attended Conard High School where he wrote his first sitcom with some friends and played the vibraphone in band. He then attended Hamilton College, where he joined Chi Psi and graduated in 1989 with a major in economics (he "wanted to be a financier of some kind"). Lieberstein wrote references to the fact that Office character Andy Bernard was a Chi Psi from Cornell into the storyline of several episodes of the show.
After college, Lieberstein moved to New York City, where his first job was as an auditor at Peat Marwick International, a job that lasted six months. He followed that with part-time work at his father's law firm, "working as little as [he] could so [he] could write".
Career
Lieberstein and a writing partner got an agent with William Morris and moved to Los Angeles, living just off Hollywood Boulevard. He landed his first writing job on Clarissa Explains It All, but was fired after one season when he and his writing partner split up.
Lieberstein then had short stints in a few other writer rooms, including Weird Science and The Naked Truth, before his brother-in-law Greg Daniels asked him to join the King of the Hill staff.
Lieberstein served as a co-executive producer for 25 episodes in Season 6 of The Drew Carey Show, and also served as a supervising producer for two episodes in that season: the season opening "Drew Pops Something on Kate" (which he also wrote, along with "Drew and the Motorcycle" and "Drew and the Activist, Part I"), and "Buzzie Wuzzie Liked His Beer".
Lieberstein also worked as producer on the third and final season of the television drama series The Newsroom. In November 2017, it was announced that he would replace Kevin Etten as showrunner of Ghosted. In 2018, Lieberstein wrote and directed his first feature film, Song of Back and Neck, which made it into Tribeca Film Festival. On April 3, 2020, he announced plans for a sitcom about office life while isolated due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the project eventually became the television film Out of Office.
The Office
On June 12, 2008, Variety magazine reported that Lieberstein would become one of the executive producers of The Office. He worked in the writer's room from the start of the US adaptation and was asked by Greg Daniels to act as well, as Daniels wanted some of the writers to know what it was like on the other side of the camera. Lieberstein has said he "attended 'The Office' acting school" and was often thrown by Steve Carell's improv during scenes.
On March 22, 2012, it was announced that Lieberstein would step down from his showrunner role to focus on a planned spin-off series featuring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute, tentatively called The Farm. Lieberstein was set to be the showrunner, but in October 2012, it was announced that NBC was not accepting the series.
In a SuicideGirls interview, Lieberstein said that "as an actor, which is just a very small percentage of me, I don’t feel Toby while I’m writing. It’s the hardest of the characters to access". In an interview for his alma mater, Hamilton College, he commented on the bigger picture:
Personal life
Lieberstein's sister Susanne Lieberstein was the president of programming for YouTube Premium (previously holding this position at MTV), and is married to screenwriter and producer Greg Daniels. His brother, Warren Lieberstein, was married to his co-star Angela Kinsey. His cousin, Paul Faust, inspired and portrayed "Cool Guy Paul", as seen in The Office episode "Chair Model".
Lieberstein was married for a second time, to Janine Serafin Poreba, on July 19, 2008, at the New York City restaurant Battery Gardens. They reside in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.
Lieberstein has served on the advisory board of directors for Young Storytellers, an arts education nonprofit organization based in Los Angeles.
Awards
Lieberstein's first Emmy Award was as a producer, sharing a 1999 Emmy for "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or Less)" for his work in King of the Hill.
Lieberstein's work on The Office has resulted in numerous awards. In June 2007, Lieberstein shared in a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Broadband Program – Comedy", for his work on The Office: Accountants webisodes. As an actor, Lieberstein shared in a 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series"; as a writer, he shared a 2006 Writers Guild of America Award for the series, in addition to a WGA Award nomination for "The Coup". As co-executive producer, he shared a 2006 Emmy Award for "Outstanding Comedy Series".
Lieberstein received an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts degree from Hamilton College on May 22, 2011.
Filmography
Acting
Directing, producing, writing
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American television directors
American television writers
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Jewish American comedy writers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American television producers
Jewish American writers
Male actors from Connecticut
Actors from Westport, Connecticut
Writers from Westport, Connecticut
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Connecticut
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Staples High School alumni
Television producers from Connecticut
Television producers from New York (state)
Writers Guild of America Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Lieberstein |
The term baioulos () was used in the Byzantine Empire to refer to a preceptor or tutor of imperial princes. Only a handful of holders are known, but due to the office's close proximity to the imperial family, and the ties it created with future emperors, a number of baiouloi were among the most important officials of their time.
Origin and history
The term derives from the Latin term baiulus ("bearer"), which by the 4th century came to mean "nurse" or "preceptor". Thus in the 12th century the theologian Theodore Balsamon claimed that it came from baïon (βαΐον, palm leaf) because the preceptor was charged with supervising the growth of young minds. The term was rarely used, and only in Byzantine times; it is not attested in Modern Greek. The 13th-century scholar Manuel Moschopoulos offers the equivalent, well-established Greek terms παιδαγωγός and παιδοτρίβης.
The term was applied to the tutors and preceptors of imperial princes, who enjoyed a rather extensive authority. As Vitalien Laurent writes, he was not only "charged with instruction and education, but all that which is needed to assist the child to become, physically and intellectually, a man". The office brought its holders in close contact with the imperial family, and the bond created between a baioulos and his pupil could lead to significant political influence. It is not a coincidence that two of the handful of holders known, Antiochus in the 5th century and Basil Lekapenos in the 10th, rose to be all-powerful chief ministers under their respective wards, while even the others appear to have played an important political role. Basil Lekapenos in particular received the even more elevated title of megas baioulos (μέγας βαΐουλος, "grand preceptor"), which may thereafter have existed alongside several junior baiouloi.
Despite its importance, the office is entirely absent from early and middle Byzantine handbooks on imperial offices and ceremonies, until the 14th century. Pseudo-Kodinos, writing after the middle of the 14th century, did not know where the megas baioulos was to be ranked in the Byzantine hierarchy, but other contemporary lists of offices, such as the appendix to the Hexabiblos and the verse list of Matthew Blastares, which reflected the usage under Andronikos II Palaiologos () or during the reign of Andronikos III Palaiologos (), place him in the 18th place, after the parakoimomenos tou koitonos and before the kouropalates. Ernst Stein proposed that the baioulos was replaced by the tatas tes aules, but this conjecture was rejected by Laurent.
List of known holders
References
Sources
Byzantine court titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baioulos |
Dr. James Cocke served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1767 to 1768 and again from 1772 to 1773.
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Cocke |
Dipterocarpus fusiformis is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The tree is endemic to Borneo, where it is found in Central and East Kalimantan provinces of Indonesia and Sabah state of Malaysia.
Habitat and conservation
It is found on well-drained fertile soils in mixed dipterocarp forests. The largest concentrations of the trees are generally on ridge tops. It has a wide geographic range, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 127,755 km2, but it is found only in a few sites, and has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of only 20 km2.
The species is threatened with habitat loss, and its remaining habitat is increasingly fragmented. Its range and population are declining, and of the nine collection localities, only five are thought to still support populations of trees. Its conservation status is assessed as endangered.
References
fusiformis
Endemic dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of Kalimantan
Flora of Sabah
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20fusiformis |
Tomas Radzinevičius (born 5 June 1981) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Radzinevičius played for eleven different clubs throughout his career. He started professional career for a local side Sūduva and later moved to clubs in Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. He returned to Sūduva before 2013 season, where he took over captaincy. In 2015 season he became top scorer of the A Lyga, managing 28 goals being 34 years old. He moved to Maltese Premier League champions Valletta in the winter of 2017, but haven't received much playing time. Forward decided to end his career on 18 June 2017.
At international level, Radzinevičius represented the Lithuanian national team on 21 occasions, scoring 1 goal. He made his international debut in 2003 and played his last match in 2007. Despite receiving invitations until late 2016 he never had a chance to appear for his nation once again.
Career
While playing for Sūduva, he scored a hat-trick against Brann in the qualifying round of the UEFA Cup 2002–03, greatly contributing to his side's 3–2 victory. The same year he was voted the best player in A Lyga.
Radzinevičius has represented Lithuania at both under-21 and senior level, scoring one goal for his national team.
In July 2009 Radzinevičius was transferred to Polish Ekstraklasa side Odra Wodzisław.
International goals
Scores and results list Lithuania's goal tally first.
Honours
National Team
Baltic Cup
2005
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuania men's international footballers
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FK Sūduva players
FC Slovan Liberec players
SK Kladno players
SK Dynamo České Budějovice players
Odra Wodzisław Śląski players
FK Baník Sokolov players
FK Senica players
FK Třinec players
MFK Karviná players
SFC Opava players
Valletta F.C. players
A Lyga players
Czech First League players
Ekstraklasa players
Slovak First Football League players
Maltese Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate men's footballers in Malta
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Malta
I Lyga players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas%20Radzinevi%C4%8Dius |
Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The tree is endemic to Borneo (Kalimantan and Sarawak).
Range and habitat
Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus is known from five locations in Sarawak state of Malaysia, and a single unspecified location in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), where it grows in lowland rainforest. It has an extent of occurrence of 6,327 km2 and area of occupancy of 52 km2.
The species is threatened with habitat loss from timber harvesting, fires, and conversion of forest to agriculture. Its conservation status is assessed as endangered.
References
glabrigemmatus
Endemic dipterocarps of Borneo
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests
Plants described in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20glabrigemmatus |
Rosson House, at 113 North 6th Street at the corner of Monroe Street in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona, is a historic house museum in Heritage Square. It was built between 1894 and 1895 in the Stick-Eastlake - Queen Anne Style of Victorian architecture and was designed by San Francisco architect A. P. Petit, his final design before his death. Named for Dr. Roland Lee Rosson and his wife Flora Murray Rosson, the house changed hands numerous times before being purchased by the City of Phoenix and restored to its original condition.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
Architecture
This house is in the Stick-Eastlake Queen Anne Style of Victorian architecture. According to 19th century newspaper articles, it was designed by prominent San Francisco architect A. P. Petit. It would be his last house, as Petit died in the month of its completion. Controversy exists over the uniqueness of the design, since near exact plans for the house can be found in literature published prior, namely Design #1 as found in George Franklin Barber's Cottage Souvenir #2. The architecture displays numerous attributes contributed from different cultures, such as an Asian moon gate, Italianate hooded windows, and a French octagonal turret.
History
Dr. Roland Rosson came to Phoenix in 1879 where he established himself as a general physician and surgeon. Rosson practiced medicine on and off in Phoenix from 1879 until 1897. In addition to his career as a physician, Rosson was also involved in politics. In 1882 he was listed on the Democratic primary ticket. In 1884 he was elected Maricopa County coroner and public administrator. In 1890 he won the office of county treasurer. In 1892 he was elected for a second term and later unsuccessfully attempted to secure the Democratic nomination for sheriff. On May 7, 1895, Rosson was elected Mayor of Phoenix. He served as a Democrat in this unpaid position along with four Republican councilmen. Rosson's position as mayor was short lived. After difficulties with the city council, he resigned his office on April 6, 1896, before his term was over. Rosson appears to have stayed active in the political scene in Phoenix and his name appears in multiple issues of The Arizona Republican newspaper.
Roland Rosson married Flora B. Murray in Phoenix on August 11, 1880. The Rossons had a total of seven children – Irene, Vivien, Floy, Norma, and Clyde lived to adulthood. Their two other children died in infancy – their first son Roland Lloyd died at age five weeks, and an unnamed daughter died at birth.
In May 1882, Flora Rosson purchased Block 14 (now Heritage Square) in Phoenix, from Flora's half-sister, Margaret A. Richardson and her husband Mark P. Richardson for $1000. A newspaper article indicates that the Rossons spent $275 improving their residence in 1882, however the location of the residence is not noted. Prior to the construction of the Rosson House, it is likely that the Rossons lived on Block 14 in an adobe house. Sanborn maps indicate that the house was probably just south of the location of the new house.
In September 1894, several articles appeared in local papers requesting bids for a house designed by architect A. P. Petit for R.L. Rosson at the corner of Monroe and 6th Streets. Late in September, another article lists the bids on the house, including a bid of $7,525 from George E. Cisney who became the contractor for the house. By December a newspaper article indicates that the house was near completion.
In February 1895, an article in the Arizona Republican discussing the northeastern part of Phoenix notes that "The most expensive homes in the city – the Churchill, the Rosson, the Jacobs, the Murray and the Hine residences are in the immediate locality." March 16, 1895, is the first appearance of an ad for Dr. Rosson's office and residence listing the location as the corner of Monroe and Sixth streets.
The Rosson House was built with modern accommodations such as electric lights, hot and cold running water, an indoor upstairs bathroom, and a telephone. Other contemporary Victorian mansions on Monroe were similarly equipped – by 1892, Phoenix boasted electrical plants, a domestic water system, a gas system, and two competing telephone companies. The Phoenix street-car line ran down Monroe before turning north on Seventh Street, so the Rossons and other Monroe Street residents had only to walk out to board it.
The Rossons continued to own the home and the remainder of Block 14. However, during the winter of 1895-1896 and 1896–1897, the Rosson family rented their home to Whitelaw Reid, an influential Republican and head of the New York Tribune newspaper. No sources indicate where the Rosson family resided during that time. Reid had a lung condition and his doctors recommended he travel to Arizona for his health. The Reid family arrived at the Rosson House in November 1895, where he followed an open-air regimen. The Tribune was run from Phoenix by typed letters and telegraphs. Reid's letters are an excellent primary source about the early Rosson House and life in Phoenix at the time. He also wrote editorials for papers like the Los Angeles Herald in which he advertised the benefits of Arizona and Phoenix. In 1896, the Reids rented both the Rosson House and Jerry Millay's nearby house.
In June 1897, the Rossons sold their house and the north half of Block 14. The family moved to Los Angeles, California by July 27, 1897. The exact reasons for their move are unknown. Newspaper accounts suggest that the Rossons may have had financial difficulties. According to delinquent tax records listed in the newspapers in 1896 and 1897, both Roland and Flora owed back taxes. Renting their newly constructed house to Whitelaw Reid also suggests that the Rossons needed additional income. The family may also have moved for other reasons. Rosson's obituary in 1898 states that "…he removed with his family to Los Angeles on account of the educational advantages."
Little is known about Dr. Rosson's brief time in Los Angeles. On May 12, 1898, after an illness of several weeks, Dr. Rosson died. Initially, his death was considered suspicious and possibly a suicide. Shortly before his death, Rosson had purchased life insurance from several different companies. An autopsy and subsequent coroner's jury in Los Angeles ruled the death to be a result of gastroenteritis. Little else is known of Flora's life. She died in Los Angeles from "tubercular laryngitis" at age fifty-two on September 9, 1911. Her death certificate listed her occupation as "household duties."
Other owners
On June 3, 1897, Aaron Goldberg and his wife, Carrie, purchased the house and north half of Block 14 from the Rossons for $10,000. Aaron and Carrie Goldberg were a prominent Jewish couple in Phoenix. Aaron co-owned Goldberg's clothing store and was also engaged in political and civic activities. A member of the 19th and 20th Territorial Legislature, Goldberg wrote the bill that permanently located the capitol in Phoenix. He also served on the Phoenix City Council, the Board of Trade, and the Capitol Commission.The Goldberg children included Hazel, Selma and Chester (Chet), who, according to his obituary, was born in the Rosson House.
On September 7, 1904, the Goldbergs sold the house and property to "S. W." Higley. Steven W. Higley started out as a railroad builder, became a land owner and later was a partner in the Arizona Republican newspaper. Higley lived in the Rosson House with wife Jessie Freemont Howe, sons Thomas and James, as well as his daughter Jessie Jean. Later, both Thomas and James served in World War I. James died on the battlefield and Thomas returned home and went on to open Tom's Tavern in Phoenix. Jessie Jean went on to marry E. B. Lane. Much of the information known about the Higley family comes from several interviews conducted with daughter Jessie Jean Lane in the 1970s.
The Higleys sold the Rosson House and portions of the larger lot to the Gammel family on August 22, 1914. The Gammel family owned and lived in the Rosson House longer than any other family. Earlier, William Gammel had been a gambler in Jerome, Arizona. In 1904, he married Francis Christopher, a Hispanic woman from Tucson. The couple had 3 daughters – Annie (b. 1906), Wilma (b. 1908), and Atlanta Georgia (b.1909). Gammel was a co-owner of the Capitol Saloon at 28–30 E. Washington. Shortly after buying the Rosson House, Prohibition became law in Arizona and it hurt Gammel's business. In the 1916 Phoenix City Directory, his business was called the Capitol Buffet and sold soft drinks. In 1919, Gammel was listed as an orange grower, and two years later, the Phoenix City Directory said Mrs. Frankie Gammel had furnished rooms available (in the Rosson House).
The Gammel family lived in the Rosson House until 1948 and ran a rooming/boarding house. To make the house better for renters, the Gammels made drastic changes to the house including walling in porches, subdividing floors and adding multiple kitchens and bathrooms. After 1948, the Rosson House changed hands multiple times and continued to operate as a rooming house, eventually becoming a "flop house" and falling into disrepair.
At the urging of Mayor John D. Driggs, the City of Phoenix purchased the Rosson House and the remainder of Block 14 in 1974. The Rosson House was restored through a community effort involving the City of Phoenix, dozens of local institutions and hundreds of volunteers.
Other brick landmarks
The Rosson House is an early example, though not the first, of a house in Phoenix constructed of fired brick and wood instead of adobe bricks. Brick was Petit's preferred building material. At least one local brick-making factory had previously been established, and some fine examples of early brick houses that predate the Rosson House include the mansion built in 1887 for John T. Dennis at 242 E. Monroe and its neighbor at 230 E. Monroe built for M. Jacobs. The John T. Dennis mansion was demolished in the 1950s. Additionally, there was the large house built for Columbus Gray in 1890, and the J.Y.T. Smith House at 5th St. and Adams reportedly dates from 1892. Almost all of the early hotels of Phoenix were made out of locally produced red bricks as well.
A number of smaller homes were built outside the city limits in the 1880s by J.J. Welty, and made out of poured concrete blocks made to look like hewn stone. There is also the mansion built by John T. Dennis' neighbor Clark Churchill which later became the first home of Phoenix Union High School.
Access
Heritage Square Foundation and Guild operates the restored Rosson House as a historic house museum in the city of Phoenix Heritage and Science Park and offers public tours.
See also
Heritage Square, Phoenix
References
Notes
Bibliography
Historic Heritage Square (c) 2013 by Donna J. Reiner, John Jacquemart and Douglas C. Towne
External links
Houses completed in 1895
Historic house museums in Arizona
Houses in Phoenix, Arizona
Museums in Phoenix, Arizona
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Queen Anne architecture in Arizona
Victorian architecture in Arizona
Historic American Buildings Survey in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Maricopa County, Arizona
1895 establishments in Arizona Territory
Gilded Age mansions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosson%20House |
Dipterocarpus globosus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae endemic to Borneo, where it occurs in Brunei, Sarawak (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia).
Range and habitat
Dipterocarpus globusus grows in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest up to 500 meters elevation, where it is locally abundant.
References
globosus
Endemic dipterocarps of Borneo
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests
Flora of Sarawak
Flora of Kalimantan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20globosus |
, real name , is a Japanese comedian famous for his stand-up act.
Originally a member (a quick-tempered tsukkomi) of a kombi called Babies (ベイビーズ), he started working as a host in Tokyo under the host name Ken Saegami (冴神剣 Saegami Ken) when Babies dissolved. Making a mere amount of yen equivalent to $800 per month, he worked as a host for nearly 3 years.
After quitting his host job, he returned to the comedy circuit with a new name, "Hiroshi"—taken from the announcer Hiroshi Ikushima (生島ヒロシ Ikushima Hiroshi)—and a new gimmick; one that would eventually gain him stardom in 2004 while landing stand-up spots on various comedy programs including the popular The god of Entertainment. (エンタの神様). His skit always follows the same formula: A simple introduction followed by a recollection of past and present pitiful episodes in his life after which he repeats, "I am Hiroshi." (ヒロシです/Hiroshi desu), while Italian singer Peppino Gagliardi's "Che vuole questa musica stasera" plays in the background.
He is always seen wearing typical host-style apparel, and he is known as a depressed character, which is reflected in his skits, and in the way he is treated by other owarai talents.
References
External links
Sun Music Profile
1972 births
People from Ōmuta, Fukuoka
Living people
Japanese male comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi%20%28owarai%29 |
Hockey Club Sokil Kyiv (; ), commonly known as Sokil Kyiv or HC Sokil, is a Ukrainian professional ice hockey team based in Kyiv. While their home arena is located in the city, the team also plays out of Brovary, still within the Kyiv region.
They are a founding club of the Professional Hockey League of Ukraine, and have formerly competed in the national leagues of Belarus, Russia, and the Soviet Union. Until 2014 Sokil remained the oldest and most accomplished team in Ukrainian hockey, winning 12 of the 19 Ukrainian Hockey Championships held since 1992. The club's senior team was inactive from 2014 to 2020.
The club was founded in 1963 as part of the Dynamo sports society, and adopted its current moniker in 1973. They are the second major-professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Kyiv, preceded only by its short lived predecessor, also named Dynamo (founded in 1953). They are the most successful Ukrainian team to have competed in the Soviet Championship, finishing as high as third in the highly competitive circuit (1985) and producing several award-winning players. In 1986, Sokil managed to become the first and only Ukrainian-based team to compete in the Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament, where they would finish 2nd. They also became the first Ukrainian team to win an international league championship, doing so in the Eastern European Hockey League consecutively in 1998 and 1999.
Sokil is accredited with developing a majority of the country's top young hockey players, producing NHL All Stars such as Dmytro Khrystych and Oleksiy Zhytnyk, and Stanley Cup Champions Ruslan Fedotenko and Anton Babchuk.
Franchise history
1963–1973: Dynamo
The team was founded in the summer of 1963 by the Deputy Chairman of Sports of Ukraine, Adrian Miziak, under the name of Dynamo Kyiv. 1963 may be the official birth date of the team, but it was a decade earlier that a Dynamo team from Kyiv would play in the Soviet Cup, making it as far as the second round of the playoffs. The current incarnation, however, would begin its hockey operations in the second tier of Soviet ice hockey, holding its first game on 27 October 1963 against SKA Kuybyshev. The team's first head coach was Dmitri Boginov. Forward Viktor Martinov would score the first goal in club history two minutes into the match, and the team would go on to win the game at a score of 4:1. Martinov would go on to lead the team in goals that season with 16.
Though the team would finish 6th in its inaugural season, they would go on to have the best record in their division the following year; earning a promotion to the top level of competition in the Soviet leagues. To open the 1965–66 season, Kyiv would boast the second largest arena in the Soviet Union. However, while competing at the top level, Dynamo struggled. During its five years of competition in the league, which included playoff qualification each year, the team would exhibit sub-par play. Sokil's Soviet Cup playoff run in 1968 would prove to be a highlight in otherwise disappointing campaigns. Their elimination by SKA Leningrad in the quarterfinals would be the furthest the team would finish in the tournament for nearly a decade. In the following season, Sokil would finish the first round of competition in 10th place of 12 teams, resulting in a temporary demotion to the second-tier of competition. This would last the remainder of the season. They would finish 6th in this group of 18, and 12th of 24 in the record books. This poor showing would not prove a motivator for the following year, though the departure of coach Boginov would not help either. He would be replaced by Igor Shichkov, the team would finish dead last in the 1969–70 season, and once again become subject to outright relegation. The final three years under the Dynamo name would show gradual, albeit slow improvements; each season finishing one place higher in the standings.
1973–1996: The Falcons
For the club's 10th anniversary in 1973, the club would drop the Dynamo moniker, a move which would have a lasting legacy. The historical white and blue colors of the Dynamo sports society would be kept intact, but the team would adopt the name of the "Falcon", or "Sokil" in Ukrainian.
Though Sokil's play would remain inconsistent throughout the 70s, the hiring of Anatoli Bogdanov as head coach in 1976 would have an immediate impact on the team's fortunes. By the 1978 season, the team would finish 2nd overall and re-ascend to the top of the Soviet league. In their first season back, great goaltending by Konstantin Gavrilov managed to overcome a poor offense, and ultimately allowed the team squeak into the playoffs, bypassing Avtomobilist Sverdlovsk by a mere point. This foray into Soviet Cup playoffs would prove to be one of the best runs in the team's history, making it as far as the semifinals where they would ultimately fall to the legendary CSKA Moscow team. Unfortunately for the team, the Cup playoffs would not be held again for another 8 years. During this period of emphasis on regular season performance, several stars would begin to emerge from the team's ranks. Between 1981 and 1990, six players would be named to the league's 34 man All Star selections, 5 of whom were multiple time recipients.
Sokil would remain competitive, but the addition of homegrown forward Dmytro Khrystych and defenseman Oleksandr Hodyniuk in 1985 and 1986, respectively, would elevate the team to new heights. Their 3rd-place finish in 1985 would remain a franchise best, Ramil Yuldashev would claim the league award for most hat-tricks this year with 2, and Nikolai Narimanov would lead the league in goals with 26. The following year in 1986, Sergei Davydov would follow up on Yuldashev's success and win the hat-trick award. Sokil would be invited to the Spengler Cup tournament where they would continue their success as finalists, succumbing only to Team Canada.
Winning the Tampere Cup in 1989 marked a turning point for the franchise, which would be a victim to the Soviet Union's collapse. The coming down of the Iron Curtain would allow the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League to draft rising local talent and Kyiv teammate Oleksiy Zhytnyk 81st overall in the 1991 NHL draft. Zhitnik would remain the highest drafted professional Sokil player to this day. Not all talent was affected, however, as Yuldashev would lead the league in goals in 1990 along with points in 1991, and Valeri Shyriaiev would be named the league's top defensemen in both years as well. Following a 15th-place finish in 1992, the lowest in team history, the team and coach Bogdanov would part ways. This would also mark a change in the team's official name to accommodate a new sponsor; the club competed under the name Sokil Eskulap () for only the 1992–93 International Hockey League (IHL) season. Bogdanov's dismissal did little to curtail the franchise's downward spiral, with the team reaching new record lows with head coach Alexander Fedeev at the helm. He would hold the position until 1996, which also marked the team's parting of ways with the newly formed Russian Hockey League.
A positive product of these troubled years is the continued development of local talent. Future Olympian and Stanley Cup champion, Ruslan Fedotenko would leave the team in 1996 to pursue his NHL dreams. Kyivans Anton Babchuk and Nikolai Zherdev, products of the Sokil junior development program, would later be recruited by Elektrostal scouts in the Russian Major League. They would later be drafted into the NHL, both in the first round.
1996–2009: transitions
With the dissolution of the IHL, orphaned teams from the Soviet Bloc found a home in the newly formed Eastern European Hockey League. Benefiting from a lower level of competition than that of the Russian league, and new head coach Oleksandr Seukand, the team would find renewed success. Sokil would finish 1st overall in 4 of the league's 8 seasons, and become league champions in both 1998 and 1999. Sokil players like Valentyn Oletsky (1997, 2000) and Dmitri Markovskiy (1998) would secure scoring titles, Konstantin Kasyanchuk was awarded league forward MVP in 2001, and Vadim Seliverstov was named top goaltender in 2003.
From 2004 through to the 2006–07 season, the team would also compete in the Open Championship of Belarus, the EEHL's spiritual successor. Here they would continue their success until hitting a metaphorical wall in 2006–07, allowing more than twice as many goals against than for, and ultimately not qualifying for the playoffs. It would be the first time they would not qualify for a league playoff in over a decade.
In spite of government cuts to hockey programs in the city, the team would realign its franchise with Russia, though this time with the more modest Russian Major League. Here, they received relative success. In their first season, Sokil would finish 5th in the division, 8th overall in wins. On top of these improvements, they would carry the 4th most potent offense in the league. The newly revived team was met with continued success in the Russian league, finishing with the best regular season record that year; 4th overall in points percentage. They would qualify for a bye in the first round, handily defeat Ryazan in the secondaries, but would ultimately fall to Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk in a 3–1 lopsided series.
Present
Following the 2008–09 season in the Russian league, the club announced they would rejoining the Belarusian Extraleague for the following year. This was a move largely attributed to the financial burdens brought on by the Russian Ice Hockey Federation's (RHF) mandate that foreign teams pay for the travel, accommodations, and meals of visiting teams. The RHF also demanded that foreign teams pay an annual fee of p.1,500,000 (approx €35,000).
Going into the 2009–10 Extraleague season, Sokil elevated team expenditures and signed several Ukrainian players who had been in the Kontinental Hockey League, bolstering the roster with professional names such as Kostiantyn Simchuk, Serhiy Varlamov, and Serhiy Klymentiev. They would face further financial difficulties, losing players along the way (including Varlamov), and finish 4th in the Belarusian league's standings, ultimately falling to Yunost Minsk in the semifinals. Sokil would continue their winning streak in the Ukrainian Championship, however, winning their 12th championship.
The team's financial issues continued in the 2010–12 season, however, and apart from losing many key players, the team missed the Belarusian league's playoffs and their streak in the Ukrainian Championship was broken, when they lost to HC Donbas in the finals. For the 2012 season, Sokil withdrew from the Belarusian league and joined the newly formed Professional Hockey League of Ukraine.
During its first two years in the PHL, Sokil forfeited its streak of Ukrainian Championships, with rival HC Donbas-2 becoming the new national standard. To make matters worse, the team was mired in financial difficulties, with players alleging that they were not being paid by the team.
In December 2013, players on the team went on strike due to not being paid their salaries, which stemmed from sponsorship issues. The team was forced to forfeit games.
Team colours and mascot
Logo
The team's original colors as Dynamo were, hence the nickname that has held to this day ("white-blues"), white and blue. When the Sokil name was adopted, the team changed their colors to red and blue, the same colors of the Kyiv coat of arms of the time. The team would eventually return to its white and blue roots, along with the addition of a darker accent of blue, as well as black. Sokil's primary logo has, since 1973, featured a horse-chestnut leaf, the symbol of the city. This element has remained constant on both the chest piece as well as the shoulder patches throughout the team's history since adopting the "Sokil" name. The adding of a profile image of a falcon was added later on, and the team would return to its white and blue roots. To mark their 45th anniversary, Sokil updated their classic team logo for the 2008–09 season. The re-branding saw a modernization of the team's crest; with a new and more aggressive falcon centerpiece, while retaining the classic, albeit broadened, chestnut leaf backdrop.
Jerseys
The team's original jerseys were white with horizontal blue striping. In 1973, the primary color of red was added, and the body striping was eliminated for a more contemporary look. When the sponsor's name ("Eskulap") was added briefly in 1992, the team logo was changed to a tryzub. Also, the Coca-Cola logo was added to the front of the team's jerseys for a period of time. Aside from this, when the blue and white colors came into use, the jerseys went through a series of design changes, running a gamut of styles containing variations of arm and hem striping, shoulder yolks, and design coloring. The contemporary jersey features a body and arm design that has a graphic of feathers rather than traditional hockey striping. It is the same design used by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League. The jerseys are made by the Russian company Lutch.
Seasons and records
Season by season results
League history and results
Soviet era
Modern era
Team awards
Leagues
Eastern European Hockey League winners (2): 1998, 1999
Ukrainian Hockey Championship winners (12): 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010
Soviet Championship League third place (1): 1984–85
Other tournaments
Cup of Eastern European Hockey League winners (2): 1998, 1999
Ukrainian Hockey Cup winners (1): 2007
Ukrainian Federation Cup winners (1): 2010
Tampere Cup winners (1): 1989
Players
Honored members
Honored numbers
Sokil Kyiv has officially honored five numbers in their history. All of the honorees were born in Ukraine.
*Both Zhitnik and Shyriaiev are also members of the Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame
Individual awards
Soviet Championship All Stars
Yuri Shundrov: 1980–81, 1987–88
Sergei Gorbushin: 1981–82, 1982–83
Mikhail Tatarinov: 1983–84, 1985–86
Anatoly Stepanischev: 1985–86, 1989–90
Valeri Shyriaiev: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90
Dmitri Khristich: 1989–90
Soviet League Knight Attack award (most hat-tricks)
Ramil Yuldashev: 1984–85, 1989–90
Sergei Davydov: 1985–86Soviet League Sniper award (most goals)
Nikolai Narimanov: 1984–85
Evgeni Shastin: 1987–88
Ramil Yuldashev: 1990–91
Soviet League Total Points award
Ramil Yuldashev: 1990–91
Soviet League Top Defenseman award
Valeri Shyriaiev: 1989–90, 1990–91
Team leaders
Head coaches
Dmitri Boginov, 1963–69
Igor Shichkov, 1969–74
Vladimir Egorov, 1974–76
Anatoly Egorov, 1976–77 (until November 1977)
Anatoli Bogdanov, 1977–91
Alexander Fadeev, 1991–96
Alexei Boginov 1996–97
Oleksandr Seukand 1997–99
Oleksandr Kulikov 1999–2001
Oleksandr Seukand 2001–11
Oleksandr Hodyniuk 2011–2013
Serhiy Lubnin 2013–presentTeam captains
Valentin Utkin, 1963–
Yuri Pavlov,
Vladimir Andreyev, 1978–80
Anatoly Demin, 1980–82
Oleg Islamov, 1984–85
Vasyl Bobrovnikov 2003–04
Yuri Hunko, –2010
Serhiy Klymentiev 2010–12
Drafted players
The following are players who have been drafted in the National Hockey League (NHL) Entry Draft and played the season prior to the draft for the Sokil ice hockey organization. There have been 11 players drafted in the NHL Entry Draft from the Sokil hockey club.
The most notable players drafted from Sokil are defenseman Alexei Zhitnik, who played more the 1000 regular season games in the NHL, and forward Dmitri Khristich, who scored over 250 goals and 500 points.
Junior program NHL alumni
The following pupils of Sokil's hockey school have gone on to be drafted into the NHL.
References
External links
Ice hockey clubs in Kyiv
Professional Hockey League teams
Eastern European Hockey League teams
Belarusian Extraleague teams
1963 establishments in Ukraine
Ice hockey clubs established in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokil%20Kyiv |
Loreley is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was historically part of the Duchy of Nassau, a sovereign state until 1866, and is currently located in the Nassau Nature Park. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, adjacent to the Nassau district and approx. 25 km southeast of Koblenz. Its seat is in Sankt Goarshausen. It was named after the Loreley Rock. On 1 July 2012, it merged with the former Verbandsgemeinde Braubach. Initially, the new Verbandsgemeinde was named "Braubach-Loreley", but it was renamed "Loreley" on 1 December 2012.
The Verbandsgemeinde Loreley consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
{|
|
Auel
Bornich
Braubach
Dachsenhausen
Dahlheim
Dörscheid
Filsen
Kamp-Bornhofen
Kaub
Kestert
Lierschied
|valign=top|
Lykershausen
Nochern
Osterspai
Patersberg
Prath
Reichenberg
Reitzenhain
Sankt Goarshausen
Sauerthal
Weisel
Weyer
|}
External links
VG Loreley contact detail
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate
Middle Rhine
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreley%20%28Verbandsgemeinde%29 |
Jeffrey Harold Perry (13 October 1948 – 4 February 2012) was an English stage and screen actor. Born in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire and trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, he worked extensively for the Royal Exchange in Manchester. He may be best known to television audiences as Mr. Tumnus in the 1988 version of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, which was part of the BBC's Chronicles of Narnia TV miniseries.
In the 2000s, Perry's work included performances at the Mill at Sonning. In the summer of 2008, he played Mr. Mole in Love's a Luxury. He was also a director of NOT The National Theatre and toured with them, appearing in several productions.
Selected stage and screen credits
Television
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (as Mr. Tumnus), 1988
Micawber (as Clerk), 2001
Theatre
Hard Times, NOT The National Theatre, 1990-1991
Playing Sinatra (as Norman), NOT The National Theatre, 1999
Time and Time Again (as Leonard), The Mill at Sonning
All for Mary (as Humphrey Millar), The Mill at Sonning, 2001
Hysteria (as Sigmund Freud), NOT The National Theatre, 2002
Strictly Murder (as Josef), The Mill at Sonning, 2006
Love's a Luxury (as Mr. Mole), The Mill at Sonning, 2008
Death
Jeffrey Perry was found dead at home in Stanhoe, Norfolk, by his wife on 4 February 2012. He was 63 years old. An inquest three months later recorded a verdict of suicide; Perry had poisoned himself with chemicals and placed a plastic bag over his head.
References
External links
Review of Love's a Luxury at The Stage, retrieved 3 July 2008
Review of Love's a Luxury at The Oxford Times, retrieved 3 July 2008
1948 births
2012 deaths
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
Male actors from Lancashire
People from Barrow-in-Furness
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
2012 suicides
Suicides by poison
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Perry%20%28British%20actor%29 |
Blackstone Edge ( ) is a gritstone escarpment at above sea level in the Pennine hills surrounded by moorland on the boundary between Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire in England.
History
Crossing the escarpment is Blackstone Edge Long Causeway, also known as Blackstone Edge Roman Road, a partially paved road on the Greater Manchester side, becoming a holloway through peat as it runs into Yorkshire. The Blackstone Edge Long Causeway was originally thought to be of Roman origin until investigations by James Maxim, who proposed the theory that it was actually a 1735 turnpike or packhorse route. This theory was widely accepted until 2012 when investigations by Archaeological Services WYAS led them to conclude that "The archaeological surface evidence...suggests that the route of the road is unlikely to have originated as part of a turnpike scheme as probable medieval and post-medieval features, including a packhorse road, appear to overlie the substantial road cuttings in a number of places. If the road does not originate in the 18th century, then the scale of construction of the road cuttings suggest a level of engineering skill, planning and use of resources only otherwise normally associated with Roman roads." This report confirms the original Roman date. The route is designated as a scheduled monument in both Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire.
The Aiggin Stone, a gritstone pillar, possibly a way-marker, stands alongside the road, which may also have seen later use as a packhorse route, and marks the county boundary. The stone has a cross and the letters I and T cut into it. Its name is said to derive from the French aiguille for a needle or aigle for an eagle.
Much of the surrounding area was within the ancient parish of Hundersfield, although some parts lay within Butterworth township. During the English Civil War, the Parliamentarians sent 800 men to fortify Blackstone Edge; John Rosworm came from Manchester to direct the construction of defences. It was successfully held against an attack by Royalist cavalry. In 1660 the churchwardens of St Chad's paid 24 shillings for eight loads of "great stones from Blackstoneedge" for Rochdale church steps.
Celia Fiennes travelled over Blackstone Edge and described her journey in about 1700. A meeting of supporters of Chartism from the surrounding industrial towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire was held in 1846, attracting up to 30,000 people.
Sport
Blackstone Edge is frequented by walkers and rock climbers who use its traditional climbing and bouldering routes. The crag was featured in Some Gritstone Climbs, a pioneering 1913 guide to rock-climbing in the Peak District, by John Laycock. One walking route is a circular walk from Hollingworth Lake in Smithy Bridge near Littleborough up to Blackstone Edge, and another route links Blackstone Edge to Hebden Bridge in the Calder Valley. The Pennine Way long-distance footpath from Edale in the Derbyshire Peak District to Kirk Yetholm in Scotland passes along the top of the outcrop. It is also an alternative route of the Rochdale Way.
From the summit one can see Manchester city centre, Winter Hill in the West Pennine Moors, and the mountains in North Wales in clear weather.
Halifax Road, which goes up towards Blackstone Edge reservoir, provides a popular cycling ascent. With of ascent from the centre of Littleborough, at an average gradient of 5%, it is recognised as a category 3 climb on Strava.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
Mountains and hills of Greater Manchester
Mountains and hills of the Peak District
Mountains and hills of the Pennines
Hills of West Yorkshire
Escarpments of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone%20Edge |
Yes/No People were a British band which recorded on London Records, and which featured Luke Cresswell and Steve McNicholas, and now are best known for their dance theatre performance pieces called Stomp.
Pookiesnackenburger
Yes/No People grew out of another act named Pookiesnackenburger, that was formed in Brighton in the early 1980s, and which was named after a character on a compilation album of 1960s American radio recordings. The band released a number of albums that were a mixture of rhythm and blues and comedy, contributed material to the Channel 4 show Alter Image, and had an eponymous 1985 Channel 4 television series. Other band members included Sue Bradley, also of the Reward System and the New Objekts.
Pookiesnackenburger were also responsible for the Heineken Pilsener "Bins" commercial, which would be further developed into climactic dustbin dance in the Stomp shows.
Pookiesnackenburger used to open for the band Madness in the 1980s at the Dominion Theatre in London.
Early career of Yes/No People
In 1986 Yes/No People signed to London Records, and started work on their debut album. A Yes/No People performance can be seen in the Bette Midler HBO special Mondo Beyondo.
On 9 September 1986 the band appeared at the Limelight, London.
On 28 March 1987 the band appeared in an episode of Saturday Live aired on Channel 4, in which they performed the track 'Some Things Are True'.
A track from the band appeared on the London Records sampler Giant in September 1987, along with tracks by other bands such as Hothouse Flowers and Voice Of The Beehive. In 1987 the band's debut single "Mr Johnson" was released. The single failed to reach the UK Singles Chart, however and, apart from the theme tune to Channel 4's Wired, no further music was heard from the band in the 1980s.
At this point, with the traditional band set-up failing to make much headway in the charts, Yes/No People moved into other areas and decided to go back to the musical theatre idea of Pookiesnackenburger.
Stomp
In 1991 the ITV Children's show presented by Andrea Arnold, called A Beetle Called Derek appeared and included a number of percussive video shorts by Yes/No People. It was from these parts that "Stomp" was developed as a full-length theatre show. Stomp had a large and varying line-up centred on Cresswell and McNicholas, appearing first at the Edinburgh Fringe, Royal Court Theatre, and for several years on international tour.
In 1994 they recorded the theme tune for the children's television programme Blue Peter, which was used from September 1994 until August 1999.
References
External links
Stomp Online
English dance music groups
Musical groups from Brighton and Hove
Dance companies in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yes/No%20People |
Dipterocarpus gracilis (Tagalog: panao) is a critically endangered species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.
The species is found in Kalimantan, Bangladesh, India (the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Tripura), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam and China (Yunnan Province).
This large tree is found in lowland seasonal semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forests.
Uses
It is often used as a commercial grade plywood, it is one of the most important sources of keruing timber.
References
gracilis
Indomalayan realm flora
Flora of tropical Asia
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Dipterocarps of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20gracilis |
The Teatro Argentina (directly translating to "Theatre Argentina") is an opera house and theatre located in Largo di Torre Argentina, a square in Rome, Italy. One of the oldest theatres in Rome, it was constructed in 1731 and inaugurated on 31 January 1732 with Berenice by Domenico Sarro. It is built over part of the curia section of the Theatre of Pompey. This curia was the location of the assassination of Julius Caesar.
History
The theatre was commissioned by the Sforza-Cesarini family and designed by the architect Gerolamo Theodoli, with the auditorium laid out in the traditional horseshoe shape. Duke Francesco Sforza-Cesarini, who ran the Argentina Theatre from 1807 to 1815, was a "theatre fanatic" who continued until his death to run up debts. Rossini's The Barber of Seville was given its premiere here on 20 February 1816, just after Duke Francesco's death and, in the 19th century, the premieres of many notable operas took place in the theatre, including Verdi's I due Foscari on 3 November 1844 and La battaglia di Legnano on 27 January 1849, and Teresa Seneke’s Le Due Amiche in 1869.
From 1919 to 1944, more musical offerings than dramatic ones were presented, although the theatre premiered works by Luigi Pirandello, Henrik Ibsen, and Maxim Gorky during this time. A series of operas was presented in the winter of 1944–45 in honor of the American and British troops.
The venue was used for classical music recordings by the Santa Cecilia orchestra in the 1950s.
In 1994, the theatre became the home of the Teatro Stabile company of Rome, currently directed by Mario Martone. It offers a variety of programmes, some being large-scale productions, although more plays than music or opera are presented today.
Technical information
The inside of the theatre is constructed of wood with six levels of boxes characterizing the design, and has been restored many times. It seats 696 people, including 344 in the stalls and with 40 boxes on five levels seating an additional 352.
Plantamura notes that the theatre's acoustics were regarded as being excellent and that the architect who designed the La Fenice opera house in Venice, Gianantonio Selva, modeled his design after the Argentina.
In popular culture
In the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, the Teatro Argentina was the setting for an important scene during a performance of Parisina by Gaetano Donizetti.
See also
List of theatres and opera houses in Rome
References
Notes
Sources
Plantamura, Carol (1996), "Teatro Argentina", in The Opera Lover's Guide to Europe. Citadel Press.
External links
Official website
Opera houses in Rome
Theatres completed in 1731
Music venues completed in 1731
1732 establishments in the Papal States
Rome R. VIII Sant'Eustachio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro%20Argentina |
Sir Patrick Elias, PC (born 28 March 1947), is a retired Lord Justice of Appeal.
Early life and education
Patrick Elias was born in Cardiff and received his undergraduate degree, LL.B with first-class honours, at Exeter University in 1969, where he was a member of both the rugby and cricket teams. He was called to the Bar in 1973 (Inner Temple). His brother is Gerard Elias QC.
Professional life
Before becoming a Bencher in 1995, he was a fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge and served as Assistant Recorder from 1997 to 1999.
He was appointed Deputy High Court Judge in January 1999 and four months later, in May 1999, he was named Judge of the High Court, Queen's Bench Division, with the customary knighthood in July 1999. He was President of the Employment Appeal Tribunal from 2006 to 2009.
Mr Justice Elias was appointed to Her Majesty's Privy Council on 3 March 2009.
Cases
R (Seymour-Smith) v SS for Employment [2000] UKHL 12 (represented the government against a claim that legislation was sex discrimination)
Wilson v United Kingdom [2002] ECHR 552 (represented the employer: lost)
James v Greenwich LBC [2006] UKEAT 0006_06_2112 (held that agency workers should not get rights: disapproved in principle in Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher [2011] UKSC 41)
Royal Mail Group Ltd v CWU [2009] EWCA Civ 1045 (holding in the EAT that employers forgetting to consult with trade unions before a transfer of undertaking absolved them of a duty)
Eweida v British Airways plc [2009] IRLR 78 (held that a woman who wore a cross had no claim for religious discrimination: found wrong by the European Court of Human Rights)
Royal Mail Group Ltd v Communication Workers Union [2008] UKEAT 0338_08_0212 (held that an employer was not responsible for its own failure to inform and consult staff about business changes)
X v Mid Sussex Citizens Advice Bureau [2011] EWCA Civ 28 (held that a volunteer had no rights against discrimination)
RMT v Serco Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 226 (stated obiter that unions had no right to strike at common law)
Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2012] UKSC 15 (held in the EAT that a man had not suffered indirect age discrimination, even though a new rule was introduced requiring him to get a law degree: overturned)
Clyde & Co LLP v Bates van Winkelhof [2012] EWCA Civ 1207 (held that a partner had no claim against detriment for whistleblowing: overturned)
Hudson v Department for Work and Pensions [2012] EWCA Civ 1416 (held, against Smith LJ dissenting, that a fixed term worker could not claim a permanent contract after 4 years work because part of that time was training)
Turner v East Midlands Trains Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 1470 (held that there is no proportionality test in unfair dismissal)
Smith v Carillion (JM) Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 209 (held that a blacklisted union member could be persecuted because he was an agency worker)
'' KV Sri Lanka v SSHD EWCA Civ 119, [2017]
Notes
Knights Bachelor
British King's Counsel
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1947 births
Living people
Lords Justices of Appeal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Elias |
Israel Horovitz (March 31, 1939 – November 9, 2020) was an American playwright, director, actor and co-founder of the Gloucester Stage Company in 1979. He served as artistic director until 2006 and later served on the board, ex officio and as artistic director emeritus until his resignation in November 2017 after The New York Times reported allegations of sexual misconduct.
Horovitz wrote more than 70 plays, many of which were translated and performed in various languages. He was the founder of the New York Playwrights Lab, and his best-known plays include Line, Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, and The Indian Wants the Bronx. Horovitz also had a film career, with notable works including the 1982 film Author! Author! and the 2014 film My Old Lady. Throughout his career, he received numerous awards and recognitions for his work in theatre and film. However, he faced multiple sexual assault and harassment accusations from women associated with his theatre companies.
Early life and career
Horovitz was born to a Jewish family in Wakefield, Massachusetts, the son of Hazel Rose (née Solberg) and Julius Charles Horovitz, a lawyer. At age 13, he wrote his first novel, which was rejected by Simon & Schuster but complimented for its "wonderful, childlike qualities." At age 17, he wrote his first play, entitled The Comeback, which was performed at nearby Suffolk University. He worked as a taxi driver, a stagehand and an advertising executive before having his first success in the theatre with his play The Indian Wants the Bronx, which featured two yet-undiscovered future film stars: John Cazale and Al Pacino. The play premiered in 1966 at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. Pacino and Cazale starred; it was the first of six collaborations between them. The play was then staged in conjunction with the playwright's It's Called the Sugar Plum and directed by James Hammerstein as the opening production of the new off-Broadway Astor Place Theatre, where it opened on January 17, 1968 and ran for 177 performances. Following his debut, about which The New York Posts Jerry Tallmer wrote "Welcome, Mr. Horovitz," Random House published a collection of four of his plays, entitled First Season (1968).
Horovitz wrote two novels: Cappella (Harper and Row) and Guignol's Legacy (Three Rooms Press); a novella, Nobody Loves Me (Les Editions de Minuit); and a collection of poetry, Heaven and Others Poems (Three Rooms Press). His memoir, Un New-Yorkais a Paris (Grasset), was published in France in 2011.
Theatre career
Horovitz wrote more than 70 produced plays, many of which have been translated and performed in more than 30 languages worldwide. Among Horovitz's best-known plays are Line (a revival of which opened in 1974 and is NYC's longest-running play, closing in 2018 after 43 years of continuous performance at Off-Off-Broadway's 13th Street Repertory Theatre), Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, The Primary English Class, The Widow's Blind Date, What Strong Fences Make, and The Indian Wants the Bronx, for which he won the Obie Award for Best Play.
Horovitz divided his time between the US and France, where he often directed French-language productions of his plays. On his 70th birthday, Horovitz was decorated by the French government as Commandeur dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The 70/70 Horovitz Project was created by NYC Barefoot Theatre Company to celebrate Horovitz's 70th birthday. During the year following March 31, 2009, 70 of Horovitz's plays had productions and/or reading by theatre companies around the globe, including the national theatres of Nigeria, Benin, Greece and Ghana. He is the most-produced American playwright in French theatre history.
In 1979 Horovitz founded the Gloucester Stage Company in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and continued to serve as its artistic director for 28 years. He also founded The New York Playwrights Lab in 1975, and served as the NYPL's artistic director. He was co-director of Compagnia Horovitz-Paciotto, an Italian theatre-company that produces Horovitz's plays, exclusively. In addition, Horovitz was one of a select group of non-actors awarded membership in The Actors Studio.
Horovitz had a long-term friendship with Irish playwright Samuel Beckett and often found in Beckett a thematic and stylistic model and inspiration for his own work. Horovitz has also worked with The Byre Theatre of St Andrews, Scotland.
Film career
His screenplay for the 1982 film Author! Author!, starring Al Pacino, is a largely autobiographical account of a playwright dealing with the stress of having his play produced on Broadway while trying to raise a large family. Other Horovitz-penned films include the award-winning Sunshine, co-written with Istvan Szabo (European Academy Award – Best Screenplay), 3 Weeks After Paradise (which he directed and in which he starred), James Dean, an award-winning biography of the actor, and The Strawberry Statement (Prix du Jury, Cannes Film festival, 1970), a movie adapted from a journalistic novel by James Simon Kunen that deals with the student political unrest of the 1960s. Horovitz adapted his stage play My Old Lady for the screen, which he directed in summer, 2013, starring Maggie Smith, Kevin Kline, Kristin Scott-Thomas and Dominique Pinon. The film was released in cinemas worldwide in fall 2014.
Awards
He has won numerous awards for his work, including two Obies, the Drama Desk Award, The European Academy Award – Best Screenplay (for Sunshine), and The Sony Radio Academy Award (for Man In Snow on BBC-Radio 4). He also won an Award in Literature from The American Academy of Arts and Letters; The Governor of Massachusetts' Leadership Award; The Prix de Plaisir du Theatre; The Prix Italia (for radio plays); The Writers Guild of Canada Best Screenwriter Award; The Christopher Award; the Elliot Norton Prize; a Lifetime Achievement Award from B'nai B'rith; the Literature Prize of Washington College; an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Salem State College; Boston Public Library's Literary Lights Award; the Walker Hancock Prize, and many others.
Sexual assault accusations
In 1993, The Boston Phoenix published an article which covered a series of accusations against Horovitz by six different women associated with the GSC. The actresses and staff members alleged that the playwright used offensive language, kissed, and/or fondled them. In response, Horovitz said, "it's rubbish. Someone was fired, and this is their revenge." At the time, no charges or lawsuits were filed against Horovitz, nor was any disciplinary action taken by the GSC's board.
On November 30, 2017, a New York Times article stated that nine women said that Horovitz had sexually assaulted or harassed them between 1986 and 2016. Some of the women were under the age of legal consent at the time. As a result, Horovitz left the Gloucester Stage Company (GSC), the theater company he had founded. His son Adam Horovitz said, "I believe the allegations against my father are true, and I stand behind the women that made them."
The February 5, 2018 episode of the Hidden Brain podcast Why Now? features in-depth interviews with women who have accused Horovitz of sexual assault. On February 19, actress Heather Graham, who briefly dated Horovitz's son Adam, appeared on Marc Maron's podcast WTF and said that the elder Horovitz made predatory advances toward her following an audition for one of his plays in 1989.
Personal life
He was married three times:
Elaine Abber (m. 1959–1960); one child:
Julie
Doris Keefe (m. 1960-1972) a painter of Roman Catholic Irish descent. They had three children, who were raised secularly:
Rachael Horovitz (born 1961), a film producer known for producing the films About Schmidt and Moneyball
Matthew Horovitz (born 1964), a television producer-director known for producing the NBA Network
Adam Horovitz (born 1966), member of Beastie Boys
Gillian Adams, an Anglican (born 1955) with whom he had two children, raised in the Jewish faith: twins Hannah and Oliver Horovitz (born 1985).
Horovitz died on November 9, 2020, from cancer in Manhattan.
Filmography
Writer-film
References
External links
Israel Horovitz papers, 1962-1989 (bulk 1968-1975), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
February 5, 2018 episode of the Hidden Brain podcast Why Now? featureing in-depth interviews with women who have accused Horovitz of sexual assault.
1939 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male screenwriters
European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
People from Wakefield, Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Horovitz |
Actias selene, the Indian moon moth or Indian luna moth, is a species of saturniid moth from Asia. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1807. This species is popular among amateur entomologists and is often reared from eggs or cocoons that are available from commercial sources. They fly mainly at night.
Distribution
This moth is quite widespread, found from India to Japan and then south into Nepal, Sri Lanka, Borneo, and other islands in eastern Asia. Many subspecies live in Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Philippines, Russia, China, Java, Sri Lanka, Sumatra and Borneo.
Subspecies
Actias selene selene (Hübner, 1807)
Actias selene brevijuxta (Nässig & Treadaway, 1997)
Actias selene eberti Rougeot, 1969 (Afghanistan)
Actias selene taprobanis U. Paukstadt & L.H. Paukstadt, 1999 (Sri Lanka)
Hybrid
Graellsia isabellae × Actias selene is a hybrid of the Spanish moon moth (Graellsia isabellae) and the Indian moon moth.
Adult
Male: Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi pink, prothorax with a dark pink band; legs pink. Forewing very pale green, white at base; a dark pink costal fascia, darkest along subcostal vein: an outwardly-oblique pale yellow antemedial line; two inwardly-oblique slightly curved submarginal lines; a pale yellow marginal band; a dark red-brown lunule at end of cell, with a grey line on it, bounding inwardly a round ochreous spot with pinkish centre. Hindwing similar to the forewing; the central portion of the tail pinkish.
Female: The outer margin less excised and waved; the yellow markings less developed; the antemedial line of forewing nearer the base, and that on hindwing absent; the tail less pink.
Life cycle
Eggs are 2 mm, coloured white with extensive black and brown mottling. Incubation lasts approximately 12 days and newly hatched larvae are red with a black abdominal saddle. Second-instar larvae are all red with black heads. It is not until the third instar that larvae take on a green colour. The developing larvae prefer humid conditions.
Larva
Larva apple green; paired dorsal and lateral yellow spinous tubercles on each somite except the last; dorsal yellow hairs; lateral and ventral black hairs; the pad to anal claspers rufous.
Pupa
Cocoon pale brown and oval.
Images of life cycle
Host plants
Liquidambar (sweetgum)
Rhododendron
Prunus (including cherry)
Malus (including apple)
Coriaria
Pieris (andromeda)
Hibiscus
Salix (willow)
Crataegus (hawthorn)
Photinia (red robin)
Juglans regia (walnut)
Musa (banana)
References
External links
http://www.butterflies.be
Videos
Fourth instar eating
Fifth instar eating Part 2 Part 3
Moth emerging from pupa Part 2 Part 3
Selene
Moths described in 1807
Moths of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actias%20selene |
In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force attack by increasing the resources (time and possibly space) it takes to test each possible key. Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough to allow password cracking, and key stretching is intended to make such attacks more difficult by complicating a basic step of trying a single password candidate. Key stretching also improves security in some real-world applications where the key length has been constrained, by mimicking a longer key length from the perspective of a brute-force attacker.
There are several ways to perform key stretching. One way is to apply a cryptographic hash function or a block cipher repeatedly in a loop. For example, in applications where the key is used for a cipher, the key schedule in the cipher may be modified so that it takes a specific length of time to perform. Another way is to use cryptographic hash functions that have large memory requirements – these can be effective in frustrating attacks by memory-bound adversaries.
Process
Key stretching algorithms depend on an algorithm which receives an input key and then expends considerable effort to generate a stretched cipher (called an enhanced key) mimicking randomness and longer key length. The algorithm must have no known shortcut, so the most efficient way to relate the input and cipher is to repeat the key stretching algorithm itself. This compels brute-force attackers to expend the same effort for each attempt. If this added effort compares to a brute-force key search of all keys with a certain key length, then the input key may be described as stretched by that same length.
Key stretching leaves an attacker with two options:
Attempt possible combinations of the enhanced key, but this is infeasible if the enhanced key is sufficiently long and unpredictable ( i.e.,the algorithm mimics randomness well enough that the attacker must trial the entire stretched key space)
Attempt possible combinations of the weaker initial key, potentially commencing with a dictionary attack if the initial key is a password or passphrase, but the attacker's added effort for each trial could render the attack uneconomic should the costlier computation and memory consumption outweigh the expected profit
If the attacker uses the same class of hardware as the user, each guess will take the similar amount of time to process as it took the user (for example, one second). Even if the attacker has much greater computing resources than the user, the key stretching will still slow the attacker down while not seriously affecting the usability of the system for any legitimate user. This is because the user's computer only has to compute the stretching function once upon the user entering their password, whereas the attacker must compute it for every guess in the attack.
This process does not alter the original key-space entropy. The key stretching algorithm is deterministic, allowing a weak input to always generate the same enhanced key, but therefore limiting the enhanced key to no more possible combinations than the input key space. Consequently, this attack remains vulnerable if unprotected against certain time-memory tradeoffs such as developing rainbow tables to target multiple instances of the enhanced key space in parallel (effectively a shortcut to repeating the algorithm). For this reason, key stretching is often combined with salting.
Hash-based
Many libraries provide functions which perform key stretching as part of their function; see crypt(3) for an example. PBKDF2 is for generating an encryption key from a password, and not necessarily for password authentication. PBKDF2 can be used for both if the number of output bits is less than or equal to the internal hashing algorithm used in PBKDF2, which is usually SHA-2 (up to 512 bits), or used as an encryption key to encrypt static data.
Strength and time
These examples assume that a consumer CPU can do about 65,000 SHA-1 hashes in one second. Thus, a program that uses key stretching can use 65,000 rounds of hashes and delay the user for at most one second.
Testing a trial password or passphrase typically requires one hash operation. But if key stretching was used, the attacker must compute a strengthened key for each key they test, meaning there are 65,000 hashes to compute per test. This increases the attacker's workload by a factor of 65,000, approximately 216, which means the enhanced key is worth about 16 additional bits in key strength.
Moore's law asserts that computer speed doubles roughly every 2 years. Under this assumption, every 2 years one more bit of key strength is plausibly brute-forcible. This implies that 16 extra bits of strength is worth about 16×2 = 32 years later cracking, but it also means that the number of key stretching rounds a system uses should be doubled about every 2 years to maintain the same level of security (since most keys are more secure than necessary, systems that require consistent deterministic key generation will likely not update the number of iterations used in key stretching. In such a case, the designer should take into consideration how long they wish for the key derivation system to go unaltered and should choose an appropriate number of hashes for the lifespan of the system).
CPU-bound hash functions are still vulnerable to hardware implementations. Such implementations of SHA-1 exist using as few as 5,000 gates, and 400 clock cycles. With multi-million gate FPGAs costing less than $100, an attacker can build a fully unrolled hardware cracker for about $5,000. Such a design, clocked at 100 MHz can test about 300,000 keys/second. The attacker is free to choose a good price/speed compromise, for example a 150,000 keys/second design for $2,500. The key stretching still slows down the attacker in such a situation; a $5,000 design attacking a straight SHA-1 hash would be able to try 300,000÷216 ≈ 4.578 keys/second.
Similarly, modern consumer GPUs can speed up hashing considerably. For example, in a benchmark, a Nvidia RTX 2080 SUPER FE computes over 10 billion SHA1 hashes per second.
To defend against the hardware approach, memory-bound cryptographic functions have been developed. These access large amounts of memory in an unpredictable fashion such that caches are ineffective. Since large amounts of low latency memory are expensive, a would-be attacker is significantly deterred.
History
The first deliberately slow password-based key derivation function "CRYPT" was described in 1978 by Robert Morris for encrypting Unix passwords. It used an iteration count of 25, a 12-bit salt and a variant of DES as the sub-function. (DES proper was avoided in an attempt to frustrate attacks using standard DES hardware.) Passwords were limited to a maximum of eight ASCII characters. While it was a great advancement for its time, CRYPT(3) is now considered inadequate. The iteration count, designed for the PDP-11 era, is too low, 12 bits of salt is an inconvenience but does not stop precomputed dictionary attacks, and the eight-character limit prevents the use of stronger passphrases.
Modern password-based key derivation functions, such as PBKDF2, use a cryptographic hash, such as SHA-2, a longer salt (e.g. 64 bits) and a high iteration count. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends a minimum iteration count of 10,000.
"For especially critical keys, or for very powerful systems or systems where user-perceived performance is not critical, an iteration count of 10,000,000 may be appropriate.”
In 2009, a memory-intensive key strengthening algorithm, scrypt, was introduced with the intention of limiting the use of custom, highly parallel hardware to speed up key testing.
In 2013, a Password Hashing Competition was held to select an improved key stretching standard that would resist attacks from graphics processors and special purpose hardware. The winner, Argon2, was selected on July 1, 2015.
Some systems that use key stretching
Some but not all disk encryption software (see comparison of disk encryption software):
7-Zip
Apache .htpasswd "APR1" and OpenSSL "passwd" use 1000 rounds of MD5 key stretching.
KeePass and KeePassXC, open-source password manager utilities. As of 2020, the latest version uses Argon2d with default 1 second key stretching delay.
Linux and some other Unix-like systems offer SHAcrypt modes that perform 5000 SHA256 or SHA512 hash iterations by default, with a minimum of 1000, and a maximum of 999,999,999.
Password Safe open-source password manager.
PGP, GPG encryption software. GPG by default iterates a hash 65536 times.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) wireless encryption protocol in personal mode used PBKDF2 with 4096 iterations. (WPA3 uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals which claims to not expose password hashes.)
See also
Key derivation function – often uses key stretching
PBKDF2, bcrypt, scrypt, Argon2 – widely used key stretching algorithms
Hash chain
References
Key management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20stretching |
Nastätten is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Taunus, approx. 25 km southeast of Koblenz, and 35 km northwest of Wiesbaden.
Nastätten is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Nastätten.
Sons and daughters of the city
Robert F. Wagner (1877-1953), US senator and founder of American social legislation, his homonymous son Robert F. Wagner Jr. was Mayor of New York from 1954 to 1965
Harro Heuser (1927-2011), mathematician and author
References
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nast%C3%A4tten |
Jean Donneau de Visé (1638 – 8 July 1710) was a French journalist, royal historian ("historiographe du roi"), playwright and publicist. He was founder of the literary, arts and society gazette "le Mercure galant" (founded in 1672) and was associated with the "Moderns" in the "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns".
Life
Donneau de Visé was born in Paris. He was among the detractors of Molière during the quarrel over Molière's play "The School for Wives" (1662, ""), accusing the author of obscenity and moral licentiousness. But Donneau de Visé eventually became reconciled with the comic playwright and contributed his own plays to Molière's acting troop, starting with la Mère coquette (1665) and (after Molière's death) several "machine" plays ("pièces à machines", i.e. plays with elaborate special scenic effects) written in collaboration with Thomas Corneille -- Circé (1675) and la Devineresse (1679) -- which were very successful in their runs at the Hôtel Guénégaud.
Donneau de Visé wrote a collection of short novelas: Nouvelles galantes et comiques (1669).
In 1672, Donneau de Visé founded the "Mercure galant", a gazette on the arts, theater and literature, which also included galant songs and society news and gossip. Although frequently denigrated by authors of the period (such as Jean de La Bruyère), the periodical eventually became a financial success, and brought (along with his plays and his work as royal historian) Donneau de Visé comfortable revenues.
At his death in 1710, Donneau de Visé's "Mercure galant" had become the uncontested arbiter of literary taste and the paper of record for news about the court and court society for subscribers in the provinces.
Work
In 1664, Donneau de Visé produced a heterogenous literary compilation under the title Les Diversités gallantes (English:Various Galantries). It was published by Claude Barbin, initially consisting of:
A preface dedicated to Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise, who had just inherited his title, and a dialogue discussing his qualities, 16 pages in length.
The novella L'apothicaire de qualité, nouvellee galante et veritable (English: The Noble Apothecary, A Gallant and True Story), 45 pages in length.
A letter critique of the recent theatrical output of Molière, 15 pages in length.
A comic novella set at a Parisian inn, 52 pages in length.
The seven-scene, one-act theatrical play La Vengéance des Marquis (English: The Marquis' Revenge), 40 pages in length.
The work proved popular and was reprinted twice in 1664. The 1665 edition added to the work two previously published novellas: L'Avanture d'hostellerie, ou les Deux rivales (English:Adventure at the Inn, or The Two Rivals) and Le Mariage de Belfegore, nouvelle facétieuse (English: The marriage of Belphegor, a Mischievous Novella). The work continued to receive new editions to the 1670s, both in France and abroad.
Allison Stedman summarizes the plot of The Noble Apothecary, which focuses on noble protagonists Timante (male) and Araminte (female). Timante regularly visits the residence of his friend Araminte, and a servant escorts him to her bedroom. There the two discuss various topics, with Araminte lounging in bed and the visitor seated nearby. The presence of servants and other visitors ensures that they are never alone. One day, Timante enters to find the house seemingly deserted but still heads towards Araminte's bedroom. He finds Araminte kneeling on the bed, with her behind uncovered. She is waiting for someone to administer an enema, and the syringe has already been prepared. Timante impulsively takes on the role of an apothecary and delivers the treatment. Then he slips away unseen.
Araminte and her staff cannot explain who entered the bedroom. Rumors of a ghost apothecary soon circulate in Paris. When the identity of the ghost is discovered, Araminte is humiliated and bans Timante from entry into her house. In a series of epistles, Timante tries to convince her to reconsider. He rationally argues that his treatment of her was an act of gallantry (chivalry), assisting her in her hour of need. With Cartesian-like arguments, Timante wins her over and proceeds to marry her. The society around them is puzzled by a properly-delivered enema as grounds for marriage.
Stedman finds the circumstances surrounding this work to be indicative of the publishing trends of the 17th-century. Novelistic works of various lengths and genres were typically published as part of books comprising works of more than one genre, including ghost stories, fairy tales, allegories, poetry, etc. Virtually any type of work could end up published together with a novel. But these novels and novellas are rarely studied in the context in which they originally appeared, and they are often overlooked altogether. What she terms "hybrid literary production" chronologically follows the lengthy, action-oriented novels of the previous era. And they both precede and differ from the new dominant literary form of the reign of Louis XIV: the short, psychologically-realistic novellas epitomized by La Princesse de Clèves (1678).
References
Dandrey, Patrick, ed. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le XVIIe siècle. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1996.
Harvey, Paul and J.E. Heseltine, eds. The Oxford Compagnon to French Literature. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Sources
Schuwey, Christophe (2020), Un entrepreneur des lettres au XVIIe siècle: Jean Donneau de Visé, de Molière au "Mercure galant", Classiques Garnier, ISBN 978-2406095705
External links
Les Nouvelles Nouvelles by Jean Donneau de Visé (1663), online critical edition.
1638 births
1710 deaths
Writers from Paris
French journalists
17th-century French male writers
17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
17th-century French novelists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Donneau%20de%20Vis%C3%A9 |
Citizenship education may refer to:
Citizenship education (immigrants), education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and socially accepted as citizens
Citizenship education (subject), a subject taught in schools, similar to politics or sociology
Citizenship Education is the process of enlightening and sensitizing people and their status as citizen, their right and duties as well as the need for them to work together with other citizen to develop their community.
Citizenship education is a process of impacting on the citizen the acquisition of their right, value and development of total knowledge skill and attitude toward the affairs of their States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship%20education |
Long Point Provincial Park is a provincial park on the northwest shore of Lake Erie near Port Rowan, Ontario, Canada. The park is part of a sandy spit of land called Long Point that juts out into the lake. It covers part of the area of Long Point Biosphere Reserve, which was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve because of its biological significance.
Summary
Long Point Provincial Park is famous for its migrating birds during spring and fall, and attracts thousands of birdwatchers. There have been 383 different species recorded on Long Point. Many different types of turtles and snakes are a common sight during the summer season. The park is within the most significant part of the core range of the Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus fowleri). This species of toad is designated as a threatened species within Ontario and Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.
There are two parts to the park, the "Old Park" (also known as Cottonwood Campground), which is a small chunk of land surrounded by cottages that contains about eighty camp sites; it just recently got showers and comfort stations (washroom). The other section is the "new park", which contains Firefly, Monarch's Rest and Turtle Dunes Campgrounds as well as a boat launch and many good views of the marshes and Long Point Bay. It is larger and more spread than the old park and about a kilometre further down Long Point.
In total, Long Point Provincial park has 256 camp sites including 78 electrical sites located in Firefly Campground. The beach is easily accessible from all four campgrounds.
See also
List of Ontario Parks
Bird Studies Canada
References
External links
The Long Point Bird Observatory
Protected areas of Norfolk County, Ontario
Provincial parks of Ontario
Protected areas established in 1921
1921 establishments in Ontario
Campsites in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Point%20Provincial%20Park |
Master of Professional Studies (MPS) is a type of master's degree concentrated in an applied field of study. MPS degrees are often interdisciplinary. While Master of Arts and Master of Science degree programs tend to focus on theory and research, Master of Professional Studies degrees tend to emphasize practical skills designed for current and aspiring professionals, including post-bachelor and post-graduate students, and often require some amount of fieldwork or internship to complement classroom learning.
Admission to the MPS program typically requires documentation of professional experience and competencies, in addition to an earned undergraduate degree or postgraduate education and satisfactory standardized test scores such as the Graduate Record Examination.
Examples
A number of universities in the United States offer MPS degrees in a variety of fields:
The City College of New York offers a Master of Professional Studies in Branding + Integrated Communications (BIC)
Cornell University Master of Professional Studies is offered in Information Science in the Department of Information Science, in Applied Statistics in the Department of Statistical Science, in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, in Real Estate through the Baker Program in Real Estate Human Resource Management from the College of Industrial and Labor Relations and in Veterinary Parasitology at the College of Veterinary Medicine.
East Tennessee State University School of Continuing Studies and Academic Outreach offers Master of Professional Studies degrees in Strategic Leadership and Training & Development.
Fort Hays State University offers Master of Professional Studies degrees in several fields, including Human Resource Management, Information Assurance Management, Cybersecurity, Web Development, Computer Networking, Public Health Administration, Political Management, Social Entrepreneurship, Instructional Design, Chemistry, Music Composition, Music Performance, Organizational Leadership, Criminal Justice, and Gerontology. Many of these programs are available for online completion.
George Mason University offers a Master of Professional Studies (MPS) in Applied Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology.
George Washington University College of Professional Studies offers Masters of Professional Studies in 12 fields of study; including Political Management and Legislative Affairs through its Graduate School of Political Management.
Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies offers Master of Professional Studies degrees in Applied Intelligence, Cybersecurity Risk Management, Design Management & Communications, Emergency & Disaster Management, Higher Education Administration, Human Resources Management, Information Technology Management, Integrated Marketing Communications, Journalism, Project Management, Public Relations & Corporate Communications, Real Estate, Sports Industry Management, Supply Chain Management, and Urban & Regional Planning.
LIM College offers MPS degree programs in Fashion Merchandising & Retail Management, Fashion Marketing, Visual Merchandising, and Global Fashion Supply Chain Management.
The New York School of Interior Design offers MPS degrees in Sustainable Interior Environments, Lighting Design and Healthcare Interior Design
The New York Theological Seminary offers a Master of Professional Studies only at Sing Sing Prison.
New York University offers a terminal MPS degree through the Tisch School of the Arts: Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP).
Northeastern University College of Professional Studies offers a Master of Professional Studies in Digital Media, Informatics and Masters of Professional studies in Analytics.
The University of Connecticut Center for Continuing Studies offers Master of Professional Studies degrees in Homeland Security Leadership (HSL), Human Resource Management (HRM), and Humanitarian Services Administration (HSA).
Pennsylvania State University Smeal College of Business offers a Master of Professional Studies in Supply Chain Management.
Penn State Harrisburg School of Science, Engineering, and Technology offers a Master of Professional Studies in Engineering Management.
Penn State University World Campus (distance education) offers MPS degrees in Community, Economic Development, Homeland Security and Organization Development and Change.
Pratt Institute offers a Master of Professional Studies in Design Management.
RIT offers Master of Science in Professional Studies, where two to three concentration areas out of the other RIT graduate courses may be combined in individual MS program.
The School of Visual Arts offers a Master of Professional Studies in Branding and Art Therapy.
St. John's University College of Professional Studies offers a Master of Professional Studies in Sport Management and Criminal Justice Leadership.
SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry's Department of Environment Studies offers a Master of Professional Studies in Environmental Studies.
The State University of New York at New Paltz Graduate School offers a Master of Professional Studies in Humanistic/Multicultural Education.
State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Professional Development offers a Master of Professional Studies in Human Resource Management.
Tennessee State University College of Public Service & Urban Affairs: Professional Studies, Public Administration offers Master of Professional Studies degrees in Strategic leadership, Human Resource Leadership and Training and development.
Tulane University School of Professional Advancement offers a Master of Professional Studies in Applied Computing Systems & Technology.
Tulane University School of Professional Advancement offers a Master of Professional Studies in Homeland Security Leadership.
The University of Auckland, New Zealand offers a Master of Professional Studies in International Relations and Human Rights, and Translation.
The University of Bridgeport Shintaro Akatsu School of Design offers a Master of Professional Studies in Design Management.
The University of Maryland, College Park
UMD offers a Master's of Professional Studies in Industrial/ Organizational Psychology. The UMD IO Psychology Master's program is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the field of Industrial/ Organizational Psychology, as well as how IO practice can be augmented by a strong understanding of statistics and business. The IO MPS program provides high levels of rigorous academic training, hands-on practical experiences, and mentoring while meeting the needs of students and working professionals.
The University of Maryland, College Park now offers a Master of Professional Studies in Clinical Psychological Science.
The UMD College of Behavioral and Social Sciences offers Master of Professional Studies in Applied Economics and Master of Professional Studies in Geospatial Information Sciences.
The UMD Colleges of Arts and Sciences, School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures; formerly offers a Master of Professional Studies in Arabic, but discontinued their program following cuts in federal funding.
The University of Memphis University College offers a Master of Professional Studies in Human Resources Leadership; Strategic Leadership; and Training and Development.
The University of Minnesota College of Continuing Education offers a Master of Professional Studies in Arts and Cultural Leadership.
The University of North Alabama Office of Professional and Interdisciplinary Studies offers a Master of Professional Studies in Community Development; Security and Safety Leadership; and Information Technology.
Utica College in New York offers a Master of Professional Studies in Cyber Policy and Risk Analysis.
West Liberty University Master in Professional Studies programs include Areas of Emphasis (AoE), such as Organizational Leadership (OL) and Justice Leadership (JL) that focus on various for-profit and non-profit professional fields.
References
Professional Studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Professional%20Studies |
Jeffrey Perry may refer to:
Jeff Perry (American actor) (born 1955), American actor of stage, television and film
Jeffrey Perry (British actor) (1948–2012), British stage and screen actor
Jeff Perry (politician) (born 1964), former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
See also
Geoffrey Perry (1927–2000), physicist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Perry |
Dipterocarpus hasseltii is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. This large tree occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest and is cut for keruing timber. It is found in Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
References
hasseltii
Trees of Malesia
Trees of Indo-China
Dipterocarps of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20hasseltii |
The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned extremely large telescope (ELT) that has become controversial due to its location on Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaiʻi. The TMT would become the largest visible-light telescope on Mauna Kea.
Scientists have been considering ELTs since the mid 1980s. In 2000, astronomers considered the possibility of a telescope with a light-gathering mirror larger than 20 meters (65') in diameter, using either small segments that create one large mirror, or a grouping of larger 8-meter (26') mirrors working as one unit. The US National Academy of Sciences recommended a 30-meter (100') telescope be the focus of U.S. interests, seeking to see it built within the decade.
Scientists at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Caltech began development of a design that would eventually become the TMT, consisting of a 492-segment primary mirror with nine times the power of the Keck Observatory. Due to its light-gathering power and the optimal observing conditions which exist atop Mauna Kea, the TMT would enable astronomers to conduct research which is infeasible with current instruments. The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several nations.
Demonstrations attracted press coverage after October 2014, when construction was temporarily halted due to a blockade of the roadway. When construction of the telescope was set to resume, construction was blocked by further protests each time. In 2015, Governor David Ige announced several changes to the management of Mauna Kea, including a requirement that the TMT's site will be the last new site on Mauna Kea to be developed for a telescope. The Board of Land and Natural Resources approved the TMT project, but the Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the building permits in December 2015, ruling that the board had not followed due process. In October 2018, the Court approved the resumption of construction; however, no further construction has occurred due to continued opposition. Several alternative sites for the Thirty Meter Telescope have been proposed. As of July 2023, there were no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates.
Background
In 2000, astronomers began considering the potential of telescopes larger than 20 meters (65') in diameter. The technology to build a mirror larger than 8.4 meters (28') does not exist; instead scientists considered two methods: either segmented smaller mirrors as used in the Keck Observatory, or a group of 8-meter (26') mirrors mounted to form a single unit. The US National Academy of Sciences made a suggestion that a 30-meter (100') telescope should be the focus of US astronomy interests and recommended that it be built within the decade.
The University of California, along with Caltech, began development of a 30-meter telescope that same year. The California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT) began development, along with the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), and the Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT). These studies would eventually become the Thirty Meter Telescope. The TMT would have nine times the collecting area of the older Keck telescope using slightly smaller mirror segments in a vastly larger group. Another telescope of a large diameter in the works is the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) being built in northern Chile.
The telescope is designed for observations from near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths). In addition, its adaptive optics system will help correct for image blur caused by the atmosphere of the Earth, helping it to reach the potential of such a large mirror. Among existing and planned extremely large telescopes, the TMT will have the highest elevation and will be the second-largest telescope once the ELT is built. Both use segments of small 1.44 metre (4'9") hexagonal mirrors—a design vastly different from the large mirrors of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) or the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). Each night, the TMT would collect 90 terabytes of data. The TMT has government-level support from the following countries: Canada, China, Japan and India. The United States is also contributing some funding, but less than the formal partnership.
Proposed locations
In cooperation with AURA, the TMT project completed a multi-year evaluation of six sites:
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
Cerro Armazones, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
Cerro Tolanchar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
Cerro Tolar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States (This site was chosen and approval was granted in April 2013)
San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico
Hanle, Ladakh, India
The TMT Observatory Corporation board of directors narrowed the list to two sites, one in each hemisphere, for further consideration: Cerro Armazones in Chile's Atacama Desert and Mauna Kea on Hawaii Island. On July 21, 2009, the TMT board announced Mauna Kea as the preferred site. The final TMT site selection decision was based on a combination of scientific, financial, and political criteria. Chile is also where the European Southern Observatory is building the ELT. If both next-generation telescopes were in the same hemisphere, there would be many astronomical objects that neither could observe. The telescope was given approval by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources in April 2013.
There has been opposition to the building of the telescope, based on potential disruption to the fragile alpine environment of Mauna Kea due to construction, traffic, and noise, which is a concern for the habitat of several species, and because Mauna Kea is a sacred site for the Native Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources conditionally approved the Mauna Kea site for the TMT in February 2011. The approval has been challenged; however, the Board officially approved the site following a hearing on February 12, 2013.
Opposition in the Canary Islands
Because of the ongoing protests that re-erupted in July 2019, the TMT project officials requested a building permit for a second site choice, the Spanish island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. Rafael Rebolo, the director of the Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute, confirmed that he had received a letter requesting a building permit for the site as a backup in case the Hawaii site cannot be constructed. Some astronomers argue however that La Palma is not an adequate site to build the telescope due to the island’s comparatively low elevation, which would enable water vapor to frequently interfere with observations due to water vapor’s tendency to absorb light at midinfrared wavelengths. Such atmospheric interference could impact observing times for research into exoplanets, galactic formation, and cosmology. Other astronomers argue that construction of the telescope in La Palma would disrupt projected international collaboration between the United States and other involved countries such as Japan, Canada, and France.
Environmentalists such as Ben Magec and the environmental advocacy organization Ecologistas en Acción in the Canary Islands are gearing up to fight against its construction there as well. According to EEA spokesperson Pablo Bautista, the projected TMT construction area in the Canary Islands exists inside a protected conservation refuge which hosts at least three archeological sites of the indigenous Guanche people, who lived on the islands for thousands of years before Spanish colonization. On July 29, 2021, Judge Roi López Encinas of the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands, revoked the 2017 concession of public lands by local authorities for the TMT construction. Encinas ruled that the land concessions were invalid as they were not covered by an international treaty on scientific research and that the TMT International Observatory consortium did not express concrete intent to build on the La Palma site as opposed to the site in Mauna Kea.
On July 19, 2022, The National Science Foundation announced it will carry out a new environmental survey of the possible impacts of the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope at proposed building sites at both Mauna Kea and at the Canary Islands. Continued funding for the telescope will not be considered prior to the results of the environmental survey, updates on the project's technical readiness, and comments from the public.
Partnerships and funding
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation has committed US$200 million for construction. Caltech and the University of California have committed an additional US$50 million each. Japan, which has its own large telescope at Mauna Kea, the 8.3-metre Subaru, is also a partner.
In 2008, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) joined TMT as a collaborator institution. The following year, the telescope cost was estimated to be $970 million to $1.4 billion. That same year, the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) joined TMT as an observer. The observer status is the first step in becoming a full partner in the construction of the TMT and participating in the engineering development and scientific use of the observatory.
In June 2010, Governor Linda Lingle and University of Hawaii-Hilo Chancellor Rose Tseng attended a banquet at the Great Hall of the People at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, sponsored by the China Diplomatic Friendship Association and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. The banquet included special guest Lu Yong Xiang, vice chairman of the Chinese People’s National Congress and head of the Chinese National Academy of Sciences who had visited Mauna Kea as part of China's intention to become a collaborative partner with the TMT. The governor gave a presentation on the two competing site locations, Mauna Kea and Cerro Armazones, Chile. Speaking at a Chinese Academy of Science conference in 1995, Lu Yong Xiang stated that by 2010, the academy would become one of the leading international scientific institutions, with new research results in such fields as Moon exploration, evolution of the universe and of life, space micro-gravity, particle physics, and astrophysics.
In 2010, a consortium of Indian Astronomy Research Institutes (IIA, IUCAA and ARIES) joined TMT as an observer, subject to approval of funding from the Indian government. Two years later, India and China became partners with representatives on the TMT board. Both countries agreed to share the telescope construction costs, expected to top $1 billion. India became a full member of the TMT consortium in 2014. In 2019 the India-based company Larsen & Toubro (L&T) were awarded the contract to build the segment support assembly (SSA), which “are complex optomechanical sub-assemblies on which each hexagonal mirror of the 30-metre primary mirror, the heart of the telescope, is mounted”.
The IndiaTMT Optics Fabricating Facility (ITOFF) will be constructed at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics campus in the city of Hosakote, near Bengaluru. India will supply 80 of the 492 mirror segments for the TMT. A.N. Ramaprakash, the associate programme director of India-TMT, stated; "All sensors, actuators and SSAs for the whole telescope are being developed and manufactured in India, which will be put together in building the heart of TMT", also adding; "Since it is for the first time that India is involved in such a technically demanding astronomy project, it is also an opportunity to put to test the abilities of Indian scientists and industries, alike."
The continued financial commitment from the Canadian government had been in doubt due to economic pressures. In April 2015, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada would commit $243.5 million over a period of 10 years. The telescope's unique enclosure was designed by Dynamic Structures Ltd. in British Columbia. In a 2019 online petition, a group of Canadian academics called on succeeding Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau together with Industry Minister Navdeep Bains and Science Minister Kirsty Duncan to divest Canadian funding from the project. The Canadian astronomy community has named TMT its top facility priority for the decade ahead.
Design
The TMT would be housed in a general-purpose observatory capable of investigating a broad range of astrophysical problems. The total diameter of the dome will be with the total dome height at (comparable in height to an eighteen-storey building). The total area of the structure is projected to be within a complex.
Telescope
The centerpiece of the TMT Observatory is to be a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope with a diameter primary mirror. This mirror is to be segmented and consist of 492 smaller (1.4 metre; 4'6"), individual hexagonal mirrors. The shape of each segment, as well as its position relative to neighboring segments, will be controlled actively.
A secondary mirror is to produce an unobstructed field-of-view of 20 arcminutes in diameter with a focal ratio of 15. A 3.5 × 2.5 metre (12' x 8') flat tertiary mirror is to direct the light path to science instruments mounted on large Nasmyth platforms. The telescope is to have an alt-azimuth mount. Target acquisition and system configuration capabilities need to be achieved within 5 minutes, or ten minutes if relocating to a newer device. To achieve these time limitations the TMT will use a software architecture linked by a service based communications system. The moving mass of the telescope, optics, and instruments will be 1430 tonnes. The design of the facility descends from the Keck Observatory.
Adaptive optics
Integral to the observatory is a Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system. This MCAO system will measure atmospheric turbulence by observing a combination of natural (real) stars and artificial laser guide stars. Based on these measurements, a pair of deformable mirrors will be adjusted many times per second to correct optical wave-front distortions caused by the intervening turbulence.
This system will produce diffraction-limited images over a 30-arc-second diameter field-of-view, which means that the core of the point spread function will have a size of 0.015 arc-second at a wavelength of 2.2 micrometers, almost ten times better than the Hubble Space Telescope.
Scientific instrumentation
Early-light capabilities
Three instruments are planned to be available for scientific observations:
Wide Field Optical Spectrometer (WFOS) provides a seeing limit that goes down to the ultraviolet with optical (0.3–1.0 μm wavelength) imaging and spectroscopy capable of 40-square arc-minute field-of-view. The TMT will use precision cut focal plane masks and enable long-slit observations of individual objects as well as short-slit observations of hundreds of different objects at the same time. The spectrometer will use natural (uncorrected) seeing images.
Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) mounted on the observatory MCAO system, capable of diffraction-limited imaging and integral-field spectroscopy at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm). Principal investigators are James Larkin of UCLA and Anna Moore of Caltech. Project scientist is Shelley Wright of UC San Diego.
Infrared Multi-object Spectrometer (IRMS) allowing close to diffraction-limited imaging and slit spectroscopy over a 2 arc-minute diameter field-of-view at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm).
Approval process and protests
In 2008, the TMT corporation selected two semi-finalists for further study, Mauna Kea and Cerro Amazones. In July 2009, Mauna Kea was selected. Once TMT selected Mauna Kea, the project began a regulatory and community process for approval. Mauna Kea is ranked as one of the best sites on Earth for telescope viewing and is home to 13 other telescopes built at the summit of the mountain, within the Mauna Kea Observatories grounds. Telescopes generate money for the big island, with millions of dollars in jobs and subsidies gained by the state. The TMT would be one of the most expensive telescopes ever created.
However, the proposed construction of the TMT on Mauna Kea sparked protests and demonstrations across the state of Hawaii. Mauna Kea is the most sacred mountain in Hawaiian culture as well as conservation land held in trust by the state of Hawaii.
Initial approval, permit and contested case hearing
In 2010 Governor Linda Lingle of the State of Hawaii signed off on an environmental study after 14 community meetings. The BLNR held hearings on December 2 and December 3, 2010, on the application for a permit.
On February 25, 2011, the board granted the permits after multiple public hearings. This approval had conditions, in particular, that a hearing about contesting the approval be heard. A contested case hearing was held in August 2011, which led to a judgment by the hearing officer for approval in November 2012. The telescope was given approval by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources in April 2013. This process was challenged in court with a lower court ruling in May 2014. The Intermediate Court of Appeals of the State of Hawaii declined to hear an appeal regarding the permit until the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources first issued a decision from the contested case hearing that could then be appealed to the court.
First blockade, construction halts, State Supreme Court invalidates permit
The dedication and ground-breaking ceremony was held, but interrupted by protesters on October 7, 2014. The project became the focal point of escalating political conflict, police arrests and continued litigation over the proper use of conservation lands. Native Hawaiian cultural practice and religious rights became central to the opposition, with concerns over the lack of meaningful dialogue during the permitting process. In late March 2015, demonstrators again halted the construction crews. On April 2, 2015, about 300 protesters gathered on Mauna Kea, some of them trying to block the access road to the summit; 23 arrests were made. Once the access road to the summit was cleared by the police, about 40 to 50 protesters began following the heavily laden and slow-moving construction trucks to the summit construction site.
On April 7, 2015, the construction was halted for one week at the request of Hawaii state governor David Ige, after the protest on Mauna Kea continued. Project manager Gary Sanders stated that TMT agreed to the one-week stop for continued dialogue; Kealoha Pisciotta, president of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, one of the organizations that have challenged the TMT in court, viewed the development as positive but said opposition to the project would continue. On April 8, 2015, Governor Ige announced that the project was being temporarily postponed until at least April 20, 2015. Construction was set to begin again on June 24, though hundreds of protesters gathered on that day, blocking access to the construction site for the TMT. Some protesters camped on the access road to the site, while others rolled large rocks onto the road. The actions resulted in 11 arrests.
The TMT company chairman stated: "T.M.T. will follow the process set forth by the state." A revised permit was approved on September 28, 2017, by the Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources.
On December 2, 2015, the Hawaii State Supreme Court ruled the 2011 permit from the State of Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) was invalid ruling that due process was not followed when the Board approved the permit before the contested case hearing. The high court stated: "BLNR put the cart before the horse when it approved the permit before the contested case hearing," and "Once the permit was granted, Appellants were denied the most basic element of procedural due process – an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Our Constitution demands more".
BLNR hearings, Court validates revised permit
In March 2017, the BLNR hearing officer, retired judge Riki May Amano, finished six months of hearings in Hilo, Hawaii, taking 44 days of testimony from 71 witnesses.
On July 26, 2017, Amano filed her recommendation that the Land Board grant the construction permit.
On September 28, 2017, the BLNR, acting on Amano's report, approved, by a vote of 5-2, a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) for the TMT. Numerous conditions, including the removal of three existing telescopes and an assertion that the TMT is to be the last telescope on the mountain, were attached to the permit.
On October 30, 2018, the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled 4-1, that the revised permit was acceptable, allowing construction to proceed. On July 10, 2019, Hawaii Gov. David Ige and the Thirty Meter Telescope International Observatory jointly announced that construction would begin the week of July 15, 2019.
Renewed blockade shuts down all observatories
On July 15, 2019, renewed protests blocked the access road, again preventing construction from commencing. On July 17, 38 protestors were arrested, all of whom were kupuna (elders) as the blockage of the access road continued. The blockade lasted 4 weeks and shut down all 12 observatories on Mauna Kea, the longest shut down in the 50-year history of the observatories. The full shut down ended when state officials brokered a deal that included building a new road around the campsite of the demonstrations and providing a complete list of vehicles accessing the road to show they are not associated with the TMT. The protests have become the latest fight for indigenous rights and become a field-defining moment for astronomy. While there is both Native Hawaiian and non native Hawaiian support for the TMT, a substantial percentage of native Hawaiians oppose the construction and see the proposal itself as a continued disregard to their basic rights.
The 50 years of protests against the use of Mauna Kea has drawn into question the ethics of conducting research with telescopes on the mountain. The controversy is about more than the construction and is about generations of conflict between Native Hawaiians, the U.S. Government and private interests. The American Astronomical Society stated through their Press Officer, Rick Fienberg; "The Hawaiian people have numerous legitimate grievances concerning the way they’ve been treated over the centuries. These grievances have simmered for many years, and when astronomers announced their intention to build a new giant telescope on Maunakea, things boiled over". On July 18, 2019, an online petition titled "Impeach Governor David Ige" was posted to Change.org. The petition has gathered over 25,000 signatures. The governor and others in his administration received death threats over the construction of the telescope.
Current status
On December 19, 2019, Hawaii Governor David Ige announced that the state would reduce its law enforcement personnel on Mauna Kea. At the same time, the TMT project stated it was not prepared to start construction anytime soon.
Early in 2020, TMT and the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) jointly presented their science and technical readiness to the U.S. National Academies Astro2020 panel. Chile is the site for GMT in the south and Mauna Kea is being considered as the primary site for TMT in the north. The panel will produce a series of recommendations for implementing a strategy and vision for the coming decade of U.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics frontier research and prioritize projects for future funding.
In July 2020, TMT confirmed it would not resume construction on TMT until 2021, at the earliest. TMT continues to assess a number of factors impacting its timeline and schedule. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in TMT’s partnership working from home around the world and it continues to present a public health threat as well as travel and logistical challenges. The project is currently focused on doing the work it can safely do in its partner countries.
On August 13, 2020, the Speaker of the Hawaii House of Representatives, Scott Saiki announced that the National Science Foundation (NSF) has initiated an informal outreach process to engage stakeholders interested in the Thirty Meter Telescope project. After listening to and considering the stakeholders’ viewpoints, NSF will decide whether to initiate a formal federal environmental review process for TMT.
As of June 20, 2022, no further construction has been announced or initiated. Continued progress on instrument design, mirror casting & polishing, and other critical operational technicalities have been worked through or are currently being worked on. In July of 2023 a new state appointed oversight board assumed management over the Mauna Kea site. While there are no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates, activist Noe Noe Wong-Wilson is quoted by Astronomy Magazine as saying, "It’s still early in the life of the new authority, but there’s actually a pathway forward." This is the start of a five year transition to a permanent Maunakea Stewardship Oversight Authority which will have control of the site from July 2028 and will include representatives from Native Hawaiian communities as well as astronomers.
See also
European Extremely Large Telescope
Very Large Telescope
Giant Magellan Telescope
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
References
External links
Mauna Kea page at the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
INSIGHTS ON PBS HAWAII Should the Thirty Meter Telescope Be Built? (air-date video; April 30, 2015)
Astronomical observatories in Hawaii
Telescopes
Telescopes under construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty%20Meter%20Telescope |
Oakland Bay is a tidal estuarial body of water near the town of Shelton, Washington. It is connected to the larger Puget Sound via Hammersley Inlet. The community of Bay Shore, Washington was located on Oakland Bay. The major freshwater inlet is Goldsborough Creek, which runs through the town of Shelton.
References
Findlay, Jean Cammon, and Paterson, Robin, Mosquito Fleet of South Puget Sound, Arcadia Publishing (2008) .
Bays of Washington (state)
Bodies of water of Mason County, Washington
Landforms of Puget Sound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland%20Bay |
The Sotho-Tswana, also known as the Sotho or Basotho, although the term is now closely associated with the Southern Sotho peoples are a meta-ethnicity of Southern Africa. They are a large and diverse group of people who speak Sotho-Tswana languages. The group is predominantly found in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and the western part of Zambia. Smaller groups can also be found in Namibia and Zimbabwe.
The Sotho-Tswana people would have diversified into their current arrangement during the course of the 2nd millennium, but they retain a number of linguistic and cultural characteristics that distinguish them from other Bantu-speakers of southern Africa. These are features such as totemism/diboko a pre-emptive right of men to marry their maternal cousins, and an architectural style characterized by a round hut with a conical thatch roof supported by wooden pillars on the outside. Other major distinguishing features included their dress of skin cloaks and a preference for dense and close settlements, as well as a tradition of large-scale building in stone.
The group mainly consists of four clusters: the Southern Sotho (Sotho), the Northern Sotho (which consists of the Bapedi, the Balobedu and others), the Lozi, the Tswana and the Kgalakgadi. A fifth cluster is sometimes referred to as the Eastern Sotho and consists of the Pulana, Kgolokwe, Pai, and others. The Sotho-Tswana are said to contain some Khoe-San ancestry with levels varing from >20%.
Ethnonym
The Sotho-Tswana ethnic group derives its name from the people who belong to the various Sotho and Tswana clans that live in southern Africa. Historically, all members of the group were referred to as Sothos; the name is now exclusively applied to speakers of Southern Sotho who live mainly in Lesotho and the Free State province in South Africa, while Northern Sotho is reserved for Sotho speakers that inhabit north-eastern South Africa, predominantly in Limpopo.
Sotho Ethnonym
Swazi origin
The term Basotho may have originated as a derogatory term used by the Swazi to refer to the Pedi in the 1400s. The Swazi called the Bapedi "Abashuntu" because they wore breechcloths made of animal skins tied in knots to cover their private parts. The word "Abashuntu" comes from the verb "uku shunta," which means "to make a knot."
Despite the derogatory origins of the term, the Pedi adopted it with pride. They saw it as a sign of their independence and freedom from Swazi rule. Other Sotho-speaking groups who also wore breechcloths adopted the term as well, and it eventually came to be used to refer to all Sotho people.
Skin color origin
The Basotho name is thought to be derived from the word "sootho", "brown" , which means the ones with dark/brown melanin. "Ba sootho" directly translates to "They are brown".
The use of the word has always been part of the vocabulary of the Sotho-Tswana nation. The word became ascribed to a specific people due to regional conflicts: different Bantu clans split from their ancestor clans and took the name of their leader as their identity, but naturally, in essence, every Batho/Bantu people is a Mosotho.
The term Basotho is now used as a term of pride and unity for the Sotho people. It is a reminder of their shared history and culture and their determination to resist oppression.
Tswana Ethnonym
The ethnonym Batswana is thought to be an anantonym that comes from the meaning of the Sotho-Tswana word "tswa", which means "to come out of". The name would be derived from the word "Ba ba tswang" eventually shortened to the word Batswana meaning "The Separatists" or alternatively "the people who cannot hold together". One of the chief characteristics of the Sotho-Tswana clans is their tendency to break up and hive off.
History
Early history
The Sotho-Tswana are a cultural and ethnic group whose ancestors arrived in Botswana and South Africa around 200–500 AD, during the last Bantu migration, they are descended from a group that moved southward from the Great Lakes region in a separate movement from the other Southern Bantu groups, proceeding along the western part of present-day Zimbabwe. By the 15th century, the Sotho-Tswana people had begun to disperse throughout the southern Transvaal highveld. Over the next few centuries, the Sotho-Tswana people continued to disperse and form new chiefdoms.
Unlike the Nguni people, who predominantly settled in coastal areas, the Sotho-Tswana found their home in the highlands of South Africa, specifically in the region known as the Highveld. This region is situated between the coastal lowlands to the east and south and the Kalahari Desert to the west.
The Sotho-Tswana predominantly inhabited the highlands and steppes, resulting in a relatively lower population density than the Nguni. They were also less reliant on agriculture, instead practicing a mixed economy of farming, herding, and hunting.
Difeqane
The 19th century marked a significant period of change for the Sotho-Tswana territories due to the expansion of the Nguni people, known as the Mfecane. This expansion prompted local groups to consolidate and form the first states within the region. Notable among these emerging states were the Basotho, Bapedi, and Tswana. One group of Basotho, known as the Kololo, migrated extensively to the north and established their own state in what is now Zambia. During their rule, the language of the conquerors, Lozi, gained prominence in Zambia.
Modern history
Throughout the 19th century and into the middle of the 20th century, various African groups gradually migrated into the Sotho-Tswana territories, establishing settlements and states. Notable among these were the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The British Empire later laid claim to these territories, resulting in conflicts with local populations. Eventually, the British defeated the indigenous African groups, and the areas under their control were divided among different territories. South Africa, Bechuanaland (now known as Botswana), Barotseland (now in Zambia), and Basutoland (now Lesotho) emerged as distinct geopolitical entities.
This complex historical process shaped the cultural and political landscape of the Sotho-Tswana territories, contributing to the formation of diverse states and the interaction between various ethnic groups.
Subdivisions
Southern Sotho
The term Basotho can be used to refer to the following:
Citizen of Lesotho, regardless of linguistic or ethnic origin
Any member of the Sotho-Tswana clans that trace their origin to Kgosi Mogale
Members of the Sotho-Tswana clans that came together under the leadership of Moshoeshoe during the Difaqane.
The Sotho-Tswana clans that stay in the Free State and Lesotho speak a standardised dialect of the Sotho-Tswana language called Sesotho and sometimes referred to as the Southern Sotho
Tswana
The term Tswana can be used to refer to one of the following:
All the Tswana clans residing either in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe or South Africa
Any member of the Sotho-Tswana clans that trace their origins to Kgosi Mokgatle
Citizen of Botswana, regardless of linguistic or ethnic origin
Members of the eight major Sotho-Tswana clans as defined in the Chieftainship Act of Botswana
Members of the Sotho-Tswana clans that reside in Botswana, South Africa, speak a standardized dialect of the Sotho-Tswana called Setswana, sometimes also referred to as the Western Sotho.
Any Sotho-Tswana clan that inhabits the Kalahari Desert basin and its eastern and south-western peripheries, unless they are the Kgalagari people, who are a different Sotho-Tswana group of tribes.
Northern Sotho
The term Northern Sotho can be used to refer to the following:
The Bapedi
The Lobedu
Eastern Sotho
The term Eastern Sotho can be used to refer to the following:
The Pulana
The Pai
Lozi
The term Lozi can be used to refer to the following:
The Lozi
Culture
Totemism
In Sotho-Tswana society, each member has a totem, which is usually an animal. Totems are inherited from the father and thus pass like an English surname. The totem animal had traditionally had a status of veneration and avoidance; in particular, it was important not to eat one's totem. In modern Sotho-Tswana society, this is not as strictly observed.
Each morafe or sechaba had its own totem. When naming a clan, the name of the founder or the animal they venerate could be used. An example is the Bahurutshe, named after the founder Mohurutshe; alternatively, they can also be called Batshweneng after the tshwene (baboon), which they venerate; similarly, Batlhako after the founder; or Batloung after the totem. For some clans, the name of the founder and their totem are the same, like the Bakwena and Bataung, where the founders were named Kwena (crocodile) and Tau (lion), respectively.
Sotho-Tswana Clans and Rank
Clan Structure
An important distinction that needs to be made when discussing Sotho-Tswana clans is to distinguish between the different clans and the various sub-clans below them. This means distinguishing between clans that share the same totem, like the crocodile, but are distinct, such as the Bapo, Bakwena, Bangwaketse, and Bafokeng of Phokeng. In distinguishing between subclans, an example is the Bakgatla, who separated into Bakgatla ba Kgafela and Bakgatla ba ga Mmakau over who should lead the clan. One faction defied the usual tradition of male leaders and acknowledged the female, Mmakau, as their kgosi. Those who supported Kgafela then broke away. Further offshoots from the Bakgatla are the Bakgatla ba Mmanaana, Bakgatla ba Mmakau, and Bakgatla ba Motsha, who all have the kgabo as their totem. The Bakgatla ba Mmakau would later give rise to Bapedi, BaKholokoe, Batlokwa, BaPhuti and Basia clans If a dispute were to arise between any of the offshoot clans, like the Basia and Baphiti, then the Mmakau chief would be tasked with resolving it as their senior.
Clan Seniority
The question of rank and seniority is one that is very important to the Sotho-Tswana. It determines a lot, from family relationships, to village matters to relationships between clans and between the different tribal groups. In a family situation, the issue of rank determines when a son will undergo initiation, or receive an inheritance. A further distinction is also made between the senior wife and the junior wife if a man is in a polygamous marriage.
As the Sotho-Tswana lived in large villages, seniority and rank also played a part here. The chief's homestead is situated at the center of the village, and thereafter the other citizens are grouped according to rank, with the most junior members living the furthest from the village center. Inter and intra-clan relationships have been a question that has occupied the Sotho-Tswana since the split that occurred between the followers of Mohurutshe and Kwena. While it is generally accepted that the Hurutshe are the senior clan, some of the other clans have disputed this, mainly the Bafokeng, Barolong, and Bakgatla. The claims of the Barolong and Bakgatla have mainly been dismissed; for example, some subclans of Bakgatla, like the Bakgatla ba GaMmakau, acknowledge the Bahurutshe as senior, while the BaKagatla ba ga Kgafela do not. In the case of the Barolong, the Batlhaping, who are an offshoot of the Barolong, acknowledge the Bahurutshe to be senior to the Barolong, while the Barolong do not. The Bafokeng maintain that their split from the core Sotho-Tswana body predated the split between Mohurutshe and Kwena, and therefore they are equal in status to the Bahurutshe, if not senior.
These disputes over seniority and rank were driven by the quest for benefits and independence, a senior kgosi could demand a payment of tribute from a junior chief, and they could also summon a junior chief or member of his clan to kgotla for a hearing. If a dispute arose between two junior chiefs, the most senior chief closest to them would be invited to resolve it. Another important factor was that a senior chief or members of his clan could not be summoned to the Kgotla by a junior kgosi or clan member. An additional factor in this question of rank and seniority is that it was determined by birth and could not be changed; this means a chief born of minor status could not change his standing relative to the other chiefs. This was mainly to discourage the split up of clans into further sub-clans and the buildup of clans through conquest and warfare.
Notable people
Politics
Moshoeshoe I, Founder of the Basotho nation
Moshoeshoe II, Paramount Chief of Lesotho
King Letsie – Reigning King of the Basotho
Queen 'Masenate Mohato Seeiso – the queen consort of Lesotho
Pakalitha Mosisili – Former Prime Minister of Lesotho
Ace Magashule – Secretary General of the African National Congress, Former Premier of the Free State
Tom Thabane – Former Prime Minister of Lesotho
Ntsu Mokhehle – Former Prime Minister of Lesotho
Leabua Jonathan – Former Prime Minister of Lesotho
Mosiuoa Lekota – South African anti-apartheid activist, Member of Parliament. And the current President of the COPE
Hlaudi Motsoeneng – South African radio personality and broadcasting executive
Kgalema Motlanthe – 3rd President of South Africa
Lesetja Kganyago – Governor of the South African Reserve Bank.
Edward Lekganyane – the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) leader
Engenas Lekganyane -the founder of Zion Christian Church (ZCC)
Sefako Makgatho – second President of the African National Congress, born in Ga-Mphahlele village
Malegapuru William Makgoba – Doctor
Thabo Makgoba – South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town
David Makhura – premier of Gauteng Province
Julius Malema – political leader. Former leader of the ANC Youth League. Commander in Chief of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)
Mampuru II – King of the Pedi (1879 – 1883)
Richard Maponya – South African businessmen and founder and first president of the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce (NAFCOC). Born in Lenyeye, Tzaneen.
Cassel Mathale – third premier of Limpopo province
Lebo Mathosa – Musician
Kenneth Meshoe – politician
Peter Mokaba – former politician. Former leader of the ANC Youth League
Lydia Mokgokoloshi – actress
Sello Moloto – former premier of Limpopo province
Trott Moloto – Former South Africa National Soccer Coach
Mathole Motshekga- Politician
Aaron Motsoaledi – Minister of Health, South Africa and nephew of Elias Motsoaledi
Caroline Motsoaledi – South African political activist and wife of Elias Motsoaledi
Elias Motsoaledi – South African anti-apartheid activist and one of the eight men sentenced to life imprisonment at the Rivonia Trial
Es'kia Mphahlele – writer, educationist, artist, and activist.
Letlapa Mphahlele – former President of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).
Gift Ngoepe – the first black South African, and the sixth South African to sign a professional baseball contract when he signed in October 2008
Lilian Ngoyi – anti-apartheid activist.
Maite Nkoana-Mashabane – Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform, South Africa
Ngoako Ramatlhodi – first premier of Limpopo province
Gwen Ramokgopa – Deputy Minister of Health, former MEC of Health in Gauteng Province
Mamphela Ramphele – Former Director at World Bank. Former principal of the University of Cape Town.
Sello Rasethaba – businessman
Thabo Sefolosha – American basketball player. His father Patrick Sefolosha was a musician from South Africa.
King Matsebe Sekhukhune – son of King Sekwati. He fought two wars: first successfully in 1876 against the SAR and their Swazi allies, then unsuccessfully against the British and Swazi in 1879 during the Sekukuni Wars.
Entertainment
Joshua Pulumo Mohapeloa – Music composer
Lira – South African singer
Mpho Koaho – Canadian-born actor of Sotho ancestry
Terry Pheto – South African actress
Sankomota – Lesotho Jazz band
Kamo Mphela – South African dancer
Fana Mokoena – South African actor and Member of Parliament for Economic Freedom Fighters
Kabelo Mabalane – South African musician and 1/3 of Kwaito group Tkzee
Presley Chweneyagae – South African actor. He starred in the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film
Khuli Chana – South African hip hop artist
Caiphus Semenya – musician
Caster Semenya – athlete, Olympic Games medal winner
Judith Sephuma – Musician
King Monada – famous artist.
Master KG – famous artist and composer of the popular song Jerusalema.
Katlego Danke – South African actress
Connie Ferguson – Botswana born South African actress
Shona Ferguson – Botswana born South African businessman, actor, film producer and co-founder of Ferguson Films
DJ Fresh – Botswana born South African radio personality
Goapele – American singer with Setswana ancestry
Thebe Kgositsile – American rapper, father is Keorapetse Kgositsile
Mpule Kwelagobe – Former Miss Universe
Kagiso Lediga – South African stand-up comedian, actor and director
Gail Nkoane Mabalane – South African actress, model, media socialite, businesswoman and singer
Kabelo Mabalane – South African kwaito musician, songwriter and actor. He was a member of the kwaito trio TKZee
Maps Maponyane – South African television presenter, actor, fashion designer, speaker, model, voice over artist, philanthropist and entrepreneur
Bonang Matheba – South African media personality
Tim Modise – South African journalist, TV and radio presenter
Tumi Morake – South African comedian, actress, TV personality, and writer. Current presenter of "Dirage" on Motsweding Fm
Cassper Nyovest – aka Refiloe Maele Phoolo, South African hip hop artist
Hip Hop Pantsula – South African artist
Manaka Ranaka – South African actress
Dolly Rathebe – musician and actress
Rapulana Seiphemo – South African actor
Tuks Senganga – aka Tumelo Kepadisa, Setswana rapper
Boity Thulo – South African actress
Redi Tlhabi – Journalist, producer, author and radio presenter
Emma Wareus – Former Miss World First Princess
Zeus – aka Game Goabaone Bantsi, Botswana born Setswana rapper
Sport
Khotso Mokoena – Athlete (Long jump)
Pitso Mosimane – South African football former player and coach – current manager of Al Ahly in the Egyptian Premier League
Molefi Ntseki – Former football coach for Bafana Bafana
Steve Lekoelea – Former football player for Orlando Pirates
Aaron Mokoena – Former football player for Jomo Cosmos, Blackburn Rovers, and Portsmouth FC
Thabo Mooki – Former football player for Kaizer Chiefs and Bafana Bafana
Abia Nale – Former football player for Kaizer Chiefs
Lebohang Mokoena – Football player for Moroka Swallows
Jacob Lekgetho – Former football player for Moroka Swallows
Vincent Pule – Football player for Orlando Pirates
Ben Motshwari – Football player for Orlando Pirates
Lehlohonolo Seema – Retired footballer, Coach of Chippa United
Lebohang Maboe – Football player for Mamelodi Sundowns
Reneilwe Letsholonyane – South African footballer
Itumeleng Khune – South African footballer
Victor Mpitsang – South African cricketer, fast bowler who has played for South Africa, currently cricket National Convenor of Selectors
Lucky Lekgwathi – Former South African footballer
Dikgang Mabalane – South African football player
Marks Maponyane – retired South African football player
Amantle Montsho – Former world 800 metres champion
Kaizer Motaung – Former South African footballer and chairman of Kaizer Chiefs
Kaizer Motaung Junior – Former South African footballer
Katlego Mphela – South African footballer
Kagiso Rabada – South African cricketer, debut for South Africa in November 2014 and by July 2018 he had topped both the ICC ODI bowler rankings and the ICC Test bowler rankings aged 22
Jimmy Tau – Former South African footballer
Percy Tau – South African footballer
Baboloki Thebe – Commonwealth 800 metres silver medalist. 4x4 Commonwealth gold medalist
Politics, royalty, activism, business and economics
Frances Baard – Organiser of the African National Congress (ANC) Women's League and Trade Unionist
Bathoen I – Former Kgosi (paramount chief) of the Ngwaketse
Manne Dipico – first premier of Northern Cape province, South Africa
Winkie Direko – former premier of Free State and former chancellor of University of Free State
Unity Dow – Botswana former High Court judge, author, activist, Minister
John Taolo Gaetsewe – Trade unionist, member of the ANC and General Secretary of SACTU, Robben Island prisoner, banned person
Khama III – King of Botswana
Ian Khama – Fourth President of Botswana
Seretse Khama – First President of Botswana
Moses Kotane – South African politician and activist
David Magang – Botswana lawyer, businessman and politician
Supra Mahumapelo – South African politician
Mmusi Maimane – South African politician
Toto Makgolokwe – Paramount chief (kgosi) of the Batlharo tribe of South Africa
Lucas Mangope – Former President of Bophuthatswana
Quett Masire – Second President of Botswana
Mokgweetsi Masisi – President of Botswana
Joe Matthews – South African politician
Naledi Pandor (née Matthews) – South African politician and minister
Festus Mogae – Third President of Botswana
Mogoeng Mogoeng – Chief Justice, South Africa
Job Mokgoro – South African politician and academic
Yvonne Mokgoro – Former South African Constitutional Court Justice
Brian Molefe – South African businessman, appointed CEO of Transnet in February 2011, and CEO of Eskom in April 2015
Popo Molefe – first premier of North West province, South Africa
Dipuo Peters – South Africa politician, former Minister of Transport and Minister of Energy from 2009 to 2013
Edna Molewa – South African politician
Leruo Molotlegi – King of the Royal Bafokeng Nation
Ruth Mompati – South African political activist
James Moroka – one of the ANC Presidents (1949 to 1952)
Dikgang Moseneke – South African judge and former Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa
Nthato Motlana – Prominent South African businessman, physician and anti-apartheid activist
Bridgette Motsepe – South African businesswoman
Patrice Motsepe – South African billionaire mining businessman
Tshepo Motsepe – First Lady of South Africa as the wife of Cyril Ramaphosa, the President of South Africa
Sebele I – Former Chief (Kgosi) of the Kwena – a major Tswana tribe (morafe) in modern-day Botswana
Molefi Sefularo – South African politician
Abram Onkgopotse Tiro – South African student activist and black consciousness militant
See also
Tswana people
Sotho people
Pedi people
Barotseland
Lozi people
References
http://www.namibian.org/travel/namibia/population/tswana.htm
http://mphebathomuseum.org.za/?q=node/42 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho-Tswana%20peoples |
The Filthy Thieving Bastards is an American folk/punk rock group formed in 2000 in San Francisco, California. The band was originally a side project put together by Johnny Bonnel and Darius Koski of the Swingin' Utters. Spike Slawson (also from Swingin' Utters) later joined the band, along with recording engineer Randy Burk. Greg Lisher from Camper Van Beethoven guested on guitar for several songs on their second release. Their music is influenced by folk rock, Celtic rock, country music, 60's pop, and punk rock, with an acknowledged and oft-noted debt to the music of The Pogues.
The project's first (short) album, Our Fathers Sent Us, was released by TKO Records in 2000. In 2001, the band released A Melody of Retreads and Broken Quills on BYO Records.
The next album My Pappy Was a Pistol was released in 2005. In March 2007 Filthy Thieving Bastards released their next album ... and I'm A Son of a Gun on BYO Records, featuring an appearance by Spider Stacey of the Pogues. The naming of the last two albums was a nod to American Singer/Songwriter Roger Miller.
The song "Drug Lords of the Avenues" is featured on the in-game soundtrack for Skate.
Discography
Our Fathers Sent Us (E.P.) - 2000
A Melody of Retreads and Broken Quills - 2001
My Pappy Was a Pistol - 2005
I'm A Son of a Gun - 2007
Reviews
"My Pappy Was A Pistol" CD Review by Chris Andrade for kMNR...Music News Weekly
External links
[ Allmusic]
Filthy Thieving Bastards (Myspace)
Punk rock groups from California
Folk punk groups
BYO Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filthy%20Thieving%20Bastards |
Jeffrey Dexter Boomhauer III (born October 17, 1953), most commonly referred to as Boomhauer is a fictional character in the Fox animated series King of the Hill, voiced by series creator Mike Judge, known for his fast-paced and nearly-incomprehensible speech.
Character overview
Boomhauer is the high school friend and neighbor of the characters Hank Hill, Bill Dauterive, and Dale Gribble. His first name was only spoken in the TV series during the season 13 episode, "Uh-Oh, Canada", when the Canadian woman with whom he'd switched houses for the summer said, "Hello, Jeff. Oh my, it's the fifteenth already?" His driver's license as shown in the series finale reads "Boomhauer, Jeff" and reveals that he is 6'0".
The location of Boomhauer's house is inconsistent during the series. In the series finale, his address is shown on his driver's license as 73 Rainey Street, which would place him on the same side of the alley as Hank, Dale, and Kahn Souphanousinphone. However, in "Uh-oh, Canada", the rear of Boomhauer's house is shown to be across the alley from Dale's house, diagonally across to the right from Hank's back yard, which would place the front door of his house (and its address) on another street.
Boomhauer's primary pursuits are fast cars and women. He currently drives a 1968 Dodge Coronet Super Bee; in high school, he drove a late-'60s Ford Mustang nicknamed "Ms. Sally", the name being a reference to the classic Wilson Pickett song "Mustang Sally", until the car was accidentally driven into the Arlen quarry by Dale, Hank, and Bill while playing a prank on him (Dale did not know how to drive a manual car and confused the clutch for the brake pedal).
Boomhauer spends most of his spare time drinking Alamo Beer with Hank, Dale, and Bill in the alley behind Hank's house. While he enjoys his friendship with Hank, he sometimes has limited patience with Dale (whom he sharply refers to as "Gribble") and considers Bill "boring" due to his inferiority complex. Boomhauer favors animal-print bikini briefs, which have been observed a few times in the show when he's appeared without his blue jeans; he tends to overuse cologne, bragging about his Calvin Klein CK1 attracting women "like catnip". Boomhauer is a strict non-smoker who carries a lighter implicitly for emergencies or for lending.
In one episode where Hank, Bill, Dale, and Boomhauer are stuck in the water because they jumped off a boat, Boomhauer states that he dyes his hair ("Hank's on Board"). According to his Texas driver's license, which is seen in the series finale, Boomhauer is 6’0” (183 cm), and 185 lbs., and has hazel eyes. Boomhauer is missing his left pinky toe, due to an accident while he was in the Order of the Straight Arrow ("Straight as an Arrow").
Boomhauer is apparently highly astute and often gives advice to his friends. He is also a frequent voice of truth, owning up to the wrongdoings of the group despite not always acting appropriately himself. Although, since his speech pattern is not understood by most people, his confessions are usually ignored. In the episode "A Firefighting We Will Go", after Hank blames the deceased Chet Elderson for causing the fire station to burn down, Boomhauer points out that Dale was the one who plugged in the malfunctioning Alamo Beer sign. However, the fire chief does not seem to understand him and decides that the blame for the fire will be placed on electrical problems, in order to leave the integrity of Chet Elderson's name intact.
In another episode, he mentions that his mother wanted him to become an electrical engineer. Given the opportunity, Boomhauer will demonstrate that he is, in fact, quite cultured. In "Ceci N'Est Pas Une King of the Hill", Hank makes remarks about art that deride its modern state, provoking Boomhauer to call him ignorant, going so far as to cite Dadaism and the famed Marcel Duchamp work Fountain. He is the only character who initially understood the meaning behind Kahn's story at Buckley's funeral, and the symbolic meanings of the novel Dinner of Onions in "Full Metal Dust Jacket".
Three of the main characters (Hank, Dale, and Boomhauer) graduated from high school together. Bill did not complete his senior year, having enlisted in the United States Army. Boomhauer was the starting quarterback for the football team, while Hank was a running back, and Bill was an offensive lineman and a fullback. Dale, not being as athletic as his friends, was the towel manager. Dale referred to basketball legend Wilt Chamberlain as Boomhauer's idol in the season 11 episode "serPUNt". According to Hank, Boomhauer is allergic to macadamia nuts. Boomhauer is the most modern of the four friends; as such, he was first to own a cell phone.
Occupation
Boomhauer's occupation is unclear throughout the series. Season 13 episode 20, "To Sirloin with Love", reveals that Boomhauer has a Texas Ranger badge in his wallet (though whether or not this is legitimate is never stated). In season 3 episode 7, "Nine Pretty Darn Angry Men", Boomhauer, when asked about his employment during a lawnmower focus group, claims he's "done a lot of different things", and mentions something about receiving a tax-free worker's compensation settlement. It is possible that this was a cover, or that he was in a different line of work prior to becoming a Texas Ranger. In the season 5 episode "Luanne Virgin 2.0", Hank says he is going to borrow Boomhauer's limousine, but it is not explained if Boomhauer uses the limousine as a source of income or not.
Trademark speech pattern
Boomhauer's speech patterns serve as a recurring theme. He mumbles, usually quite fast, and invariably uses the words "dang ol'" as an all-purpose adjective, sometimes several times in a single sentence. He also uses the phrases "I tell ya what" and "man" frequently. His heavy Southern accent and stuttering delivery sometimes leads to misunderstandings about his mental capacity; it has been made clear that he is an intelligent and sensitive person who expresses that in an inimitable way, such as a memorable occasion where the group's anger at Bill leads to Hank finding out he has the word "Bill" tattooed on his head, and Boomhauer chuckles as he says "life will throw you dang ol' curveball man, like dang ol' Sandy Koufax" (a reference to the legendary Hall of Fame pitcher who was known for the unhittable pitch Boomhauer described). In the fourth-season episode "Naked Ambition", he was admitted to a mental hospital in downtown Houston after he drifted in on the river in a tube and was found in his Speedo, sunburned, drunk, and dehydrated, while his speech pattern was misinterpreted by a police officer as incoherent babbling. (in this same episode, he is seen painting a self-portrait in a highly accurate rendition of the style of Vincent van Gogh.) All of the regular characters on the show understand most of what he says. In one such instance, when a furious Dale has become involved in a dangerous situation in the episode "Dog Dale Afternoon" and Boomhauer begs him via megaphone to surrender, Dale snaps "Boomhauer, if I ever heard anyone reading a script, that was it."
There is a recurring joke in which Hank occasionally cannot understand Boomhauer due to extenuating circumstances such as the complexity of the vocabulary being used (i.e., "legalese mumbo jumbo"), a bad telephone connection, or an echo. In one Rashomon-style episode, "A Firefighting We Will Go", it is implied that Boomhauer's speech sounds perfectly ordinary for his region in his own memory contrary to how everyone else hears him this being cited as "evidence of bidialectism". Often, the closed caption texts of Boomhauer's mumblings are clearer than his spoken words. An example of a typical line of dialogue:
Boomhauer's speech is satirical of "rednecks" using phrases such as "dang ol'", "dad gum" and "yeah, man talkin' 'bout" and has the cadence and style of a Cajun accent. Nevertheless, he sings clearly, as evidenced by his rendition of "Blue Moon of Kentucky" in Episode 113 ("The Bluegrass Is Always Greener"); this same episode reveals that he also has a talent for the banjo and the accordion. The singing was done by country star Vince Gill. Mike Judge has stated that the inspiration for Boomhauer's voice came from a message left on his answering machine by an irate viewer of Beavis and Butt-Head (who assumed the show was called Porky’s Butthole) as well as the voice patterns of an acquaintance in Dallas and an Oklahoma City resident reciting directions over the telephone.
The season 1 episode "Hank's Got the Willies" shows Boomhauer and the famously incomprehensible Bob Dylan conversing with one another. In "A Fire Fighting We Will Go", when a story is presented from Boomhauer's point of view, he speaks clearly while the other characters have his usual speech pattern, indicating that Boomhauer sees his speech as normal and that of his associates as difficult to understand.
Early promotional spots for the series featured clips of Boomhauer speaking, intercut with text that presented the term "Boombonics" in the style of a dictionary entry, as a reference to "Ebonics" (AAVE). The word was broken down into syllables, with proper pronunciation and the definition (see gibberish).
Although he mumbles when speaking English, he is fluent in both Spanish and French.
Family
Boomhauer has had four relatives that have appeared on the show: his "Meemaw" (a Southern term for grandmother); his father, Dr. Boomhauer; his mother, Mrs. Boomhauer; and his sleazy, womanizer brother, Patch, voiced by Brad Pitt in his only speaking appearance (he appeared again for a split second at Luanne and Lucky's wedding). They live in Florida. Mrs. Boomhauer, Patch, and Meemaw all have the same speaking pattern as Boomhauer. Dr. Boomhauer has not been shown speaking, only through other characters paraphrasing what he may have said. He is the uncle of Patch's son, Patrick Boomhauer.
Romantic life
Boomhauer's typical romantic life included one-night stands with several young women. Peggy Hill once mentions (likely in jest) his longest relationship was a three-day weekend. Occasionally, he had girlfriends that he dated for more than sex. When a woman breaks up with him in "Dang Ol' Love", he is notably devastated, and apologizes to a number of women he'd similarly hurt. In the episode "Uh-Oh, Canada", Boomhauer moves to Guelph, Ontario, and has a 3-month relationship with a French-Canadian woman.
When demonstrating his abilities as a pick-up artist to Bobby, he was shown to lurk in a discount shoe store and hit on every woman he sees, receiving close to two dozen rejections before getting a single yes, suggesting that his luck with women comes from his persistence and lack of shame rather than any real charm.
References
External links
FOX Broadcasting Company: King of the Hill
King of the Hill characters
Television characters introduced in 1997
Animated characters introduced in 1997
Fictional players of American football
Fictional characters of the Texas Ranger Division
Male characters in animated series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomhauer |
Dipterocarpus humeratus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The species name humeratus is derived from Latin ( = shoulder) and refers to the articulated petiole. D. humeratus is an emergent tree, up to 50 m tall, found in mixed dipterocarp forests on well-drained clay soils. The species is found scattered or semi-gregarious on undulating land and clay ridges below 700 m elevation. It is found in Sumatra and Borneo (Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan) and occurs in at least three protected areas (Sepilok Forest Reserve, Ulu Temburong and Gunung Mulu National Parks).
References
humeratus
Trees of Sumatra
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20humeratus |
The luminaries were what traditional astrologers called the two astrological "planets" which were the brightest and most important objects in the heavens, that is, the Sun and the Moon. Luminary means, source of light. The Sun and Moon, being the most abundant sources of light to the inhabitants of Earth are known as luminaries. The astrological significance warrants the classification of the Sun and Moon separately from the planets, in that the Sun and Moon have to do with man's spiritual consciousness, while the planetary influences operate through the physical mechanism. The Moon is a luminary in the biblical sense that it affords to Man "light by night". Some early, Pre-Newtonian astronomers to observe and study luminaries include Pythagoras, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, al-Khwarizmi, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.
Origins
The Sun and Moon were considered the rulers of day, and night, in accordance with the doctrine of astrology of sect: diurnal (or daytime) planets, which were ruled by the Sun, and nocturnal (or nighttime) planets, which were ruled by the Moon.
The Sun was also the sect ruler—or the luminary of sect for all charts of events and individuals born in the daytime, when the Sun was over the horizon; and the Moon was the sect ruler or luminary of sect for night charts, when the Sun was below the horizon.
Ancient astrologers divided all astrological factors into day and night groups: essential dignities, Arabian Parts (or "Lots") and all planetary characteristics. Even each of the Starry planets themselves "belonged" to one luminary or the other. The luminary "in charge" of any given chart was called the luminary of sect. (See sect.)
The luminaries can be found in the Bible:
And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: He made the stars also. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. (Genesis 1:16-18, King James Version)
In modern Western astrology, the importance of the Moon and the Sun has even come to outweigh all the other celestial factors. In the interpretation of chart data. In Hindu astrology, the Moon (and the Ascendant) have that distinction.
Early beliefs of the Sun and Moon
In the early history of all people we find the Sun and Moon regarded as human beings, connected with the daily life of mankind, and influencing in some mysterious way man's existence, and controlling his/her destiny. We find the luminaries alluded to as ancestors, heroes, and benefactors, who, after a life of usefulness on Earth, were transported to the heavens, where they continue to look down on, and, in a measure, rule over earthly affairs. The basis of mythology is the worship of the solar great father, and the lunar great mother. For centuries, people have worshiped and regarded the luminaries as objects of higher powers. Oftentimes, the Sun and Moon have been considered as opposite sexes. For example, the Sun being "the father" and the Moon being "the mother". In Australia, the Moon was considered to be a man, the Sun a woman, who appears at dawn in a coat of red kangaroo skins. Shakespeare speaks of the Moon as "she," while in Peru, the Moon was regarded as a mother who was both sister and wife of the Sun. The sex of each has been disputed and thought of differently over the centuries. This confusion in the sex, ascribed to the Sun and Moon by different nations, may have arisen from the fact that the day is mild and friendly, hence the Sun which rules the day would properly be considered feminine, while the Moon which rules the chill and stern night might appropriately be regarded as a man. On the contrary, in equatorial regions, the day is forbidding and burning, while the night is mild and pleasant. Applying these analogies, it appears that the sex of the Sun and Moon would, by some tribes, be the reverse of those ascribed to them by others, climatic conditions being responsible for the confusion.
Also many cultures believe the Sun and Moon to be husband and wife or brother and sister. From the conception that the Sun and Moon were husband and wife many legends concerning them were created, chief among these being the old Persian belief that the stars were the children of the Sun and Moon. As common with many marriages it was also thought that the sun and moons marriage was an uneasy one. There are many legends of the Sun and Moon that relate their disputes and marital troubles, for mythology reveals that as husband and wife the Sun and Moon did not live happily together, some of these explaining the reason of seasons and weather. The myths and thoughts of the relationship between the Sun and Moon and their role in the universe are high in quantity. Correlations and connections can be made with some of these beliefs but oftentimes many disagree with others.
Luminaries in medicine
In early modern England, the medical effects of the Sun and the Moon had been traditionally explained by a vast symbolic system of "analogies, correspondences, and relations among apparently discrete elements in man and the universe," which had its conceptual origins in the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. The ultimate causes of planetary emanations had been considered "occult," an Aristotelian and early modern term utilized when distinguishing "qualities which were evident to the senses from those which were hidden" After the Restoration, many physicians attempted to rid the natural world of occult causes and to explain invisible forces solar and lunar emanations via mechanical, chemical, and mathematical systems.
To explain the medical effects of the luminaries, the English physicians Richard Mead (1673-1754) and James Gibbs (d. 1724) utilized iatromechanism, which regarded the body as a Cartesian machine, conforming in its functions to mechanical laws. Physiological phenomena could thus be explained in terms of physics. Richard Mead subsequently applied Newton's gravitational theories to Pitcairne's hydraulic iatromechanism and astrological medicine. In De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis [A treatise concerning the influence of the Sun and moon on human bodies and the diseases thereby produced] (1704), Mead stressed the mechanical effects of solar and lunar emanations, especially the gravitational effects of the tides, on the pressure of vessels and fluids within the human body.
Further reading
Luminaries: The Psychology of the Sun and Moon in the Horoscope by Liz Greene, Howard Sasportas
References
History of astrology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminary%20%28astrology%29 |
Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict deals with Russian foreign policy in the Middle East during the early 2000s, in light of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict.
Background
After 2001 the government of Vladimir Putin intensified Russia's involvement in the region, supporting Iran's nuclear programs and forgiving Syria 73% of its $13 billion debt.
In his September 10, 2004 article Middle East Horizons of Russian Foreign Politics: Russia returns to one of the world's key regions, Mikhail Margelov, the Head of the Foreign Relations Council of the Russian Federation, wrote:
President Putin called for the renewal of contacts with the countries with which Russia maintained long friendly relations and invested a lot of material and intellectual resources. The Arab countries constitute a large part of those counties. ... In general, the positions of Russia and the majority of Arab countries on key issues of development of the political situation in the region coincide."
According to March 2007 brief entitled Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck? by Ariel Cohen (Institute for Contemporary Affairs),
Timeline
Russia–Hamas talks, 2006
The Russia–Hamas talks of 2006 began on 3 March 2006, when Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal to discuss the future of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process after Hamas became the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority Legislative Council, having won a majority of seats in the Palestinian elections. Hamas is listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and is banned in Jordan.
On 10 February 2006 Spanish parliament member told Russian President Vladimir Putin, according to Kommersant journalist Andrey Kolesnikov, that Putin does not consider Hamas a terrorist organization.
The perspective of giving legitimacy to Hamas have angered some Israeli officials. A cabinet minister Meir Sheetrit accused Putin of "stabbing Israel in the back". After the interim Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert communicated with Putin, the Israeli position somewhat softened.
In an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta published on 13 February 2006, Mashal said that Hamas would temporarily stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the "1967 borders" and withdrew itself from all "Palestinian territories" (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem). He refused to acknowledge the Road map for peace, adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.
Following Hamas' victory in January 2006, the EU announced that future aid to the Palestinians is tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community:
Hamas must renounce violence
Hamas must recognize Israel's right to exist
Hamas must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the Oslo accords.
During the talks in March 2006, Lavrov called on the Hamas to comply with the earlier commitments signed by the PLO, and reiterated these three requirements but Hamas refused.
On 7 March, Russia expressed hope that Hamas would consider supporting the Road map for peace and peace plan proposed by Saudi Arabia, but it did not materialize. Israeli spokesman stated: "They (Hamas) did not accept any of those principles ... therefore I don't know where they (Russia) draw their optimism from Hamas changing its ways."
President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority said that he would oppose the creation of a Palestinian state with temporary borders and further Israel's unilateral withdrawals.
The invitation and the talks have caused controversy wherein Russia's intentions in changing its views towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict were questioned in the West.
Russian technical, military, and diplomatic aid to Iran
Currently, there are concerns that Israel will attack Iran pre-emptively because the nuclear program of Iran could be used eventually to produce nuclear weapons. Russia provides technical assistance to Iran's nuclear program, supplies it with weapons, and gives it diplomatic support at the United Nations.
In January 2007, Israeli officials voiced "extreme concern" over Russia's sale of advanced anti-aircraft missiles to Iran. They warned: "We hope they understand that this is a threat that could come back to them as well."
Before Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's trip to Russia, Israel's Cabinet voted to recognize Russia's claim to Sergei's Courtyard in central Jerusalem. Russia laid claim to the site, named for the son of a Russian czar, on behalf of the Russian Orthodox Church. In an overture before the trip, Israel's Cabinet voted to recognize Russia's claim to property in Jerusalem. Olmert said he would urge Moscow not to sell sophisticated weapons to Israel's enemies. Iran is interested in buying anti-aircraft missiles that could cripple any military strike against its nuclear program. Israel is also afraid Moscow would sell Syria the same missile defense system. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has frequently called for Israel's destruction, and Israel suspects he means to carry out that objective by developing nuclear bombs with the help of a Russian-built nuclear power plant. Iran says its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. Iran says it plans to buy from Russia advanced S-300 anti-aircraft missiles that could detect aircraft sent to destroy its nuclear facilities. Syria, which backs Hezbollah guerrillas who battled Israel in Lebanon in 2006, reportedly has asked to buy them, too. Russia has not confirmed the reports. But recently, Russia's foreign minister, Sergey Lavrov, said his government was prepared to sell Syria arms with a "defensive character." Israel claims Russian missiles sold to Syria made their way into the Hezbollah's hands in the 2006 war, though it has not accused Russia of directly arming the guerrilla group. After four decades of Cold War animosity, ties between Moscow and Israel improved significantly after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. Israel is also home to more than 1 million Soviet emigres.
But Moscow's position on Iran and arms sales to Syria have seemingly strained ties, as did Israeli weapons sales to Georgia.
In reality, while Russia attacked Georgia in August 2008, Russians had access to the communication secrets of the Israeli drones sold to Georgia before, suggesting pre-planned military cooperation between IL-RU.
Contacts with Hezbollah
Russian intelligence agencies have a history of contacts with Lebanese Shia organizations, such as Amal Movement and Hezbollah Russian-made anti-tank weapons played significant role in Hezbollah operations against Israel Defense Forces during the 2006 Lebanon War. It was claimed that "Iranian Fajr-1 and Fajr-3 rockets, Russian 9M113 Konkurs antitank missiles and Kornet antitank rockets" have been supplied to Hezbollah through Syria and Iran Muslim GRU detachments from Chechnya were transferred to Lebanon independently of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon to guard the Russian military engineers (sent to Lebanon to restore the damaged roads) and "to improve Moscow's image in the Arab and Muslim world".
List of international terror groups assembled by Russia
Russian list of international terrorism published in the official daily Rossiyskaya Gazeta on 28 July 2006 contained seventeen terror groups. It included al-Qaeda, Taliban, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba and Egypt's banned Muslim Brotherhood, as well as groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia but omitted both Hamas and Hezbollah. Yury Sapunov, the top official of Russian Federal Security Service in charge of fighting international terrorism, said that the list "Includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country."
Russian military and diplomatic relations with Israel
Russian President Vladimir Putin met with leaders of both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority during a visit to the region in June 2012. During the visit, one prominent Israeli host was the country's foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman, known for his popularity amongst the large community of Russian-Israelis Arab commentators were also quick to point out how this visit, which carried with it indications of closer Russian-Israeli cooperation in energy and military technology, could usher in a break in a perceived, long-standing Arab-Russian alliance.
Russia recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 2017. According to an Al Jazeera report, Moscow's approach to the Israel-Palestinian dispute is to support both opposing sides simultaneously.
See also
Iran–Russia relations
Ivan Safronov
Israel–Russia relations
References
External links
America, Russia, and the Greater Middle East. Challenges and Opportunities (PDF) by Geoffrey Kemp and Paul Saunders (The Nixon Center) November 2003
Russia in the Middle East: is Putin undertaking a new strategy? by Dr. Robert Freedman (Middle East Institute) February 10, 2005
Putin denies Russia destabilising Middle East by James Rose (The Times Online) April 28, 2005
Russia in the Middle East (U.S. Library of Congress. Country Studies)
The Bear Is Back. Russia's Middle Eastern adventures by Ilan Berman (National Review Online) February 18, 2005
Russia is Ready for Dialogue With HAMAS by Michel Elbaz, Sami Rosen, Pavel Simonov. February 3, 2006
The Middle East and Russia's New Game February 15, 2006
Moscow urges Hamas to transform (BBC)
Russia-Hamas talks anger Israel (BBC)
Reuters: Russia says Hamas ready to extend ceasefire (with picture)
ABC: Russia sets up Hamas talks
Stanislav Belkovsky Riddle of Vladimir Putin
Russia Might Get Involved in the Middle East Conflict
Further reading
Dangerous Drift: Russia's Middle East Policy by Eugene Rumer (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000)
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Hamas
Hezbollah
Israel–Russia relations
Iran–Russia relations
Multilateral relations of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%20and%20the%20Iran%E2%80%93Israel%20proxy%20conflict |
Dipterocarpus kerrii is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
This species is locally common in lowland semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is cut for keruing timber and yields oil (commonly called the keruing oil) for the region.
The species is named after the Irish botanist A.F.G. Kerr.
References
kerrii
Flora of tropical Asia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20kerrii |
Corina Casanova (born 4 January 1956) is a Swiss politician who was the Federal Chancellor of Switzerland between 2008 and 2015.
Born in Ilanz, Graubünden, Casanova worked as a lawyer in the practice of the former President of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, Giusep Nay, as well as a Red Cross delegate in South Africa, Angola, Nicaragua and El Salvador. She was also a federal parliamentary official and advisor to Federal Councillors Flavio Cotti and Joseph Deiss, both of the Christian Democratic People's Party.
In August 2005, she was elected to the office of Vice-Chancellor by the Swiss Federal Assembly. In December 2007, that assembly elected her to the office of Chancellor in the course of the 2007 Swiss Federal Council election. In March 2008 she was designated by the Swiss Federal Council member of the directional committee for electronic government in Switzerland.
Casanova is a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party and speaks six languages: Romansh, German, French, Italian, English, and Spanish.
References
Official biography
|-
Federal Chancellors of Switzerland
1956 births
Living people
Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland politicians
People from Surselva District
University of Fribourg alumni
21st-century Swiss women politicians
21st-century Swiss politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corina%20Casanova |
Tomas Danilevičius (born 18 July 1978) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer and former president of the Lithuanian Football Federation.
Club career
Danilevičius previously played for Livorno, Arsenal (playing twice in the league, in games against Sunderland and Charlton), FC Dynamo Moscow, K.S.K. Beveren, Dunfermline Athletic, Lausanne Sports and Club Brugge. Whilst at Arsenal he scored in a pre-season game against FC Barcelona.
He was signed by Bologna in January 2007 in a co-ownership deal for €2 million. After one year at Bologna he signed a six-month loan deal with Grosseto before returning to Livorno in June 2008 for a €400,000 transfer fee and on a four-year contract.
In 2011 Danilevičius was signed by S.S. Juve Stabia on a free transfer.
International career
Danilevicius has been capped 72 times for the Lithuania national team. As of September 2009, he had scored 19 goals in 72 appearances for Lithuania, making him all-time leading scorer.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Lithuania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Danilevičius goal.
References
External links
FIFA.com profile
PrvaLiga profile
1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Klaipėda
Lithuanian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Premier League players
Arsenal F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Belgian Pro League players
K.S.K. Beveren players
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Scottish Premier League players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Club Brugge KV players
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Russian Premier League players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Serie A players
US Livorno 1915 players
Serie B players
US Avellino 1912 players
Bologna FC 1909 players
US Grosseto 1912 players
Serie C players
SS Juve Stabia players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
ND Gorica players
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
Lithuania men's international footballers
Association football executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas%20Danilevi%C4%8Dius |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: New York Yankees over New York Giants (4-1)
All-Star Game, July 7 at Griffith Stadium: American League, 8-3
Other champions
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: East, 7-2
Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Morgan Bulkeley
Ban Johnson
Nap Lajoie
Connie Mack
John McGraw
Tris Speaker
George Wright
Cy Young
MLB Most Valuable Player Award
American League: Charlie Gehringer, Detroit Tigers, 2B
National League: Joe Medwick, St. Louis Cardinals, OF
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Johnny Allen Cleveland Indians
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Bill McKechnie Boston Braves
Statistical leaders
1American League Triple Crown Pitching Winner
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league baseball final standings
Negro American League final standings
Kansas City awarded first-half championship, but Chicago American Giants had better record and disputed it.
No second half of the season was recorded and Kansas City was awarded the Pennant.
Detroit and St. Louis both serve as charter members of the League but also disband their teams after the season ends
Negro National League final standings
Events
January–June
January 5 - The New York Giants release shortstop Travis Jackson, who had played fifteen seasons with the team.
January 6- The New York Giants acquire infielder Tommy Thevenow from the Cincinnati Reds. Thevenow never plays a game for the Giants due to a trade months later to the Boston Bees for shortstop Billy Urbanski, who opts to retire instead (incidentally, his last plate appearance as a player was against the Giants).
January 17 – The St. Louis Browns trade Ivy Andrews, Lyn Lary and Moose Solters to the Cleveland Indians for Oral Hildebrand, Bill Knickerbocker and Joe Vosmik.
January 19 - Cy Young, Tris Speaker, and Nap Lajoie are elected to the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, set to open in the next two years.
January 27 - A flood strikes the city of Cincinnati that causes Mill Creek to overflow its banks. The flood affects Crosley Field by submerging parts of it under twenty feet of water.
February 4 - The Philadelphia Athletics sign free agent Ace Parker, a future member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
February 17 - The New York Yankees purchase the contract of first baseman Babe Dahlgren from the Boston Red Sox. Dahlgren would later be best remembered for replacing Lou Gehrig at first base, ending the iron man's consecutive playing streak.
March 20 - The Homestead Grays acquire Josh Gibson and Judy Johnson from the Pittsburgh Crawfords in exchange for Lloyd Bassett and Henry Spearman, along with $2,500 in cash. Johnson and Gibson would go on to become two of the top attractions in the Negro leagues and would be among the first Negro league players inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame.
April 4 – The Washington Senators purchase Al Simmons and his contract from the Detroit Tigers for $15,000.
April 19 – On Opening Day, the Philadelphia Phillies sweep the Boston Bees in a double header, and the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Washington Senators, 4-3, in the only games on the schedule.
Vince DiMaggio makes his MLB debut, going 1-for-4 for the Philadelphia Phillies in a 2-1 loss to the Boston Bees.
April 20 – In the Boston Red Sox's 11-5 victory over the Philadelphia A's, Bobby Doerr makes his major league debut at second base, going three-for-five with a run scored.
Gee Walker becomes the first player to hit for a cycle on opening day when he accomplishes the feat for the Detroit Tigers in their 4-3 win over the Cleveland Indians.
April 22- Johnny Vander Meer makes his MLB debut not as a pitcher, but as a pitch runner for the Cincinnati Reds in their 14-11 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals.
April 25 - Cliff Melton of the New York Giants becomes the first rookie pitcher to strike out at least ten batters in his major league debut, having thirteen. It wasn't enough however, as the Giants dropped the game to the Boston Braves 3-1. The record would stand until 1954.
May 3 – The New York Giants play an entire nine inning game with the Boston Bees without a single chance for their outfielders. The Bees outfield only had three chances themselves. Boston wins the game by a final score of 3-1.
May 6 - Fans watching the Dodgers at Ebbets Field and the Giants at the Polo Grounds are treated to the sight of the Hindenburg as the zeppelin flew over both stadiums. Hours later, the Zeppelin explodes on a landing strip in Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing all 36 people on board.
May 7- Spud Chandler makes his MLB debut for the New York Yankees, appearing as a relief pitcher in the Yankees 12-6 loss to the Detroit Tigers.
May 9 – In the Cincinnati Reds' 21-10 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Reds catcher Ernie Lombardi ties the modern Major League record with six hits in six consecutive times at bat. Pitcher Peaches Davis gives up ten hits, but pitches a complete game for the Reds.
May 10 – Monte Pearson pitches a one hitter in the 6–0 New York Yankees victory over the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park. Joe DiMaggio hits his first two home runs of the season while George Selkirk connects his fifth homer. The only hit for Chicago is a one-out, first-inning single by Larry Rosenthal, who is erased on a double play. Pearson faces 28 batters, one more than the complete game minimum, striking out four and walking two.
May 19 – In a pitchers' duel between St. Louis Cardinals' Dizzy Dean and New York Giants' Carl Hubbell, Dean is called for a balk in the sixth inning, resulting in a run for the Giants. Enraged, Dean begins throwing at New York batters, hitting Johnny McCarthy and inciting a bench-clearing brawl. Dean is fined $50.
May 25 – Detroit Tigers player/manager Mickey Cochrane hits a third-inning home run to tie the ballgame with the New York Yankees, 1-1. In his next at-bat, Yankees pitcher Bump Hadley strikes Cochrane on the left side of the head with a fastball, ending his playing career. Del Baker assumes managerial duties, as Cochrane does not return to the helm until . The Yankees win the game, 4-3.
May 27 – The New York Giants' Mel Ott's ninth-inning home run helps Carl Hubbell win a record 24th straight game in a 3-2 win over the Cincinnati Reds at Crosley Field.
June 1 – Bill Dietrich pitches a no-hitter in an 8-0 Chicago White Sox victory over the St. Louis Browns.
June 4 - Gus Suhr of the Pittsburgh Pirates establishes a National League Record when he plays in his 822nd game. The streak ends the next day when he removes himself from the line-up to attend the funeral of his mother.
June 8 – The Chicago White Sox defeat the New York Yankees 5-4, completing a ten-game winning streak, and moving into a first place tie with the Yankees.
June 11 – The Boston Red Sox trade brothers Rick and Wes Ferrell, along with Mel Almada, to the Washington Senators for Ben Chapman and Bobo Newsom.
June 12 – The Pittsburgh Pirates sell Waite Hoyt's contract to the Brooklyn Dodgers.
June 15 – The New York Giants obtain Wally Berger from the Boston Bees for Frank Gabler and $35,000.
June 25 - Augie Galan becomes the first player in the history of the National League to hit a home run from each side of the plate in the same game. The homers come at the expense of opposing pitchers Freddie Fitsimmons and Ralph Birkofer of the Brooklyn Dodgers as the Chicago Cubs win 11-2.
July–September
July 7 – The American League defeats the National League, 8-3, in the All-Star Game, held at Griffith Stadium, home of the Washington Senators.
July 9 - The Detroit Tigers claim Charlie Gelbert off waivers from the Cincinnati Reds.
July 15 – Philadelphia Athletics pitcher George Caster holds the Chicago White Sox to just four hits as the Athletics beat the White Sox 2-1, snapping a fifteen-game losing streak.
July 25 – Washington Senators leadoff hitter Mel Almada ties a major league record by scoring five runs in the second game of a double header with the St. Louis Browns. He scored four runs in the first game, giving him nine for the day.
August 3 – St. Louis Cardinals catcher Mickey Owen pulls off an unassisted double play in the 5-2 victory over the Boston Bees at Sportsman's Park.
August 8 – John Whitehead and the Chicago White Sox shut out the Boston Red Sox 13-0 in the second game of a double header to end Boston's twelve-game winning streak (excluding one tie on August 1).
August 14 – The Detroit Tigers score 34 runs in a double header with the St. Louis Browns.
August 17 - The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the Cincinnati Reds 8-6 in a lengthy game that went nine innings but ended two minutes after midnight, making it the first game in major league history to end after midnight.
August 27 - Dodgers pitcher Fred Frankhouse pitches seven innings of no-hit ball versus Cincinnati. However, the game is called on account of rain. While recognized as a no-hitter at the time, it becomes one of many no hitters struck from the record books in 1991 when MLB redefines a no-hitter as being a game in which a pitcher goes nine or more innings without giving up a hit.
September 2 - Boze Berger, Mike Kreevich, and Dixie Walker each homer, with Berger hitting two, as the Chicago White Sox defeat the Boston Red Sox 4-0, with all four White Sox runs coming via the home run.
September 11 – The St. Louis Browns win the second game of a double header with the Cleveland Indians, 8-3, to snap a twelve-game losing streak.
September 22 – The St. Louis Browns lose 4-1 to the New York Yankees for their 100th loss of the season.
September 29 – After scoring fifteen runs in the first game of a double header, the New York Yankees manage just one hit off Philadelphia Athletics pitcher Eddie Smith in the second game, losing 3-0. It is only the second time all season the Yankees are shut out (May 8).
September 30 – The Boston Bees sweep a double header from the Dodgers to bring Brooklyn's losing streak to fourteen games.
October–December
October 3 – On the final day of the season, the Cincinnati Reds are swept in a double header by the Pittsburgh Pirates to end the season with a fourteen-game losing streak.
The Detroit Tigers release outfielder Goose Goslin.
October 4 – The Brooklyn Dodgers trade Jim Bucher, Johnny Cooney, Roy Henshaw and Joe Stripp to the St. Louis Cardinals for Leo Durocher.
The Cincinnati Reds release Kiki Cuyler.
October 5- The St. Louis Browns draft George McQuinn from the New York Yankees as part of the Rule 5 draft.
October 6 – Having gotten just one hit, the New York Yankees finally get to Carl Hubbell in the sixth inning. Joe DiMaggio's single with the bases loaded drives in two, as the Yankees go on to score seven runs that inning. Lefty Gomez, meanwhile, gives up just one run to carry the Yankees to an 8-1 victory in Game one of the rematch of the 1936 World Series.
October 7 – The Yankees win game two of the 1937 World Series by the same score, 8-1. Red Ruffing is the winning pitcher, and goes two-for-four with a double and three runs batted in.
October 8 – For the third game in a row, Yankees pitching gives up just one run, as Monte Pearson pitches the Yankees to a 5-1 victory in game three.
October 9 – On the brink of elimination, New York Giants bats finally erupt, as they score six runs in the second inning on their way to a 7-3 victory in game four of the World Series.
October 10 – The New York Yankees defeat the New York Giants, 4-2, in Game five of the World Series to win their Major-League-record sixth World Championship, four game to one. The Yankees had been tied with the Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox for most championships (they each had five). By the time either of those teams won their next Series, the Yankees had far outdistanced them, with 20 wins as of , and 26 wins as of , respectively.
October 15- The New York Yankees release Tony Lazzeri, one of the last members of the famous "Murderers' Row" players on the roster.
October 28 – Tony Lazzeri joins the Chicago Cubs.
November 2 – American League batting champion Charlie Gehringer of the Detroit Tigers is named Most Valuable Player, receiving 78 out of a possible 80 points. Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees is a close second four points behind while Gehringer teammate Hank Greenberg, who collected 183 RBI, is a distant third. Gehringer also becomes the third Detroit player in four years to receive MVP honors.
November 9 – St. Louis Cardinals Triple Crown winner Joe Medwick is named National League Most Valuable Player by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
December 2
The Detroit Tigers trade Marv Owen, Mike Tresh and Gee Walker to the Chicago White Sox for Vern Kennedy, Tony Piet and Dixie Walker.
The St. Louis Browns trade Joe Vosmik to the Boston Red Sox for Red Kress, Buster Mills and Bobo Newsom.
December 6 – The Boston Red Sox acquired the contract of nineteen-year-old Ted Williams.
December 7- The Red Sox begin to complete the deal with San Diego of the Pacific Coast league by sending cash, along with Dom Dallessandro, Al Niemiec to the Padres. The deal is officially considered complete when Boston sends Spence Harris to San Diego.
Births
January
January 8 – Don Dillard
January 10 – Jim O'Toole
January 11 – Jack Curtis
January 12 – Phil Mudrock
January 14 – Sonny Siebert
January 15 – Bob Sadowski
January 16 – Moe Morhardt
January 21 – Bill Graham
February
February 2 – Don Buford
February 7 – Juan Pizarro
February 9 – Clete Boyer
February 12 – Stan Johnson
February 18 – Cananea Reyes
February 21 – Ted Savage
February 27 – Carl Warwick
March
March 8 – Jim Small
March 20 – Kenny Kuhn
March 21 – Dave Thies
March 24 – Dick Egan
March 24 – Bob Tillman
April
April 2 – Dick Radatz
April 4 – Gary Geiger
April 4 – Al Kenders
April 5 – Roger Marquis
April 6 – Phil Regan
April 10 – Fritz Ackley
April 17 – Roberto Peña
April 21 – Bill Haywood
April 21 – Gary Peters
April 23 – Duke Carmel
May
May 7 – Claude Raymond
May 8 – Mike Cuellar
May 8 – Art López
May 10 – Jim Hickman
May 18 – Brooks Robinson
May 20 – Bob Giallombardo
May 22 – George Spriggs
June
June 3 – Phyllis Baker
June 4 – Dolly Vanderlip
June 8 – Joe Grzenda
June 9 – Jake Jacobs
June 10 – Kazuhisa Inao
June 14 – John Weekly
June 19 – Larry Miller
June 22 – Jim O'Rourke
June 22 – Jake Wood
June 23 – Tom Haller
June 24 – Jim Campbell
June 27 – Peggy Cramer
June 28 – Cal Emery
June 28 – Ron Luciano
July
July 1 – Ron Nischwitz
July 2 – Dick Berardino
July 4 – Gordon Seyfried
July 7 – George Smith
July 9 – Gordon Mackenzie
July 9 – Marty Springstead
July 10 – Larry Burright
July 11 – Verle Tiefenthaler
July 16 – Lee Elia
July 23 – Dean Look
July 26 – Pete Ward
July 31 – Fred Van Dusen
August
August 4 – Frank Kostro
August 5 – Bill Pleis
August 5 – Dwight Siebler
August 6 – Cam Carreon
August 6 – Joe Schaffernoth
August 6 – Wayne Schurr
August 9 – Ray Blemker
August 14 – Bert Cueto
August 14 – Joe Horlen
August 17 – Diego Seguí
August 19 – Jim Lehew
August 21 – Jack Damaska
August 22 – Pat Gillick
August 25 – Choo-Choo Coleman
August 28 – Bob Hartman
August 29 – Hal Stowe
August 31 – Tracy Stallard
September
September 2 – Peter Ueberroth
September 5 – Karl Kuehl
September 15 – Charley Smith
September 17 – Orlando Cepeda
September 19 – Chris Short
October
October 1 – Alan Brice
October 10 – Gordie Sundin
October 13 – Lou Clinton
October 19 – Walt Bond
October 20 – Juan Marichal
October 23 – Bob Allen
October 23 – Cecil Butler
October 24 – John Goetz
October 25 – Chuck Schilling
October 31 – Dave Tyriver
November
November 8 – Rex Johnston
November 11 – Dave Hill
November 14 – Jim Brewer
November 15 – Bob Farley
November 15 – Ray Webster
November 21 – Tony Balsamo
November 26 – Bob Lee
November 27 – Bill Short
November 28 – Purnal Goldy
November 28 – Corky Withrow
November 29 – George Thomas
December
December 6 – Freddie Velázquez
December 8 – Jim Pagliaroni
December 12 – Pedro González
December 13 – Ron Taylor
December 22 – Tony Curry
December 22 – Charlie James
December 23 – Tim Harkness
December 24 – Larry Foster
December 27 – Bobby Klaus
December 29 – George Perez
Deaths
January
January 5 – Ben Beville, 59, pitcher/first baseman and an original member of the Boston Americans club during the American League's inaugural season of 1901.
January 9 – Doc Kerr, 54, backup catcher who played from 1914 to 1915 for the Pittsburgh Rebels and Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League.
January 12 – Joe McCarthy, 55, catcher for the New York Highlanders in 1905 and the St. Louis Cardinals in 1906.
January 14 – Ed Trumbull, 76, outfielder/pitcher for the 1884 Washington Nationals.
January 15 – Charlie Baker, 81, outfielder for the 1884 Chicago/Pittsburgh club of the Union Association.
January 15 – Eddie Foster, 49, third baseman who played with the New York Highlanders, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Browns in a span of 13 seasons from 1910 to 1923.
January 18 – Michael H. Sexton, 73, president of the Minor Leagues from 1909 through 1931, during which time the minors expanded to record size and success, peaking with 47 leagues.
January 29 – George Fisher, 81, versatile utility man who played at five different positions for the Cleveland Blues and Wilmington Quicksteps in 1884.
February
February 2 – Frank York, 59, Brooklyn attorney who served as president of the Robins/Dodgers from 1930 to 1932.
February 4 – Harry Wolverton, 63, third baseman for the Chicago Orphans, Philadelphia Phillies, Washington Senators and Boston Beaneaters from 1898 through 1905, and later a player/manager for the New York Highlanders in 1912.
February 5 – Al Bradley, 80, outfielder for the 1884 Washington Nationals.
February 7 – Charlie Bell, 68, pitcher who played with the Kansas City Cowboys in 1889, and for the Louisville Colonels and Cincinnati Kelly's Killers in 1891.
February 7 – Jim Miller, 56, backup infielder for the New York Giants in 1901.
February 25 – George Darby, 68, pitcher who played with the Cincinnati Reds in 1893.
February 26 – Ernie Lush, 51, backup outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1910.
March
March 1 – Nig Fuller, 58, backup catcher for the Brooklyn Superbas during the 1902 season.
March 1 – Roy Vaughn, 25, pitcher for the 1934 Philadelphia Athletics.
March 7 – Lady Baldwin, 77, pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Wolverines, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, and Buffalo Bisons during six seasons spanning 1890–1890, who led the National League with 42 wins and 323 strikeouts in 1886, while setting a Major League record for the most wins in a single season by a left-hander, which still stands today.
March 14 – Rudy Kling, 66, shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1902.
March 19 – Otto Williams, 59, shortstop who played from 1902 through 1904 with the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs, and for the Washington Senators in 1906.
March 26 – Jerry Nops, 61, pitcher who played from 1896 to 1900 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas of the National League, and for the Baltimore Orioles of the American League in 1901.
March 29 – Bill White, 76, first baseman for the 1879 Providence Grays.
April
April 4 – Earl Howard, 40, pitcher for the 1918 St. Louis Cardinals.
April 12 – Ed Morris, 74, pitcher who played from 1884 through 1890 with the Columbus Buckeyes, Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Pittsburgh Burghers.
April 17 – Bill Foxen, 57, pitcher who played from 1908 to 1911 for the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies.
April 14 – Ned Hanlon, 79, Hall of Fame player and masterful manager known by pioneering strategies such as the hit-and-run, who led the Baltimore Orioles teams which won three consecutive National League pennants from 1894 to 1896, and later guided the Brooklyn teams to league titles in 1899 and 1900, while compiling a World Series title with the 1887 Detroit Wolverines as their player-captain and a career managerial record of 1,313–1,164 (.530).
April 15 – Emmett McCann, 35, shortstop who played from 1920 to 1921 with the Philadelphia Athletics and for the Boston Red Sox in 1926.
April 18 – Hick Carpenter, 81, third baseman for five teams in a span of 12 seasons from 1879 to 1892, and a member of the 1882 American Association champions Cincinnati Red Stockings.
April 19 – Sam Nicholl, 67, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys in 1888 and the Columbus Solons in 1890.
April 25 – George Gilham, 37, backup catcher for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1920 and 1921 seasons.
May
May 8 – Al Yeargin, 35, pitcher for the Boston Braves in the 1922 and 1924 seasons.
May 11 – Nick Scharf, 78, outfielder who played from 1882 to 1883 for the Baltimore Orioles.
May 18 – Doc Leitner, 71, pitcher for the Indianapolis Hoosiers in 1887.
May 21 – Jack McAdams, 50, pitcher who played in 1911 with the St. Louis Cardinals.
May 22 – Hi Jasper, 50, pitcher who played for the Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals and Cleveland Indians in a span of four seasons from 1914 to 1919.
May 23 – Danny Clark, 43, infielder for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Cardinals in three seasons between 1922 and 1927.
May 27 – Frank Grant, 71, Hall of Fame second baseman widely considered to have been the greatest African-American player of the 19th century.
May 31 – John Reilly, 78, slugging first baseman for the Cincinnati teams during 10 seasons spanning 1880–1891, who hit for the cycle three times and led the American Association for the most home runs in 1884 and 1888.
June
June 9 – Bill Watkins, 79, Canadian manager who guided the Detroit Wolverines to the first professional sports championship for Detroit, Michigan, leading them to the 1887 National League championship en route to defeat the St. Louis Browns in a 15-game World Series.
June 12 – Jim St. Vrain, 54, pitcher for the Chicago Orphans of the National League in the 1902 season.
June 14 – Bert Miller, 61, pitcher for the 1897 Louisville Colonels.
June 15 – Al Krumm, 72, pitcher who played with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys in 1889.
June 18 – Willie Adams, 46, pitcher who played from 1912 through 1914 with the St. Louis Browns and the Pittsburgh Rebels, and for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1918 to 1919.
June 28 – Pop Joy, 77, first baseman who played for the Washington Nationals of the Union Association in 1884.
June 30 – Pete O'Brien, 70, second baseman who played for the Washington Nationals in 1887 and the Chicago Colts in 1890.
June 30 – Jerry Upp, 53, pitcher for the 1909 Cleveland Naps.
July
July 1 – Russ Hall, 65, shortstop who played for the St. Louis Browns in 1897 and the Cleveland Blues in 1901.
July 2 – Joe Yeager, 61, pitcher/third baseman who played for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms/Superbas, Detroit Tigers, New York Highlanders and St. Louis Browns in parts of 10 seasons spanning 1898–1908, and a member of the Brooklyn clubs that won the National League pennant in 1899 and 1900.
July 15 – Tully Sparks, 62, pitcher who played with the Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Milwaukee Brewers, New York Giants and Boston Americans in a span of 11 seasons from 1897 to 1910.
July 18 – Fred Jacklitsch, 61, catcher who played with five different teams during 13 seasons from 1900 to 1917, seven of them for the Philadelphia Phillies.
July 22 – Sam Woodruff, 60, third baseman for the Cincinnati Reds in the 1904 and 1910 seasons.
July 23 – Phil Saylor, 65, relief pitcher for Philadelphia Phillies in the 1891 season.
July 29 – Pete Fries, 79, pitcher who played from 1883 to 1884 for the Columbus Buckeyes and Indianapolis Hoosiers.
August
August 6 – Bruno Block, 52, catcher who played for the Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox and Chicago Chi-Feds in parts of five seasons spanning 1907–1914.
August 9 – Duff Cooley, 64, outfielder who played for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Beaneaters and Detroit Tigers in a span of 13 years from 1893 to 1905.
August 10 – John Keefe, 70, pitcher who played for the Syracuse Stars of the American Association in 1890.
August 19 – Bunk Congalton, 62, Canadian-born right fielder for the Chicago Orphans, Cleveland Naps and Boston Americans in four seasons from 1902 to 1907, who finished fourth in the American League batting race with a .320 average in 1906.
August 21 – George Wright, 90, Hall of Fame pioneer of the sport who starred as a shortstop on the first professional team in 1869, then as captain of the powerhouse Boston teams from 1871 to 1978, and later managed the Providence Grays to the 1879 National League pennant.
August 22 – John Galligan, 72, outfielder for the 1889 Louisville Colonels.
August 29 – Stan Rees, 38, pitcher who played with the Washington Senators in the 1918 season.
August 30 – L. C. Ruch, 75, part-owner of the Philadelphia Phillies from 1913 to 1932 and club president in 1931–1932.
August 31 – Gene Connell, 31, backup catcher for the 1931 Philadelphia Phillies.
September
September 20 – Harry Stovey, 80, outfielder/first baseman and prolific slugger and base-stealer, who became the first player to hit 100 home runs while leading the hitters in homers (five times), hits (4), runs (4), triples (3), total bases (3), slugging (3), stolen bases (2), doubles (1) and RBI (1), in a career that lasted from 1880 to 1893 both in the American Association and the National League.
September 30 – George Shoch, 78, utility-man who played all-positions except catcher for the Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Grooms/Bridegrooms in 11 seasons spanning 1886–1897, and also a player-manager in 11 Minor League seasons between 1885 and 1905 before retiring at age 46.
October
October 1 – Mickey Devine, 45, backup catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Red Sox and New York Giants in part of three seasons spanning 1918–1925.
October 9 – Hank Gastright, 72, pitcher for the Columbus Solons, Washington Senators, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Beaneaters, Brooklyn Grooms and Cincinnati Reds from 1889 to 1896. who posted the best winning-percentage of the National League in the 1893 season.
October 17 – Clyde Hatter, 29, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers in the 1935 and 1937 seasons.
October 18 – Charlie Starr, 59, second baseman for the St. Louis Browns in 1905 and the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1908, as well as with the Boston Doves and the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1909 season.
October 23 – John Singleton, 40, pitcher for the 1922 Philadelphia Phillies.
October 28 – Gus Shallix, 79, who pitched from 1884 to 1885 for the Cincinnati Red Stockings.
October 28 – Jesse Whiting, 58, pitcher who played with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1902, and for the Brooklyn Superbas from 1906 to 1907.
October 31 – Ed Walsh Jr., 32, pitcher and son of Hall of Famer Big Ed Walsh, who played four seasons with the Chicago White Sox before joining the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League in 1933, when his claim to fame was stopping a young Joe DiMaggio's Minor League record 61-game hitting streak.
November
November 1 – Benny Frey, 30, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1929 to 1936, who committed suicide after being unable to make a comeback following an arm injury.
November 8 – Henry Mullin, 75, Canadian-born outfielder who played with the Washington Nationals and Boston Reds in the 1884 season.
November 10 – Fred Andrus, 87, outfielder/pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings in the 1876 and 1884 seasons.
November 12 – Peek-A-Boo Veach, 75, pitcher and first baseman who played with the Kansas City Cowboys in 1884 and the Louisville Colonels in 1887, and also for the Cleveland Spiders and the Pittsburgh Alleghenys in 1890.
November 14 – Jack O'Connor, 71, catcher for eight teams in 21 seasons spanning 1887–1910, and just one of 29 ballplayers in Major League Baseball history who have played in four different decades.
November 16 – Dick Burns, 73, pitcher/outfielder for the Detroit Wolverines, Cincinnati Outlaw Reds and St. Louis Maroons from 1883 through 1885, who hurled a no-hitter against the Kansas City Cowboys in the 1884 season.
November 17 – John Hibbard, 72, pitcher for the 1884 Chicago White Stockings.
November 17 – Bill Merritt, 67, catcher who played from 1891 to 1899 for the Chicago Colts, Louisville Colonels, Boston Beaneaters, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cincinnati Reds.
November 19 – Cub Stricker, 78, second baseman for seven different teams during an 11-season career spanning 1882–1893, who compiled 1,106 hits and also managed the St. Louis Browns in 1892.
November 21 – Al Pratt, 90, National Association pitcher/outfielder for the Cleveland Forest Citys from 1889 through 1892, and manager for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association in 1882 and 1883.
November 23 – Welday Walker, 77, utility player for the 1884 Toledo Blue Stockings of the original Northwestern League, who is officially recognized as one of the first African-Americans to play in organized baseball.
November 25 – Ben Conroy, 66, shortstop who played with the Philadelphia Athletics in 1890.
November 26 – Andy Bednar, 29, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1930 and 1931 seasons.
December
December 10 – Joe Battin, 84, slick-fielding second baseman who played 10 seasons for seven different clubs, more prominently with the 1875 St. Louis Brown Stockings, where he combined with shortstop/manager Dickey Pearce to become one of the best double play combinations in the early days of baseball, and later managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and the Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies from 1883 to 1884.
December 12 – Rube Benton, 47, left handed pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds and New York Giants from 1910 through 1925, who led the National League in pitching appearances, starts, batters faced, and hit by pitches in the 1912 season.
December 16 – Frank Boyd, 69, catcher who played briefly for the Cleveland Spiders of the National League in 1893.
December 16 – Charlie Reilly, 70, catcher in parts of eight seasons spanning 1889–1897 for the Columbus Solons, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators, who became the first player to have four hits that included two home runs in his first Major League game, a feat matched by J. P. Arencibia 121 years later.
December 23 – Walt Preston, 69, outfielder and third baseman who played for the Louisville Colonels of the National League during the 1895 season.
Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%20in%20baseball |
Anne Redpath (1895–1965) was a Scottish artist whose vivid domestic still lifes are among her best-known works.
Life
Redpath's father was a tweed designer in the Scottish Borders. She saw a connection between his use of colour and her own. "I do with a spot of red or yellow in a harmony of grey, what my father did in his tweed." The Redpaths moved from Galashiels to Hawick when Anne was about six. After Hawick High School, she went to Edinburgh College of Art in 1913. Post-graduate study led to a scholarship which allowed her to travel on the Continent in 1919, visiting Bruges, Paris, Florence and Siena.
The following year, 1920, she married James Michie, an architect, and they went to live in Pas-de-Calais where her first two sons were born; the eldest of whom is the painter and sculptor Alastair Michie. In 1924, they moved to the South of France, and in 1928, had a third son: now David Michie the artist.
In 1934, she returned to Hawick. Redpath was soon exhibiting in Edinburgh, and was president of the Scottish Society of Women Artists from 1944 to 1947. The Royal Scottish Academy admitted her as an associate in 1947, and in 1952, she became the first woman painter Academician (the sculptor Phyllis Bone, elected in 1944, was the first female Academician). In 1955, she was made an OBE for her work as "Artist" and "Member of the Board of Management of the Edinburgh College of Art".
With her children grown up, and an active involvement in Edinburgh art circles, she moved to live in town at the end of the 1940s. In the 1950s and early 1960s, she also travelled in Europe, painting in Spain, the Canary Islands, Corsica, Brittany, Venice and elsewhere.
There is a commemorative plaque on the house where she lived and entertained at 7 London Street, Edinburgh.
Painting
Redpath is probably best known for her still lifes where familiar household objects - a chair, a cup - are made into a "two-dimensional" design. She used textiles - a printed tablecloth, a spotted scarf - to add pattern within the pattern. The Indian Rug, also known as Red Shoes, is a good example of this group of paintings. Matisse's influence is clear in these bold, flat-surfaced interior arrangements. Critics see another influence in the tabletops tilted to suit the design, not conventional perspective: that of the medieval Sienese paintings which impressed her on her first trip abroad. At this time she first discovered the richness of Catholic imagery (unfamiliar to a young woman brought up as a Scottish Protestant), a theme explored in her later work.
She and a group of her contemporaries are sometimes called The Edinburgh School. They may be seen as the "heirs" of the Scottish Colourists: Redpath's The Orange Chair, for example, suggests the Colourist heritage. Due to attaining a scholarship, Redpath had the opportunity to travel to many European countries in which she was inspired by architecture and interior art.
During her years in France (1920–1933), Redpath's painting was limited by family commitments, but she produced enough for exhibitions in 1921 and 1928. She also decorated furniture with bright flower and bird patterns. (See Still Life with Painted Chest) Later there would be many paintings of flowers: in vases, or growing abundant in the wild. (The Poppy Field) Redpath became heavily influenced by the likes of Matisse and Bonnard.
On her return to Scotland in 1934, she started to sketch the countryside round Hawick, and painted landscapes with a more muted look than much of her work: Frosty Morning, Trow Mill (1936), for example. In the early 1940s The Indian Rug showed that she was developing the freer, individual approach described above. Other works representing this style include The Mantelpiece and Still Life with Table.
Her circa 1943 self-portrait was solicited by Ruth Borchard, who created a collection of 100 self-portraits of modern British artists. Redpath sent Borchard the painting in 1964, taking care to mark the date as 1943 because she did not want people to think she had painted herself as 20 years younger. A friend who traveled to Spain with Redpath in 1951 described her appearance: "Anne looked like Queen Victoria; black hair correctly parted in the centre and bun behind, but she wore colours!" The formal severity of the portrait is similarly mitigated by touches of colour in the same way as her father had introduced threads of vivid colour in his otherwise sober tweeds.
Window in Menton, painted in 1948, a favourite of Redpath's, is also a richly-textured surface with familiar elements - flowers, chair, printed wallpaper - but here a seated woman looks towards an open full-length window. The view is of a hillside patterned with houses and trees.
Redpath painted more hillsides, like Les Tourettes (1962), as she travelled in the later years of her life, but her interest was still often interior. Her Courtyard in Venice (1964) is another view from inside looking outwards.
Some later works reflect religious influences, especially paintings of altars in The Chapel of St Jean - Treboul (1954) andVenetian Altar. These are highly regarded by commentators who admire her mature work even more than the pieces from the 1940s.
Exhibitions
Portland Gallery held a large exhibition of works by Redpath in July 2008.
Notes
Further reading
Bourne, Patrick Anne Redpath 1895–1965: her life and work (Edinburgh: Bourne Fine Art in association with The Portland Gallery, 1989)
Bruce, George Anne Redpath (1974)
Exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh (1975)
Long, Philip Anne Redpath, 1895-1965 (National Galleries of Scotland, 1996)
Jones, Ruth Anne Redpath in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
External links
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Altar in Pigna
National Galleries of Scotland
Portland Gallery
Tate Gallery
Redpath paintings for sale at Portland Gallery
The Indian Rug
1895 births
1965 deaths
20th-century Scottish women artists
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Painters from Edinburgh
Associates of the Royal Academy
Modern painters
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Galashiels
Royal Scottish Academicians
Scottish expatriates in France
Scottish women painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Redpath |
MLS Cup 1998 was the third edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States. It took place on October 25, 1998, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, with an attendance of 51,350 people. The final was contested by two-time reigning champions D.C. United and the Chicago Fire, the first expansion team to reach the final. Chicago won the match 2–0, with goals scored by Jerzy Podbrożny and Diego Gutiérrez in the first half.
Chicago became the first expansion team to win the MLS Cup and the second to complete a domestic double by winning the U.S. Open Cup. D.C. in turn became the first team to reach three consecutive finals, which would be their last under manager Bruce Arena. The match was broadcast nationally on ABC, where it was watched by an estimated 1 million households.
As the top two finishers in the MLS Cup Playoffs, both D.C. and Chicago qualified for the 1999 CONCACAF Champions' Cup. The clubs faced off once again in the third-place match of the continental tournament, which ended in a 2–2 draw.
Venue
The Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, was announced as the host venue for MLS Cup 1998 on October 25, 1997. It was to be the first time that the MLS Cup would be played in the Western United States. The stadium, primarily used for American football, was the home of the Los Angeles Galaxy until they moved to the Home Depot Center in 2003. The Rose Bowl had also hosted major international soccer events, including the 1984 Summer Olympics gold medal match, the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, and was selected as the venue of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final.
The stadium was converted from college football to soccer use in eight days, with yard lines covered by green paint to decrease their visibility. The Galaxy missed their opportunity to play for the MLS Cup at home after their loss to Chicago in the Western Conference Final. Despite projections that the final would be played in front of a smaller crowd, the attendance of 51,350 surpassed the 1997 final. One day before the final, the first Supporters Summit was hosted in Pasadena between fans and MLS officials to discuss rule changes and the direction of the league. The summit was also where funding for the Supporters' Shield trophy was finalized ahead of its debut in the 1999 season.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States that began play in 1996. The league's third season was contested by 12 teams organized into two conferences, each playing 32 matches during the regular season from April to September. Teams faced opponents from the same conference four times during the regular season and from outside their conference twice. The season was the first to be played during a FIFA World Cup, necessitating a lighter schedule for two weeks in June.
MLS continued to use the modified version of the sport's rules that it adopted for the 1996 season, including a penalty shootout from to decide tied matches (for which the winners earned one point) and a countdown clock that stopped during dead plays. The top four teams from each conference qualified for the playoffs, which were organized into three rounds and played primarily in October. The first two rounds, named the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals, were home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with a hosting advantage for the higher seed. The winners of the Conference Finals advanced to the single-match MLS Cup final, which would be held at a predetermined neutral venue.
MLS Cup 1998 was contested by two-time defending champions D.C. United of the Eastern Conference and the Chicago Fire, an expansion team that finished second in the Western Conference. Chicago was led by Bob Bradley, former assistant to D.C. United head coach Bruce Arena. The two teams met twice during the regular season, resulting in 3–1 and 4–1 victories for D.C. United.
Chicago Fire
The Chicago Fire and Miami Fusion were the first expansion teams in MLS history, entering during the 1998 season and split between the Western and Eastern conferences, respectively. The two teams participated in the expansion draft, where Chicago selected two players from the Los Angeles Galaxy who were later traded back in exchange for goalkeeper Jorge Campos and midfielder Chris Armas. The league allocated several international players to the Fire, including the Polish trio of midfielder Peter Nowak, striker Jerzy Podbrożny, and forward Roman Kosecki, who formed the "Eastern Bloc" alongside Czech midfielder Luboš Kubík.
The team won their first two games, against the Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny, but fell into a five-match losing streak that lasted until early May. The losing streak was worsened by a scoring drought, as the Fire went 272 minutes without a goal until scoring four during a match against the Colorado Rapids that ended in a shootout defeat. Chicago's offensive pair of Nowak and Kosecki were also frequent targets of fouls, picking up injuries and suspensions during a loss to D.C. United in early May that elicited complaints from manager Bob Bradley over missed calls from the referee.
The Fire broke their losing streak with a victory over the Tampa Bay Mutiny, which marked the beginning of an 11-match winning streak that set a new MLS record. The streak included consistent scoring from Nowak, who was named Player of the Month in May, and several shutouts from goalkeeper Zach Thornton, who would be competing for the starting position with Campos. By the end of May, the team had risen to second place in the Western Conference standings behind the Los Angeles Galaxy, who they defeated twice. Chicago were unable to surpass the Galaxy in the standings, but were able to open a 18-point lead over the third-place Dallas Burn by defeating them three times in a three-week period by early July.
The winning streak ended with a loss to the Columbus Crew in July, which was followed by five consecutive defeats that were mostly played away from home. Chicago were without several key players who picked up injuries, including Nowak with a sprained knee that sidelined him for seven matches. The team remained in second place and eight points ahead of third-place Colorado by early August, and entered September on a four-match winning streak with help from rookie striker Josh Wolff as a substitute. Chicago ultimately finished the regular season in second place with a 20–12 record, behind league-leading Los Angeles. For the team's performance in the regular season, four players were named to the MLS Best XI, Bob Bradley earned Coach of the Year, Thornton won Goalkeeper of the Year, and Kubík was named Defender of the Year.
Chicago entered the playoffs without goalkeeper Jorge Campos, who had returned to UNAM Pumas in Mexico, and faced Colorado in the Conference Semifinals. The first leg, played at Soldier Field, was tied 1–1 at the end of regulation time with a penalty kick from Kubík in the 50th minute and a Rapids equalizer by Waldir Sáenz in the 79th minute. The match was decided in a shootout that was won 3–2 by the Fire after a conversion by Jesse Marsch in the sixth round. Chicago finished a two-game sweep of the series with a 1–0 victory at Mile High Stadium in Denver during the second leg, taking the lead with another Kubík penalty kick and several saves by Thornton to keep the shutout.
The Fire then played against the Galaxy in the Western Conference Final, which began with a 1–0 Chicago victory at the Rose Bowl that was decided by a late header scored by Jesse Marsch off a free kick. The second leg was played in front of 32,744 fans at Chicago's Soldier Field, setting a new league playoff record, and resulted in another series sweep as the Fire advanced to the MLS Cup final. The team took the lead in the 31st minute through a goal by Nowak, who finished a rebound off goalkeeper Kevin Hartman, but Danny Pena equalized six minutes later for the Galaxy. The match remained tied 1–1 and went to a shootout, where Zach Thornton made three saves to allow Jerzy Podbrożny to win it 2–1 for Chicago in the fifth round.
D.C. United
D.C. lost six members of their cup-winning roster in the 1997–98 offseason, including striker Raúl Díaz Arce and midfielder Ben Iroha to comply with salary cap limitations and three players picked by Miami in the expansion draft. The team responded by signing college players Carey Talley and Ben Olsen, as well as veteran defender Geoff Aunger and forward A. J. Wood. Defender Eddie Pope was also absent for the first weeks of the season after undergoing surgery to remove a cyst in his foot. United later acquired forward Roy Lassiter, a former Golden Boot winner, in a trade with Tampa Bay for Roy Wegerle.
United opened their third season on the road to Miami, winning 2–0 but losing Jaime Moreno to a red card suspension. The team won their next two matches to extend a winning streak that began in the 1997 playoffs, but lost in their fourth match against the Columbus Crew. D.C. would then lose only two of their next nine matches as they took first place in the Eastern Conference, despite losing several starting players to injuries and suspensions for yellow card accumulation. Starting defender Eddie Pope, who had recovered from his injury, and midfielder Jeff Agoos were called up to the U.S. national team for the 1998 World Cup, departing from the team in mid-May and missing six matches.
Without Pope and Agoos, manager Bruce Arena used several lineups with reserve players and different formations, but the team ended their home winning streak in June by losing to the Dallas Burn in a shootout after a 4–4 draw. During a three-match stretch in June, D.C. conceded 10 goals in the shootout loss against Dallas, a 4–3 shootout win against Columbus and a 3–1 loss to Colorado. United remained atop the Eastern Conference, with only four points above second place, and regained Agoos and Pope in July at the start of a nine-match winning streak that lasted two months. The team also hosted the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup and became the first U.S. team to win the continental tournament.
D.C. provided eight players and Arena for the 1998 MLS All-Star Game, which was contested by teams of American and international players from MLS. United also became the earliest team in MLS history to clinch a playoff berth, doing so on August 7 by winning 1–0 in Dallas. Following the end of the streak, the team lost Agoos, Pope, and playmaker Marco Etcheverry to injuries but won three of its remaining four matches. United finished the regular season with a 24–8 record and 58 points, 13 ahead of the second-place Columbus. D.C. and Los Angeles set a league record with their 24 wins, but the Galaxy's fewer shootouts allowed them to clinch first in the overall standings. Etcheverry earned the league's Most Valuable Player Award for his 19 assists and 10 goals, while Ben Olsen was named Rookie of the Year.
United faced the Miami Fusion in the Eastern Conference Semifinals but remained without Agoos, Pope, Etcheverry, and forward Tony Sanneh, who was injured in the regular season finale. Arena also swapped out starting goalkeeper and league shutout leader Scott Garlick for backup Tom Presthus, who had a stronger record in shootouts. D.C. won 2–1 at home in the first leg of the series with a pair of goals in the first half from Roy Lassiter and Jamie Moreno while successfully suppressing the Miami offense. The second leg in Miami ended scoreless in regulation time after Lassiter was ejected in the third minute and several shots hit the crossbar. United won 2–2 in the shootout to advance, with two saves from Presthus to allow Agoos to score the winning penalty in the fifth round.
The Eastern Conference Final paired D.C. United against the Columbus Crew, who had defeated the MetroStars to set up a rematch of the previous year's conference final. United hosted the Crew in the first leg and won 2–0 with a pair of second-half goals from Sanneh and Etcheverry to complement a strong defensive performance that shut out league scoring leaders Stern John and Brian McBride. The second leg marked the end of D.C.'s 13-match playoff winning streak after the team lost 4–2 to the home side on the narrow pitch at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. The result was blamed on a poor defending that allowed the Crew to build a 3–0 lead in under 50 minutes that was later cut to one goal by Sanneh and Lassiter before a final goal for Columbus in the 81st minute. United clinched its third consecutive MLS Cup appearance through a 3–0 in the third leg, played again at home in Washington, D.C. The home team dominated possession and struck first with an Agoos goal in the 11th minute and followed up with a brace by Lassiter that culminated in converting an intercepted backpass in the 79th minute.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format with penalty shootout if scores were tied.
Broadcasting
The MLS Cup final was broadcast in the United States on ABC with English commentary and Spanish via secondary audio programming. For the third consecutive year, the ABC broadcast was led by play-by-play announcer Phil Schoen and color commentator Ty Keough, who were joined by field reporters Seamus Malin and Bill McDermott. The quartet had worked together on the network's World Cup broadcasts. The television broadcast drew a 1.2 national rating and reached an estimated 1 million households, a 33 percent decrease from previous finals.
The match was also broadcast by local radio affiliates in multiple languages. In Chicago, WZCH carried the English broadcast, WRZA carried Spanish commentary, and WKTA had the match in Polish. The Spanish broadcast was aired on WACA in Washington, D.C., and the surrounding area.
Match
Summary
The MLS Cup final was played on a warm and sunny afternoon at the Rose Bowl, unlike the rainy weather in the first two cups, in front of 51,350 spectators. Chicago played in their red home kit, while D.C. was assigned their white away kit. United, as two-time defending champions, entered the final as favorites and used an attack-oriented style. The Fire relied on stronger defending and counterattacks, including from recovered winger Roman Kosecki as a surprise starter, and had five more days to rest after clinching the Western Conference title.
D.C. kicked off the match at 12:30 p.m. and went on an immediate attack that resulted in a shot by Jaime Moreno that flew over the crossbar within 15 seconds. Their attacks continued, earning them a corner kick in the third minute that was deflected away by Chicago goalkeeper Zach Thornton. A rebound shot by Tony Sanneh was blocked and fell to Marco Etcheverry, who tripped in the box after a challenge by Luboš Kubík, but no penalty was called by referee Kevin Terry. Chicago's first scoring chance came in the sixth minute as Piotr Nowak delivered a low cross into the box that was deflected towards goal by Chris Armas, only to be cleared off the line by defender Jeff Agoos.
After a header by Sanneh nearly broke the deadlock for United in the tenth minute, the Fire's "Eastern Bloc" took control of the midfield and pushed for their own chances. Jerzy Podbrożny's shot in the 14th minute was saved by Tom Presthus, while an effort by Ante Razov hit the post four minutes later. Chicago scored the match's first goal in the 29th minute following a build-up from their half and several one-touch passes, culminating in a give-and-go pass from Razov to Nowak in the penalty area. Nowak drew out Presthus and passed sideways to an unmarked Podbrożny for a tap-in from .
United looked to quickly score an equalizer and earned set-piece chances, but the resulting headers from Roy Lassiter and Jaime Moreno went off target. With one minute remaining in the first half, the Fire pushed up on a counterattack through the center midfield to score their second goal of the match. Podbrożny drew in several defenders near the center circle and poked the ball to Razov, who laid it off for Armas to pass it forwards to Nowak. After a run up the left wing, Nowak cut in towards the center of the penalty area and shot between several players, including Diego Gutiérrez, who deflected the ball into the goal. United protested the goal, arguing that the deflection had been off Gutiérrez's arm and Razov had been in an offside position while blocking the sight of Presthus, but Terry's decision was unchanged.
Chicago entered the second half with momentum from their two goals and dropped to a more defensive position while being outshot 13–4 by D.C., including six shots on target. Zach Thornton ultimately made eight saves to record a shutout, including a pair of headers from Roy Lassiter in the 48th and 76th minutes. Another Lassiter header in the 56th minute struck defender Francis Okaroh's hand, but a penalty was not awarded due to his unintentional positioning. Armas was assigned to tightly mark Marco Etcheverry, preventing him from creating plays for United and limiting the league MVP's involvement in attacks. D.C. pushed further forward as time ran out, but were stifled by the Fire defense as the team lost by a score of 2–0. Manager Bruce Arena congratulated Chicago on their performance but criticized the officiating of the match, including the no-call penalties and the offside positions during the second goal. Nowak was named the MLS Cup's most valuable player for his two assists.
Details
Statistics
Post-match
The Fire became the first expansion team to win a U.S. major league championship and were the second to reach a final after the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League in 1968. They were preceded in soccer by the Philadelphia Atoms, an expansion team in the North American Soccer League which won the league championship in 1973. The Fire also became the first Chicago-area sports team besides the Chicago Bulls to win a league championship in over a decade, and the second soccer champions from the area, following the Chicago Sting. The Sting, who won the 1981 and 1984 North American Soccer League championships, included Frank Klopas, a veteran forward who had joined the Fire.
The team returned to Chicago and were honored with a small celebration with 1,200 fans at the Daley Center, which included a meeting with Mayor Richard M. Daley. The Alan Rothenberg Trophy was then displayed at Chicago City Hall for a week. Five days after winning the MLS Cup, Chicago completed their double by defeating the Columbus Crew in the 1998 U.S. Open Cup Final. They were the second MLS team to complete a double with the Open Cup, following D.C. United in 1996.
A month after the MLS Cup final, D.C. played in the 1998 Copa Interamericana, where they won against South American champions Vasco da Gama of Brazil over two legs played in the United States. Head coach Bruce Arena left United after the tournament to manage the U.S. national team, with Chicago manager Bob Bradley assisting him during the MLS offseason. Arena was replaced at D.C. by Thomas Rongen, who led the team to a victory at MLS Cup 1999 over Los Angeles. Chicago had qualified for the 1999 playoffs, but were eliminated in the Western Conference Semifinals by the Dallas Burn.
As MLS Cup finalists, Chicago and D.C. qualified for the 1999 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was hosted at Sam Boyd Stadium near Las Vegas. The two teams were eliminated in the semifinals and met in the third-place match, where they drew 2–2 while using reserve players; a penalty shootout were not played due to the doubleheader schedule, so the third-place position was shared.
References
1998
Sports competitions in Pasadena, California
MLS Cup 1998
MLS Cup 1998
1998 in sports in California
October 1998 sports events in the United States
20th century in Pasadena, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%201998 |
Augustana is an American rock band from San Diego, California that has released five albums and an EP while being signed to Epic Records and Razor & Tie. They are best known for their song "Boston" and the album All the Stars and Boulevards. They are fronted by Daniel Layus, who is the only remaining member of the band.
History
Early career
In Autumn 2002 at Greenville University in Illinois, Dan Layus brought friends Josiah Rosen, Kyle Baker, and Simeon Lohrmann together to write and create music. They began out by re-recording the song "More than a Love Song" which Dan had written for his high school girlfriend while living in California. They originally wanted to call themselves The Looking Glass, but after discovering another band of the same name they chose "Augustana" instead. A full-length debut album, Midwest Skies and Sleepless Mondays was recorded in the home recording studio of Jon King. The album was released in the Spring of 2003 and only 1000 copies were produced, however, early buzz and reviews were primarily positive. Later that year the band recorded and released 25 copies of the Mayfield EP.
Dan Layus decided to move back to Southern California with bandmate Josiah Rosen, where they eventually found their drummer, Justin South. The band joined numerous tours with artists such as Switchfoot, Maroon 5, The Fray, Counting Crows, Dashboard Confessional, O.A.R., Snow Patrol, The Damnwells, Goo Goo Dolls, Acceptance, Cartel, and OneRepublic, as well as having their own headlining tours.
All the Stars and Boulevards (2005–2007)
All the Stars and Boulevards was released September 6, 2005, and reached #1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart and #96 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. The first single from the album, "Boston", was released in 2005. This version differs from the one on their debut album, Midwest Skies and Sleepless Mondays. The album was made available exclusively at Best Buy stores, and the Best Buy website, where it was sold out by the following day. The new features on this re-release are a re-mixed version of "Wasteland"; a new track named "Marie"; and acoustic versions and music videos of "Boston" and "Stars and Boulevards". Their most recognizable song is "Boston" which made it all the way to 34 on the Billboard top 100, as well as appearing on television shows Scrubs, Smallville, Hidden Palms, and One Tree Hill. Leonard Hofstadter is heard singing it in the third episode of Season 1 of The Big Bang Theory. Josiah Rosen left the band soon after. At the beginning of 2007, the band embarked on their second headlining tour, supported by Vega4. The band also opened for Chris Carrabba of Dashboard Confessional in late 2007.
Can't Love, Can't Hurt (2008–2010)
The band released their third album, Can't Love, Can't Hurt, on April 29, 2008. The first single from the album is titled "Sweet and Low". The second single, "I Still Ain't Over You" reached #22 on the Adult album alternative chart. On May 1, 2008, the band appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Following personnel problems, the band had to cancel their European/North American tour for fall 2010.
Augustana (2011–2013)
Augustana's self-titled, fourth full-length album was released on April 26, 2011. The album's lead single, "Steal Your Heart", was planned for a radio release on February 14 in order to coincide with Valentine's Day, but was released early on the 8th of February on AOL Music. Another song off the album "Just Stay Here Tonight" was used in an episode of Private Practice. "Steal Your Heart" was also used in the extended length Degrassi promo for the 11th season. They were featured on the Late Show with David Letterman and performed "Steal Your Heart".
Augustana parted ways with Epic Records shortly after the album's release and on 11 November 2011, Dan Layus announced that all remaining members had amicably parted ways, but that he would continue to tour and perform under the name Augustana. On 22 July 2013, Dan Layus announced that Augustana was signed to a new record deal.
Life Imitating Life, Side A, Solo work, Singles and Live (Recorded from a Livestream Event) (2014–2021)
In early 2014 the band announced that they had signed with Razor & Tie. On April 22, 2014, Augustana released the album, Life Imitating Life. They also premiered the first single, "Ash and Ember".
On September 2, 2015, Augustana released three new tracks ("Climb", "Must Be Love" and "You Can Have Mine") on an EP titled "Side A".
In 2016, they began touring as an opener for the Dixie Chicks on their DCX MMXVI World Tour.
On August 3, 2016, Augustana's social media sites changed their names to Dan Layus, the name of the sole remaining founding member and lead singer/songwriter.
Dan Layus released a solo album, Dangerous Things, on October 21, 2016. A new version of the Augustana track "You Can Have Mine" from the "Side A" EP was featured on Dangerous Things. In late 2017 and into 2018, Dan Layus referred to a follow-up solo project tentatively titled, "Dangerous Times", on his Twitter account; however, as of 2021, the follow-up project had not been publicly released.
On August 28, 2019, the song "For Now, Forever" was released as a digital single, with "The Heart of It" as its B-side, under the Augustana name. Augustana then embarked on a US tour in October 2019 into November 2019, with Zac Clark of Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness as a supporting act. On August 21, 2020, the songs "Okay" and "Lies" were released digitally, and on November 20, 2020, "Take" was released as another new digital single. Closing out the year, Augustana debuted a cover of "Make Someone Happy" from the musical Do Re Mi, on December 20, 2020.
The Live (Recorded from a Livestream Event) album was released on streaming platforms on March 19, 2021, with songs from a virtual concert that was held on December 3, 2020. On April 16, 2021, Layus announced the album would be pressed on a double vinyl and likely ship in April. On June 2, 2021, Layus announced an east coast solo tour to take place in November 2021. The tour continued in early 2022 with mid-west dates.
Everyday An Eternity, Yourself Yesterday: A Rarities Collection (2022–present)
Layus digitally released the single "Remedy" on January 20, 2022, written and produced with David Naish.
On May 20, 2022, Augustana released a surprise digital album, titled Everyday an Eternity. Layus shared on his website and social media accounts, "Everyday an Eternity is an album of solo piano works written at times when I’ve felt pulled towards artistic expression through the piano alone, while weaving lyricism into the instrument itself." A vinyl pre-order was announced shortly after, on June 6.
Yourself Yesterday: A Rarities Collection, an album of rare and previously unreleased tracks, was digitally released on August 19, 2022. Layus said the tracks spanned from the past decade.
Band members
Last lineup
Dan Layus (vocals, guitar, piano)
Former Members
Jared Palomar (bass guitar, vocals, keyboards)
Chris Sachtleben (lead guitar, vocals)
Justin South (drums)
Josiah Rosen (lead guitar, vocals)
John Vincent (piano, keyboards, vocals)
Josh Calhoun (drums)
Simeon Lohrmann (bass)
Kyle Baker (drums)
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
In popular culture
In The Big Bang Theory television series, episode 3, series 1, "The Fuzzy Boots Corollary", first aired October 8, 2007, main character Leonard Hofstadter sings the song Boston.
References
External links
Rock music groups from California
Musical groups from San Diego
Greenville College people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustana%20%28band%29 |
Dipterocarpus mundus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, endemic to Borneo. The species is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests.
References
mundus
Endemic dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20mundus |
MLS Cup 1999 was the fourth edition of the MLS Cup, the championship soccer match of Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-level soccer league of the United States. It took place on November 21, 1999, at Foxboro Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and was contested by D.C. United and the Los Angeles Galaxy in a rematch of the inaugural 1996 final that had been played at the same venue. Both teams finished atop their respective conferences during the regular season under new head coaches and advanced through the first two rounds of the playoffs.
United won 2–0 with first-half goals from Jaime Moreno and Ben Olsen for their third MLS Cup victory in four years. Galaxy defender Robin Fraser left the match with a broken collarbone during the opening minutes and goalkeeper Kevin Hartman collided with John Maessner at the end of the half. Olsen was named the most valuable player of the match for his winning goal, which was scored off a misplayed backpass.
The final was played in front of 44,910 spectators—a record for the MLS Cup. It was also the first MLS match to be played with a standard game clock and without a tiebreaker shootout following a rule change approved by the league days earlier. The Galaxy blamed their performance on decisions by referee Tim Weyland and the quality of the pitch at Foxboro Stadium, which had a narrowed width and was damaged by an earlier National Football League game.
Both finalists qualified for the 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was hosted in Southern California. The tournament's semifinals featured a rematch of the MLS Cup final and was decided in a penalty shootout that the Galaxy won. The Galaxy went on to win the tournament, becoming the second MLS team to do so.
Venue
The 1999 final was played at Foxboro Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, where the inaugural final had been contested in 1996. MLS announced the stadium as the host venue on October 23, 1998, and the match was scheduled three weeks later than previous editions to avoid conflicting with baseball's World Series. The scheduled date of November 14 was later moved back to November 21. The match was originally planned to be hosted at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, but issues with the Tampa Bay Mutiny's lease at the stadium led to MLS revoking their hosting rights. Foxboro was selected ahead of bids from Washington, D.C., and San Jose, California, as well as an unsubmitted speculative bid from Chicago.
The match was played six days after a home game for the New England Patriots of the National Football League, necessitating the retention of the stadium's bleacher sections. As a result, the field was narrowed from to , and had visible dirt patches and yard lines. Approximately 30,000 tickets were sold before the finalists were confirmed.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States that began playing in 1996. Twelve teams contested the league's fourth season; teams were organized into two conferences, each playing 32 matches during the regular season from March to September. Teams faced opponents from the same conference four times during the regular season, and from outside their conference twice. Before the season began, MLS reduced the number of permitted international players from five to four as a cost-saving measure.
The top four teams from each conference qualified for the playoffs, which were organized into three rounds and played primarily in October. The first two rounds, named the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals, were home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with a hosting advantage for the higher-seeded team. The winners of the Conference Finals advanced to the single-match MLS Cup final, which would be held at a predetermined neutral venue.
MLS Cup 1999 was contested by two-time champions D.C. United and the Los Angeles Galaxy, both of which had played in the inaugural 1996 final, which ended in a 3–2 overtime victory for United. The 1996 final had also been played at Foxboro Stadium, and the 1999 match was the fourth consecutive MLS Cup appearance for United. The 1999 final was the first to be contested by the regular season winners of both conferences. During the regular season, the Galaxy and United met twice, each winning on the road.
Los Angeles Galaxy
Since their MLS Cup 1996 appearance, the Los Angeles Galaxy had qualified for the playoffs twice but were eliminated in earlier rounds. During the 1998 regular season, the team finished atop the league standings with a 24–8 record, which included a run of nine consecutive wins and a record 85 goals. The Galaxy earned two shootout wins at the start of the 1999 season but then lost three consecutive matches where they scored only three goals in total. The club dismissed Zambrano on April 21 and replaced him with Sigi Schmid, who had managed UCLA Bruins for 19 years and the men's national under-20 team for two years. Under Schmid, the Galaxy won a playoff berth by early September and rose to first in the West alongside the Colorado Rapids. The team finished the season with a 20–12 record and 54 points, and became the first MLS team to allow an average of less than one goal per match during the regular season with 29 goals in 32 matches. Schmid was named Coach of the Year, Hartman earned Goalkeeper of the Year, and Robin Fraser won Defender of the Year for their regular season performances.
In the Western Conference Semifinals, the Galaxy faced the Rapids, who had finished fourth in the conference and failed to score in their last five consecutive matches. The Galaxy hosted the first leg and led with an eighth-minute strike from defender Ezra Hendrickson, but had midfielder Simon Elliott sent off with a red card ten minutes later. The team extended their lead from a penalty scored in the 52nd minute by Greg Vanney and a strike five minutes later by Mathis that Colorado goalkeeper Ian Feuer deflected into the net for a 3–0 victory. The Galaxy defeated the Rapids 2–0 at Mile High Stadium in Denver, scoring twice in the final 15 minutes through midfielders Danny Pena and Joe Franchino, to complete a two-match sweep in the series.
The Galaxy advanced to play the Western Conference Final against the Dallas Burn, who had finished second in the conference and eliminated defending champions Chicago. The Galaxy won the first leg, which was played at the Rose Bowl, 2–1 with a goal from Ezra Hendrickson that was scored with 40 seconds remaining in the match. The Galaxy twice took the lead during the second leg at the Cotton Bowl through a brace from Carlos Hermosillo but Dallas equalized to force a tie-breaking shootout. Dallas won 4–3 in the shootout, forcing a deciding third leg at the Rose Bowl. The Galaxy clinched their place in their second MLS Cup final with a 3–1 win, having taken advantage of the Burn's weakened defense in their starting lineup due to an injury and suspension. Greg Vanney scored from a penalty in the second minute, which was followed by goals from Hermosillo and Mauricio Cienfuegos to extend the lead; Jason Kreis scored a late consolation goal for Dallas.
D.C. United
D.C. United had played in the first three MLS Cup finals, winning in 1996 and 1997 against the Galaxy and Colorado Rapids, respectively. Following their loss in the 1998 final to the Chicago Fire, manager Bruce Arena left the team to join the U.S. men's national team and was replaced by New England head coach Thomas Rongen. During the early part of their season, United played without several injured starting players and reserves, forcing the starting lineup to change several times. The team also lost several players to national team call-ups during the Copa América, but was able to take first place in the Eastern Conference.
The team lost six starting players to national teams at the FIFA Confederations Cup in July. Rongen turned to a lineup of reserves, including an inexperienced four-man defense, minor-league players, and new acquisitions to secure a playoff berth in late August. The team also clinched first in the Eastern Conference in mid-September, having amassed a 15-point lead over the second-place Columbus Crew. During the regular season, United won 17 of their 20 matches against opponents in the Eastern Conference and finished atop the league with 57 points.
United played Miami Fusion, who had a 13–9 record in the regular season, in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. United won 2–0 in the first leg, which they hosted at RFK Stadium; forward Jaime Moreno scored in the 34th and 88th minutes. The second leg in Florida ended 0–0 after regulation time and was decided in a shootout that United won 3–2. Goalkeeper Tom Presthus, having stopped four goals in regulation time, made four saves during the six-round shootout.
In a repeat of the previous two Eastern Conference Finals, United played the Columbus Crew, who had defeated the Tampa Bay Mutiny. United took a lead in the series at RFK Stadium in the first leg, winning 2–1 with a strike from Moreno in the 15th minute and a volley from Ben Olsen in the 72nd minute. The second leg in Columbus ended in a 5–1 victory for the hosts, giving United their worst playoff defeat and forcing a third match in the series. Roy Lassiter scored early for United in the sixth minute but the Crew responded with first-half goals from Ansil Elcock and Jeff Cunningham, and a hat-trick from Stern John in the second half. United recovered in the third leg to win 4–0 and extended their unbeaten streak at home in the playoffs to 12 matches. Moreno scored in the 17th minute and was joined by a brace from Roy Lassiter on both sides of half-time, the latter coming from a bicycle kick in the penalty area. Marco Etcheverry, who had provided three assists on the earlier goals, scored a free kick from with four minutes remaining to clinch a MLS Cup final berth for United.
Summary of results
Regular season
Playoffs
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format with penalty shootout (SO) if scores were tied.
Broadcasting and entertainment
The MLS Cup final was broadcast in the United States by ABC with English commentary, and Spanish commentary was available via secondary audio programming. The ABC broadcast was led by play-by-play announcer Phil Schoen and color commentator Ty Keough, who were joined by studio host Rob Stone. MLS players John Harkes and Alexi Lalas joined the pre-game and half-time broadcasts as co-hosts. ABC deployed 18 cameras for the match and added field microphones to capture crowd noise. The television broadcast on ABC drew a 1.0 national rating, a 17 percent decline from 1998, partially due to competition from National Football League games. Pop singer Christina Aguilera sang the U.S. national anthem before the match and performed in the half-time show.
Match
Match rules
The MLS Board of Governors, composed of team owners and their representatives, met in Boston before the MLS Cup to revise the league's match rules. Several of the league's experimental rules were eliminated in an effort to match international standards set by the International Football Association Board in the Laws of the Game and to appeal to hardcore fans. The countdown clock that was tracked via the stadium scoreboard was replaced with a normal match clock that was kept by the referee on the field; injury time was added at the end of each half, as displayed by the fourth official. Tiebreaker shootouts were replaced with two periods of sudden-death golden goal overtime that would be followed by a standard penalty shootout if the score remained tied. Although the shootout change was planned to take effect at the start of the 2000 season, after consulting with coaches Schmid and Rongen, league commissioner Don Garber announced the revised clock and tiebreaker would be used at MLS Cup 1999.
Summary
The MLS Cup final was played on November 21 in front of 44,910 spectators at Foxboro Stadium, setting a new attendance record for the MLS Cup and any soccer match played in Massachusetts. Approximately 5,000 D.C. United fans, including the club's two largest supporters groups Barra Brava and Screaming Eagles, traveled to the match. The match began at 1:30 p.m. Eastern Time under sunny skies with a temperature of , unlike the cold and rainy conditions of the 1996 final. The field was described as "badly scarred" due to a National Football League game at the stadium earlier in the week, which also caused the pitch to be narrowed to .
United took early control of the match and challenged the Galaxy defense on several plays. In the seventh minute, Galaxy defender Robin Fraser fell after being pushed from behind by Roy Lassiter on a play while challenging for the ball. Fraser left the match with a broken left collarbone and was replaced by Steve Jolley. Schmid adjusted Galaxy's defense into a three-man formation with Paul Caligiuri positioned as sweeper. Fraser later said he had been wearing a shoulder brace that restricted movement of his arm for most of the season, which prevented him from breaking the fall. Referee Tim Weyland did not award a foul for the play, for which Schmid and Galaxy players later criticized him.
United then attempted to take advantage of the weakened Galaxy defense as both teams pushed aggressively for an opening goal, trading several chances. United took the lead in the 19th minute on a long throw-in from Marco Etcheverry that was misplayed by Jolley and fell to Lassiter, whose shot was saved by Kevin Hartman. Caligiuri failed to clear the ball, and Jaime Moreno converted from point-blank range. The Galaxy responded with a promising scoring opportunity off a corner kick taken by Greg Vanney in the 32nd minute. Danny Pena's header hit the goalpost and John Maessner deflected it toward the goal but the ball was cleared away by Richie Williams. The Galaxy protested to Weyland that the ball had crossed the line and struck Williams' hand but no foul was given.
The Galaxy and United traded more scoring chances as the first half ended; play stopped in the 43rd minute after Maessner, who was clearing the ball, kneed Harman in the head. Hartman returned to the match and stopped a volley from United defender Jeff Agoos at the beginning of stoppage time, which Weyland set at four minutes. The Galaxy immediately responded with a counterattack led by Jones, who was clipped in the penalty area by Maessner though Weyland did not award a penalty. In the third minute of stoppage time, Hartman misplayed a backpass from Jolley while under pressure from Lassiter and Moreno. Ben Olsen intercepted Hartman's pass to Caligiuri and scored from just outside the six-yard box to give United a 2–0 lead at half-time.
United looked to extend their lead in the second half but were unable to convert an early chance in the 47th minute as Lassiter headed a cross from Agoos wide of the goal. A breakaway chance in the 58th minute for Jones was thwarted by Carlos Llamosa, who tackled away a loose ball in the United penalty area. Galaxy attackers Mauricio Cienfuegos and Carlos Hermosillo were kept in check by United, particularly by defensive midfielder Richie Williams. Jones was left to attack on his own. Pena gave Galaxy two chances to score but Agoos blocked his first shot and the second went wide of the goal.
With 20 minutes left to play, the teams traded back-to-back chances that were not finished. In the 71st minute, Olsen received a chipped pass from Etcheverry and shot towards the goal but hit the side netting. A minute later, a volley by Clint Mathis in the penalty area was struck wide of the goal. Williams then attempted a volley in the 76th minute that struck the post after beating Hartman's outstretched arm. In the match's last major action, Caligiuri attempted a drive from inside the box but his shot went wide of the goal. With six minutes remaining, Olsen was named the MLS Cup most valuable player (MVP). United goalkeeper Tom Presthus made one save during the match, on one of the Galaxy's two shots on goal.
Details
Post-match
After winning three titles in four seasons, D.C. United were hailed as the first MLS dynasty despite the league's attempts to encourage parity among teams. Commissioner Don Garber stated he thought it was "terrific to have a dominant team" when asked whether United's performance would hurt the league but added he would "love some balance". United's players celebrated with cigars and champagne in the locker room following the near-collapse of the stage that had been set up for the trophy ceremony. Olsen became the first MLS Cup MVP to have been developed as part of the Project-40 program. On November 23, United were honored with a ten-block parade along Pennsylvania Avenue in Downtown Washington, D.C., which was attended by thousands of fans. United went on to miss the playoffs for three consecutive seasons but would win another MLS Cup in 2004 by defeating the Kansas City Wiz.
After the match, Hartman attributed his miscue on the second goal to the poor condition of the pitch, which United defender Jeff Agoos also criticized. Galaxy coach Sigi Schmid, along with Jones and Hermosillo, were fined for criticizing referee Tim Weyland's calls; Schmid was also suspended for the first match of the 2000 season. Schmid highlighted the lack of calls after Fraser's injury and two potential penalties in the first half, along with fouls throughout the match. The Galaxy reached the MLS Cup final in 2001, losing to the San Jose Earthquakes, and won their first title in 2002 against New England at Gillette Stadium, which had replaced Foxboro Stadium. , the Los Angeles Galaxy holds the record for the most MLS Cup titles, winning their fifth in 2014 to overtake United's record.
As MLS Cup finalists, D.C. United and the Los Angeles Galaxy qualified as the U.S. representatives for the 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was hosted in Southern California in January 2001. The two teams met in the semifinals, where the Galaxy defeated United in a penalty shootout following a 1–1 draw. The Galaxy won the tournament, becoming the second US club to win a CONCACAF competition and the last until Seattle Sounders FC in 2022. They earned a place in the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, which was set to be played in Spain but was later cancelled amid a financing scandal.
References
1999 in sports in Massachusetts
D.C. United matches
July 1999 sports events in the United States
LA Galaxy matches
1999
Soccer in Massachusetts
Sports competitions in Foxborough, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%201999 |
Earle Hyman (born George Earle Plummer; October 11, 1926 – November 17, 2017) was an American stage, television, and film actor. Hyman is known for his role on ThunderCats as the voice of Panthro and various other characters. He also appeared on The Cosby Show as Cliff's father, Russell Huxtable. Singer Phyllis Hyman was his cousin.
Life and career
Hyman was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, as George Earle Plummer according to the North Carolina Birth Index. He claimed Native American ancestry. His parents, Zachariah Hyman and Maria Lilly Plummer seeking better educational opportunities, moved their family from the south to Brooklyn, New York in the late 1920s, where Hyman primarily grew up. Hyman knew at age 4 that he wanted to become an actor after performing a poem at a church play and was determined to become one after seeing a production of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts."The first play I ever saw was a present from my parents on my 13th birthday — Nazimova in Ghosts at Brighton Beach on the subway circuit — and I just freaked out."
He studied acting at HB Studio in New York City. He made his Broadway stage debut as a teenager in 1943 in Run, Little Chillun, and later joined the American Negro Theater. The following year, Hyman began a two-year run playing the role of Rudolf on Broadway in Anna Lucasta, starring Hilda Simms in the title role. He was a member of the American Shakespeare Theatre beginning with its first season in 1955, and played the role of Othello in the 1957 season.
In December 1958 he came to London to play the leading role in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, by Errol John, at the Royal Court.
In 1959 he again appeared in the West End, this time in the first London production of A Raisin In the Sun alongside Kim Hamilton. The show ran at the Adelphi Theatre and was directed again by Lloyd Richards. A life member of The Actors Studio, Hyman appeared throughout his career in productions in both the United States and Norway, where he also owned property. In 1965, he won a Theatre World Award and in 1988, he was awarded the St Olav's medal for his work in Norwegian theater.
In addition to his stage work, Hyman appeared in various television and film roles including adaptions of Macbeth (1968), Julius Caesar (1979), and Coriolanus (1979), and voiced Panthro on the animated television series ThunderCats (1985–1989). He played two roles (at different times) on television's The Edge of Night.
One of his most well known roles, that of Russell Huxtable in The Cosby Show, earned him an Emmy Award nomination in 1986. He played the father of lead character Cliff Huxtable, played by actor Bill Cosby, despite only being 11 years older than Cosby.
Death
Hyman died at age 91 on November 17, 2017, at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey.
In June 2020, the Folger Shakespeare Library, a private research library in Washington D.C., acquired Hyman's personal items and memorabilia to be displayed as the Earle Hyman Collection. In personal correspondences Hyman wrote that he and Rolf Sirnes (1926–2004), a Norwegian seaman, had lived together for fifty years. Hyman described their relationship as a passionate friendship and wrote that Sirnes was his partner.
Connections to Norway
In Norway, Hyman was seen as a friend of the country and had a cabin in Skånevik.
Earle Hyman learned to speak Norwegian through Sirnes, who was originally from Haugesund. In the 1990s, they lived in New York City.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Audio Interview (2008)
1926 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American gay actors
LGBT people from New York (state)
African-American LGBT people
Male actors from North Carolina
American male Shakespearean actors
American expatriates in Norway
People from Rocky Mount, North Carolina
Male actors from Brooklyn
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle%20Hyman |
Dipterocarpus palembanicus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. There are 2 subspecies: borneensis and palembanicus.
It is found in Borneo, Malaya, and Sumatera.
References
palembanicus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Malaya
Dipterocarps of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20palembanicus |
American Central University (ACU) was an unaccredited distance learning private, for-profit university licensed by the state of Wyoming in 2004. The Oregon Office of Degree Authorization stated that the institution may be run from Malaysia.
Controversy
According to the Associated Press, "For not having even one qualified instructor in Wyoming, the (Wyoming Board of Education) prepared last fall [2004] to pull the school's license—only to have the process bog down while state attorneys deliberate how to do that."
American Central University was investigated for offering students false degrees from state universities through their online courses.
The Associated Press noted, "Wyoming licensed a Laramie-based online school last year even as its owner helped direct a Hawaii online school that was offering illegal medical degrees and was later shut down by a judge." The article further explained, "The owner of American Central University, Adalat Khan, was the Malaysian regional director for American University of Hawaii, a fact that Wyoming education officials concede they overlooked in the documents Khan provided on his background."
In July 2006 Wyoming passed a law requiring all schools to either have accreditation or be a candidate for it. ACU applied for accreditation one day prior to the deadline, July 1, 2006, after which the law gives schools five years to get the accreditation.
Affiliations
American Central University claimed to be affiliated with the Mina Resource/Mina Management Institute in Malaysia. Adalat Khan was the director/president of Mina Management Institute.
It has been reported that "Khan runs a school in Perak, Malaysia, called the Mina Management Institute. For a time, American Central and American University of Hawaii were listed next to each other on the Mina Management Institute Web site as "distinguished partners" of the institute." Adalat Khan's doctorate was bestowed in 1999 by the now defunct American University of Hawaii.
The Oregon Office of Degree Authorization at one time said that "A web site called International DETC that recently emerged as part of an unaccredited entity called American Central University, is a fraudulent attempt to hijack the genuine DETC name and school list in order to advance the goals of a diploma mill. The diploma mill is probably operating out of Wyoming and/or Malaysia."
Accreditation status
ACU was not accredited by any organization recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation or the United States Department of Education. The use of unaccredited degree titles may be legally restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions. Jurisdictions that have restricted or made illegal the use of credentials from unaccredited schools include Oregon, Michigan, Maine, North Dakota, New Jersey, Washington, Nevada, Illinois, Indiana, Texas and Korea. Many other states are also considering restrictions on the use of degrees from unaccredited institutions.
See also
American City University
Newport International University
Preston University (United States)
Rutherford University
Warren National University
List of unaccredited institutions of higher education
References
Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Central%20University |
Jarrod Scott Saltalamacchia (; born May 2, 1985) is an American former professional baseball catcher. Between 2007 and 2018, he played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, Texas Rangers, Boston Red Sox, Miami Marlins, Arizona Diamondbacks, Detroit Tigers, and Toronto Blue Jays.
Raised in West Palm Beach, Florida, Saltalamacchia attended Royal Palm Beach High School. His performance on the institution's baseball team drew the attention of scouts, and the Braves selected him in the first round of the 2003 MLB Draft. He spent four years in the Braves' farm system, but in 2007, injuries to both of Atlanta's regular catchers forced them to call him up to the major leagues. Saltalamacchia was prevented from becoming a regular catcher for the Braves by the presence of Brian McCann, and so he became the centerpiece of a trading deadline deal with the Rangers in 2007. Shortly after becoming the team's starting catcher in 2009, a bout of thoracic outlet syndrome forced Saltalamacchia to undergo season-ending rib removal surgery, and lingering issues from the surgery caused him to suffer from the "yips" in 2010.
The Rangers traded Saltalamacchia to the Red Sox in 2010, and he continued to suffer from health issues that limited his play. Under the mentorship of Jason Varitek, however, Saltalamacchia began to improve, and he succeeded Varitek as the team's starting catcher in 2012. While Saltalamacchia had a breakout season in 2013, he was benched for the final stretch of the 2013 World Series after a missed play caused the Red Sox to lose Game 3. The following year, he signed with the Marlins as a free agent, but his production declined, and he was released from the team in May 2015.
Saltalamacchia batted just .171 with the Tigers in 2016. Most of his time with Toronto and Detroit over the next two seasons was spent with their Triple-A affiliates, where he helped mentor pitching and catching prospects like Grayson Greiner. Saltalamacchia announced his retirement from baseball in January 2019, citing a desire to spend more time with his family. Since then, he has served as a baseball coach for The King's Academy in Florida and has filled in as a sports analyst for the New England Sports Network.
Early life
Saltalamacchia was born on May 2, 1985, in West Palm Beach, Florida. He attended Royal Palm Beach High School, where he caught for his friend and future Major League Baseball (MLB) teammate Kason Gabbard. In 2000, Saltalamacchia and Gabbard helped take Royal Palm Beach to a state championship title. His father wanted Saltalamacchia to play gridiron football, but he was singularly focused on baseball. By his junior year, he was drawing interest from MLB scouts.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Atlanta Braves selected Saltalamacchia in the supplemental first round, 36th overall, of the 2003 MLB Draft. On June 3, 2003, he agreed to a contract with the team for a signing bonus of $950,000, and he spent his first season of professional baseball with the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League (GCL) Braves. At the time, he had committed to play college baseball for the Florida State Seminoles, but college coach Mike Martin told him, "If you go first round, take your money and go." In 46 games, Saltalamacchia batted .239 with two home runs and 14 runs batted in (RBIs) in 134 at-bats. After helping take the team to a GCL championship title, Saltalamacchia was promoted to the Class A Rome Braves for the 2004 season. In 91 games there, Saltalamacchia batted .272, recording 10 home runs and 51 RBIs in 323 at-bats.
2005 proved to be a breakout year for Saltalamacchia, who was named the Myrtle Beach Pelicans' Most Valuable Player, as well as the top prospect in the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, by batting .314, hitting 19 home runs, and setting a club single-season record with 81 RBIs. After the conclusion of the regular Minor League Baseball season, Saltalamacchia was one of two Pelicans selected to play for the Phoenix Desert Dogs of the Arizona Fall League, alongside outfielder Josh Burrus. In an additional 21 fall league games, Saltalamacchia batted .288, adding one home run and eight RBIs to his season totals.
Entering the 2006 season as one of Atlanta's top prospects, Saltalamacchia was assigned to the Double-A Mississippi Braves. He had what Braves manager Bobby Cox referred to as "an off year" in Mississippi: despite flashes of strong batting in July and August, his overall average for the year was only .230, with nine home runs and 39 RBIs. He stayed in Mississippi to begin the 2007 season, with the anticipation that he would be promoted to the Triple-A Richmond Braves at some point in the year. Saltalamacchia also made another Arizona Fall League appearance in 2006, going 13-for-23 in six games with the Peoria Javelinas.
Atlanta Braves (2007)
With both starting catcher Brian McCann and backup Brayan Peña injured during a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, Saltalamacchia was called up to Atlanta on May 2, 2007, his 22nd birthday. He made his MLB debut that same night, getting on base twice with a walk and a hit by pitch. Four days later, Saltalamacchia recorded both his first major league hit and RBI in a 6–4 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. The latter hit, which came off of a pitch from Saltalamacchia's childhood friend Chad Billingsley, helped bring home Andruw Jones to give the Braves the lead. His first home run came on May 27, with a solo shot off of the Phillies' Cole Hamels. Exactly one month later, while filling in at first base to make room for McCann behind the plate, Saltalamacchia recorded his first multi-home run game, with third- and fifth-inning solo shots against Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals. In 47 major league games with Atlanta, Saltalamacchia batted .284 with four home runs and 12 RBIs in 141 at-bats.
Texas Rangers (2007–10)
Despite his strong performance in the minors, Saltalamacchia was essentially blocked from becoming an Atlanta staple by McCann, who received his second consecutive All-Star selection in 2007. This made Saltalamacchia an attractive piece for the MLB trading deadline. On July 31, 2007, Saltalamacchia was the centerpiece of a five-prospect deal with the Texas Rangers in exchange for Mark Teixeira. Alongside Saltalamacchia, Neftalí Feliz, Elvis Andrus, Matt Harrison, and Beau Jones were sent to Texas in order for Atlanta to receive Teixeira. Shortly after joining the team, Saltalamacchia contributed two home runs and seven RBIs in the Rangers' 30–3 rout of the Baltimore Orioles. It was the first time that a team had scored 30 or more runs in a game since the Chicago Colts defeated the Louisville Colonels on June 29, 1897. Saltalamacchia played in 46 games for the Rangers in 2007, batting .251 with 21 RBIs in 167 at-bats. Additionally, his seven home runs set a new single-season record for Texas catchers.
After battling with Gerald Laird for the starting catcher job in spring training, Saltalamacchia was optioned to the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks for the start of the 2008 season. His time in the minors was limited, however, as he was called up on April 25 to replace Adam Melhuse, who was released from his contract after breaking a bone in the back of his hand during a game against the Detroit Tigers. Saltalamacchia played in 61 games that season, batting .253 with three home runs and 26 RBIs. One of those home runs was Saltalamacchia's first career grand slam, which helped lift the Rangers to a 13–9 victory over the Cleveland Indians on May 23, 2008. Laird recalled later that Saltalamacchia struggled with the pressure placed on him both by himself and by the Rangers, and that "[s]ometimes you could see he wasn't being himself". His season came to an end on September 1, when an injured elbow forced the Rangers to shut him down. After the regular season ended, Saltalamacchia spent time with the Leones del Escogido of the Dominican Winter League, batting .364 with nine home runs and 21 RBIs in 20 games before returning home.
The Rangers traded Laird to the Tigers after the 2008 season, leaving the starting catcher role open for 2009. Saltalamacchia earned the position out of spring training after Taylor Teagarden showed poor pitch blocking and stamina and Max Ramírez suffered an injury. His time at the position was hindered, however, by tingling and numbness in Saltalamacchia's throwing arm and hand that got increasingly worse as the season went on. The symptoms worsened to the point that Saltalamacchia had to leave a game in the fourth inning, and he was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 15. The symptoms were ultimately traced back to a car accident that Saltalamacchia had survived in June: the collision caused Saltalamacchia's top rib to pinch a nerve, a condition known as thoracic outlet syndrome, and he required surgery to remove the bone. Saltalamacchia was limited to only 84 games during the 2009 season, during which he batted .233 with nine home runs and 34 RBIs. He attempted to play once more in the Dominican Winter Leagues but had to be shut down after experiencing shoulder discomfort.
Saltalamacchia opened the 2010 MLB season with the fourth opening day walk-off win in Rangers history, driving in David Murphy with an RBI single to defeat the Toronto Blue Jays 5–4. The back pain and shoulder inflammation that had bothered him during spring training, however, had returned in full by the second game of the season, and Saltalamacchia was placed on the 15-day disabled list on April 8 with upper back stiffness. After returning from the injury, Saltalamacchia showed difficulties both batting and catching, and he was sent to the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks to isolate and remedy the mechanical issues with his play. Saltalamacchia also struggled mentally, with a bout of the "yips" preventing him from making accurate throws back to the pitcher. He was frustrated with his inability to make what should be a simple throw, saying that it was "the only thing keeping [him] from being back in the big leagues". Saltalamacchia spent most of his time with the Rangers organization that season in Oklahoma City, where he batted .244 in 238 at-bats, with 11 home runs and 33 RBIs in 63 games.
Boston Red Sox (2010–13)
On July 31, 2010, the Rangers traded Saltalamacchia to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for prospects Román Méndez and Chris McGuinness, $350,000 in cash, and a player to be named later. After the trade was finalized, he was assigned to the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox as one of multiple potential replacements for the veteran Jason Varitek. When Kevin Cash was placed on the disabled list with a hamstring injury on August 11, Saltalamacchia was called up to start behind the plate, with regular catcher Víctor Martínez filling in for Cash at first base. His stint was short-lived, as Saltalamacchia was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 19 after a sore leg turned out to be infected. He had only 13 at-bats after returning from the infection before going down with a torn ligament in his left thumb. The ligament required surgery and 4–6 weeks of recovery, and Saltalamacchia was shut down for the season on September 28, 2010. He appeared in only 10 games for the Red Sox that season, going 3-for-19 in the process, but manager Terry Francona said that he was "kind of excited about" the limited action that Saltalamacchia did see.
After Martínez signed with the Detroit Tigers as a free agent during the 2010–11 offseason, Saltalamacchia inherited the starting catcher position for Boston. The Red Sox had a slow start to the season, and troubles with both Saltalamacchia's swing and the performance of his batterymates led to rumors that Varitek would gain more time behind the plate. As the season progressed, Saltalamacchia became more comfortable catching for Boston. He took the general advice on how to call a game from pitching coach Bob McClure, while Varitek taught Saltalamacchia how to handle the individual personalities of members of the Red Sox' starting rotation like Josh Beckett, John Lackey, and Jon Lester. This comfort appeared to translate to Saltalamacchia's batting as well: by the start of August, he had already set career highs in runs, doubles, triples, home runs, RBIs, walks, slugging percentage, and on-base plus slugging (OPS). Saltalamacchia played in 103 games for Boston in 2011, closing out the season with a .235 batting average, a .450 slugging percentage, a .288 on-base percentage (OBP), 16 home runs, 56 RBIs, and 52 runs scored in 358 at-bats.
On January 15, 2012, Saltalamacchia avoided contract arbitration when the Red Sox signed him to a new one-year, $2.5 million deal. With Varitek's offseason retirement, Saltalamacchia became the de facto leader of Boston's "Wolf Pack" of catchers, a group that also included Kelly Shoppach, Ryan Lavarnway, and Luis Exposito. The veteran Shoppach joined Saltalamacchia as a mentor for the team, both with the younger catchers and with the Red Sox pitching staff. While Saltalamacchia served as the everyday catcher for Boston, Shoppach would frequently get the nod against left-handed pitchers, against whom Saltalamacchia was less effective. After the first half of the season saw Saltalamacchia make an All-Star case with 15 home runs and a .537 slugging percentage, he seemed to collapse in August, finishing the year with 139 strikeouts in 405 at-bats. In 121 games for the Red Sox in 2012, Saltalamacchia batted .273, with 65 RBIs and 58 runs scored. He put up middling offensive numbers for the season, with a .288 OBP and 1.2 Wins Above Replacement, but his 25 home runs were one short of the single-season franchise record among catchers, which was set by Carlton Fisk in both 1973 and 1977. His troubles were more defensive: only 18.4 percent of attempted runners were caught stealing by Saltalamacchia, down from 30.8 percent the previous year, and he struggled to call games: Red Sox pitchers in 2012 had a combined 4.84 earned run average (ERA) with Saltalamacchia behind the plate, compared to 4.51 with other catchers.
The offseason signing of veteran catcher David Ross placed Saltalamacchia in competition with Lavarnway for the remaining position behind the plate. Boston general manager Ben Cherington ultimately optioned Lavarnway to Triple-A, keeping Ross and Saltalamacchia as his major league catching staff for the 2013 season. The season turned out to be the most offensively impressive of Saltalamacchia's career, as he set new career highs with a .273 batting average, a .338 OBP, a .466 slugging percentage, 68 runs scored, 40 doubles, 65 RBIs, and 43 walks. Saltalamacchia also helped take the Red Sox to the postseason for the first time since he joined the team, both through his own offensive performance and by helping to coach the Red Sox' young pitching staff. After aiding the Red Sox in their playoff run, Saltalamacchia recorded a walk-off RBI single in Game 2 of the 2013 American League Championship Series, bringing home Jonny Gomes to take the game 6–5. Saltalamacchia's success did not continue into the 2013 World Series, as a wild throw to third base in Game 3 was called as "obstruction", allowing Allen Craig of the St. Louis Cardinals to take a run and win the game 5–4. He was benched for the remainder of the series, which the Red Sox won in six games, and Boston did not tender Jarrod Saltalamacchia a qualifying offer for the following season, leaving him a free agent.
Miami Marlins (2014–15)
After passing a physical exam, Saltalamacchia finalized a three-year, $21 million contract with the Miami Marlins, his hometown team, on December 9, 2013. The deal subsequently pushed Jeff Mathis to the backup role and Rob Brantly to the minors. The Marlins had been interested in signing Saltalamacchia to serve as a veteran starter who could carry the team while they waited for a promising catching prospect to emerge.
After a hot streak to start the 2014 MLB season which saw Saltalamacchia record four home runs and seven RBIs in 11 games, he fell into a slump, going a career-high 0-for-26 before recording a hit against the San Francisco Giants on May 16. Amidst another 0-for-11 slump, Saltalamacchia was placed on the concussion list on June 1, with the Marlins electing not to disclose how he suffered the injury. While the catcher continued to disappoint in hit production, carrying a .220 average into the start of August, he managed to raise his on-base percentage to .329 by drawing 43 walks in that same time frame. In 114 games for the Marlins in 2014, Saltalamacchia batted .220, with 11 home runs and 44 RBIs in 373 at-bats. Despite striking out 143 times, he also recorded 55 walks in 435 plate appearances.
Saltalamacchia's difficulties continued into the 2015 season. He went 2-for-29 with 12 strikeouts, and his .289 on-base plus slugging was the lowest among MLB catchers by the time that he went on paternity leave in April. On April 27, Saltalamacchia was designated for assignment as the rookies moved J. T. Realmuto into the starting catcher role, with Jhonatan Solano acting as his backup. Although several teams expressed interest in claiming Saltalamacchia off of waivers, they were reluctant to inherit the remainder of his Marlins contract. On May 5, the Marlins released Saltalamacchia, an agreement that required them to pay the remaining $15 million on his initial $21 million contract.
Arizona Diamondbacks (2015)
Two days after his release from the Marlins, Saltalamacchia signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks, a deal that would allow him to gain more at-bats in Triple-A before joining the rest of the team. He was meant to serve as the backup catcher for Tuffy Gosewisch, but after Gosewisch suffered a season-ending knee injury at the end of May, Saltalamacchia became the Diamondbacks' everyday catcher. While he adjusted to the role, he split time with new backup Jordan Pacheco. As the season progressed, the Diamondbacks settled into a three-catcher workload, with Saltalamacchia splitting time behind the plate with Oscar Hernández and Welington Castillo. At the end of the 2015 season, Saltalamacchia, who batted .251 in 70 games with eight home runs and 23 RBIs, became a free agent.
First stint with the Detroit Tigers (2016)
On December 6, 2015, Saltalamacchia signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Tigers. As the Marlins still owed him $8 million from the remainder of that contract, Detroit was allowed to sign Saltalamacchia for the minimum amount. Detroit was primarily interested in Saltalamacchia's switch-hitting abilities, as they were in need of more left-handed batters; defensively, he would serve as the backup catcher for other new acquisition James McCann. When McCann suffered a sprained ankle at the start of the season, Saltalamacchia received regular starting time, and he hit his 100th career home run on April 13, 2016, with a go-ahead grand slam in a 7–3 defeat of the Pittsburgh Pirates. After a strong offensive start which led Tigers manager Brad Ausmus to platoon his two catchers equally, Saltalamacchia fell into a slump as the season progressed, and the Tigers made no attempt to re-sign their backup catcher at the conclusion of the season. Although his offensive performance was middling, batting only .171 with 12 home runs and 38 RBIs in 92 games, Saltalamacchia's primary contribution to the Tigers was his clubhouse presence. He acted as a mentor to young pitchers Michael Fulmer and Matthew Boyd, serving also as Boyd's personal catcher.
Toronto Blue Jays (2017)
The Toronto Blue Jays signed Saltalamacchia to a minor league contract on February 6, 2017, with an invitation to spring training. He was ultimately named to the Blue Jays' opening day roster as a backup catcher for Russell Martin, and he got his first start of the season on April 7, catching for Francisco Liriano. After Saltalamacchia demonstrated difficulties at the plate, going 1-for-25 with 16 strikeouts in 10 games, the Jays recalled Luke Maile from the minors as his replacement. Saltalamacchia was released from the Blue Jays on May 3 but signed a new minor league contract two weeks later and was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. Saltalamacchia's offensive difficulties continued in the minor leagues, and after he batted .162 in 33 games, the Bisons released him on June 30, 2017. Saltalamacchia revealed later that his struggles at the plate were due in large part to the fact that his wife was undergoing health issues at home. As a result, his "mind wasn't there" during games. He spent the remainder of the season serving as a fill-in color commentator for the New England Sports Network (NESN).
Second stint with the Detroit Tigers (2018)
Leading into the 2018 MLB season, Saltalamacchia was contemplating leaving MLB for Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan, or for one of the independent baseball leagues in the United States. On March 9, 2018, however, Saltalamacchia signed a minor league contract with the Tigers, with the understanding that he would primarily play for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens and serve as "insurance" in case one of the major league catchers suffered an injury. He took on the unofficial role of clubhouse teacher with the Mud Hens, helping both the Tigers' pitching prospects and fellow Triple-A catcher Grayson Greiner develop their skills in preparation for an MLB promotion. Greiner and Saltalamacchia had a particular rapport with each other, referring to the other catcher as "Dad" or "Son", respectively. In 67 games with Toledo, Saltalamacchia batted .174, with five home runs and 28 RBIs in 218 at-bats. After Toledo was eliminated from the International League playoffs on September 8, Saltalamacchia was one of three Triple-A players added to the Tigers' expanded roster. He played in five major league games that season, going 0-for-7 with one walk and four strikeouts.
Retirement
Saltalamacchia announced his retirement from baseball on January 28, 2019, after 12 years in Major League Baseball. He told reporter Ken Rosenthal of The Athletic that it was time to "hang up [his] gear and start the next chapter of [his] life", which involved spending more time with his family. Saltalamacchia finished his career with a .232 average, 110 home runs, and 381 RBIs.
After his retirement, Saltalamacchia was hired to coach the baseball team of The King's Academy in West Palm Beach. He took over the position from his former Rangers teammate Brad Wilkerson, who left the school to pursue other baseball opportunities. In addition to coaching The King's Academy, Saltalamacchia was hired by NESN to serve as a substitute sports commentator when the network's regular analysts were unavailable. In 2022, he joined the coaching staff of the Bourne Braves, a collegiate summer baseball team in the Cape Cod Baseball League.
Personal life
Saltalamacchia married his wife Ashley on July 12, 2005. She was a gym teacher at Royal Palm Beach High School during his time as a student, but claims they did not begin dating until 2004, the year after he graduated. They have four daughters. He and his family are Christians, and he listed his strong faith as one of the reasons he decided to coach baseball at The King's Academy. The family lives in Wellington, Florida.
Fourteen letters long, Saltalamacchia had the longest last name in MLB history. The previous recordholder was Ossee Schreckengost, who played for the Red Sox in 1901. He was surpassed by Simeon Woods Richardson in 2022 with sixteen characters (including a space). Most of Saltalamacchia's teammates refer to him by the nickname "Salty".
Politically, Saltalamacchia has expressed several conservative beliefs. Although scheduling conflicts with the Marlins prevented Saltalamacchia from joining his World Series champion teammates on a celebratory visit to the White House, the catcher told reporters that he would have declined to attend regardless, as he did not support then-President Barack Obama. In 2016, Saltalamacchia expressed his disagreement with gridiron football player Colin Kaepernick's decision to take the knee during the playing of the U.S. national anthem prior to games. He referred to Kaepernick's kneeling as "pretty disgusting", and said that the football player "needs to go back to the history books and realize what the flag represents and what a lot of people have sacrificed for it". Later that season, Saltalamacchia wore a pair of cleats emblazoned with the American flag, with a sheriff's badge imprinted on one heel. The cleats were worn to show his support for the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office and were auctioned off at a department charity event that November.
References
External links
Jarrod Saltalamacchia
1985 births
American people of Italian descent
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Atlanta Braves players
Boston Red Sox announcers
Boston Red Sox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cape Cod Baseball League coaches
Detroit Tigers players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
Miami Marlins players
Mississippi Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Peoria Javelinas players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Rome Braves players
Reno Aces players
Baseball players from Atlanta
Baseball players from West Palm Beach, Florida
Texas Rangers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Toros del Este players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod%20Saltalamacchia |
Johann Gottfried Müthel (January 17, 1728 – July 14, 1788) was a German composer and noted keyboard virtuoso. Along with C.P.E. Bach, he represented the Sturm und Drang style of composition.
As far as is known, he was the first to use the term fortepiano in a published work, in the title of his Duetto für 2 Clavier, 2 Flügel, oder 2 Fortepiano (1771), which reflects the rising popularity of the instrument at that time.
Biography
He was born in Mölln in the Duchy of Lauenburg, the fifth of nine children. His father was Christian Caspar, an organist and friend of Georg Philipp Telemann. He studied music with his father, and later Johann Paul Kunzen in Lübeck. When only 19 years of age, he became a court organist and harpsichordist for Duke Christian Ludwig II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Schwerin.
In 1750 he was given leave to become the student of Bach in Leipzig. He became Bach's last pupil, beginning study only three months before the master's death. In that time, he notated a number of the blind composer's final works, including parts of the Orgelbüchlein. According to Bach's biographer Philipp Spitta, he was present at Bach's deathbed, and took over his duties for nine weeks.
Subsequently, Müthel took lessons from Johann Christoph Altnickol, who had also been living and studying with Bach. Afterwards he spent a good deal of time on travel, and he met other composers, the most notable of whom was C.P.E. Bach (then residing at the court of Frederick II of Prussia at Potsdam), with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship and correspondence.
In 1751 Müthel returned to the ducal court, where he remained for two more years, eventually being replaced by his younger brother. Two years later he moved to Riga (now in Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire), where one of his brothers had moved. It was here that he published his first works, in 1756; most of his compositions remained in manuscript during his lifetime. At first he worked as a conductor for a private orchestra, before being appointed organist at St. Peter's Church, which he served from 1767 until 1788, when he died in nearby Bienenhof.
Influence
Riga was far from the established musical centers of Europe; but despite this handicap, and the fact that he saw few of his pieces printed, he gained praise from several competent judges for his virtuosity. The English music historian Charles Burney, who mentioned him several times in his writings, held him in high esteem. The German Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart wrote of his harpsichord skill that "connoisseurs that have heard him cannot praise enough the quickness, correctness and lightness with which he conquers mountains of difficulties." He is believed to have been a skilled improviser on the keyboard. His preference seems to have been for playing the clavichord.
Compositions
Even now, some of the works which Müthel is known to have produced have not yet been released in modern editions. None of his pieces for organ achieved publication in his lifetime, nor were any for non-keyboard instruments.
For keyboard
His known works include a total of seven concerti, nine sonatas, and numerous other shorter pieces.
Concerto for solo Harpsichord in B flat major (printed 1767)
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in C minor (printed 1767)
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in D minor (printed 1767)
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in D major
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in G major
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in B-flat major
Concerto for Harpsichord and strings in B-flat major (doubtful attribution)
Sonata No. 1 in F major (printed in 1756)
Sonata No. 2 in G major (printed in 1756)
Sonata No. 3 in C major (printed in 1756)
Duetto für 2 Clavier, 2 Flügel, oder 2 Fortepiano (printed in 1771)
Duetto in E-flat major (printed in 1771)
Arioso with 12 Variations, No. 1 in G major (printed in 1756)
Arioso with 12 Variations, No. 2 in C minor (printed in 1756)
12 Variations for Clavichord
Minuet with 6 variations
Tempo di Minuetto con Variazioni
Fantasy in F major for Organ
Two Fantasies in E-flat major for Organ
Fantasy in G minor for Organ
Fantasy in G major for Organ
For voice
45 Choice Odes and Songs from Various Poets (45 Auserlesene Oden und Lieder von verschiedenen Dichtern) (printed in 1759)
A cantata
For other instruments
Concerto for Bassoon in C major
Concerto for 2 Bassoons in E-flat major
Sonata in D major for Flute and Basso Continuo
Trivia
Müthel is greatly talked about in the short story "Early Music" by Jeffrey Eugenides.
References
External links
HOASM: Johann Gottfried Müthel
Analysis of Concerto for 2 Bassoons in E-flat
Liner notes from clavichord recording, by Peter Reidemeister
1728 births
1788 deaths
People from Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein
German male classical composers
German Classical-period composers
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
Pupils of Johann Sebastian Bach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Gottfried%20M%C3%BCthel |
The Pilot Island Light is a lighthouse located near Gills Rock, on Pilot Island at the east end of Death's Door passage, in Door County, Wisconsin.
The building's design is similar to Pottawatomie Light on Rock Island (and many others), but is made of brick instead of stone. Until 1910 it was called Port des Morts Island Light. The light was converted to electric in 1942 and automated in 1962.
History
The original Port des Morts Light was built on nearby Plum Island in 1849, but was closed and rebuilt on Pilot Island in 1858 to better mark the channel.
Frequent and oppressive fog made the passage hazardous, as well as making it an extremely lonely and forbidding place to work. A fog bell signal was installed in 1862. In 1864 it was replaced by a foghorn. In 1875 it was converted to a steam powered fog siren. In 1880 a separate fog building was built for a "duplicate" fog siren. This began a steam whistle and new building in 1900 (which still exists near water's edge). In 1904, there came a realization that the whistles were "less than effective" and they were replaced by dual diaphones. The horns made living there difficult; fertilized eggs would be destroyed by the sounds.
Due to the workload associated with the light and fog signal, the station was staffed by a keeper and two assistant keepers. This led to the conversion of an old fog signal building into housing for the second assistant keeper in 1901.
It is one of ten lighthouses in Door County. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 as the Pilot Island Light, reference #83004279.
The island is controlled by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge since 2007. The grounds, dwelling and tower are closed to public use. The lighthouse is currently "abandoned, overgrown, and overrun" by a large cormorant population.
Pilot Island NW Site Shipwrecks
On October 17, 1892, the schooner JE Gilmore wrecked on the reef northwest of the island, very near to where the Forest had wrecked the year before. The crew remained aboard until a storm arrived on October 28, then abandoned ship. As the storm grew, the AP Nichols attempted to make the passage and was also driven onto the reef to join the Forest and JE Gilmore. Keeper Martin Knudsen ventured out onto the reef in the middle of the storm and was able to rescue the crew of six. For this, he was awarded a silver lifesaving medal from the US government and the Life Saving Benevolent Association of New York's gold medal. Partly as a result of this, a US Lifesaving station was built on neighboring Plum Island in 1895.
See Also
Pilot Island NW Site
Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge
References
Further reading
Eckert, Jack, Life on Pilot Island in 1955. (Archived April 13, 2007)
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Pepper, Terry, Seeing the light, Port des Morts Light Station: Pilot Island, Door Peninsula, Wisconsin, (Archived May 16, 2007)
Robb, David, Recollections of Plum Island at Seeing the Light, (Archived December 25, 2007)
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ; .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
NPS Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin, Plum Island Rear Range Light, (Archived February 7, 2007
Lighthouses completed in 1858
Lighthouses in Door County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
1858 establishments in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Door County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%20Island%20Light |
Robert Sheaffer (born 1949) is an American freelance writer and UFO skeptic. He is a paranormal investigator of unidentified flying objects, having researched many sightings and written critiques of the hypothesis that UFOs are alien spacecraft. In addition to UFOs, his writings cover topics such as Christianity, academic feminism, the scientific theory of evolution, and creationism. He is the author of six books.
Sheaffer wrote for Skeptical Inquirer (where he contributed the regular "Psychic Vibrations" column), 1977–2017, Fate Magazine, and Spaceflight. He was a founding member (with Philip J. Klass and James Oberg) of the UFO Subcommittee of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, and is a former fellow of that organization. He is a graduate of Northwestern University and a member of Mensa.
UFO investigation
Sheaffer has frequently been quoted in the news media regarding UFOs and psychic predictions.
On July 7, 2010 a flight crew preparing to land in Hangzhou's Xiaoshan Airport in China reported a UFO. As a precaution 18 flights were "delayed or redirected". Sheaffer's article in Skeptical Inquirer magazine's November/December 2010 issue is a discussion of how photographs and videos are used. "Reporters want an exciting story, and UFOlogists want to win converts. They will typically grab onto any photo or video that is supposed to represent the object and report as fact practically any claim that is made regardless of its source or veracity." In the case of the Xiaoshan Airport, most of the footage shown was actually taken a year previous to the July 2010 incident.
Ufologist Kevin D. Randle was interviewed by Sheaffer for Skeptical Inquirer magazine's January/February 2011 issue: looking to "explore their points of agreement and disagreement, finding that Randle gives more weight to 'eyewitness testimony' than skeptics typically do."
Interviewed by the Toronto Sun newspaper December 20, 2010, Sheaffer is asked by columnist Thane Burnett to debate UFO enthusiast Chris Rutkowski to "debate the known realities". When asked "Is it reasonable to conclude a UFO – something that was beyond our comprehension and understanding – has ever crashed on Earth?" Sheaffer replies "No, because no one has ever produced any proof of any extraterrestrial technology being retrieved, despite many claims. Talk is cheap, show us the evidence."
On the August 4, 2012 episode of the Skeptic Zone podcast, Sheaffer was interviewed by Richard Saunders. When asked about the UFO phenomenon, Sheaffer said, "The Fortean researcher Hilary Evans has said that the UFO mythos looked at in its fullness is the richest set of contemporary myth when you consider all that has come from it.... The Men in Black, saucer crashes, Roswell, aliens, alien abductions, alien hybrids, it just goes on and on from there. It's not just something narrow like Bigfoot.... UFOs have evolved into this enormous richness as a social phenomenon." He also discussed the fallacy of the trained observer. "Pilots, surprisingly, make relatively poor observers, when they're hit with some surprise, unusual stimulus. Their thought is not, 'Gee let me analyze what that thing is.' Their thought is, 'I'm going to collide with that thing, I'd better go into a bank,' etc."
On January 10, 2014, a series called Close Encounters debuted on the Discovery Canada channel. The episode recounted a UFO incident that happened at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana on March 24, 1967. As Sheaffer summarizes it on his blog, "A bright, glowing orange UFO is allegedly seen over the base by security men, and then the Oscar Flight missiles were said to start going off-line, one by one." Sheaffer's investigation concluded that what the base security men probably saw was the planet Mars. "Whenever witnesses report a bright object in the sky that is red or orange, the first thing to check is whether Mars might have been the culprit.... Mars was only about 3 weeks away from its opposition of April 15, 1967, when it would be directly opposite the sun, and at its maximum brightness." As for the base's missiles going off-line, Sheaffer could find no evidence or paper trail to support that, only the claim of (then) Air Force Lieutenant Robert Salas. Noted UFO researcher Robert Hastings responded to Sheaffer's investigation by dismissing the possibility that the glowing object was Mars. Former SAC missile crew commander Tim Hebert goes further than Sheaffer, stating on his blog "At this point in time there is no supporting documentation or statements from security personnel corroborating the claims for what, if anything, was observed out in the field."
Called the "world's top expert on the subject of unidentified flying objects and claims of extraterrestrials" by paranormal investigator Ben Radford in a review of Sheaffer's book Bad UFOs: Critical Thinking About UFO Claims. Radford states that Sheaffer has "encyclopedic knowledge" on "diverse topics" and uses it in the book. The book is ten chapters long and almost 300 pages, he covers '"classic"' as well as "high profiles reports and sightings (that are) decades old". Radford writes that when a UFO claim has been debunked clearly and completely they rarely update their writings or "admit their mistakes... Sheaffer performs a huge... public service... keeping his audience current on old and new claims".
Conspiracy theories
In an interview by Karen Stollznow on Point of Inquiry for May 16, 2011, Sheaffer was asked, "Have any conspiracy theories ever turned out to be correct, or is a 'true conspiracy theory' really something else?" He replied, "Conspiracies occur all the time. Organized crime is a conspiracy... there was a conspiracy to kill President Lincoln.... Real conspiracies do exist but not grand conspiracies [in which] The Masons are planning this, or there's always some shadowy group that you can't really point to or say who's involved."
Climate change
Sheaffer rejects the science of global climate change, writing in 2008 that, "when a prominent theory is opposed by scientists of the caliber of Richard Lindzen of MIT, Reid Bryson of the University of Wisconsin, Freeman Dyson of the Institute for Advanced Study, and many others, it is disingenuous to speak of a 'consensus.'" And concludes, "given that unknown factors have caused previous climate changes, how can we be certain that these same unknown factors are not active today?"
Feminism
Sheaffer has been an outspoken critic of contemporary feminism since the late 1980s. His article, "Feminism, the Noble Lie" was published in the Spring 1995 issue of Free Inquiry Magazine. In it, he criticizes feminist crusades against "satanic cults", and the use of "repressed memories" to uncover supposed "forgotten incest". On his debunker blog, Sheaffer calls modern (post-1960s) feminism a con, and compares it to astrology and parapsychology in its lack of academic peer review, poor scholarship, and prevalence of false and inaccurate information and claims. Sheaffer states that anyone who criticizes the "rampant misinformation" that is prevalent in modern feminism, including feminist scholars such as Christina Hoff Sommers, Camille Paglia, and others, are labeled "enemies of women" and drummed out of the feminist movement. On his website, Sheaffer summarizes his criticism of feminism:
Christianity
Sheaffer has been a vocal critic of creationism, or the belief that God or a Supreme Being created the universe and humanity, and that the Biblical book of Genesis is an accurate account of creation: "Creationists claim they are proving the Genesis account of Creation 'scientifically', but to do so they must violate scientific methodology willy-nilly...so-called 'Scientific Creationism' is just new, modern packaging for that 'Old-Time Religion.'" In his 1991 book The Making of the Messiah, Sheaffer argues that Christianity developed "from the envious anger of the lower classes" towards "Roman power and wealth." Sheaffer disputes the divinity of Jesus Christ, arguing that his mother Mary was not a virgin, but an adulteress, and that Jesus was an illegitimate child. Sheaffer writes that Christ's claim to operate under a "higher law" came from his resentment at being "despised and rejected" in Jewish society due to the circumstances of his birth. Sheaffer argues that Jesus was not crucified, nor did the resurrection take place, but that the story of the Romans crucifying Jesus was created to win converts among those who resented Roman power and rule across their empire. Booklist, while praising Sheaffer for writing a "stern critique" of the rise of Christianity, also notes that "In his eagerness to prove his point, Sheaffer places more value in the documents contradicting the Gospels than in the Gospels themselves, though clearly both sources contain large amounts of propaganda for their respective sides."
Other writings
In his book, Resentment Against Achievement: Understanding The Assault Upon Ability, Sheaffer describes two systems of morality, the pride of achievement, and the resentment sometimes felt by those who have not achieved success toward those who have. Sheaffer contends that resentment towards achievement is seen in "a hostile suspicion towards "greedy capitalists", who are depicted as exploiters rather than what they really are - the creators of jobs and wealth...We see it in a surly animosity towards managers and owners, who are reviled as enemies...Instead of seeing employers as powerful economic allies, the resentful scorn their values, then blame the "system" for them not being able to find work." He argues that poverty among the lower classes is an inevitable consequence of their flawed values, which emphasize hatred and jealously towards achievement and successful people, and that "people do not steal because they are poor, they are poor because they steal." Sheaffer advocates for a new system of morality based on achievement and success rather than religious morality, which he argues celebrates weakness; he "excoriates religion for romanticizing, and hence perpetuating, economic incompetence...[Sheaffer] urges the impoverished to break away from a slave morality that encourages passivity." A review praises Resentment Against Achievement by stating that "for all its harsh denunciation of the resentful, this book is a positive call to action not to harm people but to help them succeed", and that Sheaffer contends that people "who adopt higher-class values and ethics will gradually find themselves accumulating so much money that no one will doubt their status any longer."
X-Files
The twentieth episode of the third season of the X-Files television series, entitled "Jose Chung's From Outer Space", referenced Robert Sheaffer. The plot featured US Air Force test pilots, dressed as aliens, who flew a secret military aircraft designed to resemble a UFO. One pilot was named "Jacques Sheaffer" and the other "Robert Vallee". According to Sheaffer, Chris Carter, the creator of the X-Files series, decided to name the characters after ufologist Jacques Vallee, and debunker Sheaffer, as a joke. Sheaffer further states that "The M.P. [military policeman] who later arrested them (the test pilots) was Sergeant Hynek", a reference to prominent ufologist J. Allen Hynek.
Speaking engagements
Sheaffer was one of the leaders of a workshop on "Preserving Skeptic History" at The Amazing Meeting in 2013.
He was on the panel of the "UFO Claims" session at CSICon, a conference put on by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, in 2011.
He spoke at the "UFOs: The Space-Age Mythology" CSI workshop in 2009.
He spoke at the "Animal Mutilations, Star Maps, UFOs and Television" session of the "Science, Skepticism and the Paranormal" conference put on by CSICOP in 1983.
He spoke at the "Where Are They" symposium at the University of Maryland, November 1979.
Personal life
Sheaffer has had a passion for opera since the age of six, and has been taking voice lessons since 1991. He is a tenor and regularly performs in professional opera productions.
Sheaffer is a member of Mensa International, having been introduced to it by Robert Steiner (1934–2013, fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, president of the Society of American Magicians from 1988 to 1989).
Bibliography
References
External links
Sheaffer's website ("The Debunkers Domain")
Bad UFOs blog
American non-fiction writers
1949 births
American skeptics
Critics of parapsychology
Living people
Male critics of feminism
Mensans
UFO skeptics
American critics of Christianity
Critics of creationism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sheaffer |
Rumpus is a tabloid publication produced six times a year by students at Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. Visually resembling the New York Post, Rumpus is a controversial, humorous publication with content ranging from campus gossip to investigative reporting.
History
Rumpus was first published in fall 1992 by Yale Record contributor Ryan Craig, Euny Hong, and other members of the Classes of 1994 and 1995. Rumpus claims to be the "Oldest College Tabloid," a play on both the Yale Daily News ("Oldest College Daily") and the Yale Record ("Oldest College Humor Magazine").
The founders of Rumpus aimed to write "to be read" by fellow students; its motto is "The only magazine at Yale about Stuff at Yale."
Features
Rumpus''' annual "Yale's Fifty Most Beautiful People" list features glamour shots and profiles of the 25 most attractive male students and the 25 most attractive female students of Yale College.
"Rumpus Rumpus" is a column devoted to rumors and embarrassing campus hijinks. "Remedial Media" critiques other campus publications including the Yale Daily News and the Yale Herald. Rumpus also closely follows the doings of Yale's secret societies, including Skull and Bones, to which both Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush belonged when they were seniors at Yale. The magazine regularly exposes membership lists and once even infiltrated the Skull and Bones retreat at Deer Iland (sic) in Canada.
ControversiesRumpus was sued for libel in 1997 by a local New Haven landlord and ultimately settled the case.
In spring 2001, Rumpus closely followed First Daughter and Yale student Barbara Bush. One article, cited by the Washington Post and other publications around the globe, detailed an incident where Bush and her friends escaped from the assigned Secret Service detail by stranding them at a tollbooth. (Bush was on her way to see a wrestling match at Madison Square Garden.) Barbara's driver had an E-ZPass and the Secret Service did not, which put the Secret Service agents in a position where they had to race at a high speed to catch up with the First Daughter. The Barbara article received attention at the highest levels in the Secret Service and the White House, prompting the Yale administration to request that Rumpus pull the issue from their website for security concerns.Wired, April 21, 2001.
In April 2006, Rumpus was accused of insensitivity by the Asian American Students Association (AASA) and other cultural organizations on campus when the magazine published two articles about racial stereotyping. Rumpus claimed that the articles were intended to ridicule racial stereotyping, not endorse the practice. AASA requested that both Rumpus and the Yale Herald (accused of the same insensitivity) be defunded by the Yale College administration. This request was not granted.
In September 2018, Rumpus'' retracted their annual First-Year issue after backlash against jokes the issue made about sexual assault. The publication apologized, and twelve staffers left their positions.
Founders
Aaron Craig, attorney
Jay Dixit, journalist and writer
Y. Euny Hong, writer and journalist
References
External links
Rumpus Magazine Online
Student magazines published in the United States
College humor magazines
Magazines established in 1992
Magazines published in Connecticut
Yale University publications
Mass media in New Haven, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpus%20Magazine |
Go Tell the Spartans is a 1978 American war film directed by Ted Post and starring Burt Lancaster. The film is based on Daniel Ford's 1967 novel Incident at Muc Wa about U.S. Army military advisors during the early part of the Vietnam War in 1964, when Ford was a correspondent in Vietnam for The Nation.
Plot
In 1964, infantry Major Asa Barker, a seasoned but weary veteran of World War II and Korean War, is given command of a poorly manned US Army advisor outpost overlooking three villages in South Vietnam. He is ordered to reoccupy a nearby deserted hamlet named Muc Wa on the Da Nang-to-Phnom Penh highway - which a decade before had been the scene of a massacre of French soldiers during the First Indochina War.
Barker and his executive officer, the career-oriented Captain Olivetti, order four replacements to accomplish the mission. Second Lieutenant Hamilton hopes that volunteering for Vietnam is an opportunity for promotion. Burnt-out First Sergeant Oleozewski served with Barker in Korea, and has already done three tours in Vietnam (his last assignment saw his previous unit massacred). Corporal Abraham Lincoln is a combat medic and a drug addict. The fourth man mystifies Barker. Draftee Corporal Courcey is a demolitions expert who extended his enlistment by six months to serve in Vietnam. Maj. Barker sends the new men plus Corporal Ackley, a communications expert, to garrison Muc Wa with a half-French, half-Vietnamese interpreter/interrogation specialist named Nguyen "Cowboy". A hardcore squad of Hmong mercenaries and a motley mob of about 20 South Vietnamese Popular Force civilian "troops", equipped with various firearms.
After the group encounter a booby-trapped roadblock on the way to Muc Wa, they capture a lone Viet Cong soldier who is beheaded by Cowboy when the man refuses to divulge information. On arrival at the hamlet, Lt. Hamilton follows Oleozewski's defensive advice so the unit can be resupplied by helicopter. Courcey discovers the graveyard where 302 French soldiers were buried after being massacred by the Viet Minh. He translates a French inscription at the entrance as "Go, tell the Spartans, stranger passing by. That here, obedient to their laws, we lie" which references the Battle of Thermopylae. Courcey spots a one-eyed VC soldier scouting the area.
Courcey leads a patrol that finds Vietnamese women and children fishing along a small creek despite intelligence saying no civilians live in the area. Courcey befriends some of them despite the language barrier. That evening, the VC attack Muc Wa and Lincoln is wounded. Courcey leads an ambush patrol that kills a VC mortar crew, which included one of the women he spoke to earlier. The next morning, Barker travels to Saigon to meet Colonel Minh, the region's military leader, to request he send at least 300 ARVN troops to Muc Wa. Minh refuses, claiming he needs the troops in Saigon to prevent a potential coup, but he offers the reinforcements in exchange for 1,500 artillery shells.
That evening, Muc Wa is attacked again. After ignoring Oleonozski's warnings, Lt. Hamilton is killed trying to rescue a badly wounded man who was left behind by a combat patrol. An anguished Oleonozski commits suicide the next day. When informed of the deaths, Barker wants to pull his troops out now that they lack an experienced leader, but this request is denied by General Harnitz forcing Barker to send Olivetti to Muc Wa. That night, the outpost is attacked again by a large force of well-armed Viet Cong, not the few dozen predicted by high command. US helicopter gunships arrive just in time to save the outpost from being overrun.
The next morning, Harnitz finally orders Barker to withdraw all American troops from Muc Wa, which is now believed to be besieged by the 1,000-strong 507th Viet Cong battalion. However, all the South Vietnamese and the walking wounded are to be left. Barker volunteers to stay and help evacuate these troops. Cowboy kills some Vietnamese civilians that Courcey brought into the base camp after they stole weapons and tried to escape. But a teenage girl, who Courcey tried to befriend, escapes and informs the VC of the Americans' evacuation plans. As night falls, Barker and Courcey begin the retreat from Muc Wa under the cover of friendly artillery fire. However, the group is ambushed and Barker is killed by the waiting VC, who are led by the same teenage girl. A wounded Courcey is hidden in bushes by an elderly militiaman.
The next morning, Courcey is the only survivor. He finds that Barker and the South Vietnamese militia soldiers have been stripped of their uniforms and weapons. A dazed Courcey staggers into the French graveyard where he encounters the one-eyed VC scout whom he had seen earlier. The badly wounded VC raises his rifle at Courcey before dropping it out of exhaustion. Courcey wanders out of the graveyard onto the dirt road leading away from the ruins of Muc Wa.
Cast
Burt Lancaster as Maj. Asa Barker
Craig Wasson as Cpl. Courcey
Jonathan Goldsmith as 1SG Oleonowski
Marc Singer as Capt. Olivetti
Joe Unger as Lt. Hamilton
Dennis Howard as Cpl. Abraham Lincoln
David Clennon as Lt. Finley Wattsberg
Evan C. Kim as Cpl. "Cowboy"
John Megna as Cpl. Ackley
Hilly Hicks as Signalman Toffee
Dolph Sweet as Gen. Harnitz
Clyde Kusatsu as Col. "Lard Ass" Minh
James Hong as Pvt. "Old Man"
Denice Kumagai as "Butterfly"
Tad Horino as "One-eyed Charlie" (Vietcong scout)
Phong Diep as Minh's Interpreter
Ralph Brannen as Col. Minh's ADC
Mark Carlton as Capt. Schlitz
Production
Development
Director Ted Post persuaded Avco Embassy Pictures to produce the film on a limited budget. He sent the script to a friend of Burt Lancaster, then 65 years old, who was recuperating from a knee injury (his character limps throughout the film). Calling the script brilliant, Lancaster agreed to star in it, and when the 31-day production budget ran short, he paid $150,000 to complete it. The younger actors cast were Marc Singer as infantry Captain Al Olivetti, a gung-ho career officer seeking to earn the Combat Infantryman Badge, and Craig Wasson as Corporal Courcey, the idealistic college-educated draftee who wants to see what a real war is like.
Writing
The story was inspired by a futile 1964 special-forces operation at Tan Hoa in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, an objective that turned out to be an abandoned settlement containing only a field, an abandoned airstrip and three or four French gravestones. The graves inspired the film's title, taken from Simonides's epitaph to the 300 soldiers killed in the Battle of Thermopylae against the Persians in 480 B.C.: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here, obedient to their laws, we lie." The film's name thus constitutes foreshadowing of the narrative arc, as the film's soldiers–like the Spartans at Thermopylae–are sent to their deaths.
The screenplay by Wendell Mayes was shopped around for years with various older leading men such as Robert Mitchum, William Holden and Paul Newman offered the role of Major Asa Barker. The project was turned down by Paramount and 20th Century Fox.
Unlike the elite US Army Special Forces of Ford's original novel, whom he called the "US Army Raiders", Mayes' screenplay of Military Assistance Advisory Group military advisors comprised a collection of misfits. A female reporter character in the novel was removed from the screenplay.
In 1977, the producers sought assistance from the U.S. Army, who responded that assistance would only be forthcoming if modifications to the script and characters were made. The Army response stated that its advisors to Vietnam in 1964 were "virtually all outstanding individuals, hand picked for their jobs, and quite experienced ... [I]n presenting an offhand collection of losers it is totally unrealistic of the Army in Vietnam in that period".
Filming
The film was made on location in Valencia, California.
Release
Go Tell the Spartans was released in the United States on June 14, 1978. In the Philippines, the film was released by Transamerica on November 14, 1978. It was re-released on September 7, 1987, and released on VHS cassette on May 13, 1992. It was released on DVD by HBO Home Video (through Warner Home Video) on August 30, 2005 and as a limited-edition Blu-ray by Scorpion Releasing in June 2016.
Reception
Though the film had a limited release in the United States, critics, especially those opposed to the Vietnam War, praised it: "In sure, swift strokes", wrote Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in the Saturday Review, "it shows the irrelevance of the American presence in Vietnam, the corruption wrought by that irrelevance, and the fortuity, cruelty, and waste of an irrelevant war." Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote in June 1978- 'This is the best film I've seen to date about the Vietnam War excepting two documentaries. Roger Grooms, in the Cincinnati Enquirer, judged it to be "one of the noblest films, ever, about men in crisis".
Over time, the previously overlooked film became an antiwar classic. At one of its revivals, it was described as:
A cult fave – and deservedly so – Go Tell the Spartans was hard-headed and brutally realistic about our dead-end presence in Vietnam; released the same year as Coming Home (United Artists) and The Deer Hunter (EMI Films released by Universal Pictures), the film won critical admiration, but audiences preferred individualised sagas, sentiment, and romantic melodrama. Rather than tackle the effects of the war on physically and emotionally wounded vets, this brave film exposed the fundamental, tactical lunacy of the war as perceived by an American officer (Burt Lancaster) who knows better, but must follow through on stupid, self-destructive orders from above. This is one of Lancaster's best performances: embittered, a cog in the military juggernaut, this good man foresees the killing waste to come.
Awards and nominations
In 1979, Wendell Mayes' screenplay was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for "Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium (Screen)".
References
External links
Daniel Ford on the novel and film
1978 films
1978 drama films
1970s American films
1970s English-language films
1970s war drama films
American war drama films
American war epic films
Embassy Pictures films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Ted Post
Films set in 1964
Films set in Da Nang
Films set in Saigon
Films with screenplays by Wendell Mayes
Vietnam War films
War films based on actual events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20Tell%20the%20Spartans |
The Australian Agricultural Company (AACo) () is a public-listed Australian company that, as of 2018, owns and operates feedlots and farms covering around of land in Queensland and the Northern Territory, roughly one percent of Australia's land mass. As of July 2008 AACo had a staff of 500 and operated 24 cattle stations and two feedlots, consisting of over 565,000 beef cattle.
Since 2022, more than half the shares of AACo have been owned by the Tavistock Group, the investment vehicle of Joe Lewis.
Founding of the company
The inquiry into the colony of New South Wales conducted by John Bigge from 1819 to 1823 recommended that large grants of land be given to "men of real capital" who would utilise significant levels of convict labour to maintain these estates. The inquiry was initiated by the Earl of Bathurst and John Macarthur to protect both the system of land grants to wealthy individuals and also the transportation system of cheap prison labor to the colony. As a result of the Bigge Inquiry, the Australian Agricultural Company (A.A.Co.) was formed by an Act of the British Parliament and incorporated by royal charter on 1 November 1824 for the cultivation and improvement of waste lands in the colony of New South Wales and other purposes, amongst which was the production of fine merino wool for export to Great Britain. A group of about 400 well-connected British investors funded the company with a combined capital of one million pounds (made up of ten thousand shares of £100 each). A grant of one million acres (about 405,000 hectares) was obtained in the colony for agricultural development, subject to the performance of certain conditions, with the company to be allowed to select the location of the grant.
Among the principal members of this company were the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General of England, 28 members of Parliament, including Mr. Brougham, and Joseph Hume, the Governor, Deputy Governor and eight of the directors of the Bank of England; the Chairman and Deputy-Chairman and five directors of the British East India Company, besides many other eminent bankers and merchants of England. There were 41 investors based in New South Wales which included some of the wealthiest colonists such as the Macarthur family and Phillip Parker King.
The initial million acres selected under the founding charter extended from Port Stephens, embracing the Karuah River valley, to the Gloucester flats, and included all of the coastal region north to the Manning River. The company commenced its operations in 1826 with its first manager Robert Dawson, who stocked the property with flocks of Merino sheep. The wool produced by the company was to be exported to Great Britain to ensure a cheap reliable supply of British wool which at that time was being outpriced by German imports.
However, it soon found that better land was available and, in 1830, a communication from the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Darling notified the latter that the company was to be permitted to select land in the interior of the colony, in lieu of an equivalent area at Port Stephens, but retaining mineral rights to the latter. After an inspection in 1833, the company decided on two new areas. These were the Warrah Estate of , west of Murrurundi, and Goonoo Goonoo estate of , along with the left bank of the Peel River to the south of present-day Tamworth, New South Wales. The township of West Tamworth adjacent to the present city was the original company-owned business centre for the area. In 1856, Arthur Hodgson was appointed general superintendent of the company. The pioneering settlers of the area were ordered to leave and paid little from the company for their properties.
Convicts soon became the companies largest type of employee, although those who had served a sentence, aborigines and indentured servants on seven-year contracts were also employed with the latter making up the bulk of initial employees. The AACo attempted to exploit convict labour to generate a profit. When the supply of convicts was facing potential limits in the mid-1830s, company directors attempted to source convicts from the city-state of Hamburg.
It is one of Australia's oldest still-operating companies. Its headquarters are today in Brisbane and it has been listed (or relisted) on the Australian Stock Exchange since 2001.
Coal
The colonial government was not able to manage coal production efficiently. On 3 May 1833 the company received land grants at Newcastle totaling plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. The company became the largest exporter of coal from Newcastle for many decades. They also bought of freehold and of leasehold land on the South Maitland coalfields at Weston, near Kurri Kurri, where they built the Hebburn Colliery. Because of drought and depression during the 1840s mining created more profit than wool production did.
By December 1903 the pit was sending a fully loaded train away each day. By 1912, the output exceeded per day and a large overseas trade had developed from this mine. In May 1906 the company purchased a half-share in the Aberdare Junction to Cessnock railway for £40,000 which, already owning the other half, placed them in full ownership of the line. With the post-Great War slump, the company ceased its coal-mining activities in the early 1920s, sold their assets therein, and moved on into the cattle industry.
The AACo's coat-of-arms are affixed to two stone columns erected in Gordon Avenue, Hamilton (originally known as Pittown, Borehole or Happy Flat)located on the corners Learmonth Park (Alexander Street and Gordon Avenue, and Jenner Parade and Gordon Avenue)in an area once known as Newcastle's garden suburb.
Australia's first railway
On 10 December 1831 the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, located at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets, Newcastle, New South Wales. Privately owned and operated to service the A Pit coal mine, it was a cast-iron fishbelly rail on an inclined plane as a gravitational railway, described as follows:
The AACo constructed a total of three gravitational railways: the second was in 1837 to service B Pit and the third was in mid-1842 to service C Pit. The gravitational railway from B Pit connected with the 1831 railway. The gravitational railway from C Pit, which made use of the last of the government’s offer of cheap convict labour, feed onto an extended gravitational railway to reach the port. It is presumed that when the A Pit mine was exhausted in July 1846 its railway was directly transferred to form the C Pit railway, although no hard evidence can support this thought.
On 10 December 2006 a plaque was unveiled on the southern shore of Newcastle Harbour celebrating this event.
Short-lived coal monopoly and providing land access: disputes with James Mitchell
In 1828, 3 years after commencing their 31-year lease, the AACo was accorded a monopolistic position after the company received a grant of of coal land in the centre of Newcastle. Further, it was feared that the company may have had control of the entire coal supply in the Colony had the Crown Law Officers responsible for the substitution of a grant for the lease not objected and an alternative agreed upon.
Between 1835 and 1850, the AACo was involved in significant Australian historical law events relating to monopolistic coal mining and private railway access.
In 1835 James Mitchell purchased approximately of coastal land extending from the far side of Merewether ridge to Glenrock Lagoon and named the property the Burwood estate, which was later extended to 1,834 acres. Not long after Ludwig Leichhardt’s visit to the Burwood estate in 1842, Mitchell announced the planned commissioning of tramroad tunnels, Australia’s first two railway tunnels, through Burwood ridge (or bluff).
While Leichhardt visited the Burwood estate he drew up the stratigraphy of the coastline. It is speculated that Leichhardt may have established the extent of the coal seams under Mitchell’s property. Mitchell claimed the construction of the tunnels was to allow access to Burwood Beach in order to build a salt works. It is further speculated that Mitchell actually sought to destroy the Australian Agricultural Company’s legal monopoly on coal mining. Prior to these events Mitchell had already approached Governor Gipps seeking:
a repeal of the Metallic Ores Act;
Newcastle be made a free port and
that he be permitted to mine and use coal from Burwood estate as fuel for a copper smelter.
Mitchell was unsuccessful with only his request to use coal as fuel in a copper smelter.
Although Mitchell had no legal use of coal, the commissioned tunnel project commenced in 1846 with the cutting line being directly into a coal seam. Between 2 and 3 thousand tonnes of coal were extracted but unusable owing to the AACo's monopoly.
While Mitchell’s operations were going on, a number of small illegal mines operated in the district in defiance of the monopoly. A mine near East Maitland operated by Mr James Brown undercut the AACo's price to supply coal to steamships at Morpeth which led to prosecution. The government’s legal advice after this case was that they would have to individually prosecute every illegal mine, which Governor FitzRoy believed the cost of the prosecutions should be paid for by the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1847, the NSW Legislative Council created the Coal Inquiry and appointed a select committee to investigate the matter. Both Mitchell and Brown gave evidence; Mitchell in relation to his tunnel and Brown in relation to price cutting. Before the committee could issue any recommendations, the Australian Agricultural Company relinquished its monopoly. Mitchell proceeded to lease out the coal rights on the Burwood estate, with five mines being quickly established by J & A Brown, Donaldson, Alexander Brown, Nott and Morgan.
Because the AACo owned the land between the Burwood estate and the Port of Newcastle the company refused to allow Mitchell to transport coal by rail across its land. Mitchell successfully lobbied the government again by having New South Wales' first Private Act of Parliament titled, Burwood and Newcastle Tramroad Act 1850, passed, that specifically allowed Mitchell to carry coal through AACo lands.
Also in 1850, the coal mining monopoly ended with the peal of the Metallic Ores Act as promised by Governor Gipps, allowing copper to be brought into NSW duty-free. After the monopoly ended, Mitchell established the copper smelter in 1851 until its closure in 1872. In 1913, salvaged bricks from the site were used to cap some of the old mines.
Company towns
Stroud
Carrington
Hamilton
Cattle stations
Cattle grazing for the production of beef has long been a focus of the company.
The managing director of AACo. from 1974 to 1988 was Trevor Schmidt, whose family also owned Alroy Downs Station in the Northern Territory.
In 2012 the company entered an agreement with the Bunuba Cattle Company where AACo would manage the operations and the Bunuba would receive an annual rent and training opportunities and have complete access to their lands. The Bunuba hold the leases to Leopold Downs and Fairfield Downs stations, located north of Fitzroy Crossing. Together the properties occupy an area of and have a maximum carrying capacity of 20,000 head of cattle.
AACo. acquired two properties in the Northern Territory, Welltree and La Belle Stations, in 2013 from R. M. Williams Agricultural Holdings. The properties had been bought for 27.1 million after R. M. Williams went into receivership.
The company owns Anthony Lagoon, Austral Downs, Brunette Downs, Camfield and Delamere Station in the Northern Territory. In Queensland it owns Canobie, Headingly, South Galway, Dalgonally, Carrum, Glentana, Wylarah, Goonoo station and feedlot, Aronui feedlot and Wondoola stations.
See also
List of companies of Australia
List of oldest companies in Australia
Agriculture in Australia
Avon Downs Station
East Warrah Woolshed
Windy Station Woolshed
References
Further reading
Eardley, Gifford H., The Railways of the South Maitland Coalfields, Australian Railway Historical Society New South Wales Division, 1969, (P/B), National Library of Australia catalogue number AUS 69-2539
Bairstow Damaris A million pounds A million acres (4,000 km²). Self-published 2003
Australian Heritage magazine, Autumn 2009
External links
Agriculture companies of Australia
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Australian companies established in 1824
Companies based in Brisbane
Meat industry organizations
Australian food and drink organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Agricultural%20Company |
David Michie OBE, RSA, PSSA, FRSA, RGI (30 November 1928 – 24 August 2015) was a Scottish artist of international stature.
Life
The third son of the architect and painter James Beattie Michie, and the renowned Scottish artist Anne Redpath, he was born in 1928 in Saint-Raphaël, in the Var département in the south of France. David was the younger brother of the painter and sculptor Alastair Michie, His father had a position there as private architect to Charles Thomson, a wealthy American, and the Michie family lived in the boathouse of his villa, the Chateau Gloria. After Charles Thomson suffered losses in the Crash of 1929, the decline in his fortunes eventually brought an end to the Michie family's life there, and in 1934 David returned with his mother and brothers to Hawick, his mother's home town in the Scottish Borders. From the age of six he attended primary school at Hawick, before going on to Hawick High School.
In 1946, he went from school to Edinburgh College of Art (ECA), but his time there was interrupted when he was called up, following the introduction of National Service in 1947, to serve two years in the Signals Corps, mostly in Wales, qualifying as an instructor in the Royal Artillery Signals Training regiment. After his national service he returned to ECA from 1949 to 1953, where he was taught by William Gillies. The three talented young Scottish painters David Michie, David McClure and John Houston, although born in different years, as a result of the national service of the first and the war service of the second, all finished College in the same year and remained close friends afterwards. Awarded a travelling scholarship by the College in 1954, Michie went to Italy together with John Houston. They travelled to different parts of the country, but also stayed for a memorable period in the hill-top town of Anticoli Corrado.
Michie originally lectured at Gray's School of Art in Aberdeen. In 1961 he returned to Edinburgh to teach at ECA. From 1982 to 1990 he was Head of the Drawing and Painting School. He served as Vice Principal from 1974-1977 and was made a Professor in 1988. He retired in 1990. In 1979 he was Visiting Artist at the University of the Arts in Belgrade. In 1991 he went to the University of California at Santa Barbara as Visiting Professor. In 1997 he was appointed an OBE, and in 2009 he received an Honorary Fellowship from ECA "in recognition of [his] outstanding contribution to the life of the College and the education of its students".
David Michie had many gallery and museum exhibitions, including the Royal Scottish Academy, the Lemon Street Gallery, and the Mercury Gallery. Numerous works by the artist have been sold at auction, notably Aeroplanes Passing By, sold at Christie's King Street in The Scottish Sale in 2007. Several articles about him have been published, including Art review: The Michie Family, The Scottish Gallery, Edinburgh. He is represented in many private as well as in numerous public collections, including those of Aberdeen Art Gallery, Glasgow Museums, The City of Edinburgh Museums, The University of Edinburgh, Tate Gallery, Art in Healthcare and Maggie's Centre, Edinburgh.
His work, often inspired by travel, was always colourful and light in touch. Even in the Fifties, when the painting of his close friends was often sombre, his own, though it could be dark in tone, was usually lightened in mood by flashes of bright colour. Later this same lightness of touch was often expressed in humorous observation of human behaviour. His interest lay, "not in grand historical paintings but in the beauty of the everyday observed at first hand, the view from his window, the racing pigeons shown by miners at a local Pigeon Fancying fair, a bunch of flowers in a jug". Some of his paintings reflect his travels in the USA and Australia. Favourite subjects include birds, Nature, and people in the street. He worked both in oils and watercolour.
Memberships
Royal Scottish Academy, Society of Scottish Artists, Fellow Royal Society of Arts, Founding Fellow Institute of Contemporary Scotland, Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts.
References
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters
21st-century Scottish male artists
1928 births
2015 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Scottish Academicians
Presidents of the Society of Scottish Artists
20th-century Scottish male artists
Guthrie Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Michie |
Separation Sunday is the second studio album by the American indie rock band the Hold Steady, released on May 3, 2005, through Frenchkiss Records. A concept album, Separation Sunday follows the interconnected stories of several fictional characters: Craig (the narrator), Holly (short for Halleluiah), a sometimes addict, sometimes prostitute, sometimes born again Christian or Catholic (and sometimes all three simultaneously); Charlemagne, a pimp; and Gideon, a skinhead, as they travel from city to city and party to party.
Separation Sunday is lyrically dense, full of Biblical allusions, self-reference word play, and puns. Vocalist/songwriter Craig Finn typically delivers these lyrics in a distinct flavor of sprechgesang.
Musically, Separation Sunday touches on elements of Classic rock: guitar solos, riff-based structures, use of piano and organ, and guitar harmony. Structurally, however, most songs eschew the standard verse-chorus-verse song structure, frequently foregoing choruses or refrains altogether. In a review of the album, Blender described the Hold Steady as "sound[ing] like the best bar band in the world."
The album cover was photographed at the corner of Maspeth Avenue and Conselyea Street in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
The song "Your Little Hoodrat Friend" was featured on the video game Tony Hawk's Project 8.
Critical reception
The album received an 8.7 on Pitchfork, and ranked at number eight on the 2005 Pazz & Jop critic's poll. The album was named the number ten album of the year by Spin. Punknews.org ranked the album at number 18 on their list of the year's 20 best releases.
Track listing
All songs written by Craig Finn and Tad Kubler, except where noted.
"Hornets! Hornets!" – 4:48
"Cattle and the Creeping Things" – 3:47
"Your Little Hoodrat Friend" – 3:54
"Banging Camp" – 4:16
"Charlemagne in Sweatpants" – 3:59
"Stevie Nix" (Finn, Kubler, Galen Polivka) – 5:28
"Multitude of Casualties" – 3:06
"Don't Let Me Explode" (Finn, Franz Nicolay) – 2:23
"Chicago Seemed Tired Last Night" (Finn, Kubler, Nicolay) – 3:20
"Crucifixion Cruise" – 1:51
"How a Resurrection Really Feels" – 5:32
2016 CD reissue bonus tracks
"212-Margarita" – 3:58
"The Most Important Thing" – 3:57
"Cattle and the Creeping Things" (demo) – 3:50
"Charlemagne in Sweatpants" (demo) – 3:58
"Crucifixion Cruise" (guitar demo) – 1:38
"Crucifixion Cruise" (piano demo) – 1:46
Personnel
The Hold Steady
Craig Finn – lead vocals, guitar
Tad Kubler – guitar
Galen Polivka – bass guitar
Franz Nicolay – keyboards
Judd Counsell – drums (1-4, 11)
Bobby Drake – drums (5-10)
Additional musicians
Nicole Wills – vocals
Peter Hess – horns
Tim Byrnes – horns
Alan Ferber – horns
Technical
Dean Baltulonis – producer, engineer, mixing
Dave Gardner – producer, engineer, mixing, mastering
Tad Kubler – design, layout
Seth Jabour – design, layout
References
2005 albums
The Hold Steady albums
Frenchkiss Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20Sunday |
MLS Cup 2000 was the fifth edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), which took place on October 15, 2000, at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. It was contested by the Kansas City Wizards and Chicago Fire to decide the champion of the 2000 MLS season.
Kansas City became the first Western Conference team to win the MLS Cup, with the lone goal of the match scored in the 11th minute by Miklos Molnar. It was also the first MLS Cup to not feature a team from the Eastern Conference club, due to the three-division system used from 2000 to 2001. The match was watched by 39,159 spectators and broadcast nationally on ABC with commentary by Jack Edwards and Ty Keough.
Venue
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., the home of D.C. United, was chosen to host MLS Cup 2000. It previously hosted MLS Cup 1997, during which United won their second league championship, the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and the 1996 Olympics men's soccer tournament. The 2000 final was the first MLS Cup to not feature D.C. United, as the team failed to qualify for the playoffs.
At the time of the match in October 2000, seating capacity of the stadium was 56,454 spectators. RFK Stadium was officially announced as the host on February 23, 2000. The other bidder, Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, had been favored by the league and was unable to resolve a scheduling conflict with a college football team until too late in the selection process.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer, a professional club soccer league based in the United States. The 2000 season was the fifth in the league's history and was contested by twelve teams organized into three divisions (later renamed conferences), each with four teams. The 32-match regular season, which ran for 26 weeks from March to September, was arranged to have each team play opponents within their division four times and six teams outside of their division twice; the regular season also had a set of four home-and-away matches for two out-of-division teams, determined by standings from the opposite conference in the 1999 season. Prior to the season, MLS eliminated the previously-used countdown clock and shootout tiebreakers in favor of international rules. Referees would manage time on a count-up clock with stoppage time and tied matches would be allowed following two periods of five-minute golden goal overtime.
The MLS Cup Playoffs ran from mid-September to October and was contested by the winners of the three divisions and five wild card teams with the most points regardless of division, who were then seeded based on overall standings. The playoffs were organized into three rounds, the first two being a home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format. Teams were awarded three points for a win and one point for a draw, and the first team to earn five points would advance. The MLS Cup final remained a single match at a predetermined venue.
MLS Cup 2000 was contested by the Kansas City Wizards of the Western Division and the Chicago Fire of the Central Division. Both teams finished atop their respective divisions with 57 points, but the Wizards clinched the Supporters' Shield on the goal difference tiebreaker by two goals. The Fire, who won the MLS Cup in 1998, were the top-scoring team during the 2000 season, while the Wizards conceded the fewest goals. Kansas City and Chicago met twice during the regular season, trading wins at home; the Wizards won 4–3 on March 25 and the Fire won 3–2 on June 4. MLS Cup 2000 was the first edition of the league's championship to not feature D.C. United, whose stadium was used for the match.
Kansas City Wizards
The Kansas City Wizards (originally the "Wiz") qualified for the playoffs in their first two seasons, finishing atop the Western Conference in 1997, but had never appeared in the MLS Cup final. The Wizards then finished with a 12–20 record in 1998 and failed to qualify for the playoffs under head coach Ron Newman, who was fired after a 0–7 start the following year. Newman was replaced by Bob Gansler, who finished the 1999 season with a 8–24 record, the second-worst in the league, while rebuilding the team's roster. Several members of the inaugural season's team, including forward Vitalis Takawira and defenders Sean Bowers and Scott Uderitz, were waived by the Wizards at the end of the 1999 season, while Alexi Lalas announced his retirement.
Gansler and new general manager Curt Johnson made several key signing in the offseason, beginning with the acquisition of Danish forward Miklos Molnar from Sevilla F.C. in January 2000. The Wizards traded defender Scott Vermillion to the Colorado Rapids in exchange for defenders Peter Vermes and Matt McKeon, who had previously played for the Wiz. The team signed two players they selected in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft: defender Nick Garcia, the second-overall pick, and Kerry Zavagnin, a third-round pick from the A-League. Kansas City finished their preseason with a 3–2–2 record, including two weeks in Bolivia, and saw the return of goalkeeper Tony Meola from an injury that kept him from playing for most of the 1999 season.
The Wizards opened the 2000 season with a 4–3 defeat of the Chicago Fire and went on an eleven-match unbeaten streak, amassing a 10–0–2 record through the end of May. The team's turnaround was credited to an improved defense, conceding only five goals and allowing Meola to earn a league-record shutout streak of 681 minutes, and consistent production from Molnar, who scored nine goals. The streak was broken by Chicago, who won 3–2 at Soldier Field on June 4, but Kansas City remained atop the league standings with an eight-point lead over the Los Angeles Galaxy in the Western Division.
Kansas City went winless in four league matches for most of June, in part due to the absence of Molnar while playing for the Danish national team, but maintained their home shutout streak. The team were also eliminated from the U.S. Open Cup in a penalty shootout by the Chicago Sockers of the USL Premier Development League in the third tier. After a 2–0 defeat of Los Angeles and a scoreless draw with the San Jose Earthquakes, the Wizards where shutout in three consecutive losses before closing out July with a 3–1 victory against the Columbus Crew. Kansas City was represented in the 2000 MLS All-Star Game with five players, including West captain Preki, and manager Bob Gansler.
The Wizards' lead in the Western Division standings narrowed to four points by early August as the team lost 5–1 and drew 1–1 with the Galaxy in back-to-back matches. Kansas City then lost Meola to a national team call-up and forwards Molnar and Mo Johnston to injuries, but were able to win 3–0 in San Jose with a starting lineup of reserve players. Following a 2–1 loss to the Miami Fusion at home, the Wizards began a five-match stretch to close out the season, including four matches played on the road. The team earned draws against the MetroStars and Colorado Rapids, clinching a playoff spot, while four of its forwards were sidelined with injuries. Kansas City clinched the Western Division title with a 1–0 road victory against the New England Revolution, which was followed by the Supporters' Shield through a draw against the Tampa Bay Mutiny with several reserve players. Gansler was named Coach of the Year for his team's improved record, while Tony Meola earned the MLS MVP Award, Goalkeeper of the Year, and Comeback Player of the Year for his league-record 16 shutouts. Peter Vermes was also named Defender of the Year for his role in the Wizards' league-best 29 goals conceded.
In the quarterfinals of the MLS Cup Playoffs, Kansas City faced the eighth-seed Colorado Rapids, who had eliminated them in the first round of the 1997 playoffs. The Wizards opened their playoff run with a 1–0 victory at home through a Molnar goal in the 18th minute, but were held to a scoreless draw at Mile High Stadium in Denver to force a third match in the series. The Rapids had the majority of scoring chances in both matches, but were denied by Meola's goalkeeping and a strong defensive performance from the Wizards. Kansas City advanced to the semifinals with a 3–2 victory at home in the third leg of the series, clinching a 7–1 lead on points. The Wizards took the lead in the 11th minute through a goal from Chris Henderson and followed up with two goals early in the second half from Molnar in the 65th minute and Francisco Gomez in the 69th minute; Paul Bravo scored for the Rapids a minute after Gomez's goal, but the team failed to mount a comeback after Junior Agogo was sent off with a red card.
The Wizards played the semifinals against the fifth-seeded Los Angeles Galaxy, who had eliminated them in the 1996 playoffs and had finished as MLS Cup runners-up in 1999. The first leg at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City ended in a scoreless draw as six yellow cards were given to players, including three in overtime. The Wizards lost the second leg at the Rose Bowl in overtime by a 2–1 scoreline, having earned a 1–1 draw in regulation time. Kansas City fell behind in the 16th minute from a shot by Cobi Jones, but midfielder Matt McKeon equalized in the 29th minute; substitute defender Danny Califf, who had returned from the Summer Olympics team, scored a header in the third minute of golden goal overtime to clinch a Galaxy victory. In the deciding third leg at Arrowhead Stadium, the Wizards went ahead in the 22nd minute through a Molnar penalty kick and won 1–0 in regulation time, tying the series at four points apiece. During the sixth minute of the ensuing sudden-death overtime, Molnar scored the team's first golden goal of the season by collecting an errant ball from Danny Califf, who had also conceded the penalty kick in regulation time.
Chicago Fire
The Chicago Fire entered the league as an expansion team in 1998 and won the MLS Cup and U.S. Open Cup in their inaugural season under the direction of head coach Bob Bradley and a core of veteran players from Eastern Europe. Their second season ended in the first round of the playoffs, where they were eliminated by the Dallas Burn, who mounted a comeback in the third match of the series to win 3–2. The Fire were able to retain most of their starting players over the offseason, but released veterans Roman Kosecki and Jerzy Podbrożny to Polish clubs and lost Frank Klopas to retirement. In early February, Chicago acquired midfielder DaMarcus Beasley from Los Angeles and selected defender Carlos Bocanegra with the fourth pick in the MLS SuperDraft to add younger talent to their starting lineup. Bulgarian forward Hristo Stoichkov was signed to a one-year contract the following month to serve as a veteran star for the team; his signing required the trade of Francis Okaroh to Miami for compliance with the league's salary cap.
After a month-long preseason in Florida and Costa Rica, the Fire began their regular season campaign with four consecutive away matches and played without goalkeeper Zach Thornton due to a calf injury. Chicago were defeated in their first two matches, losing 4–2 to Dallas and 4–3 to Kansas City, while captain Peter Nowak and midfielder Chris Armas were sidelined with their own injuries. Backup goalkeeper Greg Sutton was waived by the team after starting in the two losses and replaced by Chris Snitko, acquired in a trade with Kansas City; Snitko's acquisition forced a further trade of forward Junior Agogo to comply with the league's salary cap ahead of the signing of veteran midfielder Mike Sorber from the New England Revolution. The Fire closed out their road tour with a 2–0 victory against the Columbus Crew and a 2–3 loss to D.C. United in overtime.
Chicago returned home to Soldier Field with a 1–0 victory against the Miami Fusion, due in part to Thornton's return from his injury and the debuts of Bocanegra and Sorber for the team. The Fire settled into a stretch of five home fixtures over seven matches, winning four times and improving their record to 6–5–1 to overtake Dallas and Tampa Bay for first place in the Central Division. Stoitchkov was left out of the starting lineup for most of May due to a groin strain and replaced by Ante Razov, who recorded 10 goals in 12 matches to lead MLS in scoring and earned the first hat-trick in club history. Chicago also lost a trio of key players—Razov, Armas, and defender C. J. Brown—to the U.S. national team for the 2000 U.S. Cup for two weeks in June; as a result, the team dipped into second in the Central Division before regaining their lead with a victories against Kansas City and Miami at home.
The Fire stayed atop the Central Division and were five points behind Kansas City in the overall league standings by late June, but conceded late goals to tie Los Angeles and San Jose during a three-match road trip. As the team entered a crowded stretch of league and U.S. Open Cup matches, they lost several players to international call-ups as well as both Stoichkov to a torn groin muscle and defender Luboš Kubík to a sprained knee for a month. Chicago fell behind Tampa Bay in the Central Division standings entering the All-Star break at the end of July after several draws and overtime matches. The Fire defeated Tampa Bay to draw level with them on points atop the Central Division and the two team stayed tied through two more matches in mid-August.
With four of six remaining matches against Central Division rivals, the Fire began an unbeaten streak to clinch the division title and earn a 17–9–6 overall record for the regular season. Following a victory against the Los Angeles Galaxy and tie with Tampa Bay, the latter ending with two injured defenders, Chicago won three consecutive home matches to reach second place in the overall league standings. The Fire finished the regular season with a 3–2 victory in Columbus and tied Kansas City atop the league standings with 57 points, but lost the Supporters' Shield through a tiebreaker. Chicago would enter the playoffs without several injured players as well as Olympic call-ups Josh Wolff and Evan Whitfield, requiring additional lineup changes. Bocanegra won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award, while the midfield trio of Armas, Nowak, and Stoichkov were named to the MLS Best XI for their regular season performances.
In the playoff quarterfinals, Chicago faced the seventh-seeded New England Revolution, the only team they hadn't defeated during the regular season. The first leg, played on damaged turf at Soldier Field after a National Football League game, remained scoreless at half-time but opened with a goal in the 50th minute by Wolde Harris to give the visiting Revolution a lead. The Fire responded with an equalizer four minutes later through an own goal by Mauricio Wright and a second goal in the 73rd minute from Dema Kovalenko to win 2–1. The series was tied at three points apiece after New England won 2–1 in the second leg at Foxboro Stadium, taking the lead through a goal from Eric Wynalda in the 18th minute. A penalty from Stoitchkov was saved in first-half stoppage time, but Kovalenko managed to score an equalizer for Chicago in the 83rd minute; the Revolution responded two minutes later with a header from Wright to force a decisive third match. The Fire hosted the final quarterfinal leg and set an MLS record for largest margin of victory in the playoffs by winning 6–0, scoring four times during the first half. Stoitchkov and Razov each scored twice, the latter earning four assists to set a team record, while Nowak added a first-half stoppage time shot and Sam George finished off the match in the 75th minute with his goal.
The Fire opened their semifinal series against the New York/New Jersey MetroStars with a 3–0 victory at Soldier Field despite missing Nowak to a hamstring injury. Stoitchkov and Kovalenko each scored in the first half, while Razov added an insurance goal late in the second half and Thornton made eight saves to keep a shutout. The MetroStars played the second leg with first-choice goalkeeper Mike Ammann, who had returned from injury, and shutout the Fire 2–0 at Giants Stadium to force a third match in the series. Mark Chung opened the scoring in the 40th minute and Adolfo Valencia added an insurance goal in the 84th minute, while the Fire offense were stifled and unable to create scoring chances until late in the second half. Chicago clinched a series victory and their second MLS Cup berth by defeating the MetroStars 3–2 at Soldier Field. Following goals from Brown and Stoitchkov in the first half-hour of the match, the MetroStars rallied with a pair of goals from Valencia within four minutes to tie the match at 2–2 heading into half-time. The winning goal came in the 88th minute from Razov, who received a long pass from Armas and dribbled around Ammann to break the second-half deadlock.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format requiring five points to advance and sudden death extra time as a tiebreaker.
Broadcasting
The MLS Cup final was broadcast in the United States on ABC with English commentary and Spanish via secondary audio programming. The English broadcast was led by play-by-play announcer Jack Edwards and color commentator Ty Keough, who were joined by studio hosts Rob Stone and Alexi Lalas. The Spanish broadcast comprised play-by-play announcer Roberto Abramowitz and MetroStars coach Octavio Zambrano as color commentator. The ABC broadcast drew a 1.0 national rating, matching the 1999 final. The local broadcast in the Kansas City area had an estimated 5 percent share of televisions, falling behind concurrent broadcasts of the film Blank Check and a Kansas City Chiefs game that drew 64 percent.
The match was also carried via streaming radio on Internetsoccer.com with English commentary from Dave Johnson and Miami Fusion coach Ray Hudson. Local radio stations in the Chicago area also broadcast the match, including WIND-AM in Spanish and WNVR-AM in Polish.
Match
Summary
The match began with Chicago on the offensive early, with Ante Razov and Hristo Stoitchkov creating several attempts within the first ten minutes. In the 11th minute, however, Wizards midfielder Chris Klein stole the ball from Chicago's Diego Gutiérrez near midfield and stormed down the touch line. Klein's cross from the right wing made contact with Fire midfielder Jesse Marsch who failed to clear the ball, allowing Miklos Molnar to make light contact and roll the ball past keeper Zach Thornton for the only goal of the match. The Fire responded by using its attacking forces to find an equalizer, but failed to break the Wizards defense and goalkeeper Tony Meola, who made ten saves in the final. Meola earned his 5th shutout of the playoffs in addition to 16 clean sheets to his name from the regular season.
Details
References
MLS Cup
MLS Cup
MLS Cup 2000
MLS Cup 2000
Soccer in Washington, D.C.
Sports competitions in Washington, D.C.
October 2000 sports events in the United States
2000 in sports in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202000 |
Jazz at Massey Hall is a live jazz album recorded on 15 May 1953 at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada. Credited to "the Quintet", the group was composed of five leading 'modern' players of the day: Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Charles Mingus, and Max Roach. It was the only time that the five musicians recorded together as a unit, and it was the last recorded meeting of Parker and Gillespie.
Background
The first pianist considered by the organizers was Lennie Tristano, but he suggested Powell as a more appropriate match for the other musicians. Oscar Pettiford was considered as an alternative to Mingus.
The concert
Parker played a Grafton saxophone on this date; he could not be listed on the original album cover for contractual reasons, so was billed as "Charlie Chan", an allusion to the fictional detective and to Parker's wife Chan.
The original plan was for the Toronto New Jazz Society and the musicians to share the profits from the concert. However, owing to a boxing prize fight between Rocky Marciano and Jersey Joe Walcott taking place simultaneously, the audience was so small that the Society was unable to pay the musicians' fees. The musicians were all given NSF checks, and only Parker was able to cash his; Gillespie noted that he did not receive his fee "for years and years".
Burt Korall says that for Roach, this performance was a "culmination on record of music and relationships developed in the 1940s." Despite the difficulties, according to Korall, "the music was the great leveler."
The opening act on the night was a 16 piece big band known as the CBS All Stars.
Album releases
The record was originally issued in December 1953 on Mingus's label Debut, from a recording made by the Toronto New Jazz Society (Dick Wattam, Alan Scharf, Roger Feather, Boyd Raeburn and Arthur Granatstein). Mingus took the recording to New York where he and Max Roach dubbed in the bass lines, which were under-recorded on most of the tunes, and exchanged Mingus soloing on "All the Things You Are".
A 2002 reissue, Complete Jazz at Massey Hall, released on The Jazz Factory label, contains the full concert, without the overdubbing.
Jazz at Massey Hall was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1995. It is included in National Public Radio's "Basic Jazz Library". The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings included the album in its suggested “core collection” of essential recordings. The concert was issued in some territories under the tag "the greatest jazz concert ever".
Track listing
(Originally issued as two 10" LPs:)
Vol. 1 (Debut DLP-2)
"Perdido" (Juan Tizol) – 7:43
"Salt Peanuts" (Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Clarke) – 7:39
"All the Things You Are" (Jerome Kern)/"52nd Street Theme" (Thelonious Monk) – 7:52
Vol. 3 (Debut DLP-4)
"Wee (Allen's Alley)" (Denzil Best) – 6:41
"Hot House" (Tadd Dameron) – 9:11
"A Night in Tunisia" (Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) – 7:34
(Vol. 2 consists of the trio recordings of Powell, Mingus and Roach from the same date: all but "I've Got You Under My Skin", and one track by Billy Taylor with Mingus and Roach from a later date.)
(Issued as 12" LP:)
(Debut DEB-124)
"Perdido" (Juan Tizol)
"Salt Peanuts" (Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Clarke)
"All the Things You Are" (Jerome Kern)
"52nd Street Theme" (Thelonious Monk)
"Wee (Allen's Alley)" (Denzil Best)
"Hot House" (Tadd Dameron)
"A Night in Tunisia" (Gillespie, Frank Paparelli)
(The 2004 reissue contains fourteen tracks, of which nos. 5 through 11 are without Parker and Gillespie:)
"Perdido" (Juan Tizol)
"Salt Peanuts" (Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Clarke)
"All the Things You Are" (Jerome Kern)
"52nd Street Theme" (Thelonious Monk)
"Drum Conversation" (Max Roach)
"Cherokee" (Ray Noble)
"Embraceable You" (George Gershwin)
"Hallelujah (Jubilee)" (Vincent Youmans)
"Sure Thing" (Bud Powell)
"Lullaby of Birdland" (George Shearing)
"I've Got You Under My Skin" (Cole Porter)
"Wee (Allen's Alley)" (Denzil Best)
"Hot House" (Tadd Dameron)
"A Night in Tunisia" (Gillespie, Frank Paparelli)
Tracks 5 through 11 are without Parker and Gillespie.
Personnel
Dizzy Gillespie – trumpet, vocal on "Salt Peanuts"
Charles Mingus – bass
Charlie Parker – alto sax
Bud Powell – piano
Max Roach – drums
An album of a trio set played by Powell, Mingus and Roach at the concert was also issued (tracks 6 through 11 above).
References
Other sources
Mark Miller. Cool Blues: Charlie Parker in Canada 1953. London, Ontario: Nightwood Editions, 1989. (contains the definitive account of the concert events)
Richard Cook and Brian Morton. The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD 6th edition. , 2008.
Geoffrey Haydon "Quintet of the Year", Aurum Press, London, 2002.
External links
50th Anniversary of Jazz at Massey Hall celebration
1953 live albums
Albums produced by Charles Mingus
Albums recorded at Massey Hall
America Records albums
America Records live albums
Debut Records live albums
Original Jazz Classics albums
Bud Powell albums
Charles Mingus live albums
Charlie Parker albums
Dizzy Gillespie live albums
Max Roach live albums
Live album series
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Music of Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz%20at%20Massey%20Hall |
Dipterocarpus sarawakensis, locally called the Sarawak keruing, is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. It is locally common on leached sandy soils on low coastal hills.
The species was thought to be present uniquely in Sarawak (hence its specific name) until the discovery of 53 trees in Jerangau Forest Reserve at the end of 2004.
References
sarawakensis
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20sarawakensis |
The Nation Publishing Co. Limited is the publisher of the Nation Newspaper, which is the dominant daily newspaper in the country of Barbados. Co-founded by Harold Hoyte and Fred Gollop, it was first established in 1973. the Daily Nation is printed daily in colour and distributed at many points around the country. Covering the topics of business, sports, politics, lifestyles, editorials and entertainment, the Daily Nation reports many aspects of news in Barbados, in addition to regional, and International news.
The name of the publications vary according to different weekdays. Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays, it is the Daily Nation. Wednesdays it is the Midweek Nation and Fridays the Weekend Nation. On weekends the newspaper is the Saturday Sun and Sunday Sun respectively.
The Nation Publishing Company also publishes a weekly youth magazine called Attitude and a visitors' booklet called Explore Barbados.
In 2004, a weekly Canadian print version was created, as a joint venture with the Carib-Cana Media Inc. (CCMI), to service a growing clientele in Canada for weekly news from Barbados. The Canadian version was mainly for the expatriate community of Barbados, and others living in Canada to remain up to date on Barbadian current events.
The parent company of the Nation Publishing Company is One Caribbean Media Limited (OCM) based in the country of Trinidad and Tobago.
See also
Media in Barbados
Barbadian companies
References
Further reading
External links
Nationnews Barbados
Daily newspapers published in Barbados
Mass media companies of Barbados
Newspapers established in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Daily%20Nation%20%28Barbados%29 |
The Forbidden City is a 1918 American silent drama film starring Norma Talmadge and Thomas Meighan and directed by Sidney Franklin. A copy of the film is in the Library of Congress and other film archives.
Plot
The plot centers around an inter-racial romance between a Chinese princess (Talmadge) and an American (Meighan). When palace officials discover she has become pregnant, she is sentenced to death. In the latter part of the film Talmadge plays the now adult daughter of the affair, seeking her father in the Philippines
Cast (in credits order)
Norma Talmadge as San San / Toy
Thomas Meighan as John Worden
E. Alyn Warren as Wong Li
Michael Rayle as Mandarin
L. Rogers Lytton as Chinese Emperor
Reid Hamilton as Lieutenant Philip Halbert
Charles Fang as Yuan-Loo
References
External links
Norma Talmadge Film website
The Forbidden City
1918 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
1918 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
Films about interracial romance
Articles containing video clips
Selznick Pictures films
Films directed by Sidney Franklin
1910s American films
Silent American romantic drama films
Surviving American silent films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Forbidden%20City |
Ferdinand Sigg (22 March 1902 in Thalwil (Switzerland) – 27 October 1965 in Zürich (Switzerland)) was the first European bishop of the Central Conference of Middle and Southern Europe of the Methodist Episcopal Church
He grew up in a Methodist workman family. From 1923 to 1927 he studied at the Methodist seminary in Frankfurt, Germany.
In 1929 he married Alice Mumenthaler. After completing his studies, he worked in the Methodist congregation of Basel and then became secretary of bishop John Louis Nuelsen. 1936 in an economical crises he became director of the Swiss Methodist publishing house in Zurich. In this position he contributed a lot after World War II to rebuild the completely destroyed German publishing house in Frankfurt. As publisher, his concerns were the role of laity in church, the role of the church in society, socialism and church, and world mission.
Long before he became bishop, Sigg was engaged in ecumenic work. From 1942 he was the representative of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Swiss Evangelical Church Federation (comprising the Reformed state churches of all cantons and the Methodist Episcopal Church). 1948 he took part as interpreter at the constituting conference of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1954, a few months after the death of his wife, he attended in Brussels, Belgium, the constituting conference of the newly created Central Conference of Middle and Southern Europe to which belonged the then Methodist Episcopal Church in Switzerland, France, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and the Methodist work in Algeria. Some of these countries were traditionally Catholic, others traditionally Orthodox or dominated by Islam. The majority of them was under communist rule and in some of them there was a heavy persecution of Methodists. Before the election of the bishop, Bishop Arthur James Moore stated: "Geographically, we are in an immense space, but our church is in the same relation small and modest. The future bishop will measured by the smallness of the work have a huge task which will put a heavy strain on his head and his hands, if he wants to create a living organism out of this motley central conference." Ferdinand Sigg was elected at the first ballot with 37 out of 38 votes. He dedicated himself to his office with sensitiveness and expert knowledge.
He continued to be active in the ecumenic movement by sharing his experiences about Christian service in Islamic Countries and his experience as publishing director with the World Council of Churches. He also took part in the commissions for creed and church constituency in Lund, 1952 and Montreal 1964.
On 27 October 1965, Ferdinand Sigg died unexpectedly in office. In 1966, Franz Schäfer was elected his successor as bishop.
References
Kurt Steckel and Ernst Sommer, Geschichte der Evangelisch-methodistischen Kirche, 1982, , pp 143–146 (German)
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
1902 births
1965 deaths
People from Thalwil
Swiss Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Swiss publishers (people)
Christian Peace Conference members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Sigg |
MLS Cup 2001 was the sixth edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), which took place on October 21, 2001, at Columbus Crew Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. It was contested by the San Jose Earthquakes and the Los Angeles Galaxy, a pair of in-state rivals from California, to decide the champion of the 2001 season. San Jose won their first title, defeating Los Angeles 2–1 in overtime with a golden goal scored by Dwayne De Rosario in the 96th minute.
San Jose were appearing in their first MLS Cup, while Los Angeles had lost two previous finals; the two teams finished at the top of the Western Division in regular season play, which was cut short by the September 11 attacks. The Earthquakes, under their first season with manager Frank Yallop, won their quarterfinals series against the Columbus Crew over two legs and defeated the league-leading Miami Fusion after extra time in the third leg of the semifinals. The Galaxy defeated the MetroStars in the quarterfinals and Chicago Fire in the semifinals with a golden goal scored in extra time of the third leg for both series.
It was the first MLS Cup to match two teams from both the same conference and state against each other, and the second MLS Cup to end with a golden goal. Frank Yallop became the first former MLS player to coach a team to an MLS Cup title. Crew Stadium became the first soccer-specific stadium to host the MLS Cup, which had an attendance of 21,626 spectators.
Venue
The match was played at Columbus Crew Stadium in Columbus, Ohio, and was the first MLS Cup to be hosted at a soccer-specific stadium. Lamar Hunt, owner of the Columbus Crew, built the $28.5 million stadium with soccer and concerts as its primary uses. It had a capacity of 22,500 seats (lower than most MLS venues of the time) and close-in seating next to the field. MLS awarded the hosting rights for the 2000 MLS All-Star Game and MLS Cup 2001 to Columbus during the stadium's groundbreaking ceremony on August 14, 1998. The stadium opened on May 15, 1999, and hosted several national team matches in the months before the MLS Cup. The design of Crew Stadium inspired similar soccer-specific stadiums, including the Home Depot Center for the Los Angeles Galaxy and Toyota Park for the Chicago Fire, which began construction in 2001.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer, a professional club soccer league based in the United States. The 2001 season was the sixth in the league's history and was contested by twelve teams organized into three divisions (later renamed conferences). Each team was to play a total of 28 matches in the regular season, which ran from April to September, facing teams within their division four times and outside of their division twice. The shortened schedule, with four fewer matches, and a smaller roster limited to 18 players under a $1.7 million salary cap reflected the league's financial troubles at the time. The MLS Cup Playoffs ran from mid-September to October and was contested by the winners of the three divisions and five wild card teams with the most points regardless of division, who were then seeded based on overall standings. The playoffs were organized into three rounds, the first two being a home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with the first team to earn five points advancing, and the single-match MLS Cup final.
MLS Cup 2001 was contested between the San Jose Earthquakes and the Los Angeles Galaxy, both from the Western Division. It was the first MLS Cup with finalists from the same division and the same state. San Jose had never appeared in an MLS Cup final, while Los Angeles lost the 1996 and 1999 finals to D.C. United. The finalists played each other twice during the regular season, both won by the Earthquakes, but two additional matches in the series to be played at the end of the regular season were canceled after the September 11 attacks, which shortened the league's season. Due to several teams having already played an extra match, playoff seeding was determined by points per game and matches began a week later. The Earthquakes and Galaxy also met each other in the quarterfinals of the U.S. Open Cup in July, which Los Angeles won 10–9 in a penalty shootout following a 1–1 draw after extra time.
San Jose Earthquakes
The San Jose Earthquakes, originally named the San Jose Clash until 2000, had historically been among the worst teams in the league and went through four coaching changes in its first six seasons. The Clash finished sixth overall in the inaugural season and qualified for the playoffs, where they were eliminated in the first round by the Galaxy. The team then missed the playoffs in the following five seasons, including four with losing records and finishing last in the league twice and second-to-last three times. The Earthquakes finished last in the league during the 2000 season with only seven wins and declined to renew the contract of head coach Lothar Osiander. Despite rumors that the team would fold, the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League took over business operations from the Kraft Sports Group in January 2001.
Former D.C. United assistant coach Frank Yallop was hired as San Jose's head coach days before the 2001 draft, where he began a series of player moves alongside assistant coach Dominic Kinnear. During the first week of Yallop's tenure, the Earthquakes acquired defender Jeff Agoos from D.C. United, Manny Lagos from the Tampa Bay Mutiny, and defender Zak Ibsen from the Los Angeles Galaxy. Yallop also used the league's allocation system to sign U.S. forward Landon Donovan from Bayer Leverkusen in March and Canadian forward Dwayne De Rosario from the Richmond Kickers of the second-division A-League. By the end of their preseason preparations in April, the team had also traded with the MetroStars for defender Ramiro Corrales and signed Danish midfielder Ronnie Ekelund.
The Earthquakes opened their regular season with a 3–2 win in the California Clásico over the Los Angeles Galaxy, but lost their next two matches to Dallas and Miami. The team then went on twelve-match unbeaten streak from late April to early July, winning seven matches and drawing in five, taking a lead in the Western Division standings ahead of Los Angeles. Yallop relied on a strong central core, consisting of Agoos and Troy Dayak in defense alongside Ekelund and Richard Mulrooney in the midfield to support the team's rotating attackers. Six players from the Earthquakes were named to the league's Western Division roster at the 2001 MLS All-Star Game, which was hosted at San Jose's Spartan Stadium.
In the last months of the season, the Earthquakes were defeated in several matches and lost their first-place spot to the Galaxy only to regain it on several occasions. San Jose clinched a playoff spot and second place in the Western Division with 45 points after losing to the Kansas City Wizards prior to the cancellation of the two remaining matches against the Galaxy. The Earthquakes finished the season with the best record and winning percentage in club history, while the defense lead the league with only 30 allowed goals. Frank Yallop was voted the MLS Coach of the Year, while Agoos earned Defender of the Year honors and Dayak was named the Comeback Player of the Year.
San Jose were seeded fifth in the playoffs and faced the fourth-seeded Columbus Crew, who had earned the same number of points but won a head-to-head tiebreaker. The Earthquakes won 3–1 during the first leg in Columbus, with Donovan scoring two goals and Manny Lagos scoring another after having his red card suspension rescinded by the league. San Jose defeated Columbus 3–0 in the second leg and advanced with six points to their first-ever MLS Cup semifinal. The Earthquakes fell 1–0 to the Supporters' Shield-winning Miami Fusion in the first leg of the semifinals, but responded with a 4–0 win at Spartan Stadium to tie the series at three points apiece and force a third match. The third match, played in Fort Lauderdale, remained scoreless into extra time, where Troy Dayak scored a golden goal in the 94th minute to clinch a series victory and San Jose's first appearance at an MLS Cup.
Los Angeles Galaxy
The Los Angeles Galaxy were one of the most successful teams during the early years of MLS, winning the Western Conference three times and appearing in five consecutive playoffs prior to 2001. The team advanced to the MLS Cup final in 1996 and 1999, losing both times to D.C. United. The Galaxy won the 1998 Supporters' Shield and the 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, becoming the second MLS team to win a continental trophy. Sigi Schmid was named the team's head coach early in the 1999 season and took the team to the MLS Cup with an emphasis on defensive play. The team finished the 2000 season as the second-placed team in the Western Conference and were eliminated in the playoff semifinals by the division-leading Kansas City Wizards, who would go on to win the MLS Cup.
The Galaxy traded captain and veteran defender Robin Fraser to the Colorado Rapids before the 2001 season to meet the league's salary cap requirements. The team remained mostly unchanged from the 2000 season, with the addition of veteran defender Alexi Lalas and young forwards Brian Ching and Brian Mullan picked during the SuperDraft. Schmid planned to use a 3–5–2 formation to take advantage of the team's midfield depth, with the ability to switch to a 4–3–3 in certain situations.
Los Angeles lost its opening two matches to San Jose and Kansas City, but a change in several starting positions lead to three consecutive wins and a 4–4 draw with the Tampa Bay Mutiny. The Galaxy used its several wins to reach second in the Western Division standings, passing Kansas City but falling behind the unbeaten San Jose Earthquakes. The cancellation of the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship left a gap in the team's schedule in late July and early August, which was partially replaced with previously-rescheduled league matches. By early September, the Galaxy had begun challenging the Earthquakes for first place in the Western Division, winning seven of nine matches before a scheduled two-match series against San Jose to close out the regular season. After the matches were canceled, Los Angeles was declared the Western Division champion with 47 points and seeded third in the playoffs bracket.
The Galaxy played against the sixth-seeded New York/New Jersey MetroStars in the quarterfinals, coached by former Galaxy manager Octavio Zambrano. The first leg, at the Rose Bowl, ended in a 1–1 draw after a second-half goal by Paul Caligiuri, who was ejected in the second half alongside MetroStars midfielder Gilmar. The second leg, played at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, was one of the first sporting events in the New York City area following the September 11 attacks; the MetroStars defeated the Galaxy by a 4–1 scoreline, coming from behind after conceding an early goal to Los Angeles, and took a three-point lead in the quarterfinals series. Los Angeles hosted the third match of the series at the Rose Bowl and took a 2–0 lead in the first half on two goals by Sasha Victorine. After conceding a third goal in the second half, the MetroStars responded with two goals by Petter Villegas, losing 3–2 to the Galaxy in regular time to tie the series at four points apiece. The tie went into sudden death extra time, which ended after eight minutes when Mauricio Cienfuegos scored the winning golden goal for Los Angeles.
In a rematch of the U.S. Open Cup semifinal, Los Angeles faced the Chicago Fire, winners of the Central Division, in the MLS Cup semifinals. The first leg at Chicago's Soldier Field ended in a 1–1 draw between the two teams after an overtime goal by Cobi Jones was ruled invalid due to a tackle by Brian Mullan. The Galaxy won 1–0 overtime in the second leg on a golden goal from Peter Vagenas. The third and final leg, also hosted at Soldier Field, remained tied at 1–1 after regular time and finished with a golden goal scored by Cienfuegos in the 98th minute of extra time. With their 2–1 victory over Chicago, the Los Angeles Galaxy advanced to their third MLS Cup final in six seasons. The team would also have a chance to be the first American team to win a continental treble, having already won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup in January and being scheduled to play in the U.S. Open Cup final a week after the MLS Cup.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format requiring five points to advance and sudden death extra time as a tiebreaker.
Broadcasting
The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ABC in English and Spanish. The network moved the start time of the match by one hour from 1:30 p.m. Eastern Time to 12:30 p.m. to accommodate scheduling changes caused by the September 11 attacks. The English commentary crew consisted of Jack Edwards for play-by-play, Ty Keough with color analysis, and other programming hosted by Rob Stone and Dave Dir. The Spanish broadcast was transmitted over secondary audio programming on ABC and was headlined by play-by-play commentator Hammer Londoño and color analyst Hernan Pereyra of Radio Unica. The match was also broadcast in 108 other countries by ESPN International. The ABC broadcast earned a 1.0 Nielsen rating, beating the previous two editions of the cup.
Match
Summary
The match was played only four days after the MLS Cup semifinals, in front of a predominantly neutral crowd of 21,626 at Columbus Crew Stadium with several thousand no-show ticketholders. A group of about 100 Chicago Fire supporters appeared at the match to taunt the Galaxy with chants and drums. The pregame ceremony included an appearance by six members of the New York City Fire Department and New York City Police Department and the national anthem sung by Toya. The match was the first MLS Cup to be refereed by Kevin Stott, who previously served as the fourth official at MLS Cup 2000.
The Earthquakes began the match with the majority of possession, which was used to build up to several attacking chances that were cleared away by Galaxy goalkeeper Kevin Hartman. Los Angeles, however, had a chance of its own in the 14th minute on a cross by Cobi Jones towards Sasha Victorine that was passed on to Mauricio Cienfuegos, whose shot was cleared away by San Jose. The Galaxy opened the scoring in 21st minute on a goal by Luis Hernández, who received a pass from defender Greg Vanney. Los Angeles then missed an opportunity to take a 2–0 lead in the 35th minute after a shot from Cobi Jones was saved by goalkeeper Joe Cannon. The Earthquakes found an equalizing goal shortly before half-time in the 43rd minute on a play started by Ian Russell's run down the right wing. He slipped a pass to Richard Mulrooney, whose cross over the box was volleyed by Landon Donovan into the top-right corner of the goal.
San Jose went on to outshoot Los Angeles 12–3 in the second half and created several chances to score, including a free kick taken by Jeff Agoos that hit the left goalpost. After receiving a yellow card for a challenge on Ian Russell, Galaxy defender Paul Caligiuri was substituted in the 53rd minute—marking the end of his MLS career. Three additional yellow cards were issued in the second half to Danny Califf, Ronnie Ekelund, and Zak Ibsen; Ibsen had only been substituted a minute before drawing the card. Dwayne De Rosario was substituted into the game in the 85th minute for Ronald Cerritos, shortly before the tied match forced a sudden-death overtime. De Rosario scored the winning golden goal in the sixth minute of overtime with a dribble around Califf and a shot from that Hartman managed to touch, but was unable to save. It was the second time in MLS Cup history that the title was decided by a golden goal, following the inaugural edition between D.C. United and the Galaxy.
Details
Post-match
The Earthquakes completed a "worst to first" finish, which was named the greatest turnaround in MLS history. Frank Yallop became the first former MLS player to win the MLS Cup as head coach, as well as the first non-American manager to win the championship. Dwayne De Rosario was named the MLS Cup MVP for his golden goal, despite entering the match in the 85th minute. The Galaxy lost their third final in six years, with the match against San Jose described as the "most difficult" by coach Sigi Schmid. The Galaxy went on to win the 2001 U.S. Open Cup a week later, defeating the New England Revolution 2–1 in overtime. Los Angeles met New England again at MLS Cup 2002, winning 1–0 in overtime for their first MLS Cup title. San Jose won their second MLS Cup in the 2003 final at the Galaxy's newly-constructed soccer-specific stadium, the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, after eliminating the hosts in the playoffs.
San Jose qualified for the 2002 CONCACAF Champions' Cup alongside the finalists from MLS Cup 2000, Chicago and Kansas City, due to the cancellation of the previous Champions' Cup and the transition to the new, expanded cup format. The Earthquakes advanced from the first round against C.D. Olimpia by winning 1–0 at the Miami Orange Bowl and 3–1 at a small stadium in Sacramento. San Jose then faced C.F. Pachuca in the quarterfinals and lost 3–0 in the away leg played in Mexico. The Earthquakes rallied to win 1–0 the following week in the home leg, but were eliminated from the cup with an aggregate score of 1–3.
The Earthquakes and its players were later relocated to Houston after the 2005 season, becoming the Houston Dynamo. The Dynamo won consecutive MLS Cup championships in their first two seasons after relocation, while the Earthquakes returned to the league as an expansion team in the 2008 season. The Galaxy went on to win five MLS Cup titles, including two against the Dynamo in the 2011 and 2012 finals.
References
MLS Cup
MLS Cup
MLS Cup 2001
MLS Cup 2001
Sports competitions in Columbus, Ohio
October 2001 sports events in the United States
2001 in sports in Ohio
21st century in Columbus, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202001 |
A Black Moon Broods Over Lemuria, is Bal-Sagoth's 1995 debut album after their 1993 demo. The album was recorded in a two-week period in June 1994, but due to label problems the album was released almost a year later. The name Lemuria comes from a hypothetical land mass in the Indian Ocean.
The keyboard intro on this album was written and performed by Keith Appleton, the proprietor of Academy Music Studio, the studio where the album was recorded.
On 13 May 2016 the album was re-released by Cacophonous Records as a special edition CD featuring remastered audio, expanded lyric booklet, new sleeve notes and exclusive new artwork.
'A Black Moon Broods Over Lemuria' remains the only one of the band's Cacophonous era albums to have been given a vinyl release, first in 1995 as a single disc LP, and then as a double vinyl gatefold edition in 2016.
In January 2018 the album was issued as a limited edition cassette version by the Malaysian label Diabolicurst Productions under license from Cacophonous Records. The edition was limited to just 100 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Bal-Sagoth
Byron Roberts – vocals
Chris Maudling – guitar
Jonny Maudling – drums, keyboards
Additional
Gian Pyres (as John Piras) – guitar solo on "The Ravening"
Jason Porter – bass
Mags - engineering, producer
References
Bal-Sagoth albums
1995 debut albums
Lemuria (continent)
Cacophonous Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Black%20Moon%20Broods%20Over%20Lemuria |
"What Made You Say That" is the debut single by Canadian singer Shania Twain, from her 1993 eponymous debut album. The song was written by Tony Haselden and Stan Munsey, Jr. The song was recorded and released earlier by country singer and actor Wayne Massey as a song from his album Wayne Massey and Black Hawk in 1989, then covered by Twain and was released to radio in March 1993, and was not much of a hit, though it did garner some attention because of its controversial-at-the-time video. Twain had the chance to perform the song at the 1993 Canadian Country Music Awards. The song also helped her win the Rising Star award in 1993, from CMT Europe. Several years later on Twain's Come On Over Tour, every night a local child who won a contest would be able to perform the song during the show, in front of everyone, with Twain performing backing vocals. One such rendition was by, a then-unknown, Canadian pop rock singer Avril Lavigne.
Critical reception
Billboard magazine reviewed the song as "sassy, buoyant, catchy, and supported by an alluring video."
Music video
The music video for "What Made You Say That" was shot at Miami Beach, Florida and directed by Steven Goldmann. It was filmed on January 12, 1993, and released on February 5, 1993, on CMT. The video featured Twain dancing around on the beach with her love interest. The video is available on Twain's 2001 DVD The Platinum Collection.
Chart performance
"What Made You Say That" debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of March 27, 1993 at number 74. It spent 18 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 55 on May 15, 1993, where it remained for two weeks.
Releases
US 7" single (1993) Mercury 864-992
"What Made You Say That"
"Crime of the Century"
US cassette single (1993) Mercury 862 992-4
Side 1
"What Made You Say That"
Side 2
"You Lay a Whole Lot of Love on Me"
References
1993 debut singles
Shania Twain songs
Music videos directed by Steven Goldmann
Mercury Records singles
Songs written by Stan Munsey
Songs written by Tony Haselden
1993 songs
PolyGram singles
Mercury Nashville singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Made%20You%20Say%20That |
Dipterocarpus semivestitus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, occurring in Kalimantan and peninsular Malaysia. This tree is almost always found in lowland forest on swampy land. It is very close to extinction.
References
semivestitus
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of Kalimantan
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20semivestitus |
Manji, also known as The Immortal, is a fictional character from the manga series Blade of the Immortal by Hiroaki Samura. A swordsman who was cursed by worms that give him immortality, Manji goes on a journey to get rid of his immortality and bodyguards the orphan Rin due to how similar he finds her to his late sister. In addition to appearing in the manga, Manji has appeared in the two series' animated adaptation where he is voiced by Tomokazu Seki and Kenjiro Tsuda in Japanese. Keith Silverstein and Andrew Love have been Manji's English voice actor.
Samura created Manji as an ideal hero who would show always his strong form rather than a weakness. Takuya Kimura and Takashi Miike expressed difficulties in portraying Manji in the live-action film. Critical reception to the character has been generally positive, aimed towards his fight scenes and relationship with Rin. He has also been compared with Marvel Comics' character Wolverine based on their similar traits like their faster regeneration.
Creation
The protagonist Manji, the author was drawn a totally straight, unvarnished version of his Samura's ideal hero: "a person who never reveals his or her own weaknesses to others, but who at the same time is not as unassailable powerful as he or she may seem". The character's immortality curse is meant to give a contrast to escapist heroes. This was influenced by 1960s's manga protagonists "possessing supernatural power as well as and "the loss and sorrow of having to live with that power" as an element of two sides of the same coin. As a result, Samura conceived the idea an immortal protagonist whom the readers would not like to become.
In "flipping" the English version is Manji's clothing, which features a manji symbol, that if the pages were "flipped" would resemble specifically the Nazi swastika, instead of the ancient Eurasian swastika (that can be of any orientation), which for many cultures represents concepts such as peace and harmony.
Tomokazu Seki has voiced and portrayed Manji in the first anime and play based on the manga. Kenjiro Tsuda replaced him for the 2019 anime. Keith Silverstein did the English voice.
For the live-action film, Takuya Kimura portrayed him. Director Takashi Miike cast Kimura for the role as he found him fitting due to Kimura's personal life and the differences he has with the other members of the music group SMAP. Additionally, since Kimura was also popular within Japanese fandom for over two decades by the time the film was made, he felt that his appeal would attract a bigger audience. When originally thinking Kimura playing the role of Manji, Miike received negative commentaries by his coworkers stating the actor would not play it. However, Miike still felt that due to Kimura's experience in films, he has suitable to play the leading role in the film. He further claimed ""in order to get those in the movie, using the character of Manji was absolutely instrumental." Kimura expressed multiple thoughts about his acting as Manji, such as how he deals with make up and action sequences. The special features featurette titled "Mangi and the 300", indicates that the hyperviolence of Blade of the Immortal was modeled in part on the film version of 300 from several years prior dealing with the Spartans. Kimura suffered a major wound while filming, resulting in him not being able to walk for various days.
Appearances
As the series opens, Manji and Machi have somewhat settled down in Edo with Yaobikuni and O-Yō. After an encounter with Shido "Johnny" Goybutsu, a bounty hunter disguised as a priest, Manji begins to question the purpose of his immortality. That same night he awakens to discover that Shido Hishiyasu, brother of "Johnny" Goybutsu, has kidnapped Machi in an attempt to force a confrontation between himself and Manji so that he can avenge his brother. Manji returns to Yaobikuni the next day with a proposal, to make amends for the 100 "good men" that he killed before, Manji will kill 1000 "evil men" and then the Kessen-Chu will leave his body.
Some time later a young woman, Asano Rin, arrives at Manji's hut seeking his aid in avenging the murder of her parents at the hands of a renegade sword school, the Itto-Ryu. Eventually, due to the fact that Rin bears a resemblance to his deceased sister, Manji does agree to protect her on her quest. Soon after, the duo have their first encounter with a member of the Itto-Ryu. For the past two years love letters had been arriving at the Asano dojo addressed to Rin, using these the two track down Kuroi Sabato, a tall Itto-Ryu swordsmen covered head to toe in armor and a long cloak, and confront him one night. Initially Manji hangs back, allowing Rin a chance to confront and get a confession from Kuroi. With his identity confirmed Manji enters the scene, attempting to engage Kuroi in battle only to find that the swordsmen is utterly obsessed with Rin to such a point that he completely ignores Manji. He pushes past Manji, leaving his back wide open for an attack. Manji takes the opening and quickly finds himself cut in two at the waist as Kuroi reveals that he has the ability to rotate his body completely backwards. Manji manages to crawl up behind Kuroi and literally cut him to ribbons.
Shortly after his encounter with Kuroi Sabato, Manji is dragged to the house of a painter by the name of Master Sori. Sori is a long-time friend of Rin's family, and she hopes to convince him to lend his sword to her cause. Manji's no frills blunt manners clash with Sori's more refined and cultured attitude almost instantly and the two exchange verbal jabs at each other several time. At first Sori refuses stating that a humble artist would be of no use, then Rin reveals that she knows the truth behind Sori, that he is not just a painter but a member of Shogunates secret police. This revelation leaves both Sorii and Manji stunned, but again he refuses, this time citing shame at how tainted his sword is due to the various illegal and immoral acts his used it in over the years. Manji sees right this facade and eventually gets Sori to admit that he just cannot be bothered to risk his life while all he wants to do is paint. The two exchange insults again and almost come to blows at one point. The encounter ends with Manji storming off in a huff leaving Rin to spend the night in Sori's place. Together, Manji and Rin battle off the Itto Ryu horde and seem to be in control of the situation until Hage ensnares Manji in an elaborate trap. He forces Manji back against a tree which is covered in a netting of rusty hooks, which sink into Manji's back and hold him there while Hage turns his attention to Rin.
Powers and abilities
Manji uses many weapons, a good number of which came from defeated opponents. His two short, hooked swords are named Shidō (four paths). His two standard swords are named Imo-no-Kami Tatsumasa (Sister Defender Tatsumasa). His two chained scythes are called Mumei (nameless). His double bladed sword-breaker is named Kotengu (Little devil). Most of his weapons are hidden under his shirt, a seemingly impossible feat given their large number, irregular shapes and lack of sheaths. One of Manji's signature tricks is to make any of his hidden weapons drop out of his sleeves into one or both of his waiting hands whenever they are needed.
Reception
Manji has been a popular character. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama claims the video game character Haseo from .hack//G.U. was inspired by Manji visually. Otaku USA described Manji's immortality as "less a plot device than a symbol of his world weariness and connection to corrupt forces". The same site praised the character's fight against Shiro for the tention provided by the fact that Manji was missing an arm and thus multiple readers were waiting for the release of the manga volume after a major delay. Jarred Pine from Mania Beyond Entertainment had hixed thoughts in regards to Manji's fights, finding them "pointless" as it served to the character gain the trust from Giichi but praised the resolution due to reuniting the protagonist with Rin. Dark Horse Comic found Rin as a more suitable protagonist from the manga than Manji due to how she matures in the story and becomes stronger. As a result, the editor claimed that Manji is more appealing as a lead in the live-action film. UK Anime Network has a similar opinion due to how most of the narrative revolves around Rin rather than Manji in the first volume of the manga. Anime News Network found that while Manji's imprisonment is filled with negative scenes, his reunion with Rin helped to improve the dark narrative. The site also praised Manji's and Shira's fight but the reasonings behind Manji's immortality were seen as lucky.
In regards to the first anime, Anime News Network criticized the lack of explanation behind Manji's curse. On the other hand, Mania Beyond Entertainment felt that both protagonists were properly developed in the series in the early episodes though he did not comment about the curse. Commenting on the 2018 anime, UK Anime Network said that while the themes explored by Manji and Rin are interesting, the fight scenes the former has are predictable due to the abuse of Manji's healing skills. Scribd regarded Manji's fight sin the reboot as one of the goriest in animation history, comparing the ones with the Netflix anime Devilman Crybaby due to how they might disturb the audience.
For the live action film, The Guardian compared the duality of Manji and Rin with James Mangold's Logan film. Commenting on Manji's healing powers, the reviewer felt the film took advantage of this as it allowed the staff to delivery notorious gory scenes. Hollywood Reporter agreed, finding Manji's battle against another fighter with healing powers as an opportunity to make the writers execute more violence in the film. The New York Times enjoyed Manji's weaponry as he could wield multiple attacks through his clothing. Although IGN criticized Manji's and Rin's journey for being an excuse to battle a large amount of characters, the reviewer enjoyed their relationship, comparing them to Logan like The Guardian while also being selfaware of the idea of revenge. DVD Talk also compared Manji with the X-Men character Wolverine based on their supernatural powers and also praised the work Takuya Kimura provided in order for his character to be engaged in multiple fight scenes. Another comparison based on Manji's supernatural powers was made by Blu Ray but rather than Logan, the 1986 Highlander film due to the portrayal of immortal fighters. Japan Times highly praised Kimura's work for his emotional and physical scenes despite not being at his prime in the film, comparing him to Tom Cruise.
References
Martial artist characters in anime and manga
Comics characters introduced in 1994
Fictional assassins in comics
Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional kenjutsuka
Male characters in anime and manga
Orphan characters in anime and manga
Anime and manga characters with accelerated healing
Fictional characters with immortality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manji%20%28Blade%20of%20the%20Immortal%29 |
Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI) are a method of signaling interrupts, using special in-band messages to replace traditional out-of-band signals on dedicated interrupt lines. While message signaled interrupts are more complex to implement in a device, they have some significant advantages over pin-based out-of-band interrupt signalling, such as improved interrupt handling performance. This is in contrast to traditional interrupt mechanisms, such as the legacy interrupt request (IRQ) system.
Message signaled interrupts are supported in PCI bus since its version 2.2, and in later available PCI Express bus. Some non-PCI architectures also use message signaled interrupts.
Overview
Traditionally, a device has an interrupt line (pin) which it asserts when it wants to signal an interrupt to the host processing environment. This traditional form of interrupt signalling is an out-of-band form of control signalling since it uses a dedicated path to send such control information, separately from the main data path. MSI replaces those dedicated interrupt lines with in-band signalling, by exchanging special messages that indicate interrupts through the main data path. In particular, MSI allows the device to write a small amount of interrupt-describing data to a special memory-mapped I/O address, and the chipset then delivers the corresponding interrupt to a processor.
A common misconception with MSI is that it allows the device to send data to a processor as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the memory write transaction is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which processor; that data is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.
As an example, PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins at all; instead, it uses special in-band messages to allow pin assertion or deassertion to be emulated. Some non-PCI architectures also use MSI; as another example, HP GSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can generate interrupts only by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space. The HyperTransport protocol also supports MSI.
Advantages
While more complex to implement in a device, message signalled interrupts have some significant advantages over pin-based out-of-band interrupt signalling. On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.
MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to four interrupts per card (and,
because they were shared among all cards, most are using only one), message signalled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.
There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory. To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.
MSI types
PCI defines two optional extensions to support Message Signalled Interrupts, MSI and MSI-X. PCI Express defines its own message-based mechanism to emulate legacy PCI interrupts.
MSI
MSI (first defined in PCI 2.2) permits a device to allocate 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 interrupts. The device is programmed with an address to write to (generally a control register in an interrupt controller), and a 16-bit data word to identify it. The interrupt number is added to the data word to identify the interrupt. Some platforms such as Windows do not use all 32 interrupts but only use up to 16 interrupts.
MSI-X
MSI-X (first defined in PCI 3.0) permits a device to allocate up to 2048 interrupts. The single address used by original MSI was found to be restrictive for some architectures. In particular, it made it difficult to target individual interrupts to different processors, which is helpful in some high-speed networking applications. MSI-X allows a larger number of interrupts and gives each one a separate target address and data word. Devices with MSI-X do not necessarily support 2048 interrupts.
Optional features in MSI (64-bit addressing and interrupt masking) are also mandatory with MSI-X.
PCI Express legacy interrupt emulation
PCI Express does not have physical interrupt pins, but emulates the 4 physical interrupt pins of PCI via dedicated PCI Express Messages such as Assert_INTA and Deassert_INTC. Being message-based (at the PCI Express layer), this mechanism provides some, but not all, of the advantages of the PCI layer MSI mechanism: the 4 virtual pins per device are no longer shared on the bus (although PCI Express controllers may still combine legacy interrupts internally), and interrupt changes no longer inherently suffer from race conditions.
PCI Express permits devices to use these legacy interrupt messages, retaining software compatibility with PCI drivers, but they are required to also support MSI or MSI-X in the PCI layer.
x86 systems
On Intel systems, the LAPIC must be enabled for the PCI (and PCI Express) MSI/MSI-X to work, even on uniprocessor (single core) systems. In these systems, MSIs are handled by writing the interrupt vector directly into the LAPIC of the processor/core that needs to service the interrupt. The Intel LAPICs of 2009 supported up to 224 MSI-based interrupts. According to a 2009 Intel benchmark using Linux, using MSI reduced the latency of interrupts by a factor of almost three when compared to I/O APIC delivery.
Operating system support
In the Microsoft family of operating systems, Windows Vista and later versions have support for both MSI and MSI-X. Support was added in the Longhorn development cycle around 2004. MSI is not supported in earlier versions like Windows XP or Windows Server 2003.
Solaris Express 6/05 released in 2005 added support for MSI an MSI-X as part of their new device driver interface (DDI) interrupt framework.
FreeBSD 6.3 and 7.0 released in 2008 added support for MSI and MSI-X.
OpenBSD 5.0 released in 2011 added support for MSI. 6.0 added support for MSI-X.
Linux gained support for MSI and MSI-X around 2003. Linux kernel versions before 2.6.20 are known to have serious bugs and limitations in their implementation of MSI/MSI-X.
Haiku gained support for MSI around 2010. MSI-X support was added later, in 2013.
NetBSD 8.0 released in 2018 added support for MSI and MSI-X.
VxWorks 7 supports MSI and MSI-X
See also
Interrupt handler
Interrupt request (PC architecture)
References
External links
Introduction to Message-Signalled Interrupts - MSDN
Linux MSI HOWTO
Digital electronics
Interrupts
Peripheral Component Interconnect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20Signaled%20Interrupts |
Dipterocarpus tempehes is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to Borneo. The tree is found in swampy areas and along streams. It grows up to high.
References
tempehes
Endemic dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20tempehes |
Clarice Taylor (September 20, 1917 – May 30, 2011) was an American stage, film and television actress. She is best known for playing Cousin Emma on Sanford and Son and the mother of Cliff Huxtable, Anna Huxtable on The Cosby Show. and Mrs. Brooks in Five on the Black Hand Side (1973).
Biography
Born in Buckingham County, Virginia but raised in Harlem, New York, Taylor was best known for her recurring role on television on The Cosby Show as Anna Huxtable, mother to Bill Cosby's character Cliff Huxtable. She was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1986 for the role. She was also a regular on The Doctors in 1968 playing Hope Stark, Nurse as nurse Baily, recurred on Sesame Street over a thirteen year period as David's grandmother Grace, and appeared as Grady's cousin Emma on Sanford and Son.
Taylor started working in the theatre—with the American Negro Theatre—at a time when there were few opportunities for African-American actors and comedians. To support herself she followed in the footsteps of her father, Leon B. Taylor, Sr., and went to work for the U.S. Post Office. In the 1960s she got her big break that enabled her to act full-time. Taylor was one of the founding members of the Negro Ensemble Company, headquartered in New York's East Village on St. Mark's Place.
Film work
While working with the NEC she got her first offer of a movie role in Change of Mind (1969). Her next film role was as Minnie in Otto Preminger's Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970). In 1971, she played Birdie in Clint Eastwood's Play Misty For Me, and appeared as Mrs McKay in Such Good Friends the same year.
In 1973, she brought a role she had pioneered off-Broadway to film, playing Gladys Brooks in Five on the Black Hand Side. Her later films included Nothing Lasts Forever (1984), Sommersby (1993), and Smoke (1995). Two of her most well-known recurring characters in television were in Sanford & Son (1972), where she played Cousin Emma, and The Cosby Show (1984), where she played Anna Huxtable, Cliff's mother.
Stage
Taylor appeared in The Wiz as Addaperle, the Good Witch of the North, Purlie the Broadway play as Idella Landy. Her most recent performance was in a touring production of her one-woman show, Moms, for which she won an Obie Award in 1987 for best performance by an actress. Her last film appearance was a small role in Wayne Wang's film Smoke.
Death
Clarice Taylor died in Englewood, New Jersey from congestive heart failure, aged 93. She is survived by her two adopted sons, William and James Thomas, and extended family.
Partial filmography
The New Girl in the Office (1960)
Change of Mind (1969) - Rose Landis
Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970) - Minnie
Play Misty For Me (1971) - Birdie
Such Good Friends (1971) - Mrs. McKay
Five on the Black Hand Side (1973) - Mrs. Brooks
The Torture of Mothers (1980)
Nothing Lasts Forever (1984) - Lu
Sommersby (1993) - Esther
Smoke (1995) - Grandma Ethel
See also
List of human characters in Sesame Street
References
External links
1917 births
2011 deaths
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Virginia
Obie Award recipients
People from Buckingham County, Virginia
Actors from Harlem
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice%20Taylor |
Lights of Euphoria is a music group from Germany. The group was originally intended as a single-song project, but remained together after the success of their first song, "Subjection".
Their single, "True Life", peaked at #3 on the German Alternative Charts (DAC), ranking #27 on the DAC Top Singles for 2003. Their EP, Sleepwalk (The Awakening), peaked at #7 on the DAC Singles chart, in 2005.
Discography
Violent World (MCD)
Brainstorm (CD)
Thoughtmachine (CD)
Beyond Subconsciousness (CD)
Fahrenheit (CD)
Blood Brothers (CD, US version of Fahrenheit)
Voices (CD)
Fortuneteller (MCD)
True Life (MCD)
Krieg Gegen die Maschinen (CD)
Fading Moments (EP)
One Nation (MCD)
Querschnitt (CD, best of compilation)
Gegen Den Strom (CD)
Sleepwalk (The Awakening) (MCD)
External links
MySpace Page
Label biography
References
German electronic music groups
Musical groups established in 1992
German industrial music groups
Metropolis Records artists
Zoth Ommog Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights%20of%20Euphoria |
MLS Cup 2002 was the seventh edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), which took place on October 20, 2002. It was hosted at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and contested by the New England Revolution and the Los Angeles Galaxy to decide the champion of the 2002 season. The Revolution, who were named hosts before the season, were playing in their first MLS Cup; Los Angeles had lost in all three of their previous cup appearances.
Los Angeles won their first championship 1–0 in the second overtime on a sudden-death goal scored by Carlos Ruiz. The match was attended by 61,316 spectators, the largest figure for any MLS Cup until 2018. It was also the last MLS final to end with a golden goal.
Venue
CMGI Field in Foxborough, Massachusetts, home of the New England Revolution and the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL), was announced as the neutral-site venue of the MLS Cup on February 13, 2002. The new stadium was built to replace the former Foxboro Stadium, which had hosted the inaugural MLS Cup in 1996 and the 1999 edition. CMGI Field was later renamed Gillette Stadium in August after the naming rights were sold to Gillette. Approximately 20,000 tickets were sold by October 10, but sales reached 55,000 after the Revolution advanced from the Conference Finals, and were on pace to match or surpass the MLS Cup attendance record of 57,431 set in 1997. The stadium's capacity was restricted to 60,000 seats, excluding the box and club seats, and the field itself measured , wider than the configuration used in 1999 at Foxboro Stadium.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States. The 2002 season was the seventh in the league's history and was contested by ten teams in two conferences following the folding of two teams in Florida and the reorganization of the Central Division. Each team played a total of 28 matches in the regular season, which ran from March to September, facing teams within their conference four times and outside of their conference two times. The playoffs ran from late September to October and was contested by the top eight teams overall, with the top two teams in each conference given a higher seed regardless of overall standing. The playoffs were organized into three rounds, the first two being a home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with the first team to earn five points advancing, and the single-match MLS Cup final.
MLS Cup 2002 was contested by the Los Angeles Galaxy, who also won the regular season's Supporters' Shield, and the New England Revolution, the highest-ranked team from the Eastern Conference. The Galaxy and Revolution played each other twice in the regular season: a 3–2 victory for New England on May 25 and a 2–1 win for Los Angeles on August 10. The two teams also played each other in the 2001 U.S. Open Cup Final, where Los Angeles won 2–1 in overtime.
Los Angeles Galaxy
The Los Angeles Galaxy had qualified for the playoffs in each of the league's previous six seasons and were runners-up at the MLS Cup on three previous occasions: losing to D.C. United in 1996 and 1999, and to in-state rivals San Jose Earthquakes in 2001. While they had won other competitions, including the U.S. Open Cup and the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, the team were compared to the NFL's Buffalo Bills, who were runners-up at the Super Bowl several times in the 1990s. Guatemalan forward Carlos Ruiz, who was acquired in the offseason, scored 24 goals in his first season with the Galaxy and was named the league's most valuable player (MVP). The Galaxy finished as Supporters' Shield champions with 51 points, while the remaining Western Conference teams all qualified for the playoffs. Veteran forward Cobi Jones ranked second in goals scored for the Galaxy, behind Ruiz, and enjoyed a comeback season alongside defender and U.S. compatriot Alexi Lalas.
In the Conference Semifinals, Los Angeles faced the bottom-seeded Kansas City Wizards in a first-to-five point series. The first leg at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, was won by the Galaxy 3–2 after a golden goal was scored by Ruiz in the 99th minute. The Wizards won 4–1 in the second leg at Arrowhead Stadium, setting up a series-deciding third match at the Rose Bowl. Los Angeles won the third leg 5–2, with two goals each for Jones and Ruiz, and advanced to the Conference Finals with six points. The Galaxy played against the Colorado Rapids in the Western Conference Finals, held over the following week under the same format as the Semifinals. The team won 4–0 at the Rose Bowl and 1–0 at INVESCO Field in Denver, bringing the Galaxy to their fourth MLS Cup final.
New England Revolution
The Revolution failed to qualify for the playoffs in 2001, following several years of poor on-field performances that resulted in the worst winning record of the league's ten teams. Despite their league performance, New England finished as runners-up to the Galaxy in the 2001 U.S. Open Cup. During the 2002 preseason, the club acquired several players from the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion in trades and the Allocation Draft following the contraction of the two clubs, including league MVP Alex Pineda Chacón, forward Mamadou Diallo, midfielder Steve Ralston, and defender Carlos Llamosa. New England also drafted forward Taylor Twellman in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft following a successful college career and a return from TSV 1860 Munich.
Head coach Fernando Clavijo was fired after the seventh match of the season, with the Revolution only winning two. Assistant coach Steve Nicol was promoted to interim head coach on May 23 and completed a turnaround from last to first in the Eastern Conference, leading the team into the playoffs and earning the coach of the year award. New England finished the season with a six-match unbeaten streak and a total record of 12 wins, 14 losses, and two draws, scoring a league-high 49 goals. The team narrowly qualified for the playoffs on the final day of the season, with all three qualifiers from the Eastern Conference within one point of each other.
New England played the seventh-seeded Chicago Fire in the Conference Semifinals, winning the first leg 2–0 at Gillette Stadium on goals by Twellman and Daniel Hernández. The Fire won the second leg 2–1, setting up a deciding match at Gillette Stadium on October 2. The Revolution won 2–0 in the third match, clinching their first playoff series win and advancing to face the Columbus Crew in the Conference Semifinals. The first leg at Gillette Stadium was a scoreless tie and the Revolution won the second leg in Columbus 1–0 on an early goal scored by defender Jay Heaps, who was later ejected for an altercation with Freddy García. After earning a 2–0 lead in the third leg, New England conceded two late goals to draw 2–2 and force overtime. Neither team could score the golden goal needed to clinch a series win outright, leaving the Revolution with 5–2 in points and qualifying them for the MLS Cup final. The Revolution became the second team to play an MLS Cup final at their home stadium, following D.C. United in 1997, which also held the attendance record. Despite a sprain in his right knee after the last match of the Conference Final, Twellman recovered in time for the cup final.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format requiring five points to advance and sudden death extra time as a tiebreaker.
Broadcasting
The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ABC in English and Spanish using secondary audio programming. English play-by-play commentary was provided by JP Dellacamera with color analysis by Ty Keough and pregame and half-time shows hosted by Terry Gannon and Eric Wynalda, reprising their roles from ABC's coverage of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The Spanish broadcast was handled by play-by-play commentator Ernesto Motta and color analyst Andres Rodriguez. The ABC broadcast was watched by an estimated audience of 1.2 million views, the lowest for an MLS Cup at the time.
Match
Summary
The 2002 final was referred by Kevin Terry, who previously officiated the 1998 final. In the event of a draw after regulation time, the match would be decided by two 15-minute overtime periods with the golden goals followed by a penalty shootout if necessary. At kickoff, set for 1:30 p.m. Eastern Time, the weather in Foxborough was sunny with a temperature of .
Los Angeles kicked off the match and had most of the chances in the scoreless first half while preventing the Revolution from making a single shot on goal. The Galaxy had the game's first two shots, in the 12th and 17th minutes, but they failed to be shot on target by Tyrone Marshall and Carlos Ruiz. New England responded with a cross by Joe Franchino in the 26th minute for Taylor Twellman and Steve Ralston, but neither could reach the ball in time. Franchino was shown a yellow card in the 24th minute for a challenge on Cobi Jones, one of several that the two captains traded.
The second half began with a series of hard challenges by players on both teams to win possession of the ball, which was sent down the flanks by the Galaxy's Cobi Jones and the Revolution's Leo Cullen. Both wingers sent in crosses that were hit towards the goal and deflected away. During the last ten minutes of regulation time, both teams produced several chances that were deflected away by defenders, with the Revolution relying on substitute Alex Pineda Chacón, who entered in the 75th minute. Ruiz was given a clear shot on goal in the 80th minute, but the ball was deflected away by defender Daouda Kanté for a goal kick. A final shot by Chacón in stoppage time was saved by Galaxy goalkeeper Kevin Hartman, his first of the match, and the MLS Cup final was sent into overtime.
The Galaxy took control of the match during overtime, with an early chance in the 93rd minute missed by Jones. A bicycle kick by Ruiz in the 102nd minute was saved by Revolution goalkeeper Adin Brown, who followed minutes later with a second save on Ruiz at the beginning of the second overtime period. A wayward shot by New England substitute Winston Griffiths in the 111th minute was deflected and hit the crossbar, preventing the game-winning goal. The Galaxy cleared the deflected ball and followed two minutes later with a diagonal cross by defender Tyrone Marshall that found Ruiz, who hit a left-footed that shot past Brown and went into the net. The MLS Cup final, the longest match in MLS Cup history, ended after 113 minutes with Ruiz's golden goal. Ruiz was named the MLS Cup most valuable player for his winning goal.
Details
Post-match
The match was the first in MLS Cup history to have a scoreless half and remain scoreless at the end of regulation time. It was also the third and final MLS Cup to be decided by a golden goal in overtime, a short-lived rule that would be replaced with a conventional extra time period in 2004. The match was attended by 61,316 spectators, a figure that remains among the highest in MLS playoff history and set a record for an MLS Cup final that was later surpassed in 2018 by Atlanta.
The Galaxy finished their 2002 season with a loss to the Columbus Crew in the 2002 U.S. Open Cup four days later in Columbus, Ohio. Both teams qualified for the 2003 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, where the Revolution would be eliminated in the first round and the Galaxy would lose in the quarterfinals.
The Galaxy and Revolution met again in the 2005 final, where Los Angeles repeated their championship with a 1–0 win after extra time. The Revolution would go on to lose the MLS Cup in 2006 and 2007 to the Houston Dynamo and in 2014 to the Galaxy, who would claim their fifth title. Due to their finishes as MLS Cup runners-up, the Revolution are known as the "Buffalo Bills of MLS", mirroring the football team's second-place finishes at the Super Bowl in the 1990s.
References
2002
LA Galaxy matches
New England Revolution matches
October 2002 sports events in the United States
2002 in sports in Massachusetts
Soccer in Massachusetts
Sports competitions in Foxborough, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202002 |
The Wessex Institute of Technology (usually referred to as just Wessex Institute or WIT) is an educational and research institute. WIT is located at Ashurst Lodge in the New Forest National Park, in the South of England.
established the Wessex Institute of Technology in 1986 which succeeded the Computational Mechanics Institute formed in 1981. He held the role of Chairman until his death on Saturday 3 March 2018.
The Wessex Institute’s activities are divided into 3 core areas: Research, Conferences and Publishing.
Research
The Wessex Institute of Technology research programmes are funded by industry and research organisations.
International conference programme
The Wessex Institute of Technology organises a programme of around 15 to 20 conferences each year.
Publishing - WIT Press
WIT Press is the publishing service of the Wessex Institute of Technology. Based at Ashurst Lodge, it publishes conference proceedings, journals and a number of specialised research monographs and edited works.
It was identified as a potential predatory publisher by Jeffrey Beall before the list was removed at the start of 2017.
Controversy over peer review
The Wessex Institute of Technology previously organised a conference on design and nature, whilst WIT Press publishes the International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, which has attracted attention for the subject matter of some of the papers presented and published.
Contributions to its 2004 International conference programme included a joint paper by Scott A. Minnich and Stephen C. Meyer reiterating claims disputing evolution of the bacterial flagellum. The paper was cited in the landmark Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District legal case, being the first direct challenge brought in the United States federal courts testing a public school district policy that required the teaching of intelligent design.
Doubts have been raised as to whether proper peer review has been followed for these conferences. In particular, several nonsensical abstracts were provisionally accepted for the VIDEA conference in 1995, although they were not included in the final programme.
References
External links
Wessex Institute of Technology Website - wessex.ac.uk
Higher education colleges in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex%20Institute%20of%20Technology |
Crowned in Terror is the fifth album by Swedish melodic death metal band The Crown. This is one of two albums by The Crown not to have Johan Lindstrand on vocals (although he did some backing vocals on the album). Instead Tomas Lindberg handled the vocal duties. Later, the vocals were re-recorded by Lindstrand and the album was re-released as Crowned Unholy.
On 24 May 2002, the album was ranked an #1 in the Loud Rock section of the CMJ New Music Report magazine.
In 2018, The Crown had announced the re-issue of Crowned in Terror vinyls. The vinyls will be sold as either 180 g black vinyl, amber marbled, clear teal marbled, or bone white marbled in the European Union and as orange-brown marbled vinyl in the United States.
Track listing
Personnel
The Crown
Magnus Olsfelt - bass
Tomas Lindberg - vocals
Marcus Sunesson - guitars
Marko Tervonen - guitars
Janne Saarenpää -drums
Dr. Johan Lindstrand - backing vocals on "Death Metal Holocaust"
Production
M. Engstrom - mixing
Kenneth Johansson - photography
Thomas Ewerhard - cover art, layout
Kenneth Svensson - mastering
Marcus Sunesson - recording
Marko Tervonen - recording
Chris Silver - producer, recording, mixing
Mark Brand - artwork
References
The Crown (band) albums
2002 albums
Metal Blade Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned%20in%20Terror |
Limestone Run is a stream that lies to the east of New Creek Mountain in Mineral County, West Virginia. It is a tributary of the North Branch Potomac River.
See also
Twin Mountain and Potomac Railroad
List of rivers of West Virginia
References
Rivers of Mineral County, West Virginia
Rivers of West Virginia
Tributaries of the Potomac River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone%20Run%20%28North%20Branch%20Potomac%20River%20tributary%29 |
Dipterocarpus validus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, endemic to Kalimantan, Sabah and the Philippines. The species is common in both primary and secondary forest, often occurring along rivers and in freshwater swamps. It yields wood-oil and is cut for keruing timber.
References
validus
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Trees of the Philippines
Critically endangered flora of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20validus |
Peter Carl Ordeshook (born May 21, 1942) is an American political scientist. He is the Mary Stillman Harkness Professor of Political Science at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.
He held faculty positions at Carnegie Mellon University (1968–1982) and the University of Texas at Austin (1982–1987), where he served as the Frank C. Erwin Jr. Centennial Chair in Government. He was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University from 1975 to 1976, and he was the president of the Public Choice Society from 1986 to 1988. He has been a professor at Caltech since 1987. He has authored influential papers and books, such as "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting" (with William H. Riker) and "Game Theory and Political Theory". He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Early life and education
Peter Ordeshook was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, May 21, 1942, the son of Mary Romanowicz and Peter Ordeshook whose parents had emigrated from Poland and Ukraine respectively in 1907. His Ukrainian side of the family came from Kamin-Kashyrskyi of Volyn area in Ukraine. He attended Chelsea High School.
Odershook graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics, politics, and engineering. He enrolled for graduate studies at the University of Rochester and received his Ph.D. in Political Science in 1969.
Academic career
Research
Ordeshook's research spans a broad spectrum in political science, covering areas as diverse as positive political theory/applications of game theory to politics, political economy, political behavior (in particular voting behavior), political institutions and political engineering, American politics, international relations, and comparative politics, employing mathematical modeling, experimental design, and empirical research methods.
Formal Theory in Political Science
Ordeshook was one of the pioneers who introduced formal mathematical models into political science, and has been highly influential in the field.
Experimental and Empirical Research
Experimental political science employs controlled experiments to study political phenomena, test hypotheses, and understand causal relationships. Ordeshook’s contribution to experimental research is exemplified by his collaborative work with Richard McKelvey. McKelvey and Ordeshook were early developers of laboratory experiments that showed, among other findings, how people can use relatively simple pieces of information to make complex political decisions. Specifically, they examined when uninformed voters can use cues from polls and endorsements to cast the same votes they would have cast if they were more informed. One experiment focused on whether these cues could lead otherwise uninformed voters to have a thought like “if that many voters are voting for the [rightist candidate], he can’t be too liberal” and use that fact to figure out how they would vote if they knew more about the issues (McKelvey and Ordeshook 1985). Political economist Thomas Palfrey describes their main finding as follows:
“Perhaps the most striking experiment… only a few of the voters in the experiments knew where the candidates located... they proved that this information alone is sufficient to reveal enough to voters that even uninformed voters behave optimally – i.e., as if they were fully informed.”
McKelvey and Ordeshook’s experiments showed an unexpected range of conditions under which (a) uninformed voters vote competently and (b) election outcomes are identical to what they would have been if all voters were sufficiently informed. These findings prompted a reconsideration of how voters use information to make decisions.
Ordeshook's contributions extend beyond his influential theoretical and experimental work. He has also emphasized the importance of empirical testing and validation of formal theories through rigorous analysis of real world data and has made significant contributions to empirical research. For example, Ordeshook and Zeng (1997) tested hypotheses generated from rational voter models, in particular the expected utility models of voting (Downs 1957, Riker and Ordeshook 1968), in the context of three-candidate presidential elections. These models posit that turnout and candidate choice decisions are influenced by, among other factors, the voter's consideration of the potential benefit of the decision weighted by the probability that the benefit would be realized. Ordeshook and Zeng found empirical evidence that expected utility calculations add little to our understanding of the decision to vote, but such strategic considerations significantly influence candidate choice decisions, especially among voters who favor a minor party candidate.
Constitutional Design and Comparative Politics
Ordeshook (1992) re-examined the importance of constitutional devices such as the separation of powers and scheduled elections, and the role of federalism for the stability of the American political system. Chen and Ordeshook (1994) studied the role of constitutional secessions clauses. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Ordeshook collaborated with his students and social scientists from Russia and Ukraine, and helped each of these countries design their new constitution. Their work studied the design of a federalist system (Filippov, Ordeshook and Shvetsova, 2004), and the forensics of election fraud in Russia and Ukraine (Myagkov and Ordeshook, 2009).
In 1996-1998 Ordeshook was invited to teach Political Science and Game Theory at The International Summer School in Political Science and International Relations, funded by the Stefan Batory Foundation. At the time the Summer School was focused on sponsoring the students from the former Soviet Union and other Soviet bloc countries so that they would engage in intensive study of the subjects previously not available under Soviet regime thus allowing the new generation of potential scholars to be exposed to the Western thought and democracy.
After engaging in the study of budding Russian federalism (with Olga Shvetsova, Misha Myagkov, and Mikhail G. Filippov) and sharing his expertise on the subject with Russian lawmakers, Peter Ordeshook turned to studying another post-Soviet state, namely Ukraine. His work and collaboration with prominent Ukrainian Sociologist, Valeriy Khmelko and Melvin J. Hinich resulted in publications in Post-Soviet Affairs (1999, 2002), where they analyze the results of Ukraine's 1998 parliamentary and 1999 presidential elections using spatial model of voting, specifically concentrating on East/West divide of Ukraine.
Teaching and Mentoring
Ordeshook has been a dedicated teacher and an outstanding mentor and adviser for graduate students. His passion for science is contagious and his teaching style engaging. Some of his books are used as standard textbooks in many graduate and undergraduate programs. He is an inspiring mentor with an exceptional ability to bring out the talent in each student. He has collaborated with many of his students on a wide range of research projects and has nurtured the intellectual growth of generations of scholars. His notable students and mentees include Emerson Niou, Kenneth Williams, Guofu Tan, Arthur Lupia, Langche Zeng, Peng Lian, Yan Chen, Katerina Sherstyuk, Olga Shvetsova, Mikhail Filippov, Marianna Klochko, and Mikhail Myagkov.
In the early to mid 1990s Ordeshook served as the Director of Graduate Studies at Caltech's Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, putting a significant effort in finding and attracting promising graduate students to the program, and pioneering recruitment of students from China and the former USSR. Aligned with Ordeshook’s research interest in voting, corruption and constitutional design, collaborations with many of these students resulted in research contributions such as Constitutional Secessions Clauses (with Yan Chen, Constitutional Political Economy,1994), Designing Federalism (with M. Filippov and O. Shvetsova, Cambridge University Press, 2004), Endogenous Time Preferences in Social Networks (with Marianna Klochko, Edward Elgar, 2005), and The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine (with Mikhail Myagkov, Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Selected publications
Riker, W.H. and Ordeshook, P.C., 1968. "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting." American political science review, 62(1), pp. 25–42.
Davis, O., Hinich, M., & Ordeshook, P. 1970. "An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process." American Political Science Review, 64(2), 426-448.
McKelvey, R.D., and Ordeshook, P.C., 1985. “Elections with Limited Information: A Fulfilled Expectations Model Using Contemporaneous Poll and Endorsement Data as Information Sources.” Journal of Economic Theory 36: 55-85.
Ordeshook, P.C. 1986. Game Theory and Political Theory, Cambridge University Press.
Ordeshook, P., & Schwartz, T. 1987. "Agendas and the Control of Political Outcomes." American Political Science Review, 81(1), 179-199.
Ordeshook, P.C., & Palfrey,T.R. 1988. "Agendas, Strategic Voting, and Signaling with Incomplete Information." American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 441–466.
Niou, E.M., Ordeshook, P.C., & Rose, G.F. 1989. The Balance of Power: Stability in International Systems. Cambridge University Press.
Ordeshook,P.C., 1990. "The emerging discipline of political economy", in Alt, J.E. & Shepsle, K.A. (Eds.), Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, Cambridge University Press.
Ordeshook, P.C., 1992. A Political Theory Primer. Routledge Press.
Ordeshook, P.C., 1992. "Constitutional stability". Constitutional political economy, 3(2), pp. 137–175.
Chen Y. and Ordeshook, P.C., 1994. "Constitutional secession clauses", Constitutional Political Economy, 5, pp. 45–60.
Ordeshook, P.C. and Shvetsova, O.V., 1994. "Ethnic heterogeneity, district magnitude, and the number of parties." American journal of political science, pp. 100–123.
Ordeshook, P.C. and Zeng, L., 1997. "Rational Voters and Strategic Voting: Evidence from the 1968, 1980 and 1992 Elections", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 9(2): 167–187.
Ordeshook, P.C., 1998. Lessons for Citizens of a New Democracy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Filippov, M., Ordeshook, P.C. and Shvetsova, O., 2004. Designing federalism: A theory of self-sustainable federal institutions. Cambridge University Press.
Klochko, M.A. and Ordeshook, P.C., 2005. Endogenous time preferences in social networks. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Myagkov, M., Ordeshook, P.C. and Shakin, D., 2009. The forensics of election fraud: Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press.
References
Downs, A., 1957. An economic theory of democracy. Harper and Row, 28.
Walter, B., 1975. [Review of An Introduction to Positive Political Theory by W.H. Riker & P.C. Ordeshook]. The American Political Science Review, 69(3), 1007–1009.
Enelow, J.M. and Hinich, M.J., 1984. The spatial theory of voting: An introduction. CUP Archive.
External links
Caltech profile page
Google scholar page
American Academy of Arts and Sciences page
1942 births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Rochester alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Carnegie Mellon University faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ordeshook |
MLS Cup 2003 was the eighth edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), which took place on November 23, 2003. It was hosted at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, and was contested by the Chicago Fire and the San Jose Earthquakes to decide the champion of the 2003 season. Both teams had previously won the MLS Cup and were looking for their second championship.
San Jose defeated Chicago 4–2, clinching their second championship in three years; Landon Donovan scored two goals and was named the match's most valuable player. The match included a sequence of three goals scored within a five-minute period early in the second half and had the earliest goal scored in MLS Cup history, the competition's first own goal, and the first penalty kick awarded in a final. It was also the highest-scoring final, with six goals in total.
Venue
The under construction Home Depot Center was announced as the venue of MLS Cup 2003 on February 27, 2002, a week after CMGI Field in Foxborough, Massachusetts, was awarded the 2002 final. The 27,000-seat stadium opened on June 7, 2003, as the centerpiece of a $140 million multi-sport complex in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson. The Home Depot Center is a soccer-specific stadium that was built to primarily serve as the home of the Los Angeles Galaxy. It also hosted several matches during the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup in September and October, including the final match.
The 2003 edition was the second MLS Cup to be hosted in the Los Angeles area, following the 1998 cup at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, attended by 51,530 spectators. The 2003 cup was attended by a sellout crowd of 27,000, including 500 San Jose Earthquakes supporters in the designated away section. The Home Depot Center was selected to host later MLS Cups in 2004, 2008, and 2011 before neutral venues for the final were abolished. The stadium, later renamed the StubHub Center, would go on to host the MLS Cup in 2012 and 2014.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States. The 2003 season was the eighth in the league's history and was contested by ten teams in two conferences. Each team played a total of 30 matches in the regular season from April to October, facing teams within their conference four times, outside of their conference two times, and playing an additional set of games against a non-conference team. The playoffs ran entirely within November and was contested by the top four teams in each conference, a change from the 2002 playoffs. It was organized into three rounds: a home-and-away series in the Conference Semifinals with a winner determined by aggregate score, followed by an overtime period and a penalty shootout if necessary; a single-match Conference Final; and the MLS Cup final.
MLS Cup 2003 was contested by the Chicago Fire, who also won the regular season's Supporters' Shield and the U.S. Open Cup, and the San Jose Earthquakes. Both teams had previously won the MLS Cup and finished at the top of their respective conferences in regular season play, separated by a single point. The two teams had not previously met in the playoffs. Chicago and San Jose played three matches in the regular season, which ended in two scoreless draws and a 4–1 victory in May for the Fire at San Jose's Spartan Stadium.
Chicago Fire
The Chicago Fire entered as one of the league's first two expansion teams in 1998, winning the MLS Cup and U.S. Open Cup in their inaugural season. The team returned to the MLS Cup in 2000, losing to the Kansas City Wizards, and won the 2000 U.S. Open Cup. The team finished the 2002 season as the third-placed seed in the Eastern Conference, its worst-ever performance, and were eliminated by the New England Revolution in the Conference Semifinals. The Fire had moved to Cardinal Stadium, a college venue in Naperville, Illinois, for the 2002 and 2003 seasons while Soldier Field was renovated.
Dave Sarachan was hired to replace Bob Bradley as head coach and drafted several rookie players, including forwards Nate Jaqua and Damani Ralph, and new acquisitions to bolster the team's existing lineup while offloading expensive veteran players. The Fire struggled with injuries to several starting players that led to several draws and losses early in the season, but scored key victories and won a Supporters' Shield title and the 2003 U.S. Open Cup. Sarachan was named MLS Coach of the Year prior to the MLS Cup final, where a win would clinch a treble for the first time in American soccer history.
Chicago entered the playoffs as top seed and faced D.C. United in the Conference Semifinals. The team won 4–0 on aggregate with back-to-back 2–0 wins and advanced to face New England in the Conference Finals. The match, played at Soldier Field in Chicago, was scoreless after regulation time and advanced to overtime, where captain Chris Armas scored the golden goal in the 101st minute. The Fire became the first team to reach an MLS Cup final without conceding a goal in the playoffs, earning three straight shutouts.
San Jose Earthquakes
The San Jose Earthquakes (originally the San Jose Clash) participated in the inaugural edition of the playoffs in 1996, but failed to qualify for four subsequent seasons. After finishing the 2000 season in last place, Frank Yallop was hired as the club's fifth head coach in 2001, taking the retiring Dominic Kinnear as his assistant. The team was bolstered by the acquisition of veteran defender Jeff Agoos, striker Dwayne De Rosario, and teenage forward Landon Donovan. The Earthquakes went on a 12-match unbeaten streak and won their first MLS Cup over the Los Angeles Galaxy, their in-state rivals. San Jose finished the 2002 season in second place, behind the Galaxy, but were eliminated by the Columbus Crew in the Conference Semifinals.
The Earthquakes acquired several rookie players in the 2003 SuperDraft, including midfielder Todd Dunivant, forward Jamil Walker, and goalkeeper Josh Saunders, capping a busy off-season that saw the departure of several veteran players. San Jose began the season with a six-match unbeaten streak and continued to stay atop the Western Conference standings despite injuries to several key players and absences due to national team call-ups. The team held on to finish second overall behind the Chicago Fire with 51 points, with Landon Donovan leading the team's scoring with 12 goals and Pat Onstad setting new goalkeeping records for the club.
San Jose were paired with rivals Los Angeles in the Conference Semifinals and lost the away leg 2–0, conceding goals to Sasha Victorine and Carlos Ruiz after a half-time skirmish. The Galaxy's extended their aggregate lead to 4–0 during the first 13 minutes of the second leg at Spartan Stadium on November 9, but the Earthquakes responded by scoring four unanswered goals to tie the match 4–4 on aggregate, including a last-minute header from defender Chris Roner. San Jose clinched their series victory with a golden goal scored by substitute forward Rodrigo Faria in the 96th minute, capping a comeback in what was called one of the greatest matches in MLS history. In the Conference Final against the Kansas City Wizards on November 15, San Jose conceded the first goal and rallied to equalize before trailing 2–1. Earthquakes midfielder Brian Mullan then equalized again and sent the match to overtime, where Landon Donovan scored a golden goal in the 117th minute.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).
Broadcasting and entertainment
The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ABC in English and Spanish using secondary audio programming. English play-by-play commentary was provided by JP Dellacamera with color analysis by Ty Keough, reprising their roles at MLS Cup 2002. Play-by-play commentator Ernesto Motta returned from the previous cup's Spanish-language broadcast, working alongside color analyst Robert Sierra. ABC/ESPN provided a total of 20 cameras, including aerial coverage from a Goodyear Blimp. The match was also broadcast live on radio within the U.S. on Sports Byline USA in English and Radio Unica in Spanish, and on the American Forces Radio Network internationally. The ABC broadcast earned a Nielsen rating of 0.6, the lowest figure recorded for an MLS Cup.
The match's half-time show featured singer Michelle Branch, who performed her hit single "Breathe".
Match
Summary
Referee of the Year Brian Hall was chosen to officiate the match and was previously the head referee at MLS Cup 1997. At kickoff, set for 12:30 p.m. Pacific Time, the weather in Carson was sunny with a temperature of . Both teams fielded their regular lineups arranged in a 4–4–2 formation.
The Earthquakes kicked off the match and made a series of attacks that won them a free kick outside of the penalty box. After a faked shot by Jeff Agoos, Danish midfielder Ronnie Ekelund drove the ball past the defensive wall and scored the first goal of the final, tying the record for fastest MLS Cup goal. Chicago had the majority of possession and chances in the first half, including two shots that were missed by striker Ante Razov and a poor touch by Damani Ralph, but eventually conceded a second goal to San Jose. An Earthquakes counter-attack in the 38th minute sprung Jamil Walker, who sent a through-pass to Landon Donovan, who sprinted pass several defenders and shot the ball past goalkeeper Zach Thornton.
The second half opened with a sequence of three goals by both teams within five minutes, beginning with a short pass by Andy Williams to DaMarcus Beasley that was shot into the near side of the goal, cutting San Jose's lead to 2–1. Shortly after kickoff, a long overhead pass by Brian Mullan found Earthquakes midfielder Richard Mulrooney, who scored and restored the Earthquakes' two-goal lead. The Fire continued to press for a second goal and earned a throw-in near San Jose's goal that led to a cross into the box by Evan Whitfield. The cross was deflected into the goal by Earthquakes defender Chris Roner, who had been substituted three minutes earlier, narrowing the team's lead to 3–2 in the 54th minute. Roner then conceded a penalty kick to the Earthquakes two minutes later after a tackle from behind on Damani Ralph in the penalty area. Ante Razov took the penalty kick, the first in MLS Cup history, but it was saved by goalkeeper Pat Onstad with a dive to his right side to catch the ball.
Razov attempted to score an equalizing goal in the 58th minute, taking a shot in front of Onstad that grazed the corner of the net. San Jose forward Jamil Walker suffered an injury and was replaced in the 60th minute by Dwayne DeRosario, who sized on a mis-cleared ball from Chicago ten minutes later and sent a cross into the box that was finished by Landon Donovan, giving the Earthquakes a 4–2 lead in the 71st minute. With the goal, Donovan became the first player to score two goals in an MLS Cup. A chance for Chicago to reduce San Jose's lead came from a cross by Ralph in the 82nd minute that rolled across the six-yard box, but the tap-in for Razov was missed and the ball continued out of bounds. Ralph also had a chance to score a consolation goal in the third minute of stoppage time, a cross by Nate Jaqua that he headed wide in front of the goal. Despite having fewer shots and corner kicks, the San Jose Earthquakes won the match 4–2 and earned their second championship in three years.
Details
Statistics
Post-match
The San Jose Earthquakes became the second team in league history to win multiple MLS Cups, following D.C. United's three titles in the 1990s. The six-goal 2003 final was the highest-scoring in MLS Cup history, beating the five-goal inaugural edition, and featured its earliest goal, its first own goal, and its first awarded penalty kick. The own goal and penalty kick were both caused by Earthquakes defender Chris Roner, who would undergo ankle surgery at the end of the season that ultimately led to the end of his playing career. Landon Donovan became the first player to score multiple goals in an MLS Cup final and was named the match's most valuable player. San Jose captain Jeff Agoos won his fifth MLS Cup, having played in six previous finals for the Earthquakes and D.C. United.
San Jose qualified for the 2004 CONCACAF Champions' Cup as MLS Cup champions, while Chicago also qualified as Supporters' Shield champion. The Earthquakes were eliminated in the quarterfinals by eventual champions Alajuelense, while the Fire were defeated by Deportivo Saprissa in the semifinals. Both teams have yet to make an appearance at the MLS Cup final since 2003; two years after the cup, the Earthquakes were placed on hiatus and replaced by the Houston Dynamo, who would win back-to-back MLS Cups in their first two seasons before San Jose was reinstated in 2008. The first domestic treble in MLS history was ultimately won in 2017 by Toronto FC.
References
MLS Cup
MLS Cup
MLS Cup 2003
MLS Cup 2003
Sports competitions in Carson, California
November 2003 sports events in the United States
2003 in sports in California
21st century in Carson, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202003 |
MLS Cup 2004 was the ninth edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), which took place on November 14, 2004, at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. It was contested between D.C. United and the Kansas City Wizards to decide the champion of the 2004 season. The two teams had qualified for the playoffs after seasons with mixed results that ended in top-two finishes in their respective conferences.
D.C. United won the match 3–2, scoring all three of its goals in a seven-minute span during the first half after the Wizards had taken an early lead. Alecko Eskandarian was named the match MVP for scoring the first two goals for D.C., one of which included an alleged handball that was uncalled. The 2004 final featured the first red card in MLS Cup history, awarded for a handball which resulted in a penalty kick for Kansas City's second goal. It was D.C. United's fourth MLS Cup title and their first since 1999, and manager Peter Nowak became the first person to win the MLS Cup as a player and coach.
Venue
The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, the home venue of the Los Angeles Galaxy, was announced by the league as the host of MLS Cup 2004 on June 23, 2004. The 27,000-seat stadium had hosted the previous edition of the MLS Cup and the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Final in its first year of operation. The 2004 final marked the first time that a stadium had hosted consecutive editions of the MLS Cup, which would be followed by Pizza Hut Park in Frisco, Texas in 2005 and 2006.
Road to the final
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States. The 2004 season was the ninth in the league's history and was contested by ten teams in two conferences, divided into the east and west. Each team played a total of 30 matches in the regular season from April to October, facing teams within their conference four times, outside of their conference two times, and playing an additional home game against a non-conference team. The playoffs ran from mid-October to November and was contested by the top four teams in each conference. It was organized into three rounds: a home-and-away series with a winner determined by aggregate score in the Conference Semifinals, a single-match Conference Final, and the MLS Cup final.
MLS Cup 2004 was contested by D.C. United and the Kansas City Wizards. Both teams had previously won the MLS Cup and finished in the top two seeds of their respective conferences in regular season play. D.C. and Kansas City had played each other twice during the regular season, trading 1–0 away wins at their respective homes: the Wizards won at RFK Memorial Stadium in May and D.C. United won at Arrowhead Stadium in July. Kansas City qualified for the playoffs as the top seed in the Western Conference, finishing level with Supporters' Shield winners Columbus Crew on points, while D.C. United rode late-season momentum to finish with a record slightly above .500.
D.C. United
D.C. United won three MLS Cup titles in the first four seasons of the league's existence, only finishing as runners-up in 1998, and established a dynasty under head coaches Bruce Arena and Thomas Rongen. From 2000 to 2002, however, D.C. failed to qualify for the playoffs for three consecutive seasons and Rongen was fired. Ray Hudson lead the team to a playoffs return in 2003, where they lost 4–0 on aggregate to the Chicago Fire in the first round.
In January 2004, D.C. hired recently retired Chicago Fire midfielder Peter Nowak as its fourth head coach in nine seasons. The last remaining player from the club's inaugural season, forward Marco Etcheverry, left the club at the end of the 2003 season. To replace Etcheverry, the club recalled Jaime Moreno from the MetroStars and drafted 14-year-old forward Freddy Adu, who had already agreed in November to sign with them. Nowak implemented an aggressive playstyle that emphasized counterattacks and team-oriented play that took hold late in the season.
The club earned a 5–5–5 record at the beginning of the season, including a 271-minute scoreless streak and a four-match unbeaten streak that was capped with a 6–2 win over the MetroStars. After a four-match winless streak to start the second half of the season, D.C. United found a more consistent rhythm and finished the season with a winning record and a ten-match home unbeaten streak. The club signed Argentine midfielder Christian Gómez in the summer transfer window and paired him with forward Alecko Eskandarian, who lead D.C. in goals scored, to close out the season; rookie goalkeeper Troy Perkins was promoted to the starting lineup and played in place of Nick Rimando before he returned later in the season.
By winning five of their final six regular season matches, D.C. United clinched the second-place seed in the Eastern Conference behind the Columbus Crew. In the Conference Semifinals, D.C. played host to their Atlantic Cup rivals, the New York/New Jersey MetroStars, who they had played in the final week of the season. D.C. United won 2–0 in the first leg at Giants Stadium on second-half goals by Earnie Stewart and Eskandarian. In the second leg of the series at RFK Memorial Stadium, D.C. defeated the MetroStars 2–0, with late goals scored by Moreno and Bryan Namoff, and advanced to the Conference Final on an aggregate score of 4–0.
D.C. United faced the fourth-seeded New England Revolution, who upset the Columbus Crew in the semifinals, in the Conference Final at RFK Memorial Stadium on November 6, 2004. During the match, considered one of the best in MLS history, D.C. took the lead three times and New England responded with three equalizing goals. Eskandarian opened the scoring in the 11th minute on a defensive mistake, but Taylor Twellman leveled the score at 1–1 six minutes later with a volleyed shot from inside the box. Jamie Moreno restored the lead for D.C. in the 21st minute, curling a shot around the left post to beat goalkeeper Matt Reis; New England were awarded a penalty kick after the ball hit the arm of defender Brian Carroll, and Steve Ralston's shot deflected off the post and Nick Rimando before going into the net and tying the match 2–2 at halftime. Gómez scored D.C.'s third goal in the 67th minute, heading a cross from Earnie Stewart, but New England's Pat Noonan responded with a headed goal in the 85th minute that tied the match at the end of regulation time.
Despite several attempts at goal, the match remained tied 3–3 after extra time and would be the first MLS playoff match decided by a penalty shootout. After an opening round in which neither penalty taker scored, five consecutive penalties were scored to give D.C. a 3–2 lead. In the fourth round, the shot by Jay Heaps for New England was saved by Rimando, but the follow-up by Moreno was saved by Reis to prevent the Revolution from being eliminated. New England's Shalrie Joseph scored his penalty to trigger a sudden death round, which saw Brian Carroll score and Clint Dempsey's shot saved by Nick Rimando. The penalty shootout ended in a 4–3 victory for D.C. United, who clinched an appearance in their fifth MLS Cup final.
Kansas City Wizards
The Kansas City Wizards had won the MLS Cup in 2000, defeating the Chicago Fire, in the same season that they had clinched the Supporters' Shield for the best regular season record. The team qualified for the playoffs in six of their first eight seasons, including four consecutive appearances under manager Bob Gansler. The Wizards finished in second place in the Western Conference at the end of the 2003 season, relying on 40-year-old forward Preki as he led the league in scoring and was named the most valuable player. The team advanced past the Colorado Rapids and qualified for the Conference Finals, where they were defeated 3–2 by the San Jose Earthquakes in extra time.
The Wizards began the 2004 season without Preki, who broke his leg during preseason and replaced with Josh Wolff and Davy Arnaud as starting forwards. The season began with only three wins in the first nine matches, but the Wizards found their form in June and went unbeaten in nine despite playing five consecutive away matches. The team saw their unbeaten streak broken at the end of July before the All-Star Game break, remaining in second place behind the Los Angeles Galaxy in the Western Conference standings. Veteran goalkeeper Tony Meola picked up an injury to his achilles tendon during a pre-game warm-up in August and was replaced by backup goalkeeper Bo Oshoniyi, who would start for the rest of the season. The Wizards also lost starting midfielder Chris Klein to a torn ligament in his knee, while Preki returned only for three matches before being sidelined for an additional ankle surgery.
Kansas City returned from the All-Star break by continuing a four-match winless streak, but finished the season with five wins in the final nine matches to clinch the first seed in the Western Conference. The team's success was credited to a league-leading defense, conceding one goal per game on average, and strong performances from reserve and replacement players under Gansler. The Wizards also won their first U.S. Open Cup title in September by defeating the Chicago Fire 1–0 with a golden goal in extra time. The team were tied with the Columbus Crew in the overall standings with 49 points, but lost the Supporters' Shield on the third tiebreaker, goals scored. Two Wizards players, defender Jimmy Conrad and midfielder Kerry Zavagnin, were named to the MLS Best XI, but Gansler finished as runner-up to Columbus's Greg Andrulis for MLS Coach of the Year.
The Wizards began their playoff campaign in the Western Conference Semifinals against the San Jose Earthquakes, the defending MLS Cup champions. The team fell 2–0 in the first leg of the series in San Jose, conceding goals to Dwayne De Rosario and Craig Waibel near halftime, but Oshoniyi saved further chances from the Earthquakes. The Wizards returned to Arrowhead Stadium and earned a 2–0 lead in the second half to tie the series, with a first-half goal from rookie midfielder Khari Stephenson and an own goal scored on a deflection off Earthquakes forward Brian Ching. In the second minute of stoppage time, Kansas City midfielder Jack Jewsbury scored the winning goal to give his team a 3–2 win on aggregate that would clinch a berth in the Western Conference Final. The Wizards then hosted the Los Angeles Galaxy in the Western Conference Final, repeating similar playoff matchups that the Galaxy won in 1996 and 2002 and lost in 2000; the Galaxy, who were hosting the MLS Cup final, was also winless in four regular season matches against the Wizards in 2004. With a strong defensive performance, Kansas City advanced to their second MLS Cup final on a 2–0 win over Los Angeles; both of the team's goals were scored by Davy Arnaud in the 24th and 69th minutes.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).
Broadcasting and entertainment
The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ABC in English, along with a Spanish broadcast using secondary audio programming, both produced by ESPN. English play-by-play commentary was provided by JP Dellacamera with color analysis by Eric Wynalda, reprising their roles in the previous final. Play-by-play commentator Ernesto Motta returned to the Spanish-language broadcast, working alongside color analyst Robert Sierra. The ABC/ESPN broadcast was produced by a team of 85 people and used 20 cameras, including specialized replay and slow-motion cameras. The match was also broadcast in over 175 other countries by ESPN International. Radio coverage of the match was provided by the local teams in English and Radiovisa nationally in Spanish. It was also carried on the American Forces Radio Network internationally. The ABC broadcast earned a Nielsen rating of 0.8 and averaged a local 2.4 rating in the Kansas City metropolitan area—far below the competing Kansas City Chiefs game. The match's halftime show featured San Diego-based alternative rock band Switchfoot and a pyrotechnics display.
Match
Summary
The match kicked off at 12:45 p.m. Pacific Time on November 14, 2004, at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, in front of a crowd of 25,797 spectators—including several hundred traveling D.C. United supporters. At kickoff, the temperature measured , setting a new record for hottest MLS Cup final. Kansas City took an early lead in the sixth minute after defender José Burciaga Jr. scored on a shot from , following sustained offensive pressure from kickoff.
D.C. United responded with its own offensive pressure and scored three goals within seven minutes to take a 3–1 lead by the 30th minute of play. Alecko Eskandarian scored D.C.'s first two goals, first receiving a pass from Brian Carroll and turning around defender Nick Garcia to score from in the 19th minute. Four minutes later, Eskandarian stole the ball from a Wizards throw-in meant for defender Jimmy Conrad and scored on a left-footed shot from for a 2–1 lead; during the run-up to the goal, Eskandarian used his forearm to block the ball, but it was not called by referee Michael Kennedy despite protests from Kansas City players and coaches. D.C. United extended their lead to 3–1 in the 26th minute after Wizards defender Alex Zotinca scored an own goal by deflecting a cross from Earnie Stewart into the goal with his chest.
D.C. remained ahead by two goals at halftime, but Kansas City began the second half with an offensive push along the wings to narrow the lead. Burciaga Jr. took a corner kick for the Wizards in the 56th minute that was headed towards goal by Conrad, who led the team with four shots, but it was blocked by Eskandarian on the goal line and deflected away by goalkeeper Nick Rimando. The ball returned to Conrad, who took a short, volleyed shot towards the goal that hit the hand of D.C. midfielder Dema Kovalenko. After the referee and an assistant discussed the play, Kansas City were awarded a penalty kick and Kovalenko received the first red card in MLS Cup history for his handball.
The resulting penalty kick was scored in the 58th minute by Josh Wolff, but the Wizards failed to find an equalizing goal with their one-man advantage. Manager Bob Gansler made two substitutions to bring on attacking players, but the team failed to capitalize on chances given to Burciaga in the 81st minute and Matt Taylor in stoppage time. Nowak responded by making several defensive substitutions for D.C., also bringing on Freddy Adu in the 65th minute for Eskandarian, who suffered a leg injury, as the team held onto their lead to win the match 3–2 and clinch an MLS Cup.
Details
Post-match
D.C. United won its fourth MLS Cup championship and its first since 1999, solidifying its place as the most successful sports franchise in Washington, D.C. Peter Nowak became the first person to win the MLS Cup as both a player and as a head coach, as well as the first coach without American or Canadian citizenship to win the title. He was the MLS Cup MVP during the Chicago Fire's 1998 victory against D.C. United and also played in their loss to Kansas City in 2000. Josh Wolff, who scored Kansas City's second goal in the 2004 cup, was a teammate of Nowawk's and played in the 2000 cup. 15-year-old substitute Freddy Adu became the youngest member of an American professional championship team in modern sports history, beating a record set by 18-year-old baseball pitcher Art Houtteman with the Detroit Tigers in 1945.
Eskandarian was named the match's MVP for his two goals, capping a season of redemption after spending his rookie year on the bench. After the match, he stated, "I didn't even know where the ball hit me. It was just what you learn in youth soccer; you keep going until you hear a whistle." In 2011, Eskandarian publicly acknowledged that there was a handball on the play that led to his second goal in a Twitter roast of retiring defender Jimmy Conrad. Wizards head coach Bob Gansler complimented United's defensive performance and lamented his team's defensive errors that lead to the three conceded goals.
Both finalists qualified for the 2005 CONCACAF Champions' Cup and were placed in the quarterfinals, which were played during the MLS preseason in early March. Kansas City tied Deportivo Saprissa in its home leg, but were eliminated by losing 2–1 after extra time the following week in San José, Costa Rica. D.C. played against Harbour View of Jamaica and advanced from the quarterfinals with a 4–2 aggregate score. In the semifinals, they played against Mexican champions UNAM Pumas and drew 1–1 in the home leg, but were eliminated after losing 5–0 in Mexico City.
References
2004
MLS Cup 2004
MLS Cup 2004
Sports competitions in Carson, California
November 2004 sports events in the United States
2004 in sports in California
21st century in Carson, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202004 |
Dipterocarpus verrucosus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is native to Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. The species locally common on ridges in mixed dipterocarp forest. Its keruing timber is exploited by logging, particularly in Borneo.
References
verrucosus
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Flora of Thailand
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus%20verrucosus |
Minnesota State Highway 74 (MN 74) is a highway in southeast Minnesota that runs from its intersection with U.S. Highway 52 and State Highway 30 in Chatfield and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 61 at Weaver along the Mississippi River. It is the only remaining road in the state highway system that is still partially unpaved.
Route description
State Highway 74 serves as a north–south route in southeast Minnesota between Chatfield, St. Charles, Elba, and Weaver. It is legally defined as Legislative Route 74 in the Minnesota Statutes.
Highway 74 begins at its intersection with U.S. 52 and State Highway 30 in Chatfield and continues north through the unincorporated communities of Troy and Saratoga. Highway 74 has a junction with Interstate 90 just south of St. Charles. In St. Charles, Highway 74 becomes Main Street, also known as Whitewater Avenue, until it joins U.S. Highway 14 briefly. Highway 74 runs concurrent west with Highway 14 for less than a mile. The route continues north again, passing through Whitewater State Park and the town of Elba. The highway ends at its junction with U.S. Highway 61 in Weaver, Minnesota. About of the northern end of the route through the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area from Beaver to Weaver, in what is known as the Weaver Bottoms, are unpaved gravel.
History
Highway 74 was authorized in 1933. The south end of Highway 74 previously extended south of Chatfield to old U.S. Highway 16 at Spring Valley until 1974. As a result of this, the present day mile markers begin at mile 20. Highway 74 follows, in part, an old route that was one of the first public roads in the Minnesota Territory.
In 1953, the route was still gravel south of U.S. Highway 14. Highway 74 was paved by 1960, except for the northernmost . Then in summer of 2021, additional had its paving removed, extending the total unpaved portion of the route to .
Flood
The 2007 Midwest flooding caused much damage to Highway 74. On August 18 and 19, 2007, the flooded Whitewater River destroyed bridges and washed out the roadway in several places. By 2008, repairs were complete.
Images
Major intersections
References
074
Transportation in Fillmore County, Minnesota
Transportation in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Transportation in Winona County, Minnesota
Transportation in Wabasha County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20State%20Highway%2074 |
was a Japanese Rakugo comedian. His trademark line was "Sō nansu, okusan!" (That's the way it is, madam!). Hayashiya Shōzō IX and Hayashiya Sanpei II are his sons and Yasuha is his daughter.
The Pokémon Wobbuffet is an homage to Sanpei.
References
1925 births
People from Taitō
1980 deaths
Rakugoka
20th-century comedians
Comedians from Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashiya%20Sanpei%20I |
Catch Me When I Fall (2005) is a psychological thriller novel by Nicci French, about a woman unknowingly afflicted with bipolar disorder, and how this sets her life on a spiral of self-destruction, as well as pitting her against a shadowy antagonist.
Plot summary
Holly Krauss, a successful married woman who runs her own business with best friend Meg, finds her perfect life deteriorating as a result of foolish actions made almost subconsciously, including an alcohol fuelled one night stand and arguments with potentially dangerous men. After a mysterious stranger from one such incident begins imposing himself on her life, first through stalking and then physical intimidation, she wonders if she really is going insane, before inadvertently causing even more trouble by losing £11,000 in a poker game.
While good-natured and thoroughly empathetic, her artist husband Charlie is a procrastinator and therefore incapable of providing her with the support she needs. Only when Holly finally attempts suicide does she realise that all of her problems may not be simply a result of her own foolhardiness, but the work of a devious and determined psychopath intent on tearing her life apart...
Critical reception
Sandy Amazeen of Monsters and Critics said "the ending is satisfying though predictable" and that "while not French's best work, overall this is an enjoyable read". The review in Publishers Weekly says "the muddled plot and unsympathetic heroine make this suspense thriller less satisfying than others by French". The review in Kirkus Reviews states that the author French "performs as expected".
References
2005 British novels
British thriller novels
Novels about bipolar disorder
Novels by Nicci French
Michael Joseph books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%20Me%20When%20I%20Fall |
is a Japanese manga series by Fujiko Fujio and later Fujiko F. Fujio about the titular obake, Q-Taro, who lives with the Ōhara family. Q-Tarō, also known as "Q-chan" or "Oba-Q", is a mischief-maker who likes to fly around scaring people and stealing food, though he is deathly afraid of dogs.
The story is usually focused on the antics of Q-Tarō and his friends. The manga was drawn in 1964–1966,1971–1974,1976 by the duo Fujiko Fujio (Hiroshi Fujimoto and Motoo Abiko). An English manga volume was published in Japan as Q the Spook.
There are three anime series adaptations of Obake no Q-Tarō. The first was shown on the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) in black and white, and ran from 1965 to 1967. The second series, produced in color, ran from 1971 to 1972 on Nippon TV. The third series ran from 1985 to 1987 on TV Asahi. The series was broadcast in the United States in the 1970s as Little Ghost Q-Taro, making it one of only three works by Fujiko Fujio to reach North America.
Characters
Voiced by: Machiko Soga (1965), Junko Hori (1971), Fusako Amachi (1985)
The protagonist of the manga, Q-Tarō has a fear of dogs and cannot transform although he is an obake.
Voiced by: Kazue Tagami (1965), Yoshiko Ōta (1971), Katsue Miwa (1985)
A human friend of Q-tarō, Shōta Ōhara is an elementary school student. Q-Tarō calls him and Shota calls Q-Tarō . His grades are generally poor, and he was once second from the bottom of his class.
Voiced by: Masako Nozawa (1965), Sumiko Shirakawa (1971), Yū Mizushima (1985)
Shota's older brother and the eldest son of the Ohara family who is a middle school student. Unlike Shota, his academic ability during his middle school days are average. Whenever Shinichi is at home, he usually spends his time listening to music, specifically enjoying records from the Beatles and Elvis Presley.
Voiced by: Hiroko Maruyama (1971), Eiko Masuyama (1985)
U-ko, a judoka, is Q-Tarō's girlfriend obake.
Voiced by: Misae Kita (1965), Yoshiko Yamamoto (1971), Fuyumi Shiraishi (1985)
Doronpa is an American obake. Q-Tarō tends to have a rivalry towards him due to the fact that U-ko idolizes Doronpa's intelligence and he likes to annoy Q-Tarō because he is Japanese.
Voiced by: Yōko Mizugaki (1965), Kazuko Sawada (1971), Yūko Mita (1985)
P-ko is Q-Tarō's younger sister.
Voiced by: Makoto Kōsaka→Reiko Katsura (1971), Keiko Yokozawa (1985)
O-jirō is Q-Tarō's younger brother. Although he can understand others' speech, he can only say "bakeratta." Only Q-Tarō understands what O-jirō says.
Father of Q-Tarō, P-ko, and O-jirō.
Mother of Q-Tarō, P-ko, and O-jirō.
Voiced by: Kaneta Kimotsuki (1965/1971), Hiroshi Takemura (1985)
Nickname: Godzilla. A bully in Shota's class and neighborhood.
Voiced by: Mitsuko Aso (1965), Sumiko Shirakawa (1971), Kaneta Kimotsuki (1985), Naoki Tatsuta (1985, stand-in)
Shota's smart classmate.
Voiced by: Unknown (1965), Kazuko Sawada (1971), Naoki Tatsuta (1985)
Shota's rich classmate who kisses up to Godzilla. His name is also similar to the rich boy in Kaibutsu-kun
Voiced by: Mariko Tsukai (1965), Michiko Nomura (1971), Sanae Miyuki (1985)
Shota's female classmate, always referred to as and U-ko lives with her
(1985 anime only)
Voiced by: Yoko Asagami (1985)
Shin'ichi's girlfriend. She is a middle school student, and P-ko lives with her
Voiced by: Hiroshi Ōtake (1965), Akira Shimada (1971), Shingo Hiromori (1985)
Ramen chief character, he also appears too as a ramen chief in Doraemon, he appears as a teacher in Ninja Hattori-kun, he appears as a Michio's father in Ultra B
Voiced by: Reizo Nomoto (1965) and (1971), Shingo Kanemoto (1985)
Ohara's neighbor and Doronpa lives with him. And he resembles from Doraemon
Reception and impact
The popularity of the 1965 anime adaptation caused a cultural phenomenon called "Oba-Q boom" (オバQブーム Oba-Kyū būmu), which made the series have an 30% audience rating, high popularity with children and spawn a variety of Toys, songs and clothes, as well a host of imitators. The reason of Q-Tarō's popularity was that the series was grounded in everyday Japanese life, with Q-Tarō questioning the structure of Japanese society and the comedic situations that occurred because of Q-Tarō misinterpreting it.
Pac-Man creator Toru Iwatani cited the series as inspiration for the designs of the Ghosts in the Pac-Man video game series. In the manga series To Love Ru, the ghost character Shizu Murasame has a fear of dogs as an homage to Little Ghost Q-Taro.
Notes
References
External links
60s
70s
80s
1960s Japanese television series
1964 manga
1965 anime television series debuts
1971 anime television series debuts
1985 anime television series debuts
Anime series based on manga
Children's manga
Comedy anime and manga
CoroCoro Comic
Fictional ghosts
Fujiko Fujio
Ghost comics
Japanese comedy television series
Nippon TV original programming
Shin-Ei Animation
Shogakukan manga
Shogakukan franchises
Shōnen manga
Shunsuke Kikuchi
TMS Entertainment
TBS Television (Japan) original programming
TV Asahi original programming
1987 films
1986 films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obake%20no%20Q-Tar%C5%8D |
Zuk may refer to:
Zuk (surname)
Zuk, Iran, a village in Iran
FSC Żuk, a Polish motor vehicle
ZUK Mobile, a smartphone company owned by Chinese technology company Lenovo
See also
Zhuk (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuk |
Alfred William Gyles (7 March 1888 – 15 May 1967) was New Zealand chess champion on two occasions—1930/31 and 1935/36.
Gyles was born in Wellington, New Zealand and died in Levin.
References
Further reading
30th Congress of the New Zealand Chess Association
Who's Who in New Zealand
7th ed., 1961, p. 145
8th ed., 1964, p. 146
9th ed., 1968, p. 355
1888 births
1967 deaths
New Zealand chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20William%20Gyles |
A gin pole is a supported pole that uses a pulley or block and tackle on its upper end to lift loads. The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted. The pole (also known as a mast, boom, or spar) is secured with three or more guy-wires. These are manipulated to move the load laterally, with up and down controlled by the pulley or block. In tower construction, a gin pole can also be “jumped” up the completed sections of a tower to lift the higher sections into place.
The gin pole is derived from a gyn, and considered a form of derrick, called a standing derrick or pole derrick, distinguished from sheers (or shear legs) by having a single boom rather than a two-legged one.
Gin poles are also used to raise loads above structures too tall to reach with a crane, such as placing an antenna on top of a tower/steeple, and to lift segments of a tower on top of one-another during erection. When used to create a segmented tower, the gin pole can be detached, raised, and re-attached to the just-completed segment in order to lift the next. This process of jumping is repeated until the topmost portion of the tower is completed. They can also hold a person if strong enough (thus opening stage uses, such as in magic shows).
Gin poles are mounted on trucks as a primitive form of mobile crane, used for lifting and relocating loads, and salvage operations in lieu of a more sophisticated wrecker.
References
External links
Notes & drawings
tower contractor's description with diagram
gin pole regulations in California
gin pole failure leads to lawsuit april 15, 1948 in philadelphia
Tools
Cranes (machines)
Lifting equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin%20pole |
The Mercure du XIXe siècle (sometimes listed as Mercure français du XIXe siècle) was a French literary magazine published from 1823 to 1830. It was edited by Henri de Latouche and was famous for the first published use of the word "realism" (1826) applied to literature. The review was notable for its opposition to Romanticism and for publishing such early 19th-century poets and writers as Senancour.
The Mercure du XIX siècle ("Mercury of the 19th century") modelled its name on another journal, the , which ceased publication in 1824. The name Mercure refers to Mercury, the messenger of the gods.
References
Harvey, Paul and J.E. Heseltine, eds. The Oxford Compagnon to French Literature. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
1823 establishments in France
1830 disestablishments in France
Defunct literary magazines published in France
French-language magazines
Magazines established in 1823
Magazines disestablished in 1830
Realism (art movement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure%20du%20XIXe%20si%C3%A8cle |
Linn-Mar High School is a public high school, part of the Linn-Mar Community School District. It serves students in grades 9 through 12 and is located in Marion, Iowa.
History
Linn-Mar High School opened in the fall of 1959. It was built at a cost of $243,325 and housed 177 students when it opened. The school board had a naming contest for the school; a then-eighth grade student won $25 for submitting Linn-Mar, judged the best of 75 entries.
In 2016, Newsweek named Linn-Mar to its list of best high schools for low-income students.
Athletics
LMHS athletic teams are nicknamed the Lions and compete in the Mississippi Valley Conference. A new 6,000-seat athletics stadium opened in 2011, and a new aquatic facility opened in 2013.
Performing arts
Linn-Mar has three competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender "10th Street Edition" and "In Step" as well as the all-female "Hi-Style". 10th Street was undefeated in its 2018, 2022, and 2023 competition seasons. The program hosts an annual competition entitled "Supernova". LMHS also has a competitive marching band and hosts an annual competition for that discipline.
The school has twice been awarded the Grammy Signature School award.
Notable alumni
Jason Bohannon, ProA professional basketball player
Jordan Bohannon, basketball player for the Iowa Wolves
Lisa Bluder, NCAA women's basketball head coach
Marcus Paige, National Basketball Association (NBA) guard
David Parry, National Football League (NFL) defensive tackle
Kiah Stokes, Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) center https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cheetany
See also
List of high schools in Iowa
References
External links
Linn-Mar Community School District
Schools in Linn County, Iowa
Educational institutions established in 1959
Public high schools in Iowa
Marion, Iowa
1959 establishments in Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn-Mar%20High%20School |
Hilma af Klint (; 26 October 1862 – 21 October 1944) was a Swedish artist and mystic whose paintings are considered among the first abstract works known in Western art history. A considerable body of her work predates the first purely abstract compositions by Kandinsky, Malevich and Mondrian. She belonged to a group called "The Five", comprising a circle of women inspired by Theosophy, who shared a belief in the importance of trying to contact the so-called "High Masters"—often by way of séances. Her paintings, which sometimes resemble diagrams, were a visual representation of complex spiritual ideas.
Early life
Hilma af Klint was the fourth child of Mathilda af Klint (née Sonntag) and Captain Victor af Klint, a Swedish naval commander, and she spent summers with her family at their manor, "Hanmora", on the island of Adelsö in Lake Mälaren. In these idyllic surroundings she came into contact with nature at an early stage in her life, and a deep association with natural forms was to be an inspiration in her work. Later in life, Hilma af Klint lived permanently on Munsö, an island next to Adelsö.
From her family, Hilma af Klint inherited a great interest for mathematics and botany. She showed an early ability in visual art and, after the family moved to Stockholm, she studied at Tekniska skolan (now Konstfack) in Stockholm, where she learned portraiture and landscape painting.
She was admitted to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts at the age of twenty. Between 1882 and 1887 she studied mainly drawing, portrait painting, and landscape painting. She graduated with honors, and was allocated a scholarship in the form of a studio in the so-called "Atelier Building" (Ateljébyggnaden), owned by The Academy of Fine Arts between Hamngatan and Kungsträdgården in central Stockholm. This was the main cultural hub in the Swedish capital at that time. The same building also held Blanch's Café and Blanch's Art Gallery, where conflict existed between the conventional art view of the Academy of Fine Arts and the opposition movement of the Art Society (Konstnärsförbundet), inspired by the French plein air painters. Hilma af Klint began working in Stockholm, gaining recognition for her landscapes, botanical drawings, and portraits.
Her conventional painting became the source of her income, but her 'life's work' remained a quite separate practice.
Spiritual and philosophical ideas
In 1880 her younger sister Hermina died, and it was at this time that the spiritual dimension of her life began to develop. Her interest in abstraction and symbolism came from Hilma af Klint's involvement in spiritism, very much in vogue at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. Her experiments in spiritual investigation started in 1879. She became interested in the Theosophy of Madame Blavatsky and the philosophy of Christian Rosencreutz. In 1908 she met Rudolf Steiner, the founder of the Anthroposophical Society, who was visiting Stockholm. Steiner introduced her to his own theories regarding the arts, and would have some influence on her paintings later in life. Several years later, in 1920, she met him again at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland, the headquarters of the Anthroposophical Society. Between 1921 and 1930 she spent long periods at the Goetheanum.
Af Klint's work can be understood in the wider context of the modernist search for new forms in artistic, spiritual, political, and scientific systems at the beginning of the twentieth century. There was a similar interest in spirituality by other artists during this same period, including Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, Kasimir Malevitch, Fidus, and the French Nabis, in which many, like af Klint, were inspired by the Theosophical Movement.
The works of Hilma af Klint are mainly spiritual, and her artistic work is a consequence of this.
She felt the abstract work and the meaning within were so groundbreaking that the world was not ready to see it, and she wished for the work to remain unseen for 20 years after her death.
Work
At the Academy of Fine Arts she met Anna Cassel, the first of the four women with whom she later worked in "The Five" (De Fem), a group of artists who shared her ideas. The other members were Cornelia Cederberg, Sigrid Hedman, and Mathilda Nilsson. "The Five" began their association as members of the Edelweiss Society, which embraced a combination of the Theosophical teachings of Helena Blavatsky and spiritualism. All of The Five were interested in the paranormal and regularly organized spiritistic séances. They opened each meeting with a prayer, followed by a meditation, a Christian sermon, and a review and analysis of a text from the New Testament. This would be followed by a séance. They recorded in a book a completely new system of mystical thought, in the form of messages from higher spirits called The High Masters ("Höga Mästare"). One, Gregor, announced, "All the knowledge that is not of the senses, not of the intellect, not of the heart but is the property that exclusively belongs to the deepest aspect of your being ... the knowledge of your spirit".
Through her work with The Five, Hilma af Klint created experimental automatic drawing as early as 1896, leading her toward an inventive geometric visual language capable of conceptualizing invisible forces both of the inner and outer worlds.
She explored world religions, atoms, and the plant world and wrote extensively about her discoveries. As she became more familiar with this form of expression, Hilma af Klint was assigned by the High Masters to create the paintings for the "Temple" – however she never understood what this "Temple" referred to.
Hilma af Klint felt she was being directed by a force that would literally guide her hand. She wrote in her notebook:
The pictures were painted directly through me, without any preliminary drawings, and with great force. I had no idea what the paintings were supposed to depict; nevertheless I worked swiftly and surely, without changing a single brush stroke.
In 1906, at the age of 44, af Klint painted her first series of abstract paintings.
The works for the Temple were created between 1906 and 1915, carried out in two phases with an interruption between 1908 and 1912. As af Klint discovered her new form of visual expression, she developed a new artistic language. Her painting became more autonomous and more intentional. The spiritual would continue to be the main source of creativity throughout the rest of her life.
The collection for the Temple is 193 paintings, grouped within several sub-series. The major paintings, dated 1907, are extremely large: each painting measures approximately 240 x 320 cm. This series, called The Ten Largest, describes the different phases of life, from early childhood to old age.
Quite apart from their diagrammatic purpose the paintings have a freshness and a modern aesthetic of tentative line and hastily captured image: a segmented circle, a helix bisected and divided into a spectrum of lightly painted colours. The artistic world of Hilma af Klint is impregnated with symbols, letters, and words. The paintings often depict symmetrical dualities, or reciprocities: up and down, in and out, earthly and esoteric, male and female, good and evil. The colour choice throughout is metaphorical: blue stands for the female spirit, yellow for the male one, and pink / red for physical / spiritual love. The Swan and the Dove, names of two series of the Paintings for the Temple, are also symbolic, representing respectively transcendence and love. Understood as gates to other dimensions, her paintings call for interpretation on a narrative, esoteric and artistic level while evoking primordial geometry and humanistic motifs.
When Hilma af Klint had completed the works for the Temple, the spiritual guidance ended. However, she continued to pursue abstract painting, now independent from any external influence. The paintings for the Temple were mostly oil paintings, but she now also used watercolours. Her later paintings are significantly smaller in size. She painted among others a series depicting the stand-points of different religions at various stages in history, as well as representations of the duality between the physical being and its equivalence on an esoteric level. As Hilma af Klint pursued her artistic and esoteric research, it is possible to perceive a certain inspiration from the artistic theories developed by the Anthroposophical Society from 1920 onward.
Through her life, Hilma af Klint would seek to understand the mysteries that she had come in contact with through her work. She produced more than 150 notebooks with her thoughts and studies.
In 1908 af Klint met Rudolf Steiner for the first time. In one of the few remaining letters, she asked Steiner to visit her in Stockholm and see the finished part of the Paintings for the Temple series, 111 paintings in total. Steiner did see the paintings but mostly left unimpressed, stating that her way of working was inappropriate for a theosophist. According to H.P. Blavatsky, mediumship was a faulty practice, leading its adepts on the wrong path of occultism and black magic. However, during their meeting, Steiner stated that af Klint's contemporaries would not be able to accept and understand their paintings, and it would take another 50 years to decipher them. Of all the paintings shown to him, Steiner paid special attention only to the Primordial Chaos Group, noting them as "the best symbolically". After meeting Steiner, af Klint was devastated by his response and, apparently, stopped painting for 4 years. Steiner kept photographs of some of af Klint's artworks, some of them even hand-coloured. Later the same year he met Wassily Kandinsky, who had not yet come to abstract painting. Some art historians assume that Kandinsky could have seen the photographs and perhaps was influenced by them while developing his own abstract path. Later in her life, af Klint made a decision to destroy all her correspondence. She left a collection of more than 1200 paintings and 125 diaries to her nephew, Erik af Klint. Among her last paintings made in 1930s, there are two watercolours predicting the events of World War II, titled The Blitz and The Fight in the Mediterranean.
Despite the popular belief that Hilma af Klint had chosen to never exhibit her abstract works during her lifetime, in recent years art historians such as Julia Voss have uncovered evidence that af Klint did attempt to show her work. Around 1920 in Dornach, Switzerland, af Klint met Dutch eurythmist Peggy Kloppers-Moltzer, who was also a member of The Anthroposophical Society. Later, the artist travelled to Amsterdam, where she and Kloppers discussed a possible exhibition with the editors of art and architecture magazine Wendingen.
Although the Amsterdam talks were not successful, at least one exhibition of af Klint's abstract works took place in London several years later, in 1928 at the World Conference on Spiritual Science in London, for which Kloppers was a member of the organizing committee. Originally, af Klint was excluded, but after Kloppers' insistence, she was added in the list of participants.
In July 1928, she sailed from Stockholm to London, along with some of her large-scale paintings. In her postcard to Anna Cassel (discovered only in 2018) af Klint wrote that she was not alone during this 4-day trip. Despite af Klint not having named her traveling commpanion, Julia Voss suggests that it was most likely Thomasine Andersson, an old friend from De Fem days. Voss also suggests that it is probable that the works were from the Paintings for the Temple series.
In 1944, Hilma af Klint died at 81 in Djursholm, Sweden, after a traffic accident. She had exhibited her work only a handful of times, for the most part at spiritual conferences and gatherings. She is buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm.
Signature style
Hilma Af Klint's later period abstract art (1906–1920) delved into symbolism with a combination of geometry, figuration, scientific research and religious practices. Her studies of organic growth, including shells and flowers, helped her portray life through a spiritual lens.
Her individual or signature style was also marked with impressions from the late 19th and early 20th century scientific discoveries as also influenced by contemporary spiritual movements such as theosophy and anthroposophy too. The idea to transcend the physical world and the constraints of representational art is visible in her abstract paintings.
Her symbolic visual language has an ordered progression that reflects her understanding of grids, circles, spirals and petal-like forms—sometimes diagrammatic, sometimes biomorphic. Her paintings also explored dichotomy of the world.
Spiral forms appear often in her art, as they do in the automatic drawings by De Fem. While every such geometric form, in this case, Spiral suggests growth, progress and evolution, color choices also are metaphorical in nature.
As one of the Proto-Feminist Artists, her style represents the sublime in the art.
Legacy
In her will, Hilma af Klint left all her abstract paintings to her nephew, vice-admiral Erik af Klint of the Royal Swedish Navy. She specified that her work should be kept secret for at least 20 years after her death. When the boxes were opened at the end of the 1960s, very few persons had knowledge of what would be revealed.
In 1970 her paintings were offered as a gift to Moderna Museet i Stockholm, but the donation was declined. Erik af Klint then donated thousands of drawings and paintings to a foundation bearing the artist's name in the 1970s. Thanks to the art historian Åke Fant, her art was introduced to an international audience in the 1980s, when he presented her at a Nordik conference in Helsinki in 1984.
The collection of abstract paintings of Hilma af Klint includes more than 1200 pieces. It is owned and managed by the Hilma af Klint Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 2017, Norwegian architectural firm Snøhetta presented plans for an exhibition centre dedicated to af Klint in Järna, south of Stockholm, with estimated building costs of €6 to 7.5 million. In February 2018, the Foundation signed a long-term agreement of cooperation with the Moderna Museet, thereby confirming the perennity of the Hilma af Klint Room, i.e., a dedicated space at the museum where a dozen works of the artist are shown on a continuous basis.
Cultural references
Hilma af Klint and her work are presented in the 2016 film Personal Shopper, in which the main character, played by Kristen Stewart, researches art inspired by spirits.
The work of Hilma af Klint is cited by Jane Weaver as inspiration for Modern Kosmology.
Af Klint was the subject of a 2019 feature-length documentary by German director , titled Beyond the Visible – Hilma af Klint.
Af Klint's work is presented in the 2020 short film Point and Line to Plane, written and directed by Sofia Bohdanowicz. The short features the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum's 2018 exhibition Hilma Af Klint: Paintings for the Future, which is seen in mid-installation.
(2022) is an English-language Swedish biographical film directed by Lasse Hallström, and starring his daughter Tora Hallström as Hilma.
Exhibitions (posthumous)
The abstract work of Hilma af Klint was shown for the first time at the exhibition "The Spiritual in Art, Abstract Painting 1890–1985" organized by Maurice Tuchman in Los Angeles in 1986. This exhibition was the starting point of her international recognition.
"Hilma Af Klint: Paintings for the Future", the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum's 2019 exhibition, had over 600,000 visitors, the most-visited exhibition in the museum's 60-year history.
Selected exhibitions
The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890–1985, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, USA. 23 November 1986 – 8 March 1987. Travelling exhibition : Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, USA. 17 April – 19 July 1987; Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Netherlands. 1 September – 22 November 1987
Hilma af Klints hemliga bilder, Nordic Art Association, Sveaborg Helsinki, Finland 1988–1989
The Secret Pictures by Hilma af Klint, MoMA PS1, Queens, New York. 15 January – 12 March 1989
Ockult målarinna och abstrakt pionjär, Moderna Museet i Stockholm, Sweden 1989–1991. Travelling exhibition : Göteborgs Konsthall, Gothenburg, Sweden; Lunds Konsthall, Lund, Sweden; Fyns Kunstmuseum, Denmark.
Okkultismus und Abstraktion, Die Malerin Hilma af Klint, Albertina, Vienna, Austria 1991–1992. Travelling exhibition : Kunsthaus Graz, Austria; Modern Museum of Passau, Germany
Målningarna till templet (The paintings to the Temple), Liljevalchs konsthall, Stockholm, Sweden 1999–2000
3 x Abstraction: New Methods of Drawing, The Drawing Center, New York, USA 2005–2006; Santa Monica Museum of Art, USA; Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland 2005–2006
An Atom in the Universe, Camden Arts Centre, UK 2006
The Alpine Cathedral and The City-Crown, Josiah McElheny. Moderna Museet i Stockholm, Sweden. 1 December 2007 – 31 March 2008 (represented by 14 paintings)
The Message. The Medium as artist – Das Medium als Künstler Museum in Bochum, Germany. 16 February – 13 April 2008 (represented by 4 paintings)
Traces du Sacré Centre Pompidou, Paris, France. 7 May – 11 August 2008. (represented by 7 paintings)
Hilma af Klint – Une modernité rélévée Centre Culturel Suédois, Paris, France. April – August 2008 (represented by 59 paintings)
Traces du Sacré Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany. 18 September 2008 – 11 January 2009
De geheime schilderijen van Hilma af Klint, Museum voor Moderne Kunst, Arnhem, Netherlands. 7 March 2010 – 30 May 2010
Beyond Colour, See! Colour! – Four exhibitions at the Cultural Center in Järna, South of Stockholm, Sweden. James Turrell, Rudolf Steiner, 14 May – Oktober 2, 2011
Hilma af Klint – a Pioneer of Abstraction was produced by and showed at Moderna Museet i Stockholm, Sweden, from 16 February until 26 May 2013, before touring to Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart in Berlin, Germany, from 15 June to 6 October; Museo Picasso Málaga, Spain, from 21 October 2013 to 9 February 2014; Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humblebaek, Copenhaguen, Denmark 2014; Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Oslo, Norway 2015; Kumu, Tallinn, Estonia 2015
Works by af Klint was exhibited at the Central Pavilion of the 55th Venice Biennale, Italy. 1 June – 24 November 2013.
Cosa mentale – Imaginaries of Telepathy of the 20th-Century Art, Centre Pompidou, Metz, France. 28 October 2015 – 28 March 2016 (9 paintings)
Painting the Unseen, Serpentine Galleries, London, UK. 3 March – 15 May 2016
The Keeper, New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, USA 20 July – 2 October 2016
Beyond the Stars – The Mystical Landscape from Monet to Kandinsky, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France. 14 March – 25 June 2017 (1 painting)
Jardin infini. De Giverny à l'Amazonie, Centre Pompidou, Metz, France. 18 March – 28 August 2017 (7 paintings)
L'emozione dei COLORI nell'arte, Galleria civica d'arte moderna e contemporanea GAM of Turin, Italy. 14 March – 23 July 2017
As Above, So Below, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland. 13 April – 27 August 2017
Intuition, Palazzo Fortuny in Venice, Italy. 13 May – 26 November 2017
Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art (GIBCA), Göteborgs Konsthall in Gothenburg, Sweden. 9 September – 19 November 2017
Hilma af Klint, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil. 3 March – 16 July 2018
Hilma af Klint: Paintings for the Future, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, USA. 12 October 2018 – 23 April 2019
Hilma af Klint: The Secret Paintings, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 12 June – 19 September 2021
Hilma af Klint: The Secret Paintings, City Gallery Wellington, 4 December 2021 – 27 March 2022
Gallery
See also
Hilma af Klint and Theosophy
Publications
HILMA AF KLINT: Catalogue Raisonné, Bokförlaget Stolpe,Vol. I - VII, December 27, 2022,
The Spiritual in Art, Abstract Painting 1890-1985, publ. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1986. LACMA : pbk
Hilma af Klint, Raster Förlag, Stockholm. Swedish text, about 100 pictures.
Vägen till templet, Rosengårdens Förlag. Swedish text, 30 sketches. Describes the teaching period to become a medium.
Enheten bortom mångfalden, Rosengårdens Förlag. Swedish text, 32 pictures. Two parts, one philosophical and one art-scientific.
I describe the way and meanwhile I am proceeding along it, Rosengårdens Förlag. A short introduction in English with 3 pictures.
3 X Abstraction, Catherine de Zegher and Hendel Teicher (eds.), Yale University Press and The Drawing Center, New York, 2005
Okkultismus und Abstraktion, die Malerin Hilma af Klint, Åke Fant, Albertina, Wien 1992, .
Mod Lyset – Belyj, Goethe, Hilma af Klint, Jeichau, Kandinsky, Martinus, Rosenkrantz, Steiner Gl. Holtegaard & Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum. 2004.
Hilma af Klint, the Greatness of Things, John Hutchinson (ed.), Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin 2005. English text, 23 images. .
The Message. Art and Occultism. With an Essay by André Breton. Hrsg. v. Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Susanne Zander. Kunstmuseum Bochum. Walther König: Köln 2007, .
Swedish Women Artists: Sigrid Hjertén, Hilma af Klint, Nathalie Djurberg, Signe Hammarsten-Jansson, Aleksandra Mir, Ulrika Pasch, Books LCC, 2010.
The Legacy of Hilma af Klint: Nine Contemporary Responses (English / German), Ann-Sofi Norin, Daniel Birnbaum, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2013.
Hilma af Klint. The Art of Seeing the Invisible, by Kurt Belfrage, Louise Almqvist (eds.), 2015
Hilma af Klint – A Pioneer of Abstraction, edited by Iris Müller-Westermann with Jo Widoff, with contributions by David Lomas, Pascal Rousseau and Helmut Zander, exhibition catalogue of Moderna Museet nr. 375, 2013.
Hilma af Klint – Painting the Unseen, edited by Daniel Birnbaum and Emma Enderby, with contributions by Julia Peyton-Jones, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Jennifer Higgie and Julia Voss. Serpentine Galleries / Koenig Books, 2016.
Hilma – en roman om gåtan Hilma af Klint [Hilma – a novel about the enigma Hilma af Klint], Anna Laestadius Larsson, ed. Piratförlaget, 24 May 2017
Hilma af Klint – Seeing is Believing, Kurt Almqvist and Louise Belfrage, König Books, 7 October 2017
Ni vues, Ni connues pp. 42–44, Collectif Georgette Sand, Publisher Hugo Doc collection Les Simone, 5 October 2017
Hilma af Klint: Notes and Methods, with an introduction and commentary by Iris Müller-Westerman, University of Chicago Press, 2018
References
External links
https://instagram.com/the_cult_of_curious?igshid=OGQ5ZDc2ODk2ZA==
Hilma af Klint Foundation
(in Swedish with English subtitles, 22 minutes)
1862 births
1944 deaths
People from Solna Municipality
19th-century Swedish painters
19th-century Christian mystics
20th-century Swedish painters
20th-century Christian mystics
Christian occultists
Abstract painters
Swedish nobility
Swedish Theosophists
Anthroposophists
Modern artists
Drawing mediums
Swedish women painters
Swedish painters
20th-century Swedish women artists
20th-century Swedish artists
19th-century Swedish women artists
19th-century Swedish artists
Road incident deaths in Sweden
Burials at Galärvarvskyrkogården | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilma%20af%20Klint |
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