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This is a List of mountain ranges of the Lower Colorado River Valley, located in the western part of the southwestern United States; the eastern region would be the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.
This doubled list has the North–South running Colorado River sectioned into the west side of the river vs. the east side. The east side of the Colorado River is represented by the states of Arizona-Sonora, Mexico. The west side of the river is represented by southern Nevada, southeast Low Desert California, and a portion of northwestern Mexico, represented by the state of Baja California-(the North).
West-bank, East-bank mountain ranges
The numbered Mountain ranges abut the Colorado River proper or are associated with valleys or plains, and are somewhat arbitrary. (Though the river flows north to south, a few ranges are East–West, or Northwest–Southeast, per the original Basin and Range faulting.)
West Bank–Colorado Riv.
..
Mojave Desert
(Boulder City, Nevada)
1–Eldorado Mountains–Nevada
El Dorado Canyon, (Nelson, Nev.)
2–Newberry Mountains (Nevada)
Pyramid Canyon
3–Dead Mountains
4–Sacramento Mountains (California)
5–Piute Range–Calif/Nevada
Lanfair Valley, Piute Range–Calif/Nevada
New York Mountains-(Mojave National Preserve)–Calif/Nevada
..
Turtle Mountains4–Sacramento Mountains (California)
Chemehuevi Valley
6–Chemehuevi Mountains
Chemehuevi Valley
Turtle Mountains,7–-Whipple Mountains
Mojave Desert
Colorado Desert
Turtle Mountains,8.5–Nopah Range-Vidal Valley
..
9–Riverside Mountains
Sand dunes,--Rice Valley
Big Maria Mountains
Little Maria Mountains, 10–Big Maria Mountains
11–McCoy Mountains
Palo Verde Valley
12–Mule Mountains (California)
..
..
13–Chuckwalla Mountains
14–Chocolate Mountains
...
..
15–Imperial Dam Long Term Visitor Area=Senator Wash Hills
Algodones Dunes
16–Cargo Muchacho Mountains
17–Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California)
Colorado Desert–W. Sonoran Des.
..
West Bank–Colorado Riv.
East Bank–Colorado Riv.
Mojave Desert
Lake Mead
Black Mtns: Mount Wilson (5445 ft)
Detrital Plain, White Hills
1–Black Mountains, Cerbat Mountains
Black Canyon of the Colorado
Sacramento Valley
2–Black Mesa (western Arizona), Hualapai Mountains-(Hualapai Mountain)
Mohave Valley, 2.5–Black Mesa (western Arizona)
3–Mohave Mountains
Dutch Flat
Dutch Flat, McCracken Mountains, Poachie Range
Aubrey Hills
Bill Williams Mountains
Rawhide Mountains
Bill Williams River
and the Big Sandy River (Arizona)-(Kingman, Arizona)
4–Buckskin Mountains (Arizona)
Buckskin Mountain State Park
Cactus Plain
Sonoran Desert
La Posa Plain, Plomosa Mountains
5–Dome Rock Mountains, Harcuvar Mountains
Kofa Mountains
Castle Dome Mountains
6–Trigo Mountains, Chocolate Mountains (Arizona)
Castle Dome Plain
United States Army Yuma Proving Ground
Laguna Mountains (Arizona)7–Muggins Mountains
Gila River
Laguna Mountains (Arizona)
Yuma Desert
8–Gila Mountains, Tinajas Altas Mountains, Lechuguilla Desert
Sonoran Desert
Reserva de la Biosfera el Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar
East Bank–Colorado Riv.
The western route parallelling the Colorado River, covers more plains, of the Colorado Desert/Mojave Desert, rising to, and down from various mountain passes, (for example south of Needles, California (the Sacramento Mountains (California)), or Searchlight, Nevada). Only washes drain from the west into the Colorado River.
Alphabetical lists: West, East
NEVADA
Eldorado Mountains
New York Mountains
Newberry Mountains (Nevada)
Piute Range
CALIFORNIA
Big Maria Mountains
Little Maria Mountains
Cargo Muchacho Mountains
Chemehuevi Mountains
Chocolate Mountains
Chuckwalla Mountains
Dead Mountains
Little Maria Mountains
Big Maria Mountains
McCoy Mountains
Mule Mountains (California)
New York Mountains
Nopah Range
Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California)
Riverside Mountains
Sacramento Mountains (California)
Turtle Mountains (California)
Whipple Mountains
ARIZONA
Black Mesa (western Arizona)–(south portion of Black Mountains)
Black Mountains (Arizona)
Buckskin Mountains (Arizona)
Castle Dome Mountains
Cerbat Mountains
Chocolate Mountains (Arizona)
Dome Rock Mountains
Harcuvar Mountains
Hualapai Mountains-(Hualapai Mountain)
Kofa Mountains
Laguna Mountains (Arizona)
McCracken Mountains
Mohave Mountains
Muggins Mountains
Plomosa Mountains
Poachie Range
Rawhide Mountains
Tinajas Altas Mountains
Trigo Mountains
White Hills (Arizona)
See also
Mountain ranges of the Lower Colorado River Valley index
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of the Colorado Desert
List of mountain ranges of the Sonoran Desert
List of regions of the United States
List of mountain ranges of Arizona
List of mountain ranges of California
List of mountain ranges of Nevada
List of Arizona state parks
List of Wildlife Refuges of the LCRV
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of the Colorado Desert
Mountain ranges of the Sonoran Desert
Colorado, Lower, River Valley, List of mountain ranges of
Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mountain%20ranges%20of%20the%20Lower%20Colorado%20River%20Valley |
In the Flat Field is the debut studio album by English gothic rock band Bauhaus. It was recorded between December 1979 and July 1980, and was released on 3 November 1980 by record label 4AD, the first full-length release on that label. The cover artwork is a reproduction of Duane Michals' 1949 photograph, Homage to Puvis de Chavannes.
The album is considered one of the first gothic rock records.
Recording
Following a 30-date tour, Bauhaus went to Southern Studios in London to record their first album. The band had a clear conception of how they wanted the record to sound; hence, they opted to produce it themselves. While most of the album was completed with the planned release date of September 1980, the group found it difficult to record a version of "Double Dare" as good as the one they performed on disc jockey John Peel's BBC Radio 1 programme. Bauhaus applied to the BBC to use the Peel session version, but due to obstruction from the Musicians Union, the process took over a month.
Music
NMEs Andy Gill wrote that the dark atmosphere of the record was reminiscent of previous works by groups including Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants, and Joy Division. In his AllMusic review, critic Ned Raggett described Bauhaus as a "glam-inspired rock band", said that singer Peter Murphy channeled both Iggy Pop and David Bowie, and compared Daniel Ash's guitar playing to that of Mick Ronson. Raggett noted that the album concluded with "a dramatic ending" with the song "Nerves".
Release
In the Flat Field was released on 3 November 1980 by record label 4AD. It was met with a negative response from critics, but topped the UK Independent Albums Chart and made the UK Albums Chart for one week, peaking at No. 72.
The album was first released on CD by 4AD in April 1988 with eight bonus tracks, including three non-album singles: "Dark Entries", "Terror Couple Kill Colonel", and a cover of T. Rex's "Telegram Sam". Five of these bonus tracks had been previously compiled on the 4AD EP in 1983.
On 19 October 2009, 4AD and Beggars Banquet reissued the album as an "Omnibus Edition", featuring the 24-bit John Dent remastered CD of the original nine-track album in a replica mini-LP sleeve (with corresponding inner sleeve featuring the lyrics), plus a 16-track bonus disc of singles, outtakes, alternate recordings, and original versions. The set came inside a semi-long box, coupled with a 48-page book that included comments from band members, photos, complete lyrics, complete tour date information for 1979 and 1980, and an essay by Andrew Brooksbank on the formation and creation of the band, the singles, and the album.
Critical reception
While In the Flat Field received positive reviews in fanzine publications, the album was "absolutely slated" by the British weekly music press, according to Bauhaus biographer Ian Shirley. NME described the album as "nine meaningless moans and flails bereft of even the most cursory contour of interest, a record which deserves all the damning adjectives usually levelled at grim-faced 'modernists'". Reviewer Andy Gill then ultimately dismissed them as "a hip Black Sabbath". Dave McCullough of Sounds was also negative: "No songs. Just tracks (ugh). Too priggish and conceited. Sluggish indulgence instead of hoped for goth-ness. Coldly catatonic."
The American Trouser Press, however, described it as "a dense, disjointed patchwork of sounds and uncertain feelings, supported by a pressured, incessant beat. Delving deep into the dark side of the human psyche, Bauhaus conjures up unsettling images of a world given over to death and decay."
In his AllMusic retrospective review, Raggett praised the album, writing "few debut albums ever arrived so nearly perfectly formed". while Trebles Jeff Terich described the songs as "twisted, glam-inspired post-punk raveups". Jonathan Selzer of Classic Rock magazine described the album as "remarkably self-possessed, a distillation of influences down to a potent curtains-drawn universe of Bauhaus's own."
Legacy
AllMusic's Raggett wrote: "In the Flat Field practically single-handedly invented what remains for many as the stereotype of goth music—wracked, at times spindly vocals about despair and desolation of many kinds, sung over mysterious and moody music". In 2012, Sonic Seducer ranked In the Flat Field at No. 4 on its list of "10 Key Albums for the Gothic Scene", calling it a work that had shattered outdated ideas of rock music. Music author Dave Thompson described it as "one of the most courageous albums of the age." Writing for Louder Than War, John Robb noted it as "a staple record for the true post-punk scene". American musician and audio engineer, Steve Albini, from the industrial rock band Big Black called the album a "masterpiece".
In the Flat Field was listed in Tom Moon's 2008 book 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. In 2020, Rolling Stone included the album at No. 61 on its list of "The 80 Greatest Albums of 1980".
Track listing
Note: In Canada, "Telegram Sam" was included as track 2 on side B.
Personnel
Credits are sourced from the liner notes of the original release.
Bauhaus – production, instruments, lyrics, arrangements, sleeve design
Tony Cook – engineering
Glenn Campling – sleeve design
Stella Watts – photography
Geoff Smith – photography
Piers Bannister – photography
Eugene Merinov – photography
Duane Michals - Front Cover Photograph "Homage to Puvis de Chavannes", credited to Artists Postcards 1978. N.Y.C. (Series II)
References
Sources
External links
1980 debut albums
4AD albums
Bauhaus (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Flat%20Field |
The Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), formerly known as the Metro Toronto Hockey League, is a minor level ice hockey organization based in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario. The league was founded in 1911 as the Beaches Hockey League by Fred C. Waghorne, Sr., and it is the largest minor hockey organization in the world. The league is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation and Hockey Canada.
History
Early years
The Greater Toronto Hockey League was founded in 1911 by Frank D. Smith. Its first season consisted of 5 teams and 99 players. Smith was 17 years old when he founded the organization, and would continue to oversee the operation for 50 years. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962 in part for his contributions to minor hockey in Toronto.
The League's name underwent several changes over its history. Originally called the Beaches League, it was renamed to the Toronto Hockey League (THL) shortly after its inception. It was renamed again in 1972 to the Metropolitan Toronto Hockey League before settling on the current Greater Toronto Hockey League moniker in 1998. The League saw increases in membership during its first few years. During World War I, the then THL maintained its numbers due to having younger age divisions, such as peewee and bantam, where the players were too young to participate in the war. By the 1960s, The league had over 20,000 members on teams across Toronto.
During the summer in 1989, the MTHL and the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA), broke away from the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) and formed the Central Canada Hockey Association, due to disagreement with an OHA restructuring proposal which would have limited their voting powers. The dispute ended when the Ontario Hockey Federation (OHF) was established, with equal representation for the OHA, Northern Ontario Hockey Association, MTHL, and OMHA. The OHF was given the mandate to oversee hockey in Ontario, and be a review panel for three years to propose further restructuring if necessary.
The GTHL
In 2011, the Greater Toronto Hockey League and its affiliates consisted of 2,800 teams and around 40,000 players. It is currently the largest youth ice hockey organization in the world in terms of members. The league has expanded its area of operation over the years from primarily the city of Toronto to many of its surrounding municipalities. Currently, there are 51 separate associations that operate under the GTHL. These associations provide teams for the various age groups and divisions that make up the league. Around 275 GTHL alumni have gone on to play in North American professional ice hockey leagues, such as the National Hockey League and the defunct World Hockey Association.
The GTHL is a not-for-profit organization, however its operating costs are high. In 2011, league expenses were in excess of $9 million per year. The high costs of operating teams has been an issue for the league, with some teams having trouble paying for the increasing costs of ice in the Toronto area. The costs for someone to play on a AAA GTHL team, its highest level of play, is approximately $6,000 per player.
In 2011, the GTHL along with Hockey Canada changed its rules regarding hits to the head. Stricter rules were placed on what constituted a hit to the head, and the severity of punishment for instances of it was increased.
Affiliates
The GTHL serves as the parent organization for several other minor hockey leagues. These leagues coordinate "Select" League play for players in the Toronto area seeking to play at a level below "rep" teams in the GTHL.
North York Hockey League (NYHL) - Coordinates "select" level programs for the Toronto, Scarborough and North York area.
Mississauga Hockey League (MHL) - Coordinates "select" and Rep "A" level programs for the Mississauga area.
Levels of play
The GTHL runs competitive leagues at the "rep" levels (AAA, AA, and A), as well as coordinating several affiliates to operate "Select" leagues throughout the city. Rep hockey in the GTHL begins at "minor Atom" (U9) age and continues through U21. House League and Select programs include children of all ages, extending from Timbits (3 or 4 years of age) all the way to U21.
All hockey is played under "Hockey Canada" rules. There is no body checking allowed at all age groups for "select" and rep "A" level in the GTHL and affiliates. Body checking is permitted for minor bantam (U14) and above for the rep "AA" and rep "AAA" levels.
Notable alumni
Andreas Athanasiou
Sam Bennett
Jordan Binnington
David Bolland
Carl Brewer
Connor Brown
Michael Bunting
Sean Burke
Brent Burns
Mike Cammalleri
Chris Campoli
Anson Carter
Ben Chiarot
Jakob Chychrun
Anthony Cirelli
Casey Cizikas
Paul Coffey
Andrew Cogliano
Lionel Conacher
Trevor Daley
Mike Danton
Jason Dawe
Jack Devine
Max Domi
Kris Draper
Jamie Drysdale
Bill Durnan
Sean Durzi
Ryan Ellis
Ray Emery
MacKenzie Entwistle
Jake Evans
Robby Fabbri
Mario Ferraro
Warren Foegele
Alex Formenton
Mark Friedman
Sam Gagner
Mark Giordano
Adam Graves
Dougie Hamilton
Barrett Hayton
Orel Hershiser
Bo Horvat
Josh Ho-Sang
Jack Hughes
Quinn Hughes
Zach Hyman
Sheldon Keefe
Chris Kelly
Red Kelly
Greg Kimmerly
Jordan Kyrou
Scott Laughton
Jack LaFontaine
Brendan Lemieux
Eric Lindros
Ryan Lomberg
Frank Mahovlich
Andrew Mangiapane
Mitch Marner
Shawn Matthias
Connor McDavid
Kirk McLean
Michael McLeod
Ryan McLeod
Victor Mete
Rick Middleton
Sean Monahan
Dominic Moore
Matt Moulson
Rick Nash
Darnell Nurse
Jamie Oleksiak
Ryan O'Reilly
Richard Park
Nick Paul
Adam Pelech
Cole Perfetti
Alex Pietrangelo
Owen Power
Bob Pulford
Bill Quackenbush
Taylor Raddysh
Mike Ricci
Brett Ritchie
Nick Ritchie
Jason Robertson
Nick Robertson
Evan Rodrigues
Tyler Seguin
Frank Selke
Brendan Shanahan
Steve Shutt
Wayne Simmonds
Jeff Skinner
Brendan Smith
Gemel Smith
Givani Smith
Reilly Smith
Sid Smith
Jason Spezza
Matt Stajan
Mitchell Stephens
Chris Stewart
Dylan Strome
Ryan Strome
Malcolm Subban
PK Subban
Brandon Tanev
Chris Tanev
John Tavares
Akil Thomas
Owen Tippett
Tyler Toffoli
Philip Tomasino
Joel Ward
Dean Warren
Scott Wedgewood
Kevin Weekes
Tom Wilson
Daniel Winnik
References
External links
GTHL web site
1911 establishments in Ontario
Ice hockey leagues in Toronto
Sports leagues established in 1911
Youth ice hockey leagues in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Toronto%20Hockey%20League |
"When It All Falls Apart" is the third single released from Australian pop music duo the Veronicas' debut studio album, The Secret Life of... (2005), on 20 March 2006. "When It All Falls Apart" charted within the Australian Singles Chart top 20 for 14 weeks and has been certified gold for sales over 35,000 units in Australia. In the United States, the song served as the duo's second single in June 2006. It was to be released in the United Kingdom as their first single in March 2007 but was later cancelled; "Untouched" was released as their debut UK single instead in 2009.
Music video
The music video for "When It All Falls Apart" features the Veronicas waking up in their home to a party they had the night before. While cleaning, they have flashbacks of the party to show their house got trashed, having a crocodile going around the house. At the end of their video, they sit outside and sing the rest of their song.
Track listing
"When It All Falls Apart" – 3:15
"Heavily Broken" (live) – 4:23
"Everything I'm Not" (Jason Nevins remix edit) – 3:30
Chart performance
"When It All Falls Apart" peaked at number seven in Australia and spent seven weeks inside the top 10. It reached the same position in New Zealand and entered the top 20 in the Flanders region of Belgium.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
The Veronicas songs
2005 songs
2006 singles
Music videos directed by Robert Hales
Sire Records singles
Song recordings produced by Billy Steinberg
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Jessica Origliasso
Songs written by Josh Alexander
Songs written by Lisa Origliasso | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20It%20All%20Falls%20Apart |
Alliance Hockey is a minor level ice hockey organization based in Southern Ontario. Founded in 1993, the league is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation and Hockey Canada.
Member organizations
"AAA"
Brantford 99'ers
Cambridge Hawks
Chatham-Kent Cyclones
Elgin Middlesex Chiefs
Hamilton Huskies
Huron Perth Lakers
Kitchener Jr. Rangers
Lambton Jr. Sting
London Jr. Knights
Sun County Panthers
Waterloo Wolves
Windsor Jr. Spitfires
"AA/A"
Brantford 99'ers
Burlington Bulldogs
Cambridge Hawks
Hamilton Huskies
Kitchener Jr. Rangers
London Jr. Knights Green
London Jr. Knights White
GLHA Jr. Mustangs White
GLHA Jr. Mustangs Purple
Sarnia Jr. Sting
Stratford Warriors
Waterloo Wolves
Woodstock Jr. Navy-Vets
East/Central Development
Brantford Church Saints
Burlington Cougars
Cambridge Hawks
Hamilton Huskies
Kitchener Jr. Rangers
St. Catharines Hurricanes
Waterloo Wolves
West Development
London Bandits Black
North London Nationals
Oakridge Aeros
Sarnia Jr. Sting
Stratford Warriors
West London Hawks
External links
Alliance Hockey Website
2
Youth ice hockey leagues in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance%20Hockey |
Live at Vega is a two-disc live album released by Norwegian alternative rock band Kaizers Orchestra, on 6 March 2006. It features their recorded concert performance at Vega, a concert hall in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 6 October 2005. It was originally meant to be released alongside the DVD recording of the same concert, Viva La Vega, but the release of the DVD was delayed until later that year.
Track listing
Lyrics and music by Janove Ottesen, unless otherwise noted.
Disc one
"KGB"
"Delikatessen" (Delicatessen)
"Knekker deg til sist" (Break You in the End)
"Hevnervals" (Avenger's waltz)
"Container" (Dumpster) (Geir Zahl)
"Señor Flamingos adieu" (Instrumental)
"Blitzregn baby" (Blitz rain baby)
"Bøn fra helvete" (Prayer from Hell) (Ottesen/Zahl)
"Mann mot mann" (Man against Man)
"Kontroll på kontinentet" (Control over the Continent)
"Christiania" (Christiania)
"På ditt skift" (On Your Shift)
"Dr. Mowinckel" (Zahl)
"Di Grind" (Your Gate)
"Dieter Meyers Inst." (Dieter Meyer's Institution)
Disc two
"Evig pint" (Eternally Tormented)
"Ompa til du dør" (Dance 'till you Die)
"Maestro"
"Mr. Kaizer, hans Constanze og meg" (Mr. Kaizer, his Constanze and I)
"Sigøynerblod" (Gypsy Blood) (Ottesen/Zahl)
"Bak et halleluja" (Behind a Hallelujah)
"Resistansen" (The Resistance)
"170"
"Die Polizei" (The Police)
Charts
Weekly charts
References
Kaizers Orchestra albums
2006 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20Vega |
Flag code may refer to:
Flag protocol, such as
Flag Code of India
United States Flag Code
Flag signals, such as
International maritime signal flags
"flag code", informal name for GS1 country code component of barcodes
Bit field, set of computer bits used as Boolean flags | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20code |
Pascal Taché, (b. August 30, 1757 – d. June 5, 1830), was the son of Jean Taché, a successful merchant and trader and the patriarch of this important Canadian family.
He was born at the town of Quebec in 1757. In 1785, Pascal married the co-seigneur at Kamouraska. Five years later he received his mother-in-law's share of the seigneury. Pascal managed this seigneury through a period of good expansion as well as exercising his commission as a justice of the peace. He also had a brief foray into politics serving as an elected member of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada for Cornwallis district; he was elected in a 1798 by-election held after the death of the previously elected member.
Pascal's only son, Paschal Taché, inherited his mothers share of the seigneury upon her death in 1813. Father and son co-administered the properties until Pascal's death at Kamouraska in 1830.
External links
1757 births
1830 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Canadian justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20Tach%C3%A9 |
Eddie Kidd Jump Challenge is a stunt bike video game released for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, MSX and ZX Spectrum first released in 1984, licensed by British stunt performer, Eddie Kidd.
Gameplay
The player takes the role of Eddie Kidd and must make a series of jumps. Like the real Kidd, the player must start by jumping a BMX over oil barrels and work up to jumping cars on a motorbike.
The player starts by riding away from the jump to get a big enough run up. They then must set the correct speed, correctly selecting gears, to hit the ramp with enough speed to clear the obstacles but not too much to miss the landing ramp. While in the air, the player can lean forward or back to land correctly.
Development and release
The game was first released in late 1984 for the ZX Spectrum published by Software Communications' Martech label. This version was ported to the MSX in 1985. A similar version was released for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron and a modified version of the game (with a much more zoomed in camera angle and no on screen display) released for the Commodore 64, also in 1985.
The game cassette came with a sticker and numbered competition entry card which could be used to win prizes including BMX bikes, computers and TVs.
The game was reissued at a budget price as part of Mastertronic's Ricochet label in 1987.
Reception
Crash gave the game an overall score of 56% concluding it is "a good simulation, but as a game not over exciting and not particularly addictive". The difficulty curve was criticised with the early BMX-based levels, which can not be skipped, described as "a doddle" and once the skill has been mastered, the game holds no challenge. Clare Edgeley of Sinclair User agreed that having to replay the BMX section after failing the more advanced jumps "seems a waste of time" and gave a similar score of 6/10.
Computer and Video Games gave scores between 7/10 and 8/10, particularly praising the zoomed in graphics and improved sound of the Commodore 64 version calling them "superb - outshining the Spectrum game by miles".
External links
References
1984 video games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
Motorcycle video games
MSX games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Martech games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Kidd%20Jump%20Challenge |
Alan van der Merwe (born 31 January 1980) is a South African race car driver, entrepreneur and former driver of the Formula One medical car, alongside FIA Medical Delegate Dr. Ian Roberts.
Racing career
Van der Merwe won the 2001 Formula Ford Festival. In 2003 he was the British Formula 3 Champion, and drove for Super Nova Racing in Formula 3000 in 2004. His sponsorship money ran out mid-season and he took a contract as a part-time tester for BAR–Honda.
In 2005 and 2006, Van der Merwe raced in the A1 Grand Prix series for A1 Team South Africa, with a best placed finish of 7th in New Zealand. In 2006, he joined the Bonneville 200 MPH Club, driving a modified BAR–Honda 007 car to speeds in excess of for their Bonneville 400 project; an attempt to set an official land speed record for a Formula One car on the famous Bonneville Salt Flats. In 2008, he drove for James Watt Automotive in the 1000 km of Silverstone, part of the 2008 Le Mans Series, finishing in 33rd place and completing 159 laps. He returned to A1 Grand Prix in 2009 in the final round at Brands Hatch.
FIA role
Van der Merwe was the official driver of the FIA medical car in Formula One events from 2009 until the end of the 2021 season, when he was replaced due to his refusal to be vaccinated against COVID-19.
Racing record
Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1980 births
A1 Team South Africa drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
Formula Ford drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Land speed record people
Living people
South African racing drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Haywood Racing drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
DAMS drivers
Sportspeople from Johannesburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20van%20der%20Merwe |
The Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA) is an ice hockey governing body for minor, junior and senior ice hockey. The NOHA is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation and Hockey Canada. The major league run by the NOHA is the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League of the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.
History
The NOHA was founded in 1919 and that same year became affiliated with the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA). In May 1963, the NOHA applied to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association to become an equal branch to the OHA. When the request was denied, OHA president Lloyd Pollock stated that measures needed to be put in place to prevent the migration of players southwards to the more populated OHA, and preserve the leagues in Northern Ontario.
During the summer in 1989, the Metro Toronto Hockey League, Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA), OHA and NOHA, joined under the umbrella of the Ontario Hockey Federation (OHF). Each organization was given equal representation on its board of governors, which was given the mandate to oversee hockey in Ontario, and be a review panel for three years to propose further restructuring if necessary.
The senior A-level champions of the NOHA and the OHA formerly competed in a playoffs series for the W. A. Hewitt Trophy.
Former leagues
International Junior B Hockey League
North of Superior Junior B Hockey League
Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association
Jurisdiction
Empowered by Hockey Canada, the Northern Ontario Hockey Association governs all Ontario senior and junior hockey not administered by Hockey Northwestern Ontario, Ottawa District Hockey Association, or Ontario Hockey Association. This does not include the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League, which is privately run outside of Hockey Canada and are not affiliated.
The Ottawa District governs the part of Ontario East of and including Lanark County, Renfrew County, and Leeds County, but not including the town of Gananoque. Hockey Northwestern Ontario has control of the section of Northwestern Ontario west of the 85th meridian.
References
External links
NOHA website
Ice hockey governing bodies in Ontario
Sport in Northern Ontario
Sports organizations established in 1919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Ontario%20Hockey%20Association |
Repetition () is an 1843 book by Søren Kierkegaard and published under the pseudonym Constantin Constantius to mirror its titular theme. Constantin investigates whether repetition is possible, and the book includes his experiments and his relation to a nameless patient known only as the Young Man.
The Young Man has fallen in love with a girl, proposed marriage, the proposal has been accepted, but now he has changed his mind. Constantin becomes the young man's confidant. Coincidentally, the problem that the Young Man had is the same problem Kierkegaard had with Regine Olsen. He had proposed to her, she had accepted but he had changed his mind. Kierkegaard was accused of "experimenting with the affections of his fiancée".
Charles K. Bellinger says Either/Or, Fear and Trembling and Repetition are works of fiction, "novelistic" in character; they focus on the boundaries between different spheres of existence, such as the aesthetic and the ethical, and the ethical and the religious; they often focus on the subject of marriage; they can be traced back to Kierkegaard's relationship with Regine." There is much in this work that is autobiographical in nature. How much is left up to the reader. Kierkegaard explores the conscious choices this Young Man makes. He had written about repetition previously in his unpublished book Johannes Climacus.
Kierkegaard published Fear and Trembling, Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 and Repetition all on the same date, October 16, 1843. Abraham was the main character in Fear and Trembling and the Three Upbuilding Discourses were about love. Repetition presents a noticeable contrast between the other two books that is almost comical. He takes up the idea of repetition again in his 1844 work The Concept of Anxiety where he explores the concepts of sin and guilt more directly. The book could be the counterpart of Goethe's Clavigo, which Kierkegaard dealt with in Either/Or.
Structure
Part One: Report by Constantin Constantius
Part Two: Repetition
Letters from the Young Man, August 15 – January 13
Incidental Observations by Constantin Constantius
Letter from the Young Man, May 31
Concluding Letter by Constantin Constantius, Copenhagen, August 1843
Report by Constantin Constantius
Constantin believes that "repetition and recollection are the same movement, except in opposite directions, for what is recollected has been, is repeated backward." An individual can remember some past event or emotional experience with intensity. That individual might try to "repeat pleasure continuously and eternalize the pleasure in the temporal". This is what Constantin is trying to accomplish. He hopes that Repetition will become a new philosophical category. That it will trump Hegel and explain the relation between the Eleatics and Heraclitus. "Mediation” is a foreign word; “repetition” is a good Danish word, according to him.
He reports that he has met a melancholic young man and has decided to become his confidant. He says, "an observer fulfills his duties well, he is to be regarded as a secret agent in a higher service, for the observer’s art is to expose what is hidden". During his conversation with the Young Man he comes to understand that he is in love but he talks about his love as though it were just a memory. He says the Young Man "was deeply and fervently in love, that was clear, and yet a few days later he was able to recollect his love. He was essentially through with the entire relationship."
His observations lead him to conclude that the young man really isn't in love, but that the girl (he never calls her a woman) is "the occasion that awakened the poetic in him and made him a poet." He calls him the "sorrowful knight of recollection’s only happy love." He has had his first love but that's not anywhere near the experience of marriage. Kierkegaard says the following in Either/Or, "The question, namely, is this: Can this love be actualized? After having conceded everything up to this point, you perhaps will say: Well, it is just as difficult to actualize marriage as to actualize first love. To that I must respond: No, for in marriage there is a law of motion. First love remains an unreal in itself that never acquires inner substance because it moves only in the external medium. In the ethical and religious intention, marital love has the possibility of an inner history and is as different from first love as the historical is from the unhistorical. This love is strong, stronger than the whole world, but the moment it doubts it is annihilated; it is like a sleepwalker who is able to walk in the most dangerous places with the complete security but plunges down when someone calls his name. Marital love is armed, for in the intention not only is attentiveness directed to the surrounding world but the will is directed toward itself, toward the inner world." The Young Man, like Byron, "declares that love is heaven and marriage hell."
Constantin, "the aesthetic schemer", tells the Young Man he should become a deceiver. He says, "Be inconstant, nonsensical; do one thing one day and another the next, but without passion, in an utterly careless way that does not, however, degenerate into inattention, because, on the contrary, the external attentiveness must be just as great as ever but altered to a formal function lacking all inwardness.
He then goes to Berlin, because he had been there once before and he wants to see if he can repeat the same experience he had the first time. He goes to the same place he stayed on his first journey and finds that his landlord is now married. “The landlord went on to prove the esthetic validity of marriage. He succeeded marvelously, just as well as he had the last time in proving the perfection of bachelorhood.”. He tries to find repetition at the theater but it eludes him, he tries the coffee shop and finally says, "I had discovered that there simply is no repetition and had verified it by having it repeated in every possible way". Stuart Dalton from The University of Hartford regards Repetition essentially as a comedy and there is humor in much of the book. Kierkegaard wrote humorously about the idea of repetition in Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, he said,
Repetition
Constantin is still pursuing repetition. Now he's seeking a "sameness that has a far more anesthetic power than the most whimsical amusements" when he gets a letter from the Young Man demanding that he keep "unbroken silence" about the whole affair he was speaking to him about and that he will not be seeing him anymore. He will correspond by mail only. Constantin says, "This, then, is the thanks one gets for having trained oneself every day for years to have only an objective theoretical interest in people, in everyone for whom the idea is in motion! At one time, I tried to assist the idea in him; now I am reaping the harvest, namely, I am supposed to be and also not to be both being and nothing, entirely as he so pleases, and not to receive the slightest appreciation for being able to be that and thereby to help him out of the contradiction." He continues to diagnose him.
The Young Man tells him he will be going to Job for help and will write his reports to Constantin.
Letters from the Young Man, August 15 – May 31
"Two years after the death of his father, in the year 1840, Søren Kierkegaard entered into an engagement of marriage with a young girl living in Copenhagen, whose name was Regine Olsen. However, he was very soon brought to the insight that no marriage was possible for him. He sought to break the engagement, but succeeded only in stirring the heart of his fiancé to a passionate outburst, in which she begged him not to leave her. Moved profoundly by the ardor of her love he sought to emancipate her and himself through the adoption of a very involved and curious method." Journal entries seem to indicate that Kierkegaard was wary of marriage as early as 1838 and that he had a definite reason for breaking off the engagement.
Did he use the method endorsed by Constantin and become a deceiver? The letters from the Young Man are either written in relation to Regine or they are a passionate cry for freedom. He wanted to find a truth to live and die for. The letters describe his inner struggle against the social norms of his time. Must he keep his pledge because the social order demands that he does it?
First he blames his psychologist but he still needs him. Existential philosophy calls this Ressentiment.
Then he blames the girl.
Then he appeals to Job. Later, in Edifying Discourses in Various Spirits (1847), Kierkegaard discusses Job's guilt again. "Job’s friends did not have any criteria for what it means to suffer as one who is innocent before God. The highest that the Jews knew was a piety such as Job’s, and this is why it was doubly arrogant and doubly unjust of the friends to speak in this way of Job. The Christian, however, knows that there is only one, but also that there is one, who suffered before God as innocent. No one dares to compare himself to him or measure himself by his standard; between him and every human between there is an eternal difference. That is why it now applies with renewed clarity that in relation to God a human being always suffers as guilty."
Then he questions his own existence and the concept of guilt. Existential philosophers call this an existential crisis.
Then he demands his rights. Kierkegaard is developing his concept of individuality. The Young Man wants to stand out from the crowd and make his own decisions about his own life.
His question is never what is love, but how do I know I'm in love, how do you know you're in love? Too many people want to read about love in order to find out what love is. Kierkegaard says one must act, not just think about acting. His letter dated January 13 states he is now married and doing his best to be a husband.
Contrasting Abraham in Fear and Trembling with the Young Man creates an excellent comedy when taken together. Abraham wasn't anxious about the social order, he just followed God but the Young Man is overflowing with anxiety about what his friends will say about him, and he followed Job. Kierkegaard wrote in Fear and Trembling: "It would be altogether desirable if esthetics would sometime attempt to begin where for so many years it has ended-in the illusion of magnanimity. As soon as it did this, it would be working hand in hand with the religious, for this is the only power that can rescue the esthetic from its battle with the ethical." Kierkegaard says, "I perceived that he was a poet-if for no other reason I saw it in the fact that a situation that would have been taken easily in stride by a lesser mortal expanded into a world event for him." On December 6, 1843 Kierkegaard published his Four Upbuilding Discourses, he explains this Young Man's relation to Job in the following way, In tempestuous times, when the foundation of existence is tottering, when the moment shivers in anxious expectancy of what may come, when every explanation falls silent at the spectacle of the wild tumult, when a person’s innermost being groans in despair and in “bitterness of soul” cries to heaven, then Job still walks along, at the generation’s side and guarantees that there is a victory, guarantees that even if the single individual loses in the struggle, there is still a God who, just as he proportions every temptation humanly, even though the person did not withstand the temptation, will still make a way out such as he can bear it – yes, even more gloriously than any human expectancy. Only the defiant person could wish that Job did not exist, that he could completely divest his soul of the last love still present in the wail of despair, that he could whine about life, indeed curse life in such a way that there would not be even an echo of faith and trust and humility in his words, that in his defiance he could stifle the scream in order not to create the impression that there was anyone whom it provoked. Only a soft person could wish that Job did not exist, that he could instead leave off thinking, the sooner the better, could give up all movement in the most disgusting powerlessness, could blot himself out in the most wretched and miserable forgetfulness. Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Four Upbuilding Discourses, The Lord Gave, And The Lord Took Away; Blessed Be The Name Of The Lord. (Job 1:20-21) p. 111
Incidental Observations by Constantin Constantius
Constantin has renounced all theorizing but still thinks about the Young Man and the girl. As far as he's concerned the Young Man is a poet. He says, "A poet seems to be born to be a fool for the girls. If a girl made a fool of him to his face, he would think of it generous of her."
The Young Man writes once more, on May 31, to let Constantin know that the "girl" is married. Kierkegaard-The Young Man says, "I belong to the idea. When it beckons me, I will follow; when it makes an appointment, I wait for it day and night; no one calls me to dinner, no one expects me for supper. When the idea calls, I abandon everything, or, more correctly, I have nothing to abandon. I defraud no one, I sadden no one by being loyal to it; my spirit is not saddened by my having to make another sad. When I come home, no one reads my face, no one questions my demeanor. No one coaxes out of my being an explanation that not even I myself can give to another, whether I am beatific in joy or dejected in desolation, whether I have won life or lost it." Repetition p. 221
Kierkegaard as well as the other two characters in the story belong to the idea of what a marriage is but not to the actuality of a real marriage. Kierkegaard calls the Young Man's behaviour criminal.
Concluding Letter by Constantin Constantius, Copenhagen, August 1843
Constantin addresses his readers. He says,
Criticism
August Strindberg referred to Kierkegaard in his book To Damascus (1900). Part 1 is compared to "Kierkegaard's Gentagelse" by Gunnar Ollen who translated the book.
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 1915, had a short article about Søren Kierkegaard. They wrote, In Gentagelsen (' Repetition,' October 1843), Kierkegaard sketches an abortive transition to the religious sphere. 'Repetition' is one of his characteristic ideas; it signifies persistence in, and faithfulness to, a chosen course of life, and is thus opposed to the (esthetic standpoint, with constancy only in change. But Kierkegaard also gives the word a more special meaning—that rather of 'resumption' (Gentagelse, 'taking again')—implying that each higher stage of life carries with it the lower in a transfigured form. Gentagelsen tells of a young man who seeks to pass from the (esthetic to the religious sphere, but for want of a true penitence becomes merely a romanticist; i.e., he simply resumes his old self; and his case is contrasted with that of Job, who humbled himself utterly before God, and at last regained all that he had lost, and more—the true ' repetition."
Lev Shestov was a philosopher who wondered how Russia had missed Kierkegaard. He understood Repetition in the following way. "Here is how Kierkegaard tells of this in his Repetition: "The greatness of Job is therefore not that he said, 'The Lord hath given, the Lord hath taken away, blessed be the name of the Lord' - what he indeed said at first and did not later repeat... The greatness of Job lies in the fact that the passion of freedom is not choked or calmed in him by any false expression... Job demonstrates the compass of his world view through the firmness with which he knows how to eschew all crafty ethical evasions and cunning wiles." Everything that Kierkegaard says of Job can also be said of himself. And here is the closing passage in which Kierkegaard says, "Job is blessed and received everything back again double. This is what people call a repetition... Thus there is a repetition. When does it come? When did it come for Job? When all conceivable human certainty and probability was on the side of impossibility." And, according to Kierkegaard's deep conviction, this repetition will "obtain a very important role in the newer philosophy," for "the new philosophy will teach that all of life is a repetition." Kierkegaard As A Religious Philosopher, by Lev Shestov, 1938
Kierkegaard wrote, What kind of power is it that wants to deprive me of my honor and my pride and do it in such a meaningless way! Am I inevitably guilty, a deceiver, whatever I do, even if I do nothing? Or have I perhaps gone mad? Then the best thing to do would be to lock me up, for people cravenly fear particularly the utterances of the insane and the dying. What does it mean: mad? What must I do to enjoy civic esteem, to be regarded as sensible? Why does no one answer? I offer a reasonable reward to anyone who invents a new world! I have set forth the alternatives. Is there anyone so clever that he knows more than two? But if he does not know more, then it certainly is nonsense that I am mad, unfaithful, and a deceiver, while the girl is faithful and reasonable and esteemed by the people. Repetition p. 202 He is always asking himself questions just as Johann Gottlieb Fichte had done in his 1800 book, The Destination of Man, also called The Vocation of Man where he wrote against the easy answer for every question by vain repetitions.The book is therefore not intended for philosophers by profession, who will find in it nothing that may not be found in other writings of the same author. It is intended to be intelligible to all readers who are able really to understand a book at all. Those who have accustomed themselves merely to the repetition of certain sets of phrases in varied order, and who mistake this operation of memory for that of the understanding, will probably find it unintelligible. It ought to exercise on the reader an attractive and animating power, raising him from the sensuous world, to that which is above sense. The author at least has not performed his task without some of this happy inspiration.
Kierkegaard was influential in Martin Buber's 'I and Thou' philosophy and Martin Heidegger's development of the "new philosophical category" Dasein.
Alicia Borinsky of Boston University took up Kierkegaard's Repetition in her 1981-1982 article On Translation and the Art of Repetition. The two characters talk so they can silence (translate) each other. Kierkegaard imagines still another exchange in his essay, the one between a reader and Constantine Constantinus. There seems to be no escape from the interpretative chain, the police function of the observer. Poetry appears in this essay as the effect of a loss. The two or four characters are linked by a paranoid system of translation that stands -- as Kierkegaard would want us to believe -- for the nature of every human exchange and constitutes the precondition for poetic repetition. … In Repetition Kierkegaard set out an exemplary subject for one of the main concerns of poetry, bringing hidden things to light. His way of inquiry is translation with its connotations of interpretation, betrayal, silencing. On Translation and the Art of Repetition by Alicia Borinsky P. 220 Dispositio Vol VII No. 19-20
Rollo May wrote a history of Existentialism from the psychological point of view. He said,
Kierkegaard was very concerned about his relationship with God. C. Stephen Evans, says that "Kierkegaard regarded himself as a psychologist. Three of his books, The Concept of Anxiety, Repetition, and The Sickness Unto Death, are designated as psychological by their subtitles, and he frequently called himself a psychologist in his journal. … Imagine a naïve Christian who knows nothing about psychology as a science-let’s call him “Kirk”-engaged in conversation with a knowledgeable psychologist-“Dr. John.” Dr. John tells Kirk that psychology models itself after the natural sciences and attempts to gain a scientific understanding of human behavior and mental processes. Kirk asks Dr. John what psychologists think about God and God’s relationship to human beings. Dr. John replies that individual psychologists have different beliefs about God. He himself is a Christian, he tells Kirk, and of course, for him any ultimate understanding of human beings requires a theological perspective too. But, he hastens to add, his personal religious beliefs do not enter into psychology as a scientific discipline because science restricts itself to the natural realm, which can be studied by empirical methods.Dr. John’s answer leaves Kirk dissatisfied. He has a lot of lingering misgivings. Kirk can understand that science may have to limit itself to the empirically observable, but he questions the value, or even the truthfulness, of the knowledge gained by such a science. After all, he thinks, isn’t the most important thing about human beings their relationship to God? Can anyone hope to understand them without understanding them in this light?" Søren Kierkegaard's Christian Psychology: Insight for Counseling and Pastoral Care By C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard as a Psychologist, p. 25-26
Clare Carlisle described the internal and external struggle that every existing individual has to go through. "The struggle between philosophy and existence (often a struggle internal to the individual, especially to the intellectual and perhaps academic individual who is this text’s likely reader) is essential to Kierkegaard’s dramatization of his conflict with Hegel. Throughout Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous authorship the ‘abstract thinker’, the ‘pitiful professorial figure is criticized from the perspective of the existing individual. Challenging the Hegelian view that the Concept expresses the highest form of truth, texts such as Repetition constitute ‘a polemic against the truth as knowledge’ and suggest instead that truth must be grasped in terms of ‘subjectivity’ or ‘inwardness’."
Both Constantin and the Young Man had the power to act as single individuals instead of trying to become world historically famous or worrying about the crowd but neither of them used the power. They both just pursued the idea. Kierkegaard says of them,
Later, in The Concept of Anxiety, Kierkegaard discusses this power again in terms of the eternal. His idea of the eternal is comparable to Nietzsche's idea of eternal return, only backwards. Niels Nymann Eriksen has written about Kierkegaard's category of repetition. This book explores "the Other" and "Becoming" as well as "Recollection" and "Repetition."
Notes
References
Sources
Primary sources
Either/Or Part I Edited by Victor Eremita, February 20, 1843, translated by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson Princeton University Press 1971
Either/Or Part II. Translated by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton, 1988,
Repetition, A Venture in Experimental Psychology, by Constantin Constantius, October 16, 1843, by Søren Kierkegaard, Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, 1983, Princeton University Press
Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843-1844 Copyright 1990 by Howard V. Hong Princeton University Press
Stages on Life's Way, Søren Kierkegaard, April 30, 1845, Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong 1988, Princeton University Press
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments Volume I, by Johannes Climacus, edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1846 – Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong 1992 Princeton University Press
Søren Kierkegaard's Journals & Papers
Secondary sources
Soren Kierkegaard Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, edited by James Hastings, 1908 p. 696-700
Soren Kierkegaard , by David F. Swenson, Scandinavian studies and notes, Volume 6 No. 7 August 1921 Editor George T Flom University of Illinois Published in Menasha, Wisconsin
Lectures on the Religious Thought of Søren Kierkegaard, Eduard Geismar, Augsburg Publishing Co 1937
Kierkegaard & the Existential Philosophy, by Lev Shestov, 1938, translated from Russian by Elinor Hewitt, Ohio University Press, 1969.
A Very Short Life of Kierkegaard, by Charles K. Bellinger
The Discovery of Being, By Rollo May 1983, W. W. Norton & Company, 1994
Soren Kierkegaard's Christian Psychology: Insight for Counseling and Pastoral Care By C. Stephen Evans, Regent College Publishing, 1995
Kierkegaard's Repetition as a Comedy in Two Acts, by Stuart Dalton, University of Hartford
Kierkegaard's category of repetition: a reconstruction, By Niels Nymann Eriksen, Published by, Walter de Gruyter, 2000
Dan Anthony Storm on Repetition
External links
Books by Søren Kierkegaard
1843 books
Existentialist books
Philosophical novels
Works published under a pseudonym | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetition%20%28Kierkegaard%20book%29 |
Nemrut or Nemrud may refer to:
Mount Nemrut, in southeastern Turkey
Nemrut (volcano), in eastern Turkey
Lake Nemrut
Mustafa Yamulki (1866–1936), also known as "Nemrud" Mustafa Pasha, Kurdish military officer
Nemrud, a 1979 Turkish film featuring Ali Şen
See also
Nimrud (disambiguation)
Nimrod (disambiguation)
Nemrut Bay, a port in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrut |
A Most pleasant Comedie of Mucedorus the Kings Sonne of Valentia, and Amadine the Kinges daughter of Aragon, commonly called Mucedorus, is an Elizabethan romantic comedy, first performed around 1590 and regularly revived until the Restoration. It was one of the most performed plays of its age, and 16 quarto editions were published between 1598 and 1668 making it the most widely printed play from the time. It was performed for both Queen Elizabeth and King James I. A revised and expanded version was published in 1610 with additional scenes.
Mucedorus has been attributed to William Shakespeare in whole and in part, but these theories are generally not accepted by Shakespeare scholars. It is generally classified as apocryphal and not part of the main Shakespearean canon. Other proposed authors have included George Peele, Robert Greene, and Thomas Lodge. Greene's James IV (c. 1590) and Peele's Old Wive's Tale (1595) belong to the same genre.
Synopsis
A prologue was added to the play when it was performed for James I.
The play opens with an induction that consists of a meta-theatrical flyting between the allegorical personifications Comedy and Envy. Envy declares that he will turn this pleasant comedy into a tragedy. Comedy challenges Envy to do so and claims that mirth will triumph in the end.
The scenes usually labelled as act one, scenes one and two were new additions to the text with its Jacobean revision. In these scenes, the Prince of Valencia, Mucedorus, having heard that Amadine, the daughter of the king of Aragon, is extraordinarily beautiful, bids farewell to his friend Anselmo, revealing to him his plan to disguise himself in order to pursue her. Anselmo offers him the costume of a shepherd in which he has previously performed in a masque. Mucedorus disguises himself, swears Amselmo to secrecy, and departs. The second additional scene introduces the clown of the play, Mouse. He enters having fled from feeding his master's horse, frightened by a bear, or "some devil in a bear's doublet" (1.2.3). In his attempt to escape it, he advances backwards, only to trip over the bear and flee in terror.
The original version of the play began with Segasto, who is bethrothed to Amadine, running in terror, swiftly followed by Amadine herself, from a bear that chases them across the stage. Segasto abandons Amadine, but she is rescued by Mucedorus, who appears wielding a sword and the bear's head. She thanks him and invites him to the court of Aragon.
Upon Amadine and Mucedorus's arrival, Segasto becomes envious of Mucedorus, a lowly shepherd who is now honoured in court for his bravery. Segasto thus asks his friend, Tremelio, to kill Mucedorus, which Tremelio agrees to do, but Mucedorus dispatches him quickly. Mucedorus is brought before the King and sentenced to death for killing Tremelio, but Amadine reveals to the King that it was Mucedorus who saved her from the bear. The King spares Mucedorus's life, but Segasto falsifies a directive banishing Mucedorus from the kingdom. Amadine and Mucedorus declare their love for each other and decide to leave the kingdom together.
While waiting to meet up with Mucedorus later in the nearby woods, Amadine is captured by Bremo, a wild man, to be his bride. Mucedorus, finding that Amadine has disappeared, disguises himself again as a hermit and is captured by Bremo as well. Mucedorus convinces Bremo that he and Amadine must be taught how to fight so that they may defend themselves when Bremo is not around to protect them. Once Bremo gives Mucedorus a sword, Mucedorus kills him and sheds his disguise as the hermit and becomes the shepherd again. Segasto, who had been searching the forest for the lost couple, finds Amadine and Mucedorus. Amadine declares her love for Mucedorus, and Segasto decides to relent. Mucedorus now reveals that he is actually the Prince of Valencia.
Upon learning of these events, the King approves of the marriage between Mucedorus and Amadine, and the play ends with all the characters leaving to celebrate. The characters Envy and Comedy return to the stage, with Envy claiming that he can still defeat Comedy. As the two fight, they recognise the monarch in the audience (either Queen Elizabeth or King James) and declare that both comedy and tragedy serve the throne.
Source and genre
Modern scholarship suggests a date for the play's origin c. 1590. Individual critics have considered The Arcadia of Sir Philip Sidney (one of whose characters is named Musidorus) as a source for the play, and have studied its relationship to pastoral and folktale forms, and to traditional mummers' plays, Medieval theatre and chivalric romances, and the Italian Commedia dell'arte.
Mucedorus is an early romantic comedy. It often elicits humour through rapid transitions between comedy and tragedy. For example, when Bremo is killed, there is only one line reflecting on his death before the play returns to the romantic plot. Most of the characters in Mucedorus are stock expectations for the genre, offering little depth or originality. Mouse's deafness is a play on the stock comedic fools who often wilfully twist a speaker's words.
Printing history
Mucedorus was the most frequently reprinted play prior to the Restoration, with 17 quarto texts surviving before the end of the 17th century.
Staging history
Mucedorus was performed by strolling players as late as the eighteenth century. One such performance, at Witney in Oxfordshire on 3 February 1653 (new style), saw a number of the audience killed and injured when the floor collapsed under the weight of the crowd. A Puritan preacher considered the accident a sign of God's displeasure with play-acting.
Relationship to Shakespeare
Q3 (1610) of Mucedorus claims that it was in the repertoire of the Globe Theatre: A/Most pleasant/Comedie of Muce-/dorus the Kings sonne of Valen-/tia, and Amadine the Kinges/daughter of Aragon./With the merry conceites of Mouse./Amplified with new additions, as it was/acted before the Kings Maistie at/White-hall on Shroue-/sunday night./By his Highnes Seruantes vsually/playing at the Globe./Very delectable, and full of conceited Mirth./Imprinted at London for William Iones./dwelling neare Holborne Conduit/at the signe of the Gunne./1610./ Starting with this same Q3 and continuing through all subsequent editions, the text of the play is augmented with six additional passages, which are plainly not the work of the original author. Some early critics considered Shakespeare as a potential author of these additions rather than the original play – though even this view is not regarded with favour by the modern scholarly consensus.
The play was assigned to Shakespeare in Edward Archer's play list of 1656, published in his edition of The Old Law; it was also bound together with Fair Em and The Merry Devil of Edmonton in a book labelled "Shakespeare. Vol. I" in the library of King Charles II.
Notes
References
Chambers, E.K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
Hattaway, Michael. "Mucedorus: the Exploitation of Convention." In Elizabethan Popular Theatre: Plays in Performance. Theatre Production Studies ser. London: Routledge, 1982. 129–140
Kozlenko, William, ed. Disputed Plays of William Shakespeare. Hawthorn Books, 1974.
Logan, Terence P., and Demzell S. Smith, eds. The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1973.
Tucker Brooke, C.F., ed., The Shakespeare Apocrypha, Oxford, the Clarendon Press, 1908. archive.org Google Books
External links
The Comedy of Mucedorus, ed. Warnke and Proescholdt (Halle, 1878)
Assignment to Shakespeare with rolling delta:
Shakespeare apocrypha
English Renaissance plays
Plays by Robert Greene (dramatist)
Plays by George Peele
Plays by Thomas Lodge
1590 plays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucedorus |
Let There Be Rock: The Movie – Live in Paris is a live double album by the hard rock band AC/DC, released as "Disc Two" and "Disc Three" of the Bonfire box set in 1997. It is also the soundtrack to the film AC/DC: Let There Be Rock. It is the last album Bon Scott recorded with the band before he died, just two months before his death and was released posthumously.
Overview
The album was recorded live on 9 December 1979 at the Pavillon de Paris in Paris, France, during their Highway to Hell World Tour.
A motion picture of this concert, entitled AC/DC: Let There Be Rock, was released theatrically and on videotape in 1980, and on DVD on 7 June 2011. However, the movie does not contain the performance of "T.N.T." included on this album. The album also does not contain the band interviews found on the film. Dave Grohl from the Foo Fighters said that as a kid after seeing the movie in a cinema he was so overawed and exhilarated that he wanted to go home to his guitar, not to play it but to smash it.
Though this album shares a name with AC/DC's fourth studio album, Let There Be Rock, it also includes live versions of songs from T.N.T., Powerage, and Highway to Hell. The cover used on Disc Three of the Bonfire box set featured similar cover art to that used on the international and current Australian editions of the Let There Be Rock album, and on the movie poster and videotape package of AC/DC: Let There Be Rock.
The album is one of two live albums on the Bonfire set, the other being Live from the Atlantic Studios. Both albums are two of three live albums in an AC/DC rarity box set, the other being Live Rarities in Backtracks.
Track listing
Disc one
"Live Wire" – 8:04
"Shot Down in Flames" – 3:39
"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" – 4:31
"Sin City" – 5:25
"Walk All Over You" – 5:06
"Bad Boy Boogie" – 13:20
Disc two
"The Jack" – 6:05
"Highway to Hell" – 3:30
"Girls Got Rhythm" – 3:20
"High Voltage" – 6:32
"Whole Lotta Rosie" – 4:55
"Rocker" – 10:45
"T.N.T." – 4:13
"Let There Be Rock" – 7:34
Australian version
"Live Wire" – 8:04
"Shot Down in Flames" – 3:39
"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" – 4:31
"Sin City" – 5:25
"Bad Boy Boogie" – 13:20
"The Jack" – 6:05
"Highway to Hell" – 3:30
"Girls Got Rhythm" – 3:20
"High Voltage" – 6:32
"Whole Lotta Rosie" – 4:55
"Rocker" – 10:45
"Let There Be Rock" – 7:34
All songs composed by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott.
In the accompanying CD booklet, Mark Evans was incorrectly credited with playing bass. He was no longer a member of the band by the time the concert was filmed.
Personnel
Bon Scott – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
Phil Rudd – drums
References
1997 live albums
1997 soundtrack albums
AC/DC live albums
East West Records live albums
Concert film soundtracks
Albums recorded at Pavillon de Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20There%20Be%20Rock%3A%20The%20Movie%20%E2%80%93%20Live%20in%20Paris |
The Times and Democrat is a daily newspaper in Orangeburg, South Carolina. The Times and Democrat is owned by Lee Enterprises, a company based in Davenport, Iowa.
History and origins
The Times and Democrat traces its history to the October 1881 merger of The Orangeburg Democrat and The Orangeburg Times. It also has ties to four other newspapers born in the aftermath of the American Civil War: The Southron, The Tax-Payer, The Edisto Clarion and The Orangeburg News and Times. Like most newspapers of the South during Reconstruction, the Orangeburg publications were embroiled in political doctrines. The Orangeburg News, for instance, was organized as a newspaper of the Democrats but later became a newspaper of the Republicans.
Into this milieu came James L. Sims. The Charleston, South Carolina, native learned the printing trade at The Charleston Courier and subsequently purchased an interest in The Spartanburg Herald. When his wife died, Sims sold his interest and moved to Orangeburg. In 1878, he purchased The Edisto Clarion, successor to The Tax-Payer, and changed its name again, to The Orangeburg Democrat. Sims' editor at the Democrat was Stiles R. Mellichamp, who after a short period left to start his own newspaper, The Orangeburg Times. In 1881, Sims and Mellichamp came together again to merge their newspapers into The Times and Democrat.
A close Orangeburg newspaper colleague of Sims in those early days was Hugo S. Sheridan. Some years later, Sims married Sheridan's daughter. From this marriage came four sons, three of whom were involved in the paper. James Izlar Sims, the oldest, dropped out of school at age 14 to work at The Times and Democrat.
The news content was a little different then. One of the biggest events of the year was the ginning of the first bale of cotton. Automobiles running into mules and cows usually received big coverage. Sports received little attention. Typesetting was done by hand, one letter at a time, until 1906, when The Times and Democrat purchased a new Ottmar Mergenthaler Linotype machine at a cost of $3,600. J. Izlar Sims, then 16 years old, was sent to New York City to learn how to operate the new machine that was destined to revolutionize the newspaper industry. Five years later, at the age of 21, he succeeded his father as publisher. J. Izlar Sims also founded a radio station and brought the first talking picture (movie theater) to Orangeburg, in the late 1920s. He was a volunteer firefighter and often drove the city's first fire truck. He died in 1957.
J.L. Sims' twin boys, Hugo and Henry Sims, shared the editorship of the newspaper until Henry was elected to the South Carolina State Senate in the 1930s and later became president of Winthrop College. Hugo Sims continued as editor until his death in 1951.
The youngest son, Gelzer Sims, graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and achieved the rank of admiral during World War II.
Mellichamp and Sheridan became full-time educators. Today, Orangeburg elementary schools bear each of their names.
A weekly publication since its founding, The Times and Democrat began publishing twice a week in 1908, three times a week in 1909 and five times a week in September 1919. It returned to tri-weekly publication in May 1921 but later resumed daily publication. A Monday edition was added in the 1940s and the Sunday edition in 1953.
J.L. Sims succeeded his father as publisher in 1943. In 1951 Hugo Sims Sr. died and his son, Edward, succeeded him as editor. In the 1960s, Hugo Sims' other two sons, Hugo Jr. and Henry, served as co-editors. After J.L. Sims died in 1962 at age 47, surviving family members named Dean Livingston, 29, as publisher, a position he held until his retirement in 1999.
A century ago, The Times and Democrat was the first newspaper in town to buy a cylinder press. In 1965 The Times and Democrat became South Carolina's first daily newspaper to convert to offset printing. In 1989 The Times and Democrat became South Carolina's first daily newspaper to design its pages entirely with computers.
The Times and Democrat has continued to publish daily despite hurricanes, snowstorms and a 1972 fire that destroyed The Times and Democrat's entire physical plant. Within five days of that fire, new typesetting machines and other production equipment were flown in. Within 10 days, a new press had arrived, and within 30 days, the pressroom building had been rebuilt around it.
Howard Publications acquired total ownership of The Times and Democrat in 1981. Lee Enterprises acquired Howard Publications and subsequently The Times and Democrat in 2002.
Cathy Hughes became The Times and Democrat's fifth publisher in 1999. The current editor is Lee Harter.
Starting June 6, 2023, the print edition of the newspaper will be reduced to three days a week: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Also, the newspaper will transition from being delivered by a traditional newspaper delivery carrier to mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service.
Further reading
T&D Staff Report. The T&D is Born. Orangeburg, SC: The Times and Democrat. October 3, 2004.
References
External links
Official Web site
Lee Enterprises Official Web site
A Lee Enterprises Site about The Times and Democrat
Newspapers published in South Carolina
Lee Enterprises publications
Orangeburg County, South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Times%20and%20Democrat |
Here is a list of notable former and current ESPN Radio national personalities.
Current ESPN Radio personalities
A–L
Doug Brown: 1993–present (ESPN Radio SportsCenter and SportsCenter Nightly)
Chris Canty: 2021–present (Canty & Golic Jr. 2021-22, Canty & Carlin 2022-present)
Joe D'Ambrosio: 1996–present (MLB on ESPN Radio and ESPN Radio SportsCenter)
Mike Greenberg: 1999–2017 (Mike and Mike); 2020-present (Greeny)
Alan Hahn: 2021–present (Bart & Hahn)
Matt Jones: 2020–present (Sunday NFL Countdown)
Marc Kestecher: 1999–present (NBA on ESPN Radio, MLB on ESPN Radio, ESPN Radio SportsCenter and NIT on ESPN Radio)
Mel Kiper Jr.: 1992–present (ESPN Radio College Gameday and Dari and Mel)
Christine Lisi: 1990–present (ESPN Radio SportsCenter)
M–Z
Jay Reynolds: ?–present (ESPN Radio SportsCenter and SportsCenter AM)
Bart Scott: 2021–present (Bart & Hahn)
Dan Shulman: 2002–present (MLB on ESPN Radio)
Chris Singleton: 2011–present (MLB on ESPN Radio)
Sarah Spain: 2015–present (Spain & Prim, The Trifecta, Izzy & Spain, Spain & Fitz and Spain & Company)
Bob Valvano: 1998–present (The V Show with Bob Valvano and NIT on ESPN Radio)
Former ESPN Radio personalities
A–L
Tony Bruno: 1992–1998 (Bruno-Golic Morning Show and GameNight)
Will Cain: 2018–2020 (The Ryen Russillo Show and The Will Cain Show)
Dave Campbell: 1995–2010 (MLB on ESPN Radio)
John Clayton: 1995–2017 (The Huddle)
Colin Cowherd: 2004–2015 (The Herd with Colin Cowherd)
Dan Davis: 1992–2011 (ESPN Radio SportsCenter)
Rob Dibble: 1999–2004 (The Dan Patrick Show)
Gerry DiNardo: 2005–2007 (ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Jim Durham: 1992–2012 (NBA on ESPN Radio)
Jason Fitz: 2020–2023 (First Take Your Take, Spain and Fitz, Fitz and Harry)
Doug Gottlieb: 2003–2012 (The Pulse and The Doug Gottlieb Show)
Mike Golic: 1998–2020 (Mike and Mike and Golic and Wingo)
Mike Golic Jr.: 2017–2022 (Golic and Wingo, Canty & Golic Jr.)
David Jacoby (sportscaster): 2015-? (Jalen & Jacoby)
Keyshawn Johnson : 2020–2023 (Keyshawn, JWill and Max)
Bomani Jones: 2015-2017 (The Right Time with Bomani Jones)
Danny Kanell: 2015-2017 (The Scott Van Pelt Show)
Andy Katz: 2004–2017 (ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Max Kellerman : 2020–2023 (The Max Kellerman Show (2020–21); Keyshawn, JWill and Max (2021–2023)
Tony Kornheiser: 1998–2004 (The Tony Kornheiser Show)
Erik Kuselias: 2003–2010 (The SportsBrothers, The SportsBash and The Eric Kuselias Show)
Amy Lawrence: 2006–2012 (ESPN Radio Gameday Saturday)
Dan Le Batard: 2013–2021 (The Dan Le Batard Show with Stugotz)
M–Z
Todd McShay: 2005–2009 (ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Zubin Mehenti: 2020-2021 (Keyshawn, JWill and Zubin)
Jon Miller: 1998–2010 (MLB on ESPN Radio)
Joe Morgan: 1998–2010 (MLB on ESPN Radio)
Chiney Ogwumike: 2020-2021 (Chiney and Golic Jr.)
Dan Patrick: 1989–2007 (The Dan Patrick Show)
Bob Picozzi: 1998–2017 (ESPN Radio SportsCenter)
Andy Pollin: 1998–2004 (The Tony Kornheiser Show and ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Dave Revsine: 2005–2007 (ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Dr. Jack Ramsay: 1992–2005 (NBA on ESPN Radio)
Jeff Rickard: 2006–2009 (GameNight)
John Rooke: 1999–2011 (ESPN Radio College GameDay and GameNight)
Jalen Rose: 2015–2022 (Jalen & Jacoby)
Ryen Russillo: 2007–2017 (The Baseball Show, ESPN Radio College GameDay and The Scott Van Pelt Show)
Sean Salisbury: 2003–2008 (The Huddle)
Mike Schopp: 2002–2006 (ESPN Radio College GameDay)
Jon Sciambi: 2010–2020 (MLB on ESPN Radio)
John Seibel: 2000–2009 (GameNight, The NFL on ESPN Radio and The Baseball Show)
Stephen A. Smith: 2007–2008, 2017–2020 (The Stephen A. Smith Show)
Mike Tirico: 2006–2016 (NBA on ESPN Radio)
Scott Van Pelt: 2008–2015 (Tirico & Van Pelt and The Scott Van Pelt Show)
Chuck Wilson: 1991–2011 (GameNight)
Trey Wingo: 2017–2020 (Golic and Wingo)
Jon "Stugotz" Weiner: 2013–2021 (The Dan Le Batard Show with Stugotz)
Jay Williams: 2020–2023 (Keyshawn, JWill and Max)
Todd Wright: 1996–2005 (AllNight with Todd Wright)
References
ESPNRadio.com
See also
List of ESPN personalities
ESPN Radio
ESPN announcers
American radio personalities by network
American radio sports announcers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ESPN%20Radio%20personalities |
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight is a posthumous live album by Jimi Hendrix released on November 12, 2002. The album documents Hendrix's last U.K. live performance at the Isle of Wight Festival on August 31, 1970, three weeks before his death. The set list for the concert contained songs from the original Experience albums, as well as new songs. Some were previously available on Isle of Wight (1971) and Live Isle of Wight '70 (1991). "Power to Love (Message of Love)", "Midnight Lightning", and "Foxy Lady" released in the US on the three record set The First Great Rock Festivals of the 70s: Isle of Wight/Atlanta Pop Festival" released on Columbia Records in 1971.
Overview
Included in the set was an adaptation of "God Save the Queen" and a cover of The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", played just before launching into "Spanish Castle Magic". The 22-minute version of "Machine Gun" includes walkie-talkie interference from security personnel feeding through the sound equipment.
The CD set is more complete than the DVD release as it contains "Midnight Lightning", "Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)", and "Hey Joe", three songs omitted from the DVD. There was also a "highlights" album released as a single disc, which contained eleven songs – nine from disc one and two from disc two. It was re-released in 2003 as a three-disc "Deluxe Sound & Vision Edition" in a special box and slip cover format as part of Experience Hendrix's plan to re-release most of Jimi Hendrix's recorded material.
Track listings
All songs were written by Jimi Hendrix, except where noted.
Disc one
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional) – 3:54
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 0:49
"Spanish Castle Magic" – 5:09
"All Along the Watchtower" (Bob Dylan) – 5:39
"Machine Gun" – 22:10
"Lover Man" – 2:58
"Freedom" – 4:36
"Red House" – 11:36
"Dolly Dagger" – 6:01
"Midnight Lightning" – 6:23
Disc two
"Foxey Lady" – 9:11
"Message to Love" – 6:23
"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)" – 6:58
"Ezy Ryder" – 4:34
"Hey Joe" (Billy Roberts) – 4:32
"Purple Haze" – 3:31
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" – 8:16
"In from the Storm" – 6:14
Total time – 118:54
Single disc release
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional) – 3:54
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Lennon, McCartney) – 0:49
"Spanish Castle Magic" – 5:09
"All Along the Watchtower" (Dylan) – 5:39
"Machine Gun" – 18:22
"Lover Man" – 2:58
"Freedom" – 4:36
"Red House" – 11:36
"Dolly Dagger" – 6:01
"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)" – 6:58
"In from the Storm" – 6:14
Total time – 72:16
DVD
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional)
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Lennon, McCartney)
"Spanish Castle Magic"
"All Along the Watchtower" (Dylan)
"Machine Gun"
"Lover Man"
"Freedom"
"Red House"
"Dolly Dagger"
"Foxey Lady"
"Message to Love"
"Ezy Ryder"
"Purple Haze"
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"
"In from the Storm"
Personnel
Jimi Hendrix – guitar, vocals
Mitch Mitchell – drums
Billy Cox – bass guitar
References
External links
Albums produced by Eddie Kramer
Live albums published posthumously
Jimi Hendrix live albums
2002 live albums
2002 video albums
Live video albums
MCA Records live albums
MCA Records video albums
Video albums published posthumously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Wild%20Angel%3A%20Live%20at%20the%20Isle%20of%20Wight |
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated by humans. Hunter-gatherers did this, over 15,000 years ago, which was before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.
The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend".
Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.
In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision. Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade with some debating it.
In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Evolution
Domestication
The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf. The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper. Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.
This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunter–gatherers, which predates agriculture. DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.
The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication. The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades. Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia. In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia, with dogs likely accompanying the first humans to inhabit the Americas. The oldest unambiguous dog remains are from Oberkassel in Germany, dating to around 15,000 years ago
Breeds
Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.
Biology
Anatomy
Skeleton
All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types. The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.
Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis. Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.
The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types. The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.
Senses
A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch. One study suggested that dogs can feel Earth's magnetic field.
Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.
Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries.
Health
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs.
Several human foods and household ingestible are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.
Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.
Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.
Reproduction
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.
Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.
Neutering
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.
According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year. Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.
Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
Inbreeding depression
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings). Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.
In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival. Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.
Behavior
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.
Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.
Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands.
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats. One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".
Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.
Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting. Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture.
Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million. About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries. In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans. For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.
Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.
Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size. Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.
Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores. Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet. Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet. However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh.
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.
Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included:
The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).
Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.
Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.
The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.
Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.
"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.
There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior. The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack. Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions. The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.
Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs. The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.
A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.
Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.
Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity. Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat. Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.
In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.
The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.
Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector. Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.
In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.
The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled. It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.
People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs. The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.
The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.
Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.
Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love. In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection. In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.
In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs. Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate. In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva).
In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that. As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis). In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege. Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet." Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.
Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.
Sire – the male parent of a litter.
Dam – the female parent of a litter.
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.
See also
Cat–dog relationship
Cynanthropy
Dognapping
Domesticated silver fox
Lists of dogs
Mastocytoma in dogs
Nematode infection in dogs
List of individual dogs
List of oldest dogs
References
Bibliography
External links
Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Canis lupus familiaris
Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World Canine Organisation
Dogs in the Ancient World, an article on the history of dogs
View the dog genome on Ensembl
Genome of Canis lupus familiaris (version UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0/canFam4), via UCSC Genome Browser
Data of the genome of Canis lupus familiaris, via NCBI
Data of the genome assembly of Canis lupus familiaris (version UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0/canFam4), via NCBI
Wolves
Scavengers
Cosmopolitan mammals
Animal models
Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog |
In electronics, stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of planar transmission line.
Description
A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line. As shown in the diagram, the central conductor need not be equally spaced between the ground planes. In the general case, the dielectric material may be different above and below the central conductor.
To prevent the propagation of unwanted modes, the two ground planes must be shorted together. This is commonly achieved by a row of vias running parallel to the strip on each side.
Like coaxial cable, stripline is non-dispersive, and has no cutoff frequency. Good isolation between adjacent traces can be achieved more easily than with microstrip.
Stripline provides for enhanced noise immunity against the propagation of radiated RF emissions, at the expense of slower propagation speeds when compared to microstrip lines. The effective permittivity of striplines equals the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate because of wave propagation only in the substrate. Hence striplines have higher effective permittivity in comparison to microstrip lines, which in turn reduces wave propagation speed (see also velocity factor) according to
History
Stripline, now used as a generic term, was originally a proprietary brand of Airborne Instruments Laboratory Inc. (AIL). The version as produced by AIL was essentially air insulated (air stripline) with just a thin layer of dielectric material - just enough to support the conducting strip. The conductor was printed on both sides of the dielectric. The more familiar version with the space between the two plates completely filled with dielectric was originally produced by Sanders Associates who marketed it under the brand name of triplate.
Stripline was initially preferred to its rival, microstrip, made by ITT. Transmission in stripline is purely TEM mode and consequently there is no dispersion (provided that the dielectric of substrate is not itself dispersive). Also, discontinuity elements on the line (gaps, stubs, posts etc) present a purely reactive impedance. This is not the case with microstrip; the differing dielectrics above and below the strip result in longitudinal non-TEM components to the wave. This results in dispersion and discontinuity elements have a resistive component causing them to radiate. In the 1950s Eugene Fubini, at the time working for AIL, jokingly suggested that a microstrip dipole would make a good antenna. This was intended to highlight the drawbacks of microstrip, but the microstrip patch antenna has become the most popular design of antenna in mobile devices. Stripline remained in the ascendent for its performance advantages through the 1950s and 1960s but eventually microstrip won out, especially in mass produced items, because it was easier to assemble and the lack of an upper dielectric meant that components were easier to access and adjust. As the complexity of printed circuits increased, this convenience issue became more important until today microstrip is the dominant planar technology. Miniaturisation also leads to favouring microstrip because its disadvantages are not so severe in a miniaturised circuit. However, stripline is still chosen where operation over a wide band is required.
Comparison to microstrip
Microstrip is similar to stripline transmission line except that the microstrip is not sandwiched, it is on a surface layer, above a ground plane.
Stripline is more expensive to fabricate than microstrip, and because of the second groundplane, the strip widths are much narrower for a given impedance and board thickness than for microstrip.
See also
Printed circuit board
Distributed element filter
Power dividers and directional couplers
References
Bibliography
Arthur A. Oliner, "The evolution of electromagnetic waveguides", in chapter 16, Sarkar et al., History of wireless, John Wiley and Sons, 2006 .
Yarman, Binboga Siddik, Design of Ultra Wideband Antenna Matching Networks, Springer, 2008 .
External links
Stripline in Microwave Encyclopedia
Planar transmission lines
Microwave technology
Electronic circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripline |
Mobb Deep was an American hip hop duo from New York City, formed in 1991. Consisting of rappers Prodigy and Havoc, they are considered to be among the principal progenitors of hardcore East Coast hip hop. Mobb Deep became one of the most successful rap duos of all time, having sold over three million records. Their best-known albums are The Infamous (1995), Hell on Earth (1996) and Murda Muzik (1999), and their most successful singles were "Shook Ones (Part II)" and "Survival of the Fittest." They were known for their dark and hardcore delivery.
The duo disbanded in 2012, but reunited the following year. Prodigy died in June 2017. Havoc is currently working on a new Mobb Deep album.
Biography
Early career
Havoc and Prodigy met while both were students at the High School of Art and Design in Manhattan—a school that produced creatives like Calvin Klein, Marc Jacobs, Amy Heckerling, Lee Quiñones, and Fab Five Freddy. In 1991, they became a duo that went by the name Poetical Prophets. The name Poetical Prophets was a testament to Prodigy, then Lord-T (The Golden Child), and Havoc's gravitation toward New York conscious hip-hop. The duo began making a demo tape and employed a guerilla marketing approach to promote themselves. They would find the addresses of record label headquarters on the back of albums, bring a cassette player, and ask passing artists to listen to their music. The only artist who stopped to hear their music was Q-Tip of A Tribe Called Quest; Prodigy recalled, "[Q-Tip] introduced us to Chris Lighty that day and a bunch of people in the Rush Associated Labels in the Def Jam office—that's how we met everybody." Shortly thereafter, Prodigy signed a solo demo deal with Jive Records and had an uncredited feature on the song "Too Young" by Hi-Five, which appeared on the Boyz n the Hood soundtrack. Jive decided not to sign Poetical Prophets as a duo.
However, they were featured in Matty C's July 1991 "Unsigned Hype" column in The Source, which helped promote their demo Flavor for the Nonbelievers. The Source dubbed Poetical Prophets a "dynamic duo ... that are fast making a big name for themselves in talent shows and radio stations in the New York area." The following year, the duo changed their name from Poetical Prophets to "Mobb Deep," in part based on the suggestion of Puff Daddy who was courting them to be the first artists on his newly created imprint, Bad Boy Records. In choosing the moniker, Prodigy noted that "we need[ed] something that described how we were living. When [we] got together to hang out, there would be thirty to forty of us, like a mob. The slang we used when we saw a whole bunch of guys together was . . . 'deep.' Both words together sounded good. Mobb Deep."
In 1992, Mobb Deep signed with 4th & B'way Records. They released the single "Peer Pressure" in promotion of their debut album Juvenile Hell. The album was released in 1993 and featured production from DJ Premier, Large Professor, and Public Enemy-affiliate Kerwin Young. Later that year, Havoc made a guest appearance on the Black Moon album Enta da Stage, on a song titled "U da Man."
Rise to success
The group saw its first major success with their second album, The Infamous, released in 1995. Mobb Deep catapulted to the top of the hardcore hip-hop scene through Havoc and Prodigy's straightforward narration of street life. In this album, Mobb Deep portrayed the struggles of living in New York City's Queensbridge Houses where Havoc grew up. Following the release of The Infamous, Mobb Deep became some of the most prolific artists of the East Coast. The album title was inspired by a friend Yamit, a Golden Gloves boxer, who resided on Havoc's block in Queensbridge. Prodigy noted "[Yamit] had 'The Most Infamous' tattooed on his biceps in black ink. We were already Mobb Deep, but he dubbed us the Infamous Mobb Deep." The production of this album was very dark and sample-based thanks to Havoc, who produced the beats from this point forward, although Q-Tip also contributed to the production and mixing. Furthermore, the hit single "Shook Ones Part II," a remix to the hit "Shook Ones," received critical acclaim. In 2020, The Infamous was hailed by Rolling Stone as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Mobb Deep's third album, Hell on Earth was released in 1996, debuting at number six on the Billboard Album Chart; the album continued the duo's portrayal of harsh street life while further pushing them to the forefront of Hip Hop scene along with contemporary East Coast Rappers like The Notorious B.I.G., Jay-Z, LL Cool J, Wu-Tang Clan and fellow Queensbridge rapper Nas. Nas as well as Method Man, Ghostface Killah and Raekwon of Wu-Tang Clan appear on Hell on Earth.
In 1996, they appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly, alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. This compilation was solely meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, and this compilation was heralded as "a masterpiece" by The Source magazine. In 1997, Mobb Deep was featured on Frankie Cutlass Politics & Bullsh*t album track title, "Know Da Game," which also featured Kool G Rap. In 1998, the duo collaborated with reggae dancehall artist Bounty Killer on the track "Deadly Zone" for the soundtrack to Blade, and were a featured artist on the remix of Mariah Carey's single "The Roof (Back in Time)," which was based around a sample of "Shook Ones Part II". In 1999, they released the Murda Muzik album, which had the majority of its songs unintentionally leaked due to extensive bootlegging, causing delays as the group recorded new songs to replace the leaked ones. This resulted in delays in the official album release. When the album was officially released, it eventually debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and quickly received Platinum certification and was further promoted by the popular single "Quiet Storm". Shortly afterward, Prodigy released his solo album H.N.I.C in which he collaborated with fellow artists like (B.G., N.O.R.E.) and producers (including The Alchemist, Rockwilder and Just Blaze).
East Coast vs West Coast feud
Mobb Deep was part of the infamous East Coast vs West Coast hip hop rivalry, that was fueled and increasingly promoted by the private media. The beef started when Snoop Dogg and the West Coast group, Tha Dogg Pound, released "New York, New York." Mobb Deep, along with Capone-N-Noreaga and Tragedy Khadafi, responded with the song "L.A L.A" (This song can be found on Capone-N-Noreaga's debut album The War Report). "L.A. L.A." was released during rapper Tupac Shakur's final days of incarceration. Members of Tupac's group, Outlawz, allegedly attended a Mobb Deep concert; they then visited with Tupac over public rumoring that the duo had snubbed them at the concert. Tupac dissed Mobb Deep on multiple tracks, including: "Hit 'Em Up" and "When We Ride on Our Enemies" in which Tupac makes light of Prodigy's sickle-cell disease. Additional Tupac diss tracks include: "Bomb First (My Second Reply)" where Tupac said "You're barely breathin and "Against All Odds," both of which were released on Tupac's posthumous studio album, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Mobb Deep retaliated on their 1996 release of Hell on Earth, which contains a diss track entitled "Drop a Gem on 'Em".
"I was happy about it," Havoc told Jack Thriller. "The nigga saying our names. I didn't know what the fuck the beef was about. I didn't even care. I was like damn, did you hear that? 2Pac dissing us. We about to sell some records." Havoc also revealed that Mobb Deep had never even "crossed paths" with Shakur before his death in September 1996. He added, "And we never got a chance to cross paths with him because he passed away," he said. "I saw him from a long distance but I never met him. [I was a] Fan, but didn't even know him."
2000–2010
Mobb Deep released Infamy while in 2001 the song "Burn" (featuring Vita) was perceived as a response to Jay-Z's diss song "Takeover" on The Blueprint, as was "Crawlin'," in which Prodigy's two verses both mention Jay-Z. The album marked a major stylistic change in which the duo moved away from a raw, minimalist, stripped-down beat toward a commercial friendly in terms with such songs as "Hey Luv (Anything)." This transition fostered accusations of "selling out." In 2003, the group split with Loud Records and released Free Agents: The Murda Mixtape, in which Havoc and Prodigy proclaimed themselves "free agents" and addressed the group's split with its old label and its search for a new label. Jive Records signed the duo later in the year through a deal with the group's own imprint. Mobb Deep then released Amerikaz Nightmare in 2004. The record sold poorly and led to the group's departure from the label. Today, as a result of various mergers, all of Mobb Deep's studio albums from 1995 to 2004 are owned by Sony Music Entertainment.
G-Unit Records
In June 2005, Mobb Deep announced they had signed with G-Unit Records. Fellow Queens-bred rapper 50 Cent had a personal connection to Mobb Deep, and Havoc provided production on tracks by G-Unit, Lloyd Banks, The Game, and Tony Yayo. Mobb Deep released their seventh album, Blood Money in 2006. It features G-Unit members 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, and Young Buck, as well as Mary J. Blige and Nate Dogg. In 2006, Mobb Deep became the first American hip hop duo to perform in India, via VH1's Hip Hop Hustle. In late 2009, Mobb Deep were released from their contract with G Unit.
2011–2017: Break-up, reunion, The Infamous Mobb Deep and death of Prodigy
On April 4, 2011, Mobb Deep released a new single called "Dog Shit," featuring rapper Nas. This was the first official song by Mobb Deep since Prodigy's release from jail. It was produced by Havoc and The Alchemist.
On July 27, 2012, Havoc told AllHipHop in an interview that the group was on an indefinite hiatus. According to HipHopDX, Mobb Deep had a falling out after Havoc blasted Prodigy on Twitter, and eventually, a sound clip leaked of him taking numerous shots at his former Mobb Deep partner during their concert at SXSW. At first, Havoc claimed that he was hacked. However, he later confirmed it was him and that he had originally denied it because he felt that Twitter was not a place to resolve a beef. He also stated that he had a diss track aimed at Prodigy in the making, "Same Shit Different Day". The song later turned out to be "Separated (Real from the Fake)," which appeared on Havoc's solo album 13.
However, in January 2013 Prodigy said that he was sure he would record with Havoc in the future. Mobb Deep appeared on Papoose's debut album The Nacirema Dream on the track "Aim, Shoot". They later reunited and performed for Paid Dues on March 30, 2013; they went on an international 20th-anniversary tour starting in May 2013. On March 22, 2013, the group officially reunited for an interview and explained that music was the most important thing in their lives and that they had been friends for too long to break up the friendship.
Around the May 2013 release of Havoc's third studio album, 13, Havoc announced that he and Prodigy had been in the studio for over a month working on the duo's eighth studio album which was already "halfway done". He also stated that he will be doing the entire production on the album.
On April 1, 2014, the group released its eighth studio album, The Infamous Mobb Deep, a double album that included one CD with original new music and one with unreleased tracks from sessions from The Infamous.
On June 20, 2017, Prodigy died from accidental choking in Las Vegas, Nevada, while hospitalized for complications caused by sickle cell anemia.
Legacy
Mobb Deep helped popularize the 1990s slang called the "Dunn language," a term first recorded in the 1999 single "Quiet Storm," in which Prodigy raps: "you's a dick blower, [you] tryin' to speak the Dunn Language?/ "what's the drilly" with that though? "It aint bangin"/ you hooked on Mobb phonics, Infamous 'bonics."
The term "dunn" supposedly originated in the Queensbridge housing projects with an acquaintance of Prodigy's, Bumpy, whose speech impediment prevented him from pronouncing the letter "S," such as in "son." The impediment encouraged him to put the tongue on the two front teeth/palate, making a 'th' or a 'd' sound. Mobb Deep has attempted to claim ownership of this body of slang; additionally, they were going to release an album called The Dunn Language, in 2002, but the project was shelved, due to label issues.
On September 15, 2018, during an interview for HipHop4Real, Havoc stated that he was working on a new album Mobb Deep, which would be the duo's latest album. He is also working on a joint project Mobb Deep with The Alchemist, announced a few years ago.
In December 2019, Havoc went on a "Murda Muzik 20th Anniversary Tour" with Big Noyd and L.E.S.
Discography
Studio albums
Juvenile Hell (1993)
The Infamous (1995)
Hell on Earth (1996)
Murda Muzik (1999)
Infamy (2001)
Amerikaz Nightmare (2004)
Blood Money (2006)
The Infamous Mobb Deep (2014)
Compilation albums
Life of the Infamous: The Best of Mobb Deep (2006)
The Infamous Archives (2007)
The Infamous Instrumentals (2008)
The Safe Is Cracked (2009)
Mixtapes
Back from a Hiatus (1998)
Free Agents: The Murda Mixtape (2003)
The Mix Tape Before 9/11 (2004)
The New Mobb Deep (2004)
G-Unit Radio, Pt. 17: Best in the Bizness (2006)
G-Unit Radio, Pt. 20: Best in the Bizness: Part 2 (2006)
Extended plays (EPs)
Black Cocaine (2011)
The Realest Duo w/ DJ Rapsin (2015)
Video game appearances
Mobb Deep appear as themselves as playable characters in Def Jam: Fight For NY.
References
External links
Interview with Prodigy - Prodigy Interview of 2006, Hip Hop Publication
Prodigy Interview of 2007, Hip Hop Publication
1991 establishments in New York City
2017 disestablishments in New York (state)
African-American musical groups
Musical duos from New York (state)
Five percenters
G-Unit Records artists
American hip hop groups
Hip hop duos
Hip hop groups from New York City
Island Records artists
Jive Records artists
Loud Records artists
Musical groups disestablished in 2017
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Queens, New York
Gangsta rap groups
High School of Art and Design alumni
People from Long Island City, Queens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb%20Deep |
Randy Stoklos (born December 13, 1960) is a retired American beach volleyball player. He is the first player to earn $1 million playing competitive beach volleyball. He is a five-time winner of the prestigious Manhattan Open.
Stoklos played college volleyball at UCLA and left early to focus on beach volleyball. He won his first Manhattan Open partnering with Jim Menges in 1981. He then went on to dominate the sport with partner Sinjin Smith in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Stoklos has 122 career wins, which ranks him third of all time. He was selected as MVP of the AVP in 1988, 1989, and 1991. He was selected as the Best Setter in 1989. He retired in 1997, having amassed almost $2 million in prize money in his career.
In 1992, Stoklos reflected on his father's unwillingness to allow him to play volleyball at the beach in his youth. His father, who survived a German work camp as a Pole, was an "old-country type" who was afraid his son would grow up to be lazy if he spent too much time at the beach.
For his achievements and pioneering role in the sport, Stoklos was inducted into the California Beach Volleyball Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2008, he was inducted into the International Volleyball Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.
Popular culture
The pair of Stoklos and Smith was featured in the video game Kings of the Beach released by Electronic Arts for MS-DOS in 1988 and Commodore 64 in 1989, and in 1990 it was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The pair also appeared in the 1990 film Side Out as Rollo Vincent (Stoklos) and Billy Cross (Smith).
Awards
AVP Most Valuable Player 1988, 1989, 1991
AVP Best Setter 1989
CBVA Hall of Fame 1999
International Volleyball Hall of Fame 2008
National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame 2015
References
External links
International Volleyball Hall of Fame Profile of Randy Stoklos
National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame Profile of Randy Stoklos
American men's beach volleyball players
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Santa Monica, California
American people of Polish descent
UCLA Bruins men's volleyball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Stoklos |
Franz Reinhold Schwede (5 March 1888 – 19 October 1960) was a Nazi German politician, Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor) of Coburg and both Gauleiter and Oberpräsident of Pomerania. An early supporter of Adolf Hitler in Coburg, Schwede used intimidation and propaganda to help elect the first Nazi-majority local government in Germany. This contributed to a personality cult surrounding Schwede and he became known as "Franz Schwede-Coburg." During World War II he ordered secret executions of the infirm and mass deportations of Jews. He also played a key role in abandoning the Pomeranian civilian population to the advancing Red Army, while escaping their fate himself. In 1945 he was captured by the British Army and in 1948 he was tried and convicted of war crimes.
Early years
Franz Schwede was born in the small town of Drawöhnen near Memel, East Prussia (now Dreverna in Klaipėda District Municipality, Lithuania) in 1888, when it was part of the German Empire. After attending volksschule, he worked briefly as a forester, then trained as a millwright and in 1907 joined the Imperial German Navy as a machinist in the Wilhelmshaven shipyard. He served throughout the First World War aboard many warships including the battleship SMS Prinzregent Luitpold and the light cruiser SMS Dresden. By the end of the war he had risen to the rank of technical deck officer (Deckoffizier) and had been awarded the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class. After the Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow in 1919, Schwede wound up in British custody as a prisoner of war.
Upon his release on 1 February 1920 he immediately joined the Reichsmarine and was assigned as an instructor at a naval school in Wilhelmshaven. However, he was discharged at the end of March 1921 when personnel limits imposed by the Versailles Treaty were reached. He then took a job as operations manager at a sawmill in Sankt Andreasberg in the Prussian Province of Hanover, before being hired as foreman at the Coburg Municipal Electrical Works in March 1922. During this period, Schwede became active in the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund, a "völkisch" anti-Semitic organization.
Rise to power in Coburg
In November 1922 Schwede joined the Nazi Party (membership number 1,581) and in April 1923 co-founded a Local Group () in Coburg, a historic city in northeastern Bavaria. Under Schwede's guidance, anti-Semitic demonstrations and street battles instigated by the Sturmabteilung became commonplace in the city. After the Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch, Schwede became Kreisführer (County Leader) in Coburg for the Völkischer Block, a Nazi front organization active in Bavaria. He also joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, another front organization, that in the 1924 Coburg city council elections managed to get 14.3% of the vote. This entitled them to 3 seats on the Council and Schwede took one of them. Shortly after the NSDAP ban lifted, Schwede rejoined on 30 March 1925, becoming the Party Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Coburg, where there were about 800 members at that time, and the Bezirksleiter (District Leader) in 1928. That year he also secured a seat on the Kreistag (District Council) of Upper Franconia.
In 1926, Schede founded Der Weckruf ("The Wake-Up Call"), the first Nazi propaganda newspaper at the local level in Germany. Here he ran an extra-parliamentary opposition with lurid articles about alleged "scandals" designed to destabilize the political system of the Weimar Republic. In 1928, the paper began a slander and harassment campaign against Abraham Friedmann, the Jewish General Director of the Coburg meat company Großmann AG. Friedmann was initially successful in fighting these attacks and managed to get the City Council to fire Schwede from his job at the Municipal Works in 1929. The outraged Nazis demanded Schwede's immediate reinstatement and when the city refused a petition began circulating to dissolve the City Council. On 5 May 1929 the recall passed with 67% of the vote. In the ensuing re-election campaign, which included public speeches in Coburg by Adolf Hitler himself, the Nazis won 43.1% of the popular vote and 13 of the 25 seats in June 1929. This was the first instance where the NSDAP held an absolute majority in a local government in Germany. At the newly elected Council's opening session, Schwede was promptly rehired to the Municipal Works.
Schwede then managed to get himself elected, after the fifth try, as third deputy mayor (Bürgermeister) on 28 August 1930, becoming the first Nazi to reach such a position. In October 1930, Schwede was elected to the Bavarian Landtag, succeeding Hans Schemm, and would go on to become the chamber's First Vice-President in March 1932. Early in 1931 he was elected second Bürgermeister of Coburg and, on 16 November 1931, first Bürgermeister. Coburg became the first city in Germany to see the swastika flag raised on a public building, City Hall, which occurred on 18 January 1931 two years before Hitler came to power. Schwede also got the city to grant Hitler an honorary citizenship on 16 October 1932, also the first to do so. All this created a cult of personality around Schwede, a highlight of which was the 1933 dedication of Coburg City Hall's new bell, bearing the rhyming inscription Zu Adolf Hitler ruf ich dich, Franz Schwede-Glocke heiße ich (roughly translated "To Adolf Hitler I call, I am called the Franz Schwede Bell").
Following the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, Schwede was directly appointed as Coburg's Lord Mayor (Oberbürgermeister). In March 1933, a terror campaign was launched under his leadership against Jews and opponents of the Nazis. By the end of April, 152 people had been arrested and harshly mistreated while in "protective custody", many in Schwede's presence. In 1939 Coburg was officially granted the title "First National Socialist City in Germany" (). Schwede was also made an honorary citizen of Coburg, as Hitler had been, and was awarded use of the suffix "Coburg" in his name.
Gauleiter of Pomerania
Schwede's political career continued its steady rise when, in November 1933, he was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 26, Franconia. He also became a holder of the Golden Party Badge. On 1 July 1934, he was appointed Regierungspräsident (District President) of Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. Around the same time the existing Gauleiter of the Prussian Province of Pomerania, Wilhelm Karpenstein, ran afoul of NSDAP headquarters and was arrested during the Night of the Long Knives. Schwede's loyalty was rewarded when Hitler appointed him to the powerful NSDAP Gauleiter position in Pomerania on 21 July 1934 and made him Oberpräsident of the provincial government on 30 July. He succeeded Rudolf zur Bonsen in the government post, and he also became president of the Pomeranian Provincial Council. Thus Schwede united under his control the highest Party and governmental offices in the province.
Schwede moved to Stettin, forced 23 of the 27 District Kreisleiters out of office, and replaced Karpenstein's staff with loyal friends from Coburg, including: Arno Fischer as state building surveyor, Kuno Popp as Gau propaganda leader and regional representative of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Alfred Seidler as Gau treasurer, Johannes Künzel as a regional representative of the German Labor Front, Emil Mazuw as SS-Stabsführer of SS District XIII Pomerania, and Werner Faber as Lord Mayor of Stettin.
On 8 November 1934, Schwede was named to the Prussian State Council; on 9 September 1935, he was made a member of the Academy for German Law; and at the March 1936 Reichstag election, he was returned from electoral constituency 6, Pomerania. He would retain all these positions until the fall of the Nazi regime. In May 1937 he was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer and in November 1938 to SA-Obergruppenführer. That same year, he became Chairman of the Reich League of Former Professional Soldiers (). During 1938-39, the German Pomeranian province was enlarged. Most of Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia and two counties in Brandenburg were made a district, further expanding the area he controlled. During the Reichskristallnacht on 9 November 1938, Schwede oversaw the destruction of the Pomeranian synagogues. The next day, all male Stettin Jews were deported to Oranienburg concentration camp and kept there for several weeks in order to increase the level of terror.
World War II and war crimes
At the outbreak of World War II, Hitler gave some Gauleiters increased power over civil defense matters and Schwede was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner () for Wehrkreis (Military District) II, which included his Gau Pomerania in addition to neighboring Gau Mecklenburg. Civil administration and important industrial sectors were now subject to his direct control. Starting in October 1939, Schwede – or "Nero" as the Pomeranians nicknamed him – used this position to sweep Pomerania with an iron broom. He worked closely with the SS to make way for the resettlement of ethnic Germans arriving from the Baltic States.
After learning of the Aktion T4 program, Schwede immediately ordered the evacuation of psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes in Treptow, Ueckermünde, Lauenburg, Meseritz-Obrawalde and Stralsund. Some 1400 patients were transported to Neustadt in Westpreußen to be shot by SS-Kommando Eimann or murdered by Sonderkommando Lange in gas vans.
The mental sanitorium in Meseritz-Obrawalde then was converted into an Aktion T4 center and it is estimated that over 10,000 handicapped persons were killed there. The Director of the facility, , was appointed to his post by Schwede in November 1941. On 12 and 13 February 1940, the remaining 1,000 to 1,300 Pomeranian Jews, regardless of sex, age and health, were deported from Stettin and Schneidemühl to the Lublin-Lipowa Reservation that had been set up following the Nisko Plan, to their ultimate demise.
On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and Schwede remained Commissioner only for Gau Pomerania. In 1943 Pomerania became a target of allied air raids and throughout 1944 and early 1945 Stettin's industrial and residential areas were hit. Despite this, the province was regarded as "safe" compared to other parts of the Third Reich and it became a shelter for evacuees from hard hit Berlin and the industrial areas of western Germany. On 25 September 1944, Schwede was made commander of the Nazi Volkssturm forces in his Gau. Hastily organized and poorly equipped, his units had the third worst casualty figures in the Reich.
Pomerania finally turned into a battlefield on 26 January 1945, when Red Army tanks entered the province near Schneidemühl during the East Pomeranian Offensive. Schwede believed in victory up until the very end, so evacuation orders for the civilian population were issued either too late or not at all. He even ordered authorities to repel any flight attempts as "defeatist". However, even as the Soviets advanced, he managed to get himself onto a ship out of Sassnitz on 4 March 1945 in time to escape towards the direction of Schleswig-Holstein. The official post-war West German Schieder commission estimated civilian losses in Schwede's province at 440,000 dead.
Imprisonment and death
On 13 May 1945, Schwede was captured by the British Army and once again ended up in custody as a prisoner of war. Interned until 1947, he underwent denazification procedures. He was tried for war crimes in a Bielefeld court and on 25 November 1948 sentenced to nine years in prison for membership in the SA-Führerkorps. On 7 April 1951 a court in Coburg sentenced him to another ten years' imprisonment on 52 counts of abuse of power and grievous bodily harm that he participated in during the terrors of March, 1933. His sentence was commuted to probation on 24 January 1956 on grounds of ill health and he died four years later at the age of 72 in Coburg.
See also
History of Pomerania (1933–1945)
References
Sources
Carl-Christian H. Dressel: Anmerkungen zur Justiz in Coburg von der Errichtung des Landgerichts Coburg bis zur Entnazifizierung. In: Jahrbuch der Coburger Landesstiftung 1997, Coburg 1997.
Kyra T. Inachin: Der Gau Pommern. Eine preußische Provinz als NS-Gau. In: Jürgen John, Horst Möller, Thomas Schaarschmidt (Hrsg.): Die NS-Gaue. Regionale Mittelinstanzen im zentralistischen "Führerstaat“. München 2007, S. 280–293.
Joachim Lilla, Martin Döring, Andreas Schulz: Statisten in Uniform Droste, Düsseldorf 2004, .
External links
1888 births
1960 deaths
Aktion T4 personnel
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
German Protestants
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
Mayors of places in Bavaria
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936
Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938
Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians
Nazi propagandists
Nazis convicted of crimes
People from East Prussia
People from Klaipėda District Municipality
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Reichswehr personnel
Sturmabteilung officers
Volkssturm personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Schwede |
Areop-Enap () played a major part in the creation of the world in the indigenous myths of the people of Nauru.
Creation myth
At the beginning of creation, the only things in existence were Areop-Enap (a spider) and the sea. Areop-Enap searched for food in the darkness and found an enormous clam (in some accounts a Tridacna clam). Before she could stun it, the clam swallowed her and snapped shut again. In the darkness, Areop-Enap explored the clam's insides, and found a tiny snail (or in some accounts, a Triton's Horn shellfish).
Areop-Enap placed the snail under his arm and lay down and slept for three days, directing some of his power to the snail. Then he found a second, larger snail which he placed under his arm and again slept for three days, transferring some of his power to the snail. On waking, Areop-Enap asked the smaller snail to climb to the hinge of the shell and pry the clam open. As the snail moved across the clam's flesh, it left a phosphorescent trail, in the light of which Areop-Enap saw a white worm (or in some accounts, a caterpillar) called Rigi. Ignoring the snail, Areop-Enap cast a strength spell on Rigi and persuaded him to try to open the clam.
Time and again Rigi set his head against the upper shell and his tail against the lower shell, and heaved. The clam resisted and sweat poured from Rigi, making a pool in the lower shell, then a lake and finally a sea. The saltiness of the water killed the clam and opened the shell. Areop-Enap made the lower shell into Earth and the upper shell into the sky and set the smaller snail west of the sky-shell where it became the Moon. The second snail was set to the east and became the Sun. Areop-Enap made islands from clam-flesh and clothed them in vegetation made from his own web-thread. Finally he turned to Rigi and found that he had drowned in his own sweat, killed by his own exertions. Areop-Enap wrapped him in a cocoon of silk and hung him in the sky to become the Milky Way.
Areop-Enap created humans from stones so they could support the sky, and then discovered there were other creatures in the newly created world. So he created a winged creature or flying bird from the dirt under his nails and set it to annoy the creatures so that they called to each other to kill it. In this way Areop-Enap learned the names of the inhabitants of the world.
See also
Creation myth
References
Nauruan mythology
Creator deities
Mythological spiders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areop-Enap |
The Prince Gustav Channel was named in 1903 after Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden (later King Gustav V) by Otto Nordenskiöld of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition.
The channel is bounded on the west by the Antarctic Peninsula and on the east by James Ross Island. It is about long and ranges from wide.
On 27 February 1995, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) reported that an ice shelf formerly blocking the channel had disintegrated. This ice shelf had spanned approximately prior to its disintegration.
In the area previously covered by the shelf, the channel's water depth is between . Between February and March 2000, scientists collected sediment cores 5 to 6 m in length from the ocean floor. Carbon dating of organic material found in the sediment layers suggested that for a period between 2,000 and 5,000 years ago, much of the channel was seasonally open water. While icebergs were able to navigate the channel, ice rafted debris was deposited within the sediment.
Prince Gustav Ice Shelf retreated in the mid-Holocene period 5000 to 2000 years before present, [this] "corresponds to regional climate warming deduced from other paleoenvironmental records."
It appears that before and after this period, the channel remained closed. The period when the channel was open coincides with a period of local warming supported by data gathered from land-based studies of lake sediments and ancient, abandoned penguin rookeries. With the return of colder conditions about 1900 years ago, the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf reformed until its recent retreat and collapse.
Ice shelves are sensitive indicators of regional climatic change, therefore recent warming in the vicinity of the Prince Gustav Channel is exceptional for at least the past 1900 years.
San Nicolás Refuge
San Nicolás Refuge () is an Argentine Antarctic refuge located on the north coast of the entrance to the Prince Gustav Channel, on the Trinity Peninsula, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The refuge is administered by the Argentine Army and was inaugurated on 12 September 1963.
It is one of the 18 shelters that are under the responsibility of the Esperanza Base, which is responsible for the maintenance and the care. The Argentine Antarctic Program reports that the refuge is inactive.
See also
List of Antarctic field camps
References
Channels of the Southern Ocean
Straits of Graham Land
Landforms of James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Gustav%20Channel |
Camp Records was a record label based in California in the 1960s that specialized in producing anonymous gay-themed novelty records and singles, mostly sold out of the backs of beefcake magazines.
Camp Records' releases typically consisted of parodies of existing songs or musical styles, primarily revised folk melodies with the lyrics rewritten to reflect a camp sensibility. The arrangements were usually simple, consisting of spare instrumentation and multiple-voice harmonies, but ranged in style from cocktail piano bar to Latin exotica.
The songs themselves comically portrayed the world of the American homosexual subculture, often relying on broad stereotypes, gay slang, and saucy double entendres for their comic effect. As an example, their single "Li'l Liza Mike" rewrote the lyrics to the popular musical standard "Li'l Liza Jane" to tell of a man's befuddlement at the behavior of his butch lesbian girlfriend. The song was credited to "Byrd E. Bath & the Gay Blades," which was the most common byline for the label.
Another release, "I'd Rather Fight Than Swish", was written in the rollicking style of early rock and roll, and featured a swaggering, Elvis Presley-style lead singer. The song's lyrics told of a macho outlaw biker's desires to physically assault effeminate gay men, but as the song progresses it makes clear that the biker himself is a closeted homosexual. The song's title is a play on the then-new Tareyton cigarette ad slogan "Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!"; the record was available in 1964. "I'd Rather Swish Than Fight" was the B-side, featuring an effeminate counterpoint to the A-side.
Their single "Stanley the Manly Transvestite" was credited to a singer named "Rodney Dangerfield" who was not the comic of the same name; the choices of stage name were coincidental. (The comic Dangerfield expressed bewilderment about the record in an interview with Hustler shortly before his 2004 death, stating in response to a question about "Stanley the Manly Transvestite:" "How do they start these rumors? Jesus Christ! ... I'm not singing that.") The pseudonym had previously been used in a fictional context by Jack Benny and Ricky Nelson.
Camp Records released two full-length LPs: The first, The Queen Is in the Closet consisted of ten songs, compiling some of the singles and B-sides along with others in their style. The second was called Mad About the Boy. Mad About the Boy was a concept album consisting of a number of straightforward cover versions of mainstream popular jazz torch songs in which women sing of their romantic feelings toward men; the Camp Records release simply rerecorded these songs with male vocalists without changing the song's use of gender, resulting in love songs sung by men to men. An open letter promoting the record in beefcake magazines explained the concept: "Gender, should not be the determining factor as to who should sing what. Many singers have all too often been frustrated by lyrics not being acceptable to them because of text."
As Camp Records' releases all date back to the early 1960s, and none were published with a copyright notice, the text and music of the songs have now passed into the public domain. Under state common law, which protects sound recordings separately, the state of California may provide some protection for the records should a claimant ever come forward. To date, the authors remain unknown; public materials protected the anonymity of those involved with Camp Records but did hint that some of the performers were famous: "you will recognize the stylings of some very fine and well-known personalities (...) the vocal group used in this production is make up of four of the better known Hollywood T.V. and screen personalities."
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Queer Music Heritage has posted the complete recordings of Camp Records available as MP3s, as well as the company's cover art.
American record labels
LGBT-related record labels
Outsider music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Records |
Yuan Dehui () was a Chinese imperial interpreter. He is best known for translating sections of Emerich de Vattel's Le droit des gens ("The Law of Nations").
A native of Sichuan, Yuan Dehui studied Latin at the Roman Catholic School in Penang. Later, he also studied at the Anglo-Chinese College (英华书院) in Malacca between 1823 and 1827, shortly after it was founded by Robert Morrison. For several years he worked as a translator for the Court of Tributary Affairs (理藩院), being sent in 1838 to collect books of Western learning in Guangzhou. In 1839 he became Lin Zexu's (林则徐) assistant in charge of foreign affairs.
Lin requested a translation of Le droit des gens from Peter Parker, an American medical missionary, perhaps at Yuan's suggestion. Finding Parker's translation difficult to understand, however, Lin sought the help of Yuan Dehui. The result was Wanguo lüli (万国律例), later published in Wei Yuan's Hai guo tu zhi (海國圖志: "Illustrated Treatise on Maritime Countries") in 1847. The Vattel passage Lin Zexu commissioned to be translated were confined to the issues of how nations go to war and impose embargoes, blockades, and other hostile measures. They were influential in determining Lin's anti-opium policy and in the lead up to the First Opium War.
Yuan Dehui also translated Lin Zexu's notice banning the import of opium, as well as a letter to Queen Victoria.
Alumni of Ying Wa College
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan%20Dehui |
Thomas Heckert Jr. (July 17, 1967 – August 5, 2018) was an American football executive who served as the general manager for the Cleveland Browns and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). In his 27-year career, Heckert was a part of 17 postseason campaigns, 11 division titles, eight conference championship games, three Super Bowl appearances and one Super Bowl Championship, while with the Denver Broncos.
Early years
Heckert played quarterback at Adrian High School in Michigan graduating in 1986. Heckert started his football career as an assistant coach for Hillsdale for two seasons before making his way into the NFL.
Miami Dolphins
Heckert had a 10-year stint with the Miami Dolphins (1991–2000), spending his first nine seasons there as both a pro and college scout. Heckert also served as the Dolphins' assistant director of pro personnel and college scout in 1999, before being promoted to director of pro personnel in 2000.
Philadelphia Eagles
Heckert first went to the Eagles as director of player personnel in 2001 before being promoted to vice president of player personnel in 2003. He helped Eagles coach Andy Reid assemble a team that went to four straight NFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2004, and to Super Bowl XXXIX. He was promoted to general manager on January 2, 2006. Despite Heckert's title of general manager, Reid served as executive vice president of football operations and had the final say in football matters.
During Heckert’s tenure with the Eagles, the team drafted or acquired 10 players who would go on to earn Pro Bowl status, including kicker David Akers, defensive lineman Trent Cole, wide receiver DeSean Jackson, offensive lineman Jason Peters, cornerback Asante Samuel and fullback Leonard Weaver, all of whom were selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl. Of the 22 Eagles starters at the end of the 2009 season, 13 were draft choices of the team during Heckert’s tenure while two more were signed as undrafted free agents. In fact, three players from the club’s 2009 draft class were among the 13.
Cleveland Browns
On January 11, 2010, Heckert became the general manager of the Cleveland Browns.
On December 31, 2012, Heckert, along with head coach Pat Shurmur was relieved of his duties as Browns general manager by Joe Banner, his former boss with the Eagles. Heckert and former team president Mike Holmgren posted a record of 14-34 with the Browns and their significant draft selections included Pro-Bowlers Joe Haden, T. J. Ward, Jordan Cameron, and Josh Gordon.
Denver Broncos
On May 7, 2013, Heckert was hired as director of pro personnel for the Denver Broncos. Heckert’s job is to scout current NFL players and oversee the team’s advanced scouting for upcoming opponents. On May 4, 2017, Heckert was promoted to senior personnel advisor. Heckert stepped down prior to the 2018 season due to an expired contract and health issues.
NFL
Heckert also served on the NFL's college advisory committee, which advises college football juniors on their draft status, as well as the league's general managers advisory committee, which consults Commissioner Roger Goodell and the NFL football operations department on key issues regarding player development, scouting and technology.
Personal life
Heckert was the son of former Miami Dolphins personnel executive Tom Heckert Sr., and had a son, Griffin, and a daughter, Madison.
On June 11, 2013, Heckert was arrested and charged with DUI and reckless driving. The Denver Broncos organization subsequently suspended him for a month without pay.
Heckert died on August 5, 2018, from amyloidosis.
References
1967 births
2018 deaths
Cleveland Browns executives
Hillsdale Chargers football coaches
Hillsdale Chargers football players
Philadelphia Eagles executives
National Football League general managers
Sportspeople from Adrian, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Heckert%20Jr. |
George Alexander Stevens (1710 – 6 September 1780) was an English actor, playwright, poet, composer and songwriter. He was born in the parish of St. Andrews, in Holborn, a neighbourhood of London. After spending many years as a travelling actor, he performed for the theatre in Covent Garden (now the Royal Opera House).
Stevens was most famous in his lifetime for his Lecture on Heads, a satirical "lecture" on heads and fashion, which parodied the popularity of physiognomy. The lecture was first performed in 1764, and became an immediate success; he went on to perform it on tour throughout Great Britain, in Ireland, and in the American colonies at Boston and Philadelphia.
He was also known as popular songwriter, especially known for his bawdy drinking-songs and patriotic songs (such as Liberty-Hall and The Briton). Many of both kinds were collected in his Songs, comic and satyrical (1788).
Stevens also authored several dramatic pieces for the stage, a novel entitled Tom Fool, and a satire, The Birthday of Folly. He used the pen-name "A Lady", for part of The Female Inquisition.
He died in Baldock in Hertfordshire.
References
Thomas Campbell (1819), Specimens of the British Poets, pp. 436–440. Available through Google Books Library Project.
External links
G. A. Stevens at the University of Texas English Poetry Full-Text Database
George Alexander Stevens at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
George Alexander Stevens. The celebrated lecture on heads, broadside, 1765 Sept. 12, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
1710 births
1780 deaths
English male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Alexander%20Stevens |
At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, 14 events in rowing were contested, eight for men and six for women. The events were held at the Lake of Banyoles, situated some north-east of Barcelona.
Medal table
Men's events
Women's events
See also
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Official Olympic Report, pp. 517–530
1992 Summer Olympics events
1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics |
Camel wrestling (Turkish deve güreşi) is a sport in which two male Tülü camels wrestle, typically in response to a female camel in heat being led before them. It is most common in the Aegean region of Turkey, but is also practiced in other parts of the Middle East and South Asia.
History
Camel fighting originated among ancient Turkic tribes over 1000 years ago. Camels also wrestle in the wild, so the practice occurred before it was first organized by nomads. In the 1920s the Turkish National Aviation league held Camel fights as fundraisers in order to purchase planes for the Government of Turkey. The government of Turkey began discouraging the practice in the 1920s, however, characterizing it as too backwards of a practice. In the 1980s, the new government of Turkey began encouraging the competitions as part of Turkey's historic culture.
Event details
Due to the motivating factor of a nearby female camel, the events have historically been held during mating season. The camels fight by using their necks as leverage to force their opponent to fall down. A camel is declared the winner if his competitor falls to the ground or flees from the fight. Most fighting camels are bred in Iran or Afghanistan. A successful camel can be sold for over $20,000.
The events can occasionally be hazardous to spectators if the camels attempt to flee through the crowd. On some occasions fights also break out between the owners of camels.
There are roughly thirty annual festivals in Aegean Turkey each year from November to March. Roughly one hundred fighting camels take part in these events, with each camel competing in approximately ten matches. Events always occur on Sundays in football stadiums and typically last ten minutes each. At the end of the season there is often a tournament of champions in which the best camels compete. Many international tourists attend the events, making them a key part of the tourist industry in Western Anatolia.
Several animal rights organizations have criticized the practice, characterizing it as cruelty to animals.
See also
Alligator wrestling
Bull wrestling
Animals in professional wrestling
References
Animal combat sports
Animals in sport
Culture of Turkey
Entertainment events in Turkey
Camels
Wrestling
Animal combat organized by humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel%20wrestling |
Encapsulation is the computer-networking process of concatenating layer-specific headers or trailers with a service data unit (i.e. a payload) for transmitting information over computer networks. Deencapsulation (or de-encapsulation) is the reverse computer-networking process for receiving information; it removes from the protocol data unit (PDU) a previously concatenated header or tailer that an underlying communications layer transmitted.
Encapsulation and deencapsulation allow the design of modular communication protocols so to logically separate the function of each communications layer, and abstract the structure of the communicated information over the other communications layers. These two processes are common features of the computer-networking models and protocol suites, like in the OSI model and internet protocol suite. However, encapsulation/deencapsulation processes can also serve as malicious features like in the tunneling protocols.
The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking, IP provides global addressing of individual computers, and TCP selects the process or application (i.e., the TCP or UDP port) that specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server.
For example, in the IP suite, the contents of a web page are encapsulated with an HTTP header, then by a TCP header, an IP header, and, finally, by a frame header and trailer. The frame is forwarded to the destination node as a stream of bits, where it is decapsulated into the respective PDUs and interpreted at each layer by the receiving node.
The result of encapsulation is that each lower-layer provides a service to the layer or layers above it, while at the same time each layer communicates with its corresponding layer on the receiving node. These are known as adjacent-layer interaction and same-layer interaction, respectively.
In discussions of encapsulation, the more abstract layer is often called the upper-layer protocol while the more specific layer is called the lower-layer protocol. Sometimes, however, the terms upper-layer protocols and lower-layer protocols are used to describe the layers above and below IP.
See also
Application-layer framing
Cross-layer optimization
Protocol data unit
Tunneling protocol
References
External links
RFC 1983: Internet Users' Glossary (contains an entry for encapsulation)
Network protocols
Data transmission
Packets (information technology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation%20%28networking%29 |
The School of Journalism and Communication is a department within the Faculty of Public Affairs at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is the oldest four-year journalism program in Canada. The journalism program is recognized as one of North America's most well-respected centres for the study of journalism.
Degrees and Programs
The School of Journalism and Communication is part of the Faculty of Public Affairs and has a distinct institutional status within the university, on account of its well-established history, higher admission requirements and distinct degree programs.
Undergraduate programs
The School of Journalism offers a four-year Bachelor of Journalism Honours program. Graduates of the undergraduate program receive an honours Bachelor of Journalism (BJ) degree.
In 2018, a Bachelor of Media Production and design degree was added to the program offerings.
Graduate Program
At the graduate level, the School of Journalism offers a two-year Master's program. Its graduates receive a Master of Journalism (MJ) degree. Applicants with professional journalism experience or degrees in journalism may be admitted directly into Year Two of the program, allowing them to complete the graduate program in one year.
Non-Degree Programs & Initiatives
Apprenticeships Program
The School of Journalism and Communication offers its students workplace experience through the Apprenticeship Program. Apprenticeships are unpaid work intended to provide hands-on experience to students outside of the classroom setting.
BJ students with third- and fourth-year standing have an apprenticeship/internship requirement and may use the Apprenticeship Program to meet this requirement.
MJ students must to complete four months of practical experience to their fulfill degree requirements and may use the Apprenticeships Program to meet program requirements.
Rwanda Initiative
From 2006 to 2011, the School of Journalism and Communication ran a teaching partnership and student internship exchange program called the Rwanda Initiative. The program sought to address the shortage of journalism educators in Rwanda and improve journalism standards through a teaching exchange between the Carleton University School of Journalism and Communication and the National University of Rwanda in Butare. The project involved curriculum development for the university programs and media-training workshops for working journalists in Rwanda presented by faculty from both universities.
The Initiative also included internship program for senior journalism students from Carleton. The journalism students would travel to Rwanda for two months, where they would intern at local media outlets. The Rwanda Initiative also facilitated travel for Rwandan journalists to study at Carleton or take up internships with Canadian news organizations.
The program was suspended in 2011 due to a lack of funding when a partnership agreement with the U.S. Government lapsed. The annual cost of the program was stated at $240,000 CAD.
The Future of Journalism Initiative
In 2020, the School of Journalism and Communication launched a research initiative called The Future of Journalism Initiative. The endeavor has designated funding, an emerging reporter bursary and a visiting research fellowship and works in service of "projects that serve a public interest and/or bolster the study of journalism in society."
History
Founded in 1945, The School of Journalism and Communication celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2020. The first class was held on October 9, 1945 in downtown Ottawa.
Early classes at the school were taught by Henry Marshall Tory, who was also the president of the Carleton at the time. Tory is credited with personally spearheading the creation of the School of Journalism as a response to demands from returning World War II servicemen. The program began as an extension course and later became a four-year program.
The school granted the first degrees in journalism on October 23, 1946, all of which were conferred to women. They were also three of the first six degrees granted in the history of the University.
Alumni
The School of Journalism graduated approximately 5,000 alumni.
The school's notable alumni include Edward Greenspon, former editor-in-chief of The Globe and Mail, Paula Newton, International Affairs correspondent for the CNN, Nahlah Ayed, Middle East correspondent for the CBC, Rosemary Barton, chief political correspondent for the CBC, Arthur Kent, Emmy award–winning war correspondent, Dennis Gruending, former Member of Parliament, Paul Watson, Pulitzer Prize–winning photojournalist, Trina McQueen, founding president of the Discovery Channel, Claudia Mo, former Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, Warren Kinsella, blogger, Toronto lawyer and political strategist for the Liberal Party of Canada and Peter Howell, movie critic for The Toronto Star.
Notes
External links
Carleton University School of Journalism and Communication
Journalism
Journalism schools in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton%20School%20of%20Journalism |
221B Baker Street is the fictional residence of Sherlock Holmes.
221B Baker Street may also refer to:
221B Baker Street (board game), a 1975 board game about Sherlock Holmes
221B Baker Street (video game), a 1987 computer video game about Sherlock Holmes
"221B Baker Street", the first episode of the 2013 Russian TV series Sherlock Holmes
See also
Baker Street (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221B%20Baker%20Street%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Sprott School of Business is a doctoral-granting business school at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – the nation’s capital. It is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Network of International Business Schools (NIBS). The school explores complex management issues through its programs, interdisciplinary research and collaborative partnerships. It was named in 2001 for Eric Sprott, a well-known philanthropist, alumnus of the school, and precious-metals investor.
Business studies have a long history at Carleton, with the first commerce degrees awarded in 1949. Today, the Sprott School of Business offers a range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs. The school is also highly research-oriented. Among its accolades, Sprott has won the Overall Institution Performance Award for research contribution at the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada (ASAC) conference in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2012, the most such honours among all Canadian business schools.
Programs
Bachelor of Commerce
The Sprott School of Business offers a 4-year Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) degree, with a variety of concentrations and opportunities for co-operative education (co-op). The ability to choose as many as two concentrations in their degree enables students to customize their learning experience to meet their specific academic and career goals.
To earn a Bachelor of Commerce degree students must demonstrate proficient knowledge in the following base level courses: Marketing, Human Resources, Information Systems, Statistics, Finance, Economics, Ethics, Strategic Management, Organizational Theory, Organizational Behaviour, and Financial and Managerial Accounting.
Concentrations
Accounting — A concentration geared towards providing students the knowledge to challenge the Chartered Accountant, Certified Management Accountant, or Certified General Accountant designation exams. It covers Financial, Managerial, Taxation, and Auditing Accounting fields specifically.
Finance — The Finance Concentration at Carleton is structured to cover all the required topics tested on the Chartered Financial Analyst level 1 exam. It covers Investments, Corporate Finance, Mergers and acquisitions, Derivatives, and a prep course for writing finance based research reports.
Information Systems
International Business
Management (previously named Managing People and Organizations)
Marketing
Operations Management
Entrepreneurship
General
Bachelor of International Business
Founded in 1995, the Bachelor of International Business was the first program of its kind in Canada. Taking the core of the Commerce program, adding a mandatory language study, foreign exchange to a country where that language is spoken, and an international focus to many of the business classes, the program is designed to prepare students for a business career in the international arena, whether it be with international corporations, government agencies, or developmental organizations.
Currently, students can study Japanese, German, French, Spanish, and Mandarin, and travel on exchange to such diverse locales as Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Chile, China, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Peru or Spain. These locations are based on existing exchange agreements with Carleton, as well as the availability of courses in Carleton's language programs as students are expected to complete two full-year courses of language study prior to going abroad.
Concentrations
International Marketing and Trade
Strategic Management and International Human Resources
International Investment, Finance, and Banking
Master of Business Administration
While Sprott's MBA program is relatively new, it was developed from the previous Master of Management Studies program. The School decided to take their largely research-centred program, and refocus it into a program more targeted towards practical applications .
Doctoral program
The Sprott Ph.D. in Management is a research-focused program. It offers a number of interdisciplinary, issue-focused courses to provide a holistic perspective to defining and solving problems.
Sprott Competes
The Sprott School of Business also operates a comprehensive business case competition training program, known as Sprott Competes, whose aim is to cultivate student skills in integrative thinking, teamwork, decision-making, and effective communication. The program is open to all Sprott students and consists of a mix of course-based and extra-curricular components, including: a business analysis and presentation course, skill-building workshops, an internal case competition and an elite case training squad. Participants in the Sprott Competes program attend a range of national and international case competitions including:
Jeux du Commerce (JDC) Central
Queen's University Inter-Collegiate Business Competition (ICBC)
John Molson Undergraduate Case Competition
Network of International Business Schools (NIBS) Worldwide Case Competition
University of Navarra International Case Competition
University of Vermont Family Enterprise Case Competition
Student life
Multiple Sprott clubs and societies provide numerous opportunities for students to get involved. These include the Sprott Business Students' Society, the Sprott Information Systems Students Association, the Sprott Finance Association, the Sprott International Business Association, the Sprott Marketing Association, and the Sprott Accounting Students Association, in addition to the numerous clubs and societies within Carleton University's general community.
SPROSH
Beginning in 2009, the Sprott Business Student Society introduced Sprosh, the Fall Orientation Week for Sprott Students. The week for all incoming first year business students, named interns throughout the week, coming into Carleton University. Upper year students take part as the facilitators of the week, all of whom have various roles: Presidents, Vice Presidents, Managers and Board of Directors.
Rankings
The Sprott School of Business has been ranked 16th overall in Canada, and 1st in its class by Ediversal rankings in 2016.
Sprott Student Investment Fund
The Sprott Student Investment Fund (SSIF) was founded in 2007 as a charitable organization under the guidance of academic overseer Howard Nemiroff with an endowment from the school of $50,000. It has grown from 8 members to over 20 members as of October 2019 and has been able to maintain a positive margin against the S&P 500 as its benchmark for performance comparison. The aim of the Fund is to educate its participants in how the process of evaluation of investment opportunities takes place with large sums of money. Its focus is on value investing, primarily based on bottom-up economic analysis matched with fundamental analysis. It does not use technical analysis to make meaningful investment decisions but technical analysis is sometimes used to determine entrance and exit opportunities. The Sprott Student Investment Fund is run by students enrolled in the Sprott School of Business and historically has been staffed primarily by students in the undergraduate Finance concentration. Currently, the Fund has over $1M AUM.
References
External links
http://sprott.carleton.ca/ - Sprott School of Business
http://sprottcompetes.ca/ - Sprott Competes Case Competition Program
https://archive.today/20041029214448/http://www.carleton.ca/sbss/ - Sprott Business Students' Society
https://archive.today/20130115061215/http://www.carleton.ca/mbasociety/ - Sprott MBA Students' Society
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031708/http://www.sprottiba.ca/ - Sprott International Business Association
Carleton University
Business schools in Canada
1949 establishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1949
Accounting schools in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprott%20School%20of%20Business |
The disappearing blonde gene was a hoax claiming a scientific study had estimated that natural blonds would become extinct, repeated as fact in reputable media such as the BBC and The Sunday Times between 2002 and 2006. The hoax claimed that, because the allele for the genes for hair colour is recessive, blond hair would become less common as people with dominant non-blond hair alleles had offspring with people with the recessive alleles, even though such a pairing would retain one copy of the blond allele in the genome of the offspring. Claims that blond hair would disappear have been made since 1865.
Several reports erroneously claimed that the World Health Organization (WHO) had published a report claiming that people with blond hair "will become extinct by 2202". Neither the WHO nor any reputable expert had issued such a report, and the WHO asked those commenting on the alleged report to retract.
In the media
In 2002, BBC News reported that unnamed German experts concluded that blond hair would disappear within 200 years since the gene causing blond hair is recessive. According to the German experts, the recessive blond allele is rare in nations of mixed heritage (for example, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, New Zealand and Australia). In the BBC article Prof. Jonathan Rees of the University of Edinburgh cast doubt on the story—he was quoted as saying "The frequency of blondes may drop but they won't disappear."
In 2006 the hoax was mentioned by The Sunday Times when reporting on the publication of a hypothesis of the origins of blonde hair and La Repubblica: "According to the WHO study, the last natural blond is likely to be born in Finland during 2202." It once again traveled quickly across the World Wide Web. The hoax has also been featured on the "Threat-Down" segment of the satirical television show The Colbert Report on March 6, 2006, where Stephen Colbert suggested a selective breeding program to save blonds.
Scientific position
The extinction hoax is based on a misinterpretation of recessiveness in genetics. In reality, gene frequency is stable unless there is selection for or against them, which does not appear to be the case for blonde hair. In large populations, even extremely rare genes will persist at stable levels over long periods of time. It also does not matter whether a gene is dominant or recessive. Genes disappear if the population is very small (drift) or if they confer a disadvantage (selection).
The Melanocortin 1 receptor gene is known to affect human hair colour, and alleles on that gene associated with blond hair are generally recessive to alleles associated with darker hair colours. However, there is no single allele that codes for blonde hair colour, and environmental factors can also determine whether blonde or brown hair colour is expressed in an individual. Additionally, several factors involving determination of human hair colour are still not fully understood by geneticists.
See also
Disappearance of red hair
Hardy–Weinberg principle
List of common misconceptions
White genocide conspiracy theory
References
2002 hoaxes
2002 in science
Blond hair
Hoaxes in science
Human genetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearing%20blonde%20gene |
Night Prowler or variation, may refer to:
"Night Prowler" (song), a 1979 AC/DC song off the album Highway to Hell
"Night Prowler" (2001 song), a hip hop song by Living Legends, off their album Almost Famous (Living Legends album)
Richard Ramirez (1960-2013) a serial killer nicknamed "The Night Prowler"
The Night Prowler: The Richard Ramirez Story, a true crime book about the serial killer
Night prowler (Dungeons & Dragons), a type of monster found in Dungeons & Dragons
Nightprowler, a 1995 heroic fantasy video game designed by Croc (game designer)
Nightprowler: Second Edition, a 2006 video game published by 2 Dés Sans Faces
NightProwler SA, an airsoft gun made by Crosman
Prowlers of the Night, a 1926 U.S. silent western film
See also
Prowler (disambiguation)
Night (disambiguation)
Night Stalker (disambiguation)
The Night the Prowler (film) 1978 Australian film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Prowler |
Chinatown in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, also called Adelaide Chinatown () or Moonta Street Chinatown, is located on Moonta Street, within the large Adelaide Central Markets precinct between Grote and Gouger streets in the Adelaide city centre. Two large Paifang, which were erected by the city council, are guarded by the Chinese guardian lions. They mark the entrances at either end. Adelaide Chinatown consists mainly of Chinese restaurants, grocery stores and markets but also consists of many non-Chinese Asian restaurants offering cuisines of Indian, Japanese, Korean, Malaysian, Nepali, Thai and Vietnamese origins.
History
The first dozen Chinese labourers arrived from Singapore in Adelaide in 1847 to work as indentured shepherds. Many Chinese people disembarked in the port towns of South Australia before travelling overland to the Victorian goldfields due to immigration restrictions in Victoria.
Chinatown in Adelaide began to grow in the 1970s and 1980s with the influx of Asian migrants particularly from Vietnam. Produce was sold at the Central Market by market gardeners and this began the growth of the Asian food shops and cafés in the area. Pagoda style roofs, red lanterns, restaurants and grocery stores are found on Moonta Street, which is the centre of Chinatown. Paifang, which is a type of traditional Chinese archway, are at the opposite entrances of Moonta street and are guarded by Chinese lion statues which were donated by the Adelaide city council and by the Chinese government.
Lunar New Year Celebrations
Chinatown Adelaide has hosted the official Lunar New Year Celebrations in Moonta Street since 2003. In 2013 the celebrations were expanded with the assistance of the Adelaide City Council and major sponsors to also include Gouger Street. Gouger street was closed to accommodate a street party with traditional performances, market stalls and a pop-up street restaurant.
Gallery
References
External links
Chinatown Adelaide Website
Asian-Australian culture in South Australia
Culture of Adelaide
Adelaide
Restaurant districts and streets in Australia
Tourist attractions in Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown%2C%20Adelaide |
On March 3, 2006, Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar intentionally hit people with a sport utility vehicle on the campus of the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill to "avenge the deaths of Muslims worldwide" and to "punish" the United States government. While no one was killed in the vehicle-ramming attack, nine people were injured (none seriously).
Shortly after the attack, he turned himself in and was arrested. He pleaded guilty to nine counts of attempted first-degree murder, and in 2008 was sentenced to 33 years in prison, on two counts of attempted murder.
In one letter, Taheri-azar wrote, "I was aiming to follow in the footsteps of one of my role models, Mohamed Atta, one of the 9/11 hijackers, who obtained a doctorate degree." He told investigators he wanted to "avenge the deaths or murders of Muslims around the world."
Attack
During the attack
On the afternoon of March 3, 2006, Taheri-azar drove a rented silver 2006 Jeep Grand Cherokee through a common courtyard area of campus known as the Pit, a high-traffic area centered between the student bookstore, student center, dining hall, and libraries. It is a popular gathering spot, filled not only with students going to and from class, but also with participants in various student organization-related activities.
While not readily accessible to vehicular traffic beyond a narrow service road, the barricades that normally prevent cars from approaching the Pit were not in place on the day of the attack. His top speed was estimated by witnesses to be from . He struck nine pedestrians, six of whom were taken to the hospital for treatment and released. The other three declined to be treated.
After the attack
After the incident, Taheri-azar drove to Plant Road, a nearby city street, and called 911 to turn himself in to authorities. He calmly confessed to perpetrating the attack. He told the dispatcher his location and requested that he be arrested. He told the dispatcher that the reasons for his actions were outlined in a letter which he left on his bed in his Carrboro apartment. Taheri-azar then gave himself up upon the arrival of police at the scene. Later that afternoon, officials evacuated the apartment complex where Taheri-azar lived, then stormed the unit while media helicopters circled overhead. Along with the letter described in the 911 call, officials found his UNC diploma folded in his closet, and the Carolina blue graduation gown used just three months before.
On March 6, 2006, when he appeared in an Orange County courtroom, he stated that he would defend himself, and that he looked forward to the opportunity of sharing the will of Allah. He was charged with nine counts of attempted first-degree murder and nine counts of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious bodily injury before being held in Central Prison in Raleigh on a $5.5 million bond. On May 3, 2006, a grand jury indicted him on nine counts of attempted first-degree murder, four counts of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill, and five counts of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. The case will go to superior court next, for either a trial or a plea. Early on, the FBI was involved in the investigation, but the exact involvement was unknown.
Perpetrator
Although Taheri-azar was born in Tehran, the capital of Iran, he is a naturalized U.S. citizen who moved to the United States at the age of two. He grew up in the Charlotte, North Carolina area, where he lived with his mother and younger and older sisters. He attended South Mecklenburg High School in Charlotte, where he was a socially-awkward honor student who graduated in 2001. He had a proclivity for fast and expensive cars, and the South Mecklenburg High School yearbook dubbed him the "South's Speedster." He received four tickets between 2001 and 2003 for "unnecessary honking, driving down the middle of two lanes of traffic, and failure to obey directions at a police checkpoint," and for "traveling at in a zone."
He enrolled in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2001, where he majored in psychology and philosophy. At one point he dropped out, but returned the following semester. In college, he volunteered at local hospitals. He graduated from UNC in December 2005. Some of those who knew him there described him as "a serious student, shy but friendly," and "kind and gentle, rather than aggressive and violent". A student who had been in the same history of philosophy class said he was "impressed" with Taheri-azar's "knowledge of classical Western thought." He was serious about his grades, and served briefly as the president of the UNC psychology club. However, not all of those who knew him had the same opinion. UNC Chancellor James Moeser described him as "totally a loner, introverted, and into himself".
Fellow Muslims characterized Taheri-azar as "cantankerous and unorthodox in his practice of Islam" and "anything but traditionally devout." During prayers on campus he "wouldn't pray toward Mecca and refused to recite prayers in Arabic – contrary to standard Islamic practice." One Muslim student, Atif Mohiuddin, recalled Taheri-azar as being "anti-Arabic" and never using the standard Arabic greeting of Assalaamu Alaikum.
UNC professor Charles Kurzman noted that Taheri-Azar had limited knowledge about Islam, not even knowing the difference between Sunnis and Shias or that al-Qaeda, with whom his role model Mohammad Atta was affiliated with, does not acknowledge him as a follower of the faith because he is Shia.
Aftermath
Local Muslim leaders condemned the attack and the attempt by the assailant to link the Qur'an to his actions.
While UNC Chancellor James Moeser described Taheri-azar's attack as one of violence in an internal email to the university community, he stopped short of calling it a full-fledged act of terror. An official "Reclaim the Pit" event occurred on March 20, 2006, where students gathered for a moment of silence.
On August 26, 2008, Taheri-azar was sentenced on two counts of attempted murder to 26 years and 2 months to 33 years in prison by Orange County Superior Court. As of March 2016, he is projected to be released in April 2032.
References
External links
"V for Vendetta: Mohammed and Me . . . and Masks" Review of the film V for Vendetta by a professor of Taheri-azar's. The review is described as "one part movie review, three parts meditation" on the relationship between Taheri-azar and the author.
Crimes in North Carolina
Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2006
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill events
Islamic terrorism in the United States
21st-century American criminals
Iranian emigrants to the United States
2006 in North Carolina
Vehicular rampage in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 2006
Attacks on universities and colleges in the United States
March 2006 crimes in the United States
Terrorist incidents involving vehicular attacks
Terrorist incidents in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20UNC%20SUV%20attack |
Live from the Atlantic Studios is a live album by AC/DC released on the Bonfire box set. The album was recorded live at the Atlantic Recording Studios in New York, on 7 December 1977 and all tracks were remixed by George Young. This was an official Radio Station/Promo release by Atlantic Records. It was initially released on LP in 1978, and later on CD (1986). AC/DC's performance was the first in a series of promotional concert-events for Atlantic Records acts. Catalog # LAAS 001. The CD version was officially released to fans in 1997 as part of the Bonfire collection. Prior to that, this album was widely bootlegged among AC/DC fans.
This album is one of two live albums on Bonfire, the other being Let There Be Rock: The Movie – Live in Paris. Both albums are two of three live albums contained within an AC/DC rarity box set, the other being Live Rarities on Backtracks.
Track listing
All songs composed by Malcolm Young, Angus Young and Bon Scott.
Side one
"Live Wire" – 6:20
"Problem Child" – 4:44
"High Voltage" – 6:01
"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" – 4:18
"Dog Eat Dog" – 4:46
Side two
"The Jack" – 8:41
"Whole Lotta Rosie" – 5:15
"Rocker" – 5:33
Personnel
Bon Scott – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
Phil Rudd – drums
Jimmy Douglas – recording engineer
Tom Heid – assistant engineer
Notes
On the CD version of the album, it is stated in the booklet that the beginning of "Live Wire" and the end of "Rocker" were erased from the master tape sometime before 1997 and had to be replaced with short segments from the vinyl record. This task proved difficult because the album was only offered to radio stations in the United States. A slight edit can be heard in both songs where the vinyl source switches to the remastered tapes.
References
1997 live albums
AC/DC live albums
East West Records live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20Studios |
Nemrut (, Sarakn, "Mountain spring", , ) is a dormant volcano in Tatvan district, Bitlis province, Eastern Turkey, close to Lake Van. The volcano is named after King Nimrod who is said to have ruled this area in about 2100 BC.
There is Lake Nemrut in the crater of the mountain. The most powerful eruptions of Nemrut occurred in the Pleistocene. Many small eruptions occurred during the Holocene, the last in 1650. The top of the volcano is a large caldera hosting three crater lakes.
Overview
Nemrut is a polygenic stratovolcano located in the collision zone of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates, which determines the seismic and volcanic activity in the region. The collision of these plates began in the Middle Eocene and closed the stretch of water, which in the Mesozoic formed the Tethys Ocean. Nemrut, along with three other volcanoes of eastern Turkey: Ararat, Tendürek and Süphan, is located in the area of a complex fault, which runs along the boundary of the Arabian and Eurasian plates in the territory of the Armenian Highland. It is the westernmost of these volcanoes.
Nemrut was probably formed in the early Quaternary Period, about 1 million years ago. It showed the greatest activity in the Pleistocene, with regular eruptions occurring in the Holocene. In the middle Pleistocene, about 250,000 years ago, a major eruption formed a lava flow over 60 km long, which blocked the water discharge from the Van basin and formed Lake Van, the world's largest alkali endorheic lake. In the same period, the conical top of the volcano collapsed inward, forming an 8.3×7 km caldera. Later, the freshwater Lake Nemrut formed inside the caldera. Subsequent eruptions separated a small lake Ilı from Lake Nemrut.
Nemrut volcano has an elliptical shape, its size at the base is 27×18 km, and its center contains 377.5 km3 of volcanic materials. The caldera of Nemrut is the largest in Turkey, the fourth-largest in Europe and sixteenth-largest in the world.
History of study
Etymology
Locals link the name of the volcano with the legendary ruler Nimrod, who is credited with the construction of the Tower of Babel. Turkish chronicles of the 16th century reproduce a local legend as follows:
Medieval chronicles
Eruptions of Nemrut are mentioned in Armenian sources of the 15th century and Kurdish sources of the 16th century. These records allowed to confirm the activity of the volcano during the Holocene and to establish the dates of some eruptions.
A more recent eruption is mentioned in Turkish records:
The Armenian name of the volcano (: angry) might also reflect the regular activity of the volcano in the historical period.
Studies in the 19th century
The first systematic studies of the volcano began in the mid-19th century, when, taking advantage of the British influence in the region, it was visited by several European explorers. They described and mapped the area, and some, including the British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard, explored the remains of Urartu fortresses around Lake Van. In this period it was suggested that the unusual structure of the watersheds in the region, and the very formation of Lake Van, is related to a large volcanic eruption and the blocking of the water discharge to Murat River by the lava flow.
The most detailed work on the subject was the doctoral thesis of the English scientist Felix Oswald, "A Treatise on the Geology of Armenia", which devotes a large part to Nemrut. Oswald made and documented many measurements and observations. He also suggested possible ways of the evolution of Nemrut, most of which were confirmed later.
Modern research
In the 20th century, the scientific study of the volcano was interrupted by the political instability in the region. In the first half of the 20th century Nemrut was wrongly classified as an extinct volcano. Only in the 1980s, with the resumption of the studies, its status was changed to dormant. Currently Nemrut is mainly studied by Turkish volcanologists. The volcano is still poorly understood, and there is no consensus on the interpretation of stratigraphic data. Analysis of the sediments of Lake Van, which is near the volcano, allowed clarification of the chronology and activity of recent eruptions. The potential activity of Nemrut and the close proximity of several Turkish cities inspired recent in-depth studies. In October 2003, the first in Turkey real-time seismic network of sensors has been installed around the volcano. During the first three years of operation the network has registered 133 seismic events with a magnitude of 1.3–4.0.
Volcanic activity
Eruptions of Nemrut were mainly of Plinian type. Their products are mainly alkaline and include a wide range of lavas: from basalt to rhyolite and phonolite, as well as pyroclastic emissions and slag. Eruption of different periods were either effused or explosive. Nemrut is located on a fault that crosses the volcano from the north to the south and contains the main crater and a number of small craters, maars, hot springs and fumaroles.
The volcanic activity of Nemrut occurred in three stages: the formation of a cone (pre-caldera stage), the post-caldera stage, and the late stage. Further, divisions are debatable and are based on different interpretations of the stratigraphic data.
Formation of volcanic cone
The formation of Nemrut and the first stage of eruptions began about 1 million years ago with fissure eruptions that later localized in separate vents separated by 5–10 km. These eruptions resulted in a strong (thicker than 50 m) layer of successive pyroclastic deposits consisting mainly of trachyte. Their products covered an area of 500 km2, forming a plateau that hid the continental deposits of the Miocene period.
The cone of Nemrut was further formed by mobile dark trachytic lavas, which gradually filled Bitlis gorge to a distance of 80 km from the volcanic center. Lava flows reached a width of 200 m and had a thickness of 5–30 meters. Consequent deposits from basalt and trachytic lavas finalized a pronounced cone with a height of about 4400-4500 m.
The next major eruption (volume 62.6 km3) created large voids inside the volcano, which led to the collapse of the apex and the formation of the caldera. Initially it was assumed that the caldera formed right after this eruption, about 310 thousand years ago; however, more recent studies suggest that the collapse happened with the next eruption, about 270 thousand years ago. The products of this eruption mostly consisted of ignimbrites (c. 58.2 km3). Thus the collapse of the cone occurred gradually, probably in three stages.
Post-caldera stage
After the formation of the caldera, eruptions were localized to its edge and formed more than ten of small craters, mostly on the northern edge. The products were dominated by viscous trachyte and rhyolite lavas. Pyroclastic flow deposits were accumulating on the bottom of the caldera, forming ignimbrites and obsidian, and sometimes slag pumice. A cone-shaped crater Göltepe (height 2,485 m above sea level) formed at the bottom of the caldera, on the fault line.
Late stage
At this stage, about 20 small craters and maars formed at the cracks located on the caldera floor, mostly along the central fault. A number of craters with a diameter of 10–100 m formed outside of the main cone, mainly in its northern part. They include Girigantepe (2433 m), Arizintepe (2445 m), Kayalitepe (2311 m), Mezarliktepe (2409 m), Atlitepe (2281 m), Amis (2166 m), Kevriağa (2087 m), Avuştepe and Sivritepe, which is the highest point of Nemrut. Basaltic lava of these craters are the youngest volcanic rocks within Nemrut. The last eruption took place on 13 April 1692. Since then only bursts of steam were observed at the bottom of the caldera, indicating fumarolic activity.
Summary of eruptions
Historical role
Besides the legendary relationship of the volcano with King Nimrod, in 1990s scientists discovered that Nemrut played an important role in the life of the first civilizations. Despite the abundance of obsidian sources in Anatolia and Iran, Nemrut was the main source of obsidian – the most important material of the Stone Age – for all settlements in Mesopotamia and the settlements of the Mesolithic era around the Dead Sea. The analysis of obsidian products revealed that the population of those areas used obsidian from only two sources: Nemrut and the nearby dormant volcano Bingöl. An ancient center of obsidian processing and trade was found at Lake Van, which was part of one of the earliest trade routes.
Two eruptions of Nemrut were probably witnessed by people of Urartu, an ancient state located in the Armenian highlands. These eruptions occurred c. 787 BC (period of King Menua) and c. 657 BC (period of King Rusa II), and the latter eruption might cause the sudden disappearance of the city Uaiais located 30 km east of Süphan.
Present state
Volcanic activity
In the 1980s, Japanese volcanologists studied the evolution of gases inside the caldera of Nemrut. They found that the ratio of helium isotopes 3He/4He is 1.06, which indicates volcanic activity (most of the measured helium evolved from the mantle). More recent studies have confirmed these findings. The seismic activity in the region is high – in recent years there have been several earthquakes directly related to the Nemrut fault. Significant seismic events of the last 150 years that occurred within 30 km of Nemrut include the earthquakes of 18 May 1881 (magnitude 6.7), 29 March 1907 (5), 27 January 1913 (5), 14 February 1915 (6), and 3 November 1997 (5).
There is evidence that the nature of volcanism in the region may change due to the shift of stress at the boundary of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The direction of pressure coming from the Arabian plate is gradually turning from south–north to the west–east, with a linear shift of 7.8–9 mm per year. Fumarolic activity and the presence of many hot springs are observed at the bottom of the caldera.
Structure
The volcano has an elliptical shape and covers 486 km2. Its center contains 377.5 km3 of volcanic material, mainly 0.23–1.18 million years old lava. Nemrut has a distinct caldera with an area of 46.7 km2 and a volume of 32.9 km3; the maximum height of the edge of the caldera is above sea level (Sivritepe, on the northern edge of the caldera). The average height of the walls of the caldera, measuring from its bottom, is . The lowest point of the caldera coincides with the deepest point of Lake Nemrut ( above sea level). There are three lakes at the bottom of the caldera: the larger Lake Nemrut and two smaller ones, Ilı and the so-called "Seasonal Lake".
Lake Nemrut
Lake Nemrut () is located in the south-western part of the caldera and is now a freshwater lake. Similar to Lake Van, under the influence of volcanic processes it is gradually becoming a saline lake. The lake is fed by hot springs, which is why it is warmer at the bottom than at the surface and does not freeze in winter. The total area is 4.9×2.1 km, the average depth is 140 m, and the maximum depth is 176 m; the altitude of the lake is above the sea level.
Lake Ilı
Lake Ilı (, "hot lake") was split from Lake Nemrut by an ancient lava flow. Ilı is located closer to the fault than Lake Nemrut; therefore it has a larger inflow of hot springs and a higher temperature. In the summer, it sometimes reaches 60 °C, and an average is 6–8 °C warmer than expected for a lake of its altitude. Nevertheless, it partly freezes in winter because of the small size and depth.
Risk of future eruptions
Recent studies note the danger of possible eruptions. Nemrut is located in close proximity to Tatvan (distance 10 km, population: 66,000), Bitlis (population 52,000), Ahlat (population 22,000), and a number of smaller settlements. In total, about 135,000 people live in the potential eruption zone. The presence of more than 1 km3 of water in the caldera adds a risk of flooding, which may destroy Güroymak, a town of 15,000 people.
Climate, flora and fauna of the caldera
The climate of the caldera is unique for the Armenian Highland. It is the only place in the region where deciduous trees grow at high altitudes, owing to the high temperature and humidity and the protection from winds by the caldera walls. The caldera also hosts a few flowers and trees unique to the region. Velvet scoters (Melanitta deglandi) and two species of gull live and breed on the shores of Lake Nemrut. Since ancient times the bottom of the caldera is used for grazing by the nearby villages.
Tourism
Nemrut is considered one of the most spectacular volcanoes in the region. Its caldera can be accessed in the summer on 4x4 vehicles from the south or east side. Nemrut is covered with snow five months per year, and therefore the Turkish authorities are building a mountain ski resort and a 2,517 m long ski track on the slopes of Nemrut.
See also
Akdoğan Mountains
Mount Meydan
References
External links
Photos from Nemrut link does not open.
Nemrut – map
Stratovolcanoes of Turkey
Calderas of Turkey
Volcanic crater lakes
Mountains of Turkey
Landforms of Bitlis Province
Tatvan District
Important Bird Areas of Turkey
VEI-6 volcanoes
Nimrod | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrut%20%28volcano%29 |
The Export Wheat Commission (EWC) was a statutory authority of the Australian government. The EWC was established on 1 October 2007 and superseded the Wheat Export Authority (WEA). The EWC was a statutory commission operating under the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1997.
Funding and role
The EWC's role was determined by the Wheat Marketing Act 1989 (the Act) and its operations were funded from three sources:
1. Wheat Export Charge
In June 2003, the Wheat Marketing Act 1989 was amended to make provision for the
introduction of a Wheat Export Charge (WEC) on all Australian wheat exports. The WEC
came into effect by regulation on 1 October 2003 and was set at 22 cents per tonne. It
remained at that level during the reporting period.
Income provided by the WEC for the EWC in 2007–08 was AUD1,191 million
(representing 33% of total funding requirements) compared with AUD2.208 million
(61%) in 2006–07, and AUD3.321 million (97%) in 2005–06.
The Primary Industries (Customs) Charges Regulations 2000, made under the Primary
Industries (Customs) Charges Act 1999, provided for the collection of the WEC. The
WEC was collected by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry's Levy and
Revenue Service which charged the EWC for the administration of its collection and
disbursement and exporter payment compliance. This service cost AUD1,660 per month
in 2007–08, compared with AUD1,830 per month in 2006–07 and AUD2,080 in 2005–06.
2. Export Application Fee
In August 2003, an amendment to the Wheat Marketing Regulations 1990 established a
AUD50 fee on all export consent applications. This made up a minor proportion of EWC
income. During 2007–08 export application fees amounted to AUD950, compared to
AUD15,000 in both 2006–07 and 2005–06.
3. Additional Funding
As income through the WEC was significantly reduced due to the drought and reduced wheat
exports in 2006–07, the Government provided a grant of AUD2 million in September 2007
to allow the agency to continue operating until 31 March 2008. This grant covered ongoing
operational costs and the transition from the former Wheat Export Authority to the EWC.
The EWC's financial position was transferred to Wheat Exports Australia on 1 July 2008
under the Wheat Export Marketing Act 2008.
The EWC facilitated the operations of Australia's legislated wheat export arrangements and informed Government and growers of outcomes.
The EWC:
controlled the export of bulk wheat from Australia;
monitored and reported on AWB International's performance in relation to the export of wheat from the National Pool (also referred to as the single desk marketing system);
monitored compliance with the conditions of export consents;
administered the Non-bulk Wheat Quality Assurance Scheme; and
managed operations efficiently and effectively, consistent with corporate governance principles, and
informed stakeholders of its activities.
The EWC assumed responsibility for the role of the former Wheat Export Authority to monitor and report on Australia's single desk wheat export arrangements, under which AWB (International) Ltd (AWB(I)) was given a near monopoly on exporting wheat, in particular bulk exports. The 2007/08 National Pool was the last one to be managed by AWBI.
Overview
The Export Wheat Commission (EWC) was established as an Australian Government
statutory authority on 1 October 2007, under the Wheat Marketing Act 1989 (the Act)
after legislative changes in June 2007. This Overview is based on the EWC's Corporate
Plan 2007–08 and the Portfolio Budget Statement 2008–09.
Vision
The EWC vision was for a sustainable, innovative and internationally competitive
wheat export sector that continued to provide optimal returns for growers and develop
Australia's broader interests.
Mission
The EWC facilitated the operations of Australia's legislated wheat export arrangements
and informed Government and growers of outcomes.
About
The EWC was an Australian Government agency within the Agriculture, Fisheries and
Forestry portfolio. It operated under the Financial Management and Accountability
Act 1997 and was required to meet related financial management and reporting
requirements. EWC staff were employed under the Public Service Act 1999.
The EWC comprised a Chairman and four other Commissioners, appointed for a
period of up to three years by the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. The
Commissioners were supported by a Secretariat which comprised up to 16 full-time staff
headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
The Commissioners were responsible for fulfilling the statutory requirements of the
EWC. The Secretariat assisted the Commissioners in meeting their obligations. The
Commissioners carried out major decision-making functions and provided guidance to
the Acting CEO who had delegated authority to undertake many of the functions and
responsibilities of the EWC. Day-to-day control over core areas of EWC activity rested
with a small executive team who worked closely with Secretariat staff.
Primary functions
Under the Act the EWC had three functions:
to control the export of wheat from Australia (other than the export of wheat in bags or containers)
to monitor AWB International Limited's (AWBI's) performance in relation to the export of wheat and examine and report on the benefits to growers that result from that performance
to undertake such other functions as administered by the Commission — such as the Non-bulk Wheat Quality Assurance Scheme, that commenced on 27 August 2007.
Operations
In delivering those functions the EWC:
provided assurance to stakeholders that the export performance of AWBI and the returns to growers were independently and accurately monitored
increased stakeholder awareness and confidence in the performance monitoring of AWBI
received and independently assessed bulk wheat export applications from non-AWBI exporters, and made recommendations to the Minister
granted export consents as directed by the Minister
monitored and reported on non-AWBI exporter compliance with the conditions of export consents
responded to stakeholder needs and changes in the EWC's operating environment and contributed to the ongoing development of Australia's wheat export arrangements
managed operations effectively, consistent with Australian Government corporate governance principles, and sought to inform stakeholders about the EWC and its activities.
People
The Minister
Under the Act, the EWC was required to provide the Minister with a report on its
monitoring of AWBI's export performance and the impact on growers. Known as
the Performance Monitoring Report (PMR), it contained considerable commercial-inconfidence
information. With the late closing of the 2005/06 National Pool, the EWC
produced a 2007 PMR Addendum report to the Minister.
The EWC was also required to notify the Minister of significant wheat export related
events and to keep the Minister informed on the EWC's operations.
The EWC also provided the Minister with a Corporate Plan and an Annual Operational
Plan (AOP) during the year. The EWC presented the Annual Report 2006–07 for
the former Wheat Export Authority to the Minister who tabled it in Parliament on
13 May 2008.
Under the Act, the Minister held the power of veto over bulk wheat exports until
30 June 2008. The EWC processed applications to export wheat in bulk in line with the
published Export Consent Guidelines and referred these to the Minister for decision.
Growers
The EWC reported to growers on the non commercial-in-confidence findings of the
PMR activity through the Growers Report. The Growers Report was published on the
EWC website and mailed to more than 25,000 growers. In addition, with the late closing
of the 2005/06 National Pool, the EWC published the Growers Report 2007 Addendum which was similarly distributed to growers.
Stakeholders
Beyond meeting its legislated requirements to the Minister and growers, the EWC
was also committed to delivering and communicating results to other stakeholders in
Australia's wheat export arrangements. The EWC's key stakeholders were:
the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Australian wheat growers
AWB International Ltd
Australian wheat exporters.
Other stakeholders included:
grower bodies, such as the Grains Council of Australia (GCA) and the Grain Growers
Association (GGA)
State grain merchant associations (representing small to medium grain businesses)
various industry and exporter organisations, such as the Australian Grain Exporters
Association (AGEA)
large and small exporters
independent grain consultants
other Australian Government departments and agencies with an interest in the grain industry and related transport and export arrangements.
Non-bulk Wheat Quality Assurance Scheme
By 30 June 2008 the EWC had accredited:
62 packing companies (in 103 locations in five States)
12 laboratories (in 31 locations)
6 superintendence companies (in 18 locations).
By 30 June 2008, the EWC had received 4,094 notification forms for the export
of 1,929,293 tonnes to 41 countries.
The EWC's performance also included the following results:
The development of an online service enabling wheat exporters to electronically submit their notification forms and contracts to the EWC. This streamlined the notification process and reduced processing time for both the EWC and the exporter, and enabled exporters to forward the information to packers and laboratories.
Following deregulation, non-bulk exporters were able to export wheat in containers to overseas customers that they were previously unable to supply under the former export consent application arrangements.
This also meant exporters could better align grain quality with specific customer requirements.
Some non-bulk exporters developed stronger links with growers
New directions
The November 2007 Federal election resulted in a change of Government and reform
of Australia's wheat marketing arrangements towards the liberalisation of exports in bulk.
This reform included the release of draft legislation and a Senate Committee Inquiry
into the Wheat Export Marketing Bill 2008 and the Wheat Export Marketing (Repeal
and Consequential Amendments) Bill 2008. The related drafting of a new Wheat Export
Accreditation Scheme for bulk exports, became a major focus for the EWC and the
industry during the reporting period.
The EWC monitored and reported on AWBI's export performance in managing the
National Pool and presented the Minister with two Performance Monitoring Reports
(PMRs) and published two Growers Reports.
This was a significant result as the Act only required the EWC to produce one performance
monitoring report to the Minister and one related report to growers during the year.
Legislative change
On 5 March 2008, the Minister released an exposure draft of the Wheat Export
Marketing Bill 2008. The EWC was required to undertake considerable preliminary work
on new governance and other arrangements in the lead-up to the establishment of the
new body, Wheat Exports Australia.
The changes presented new challenges for the EWC, including a requirement to draft a
legislative instrument to create an accreditation scheme for bulk exporters.
The EWC consulted widely with industry in formulating the Wheat Export Accreditation
Scheme (Bulk-Scheme), undertaking preliminary consultations in March and then releasing
an exposure draft of the Scheme in June.
In June 2008, the Government passed legislation in Parliament that reformed the export
of wheat in bulk, ending the wheat export monopoly arrangement held by AWBI since
privatisation of the Australian Wheat Board in 1999.
Other outcomes
The EWC significantly improved its performance in all areas of its ongoing business
while successfully meeting the new demands of the legislative changes and without
undue disruption to the export wheat industry.
The EWC continued to refine its business processes in its
key functional areas of bulk export consents, administration the Non-bulk Wheat Quality
Assurance Scheme (Non-bulk Scheme) and the performance monitoring of AWBI.
At the direction of the Minister, the EWC also completed three Ministerial investigations
during the reporting period.
During 2007–08, the EWC received and assessed a total of 54 applications for bulk
exports, consulting with AWBI and providing detailed comments and recommendations
to the Minister. The Minister approved six applications for 950,000 tonnes in five markets.
The EWC ensured that its consent compliance requirements for bulk wheat exports
were met by exporters.
Following the liberalisation of wheat exports in containers and bags on 27 August 2007,
the EWC administered the Non-bulk Scheme and during the reporting period, accredited
62 packers with 103 sites, 12 laboratories with 31 sites and six superintendence
companies with 18 sites.
The EWC also processed and checked more than 4,000 packer notifications of exports in
bags and containers and ensured they complied with the Non-bulk Scheme.
The EWC liaised with industry and grower organisations in relation to the Non-bulk
Scheme during the year and introduced a new online notification form to increase
efficiency for users as well as the EWC.
The EWC also continued to liaise with the Australian Customs Service and non-AWBI
exporters on compliance with non-bulk export consents given by the former Wheat
Export Authority prior to deregulation.
Ministerial directions
During the previous reporting period, 1 October 2006 to 30 September 2007, the
Minister had directed the former Wheat Export Authority to conduct one investigation
under section 5DC of the Act. The EWC presented two interim reports and then
delivered its final report on the investigation to the Minister on 14 December 2007.
During the reporting period the Minister gave the EWC directions to undertake two
further investigations (see page 59). While these placed additional requirements on the
Secretariat, I am pleased to advise that these were concluded in an efficient and timely
manner. The EWC presented its findings to the Minister in two confidential reports.
Performance monitoring
Due to the late closure of the 2005/06 National Pool, the EWC produced two reports on
the performance of AWBI instead of the required one.
The EWC delivered the 2007 PMR to the Minister in December 2007, in accordance with
its requirements under the Act. This 177-page report was adapted into a 28-page report
to growers, with the commercial-in-confidence elements removed.
The EWC subsequently produced a 108-page commercial-in-confidence Addendum to
the PMR and then published a 20-page Addendum to the Growers Report 2007 during
2007–08 to inform the Minister and growers on the performance of AWBI and a number
of other topical wheat industry issues.
Drought had a major impact on growers and exporters during the 2007/08 harvest which
yielded 13.04 million tonnes, although this was 2.23 million tonnes above the 2006/07 harvest.
The EWC statistics showed that approximately 5.4 million tonnes of wheat were
exported during 2007/08. Western Australia and South Australia were the major wheat
exporting States.
On 1 July 2008, following the passage of legislative change, the EWC was replaced by Wheat Exports Australia.
References
External links
Export Wheat Commission archived website
Defunct government entities of Australia
Grain industry of Australia
Foreign trade of Australia
Wheat organizations
Agricultural organisations based in Australia
Australian food and drink organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export%20Wheat%20Commission |
Peter Joseph Lenné (the Younger) (29 September 1789 – 23 January 1866) was a Prussian gardener and landscape architect. As director general of the Royal Prussian palaces and parks in Potsdam and Berlin, his work shaped the development of 19th-century German garden design in the Neoclassical style. Laid out according to the principles of the English landscape garden, his parks are now World Heritage Sites.
Life and works
Lenné was born in Bonn, then part of the Electorate of Cologne, the son of the court and university gardener Peter Joseph Lenné the Elder (1756–1821), and his wife, Anna Catharina Potgieter (also Potgeter), daughter of the mayor of Rheinberg. The Lenné family descended from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Circa 1665, Peter Joseph's ancestor Augustin Le Neu had settled in Poppelsdorf near Bonn as court gardener of Archbishop-Elector Maximilian Henry of Bavaria.
Childhood and development
Having obtained his Abitur degree, Peter Joseph Lenné decided to adopt the family tradition. He began his apprenticeship as a gardener in 1808 with his uncle, Josef Clemens Weyhe, court gardener at the electoral Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl. At the instigation of his father, he also took university courses in botany.
From 1809 to 1812, his father paid for Lenné's many study trips to France, Switzerland, and Southern Germany. In 1811, he completed a long internship in Paris with Gabriel Thouin, who was then one of the most famous garden architects in Europe. This made him a master landscaper. On another of these trips, Lenné made the acquaintance of the creator of the English Garden in Munich, the landscape gardener Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell, who would have a lasting influence on Lenné's work.
Assistant gardener
In 1812, Lenné followed his father to Koblenz, where he had been named Director of the Gardens by the Prefect Jules Doazan. Later in that year, Lenné became active at Schloss Schönbrunn, where he would remain until 1814. He then returned to Koblenz, where he was given private garden commissions until 1815. Extensions to the city's fortifications gave him an opportunity to propose a plan for its beautification by the addition of gardens; however, this was not carried out because of lack of funds. In 1816, he returned to Potsdam at the suggestion of Prussian forestry official Georg Ludwig Hartig and General Graf von Hacke. There he received the position of Assistant Gardener to the Court Garden Director at Sanssouci.
While still working as an assistant gardener, in spring 1816 Lenné received a commission from the Prussian Chancellor Karl August von Hardenberg to renovate the grounds around his country house at Klein-Glienicke. This work on Glienicke Palace, which would later become Prince Carl of Prussia's residence, laid the groundwork for Lenné's designs for the surrounding area of Potsdam, which he wanted to turn into a Gesamtkunstwerk. The upgrades of the Glienicke grounds were followed - in close cooperation with the architects Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Ludwig Persius, and Ferdinand von Arnim - by those of others such as the Böttcherberg and facing it Babelsberg Park, which was completed by Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau. Characteristic of Lenné's work are versatile sight axes - a horticultural stylistical device - which he applied at Sanssouci Park and elsewhere. As part of the Berlin-Potsdam cultural landscape, which stretches from the Pfaueninsel to Werder, many sites of Lenné's work are World Heritage Sites and have been under the protection of UNESCO collectively since 1990.
Prussian Garden Director-General
The accomplishments of the garden architect are reflected in his career progression. In 1818 he was an employee of the Royal Garden Authority, and in 1822, he received a promotion to Gardening Director. That same year, Lenné became a founding member of the Prussian Society for the Promotion of Horticulture. Lenné also accepted the position of Manager of the Division of Orchard Cultivation and later of the Parks Division.
In 1823, the Gardener Academy in Schöneberg and Potsdam was founded under his management. Here garden architecture was taught in a scientific manner for the first time. In 1828, Lenné was named the sole Garden Director and in 1845, Prussian Garden Director-General. The Prussian Academy of Arts made Lenné an honorary member.
In 1840, the recently enthroned King Friedrich Wilhelm IV assigned the urban planning of Berlin to Lenné. One of his most important achievements in this role survives in the building of the Luisenstadt Canal, constructed in 1852, between the Landwehrkanal and the River Spree in Kreuzberg. The canal's design was based on plans by Chief Building Officer Johann Carl Ludwig Schmid. In the 1850s, he advised on the planning of several cities, including Dresden, Leipzig and Munich.
Despite centering his life around Potsdam and Berlin, Lenné remained attached to his Rhenish homeland and contributed to the further beautification of Koblenz, particularly in the Rheinanlagen, which was under his management until 1861. His love of his work on the Rhine and Mosel made him decide to build the residence named for him, the Lenné-Haus, in which he wished to spend the evening of his life; however, the manner of his death did not allow this. Lenné's last resting place is at the Bornstedt Cemetery in Potsdam.
Busts of Peter Joseph Lenné are located at the Bonn Botanical Garden, on the bank of the Rhine (Alter Zoll), in the Landschaftspark Petzow that he himself designed, in Feldafing Park, in Park Sanssouci, and in the Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen in Koblenz (copy of a bust by Rauch). A recent bust was finished by Bad Homburg sculptor Otto Weber-Hartl.
Main works
Park of Neuhardenberg Palace
Roseninsel and Lenné Park in Feldafing at Lake Starnberg
Klosterbergegarten in Magdeburg
Zwierzyniec Park, Złotów
Park Sanssouci in Potsdam
Garden of Caputh Palace at Potsdam
Landscape park at Petzow Palace, Werder
Park Glienicke, Berlin
Design for the landscape park in Blumberg (now part of Ahrensfelde)
Design for the Landwehrkanal
Design for the Luisenstädtischer Kanal, Berlin
Design for the Tiergarten, Berlin
Design for the parks at Blankensee Palace, in Trebbin
Design for the Spa Gardens at Bad Homburg
Gardens of Schloss Liebenberg in the Löwenberger Land, described in Fontane's Fünf Schlösser (Volume 5 of Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg)
Park of Remplin Palace
Park of Wolfshagen Palace
Park of Schloss Trebnitz (at Müncheberg)
Lenné Park in Frankfurt (Oder)
Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen on the Rhine and Electoral Palace Park in Koblenz
Elisengarten, City Park and Spa Gardens in Aachen
Park and Zehnthof in Sinzig
Gardens of Friedrichsfelde Palace, now Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, in Berlin
Clifftop gardens at Stolzenfels Castle, Koblenz
Schlosspark, Brühl
Design for the Spa Gardens at Bad Oeynhausen
Park of Fürstlich Drehna, in Luckau (collaboration)
Schillerpark (also called Lenné-Anlage, southeastern part of Promenadenring), and Johannapark, Leipzig
Parts of Bürgerwiese gardens in Dresden
Dresden Zoo
References
Specific
General
The information in this article is based on a translation of its German counterpart.
Gerhard Hinz, P.J.L. Das Gesamtwerk des Gartenarchitekten und Städteplaners, 2 volumes, 1989, Hildesheim, Zürich, New York
Petra Wißner, Magdeburger Biographisches Lexikon, 2002,
F. v. Butlar (Ed.), Peter Joseph Lenné: Volkspark und Arkadien, 1989, Berlin
Harri Günther, Peter Joseph Lenné: Gärten, Parke, Landschaften, 1985, Berlin
Gerhard Fischer: Er prägte das Gesicht Berlins, in: Berlinische Monatsschrift, Edition Luisenstadt, 1999
External links
1789 births
1866 deaths
People from Bonn
Architects from Berlin
German landscape architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Joseph%20Lenn%C3%A9 |
The Eastern AAA Hockey League was a minor level ice hockey governing body. The league was a sub-division of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ETA playoffs are a best of 5 series. The final two teams advance to the OMHA Championships. It was established in 1990, before merging with the South-Central Triple A Hockey League in 2023.
Teams
External links
OMHA web site
2
Youth ice hockey leagues in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20AAA%20Hockey%20League |
Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. Ubercode is influenced by Eiffel and BASIC. It is proprietary software and can be tried out for free for 30 days. Ubercode has the following design goals:
Compilable language—compiled into Windows EXE files.
Automatic memory management—memory is allocated / freed automatically, and the language has no memory management primitives.
Pre and post conditions—these are run-time assertions which are attached to function declarations, as in Eiffel.
High-level data types—resizable arrays, lists and tables may contain arbitrary components.
Integrated file handling—primitives for transparent handling of text, binary, CSV, XML and dBase files.
Ease of use—language structure is relatively simple, making the language accessible to beginners.
Hello, World!
Here is the basic "Hello, World!" program:
Ubercode 1 class Hello
public function main()
code
call Msgbox("Hello", "Hello World!")
end function
end class
Preconditions and Postconditions
Here is an example using pre- and postconditions. In the example, the IntToStr function validates its input as a string before converting it to an integer:
Ubercode 1 class PrePost
function IntToStr(in mystr:string[*] out value:integer)
precond IsDigitStr(mystr)
code
call Val(mystr, value)
end function
public function main()
code
call Msgbox("OOP example", "IntToStr(10) = " + IntToStr("10"))
end function
end class
External links
http://isbndb.com/d/book/design_of_very_high_level_computer_languages.html (VHLL principles)
Object-oriented programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubercode |
This is a list of curling clubs in Japan:
Clubs
Hokkaido Island
Loco Solare/Tokoro CC (a.k.a. LS Kitami)
(see also Hokkaido Bank)
Aomori Prefecture
(closed in 2013)
Akita Prefecture
Akita University Curling Team
Nagano Prefecture
(Nonprofit organization)
(see also Chubu Electric Power)
Yamanashi Prefecture
(see also Fujikyu)
National organizations
Prefecture-level organizations
See also
List of curling clubs
References
External links
Loco Solare (in Japanese)
Bank Fortius (in Japanese)
SC Karuizawa Club (in Japanese)
Chubu Electric Power CC (in Japanese)
Japan Curling Association (in Japanese)
Hokkaido Curling Association (in Japanese)
Aomori Curling Association (in Japanese)
Nagano Curling Association (in Japanese)
Yamanashi Curling Association (in Japanese)
Japan
Curling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20curling%20clubs%20in%20Japan |
Bryce may refer to:
People
Bryce (given name)
Bryce (surname)
Places
Bryce Canyon National Park
Mount Bryce
Bryce, Utah
Bryce, Arizona
Other
Bryce (software)
Bryce Hospital
See also
Brice (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce |
The following list consists of automotive models produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana from 1899 to 1963 and Studebaker Canada Ltd. from 1964 through the spring 1966. In 1961, many of these were offered with special Marshal (police) packages: a 6-cylinder City Marshal, V8 Patrol Marshal, and V8 Pursuit Marshal. There was also a heavy-duty four-door taxicab based on a stretched-wheelbase Cruiser.
Cars
1902-1912 Electric
1918-1919 Light Four
1918-1926 Big Six
1918-1921 Light Six
1918-1927 Special Six
1924-1927 Standard Six
1926-1942, 1955-1958 President
1927-1934, 1937-1958, 1963-1966 Commander
1927-1937 Dictator
1933-1942, 1947-1954 Land Cruiser
1939-1958 Champion
1947-1952 Starlight
1954-1955 Conestoga
1955 Speedster
1956-1964 Hawk series
1956 Flight Hawk
1956 Power Hawk
1956 Sky Hawk
1956-1958 Golden Hawk
1957-1959 Silver Hawk
1960-1961 Hawk
1962-1964 Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk
1956-1958, 1960-1963 Transtar
1957 & 1958 Packard
1957-1958 Scotsman
1957 Packard Clipper
1958 Packard Hawk
1959-1966 Lark
1961-1966 Cruiser
1962-1963 Avanti
1962-1966 Daytona
1963-1966 Wagonaire
Trucks
1937 J-series
1937-1939 Coupe Express
1938-1940 K-series
1941-1942, 1945-1952 M-series
1941-1945 US6 (G630)
1942-1944 M29 Weasel
1949-1953 2R-series
1954 3R-series
1955-1964 E-series
1956-1958, 1960-1963 Transtar
1958-1959 Scotsman
1960-1964 Champ
1963 Zip Van
Concepts
1947 Champion Woody Wagon
1951 Manta Ray
1953 Z-87
1962 Skyview
1962 Turtle
1963 Sceptre
1963 Westinghouse Delivery
1964 GT Hawk
1964 Avanti R4
Other automotive brands owned by Studebaker
Clipper
E-M-F Automobiles
Erskine
Packard
Pierce-Arrow
Rockne
SPA Truck Company
Studebaker-Garford
Notes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Studebaker%20vehicles |
See also
Florida
List of municipalities in Florida
List of former municipalities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of census-designated places in Florida
References
USGS Fips55 database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20Florida%3A%20B |
See also
Florida
List of municipalities in Florida
List of former municipalities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of census-designated places in Florida
References
USGS Fips55 database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20Florida%3A%20C |
Luna de Xelajú is a very popular Guatemalan waltz composed by Paco Pérez in 1944.
The title translates as "Moon of Xelajú". "Xelajú" (pronounced sheh-lah-HOO) is the Kʼicheʼ Maya name for the Guatemalan city Quetzaltenango, still often popularly called "Xelajú" or "Xela".
The song was written to Miss Eugenia Cohen, a beautiful Jewish lady who stole the writer's heart, but eventually left him because Eugenia's parents disapproved of the relationship. She lives in Quetzaltenango and Guatemala City to this day.
All of the great marimba bands of Guatemala have played it to great success. Perhaps one of the most popular recent versions is as the first selection of the CD Valses inolvidables de Guatemala, with the Guatemalan Millennium Orchestra under the baton of Maestro Dieter Lehnhoff.
The song has been performed by several musical acts, including Guatemalan singer and Grammy Award nominee, Gaby Moreno. In 2023, she did a collaboration with actor Oscar Isaac, which was released first as a single, and later as a part of her album “X Mí (Vol. 1).”
Song lyrics
Although the song has lyrics, it is frequently performed instrumentally.
Popular culture
Luna de Xelajú became a cult favorite among Macintosh users in the mid-1990s with the release of a novelty application called "Jared, the Butcher of Song" written and published by Freeverse Software. In the app, an 8-bit rendering of a smiley face attempts to sing the song with light guitar accompaniment.
References
External links
Guatemalan music
Guatemalan culture
Spanish-language songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna%20de%20Xelaj%C3%BA |
The South Central Triple A Hockey League was a minor level ice hockey league based out of Ontario. The league was one of two (now amalgamated) AAA leagues associated with the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) and had a total of 10 teams. The South Central Triple A League playoffs are played in tournament style. The top two teams advance to the OMHA Championships. In 2023, it was announced that both of the OMHA leagues would amalgamate into one forming the OMHA AAA Hockey League (OMHA AAA).
Teams
References
External links
SCTA website
OMHA website
3
Youth ice hockey leagues in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Central%20Triple%20A%20Hockey%20League |
Astoria is a grand houseboat, built in 1911 for impresario Fred Karno and adapted as a recording studio in the 1980s by its new owner, Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour. It is moored on the River Thames at Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Gilmour purchased the boat in 1986, because he "spent half of [his] life in recording studios with no windows, no light, but on the boat there are many windows, with beautiful scenery on the outside".
Early history
The boat was built in 1911 for impresario Fred Karno who wanted to have the best houseboat on the river permanently moored alongside his hotel, the Karsino at Tagg's Island. He designed it so that an entire 90-piece orchestra could play on deck.
The boat is framed in mahogany and has mainly Crittall windows with taller, wider windows towards one end. It is topped by very ornate metalwork canopies and balustrades.
Gilmour era
Gilmour bought the boat after seeing it advertised for sale in a copy of Country Life magazine in his dentist's waiting room, just a short while after admiring it while being driven past its moorings.
Parts of each of the last three Pink Floyd studio albums, A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987), The Division Bell (1994), and The Endless River (2014), were recorded on the boat, as were parts of Gilmour's solo album On an Island (2006). His most recent solo studio album, Rattle That Lock (2015), was mixed and partially recorded there. It was also used for mixing the Pink Floyd live album Pulse (1995) as well as the Pulse film (1995), Gilmour's Remember That Night DVD/Blu-ray (2007) and his Live in Gdańsk (2008) live album/DVD.
Bob Ezrin has mentioned, however, that the floating studio posed a few problems when it came to engineering guitar sounds for A Momentary Lapse of Reason:
A video of longtime Pink Floyd recording engineer Andrew Jackson, sitting at the mixing console of the Astoria Studio, is available online.
Numerous photographs taken in 1993 of the band recording The Division Bell on board the Astoria appear on the sleeve of the 2014 Pink Floyd album, The Endless River.
Footage
Dara Ó Briain, Griff Rhys Jones and Rory McGrath visited the floating studio/house while rowing up the Thames for the BBC television programme Three Men in a Boat.
Gilmour's rendition of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"), set to piano, was also filmed on the Astoria.
Equipment
According to an interview with Phil Taylor (Gilmour's guitar technician), the studio on the Astoria was originally equipped with a DDA AMR 24 mixer console and UREI 813 studio main monitors with Phase Linear amps. The UREI 813s were replaced around 1990 by ATC main monitors. Customised ATC SCM150ASL active speakers are used for the main left and right channels with a standard ATC SCM150ASL active speaker used as the centre channel. The centre channel sits above an ATC SCM0.1–15 subwoofer. The surround monitors are two ATC SCM50ASLs. A variety of near-field monitor speakers are used including Yamaha NS-10s and Auratones depending on who happens to be working at the studio. The acoustic design was done with the assistance of Nick Whitaker, an independent acoustician, and much of the equipment was recommended by James Guthrie and Andrew Jackson. Nowadays the Astoria has a Neve 88R mixing console, as well as three Studer A827 multi-tracks and Ampex ATR-100 tape recorders, which were modified by Tim de Paravicini, Esoteric Audio Research's (EAR) founder. The conversion to a studio also required 14 miles (23 km) of cables, which were sourced from Van den Hul cables of the Netherlands. There are various compressors from Pye and EAR 660 tube designs, as well as EAR 825s for EQ.
See also
Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare (neighbour)
Tagg's Island (Fred Karno)
References
1911 establishments in England
1911 ships
Buildings and structures on the River Thames
David Gilmour
Hampton, London
Houseboats
Pink Floyd
Recording studios in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%20%28recording%20studio%29 |
Tirofiban, sold under the brand name Aggrastat, is an antiplatelet medication. It belongs to a class of antiplatelets named glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Tirofiban is a small molecule inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction between fibrinogen and the platelet integrin receptor GP IIb/IIIa and is the first drug candidate whose origins can be traced to a pharmacophore-based virtual screening lead.
It is available as a generic medication.
Medical uses
Tirofiban is indicated to reduce the rate of thrombotic cardiovascular events (combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia/repeat cardiac procedure) in people with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome.
Contraindications and precautions
Tirofiban is contraindicated in patients with:
Known hypersensitivity to any component of tirofiban.
History of thrombocytopenia with prior exposure to tirofiban.
Active internal bleeding, or history of bleeding diathesis, major surgical procedure or severe physical trauma within the previous month.
Adverse reactions
Bleeding is the most commonly reported adverse reaction.
Use in pregnancy
Tirofiban has been demonstrated to cross the placenta in pregnant rats and rabbits. Although the doses employed in these studies were a multiple of those used in human beings. no adverse effects on the offspring in both animals have been seen. However, there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Therefore, tirofiban should be used during pregnancy only if clearly indicated.
Nursing mothers: It is not known whether tirofiban is excreted in human milk. However, significant levels of tirofiban are excreted in rat milk. Therefore, nursing should be discontinued during the period of drug administration and the milk discarded. Nursing may resume 24 hours after cessation of treatment with tirofiban.
Pediatric use
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
Other precautions and laboratory exams
The activated partial thromboplastin time is the most reliable coagulation parameter and should be obtained regularly during treatment, particular if a bleeding episode occurs that may be associated with tirofiban therapy. Other important hematological parameters are platelet count, clotting time, hematocrit and hemoglobin. Proper technique regarding artery site access for sheath placement and removal of sheath should be followed. Arterial sheaths should be removed when the patient's activated clotting time is < 180 seconds or 2 to 6 hours following withdrawal of heparin.
Side effects
The following side effects were noted under treatment with tirofiban and heparin (and aspirin, if tolerated). Other drugs were used as necessary.
The major adverse effect is bleeding on local sites of clinical intervention and systemically (regarding parts of the body or the whole body system). Major bleeding has occurred in 1.4% of patients and minor bleeding in 10.5%. Transfusions were required to terminate bleeding and to improve bleeding-related anemia in 4.0% of all patients. Geriatric patients have experienced more bleeding episodes than younger, women more than men.
Thrombocytopenia was more often seen in the tirofiban + heparin group (1.5%) than in the heparin control group (0.8%). This adverse effect was usually readily reversible within days.
Positive fecal and urine hemoglobin tests have also been reported.
Post-marketing events have been the occurrence of intracranial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage and spinal-epidural hematoma. Fatal bleeding have been reported rarely.
Sometimes, thrombocytopenia was associated with chills, low-grade fever or bleeding complications (see above).
Cases of hypersensitivity including anaphylaxis have occurred.
Interactions
The concomitant application of warfarin or other oral anticoagulants may increase the risk of serious bleeding events. The decision whether maintenance therapy with these drugs should be discontinued during tirofiban treatment has to be made by the responsible clinician.
Pharmacology
Tirofiban has a rapid onset and short duration of action after proper IV administration. Coagulation parameters turn to normal 4 to 8 hours after the drug is withdrawn.
Chemistry
Tirofiban is a synthetic, non-peptide inhibitor of the interaction of fibrinogen with the integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa on human platelets. The Merck chemistry team of George Hartman, Melissa Egbertson and Wasyl Halczenko developed tirofiban from a lead compound discovered in focused screening of small molecule replacements of the key arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp) subunit of fibrinogen. Computation of the distance between the charged Arg and Asp sites in fibrinogen provided guidance leading to directed screening success. Tirofiban constitutes an antithrombotic, specifically an inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
Tirofiban is a modified version of a molecule found in the venom of the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus.
History
The drug is marketed under the brand name Aggrastat in the US by Medicure Pharma, in China by Eddingpharm, and in the rest of the world by Correvio International Sàrl.
According to the US Orange Book, it was first approved in the US on 20 April 2000. Patent numbers 5733919; 5965581 and 5972967 all expired in October 2016. Patent 5978698 expired in October 2017. Patent 6136794 expired in January 2019. Patent 6770660 expires in June 2023.
References
Further reading
External links
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Sulfonamides
4-Piperidinyl compounds
Phenol ethers
Butyl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirofiban |
BRET may refer to:
Background Radiation Equivalent Time
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRET |
The Special Operations Forces Grouping (, AFOE) is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army.
Role
Created 6 December 2005 as the first operational element of the Argentine Army Project 2025.
The service is mainly composite of air assault, airborne, light infantry, reconnaissance and commando troops, and light helicopters; also artillery, engineers, air transport, and communications companies are constantly ready to assist and support the group. As of 2006 it consists of:
Special Operations Forces Group:
601 Commando Company (Spanish: Compañía de Comandos 601) is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created 5 January 1982.
602 Commando Company (Spanish: Compañía de Comandos 602) is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created 21 May 1982. They fought in the Falklands War.
601 Air Assault Regiment (Spanish: Regimiento de Asalto Aéreo 601) is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created in January 2003. The regiment is divided in three assault companies: A, B and C. Its motto is "Sapientia et Labore".
One of the objectives of the modernization process for the Argentine Army was to manage an enabled force that could move quickly to any crisis.
According to the Argentine Army website (translated):
The FDR will be organized, equipped and instructed with organic means of the Army to operate to requirement, in immediate form in any zone of the country, in order to provide to the high conduction of the Force an operational, efficient and fast instrument to act in situations that they require of the immediate use of the force.
The FDR must have a high capacity of preparation and reaction that allows him to be used in the designated place. It will be instructed in the execution of basic tactical operations and complementary, for which it is properly equipped. It could be displaced in organic means of transport of the Force Army. In addition, it will be able to execute commando operations and special forces of high complexity.
Two commando companies will depend on her in organic form, along with an aerial shock battalion, a battalion of assault helicopters, and a slight reconnaissance company.
See also
Argentine Army
Special Air Service
References
Noticias de las Fuerzas Armadas at Saorbats.com.ar
El Ejército organiza tropas para operaciones especiales, article on Nuevamayoria.com (archived)
"Puesta en posesión del cargo", article on Ejército Argentino (archived)
Special forces of Argentina
Army units and formations of Argentina
Military units and formations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Operations%20Forces%20Grouping%20%28Argentina%29 |
Glienicke Palace () is a historic palace located on the peninsula of Berlin-Wannsee in Germany. It was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel around 1825 for Prince Carl of Prussia. Since 1990, Glienicke Palace and the park have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin" because of their unique contribution to Prussian landscape architecture.
Location
The palace is situated near the Glienicke Bridge, on the Bundesstraße 1 across from the Glienicke Hunting Lodge. Around the palace is Park Glienicke.
History
The palace was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for Prince Carl of Prussia. The building, originally merely a cottage, was turned into a summer palace in the late Neoclassical style. Inside the palace were antique objets d'art which Prince Carl of Prussia brought back from his trips.
Particularly striking are two golden lion statues in front of the south frontage, which were also designed by Schinkel. The lions are versions of the "Medici lions" from the Villa Medici in Rome.
The palace is administered by the Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg. The palace's park is now called the Volkspark Glienicke.
Gallery
See also
List of castles in Berlin and Brandenburg
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin
References
External links
Glienicke Palace
Potsdam from Above – Schloss Glienicke
Palaces in Berlin
Royal residences in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Steglitz-Zehlendorf
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Museums in Berlin
Historic house museums in Germany
Prussian cultural sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glienicke%20Palace |
A ship chandler is a retail dealer who specializes in providing supplies or equipment for ships.
Synopsis
For traditional sailing ships, items that could be found in a chandlery
include sail-cloth, rosin, turpentine, tar, pitch, linseed oil, whale oil, tallow, lard, varnish, twine, rope and cordage, hemp, and oakum. Tools (hatchet, axe, hammer, chisel, planes, lantern, nails, spike, boat hook, caulking iron, hand pump, and marlinspike) and items needed for cleaning such as brooms and mops might be available. Galley supplies, leather goods, and paper might also appear. In the age of sail ship chandlers could be found on remote islands, such as St. Helena, who were responsible for delivering water and fresh produce to stave off scurvy.
Today's chandlers deal more in goods typical for fuel-powered commercial ships (oil tanker, container ship, and bulk carrier) including maintenance supplies, cleaning compounds, and food stores for the crew.
A distinguishing feature of a ship chandler is the high level of service demanded and the short time required to fill and deliver orders. Commercial ships discharge and turn around quickly, delay is expensive making the services of a dependable ship chandler in great demand. Advantages, today and in the past, are that stores in unfamiliar ports do not need to be sought out (assuming the crew is allowed to leave by immigration authorities) and lines of credit make exchanging of currency a non-issue. (Usually a ship owner would establish a line of credit with the chandler and then be billed for anything delivered to the crew.) Chandlers also deliver the product, freeing up crew to work on repairs or, if allowed, take shore leave.
The ship chandlery business was central to the existence and the social and political dynamics of ports and their waterfront areas. Ship chandlers are typically supplied by nearby merchants.
Gallery
References
Marine occupations
Maritime culture
Maritime history
Procurement
Ship management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%20chandler |
Aleksei Vasil'evich Pogorelov (, ; March 2, 1919 – December 17, 2002), was a Soviet mathematician. Specialist in the field of convex and differential geometry, geometric PDEs and elastic shells theory, the author of the novel school textbook on geometry and university textbooks on analytical geometry, on differential geometry, and on foundations of geometry.
Pogorelov's uniqueness theorem and the Alexandrov–Pogorelov theorem are named after him.
Biography
Born March 3, 1919, in Korocha, Kursk Governorate (now Belgorod region) in a peasant family. In 1931, because of the collectivization, the parents of Pogorelov escaped from the village to Kharkiv, where his father become a worker at the construction of the Kharkiv tractor plant. In 1935, A.V. Pogorelov won the first prize at the Mathematical Olympiad in Kharkiv State University. After high school graduation in 1937, he entered the mathematical department of the Kharkiv State University. He was the best student at the department.
In 1941, after the involvement of the Soviet Union in the World War II, Aleksei Vasil'evich was sent for 11 months study to N.Y. Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy. During his studies, the students periodically were sent for several months to the front as technicians for the airplane service. After the Red Army Victory over Nazi near Moscow, the training continued for a full term. After academy graduation, he worked at N.Y. Zhukovsky Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) as a design engineer.
The desire to complete university education and specialize in geometry professionally led A.V. Pogorelov to Moscow State University. By recommendation of I.G. Petrovsky (Dean of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department) and a well-known geometer V.F. Kagan, Aleksei Vasil'evich met A.D. Aleksandrov – the founder of the theory of non-smooth convex surfaces. There were many new questions concerning this theory. Aleksandr Danilovich proposed to give an answer to one of them to A.V. Pogorelov. In a year the problem was solved and A.V. Pogorelov was enrolled to the graduate school of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University. Nikolai Efimov became his scientific advisor on topics of Aleksandrov theory. After defending his Ph.D. thesis in 1947, he was demobilized and moved to Kharkiv, where he started to work at the Institute of Mathematics of Kharkov State University and the Geometry Department of the university. In 1948 he defended his doctoral thesis. In 1951 he became the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in 1960 he became the Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences). In 1961 he became an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1976, he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Mathematics Division). From 1950 to 1960 he was the Head of the Geometry Department at Kharkiv State University. From 1960 to 2000 he was the Head of the Geometry Division at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Since 2000 he lived in Moscow and worked at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
He died on December 17, 2002, and was buried in Moscow at the Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery.
Scientific interests
By the beginning of the 20th century, the methods for solving of local problems related to regular surfaces were developed. By the thirties, there were developed the methods for solving the problems in geometry "in the large". These methods were related mainly to the theory of partial differential equations. Mathematicians were helpless when surfaces were non-smooth (for example, with conical points, ribbed points, etc.) and when the intrinsic geometry was given not by a smooth positive definite quadratic form, but simply by a metric space of a fairly general form. A breakthrough in the study of non-smooth metrics and non-smooth surfaces was made by an outstanding geometer A.D. Aleksandrov. He developed the theory of metric spaces of non-negative curvature, so-called Aleksandrov metric spaces. As a special case, the theory covered the intrinsic geometry of general convex surfaces, that is boundaries of convex bodies. Aleksandrov studied connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic geometries of general convex surfaces. He proved that every metric of non-negative curvature given on a two-dimensional sphere (including non-smooth metrics, so-called inner metrics) can be isometrically immersed into the three-dimensional Euclidean space in a form of a closed convex surface, but the answers to the following fundamental questions were unknown:
is this immersion unique up to rigid motion?
if the metric given on the sphere is a regular one and of positive Gaussian curvature, is it true then that the surface with this metric is regular?
G. Minkowski proved an existence theorem for a closed convex surface with the Gaussian curvature given as a function of a unit normal under some natural condition on this function; the open question was: if the function is regular on a sphere, is the surface regular itself?
After solving these problems, the theory created by Aleksandrov would have received “full citizenship” in mathematics and could be applied also in the classical regular case. Each of these 3 questions was answered positively by A.V. Pogorelov. Using synthetic geometric methods, he developed geometric methods to obtain priori estimates for solutions of Monge-Ampère equations. On the one hand, he used these equations to solve geometric problems; on the other hand, based on geometric reasons, he constructed a generalized solution of a Monge-Ampère equation and then proved its regularity for a regular right-hand side of the equation. In fact, in these pioneering works A.V. Pogorelov laid the foundation of the field of geometric analysis. He proved the following fundamental results:
Let F1 and F2 be two closed convex isometric surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space or in a spherical space. Then the surfaces coincide up to the rigid motion.
A closed convex surface in a space of constant curvature is rigid outside flat domains on it. This means that the surface admits only trivial infinitesimal bendings.
If the metric of a convex surface is regular of regularity Ск, k≥2, in a space of constant curvature К* and the Gaussian curvature of the surface satisfies К>К*, then the surface is Ск-1,α.
For domains on convex surfaces assertions 1) and 2) are false. The local and global properties of surfaces are significantly different. By proving assertion 1) A.V. Pogorelov completed the solution of the problem open for more than a century. The first result in this direction was obtained by Cauchy for closed convex polyhedra in 1813.
The theorems proved by Pogorelov formed the basis for his nonlinear theory of thin shells. This theory is concerned with those elastic states of the shell which differ significantly comparing to the original form. Under such deformations, the middle surface of a thin shell undergoes bending with preservation of the metric. This makes it possible, by using theorems proved by Pogorelov for convex surfaces, to investigate loss of stability and the over critical elastic state of convex shells under a given strain. Such shells are the most common elements of modern designs.
Results 1) and 2) were generalized for regular surfaces in a Riemannian space. In addition, the Weyl problem for Riemannian space was solved: it was proved that a regular metric of Gaussian curvature greater than some constant c on a two-dimensional sphere can be isometrically immersed into a complete three-dimensional Riemannian space of curvature <c in a form of a regular surface. Studying the methods developed in the proof of this result, the Abel Prize laureate M. Gromov introduced the concept of pseudoholomorphic curves, which are the main tool in modern symplectic geometry.
A closed convex hypersurface is uniquely defined not only by the metric but also by the Gaussian curvature as a function of unit normals. Moreover, the hypersurface is uniquely determined up to a parallel transport. This was proved by G. Minkowski. But is the hypersurface regular under the condition that the Gaussian curvature K(n) is a regular function of a unit normal? Pogorelov proved that if positive function K(n) belongs to the class Сk, k≥3, then the support function will be of regularity class Сk+1,v, 0<v<1.
The hardest part of the proof of the theorem was to obtain a priori estimates for the derivatives of the support function of a hypersurface up to third order inclusively. Pogorelov's method of a priori estimates was used by S.-T. Yau to obtain a priori estimates for solutions of complex Monge-Ampere equations. This was the main step in the proof of the existence of Calabi-Yao manifolds, which play an important role in theoretical physics. A Monge-Ampère equation has the form
A priori estimates in the Minkowski problem are a priori for the solution of the Monge-Ampère equation with the function
At that time there was no approach to studying this completely nonlinear equation. A. V. Pogorelov has created the theory of the Monge-Ampère equation by using the geometric methods. First, going from polyhedra, he proved the existence of generalized solutions under natural conditions on the right-hand side. After that he has found the a priori estimates for the derivatives up to the third order inclusively for the regular solutions. Using the a priori estimates, he has proved the regularity of strictly convex solutions, the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem and their regularity. The Monge-Ampère equation is an essential component of the Monge-Kantorovich transport problem; it is used in conformal, affine, Kähler geometries, in meteorology and in financial mathematics. A.V. Pogorelov once said about the Monge-Ampère equation: this is a great equation with which I had the honor to work.
One of the most conceptual works of A. V. Pogorelov refers to the cycle of works about smooth surfaces of bounded external curvature. A.D. Aleksandrov created a theory of general metric manifolds that naturally generalize Riemannian manifolds. In particular, he introduced the class of two-dimensional manifolds of bounded curvature. They exhaust the class of all metrized two-dimensional manifolds that admit, in a neighborhood of each point, a uniform approximation by Riemannian metrics with absolute integral curvature (i.e., the integral of the module of Gaussian curvature) bounded in aggregate.
Naturally, the question arose about the class of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space carrying such a metric with preservation of connections between the metric and the extrinsic geometry of the surface. Partially answering this question, A.V. Pogorelov introduced the class of С1-smooth surfaces with the requirement on the area of a spherical image to be bounded, taking into account the multiplicity of the covering in some neighborhood of each point of the surface. Such surfaces are called surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature.
For such surfaces there is also a very close connection between the intrinsic geometry of the surface and its extrinsic shape: a complete surface with a bounded extrinsic curvature and a nonnegative intrinsic curvature (not equal to zero) is either a closed convex surface or an unbounded convex surface; a complete surface with zero intrinsic curvature and bounded extrinsic curvature is a cylinder.
The first work of A. V. Pogorelov on surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature was published in 1953. In 1954, J. Nash published the paper on С1-isometric immersions, which was improved by N. Kuiper in 1955. It follows from these studies that a Riemannian metric defined on a two-dimensional manifold, under very general assumptions, admits a realization on a С1-smooth surface in a three-dimensional Euclidean space. Moreover, this realization is carried out as freely as a topological immersion into the space of the manifold on which the metric is given. Hence it is clear that for С1-surfaces, even with a good intrinsic metric, it is impossible to preserve the connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures. Even in case if a С1-surface carries a regular metric of positive Gaussian curvature, then this does not imply the local convexity of the surface. This emphasizes the naturalness of the class of surfaces of bounded external curvature introduced by A. V. Pogorelov.
A. V. Pogorelov solved Hilbert's fourth problem, set by D. Hilbert at the II International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. He found all, up to isomorphism, realizations of the systems of axioms of classical geometries (Euclid, Lobachevsky and elliptic) if one omits the congruence axioms containing the concept of angle and supplement these systems with the axiom of "triangle inequality".
A. V. Pogorelov was one of the first who has proposed (in 1970) a new idea in the construction of a cryoturbogenerator with superconducting field winding and took an active part in technical calculations and creation of corresponding industrial samples.
Honors
In 2015, one of the streets in Kharkiv was named after Academician A.V. Pogorelov.
In 2007, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine founded the Pogorelov Award for the achievements in the field of geometry and topology.
One of the asteroids is named after A.V. Pogorelov: .
Awards
The Stalin Prize of the Second Level (1950) for works on the theory of convex surfaces, presented in the paper "Uniquely Definition of Convex Surfaces" and in a series of papers published in "Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences" (1948-1949)
Lenin Prize (1962) – for the results in geometry "in the large"
Lobachevsky International Prize (1959) - for the paper "Some questions of geometry in the large in Riemannian space"
The Krylov Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1973)
The State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR (1974)
N. N. Bogolubov Prize of the NAS of Ukraine (1998)
The State Prize of Ukraine (2005)
Two Lenin Orders
Order of the Labor Banner
Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree (06.04.1985)
Selected publications
Geometry [translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant, Aleksandr Repyev and Oleg Efimov.]. Moscow: Mir Publishers (1987). . .
See also
Cauchy's theorem
References
Sources
External links
Website dedicated to Pogorelov and his work
Biography – at the B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering
1919 births
2002 deaths
People from Korochansky District
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Ukrainian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Differential geometers
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Textbook writers
Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei%20Pogorelov |
Daniel Gousseau (died August 3, 1969), a French army private and later secretary-general of the French Cycling Union, is credited as having invented the sport of cyclo-cross.
Gousseau organized the first French National Cyclo-Cross Championships in sport.
References
Konrad, Gabe (1996). "Cyclocross: History & What You Should Know". Bicycle Trader Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
French male cyclists
1969 deaths
Cycle racing executives
Year of birth missing
Place of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Gousseau |
Background radiation equivalent time (BRET) or background equivalent radiation time (BERT) is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage amounting to one day worth of average human exposure to background radiation.
BRET units are used as a measure of low level radiation exposure. The health hazards of low doses of ionizing radiation are unknown and controversial, because the effects, mainly cancer and genetic damage, take many years to appear, and the incidence due to radiation exposure can't be statistically separated from the many other causes of these diseases. The purpose of the BRET measure is to allow a low level dose to be easily compared with a universal yardstick: the average dose of background radiation, mostly from natural sources, that every human unavoidably receives during daily life. Background radiation level is widely used in radiological health fields as a standard for setting exposure limits. Presumably, a dose of radiation which is equivalent to what a person would receive in a few days of ordinary life will not increase their rate of disease measurably.
Definition
The BRET is the creation of Professor J R Cameron. The BRET value corresponding to a dose of radiation is the number of days of average natural background dose it is equivalent to. It is calculated from the equivalent dose in sieverts by dividing by the average annual background radiation dose in Sv, and multiplying by 365:
The definition of the BRET unit is apparently unstandardized, and depends on what value is used for the average annual background radiation dose, which varies greatly across time and location. The 2000 UNSCEAR estimate for worldwide average natural background radiation dose is 2.4 mSv (240 mrem), with a range from 1 to 13 mSv. A small area in India as high as 30 mSv (3 rem). Using the 2.4 mSv value each BRET unit equals 6.6 μSv.
BRET values for diagnostic radiography procedures range from 2 BRET for a dental x-ray to around 400 for a barium enema study.
See also
Background radiation
Banana equivalent dose
Flight-time equivalent dose
Radiology
References
Utah Division of Radiation Control: X-ray Dose Comparisons
Radioactivity
Background radiation
Equivalent units | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background%20radiation%20equivalent%20time |
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) was a NASA program to coordinate the development of vehicles for the delivery of crew and cargo to the International Space Station by private companies. The program was announced on January 18, 2006 and successfully flew all cargo demonstration flights by September 2013, when the program ended.
NASA's Final Report on the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program considers it an unqualified success and a model for future public-private collaboration. Compared to traditional cost-plus contracts employed by NASA, such as the $12 billion Orion (spacecraft) contract, the unprecedented efficiency of the $800 million COTS investment resulted in "two new U.S. medium-class launch vehicles and two automated cargo spacecraft".
NASA signed COTS agreements with SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler (RpK) in 2006, but later terminated the agreement with RpK due to insufficient private funding. NASA then signed an agreement with Orbital Sciences in 2008. Independently, NASA awarded contracts for cargo delivery to the International Space Station in December 2008, to Orbital Sciences and SpaceX to utilize their COTS cargo vehicles.
COTS is related but separate from the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. COTS related to the development of the vehicles, CRS to the actual deliveries. COTS involved a number of Space Act Agreements, with NASA providing milestone-based payments. COTS did not involve binding contracts. CRS on the other hand does involve legally binding contracts, which means the suppliers would be liable if they failed to perform. Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a related program, aimed specifically at developing crew rotation services. It is similar to COTS-D. All three programs are managed by NASA's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO).
Purpose
Unlike any previous NASA project, the proposed spacecraft are intended to be owned and financed primarily by the companies themselves and will be designed to serve both U.S. government agencies and commercial customers. NASA will contract for missions as its needs become clear.
This is more challenging than existent commercial space transportation because it requires precision orbit insertion, rendezvous and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The private spaceflight vendors are competing for four specific service areas:
Capability level A: External unpressurized cargo delivery and disposal
Capability level B: Internal pressurized cargo delivery and disposal
Capability level C: Internal pressurized cargo delivery, return and recovery
Capability level D: Crew Transportation (was not funded, but formed the basis of CCDev)
Program rationale
NASA explored a program for ISS services in the mid 1990s entitled "Alt Access" for Alternate Access. While NASA funded Alt Access no further than preliminary studies, this program convinced numerous entrepreneurs that ISS could emerge as a significant market opportunity.
After years of keeping orbital transport for human spaceflight in-house, NASA concluded that firms in a free market could develop and operate such a system more efficiently and affordably than a government bureaucracy. The then NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin stated that without affordable Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), the agency will not have enough funds remaining to achieve the objectives of the Vision for Space Exploration. In November 2005, Dr. Griffin articulated that:
With the advent of the ISS, there will exist for the first time a strong, identifiable market for "routine" transportation service to and from LEO, and that this will be only the first step in what will be a huge opportunity for truly commercial space enterprise. We believe that when we engage the engine of competition, these services will be provided in a more cost-effective fashion than when the government has to do it.
Furthermore, if such services were unavailable by the end of 2010, NASA would've been forced to purchase orbital transportation services on foreign spacecraft such as the Russian Federal Space Agency's Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle, or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's H-II Transfer Vehicle since NASA's own Crew Exploration Vehicle, since refocused, would not have been ready until 2014.
In 2007 NASA asserted that once COTS was operational, it would no longer procure Russian cargo delivery services.
NASA anticipates that COTS services to ISS will be necessary through at least 2015. NASA projects at most a half-dozen COTS flights a year that would transport 10 tonnes annually. The NASA Administrator has suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital fuel depots and lunar surface deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.
On May 22, 2012, Bill Gerstenmaier confirmed that NASA was no longer purchasing any cargo resupply services from Russia and would rely solely on the American CRS vehicles, the SpaceX Dragon and Orbital Sciences' Cygnus; with the exception of a few vehicle-specific payloads delivered on the European ATV and the Japanese HTV.
History
Background
In 2004, NASA awarded a contract to Kistler Aerospace (which later became Rocketplane Kistler) for $227 million, despite the fact that Kistler had already filed for bankruptcy. This upset Elon Musk, as there had not been a competition and Musk could have used the funding at SpaceX. Musk protested, and NASA withdrew the contract to Kistler after the Government Accountability Office issued a ruling in support of Musk. NASA returned to the planning phase, and this eventually resulted in the COTS competition.
First round
In May 2006, NASA selected six semifinalist proposals for further evaluation: SpaceX, Andrews Space, Transformational Space Corp., Rocketplane Kistler ("RpK"), Spacehab, and SpaceDev.
On August 18, 2006, NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) announced that SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler won Phase I of the COTS program. NASA planned to engage winners in funded Space Act agreements through 2010.
On November 8, 2006 RpK and ATK announced that ATK would become the lead contractor for the K-1.
NASA terminated the COTS agreement with RpK in September 2007 after NASA warned RpK that it had failed to raise sufficient private funding by the July 31, 2007 deadline, freeing up $175 million from the COTS budget to be awarded to another company or companies.
Boeing submitted a proposal in conjunction with Arianespace to launch the ESA ATV module on a Delta IV rocket. Whereas the ESA launches the ATV on an Ariane 5, the two companies worked together to make this proposal. The ATV can carry up to 7.6 metric tons with a suitable launcher.
Second round
By June 18, 2007, NASA had signed separate non-reimbursable Space Act Agreements with three additional firms, Constellation Services International (CSI), SpaceDev and Spacehab. These agreements included no financial support, however NASA agreed to share information to help the companies to develop their proposed vehicles.
On October 22, 2007, NASA solicited proposals for the $175 million in unawarded first round funds. Some of the new contenders who entered before the deadline in November 2007 for the funding were Spacehab, t/Space, Andrews Space, PlanetSpace and SpaceDev.
In January 2008 industry sources claimed that the field had been downselected to four; Spacehab, Andrews Space, PlanetSpace and Orbital Sciences, with the announcement date set to February 7. Several sources later suggested that Boeing and not Andrews was a final contestant.
On February 19, 2008, the second round selection was made to Orbital Sciences Corporation, for the Cygnus spacecraft. NASA's selection statement showed that Orbital beat Boeing on expected lower costs and the added benefit of a new medium lift launcher Taurus II with Andrews, PlanetSpace and Spacehab being eliminated on funding concerns.
Following the original $500M Space Act Agreement, an additional $288M in "augmentation" funding was awarded to the two contractors before the demonstration flights.
Program conclusion
The COTS program was successfully concluded in November 2013 after two companies, SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, designed, built and launched "a pair of new spacecraft on rockets that also were newly designed". NASA has published its own history of the COTS program including the controlling of the development program using Space Act Agreements (SAA), with lessons for future programs.
Awards
Rocketplane Kistler — originally awarded contract worth $207 million; Rocketplane Kistler received only $32.1 million before NASA terminated their contract for failure to complete milestones in October 2007.
SpaceX — awarded contract worth $278 million; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $396 million. On May 22, 2012 SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 completed the NASA and SpaceX Space Act Agreement. Falcon 9 #3 flew capsule Dragon C2+ to the International Space Station. After rendezvousing, berthing and unloading the capsule successfully reentered landing in the Pacific Ocean.
Orbital Sciences Corporation — awarded contract worth $170 million in the second round in February 2008; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $288 million. The Antares (rocket) made its maiden flight lifting a payload mass simulator to low Earth orbit (LEO) on April 21, 2013. On September 18, 2013, Antares successfully launched a Cygnus spacecraft to rendezvous with the International Space Station.
Competitors
More than twenty organizations submitted COTS proposals in March 2006 of which twenty were publicly disclosed. NASA received new COTS proposals from at least seven firms by November 21, 2007.
Commercial Resupply Services
On December 22, 2008, NASA stated they would discuss the contract selection to provide commercial cargo resupply services for the International Space Station. NASA announced the awarding of contracts to both SpaceX and Orbital Sciences Corporation in a press conference on December 23, 2008. The contracts include a minimum of 20 missions, 12 missions for SpaceX ($1.6 Billion) and 8 missions for Orbital Sciences ($1.9 Billion). PlanetSpace submitted a protest to the Government Accountability Office after receiving a NASA debriefing on the outcome of the award. On April 22, 2009 GAO publicly released its decision to deny the protest.
See also
Cargo spacecraft
Commercial Crew Development
Commercial off-the-shelf
Space Shuttle successors
Commercial Lunar Payload Services
References
External links
NASA's COTS webpage
COTS Space Act Agreements
Private spaceflight
NASA programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20Orbital%20Transportation%20Services |
Assyrian folk dances are sets of dances that are performed throughout the world by Assyrians, mostly on occasions such as weddings, community parties and other jubilant events.
Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of circle dances like ballet that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. Most of the dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the Sabre Dance, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and tempo of a song.
Assyrian folk dances belong to five metric groups: (10 dances), (6 dances), (13 dances), (1 dance), (1 dance). The tempo would usually range from slow (70 beats per minute) to very fast (140 beats).
Technique
All Assyrians dances, with the exception of the Sabre Dance, are done in a connected circle. Most Assyrian circle dances are lateral, vining and open-ended, where more and more participants can join the dance. In an open floor space, the lines assume open circular shapes where they tend to curve and acquire spiral shapes as determined by floor space availability.
There are only five ways of moving the body; Step, leap, run, hop and jump. The legs are also used to stamp, stomp and kick. The arms are used predominantly and they'd usually move independently of the legs. Arm gestures include bouncing, swinging forward and back, moving side-to-side, lifting above the head and clapping.
In many dances, the torso, along with the shoulders and arms, bounce up and down rhythmically. Stomps and stamps are also executed in Assyrian folk dances. Knee bends, deep squats and leg extensions are a regular occurrence in Assyrian dance.
The connections include, hand-to-hand, hand to shoulder, and hand to hip, with hand-to-hand being the most popular. The hand-to-hand type has three connections; The "W", the "V" and the "T". The "W" arm hold is the most common where the arms are raised into the "W" position (or, at least, it appears to look like the letter W). The "T" dance is where hands are placed on other participants's shoulders. This is the least common dance of the three.
Dances
Fast pace
Siskany: The Siskany dance involves the participants briskly shaking their shoulders where they move their limbs energetically, with an emphasis on their feet in a zippy manner. Sometimes the khigga beat is geared up to this to indicate a climactic end. The pulsating tempo is consanguineous to the electronic dance music and dance-pop found in western music. The dance technique is virtually like the khigga one, albeit it is in a faster fashion. Alternatively, a simpler form involves the dancers plainly going forwards and backwards to the beat with stomps, as if they are rocking or swinging. The dance goes by the time signature of and the tempo is around 120-135bpm.
Gubbare: Mostly danced at the end of a party. The music is fast, lively and upbeat, akin to a jig. The music accompanying the dance is typically in the major key. Pinkies interlock, dancers repeatedly go forward and back in motion in the circle. Popular song in a gubareh beat is Tom Tom by Linda George. Gubareh is in and its tempo is around 125-135bpm.
Bablaka: Fervently danced, with pinkies interlocking, where they (hands and arms too) move up and down energetically and perennially. But unlike gubareh, the participant is more stable where they will not prance forward and backwards in the dance floor. Motion is intemperately focused on arms, shoulders and hands in bablaka. Dancers may also rhythmically bend knees. The beat is virtually homogeneous to gubareh. It also danced at the end of parties. The meter is and tempo is around 125-130bpm.
Belaty: The dance is accompanied by a moderately fast-paced Arabic rhythm (similar to belly dancing music). Dancers would connect hand-to-hand in the circle, lift legs to the beat whilst making a slight leap and kick their legs to the sides in the air (this would repeat). An example of a notable song with a belaty beat is Ahela Yoni by Ashur Bet Sargis. Becoming somewhat rare and unwonted recently, songs traditionally in its rhythm are now played and danced to in the Bagiyeh or Peda beat. The beat is 125-135bpm. .
Tolama: Lively and energetic dance where the participants constantly jump and kick legs in the air repeatedly (similar in fashion to belaty and gubareh), whilst also moving their torso forward and backwards. It also danced at the end of parties after Gubbareh, but it is not as commonly practiced as Gubbareh. Notable song in this beat is Shoshonla by Shamiram Urshan. The time signature is and temp is 125-140bpm.
Sabre dance: A solo dance that usually involves one to three participants. As the dance starts, the sword bearer dances by himself, waving his sword and holding his shield (a shield is optional, though). The dance represents the symbolic surrender of the bride to the groom and his family. In weddings, it is performed by the closest male relatives of the couple. The rhythm is a duple meter, and this gives a "springy" feeling to the dance.
Moderate pace
Khigga: The simplest and most common dance beat in Assyrian music. Individuals hold hands with the line or circle following around the dance floor where they gently move one leg forward, backward and repeat with the next leg. Its music is the first beat that is played when welcoming the bride and groom to the reception hall. A notable song with this beat is Moralon by Evin Agassi. Furthermore, the term khigga is also occasionally used to denote all the Assyrian folk circle dances, i.e. "Khigga'd belaty" ("khigga of belaty"), "khigga'd gubareh", etc. It is generally danced from right to left by Iraqi and Iranian Assyrians. Khigga goes by the time signature of with moderate tempo between 105-115bpm. Rhythm is similar to that of a shuffle beat.
Heavy Khigga (Khigga Yaqoora): Virtually the same dance as above, except the tempo is 'heavier' where the participants would make more ardent and exaggerated moves, as its name suggests, namely knee bending. It is not to be confused with Siskani, as that dance beat is faster and has distinguishing techniques. It is danced from right to left by Assyrians from Iraq and Iran, and left to right by Assyrians from Syria. Connection is always made by hands. Examples of songs having this beat is Zayno Mala by David Simon. Heavy khigga goes by the time signature of with tempo between 115-120bpm.
Khigga'd Suria (Syrian Khigga) or Beriyeh: Danced by Assyrians from Syria, it is a standard khigga that is generally accompanied by a faster beat, usually at around 110-120bpm. Dancers connect by pinkies, where they repeatedly wave their connected pinkies whilst taking a few steps forwards and one step backwards. It is generally danced from left to right. The dance technique is similar to gubareh, but it lacks the fast-paced multiple forward-steps and leg kicking. It is danced during the entrance of the bride and groom at weddings.
Tanzara: Legend has it that the dance was brought to Anatolia by the Ancient Assyrians during their conquest of the region in the Assyrian empire in commemoration to the god of food and vegetation. Dancers connect by holding hands in the circle or line, go forwards and backwards by making a little knee bending. Uncommon than above dances. The time signature is and tempo is 115-125bpm.
Kochari: The notable attribute of this dance is that the participants are connected by arms-on-arms (akin to dabke). Each leg makes a kick in a repetitive manner. Common among Assyrians in Syria. Very rare among other Assyrians. , 110-120bpm
Slow pace
Sheikhani: One of the older dances, Sheikhani is laid-back, albeit bouncy, and slightly slower than khigga. The main movement is two-step. The two-step begins with the right foot (right-left-right) and is then repeated with the left foot (left-right-left). Hands are interlocked, left arm is bent at the elbow and pressed against the back, right arm held forward against the back of the dancer in front. The dancers go forward a couple steps in, with their arms at their sides and at the same time, kick into the center. After that, they immediately step back out. A notable song with a sheikhani beat is Wye Wye Minakh by Sargon Gabriel. Sheykhani is in time signature and is 90-105bpm. Rhythm is similar to a dembow.
Bagiye: Evolved from Sheikhani, Bagiyeh has a move where the dancers slowly turn to face the back of the dancer in front or side of them, leisurely kick both legs in the air, then brusquely raise hands into air whilst making a sharp rotation. The dancers would turn to the right; their hands are hooked to one another by the fingers, the right arm is bent in front of the body, and the left arm is bent in behind the back. Although similar, bagiye is sluggish and more onerous than sheikhany. There is a homogeneous variant of this dance called Peda with particularised sets of songs, popularised by singer-songwriter Adwar Mousa in Syria. The dance beat has gotten popular in the late 2000s and 2010s, with songs traditionally in the belaty rhythm being incorporated into this beat. Notable song with a bagiyeh beat is Yalekhta by Linda George. Notable song affiliated with peda is Narineh by Sargon Gabriel. Bagiyeh is in time signature and is 80-95bpm.
Georgina: A Kurdish-inspired dance that's slow-paced and usually accompanied by sentimental ballads (one popular song being Zereneh by Janan Sawa). The music tends have a Turkish and Kurdish flavour. Dancers hold the pinkie or little finger and move them rhythmically (akin to bablaka, albeit gently). It is more common among Chaldean Assyrians. The tempo is around 70bpm-80bpm. .
Chobi: A modern circle dance found in Iraqi music. It is also practiced by Iraqi Assyrians. The dance is similar to khigga, but it would have more pronounced leg elevation and swaying, making it more difficult. Each leg swiftly kicks to the air and repeats. Arms sway forwards and backwards. Songs may usually be in Iraqi Arabic, but a few Assyrian songs such as Teela Teela by Evin Agassi would have this rhythm. The tempo is around 95bpm-100bpm.
Arabanoo: A slow circle dance where dancers interconnect with pinkies and sway tardily around in a circle. Mostly practiced among Urmian Assyrians. It is not to confused with Georgina as this dance is slower and more serene in comparison. Aywateh by Evin Agassi utilizes this beat. Uncommon. , 52-66bpm
Azia Tamma: Similar to sheikhani in terms of pace, but with more steps that go forward and backwards (or reverse) a notch. Not common. , 82-88bpm
Other dances
These Assyrian folk dances are rarely danced, but they're still practiced within some tribes and/or special events:
Akmale
Azrabukeh: , 116-126bpm
Bet-Karkhan
Beriyo
Chalakhan: , 126-132bpm
Demale: , 63-69bpm
Dimdimma: or , 72-76 (), 118-122bpm ()
Hareigooleh: , 116-124bpm
Hoberban: , 130-134bpm
Janiman: , 60-66bpm
Mamer: , 122-130bpm
Janiman: , 60-66bpm
Hoberban: , 130-134bpm
Mamyana: , 68-74bpm
Shapshapa
Shara: , 92-100bpm
Sinjiyeh
Zingirta: , 120-150bpm
See also
Sirto
Horon
Bar
An dro
Music of Iraq
External links
30 Assyrian Folk Dances by Peter Pnuel BetBasoo
References
Middle Eastern dances
Folk dance
Dance in Syria
Dance in Turkey
Dance in Iran
Dance in Iraq
Circle dances
Social dance
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian%20folk%20dance |
James Timothy Burke (October 12, 1874 – March 26, 1942) was a Major League Baseball third baseman, coach, and manager. He played for the Cleveland Spiders, St. Louis Perfectos, Milwaukee Brewers, Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals.
Burke was the regular third baseman for the Cardinals from 1903 to 1905. He was named player-manager in the middle of the 1905, season but was replaced by Stanley Robison after amassing a record of 34–56.
Playing career
Burke made his debut in October 1898 for the Cleveland Spiders. He was one of many players moved from Cleveland to St. Louis the following season, a move that stocked Cleveland with inferior and inept ball players that resulted in that team producing the worst record ever in Major league baseball. Burke only played a couple of games for St. Louis, now called the St. Louis Perfectos.
In 1901, he split time between the Milwaukee Brewers and Chicago White Sox of the American League. After being released by Chicago in 1901, he signed with the National League's Pittsburgh Pirates where once again he played only occasionally.
Burke never got anywhere near close to regular playing time until he was traded by Pittsburgh to the St. Louis Cardinals. In 1903, his first season with significant playing time, he batted .285 and rove in 42 runs. However, despite in appearing in over hundred games in both of the next seasons, Burke found himself playing for the Kansas City Blues in the minor leagues. Burke never again played in the majors, finishing his career with the Fort Wayne Champs of the Central League in 1913.
Coaching
From 1914 through 1917, Burke was a coach for the Detroit Tigers. He then served as manager for the St. Louis Browns from 1918 through 1920. In 1921, he became a coach for the Boston Red Sox, a position he held for three seasons. Burke later was a coach for the Chicago Cubs from 1926 through 1930, and was last a coach with the New York Yankees from 1931 through 1933.
Managerial record
See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
References
External links
, or Retrosheet
Managerial record
1874 births
1942 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Cleveland Spiders players
St. Louis Perfectos players
Milwaukee Brewers (1901) players
Chicago White Sox players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals managers
St. Louis Browns managers
New York Yankees coaches
Chicago Cubs coaches
Detroit Tigers coaches
Boston Red Sox coaches
Toledo Mud Hens managers
Peoria Distillers players
Lansing Senators players
Peoria Blackbirds players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Milwaukee Creams players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Rochester Bronchos players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Fort Wayne Billikens players
Fort Wayne Champs players
Indianapolis Indians managers
Major League Baseball player-managers
19th-century baseball players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers
Louisville Colonels (minor league) managers
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Burke%20%28baseball%29 |
ESPN Radio SportsCenter is a news recap segment on ESPN Radio that airs during talk programming and sometimes live games coverage, usually by separate anchors. There are two updates an hour, at the top of the hour and 30 minutes past.
Background
ESPN Radio's marquee segment lasts between one minute and two and a half minutes (depending on time of day) and includes scores, stats, news and sound bites. During the updates, the SportsCenter theme music plays throughout. ESPN Radio SportsCenter is heard during marquee programs such as Mike and Mike in the Morning. It is also heard every twenty minutes during MLB and NBA broadcasts on ESPN Radio. It can also be heard on certain EA Sports games that include ESPN integration. The updates can be accessed on demand using the ESPN mobile app.
The morning ESPN Radio SportsCenter anchors were Bob Picozzi and Christine Lisi. As of August 30, 2010, Mike Greenberg anchored the updates during Mike and Mike leaving to do Get Up! on ESPN in 2018. Dan Davis, who is an ESPN Radio original broadcaster, controlled the midday updates, while Marc Kestecher and formerly Jon Stashower were there in the evening. The late night crew usually switched between Neil Jackson and Jay Reynolds. Most of the ESPN Radio SportsCenter anchors also have other assignments from ESPN; for instance, Bob Picozzi also did play-by-play for Big East basketball on ESPN and Fox.
Schedule
Monday-Friday
See also
List of ESPN Radio personalities
References
ESPN Radio
External links
ESPN Radio
SportsCenter
SportsCenter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN%20Radio%20SportsCenter |
Volts is an album by AC/DC released as a part named "Disc Four" on the Bonfire box set. Released in November 1997, the album is a compilation of some alternative versions of songs recorded for the albums Let There Be Rock and Highway to Hell, and some songs previously released.
A hidden track containing various interviews appears after a short amount of silence following the last track.
Track listing
"Dirty Eyes" – 3:21
"Touch Too Much" (demo) – 6:34
"If You Want Blood You've Got It" (demo) – 4:28
"Back Seat Confidential" – 5:23
"Get It Hot" (demo) – 4:17
"Sin City" (live) – 4:58
"She's Got Balls" (live) – 7:57
"School Days" (Chuck Berry cover) – 5:23
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" – 5:14
"Ride On" – 5:47 "Bon Scott interviews" – 3:48
Australian version
"Dirty Eyes" – 3:21
"Touch Too Much" – 6:34
"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" – 4:26
"Back Seat Confidential" – 5:23
"Get It Hot" – 4:15
"Sin City" (live) – 4:53
"Walk All Over You" (live) - 5:06
"T.N.T." (live) - 4:13
"She's Got Balls" (live) – 7:56
"School Days" – 5:21
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" – 5:16
"Ride On" – 9:44 "Bon Scott interviews"
All songs composed by Malcolm Young, Angus Young and Bon Scott except "School Days" by Chuck Berry.
Track information
"Dirty Eyes" is an early recording, which essentially later turned out as the song "Whole Lotta Rosie" which is found on both versions of Let There Be Rock, though with different lyrics.
"Touch Too Much" is a different track from the one found on Highway to Hell, the only similarity being the title.
"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" is the same track found on Highway to Hell, but with some different lyrics.
"Back Seat Confidential" is an early recording, which essentially turned into the song "Beating Around the Bush", which is found on Highway to Hell, though with different lyrics.
"Get It Hot" is a different track from the one found on Highway to Hell, the only similarity being the title.
"Sin City" was recorded live from Midnight Special on 6 September 1978.
"Walk All Over You" and "T.N.T." were recorded live from Let There Be Rock: The Movie in the Australian version.
"She's Got Balls" was recorded live in 1977 from the Bondi Lifesaver, and is also found as a b-side to the single "You Shook Me All Night Long".
"School Days" is from T.N.T., and was previously unreleased outside of Australia.
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was previously released on T.N.T., in a slightly shorter edit; it also appears on the international version of High Voltage.
"Ride On" was previously released on the Australian and international releases of Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, and there are several hidden interview tracks after this song.
Personnel
Bon Scott - lead vocals; bagpipes on "It's A Long Way to the Top"
Angus Young - lead guitar
Malcolm Young - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Phil Rudd - drums
Cliff Williams - bass guitar, backing vocals
Mark Evans - bass guitar on "Dirty Eyes", "It's a Long Way to the Top", and "Ride On"
George Young - bass guitar on "School Days"
AC/DC compilation albums
1997 compilation albums
East West Records compilation albums
Demo albums
Albums produced by George Young (rock musician)
Albums produced by Harry Vanda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volts%20%28album%29 |
The Kitsai (also Kichai) language is an extinct member of the Caddoan language family. The French first record the Kichai people's presence along the upper Red River in 1701. By the 1840s Kitsai was spoken in southern Oklahoma, but by the 1930s no native speakers remained. It is thought to be most closely related to Pawnee. The Kichai people today are enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi), Waco and Tawakonie), headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
Phonology
Consonants
Kitsai's consonant inventory consists of the phonemes shown in the chart below. The phoneme /c/ is analyzed below as a palatal stop, even though its typical realization is alveolar with delayed release, so as to not have an affricate "series" consisting of only one phoneme. Similarly, /w/ is analyzed as a velar (i.e. labio-velar) rather than a labial so as to not be the only labial consonant.
Vowels
Kitsai has the following vowel phonemes:
Documentation
Kitsai is documented in the still mostly-unpublished field notes of anthropologist Alexander Lesser, of Hofstra University. Lesser discovered five speakers of Kitsai in 1928 and 1929, none of whom spoke English. Communicating to the Kitsai speakers through Wichita/English bilingual translators, he filled 41 notebooks with Kitsai material.
Kai Kai was the last fluent speaker of Kitsai. She was born around 1849 and lived eight miles north of Anadarko. Kai Kai worked with Lesser to record vocabulary and oral history and prepare a grammar of the language.
In the 1960s, Lesser shared his materials with Salvador Bucca of the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, and they published scholarly articles on Kitsai.
Vocabulary
Some Kitsai words include the following:
Bear: Wari:ni
Corn: Kotay
Coyote: 'Taxko
Grass: A'tsi'u
Man: Wí:ta
Sweet potato: 'Ihts
White: Kaxtsnu
Wind: Ho'tonu
Woman: Tsakwákt
Notes
References
Sturtevant, William C., general editor, and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. .
External links
Kitsai, Native Languages
Caddoan languages and peoples
Caddoan languages
Extinct languages of North America
Wichita tribe
Languages extinct in the 1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsai%20language |
The Voplex building is a remarkable office building located in Perinton, New York close to Interstate 490 approaching the city of Rochester, New York from the east. The name is a local one, not formally conferred on the building. Instead it refers to the fact that the building was designed for and initially occupied by Voplex Corporation, a supplier of automotive custom plastic products such as interior trim. A sign with the name "Voplex" in large letters was visible for quite a distance, and the name stuck. NimbleUser and Synoptek now occupy the building, and the building is part of the three building office complex officially called the Basin Tech Centre on Pittsford-Victor Road. Coincidentally, it is within a quarter mile of the Mushroom House, another notable piece of local architecture, but one not visible from a distance, being located in woods.
Another office building, located in Canandaigua, New York, is also a former Voplex location, and is likewise known as the "Voplex building". However it is of conventional design.
Views of the building
Passing moderately high around a hill, the I-490 highway gives a fine view of the city in the distance with the Voplex building in the near foreground, below the road. From this vantage, one can see the shape of the building as a decagonal, lenticular shape raised up on a much smaller rectangular base. Three segments of the decagon are missing on the south side, forming the main entrance.
The building has been likened to a large pie with a section cut out, a flying saucer, the Crunchwrap Supreme, and the Millennium Falcon. It was designed by the architect Carlton DeWolff, founder of the nationally recognized firm of DeWolff Partnership Architects LLP. Other designs in his portfolio include the International Museum of Photography at the George Eastman House, and the Blue Cross Arena in Rochester.
Recent history
1995 - The building was acquired by Ray Hutch, founder of Western New York Computing Systems / Synergy Global Solutions. Ray converted the 1st floor covered parking to office space, and added a warehouse on the north side of the building.
2008 - The building was purchased by James Salviski, founder of LogicalSolutions.net and began undergoing a complete renovation (expected to be complete in late 2009). The existing warehouse was converted to a Tier4 data center, and the facility became the new headquarters for LogicalSolutions.net, a software, website design, hosting and Data Center management firm.
2009 - With much of the data center and interior renovation complete, a significant effort to clean up the grounds is underway. People traveling on 490, especially Eastbound travelers, will notice the cleanup of trees and other overgrowth.
2013 - Building is now occupied by EarthLink Business, housing both a data center, a sales team, and support functions.
2015 - NimbleUser, a software development firm, now occupies the second floor, sharing tenancy with EarthLink Business.
2016 - Synoptek acquired EarthLink’s IT Services business.
References
External links
DeWolff Partnership Architects LLP
Synoptek
NimbleUser
JTS Management, LLC
Office buildings in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voplex%20building |
SPA Truck Company (S-P-A) was a manufacturer of trucks, which was owned and operated by Studebaker Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Pierce-Arrow of Buffalo, New York. The name SPA was based on Studebaker, Pierce and Arrow. SPA manufactured trucks from 1929 to 1933.
While the Studebaker industrial fortune had been made by building Conestoga wagons, Studebaker had been late in entering the modern truck market, doing so in 1929. While Studebaker plants were running at near capacity, executives planned on using Pierce-Arrow's unused excess capacity to handle truck production demand.
Studebaker attempted to acquire White Motor Company in 1932, a known manufacturer of heavy duty trucks based in Cleveland, Ohio. White backed out of the deal just before March 1933; Studebaker then sold Pierce Arrow to investors, which were forced into bankruptcy and liquidated the firm in 1938.
When Studebaker filed for receivership in March 1933, SPA was liquidated and Studebaker focused its attention on automobiles, producing a modest volume of trucks until the late 1930s.
External links
1932 Pierce Arrow Tanker
SPA Truck
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPA%20Truck%20Company |
The Claremont district is a neighborhood straddling the city limits of Oakland and Berkeley in the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, United States. The main thoroughfares are Claremont and Ashby Avenues.
The name "Claremont" was adopted December 20, 1879, at a meeting convened by a real estate developer and local resident, Grant Taggert. Within a year or so of this, the name of the main thoroughfare was changed from Telegraph Road to Claremont Avenue. The Telegraph Road had been named for the first telegraph line into Oakland, strung by the Alta Telegraph Company in 1859. The line ran from Martinez across the hills and down what was then named "Harwood's Canyon" after an early claimant to grazing lands in the canyon above the Claremont neighborhood, retired sea captain and Oakland wharfinger William Harwood. With the advent of the telegraph line, it became "Telegraph Canyon", a name that persists for a side canyon near the summit of the hills. The creek which runs through the Claremont neighborhood was first known as the north fork of Temescal Creek. It later became Harwood Creek, and eventually, Claremont Creek. Many local residents still refer to the stream as Harwood Creek.
During the 19th century, a stage coach line ran up the canyon and over the summit into Contra Costa County. This became an early auto route over the Berkeley Hills even after the first tunnel (the Inter County Tunnel) opened up in 1903 to the south of Claremont Canyon, at the top of Temescal Canyon above where the Caldecott Tunnel is today.
In 1905, Duncan McDuffie opened up the Claremont Park development, an upscale tract with racial covenants, which prevented property owners from selling or renting to non-whites.
In 1909, the portion of the district which now lies within the city of Oakland was annexed to the city. Until then, it had been an unincorporated area of Alameda County.
In the early 1900s real estate interests associated with the Key System built the Claremont Hotel at the mouth of Claremont Canyon. The Key System ran one of its commuter train lines directly to the hotel up Claremont Avenue until service ended in 1958. This train became the transbay "E" train upon completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.
The principal west–east thoroughfare through the Claremont was at first Russell Street which led directly to the road up Claremont Canyon. With the opening of the first tunnel however, Ashby became the more direct approach to the Tunnel Road and was improved over the years to channel through traffic, especially during the 1930s when both the new Broadway (later renamed Caldecott) Tunnel and the Bay Bridge were constructed. Ashby and Tunnel Road were then designated State Route 24 and connected to the Eastshore Highway (now Freeway) to serve as an access route to the Bay Bridge and San Francisco. Upon completion of the Grove-Shafter Freeway in the 1960s, it was re-designated State Route 13 and connected to the new Warren Freeway.
The Claremont district was one of the areas affected by the 1991 Oakland firestorm. The flames came within a few blocks of the Claremont Hotel, destroying much of the area northeast of Tunnel Road. The area has since been rebuilt.
See also
Telegraph Avenue
References
Neighborhoods in Berkeley, California
Neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Streetcar suburbs
History of Berkeley, California
History of Oakland, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont%2C%20Oakland/Berkeley%2C%20California |
Benjamin Horace (Ben) Weese (born 1929) in Evanston, Illinois is an American architect hailing from Chicago, and a member of the architects group, the Chicago Seven. Weese is the younger brother of Chicago architect Harry Weese.
He received BArch and MArch degrees from Harvard University, and a certificate from the École des Beaux-Arts in Fontainebleau, France. He returned to Chicago in 1957 into his older brother's firm, Harry Weese Associates, which specialized in urban renewal and subsidized housing projects. In the late 1970s, he was a member of the Chicago Seven, a group which emerged in opposition to the doctrinal application of modernism, as represented particularly in Chicago by the followers of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
In 1977, Weese opened his own firm, Weese Seegers Hickey Weese, with his wife. This turned out to be an award-winning firm, later becoming Weese Langley Weese, and is known for non-profit and educational projects with an emphasis on historical appreciation and preservation. Ben is suffering from dementia currently and is confined in an assisting living facility.
See also
Chicago Seven (architects)
References
"Biography of Ben Weese" - Art Institute of Chicago
External links
Oral history interview with Ben Weese -Oral history of Benjamin Horace Weese / interviewed by Annemarie van Roessel, compiled under the auspices of the Chicago Architects Oral History Project, the Ernest R. Graham Study Center for Architectural Drawings, Department of Architecture, the Art Institute of Chicago.
1929 births
Living people
Artists from Evanston, Illinois
Architects from Chicago
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Weese |
Pennsylvania Rail Trails are former railway lines that have been converted to paths designed for pedestrian, bicycle, skating, equestrian, or light motorized traffic. Rail trails are multi-use paths offering, at a minimum, a combination of pedestrian and cycle recreation.
Trails beginning from A to E
A
Allegheny Portage Railroad Trail
Allegheny Valley River Trail
Arboretum Trail
Armstrong Trail
Arrowhead Trail, Washington County
B
Back Mountain Trail
Beaver River Trail
Bellefonte Central Rail Trail
Bristol Spurline Park Trail
Buffalo Valley Rail Trail
Butler-Freeport Community Trail
C
Chester Valley Trail
Clarion Highlands Trail
Clarion - Little Toby Creek Trail
Clearfield to Grampian Trail
Conestoga Greenway Trail
Conewago Recreation Trail
Corry Junction Greenway Trail
Cumberland County Biker/Hiker Trail
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail
Cynwyd Heritage Trail
D
D&H Trail
D&L Trail
Dimeling to Madera Trail
E
East Branch Trail
Endless Mountain Riding Trail
Ernst Bike Trail
Trails beginning from F to M
F
Five Star Trail
Forks Township Recreational Trail
G
Ghost Town Trail
Great Allegheny Passage
Greene River Trail
H
Harmony Trail
Hike & Bike Trail
Hoodlebug Trail
Hoover-Mason Trestle
Houtzdale Line Trail
Huntingdon and Broad Top Trail
I
Indian Creek Valley Trail
Ironton Rail-trail
J
James Mayer Riverwalk
JFK Walking Trail
John B. Bartram Trail
K
Kellettville To Nebraska Trail
Knox & Kane Rail Trail
L
Lancaster Junction Trail
Lebanon Valley Rail Trail
Lehigh & New England Trail
Lehigh Gorge Trail
LeTort Spring Run Nature Trail
Liberty Bell Trail
Lower Trail
Luzerne County Rail Trail
Lycoming Creek Bikeway
M
Mahoning Shadow Trail
Montour Trail
Trails beginning from N to Z
N
Nor-Bath Trail
O
O&W Rail Trail
Ohio River Trail
P
Palmer Bikeway
Panhandle Trail
Penns Creek Path
Pennypack Trail
Perkiomen Trail
Phoenix Iron Canal Trail
Pine Creek Rail Trail
Plainfield Township Trail
R
Radnor Trail
Railroad Grade Trail
Roaring Run Trail
Rotary Walk Trail
S
Samuel Justus Recreational Trail
Sandy Creek Trail
{{Saucon Valley Rail Trail]] https://www.lowersaucontownship.org/srt.html
Schuylkill River Trail
Sewickley Creek Trail
Snow Shoe Trail
Stavich Bike Trail
Stony Valley Railroad Grade
Struble Trail
Susquehanna Warrior Trail
Switchback Railroad Trail
T
Tidioute Riverside Rec Trek Trail
Towpath Bike Trail
Tredway Trail
Trolley Trail
W
Warren to North Warren Bike Trail
Warwick-to-Ephrata Rail Trail
West Penn Trail
Westmoreland Heritage Trail
Wynn & Clara Tredway River Park
Y
York County Heritage Rail Trail
References
External links
PA DCNR trail page
RailsToTrails.us Pennsylvania rail trails
Rail trails in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rail%20trails%20in%20Pennsylvania |
Peter-John Vettese (born 15 August 1956), also known as Peter Vettese, is a Scottish keyboardist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. Vettese is perhaps best known for being the keyboardist for progressive rock band Jethro Tull for most of the 1980s.
Early life
Peter Vettese grew up in a musical family in Brechin, Angus, Scotland. He began his music studies with piano lessons at the age of 4. At 9, he began playing in public with his father's band. He left home at 17 to join one of the UK's biggest dance hall Big Bands, but was fired for rehearsing in company time with his own group. He then formed the jazz fusion group Solaris with guitarist Jim Condie, and toured Scotland and the US. He was playing in pubs and clubs in Scotland when he saw an advertisement for keyboard players in the music newspaper Melody Maker, which turned out to be from the progressive rock band Jethro Tull.
Jethro Tull
Vettese joined Jethro Tull in 1982 for the recording of their album The Broadsword and the Beast, and toured with the band extensively for the next couple of years, appearing on the album Live at Hammersmith '84. Vettese made significant contributions to Tull's heavily electronic album Under Wraps, (1984) toured with them again in 1986, and recorded as a guest musician on Rock Island (1989).
Vettese also collaborated with Tull's frontman Ian Anderson on Anderson's 1983 solo album, Walk into Light. Vettese co-wrote half the songs on the album, which is notable for his innovative contributions on electronic keyboards.
Later career
Vettese began an independent career as a songwriter, arranger and producer. In the 1980s he worked with and produced a diverse range of artists including Cutting Crew, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Go West, Pet Shop Boys, Bee Gees, Cher, Foreigner, Carly Simon and Clannad. In 1987, he fulfilled a boyhood dream to play with Paul McCartney as a session musician, but he later turned down an offer to become a member of McCartney's re-formed band Wings.
More recently he has worked with Box of Frogs, Simple Minds, Annie Lennox (the Grammy winning arrangement of "Walking on Broken Glass"), Zucchero, Simon Nicol, Peter Cox, Heather Small, Dido, Sophie B. Hawkins, Andy Leek, Beverley Knight, Hanne Boel, Gary Barlow, Mark Owen, Geri Halliwell, Melanie C, Nate James, Alex Parks, Darren Hayes, Robin Gibb (most notably on the album 50 St. Catherine's Drive) Laura Critchley, Peter Heppner and Spark.
Vettese is currently signed to Kobalt Music and has his own recording studio in Battersea where he also writes, produces, and records music for film soundtracks.
Selected discography
With Jethro Tull
The Broadsword and the Beast (1982)
Under Wraps (1984)
Rock Island (1989 - as guest member)
With Ian Anderson
Walk into Light (1983)
With Bee Gees
One (1989)
Still Waters (1997)
This Is Where I Came In (2001)
With Simple Minds
Real Life (1991)
With Julian Lennon
Everything Changes (2011)
Jude (2022)
With Robin Gibb
50 St. Catherine's Drive (2014)
References
External links
Biography on official Jethro Tull site
1956 births
Living people
People from Brechin
Scottish keyboardists
Scottish male songwriters
Scottish record producers
Jethro Tull (band) members
Scottish people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter-John%20Vettese |
The 2005–06 Guinness Premiership was the 19th season of the top flight of the English domestic rugby union competitions, played between September 2005 and May 2006. The final was contested by the Sale Sharks and the Leicester Tigers at Twickenham. Sale Sharks won 45–20 to win the Premiership. Leeds Tykes were relegated, whilst Harlequins were promoted for the 2006-07 Guinness Premiership.
As per a tradition started in the previous year, two of the opening games of the season (round 1) were played at Twickenham, in the 2005 London Double Header.
Participating teams
Notes
Table
Results
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Round 7
Round 8
Round 9
Round 10
Round 11
Round 12
Round 13
Round 14
Round 15
Round 16
Round 17
Round 18
Round 19
Round 20
Rearranged fixture
Round 21
Round 22
Play-offs
Semi-finals
Final
Sky Sports Dream Team 2005/06
15 Matt Burke (Newcastle Falcons)
14 Tom Varndell (Leicester Tigers)
13 Mathew Tait (Newcastle Falcons)
12 Mike Catt (London Irish)
11 Tom Voyce (London Wasps)
10 Carlos Spencer (Northampton Saints)
9 Justin Marshall (Leeds Tykes)
1 Tony Windo (Worcester Warriors)
2 Mark Regan (Bristol)
3 Cobus Visagie (Saracens)
4 Danny Grewcock (Bath Rugby)
5 Ben Kay (Leicester Tigers)
6 Matt Salter (captain, Bristol)
7 Magnus Lund (Sale Sharks)
8 Juan Manuel Leguizamón (London Irish)
Total Season Attendances
Top scorers
Note: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under World Rugby eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who did not earn international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-WR nationalities.
Most points
Source:
Most tries
Source:
References
External links
Official site
2005-06
England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20Premiership%20Rugby |
Audubon Swamp Garden is a cypress and tupelo swamp on the grounds of Magnolia Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina, United States. At one time, the swamp served as a reservoir for the plantation's rice cultivation. The swamp garden includes native flora and non-native, exotic plantings and is home to herons, ibis, turtles, otters, alligators, and other wildlife.
The swamp garden is named for ornithologist and artist John James Audubon, who visited the plantation before the Civil War and is said to have collected waterfowl specimens there as models for his paintings. Director Wes Craven made use of the site while filming the 1982 horror film Swamp Thing. The site also served as inspiration for Shrek's swamp.
References
Landmarks in South Carolina
Swamps of South Carolina
Gardens in South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Charleston, South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon%20Swamp%20Garden |
Locusta or Lucusta (died 69), was a notorious maker of poisons in the 1st-century Roman Empire, active in the final two reigns of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She supposedly took part in the assassinations of Claudius and Britannicus. She was a favourite of emperor Nero for several years, and Nero had her provide training to other poisoners in his service. Following Nero's death, Locusta was executed by his successor, Galba (reigned 68–69).
Primary sources
Locusta's career is described by the ancient historians Tacitus (Annals 12.66 and 13.15), Suetonius (Life of Nero, 33 and 47), and Cassius Dio (61.34 and 63.3). Juvenal also mentions Locusta in Book 1, line 71 of his Satires.
Biography
Locusta was said to have come from Gaul.
Poisons expert
Locusta served as a poisons expert under empress Agrippina the Younger. According to some historians, in AD 54, already notorious and imprisoned on poisoning charges, Locusta was ordered by Agrippina to supply a poison for the murder of her husband, Claudius. This was sprinkled on a mushroom and given to the emperor by his food-taster Halotus; when this poison appeared to be ineffectual, the doctor Gaius Stertinius Xenophon murdered Claudius with a poisoned feather ostensibly put down his throat to induce vomiting.
She reportedly advised Agrippina to use Atropa belladonna as a poison. Extracts of atropa have been used for poisoning since antiquity, as the plant and its fruits contain tropane alkaloids (primarily hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Atropa-derived poisons were commonly used in ancient Roman murders, and previous empress Livia reportedly used them to murder her contemporaries. The effective doses of atropa needed to cause hallucinations for up to four days, and the ones needed to kill a person, were described by a 1st-century writer, Pedanius Dioscorides. Dioscorides called the plant "strychnos manikos" or "thryon."
In AD 55, while still imprisoned, Locusta was called upon by Agrippina's son, the emperor Nero, to concoct a poison to murder Claudius' son Britannicus. When this poison was slow to work, Nero flogged Locusta with his own hand and threatened her with immediate execution, whereupon she supplied a quicker-acting poison that succeeded. Nero rewarded Locusta with a full pardon and large country estates, where he sent pupils to learn her craft. Before Nero fled Rome in AD 68, he acquired poison from Locusta for his own use and kept it in a golden box. He eventually died by other means.
Execution
After Nero's suicide, Locusta was condemned to die by the emperor Galba during his brief reign, which ended 15 January AD 69. Along with Nero's favorites Helius, Patrobius, Narcissus and "others of the scum that had come to the surface in Nero's day," she was led in chains through the city and executed.
Legacy
Juvenal refers to her in one of his Satires, describing a poisoner as even more skilled than Locusta.
In the novel The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, the poisoner Madame de Villefort is frequently compared to Locusta. Chapter 101 is entitled "Locusta."
Locusta was one of the characters depicted in the historical film Humanity Through the Ages (1908) by director Georges Méliès. The film was an episodic depiction of humanity's brutality throughout its history, and the historic episodes depicted were chosen because they involved fratricide, murders, religious persecution, physical abuse and public humiliation, prisons and executions of prisoners, torture, and violent criminal subcultures. The film is thought to be among the lost films from its era.
A silent short film, Les fils de Locuste, was produced in France in 1911.
Locusta appears as a character in the 1965 Doctor Who story The Romans, played by Ann Tirard. Described as the "official poisoner to the court of Caesar Nero," she is portrayed as comically untroubled by the macabre nature of the service she provides.
The band Macabre included a song entitled "Locusta" in their 2011 album Grim Scary Tales. In the song, she is described as one of history's first recorded serial killers who is hired by Agrippina to kill Claudius and Britannicus. The song ends with Locusta being executed in the Circus Maximus by being raped by a trained giraffe and then torn apart by wild animals.
Locusta manifests as an Assassin class Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, added during the FGO Arcade collaboration event in April 2023.
References
1st-century births
69 deaths
1st-century educators
1st-century executions
1st-century Gallo-Roman people
1st-century Roman women
Ancient murderers
Ancient Roman assassins
Executed ancient Roman women
People executed by the Roman Empire
People executed for murder
Poisoners
Recipients of ancient Roman pardons
Ancient Romans from unknown gentes
Women educators
Ancient businesswomen
Ancient Roman businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusta |
Michael Jon Bragman (August 11, 1940 – October 13, 2023) was an American politician from New York. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the New York State Assembly from 1981 to 2001, and was the assembly's majority leader from 1993 to 2000. He left politics after unsuccessfully attempting to remove then-Speaker of the Assembly Sheldon Silver from his post in 2000.
Background
Michael Jon Bragman was born on August 11, 1940, in Syracuse, New York. He graduated from Syracuse University in 1963, and worked as a schoolteacher.
Career
Bragman entered politics as a Democrat, and was elected to the Cicero Town Council in 1965, and to the Onondaga County Legislature in 1969. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1981 to 2001, sitting in the 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd and 194th New York State Legislatures. During his first term, he was indicted on charges stemming from his time in the county legislature; he was accused of seeking $1.6 million in bribe money from a company selling an incineration plant, though he was acquitted.
The New York Times said that Bragman "exerted a profound influence in the Assembly. He was credited with successfully sponsoring more than 300 bills and pumping some $200 million in pork-barrel funding for local projects in his Central New York State district, which was centered in Syracuse". A centrist Democrat, he served as Majority Leader from 1993 to 2000, when he lost his position after leading an attempted coup against Speaker Sheldon Silver. The move came amid criticism from some Democrats in the assembly that Silver's leadership style was too aloof. However, Bragman's attempt failed: after he announced his intent to overthrow Silver, the speaker demoted two high-ranking legislators who openly supported Bragman and made clear he would punish others who voted against him. In the floor vote on May 23, 2000, Silver prevailed by a vote of 85 to 63.
Bragman's political career was destroyed by his efforts to overthrow Silver. He lost his leadership position and resigned his seat in December 2001, where he was succeeded by Republican William E. Sanford in a special election.
Personal life and death
In 1986, Bragman married Suzanne Collier, and they had three children. He died in Syracuse on October 13, 2023, at the age of 83.
Notes
1940 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American educators
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
County legislators in New York (state)
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) city council members
People from Cicero, New York
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Schoolteachers from New York (state)
Syracuse University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20J.%20Bragman |
Nelson Crocker Hawks (1840–1929) was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA on August 21, 1840. He is notable for creating the 12-points-per-inch pica typographical standard [1]. This system was first used by typographers to make the standard-sized letter-blocks used by printers, and now by font designers to make the digital fonts on computers. He held that there should be a standard measurement system for printing, and promoted the idea.
Throughout Hawks' childhood he aspired to become a printer and by the age of 16 he had found employment as a printer's devil (colloquial; apprentice). By the age of 18 had started his own newspaper.
In 1874 Hawks moved to San Francisco where he established the Pacific Type Foundry in partnership with Marder, Luse, & Co., type founders of Chicago. In the late 1870s, while head of the Pacific Type Foundry, he developed his point system based on seventy-two points to an inch. He first proposed the system to John Marder when Marder visited California in 1877. Although, like most type founders, Marder was reluctant to accept it, he was convinced by Hawk's persistence. Official announcement from Marder, Luse and Company came in 1879 after it had several new type faces available using the new point system [2].
Hawks refused to patent the system, insisting that it be a "free gift for the benefit of the trade." After resigning from his partnership with Marder, Luse and Company in 1882, he worked tirelessly to advance the point system and have it adopted by other type foundries. By 1902 not only had most foundries in the United States adopted the system, but the British Associated Type Founders had begun using it.
During the 1860s and after there were at least 30 type foundries in America producing hand set type (before the advent of automation or keyboards), and each one had their own way to measure. It was through the persistent efforts of Nelson Hawks that the many foundries in the United States were convinced that the point system should be adopted. After his system became universal in the United States and the United Kingdom, revolutionizing the manufacture of printing type, he was honored by the American Type Founders Association at an event in New York City in 1892 where it was claimed that Hawks' system, "...marks a New Era in the History of Typography, and is the most important improvement in type making since the days Gutenberg[3]."
He lived to see his system become the standard of the English-speaking world. At 80 years old he commented in regards to life: "The only benefit I have derived from it lies in the satisfaction of having been successful in giving the printing craft something useful and lasting." He died on July 2, 1929, at age 89.
Another point system, invented in 1734 by Pierre Simon Fournier of France, was the first point system to be proposed. However it was not widely known. Hawks was not aware of Fournier's work when he developed his own point system, which is the one used today.
There is however a strong connection between the Fournier-system and the American Pica. Benjamin Franklin bought from Fournier "matrices of an old foundry". Franklin had his grandson B. F. Bache instructed in the art by Fournier with the intent to establish an extensive foundry in Philadelphia. This foundry was no success, it was neglected and Bache abandoned it. After the Franklin died, the typefoundry tools came in possession of his relative Duane, who lend all materials to Binny & Ronaldson at that present the only foundry of importance in Philadelphia. Ronaldsson was impressed with the superiority of these tools, as was Binny. They made use of the Fourney mould for their pica. This standard was accepted by their successors L. Johnson & Co and the MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Co. The slight deviation from the size of the Fournier-mould (4 points in one thousand) can be explained by the long-term use of the moulds in those days.
See also
Typographic unit
References
[1] Karl Arhart, paraphrasing information from "Origin of the American Point System" by Richard L. Hopkins.
[2] "Explanation of the Point System of Printing Type with Specimens" by Nelson C. Hawks, Island City Press, Alameda, California, 1918.
[3] Speech given by 'Mr. Bright of the St. Louis Type Foundry' before the American Type Founders Association, New York City in 1892, as quoted in [2].
1840 births
1929 deaths
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
American printers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Hawks |
Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School is a school in India, in the southern city of Chennai. Founded in 1956 by M. Subbaraya Aiyar, R. S. Subbalakshmi and Padmini Chari, the school recently celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2016. It follows the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) pattern of education with the medium of instruction being English. With just a handful of boys in 1956, studying at the Mylapore Ladies' Club premises, the school now has about 2200 students, 119 teachers, three school buildings in the same location and a branch called VidyaMandir located inside the Estancia Township on GST Road, Vallancheri.
History
The MLC School Society (Mylapore Ladies’ Club) established a Kindergarten Section on 3 February 1956 to accommodate the boys in Mylapore and its environs. The first president of the society was R. S. Subbalakshmi, supported by M. Subbaraya Aiyar, a leading lawyer, and Mrs. Padmini Chari who was an educationist. Thus the school was born through the efforts of these three, and Vidya Mandir Matriculation School was formally opened in 1960. R. S. Subbalakshmi and Mrs V.K.T Chari served as the Founder President and School Correspondent respectively. M. Subbaraya Aiyar became the Secretary of the school.
In 1960, once the school was formally opened as a boys school, the first batch of students took the exam. In 1963 a small building was constructed and the matriculation section was opened. The school followed the matriculation system until 1975 when it became affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). 1978 was a significant year as the first batch of students took the 10th Standard examination and the school became a co-educational school.
In 1981, to commemorate the 25th year, a Silver Jubilee Kindergarten Block was constructed. In 1989, the school established a branch school located in Gandhi Nagar, Chennai which later became an independent school called Bala Vidya Mandir.
In 1993, a new primary block was constructed and in 1997 a new administrative block was constructed. In 2001, a new open air theatre was built to host the school cultural activities and other school events and a library was built in the same year.
In 2010 the school introduced a filing system and shifted to a two term year from a three term year as prescribed by the CBSE.
Vidya Mandir @estancia is a branch of Vidya Mandir, Mylapore. It was inaugurated on June 11, 2009 by Dr.K.Kasthurirangan (former MP and member ISRO), in the presence of students, staff, parents and well wishers. It is situated inside the Township on GST Road, Vallanchery.Estancia Township on GST Road, Vallanchery. It is spread over two sprawling campuses on either side of the private road inside the Estancia Township. Classes LKG to 5 operate in the old campus and classes 6 to 12 operate in the new campus. Both buildings house airy, spacious classrooms and several courts and areas for free play. The total built up area is 1,40,000 sq ft.
School Activities
Events
The school hosts a variety of cultural and educational events annually. Some of the events are
Entre-Nous (Inter-Class cultural event)
Reflections (Inter-School cultural event)
Inter-House Dramatics (House-wise dramatic presentations)
School Day
Sports Day
Fun-Fest
Project Day
Clubs
The school has a number of clubs that the students can participate in such as Martial Arts, Mathematics Music, Environment, Commerce, Reading, Trekking, Study Circles.
Notable alumni
Government
T. S. Tirumurti
Sports
Krishnamachari Srikkanth
Laxman Sivaramakrishnan
Sadagopan Ramesh
Ramesh Krishnan
Abhinav Mukund
Bhargav Sri Prakash
Arts
Mani Ratnam
G. Venkateswaran
P C Sreeram
Mohan Raman
Shashank
Sanjay Subrahmanyan
Rithvik Raja
Sikkil Gurucharan
Anil Srinivasan
Karthik Kumar
Venkat Prabhu
Vikram Prabhu
Mathivanan Rajendran
Aravind Subramanian
Ambashish Pandey
Vidyullekha Raman
Business
Motto
The motto of Vidya Mandir is "Saha Veeryam Karavavahai" which means "Let the student and teacher perform great acts of strength together".
References
Timeline
https://www.vidyamandirestancia.com
High schools and secondary schools in Chennai
Educational institutions established in 1956
1956 establishments in Madras State | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya%20Mandir%20Senior%20Secondary%20School |
Richard Harvey Berg (1943 – July 26, 2019) was a prolific American wargame designer. He was inducted into the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame in 1987.
Early life, army, student and lawyer
Richard Berg was born in New York City. At age 21, he entered the United States Army, and served from 1967 to 1969, where he was assigned to be the musical director of the Army Theater in Frankfurt, West Germany. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Union College in Schenectady, New York, majoring in Asian History, and then earned a Juris Doctor from Brooklyn Law School.
From 1971 to 1988, he worked as a criminal defense attorney in private practice and for the Legal Aid Society. He also worked as a media communications consultant, actor, director, author, lyricist, and composer, as well as working briefly for the Internal Revenue Service.
Game designer
In 1975, Richard Berg had his first game published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI), a wargame titled Hooker and Lee: The Battle of Chancellorsville that was one of four games in SPI's Blue and Gray II quadrigame. His next game was Conquistador, which appeared in Issue 58 of SPI's Strategy & Tactics magazine. Set during the Spanish conquest of the New World, the game does not involve much combat; instead, players vie to accumulate as much wealth, land and exploration as possible. It was not a top seller for SPI. As the game's developer, Greg Costikyan explained, "S&T subscribers preferred hard World War II military games, and Conquistador was rather anomalous from their point of view."
It was Berg's next game in 1976 that would make his reputation as a top-line designer: Terrible Swift Sword, a monster game simulation of the Battle of Gettysburg. Although it had over 2000 counters, a 32-page rulebook, and often took longer to complete than the actual 3-day battle, SPI sold more than 30,000 copies. The game's unique combat and operational rules resulted in a host of imitators. The game won Berg his first Charles S. Roberts Award, for "Best Tactical Game of 1976". He would go on to win another eight "Charlies", seven of them after he was inducted into the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame in 1987.
Other notable games included War of the Ring, which was SPI's bestselling game for almost two years; SPQR, which won Berg another Charlie and an Origins Award; the Great Battles of the American Civil War series, and the Great Battles of History series. His most notable and infamous game was The Campaign for North Africa, published by SPI in 1978. It has been called the longest board game ever produced, with estimates that a full game would take 1,500 hours to complete. It has also been called the most complex wargame ever designed, with the commonly cited example (noted in SPI's advertising) that Italian troops require additional daily water supplies to prepare pasta. The map board alone is 9.5 ft (3 m) long.
By the end of his career, he was credited as designer or co-designer of 195 games.
Writer and editor
In 1980, Berg started writing and editing reviews of wargames, which SPI published as Richard Berg's Review of Games. It began as a two-page standalone newsletter, published twice a month for 25 issues. SPI then converted it into a regular feature in the pages of SPI's Strategy & Tactics until late 1985.
In the fall of 1991, Berg became editor of a self-published fanzine, the similarly titled Berg's Review of Games (or BROG). Berg differentiated this magazine from his previous one by adding "Vol. 2" to the issue number. He published BROG six times a year, ending publication with Issue 28.
In his original Richard Berg's Review of Games, Berg had started a satirical annual feature called the "Little Mac Awards" for dubious achievements in gaming. The awards were named for the less-than-stellar American Civil War general George McClellan. In Issue #2 of BROG, Berg restarted this tradition, handing out "Little Macs" to various companies and industry personalities for perceived errors and injustices.
Berg's Review of Games was awarded Best Amateur Adventure Gaming Magazine at the Origins Awards three times: in 1992, 1993, and 1995.
BROG was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design's Hall of Fame in 1997.
Death and legacy
Berg died in Charleston, South Carolina on July 26, 2019.
Berg was voted to be featured as the king of diamonds in Flying Buffalo's 2014 edition of their Famous Game Designer Trading Cards.
Berg's famous/infamous The Campaign for North Africa was featured in an eleventh season episode of The Big Bang Theory called "The Neonatal Nomenclature". During Bernadette's long labor, Sheldon pulls out The Campaign for North Africa, but despite his enthusiasm for the intricate details of the game, his friends show little interest.
Awards
Charles S. Roberts Awards
1977 – Best Tactical Game : Terrible Swift Sword by Simulations Publications, Inc.
1977 – Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Wargame : War of the Ring by Simulations Publications, Inc.
1984 – Best Pre-20th century Game : South Mountain by West End Games
1987 – Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame
1988 – Best Historical or Scenario Magazine Article : S&T #119 – Forrest at Bay
1990 – Lifetime Achievement in Simulation Design
1992 – Best Pre–World War Two Game : SPQR by GMT Games (with Mark Herman)
1994 – Best Pre–World War Two Game : Battles of Waterloo by GMT Games
1995 – Best Amateur Wargaming Magazine : Berg's Review of Games (BROG)
1996 – Best Amateur Wargaming Magazine : Berg's Review of Games (BROG)
1996 – Best Pre–World War Two Game : Fields of Glory by Moments in History
1997 – Best Amateur Wargaming Magazine : Berg's Review of Games (BROG)
1998 – Best Amateur Wargaming Magazine : Berg's Review of Games (BROG)
2001 – Best DTP Game : Longbow by BSO Games
2004 – Best DTP Game : Louisiana Tigers by BSO Games
2006 – Best Magazine Game : Kulikovo 1380: the Golden Horde in Against the Odds Magazine
Other Awards
1993 – Inducted into GAMA Hall of Fame
2003 – Bloomgren/Hamilton Memorial Award for Lifetime Achievement
Ludography
Richard Berg designed or co-designed the following:
13: The Colonies in Revolt (S&T-TSR)
1862 (SD)
1863 (GMT)
A Famous Victory (MiH)
A Gleam of Bayonets (SPI-TSR)
Across the Rappahannock (GMT)
Africanus (GMT, 1994)
Alesia (GMT, 2004)
Ancient World, Rise of the Roman Republic (GMT)
Attila (GMT)
Baton Rouge (S&T-3W)
Battle for North Africa (GMT)
The Battles of Waterloo (GMT)
Birth of a Nation (3W)
Bitter Victory (BSO)
Blackbeard (Avalon Hill)
Bloody April (SPI)
Borodino (GMT)
BSO Football (BSO)Caesar in Alexandria (GMT, 2001)Caesar: The Conquest of Gaul (GMT, 1998)The Campaign for North Africa (SPI)Caratacus (GMT)Carolina Rebels (BSO)Carthage (GMT)Cataphract (GMT)Chancellorsville (Clash of Arms)Chicken of the Sea (GPG)Confederate Rails (BSO)Conquistador (SPI, AH)The Conquerors (SPI)Constantinople (SPI)Consul for Rome (GMT, 1992)Corinth (SPI)The Crusades (SPI)Dead of Winter (SD)The Desert Fox (SPI)Devil's Horsemen (BSO)Devil's Horsemen (GMT)Diadochoi (GMT, 1995)Dictator (GMT, 1995)Dillinger (BSO)Druid (West End Games, 1984)East-West (BSO)Fields of Glory (MiH)First Blood (SD)Flintlock: Black Powder, Cold Steel Vol.1(Lock 'n Load, 2009)Gergovia (GMT, 2007)Geronimo (Avalon Hill)Glory (GMT)Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith (SPI)The Great Battles of Alexander (GMT)The Great Battles of Julius Caesar (GMT)Greek Tragedy (BSO)Gringo (GMT)The Guns of Cedar Creek (SD)Hastings, 1066 (S&T-TSR)Highlander (BSO)Hooker and Lee (SPI)The Horse Soldiers (S&T-3W)Juggernaut (GMT)Jugurtha (GMT, 1998)Julius Caesar (TSR-SPI)June 6 (GMT)Kingdom for a Horse (BSO)The Last Crusade (BSO)The Last Raid (BSO)Las Batallas de los Gringos (BSO)Les Pyramides (Vae Victis)Line of Fire (BSO)Lion of the North (GMT)Longbow (BSO)Louisiana Tigers (BSO)Mamluk (GMT)Manchu (S&T-3W)The Marlborough Man (BSO)Medieval (GMT)Men of Iron (GMT)Murfreesboro (Yaquinto)Nero (Phalanx)Pax Romana (GMT)Phalanx (GMT)The Prince (Phalanx)Pyrrhic Victory (GMT, 1993)Rebel Sabers (SPI-TSR)Red Badge of Courage (GMT)Rio Grande (S&T/DG)Risorgimento 1859 (GMT)River of Death (GMT)Rivoli 1797 (Vae Victis)Rough & Ready (S&T/Decision)Salamis (GMT)Samurai (GMT)Shiloh (West End Games)Shogun Triumphant (XTR)Sideshow(S&T-3W)
Simon Says (BSO)
Simple GBoH (GMT)
Soldiers of the Queen (S&T-TSR)
South Mountain (West End Games)
SPI Baseball (SPI)
SPI Football (SPI)
SPQR (GMT, 1992)
Successors (AH)
Suleiman the Magnificent (ATO)
Terrible Swift Sword (1st ed., SPI; 2nd ed., TSR)
The Three Days of Gettysburg (GMT)
Triumph & Glory (GMT)
Turning Point (BSO)
Tyrant (GMT)
Veni, Vidi, Vici (GMT)
Vera Cruz (SPI)
War Elephant (GMT, 1992)
War Galley (GMT)
War of the Rebellion (DG)
War of the Ring (SPI)
Waterloo (Phalanx)
Zama (BSO)
Zulu! (BSO)
Zurich, 1799 (Vae Victis)
References
External links
GMT games bio on Richard Berg
1943 births
2019 deaths
Lawyers from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
Union College (New York) alumni
Brooklyn Law School alumni
Legal Aid Society
Date of birth missing
Board game designers
20th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Berg |
Graveface Records is an American independent record label from Savannah, Georgia, solely owned and operated by Ryan Graveface (who plays in the groups Black Moth Super Rainbow, Dreamend, the Marshmallow Ghosts and the Casket Girls). He has released recordings by Beachy Head, Serengeti, Dosh, The Appleseed Cast, Haley Bonar, Xiu Xiu, Monster Movie, Dreamend, Jakob, Jason Molina, Mount Eerie, The Loose Salute, the Lava Children, Night School, Black Moth Super Rainbow, The Seven Fields of Aphelion, and Whirr.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Official website
American independent record labels
Indie rock record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveface%20Records |
Market Street is one of the principal retail streets in Manchester, England. It runs from its junction with Piccadilly and Mosley Street, close to Piccadilly Gardens, in the east to where it meets St. Mary's Gate at the crossroads with Exchange Street and New Cathedral Street in the west. St Mary's Gate then continues to where it meets Deansgate (A56). Other major streets crossed are High Street, Corporation Street (on the north side), Cross Street and Fountain Street (on the south side).
History
Market Street in Manchester, once known as Market Stead Lane, lies along the former route of the A6 road which runs from Luton in Bedfordshire, to Carlisle in Cumbria. The A6 arrives at Manchester city centre as London Road and formerly went north-west along Piccadilly, Market Street, St. Mary's Gate and Blackfriars Street and then over the River Irwell to Blackfriars Street, Salford. Since the pedestrianisation of Market Street, the A6 disappears at the junction of Piccadilly and Oldham Street to reemerge in Salford as Chapel Street.
Some of modern Market Street is a pedestrian zone with motor vehicle access limited to the emergency services, maintenance workers and deliveries to the adjacent shops. The pedestrianisation is broken by High Street, which is open to general traffic, and the south-eastern end of the street is open to trams at the Metrolink tram stop.
Layout and shops
Starting in the east at Piccadilly/Mosley Street, the street shares its space equally between pedestrian walkways and two Metrolink tram lines. Standing on opposite sides of the tram lines are two large buildings: the Rylands Building (formerly Debenhams 1973–2021, Paulden's 1957–1973, and Rylands 1932–1957) to the north and Primark (formerly Lewis's department store, 1877–2001) to the south. Moving west, the street crosses Fountain Street and High Street where the tram lines turn away towards the north.
With the removal of the tram lines, Market Street becomes an entirely pedestrian zone. Dominating the entire north side of this section is the Manchester Arndale Centre, an indoor shopping complex. A large variety of shops of various sizes line the south side of the street.
Throughout the pedestrian zone there can often be found a large number of street traders and entertainers. Such entertainers have in the past included traditional buskers, bagpipes players and string quartets.
Reaching the end of the Arndale Centre, the street crosses Corporation Street and Cross Street, ceasing to be a pedestrian zone and continues on to end where it meets St. Mary's Gate at the crossroads with Exchange Street and New Cathedral Street. This western section of Market Street is lined with a Marks & Spencer department store on its north side and another series of smaller shops to the south.
At its western end, Market Street meets St Mary's Gate, which then continues on to meet Deansgate, a former Roman road.
George Sampson, the 2008 winner of Britain's Got Talent, honed many of his street dancing skills on Market Street.
List of notable stores:
Aldi
AllSaints
American Apparel
Ann Summers
Boots
British Home Stores
Clarks
Debenhams
Esprit
H&M
HMV
Sports Direct
Primark
Mango
Marks & Spencer
Nike
Tesco Metro
TK Maxx
Urban Outfitters
Zara
References
Streets in Manchester
Shopping streets in Manchester
Tourist attractions in Manchester
Pedestrian streets in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Street%2C%20Manchester |
James Patrick Fox (March 2, 1860 – February 27, 1899) was a politician and office holder, born in St. John’s, Newfoundland to James and Bridget (Power) Fox. James P. Fox was the first person elected to the assembly under a new system under Prime Minister Sir William Whiteway legislation extending the right to vote in elections for the House of Assembly to all males 21 years of age and older.
Family
Fox had married Isabelle Langrishe LeGallais, a great-granddaughter of Dr. William Carson on September 21, 1882. One of Isabelle and James' six children, John (Jack) Fox, was Newfoundland’s Rhodes Scholar for 1911 and served with distinction in the Newfoundland Regiment in the First World War.
Career
Fox became a partner in his father’s firm, James Fox and Sons, in 1882. Fox Senior had been a member of the Legislative Council, the upper house in the bicameral system of government under which Newfoundland operated in the period between 1855 and 1934. Such as it was, Fox was exposed at an early age and it was something in which he developed a keen interest.
In 1888, he became a member of the first St. John’s municipal council. Consisted of seven members: five members elected on a ward system and two members appointed by the Newfoundland Government, Fox, along with James Goodfellow, who was the first chair of the council, was one of the government appointees.
At 30 years old, Fox left municipal council in 1890 when he was appointed to the Legislative Council by Prime Minister Sir William Whiteway. He then resigned Legislative Council to run in a by-election to fill a seat after Dr. John Dearin had died suddenly. Fox won the seat making him the first person elected to the House of Assembly under the new Manhood Suffrage Act of 1890. He was again reelected in St. John’s East in the general election of November 6, 1893.
Fox was named as Receiver General, the chief financial officer in the administration. On January 6, 1894, the Conservatives filed petitions under the Corrupt Practices Act charging 15 Liberals and Independent MHA James Murray with bribery and corruption. Fox was one of those charged.
On May 5, the court found Fox guilty as charged. His seat was declared vacant along with James Murphy and they were disqualified from running for election to the House of Assembly in future elections. Fox's brother, John F. Fox, ran for the Liberals in the Nov. 10 by-election and won the seat.
Newfoundland hockey pioneer
James Fox was one of the pioneers of organized hockey in Newfoundland as a member of the first St. John's Hockey Club in the fall of 1895. He also participated in what is regarded as Newfoundland's earliest recorded hockey game in February 1896 on Quidi Vidi lake in the capital city of St. John's. In 1897 Fox was the first president of the St. John's Hockey Association that subsequently became the Newfoundland Hockey Association, the predecessor of the Newfoundland Amateur Hockey Association in 1935.
Death
James died at the age of 38 of a massive heart attack at his St. John's home on February 27, 1899. He was manager of the Prince of Wale's Rink and had just returned home after helping prepare the ice for a planned hockey match that evening. At the time of his death, he left to mourn his wife Isabel and four children under fifteen.
References and notes
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
1860 births
1899 deaths
Members of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland
Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
Politicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland Colony people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Patrick%20Fox |
ASP.NET AJAX, formerly called Atlas, is a set of extensions to ASP.NET developed by Microsoft for implementing Ajax functionality. It is released under the Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL).
Clients supporting Ajax
ASP.NET AJAX runs on the following browsers:
Microsoft Internet Explorer (>= 6.0)
Mozilla Firefox (>= 1.5)
Opera (>= 9.0)
Apple Safari (>= 2.0)
Google Chrome (>= 5)
ASP.NET AJAX Suite
At present, the ASP.NET AJAX suite consists of the following components and packages:
Microsoft Now Launched Ajax Library 4.0, which supports Data Driven Web Applications.
Microsoft Ajax Library 3.5, which is a JavaScript library that provides the client-side features of the ASP.NET AJAX framework. Integrated in ASP.NET 3.5, the library is also available as a separate download for use in other environments, such as PHP.
A server framework – included in ASP.NET 3.5 – for building Ajax-enabled ASP.NET server controls. These components are also available for ASP.NET 2.0 in a separate package called ASP.NET AJAX 1.0 Extensions.
ASP.NET 2.0 AJAX Templates, a package with a set of Visual Studio templates for building ASP.NET AJAX applications with ASP.NET 2.0 and Visual Studio 2008.
ASP.NET AJAX Preview, a package with the new features that will be part of the future versions of the framework.
Microsoft Ajax Library
The Microsoft Ajax Library is a JavaScript library that provides the features for the client portion of the ASP.NET AJAX framework.
Components – The library provides an infrastructure to build either visual or non-visual JavaScript components. A global JavaScript object – SysApplication – is responsible for managing the lifecycle of client components.
JavaScript extensions – An enhanced type system is introduced to emulate object-oriented constructs such as namespaces, classes and interfaces; and to perform reflection on client types.
Abstraction API – Common operations on the DOM (retrieving elements, setting styles and other manipulations) are automatically translated by the library into browser-specific calls.
Ajax – A set of client components is provided to handle Ajax requests and web-service calls.
Application Services – The library allows accessing the ASP.NET Membership, Authentication, Roles and Profile services from the client side.
Recently, new features have been announced as part of the ASP.NET AJAX 4.0 release:
Template Engine – Allows displaying data on the client side by using HTML templates and a custom binding notation. This approach avoids performing page rendering on the server side.
Declarative instantiation of client components – Allows registration, instantiation and configuration of client components using markup code, without writing any imperative JavaScript code.
Live Bindings – Synchronize "element properties".
The UpdatePanel Control
The UpdatePanel is an ASP.NET server control that updates portions of a web page without reloading it. Through a mechanism called asynchronous postback, the HTML for the region of the page wrapped by the control is sent by the server asynchronously through an Ajax request.
The ASP.NET controls that have been specified as content in an UpdatePanel are able to cause either synchronous (traditional) or asynchronous postbacks, by means of triggers.
A trigger is an event coming from an ASP.NET control that causes an UpdatePanel to refresh its contents. Through triggers, an asynchronous postback can be started also by controls that are declared outside the region of the ASP.NET page wrapped by the UpdatePanel control.
In the following code, only the content of the Update control (the span element that displays the current date and time) is re-rendered every time the button is clicked.
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Refresh" />
<asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server">
<Triggers>
<asp:AsyncPostBackTrigger ControlID="Button1" EventName="Click" />
</Triggers>
<ContentTemplate>
<span><%= DateTime.Now %></span>
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>
Web-services and JSON
ASP.NET AJAX framework brings JSONserialization features to the ASP.NET web-services and allows calling web-services from client-side JavaScript, even using third-party JavaScript-libraries like jQuery.
See also
Ajax framework
References
Further reading
External links
ASP.NET AJAX (formerly "Atlas")
Atlas At Last : ASP.NET Atlas Powers the AJAX-Style Sites You’ve Been Waiting For
Ajax (programming)
AJAX
Free and open-source software
Microsoft free software
Software using the MS-PL license | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET%20AJAX |
4:99 is the fifth studio album by German hip hop group Die Fantastischen Vier. It reached number one in the German as well as the Austrian and Swiss charts.
As seen before on the album Live und direkt, the CD contains a multimedia part with some gimmicks like the music video to "MfG".
Track listing
"Und täglich grüßen Fanta Vier/Romantic Fighters" – 1:23
"30 Mark" – 0:42
"MfG – Mit freundlichen Grüßen" – 3:35
"Hammer" – 4:59
"Die Stadt, die es nicht gibt" – 4:29
"00:29" – 0:29
"Alles schon gesehen" – 4:25
"Michi Beck in Hell" – 5:12
"Home Again" – 0:44
"Le Smou" – 4:38
"Weiter als du denkst" – 5:22
"Millionen Legionen" – 5:38
"Schmock" – 4:16
"FunkYms20" – 1:45
"Hoffnung" – 5:05
"Buenos Días Messias" – 4:31
"Gute Nacht" – 0:58
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
External links
Official website (in German)
discography at Discogs
1999 albums
Die Fantastischen Vier albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%3A99 |
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket is a cricket video game developed and published by Audiogenic in 1993. It is endorsed by former England cricketer Graham Gooch and is available for the Amiga and PC computer systems.
Gameplay
The player can play either test matches or One Day Internationals. There are three types of bowling fast, spin and swing. The fielding can either be set manually or automatically. There are three difficulty settings to play at, Amateur, Professional and World Class. The game has pseudo-3D graphics with details such as the shadows of players moving as the sun moves. All test sides (in 1993) are included including a World XI team to play as. Batting averages and other statistics are included.
Versions and updates
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket has many different versions available.
Allan Border cricket: The Australian release of the game.
Battle for the Ashes: A cut down version made specifically for the 1993 Ashes Test series.
Jonty Rhodes II - World Class Cricket: The South African release of the game.
Brian Lara Cricket: An edition that was initially only available from the Game chain of stores in the UK.
Shane Warne '97: An updated version with substantially the same gameplay.
There were also two updates for the game.
Graham Gooch's Second Innings: This update disk required the original game to work, it contained all the updated statistics from 1994. The expansion also added the ability to play "classic" matches such as the 1990 test where Graham Gooch scored his highest score, 333. The ability to play as an English county team is added.
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket - Test Match Special Edition: This version of the game combines the original game with the 2nd Innings update.
Ports
An Atari Jaguar conversion of the original version was in development by Williams Brothers Developments and planned to be published by Telegames and was showcased at SCES '94 in a non-playable state, with plans to be released around the first quarter of 1995 and later scheduled for a Q2 1995 release but this port was never released due to Atari Corporation exiting from the home video game console market.
Legacy
After Graham Gooch's World Class Cricket, Audiogenic developed Brian Lara Cricket for the Sega Mega Drive which was licensed to Codemasters. In 1996 Codemasters took over the Audiogenic development team and then went on to release a series of cricket games under the Brian Lara and Shane Warne brands. Brian Lara Cricket is a rebranded version of Graham Gooch World Class Cricket.
See also
Graham Gooch
Audiogenic
Brian Lara Cricket (series)
References
External links
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket at GameFAQs
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket at Giant Bomb
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket at MobyGames
1993 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Cancelled Atari Jaguar games
Commodore 64 games
Cricket video games
Cultural depictions of British men
Cultural depictions of sportspeople
DOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games based on real people
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by David Whittaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Gooch%20World%20Class%20Cricket |
Graham Gooch's Test Cricket is a 1985 cricket game released for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum by Audiogenic. It was later reissued by budget label Alternative Software as Graham Gooch's Match Cricket.
Gameplay
Graham Gooch's Test Cricket has two modes of play, arcade and simulation.
Arcade mode is for one player where the player picks the type of match and the players. During the match the player controls the action. When batting the player can move the batsman around the crease and choose the shot to play. Timing is important to performing the shot successfully.
Simulation mode is where the player can make tactical decisions but the actual play is done by the computer. The player can only watch the game, and make decisions on how his team plays.
Reception
At the time of release, Graham Gooch's Test Cricket was considered the most accurate cricket game out by reviewers. It received high scores for gameplay and graphics but lower scores for the sound, which is because it consisted of basic and few sound effects. Spectrum magazine CRASH rated the game 65% and commented that it is the "best cricket simulation yet on the spectrum". Graham Gooch's Test Cricket was rated poorly by Your Sinclair magazine, scoring just three out of ten. The magazine's main complaints were with the gameplay, such as not being able to change the fielding settings and unrealistic run rates.
See also
Graham Gooch World Class Cricket
Brian Lara Cricket (series)
References
External links
GameBase64 review of Graham Gooch's Test Cricket
Screenshots of various points in the game
1985 video games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
ZX Spectrum games
Amstrad CPC games
Amstrad PCW games
Cricket video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games based on real people
Gooch
Gooch
Alternative Software games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Gooch%27s%20Test%20Cricket |
The Swamp Fox is a television miniseries produced by Walt Disney Studios and starring Leslie Nielsen as American Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion. The show was based on the 1959 book Swamp Fox: The Life and Campaigns of General Francis Marion by Robert D. Bass.
The theme song ("Swamp Fox, Swamp Fox, tail on his hat...") was sung by Nielsen as well. Myron Healey played Marion's top aide, Maj./Col. Peter Horry. One of the Swamp Fox's adversaries was Colonel Banastre Tarleton, played by John Sutton. Patrick Macnee played a British captain, Tim Considine played Marion's nephew Gabe Marion and Slim Pickens played Plunkett, one of the Swamp Fox's men. Hal Stalmaster appeared in three of the eight episodes as "Gwynn." The Swamp Fox did not bring to Disney the commercial success that had been achieved by Davy Crockett.
The series encompassed eight intermittent episodes running from 1959 to 1961 as part of Walt Disney Presents. Episodes were presented on Sundays on ABC from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. and were also broadcast by CBC Television.
The Disney Channel reran Swamp Fox episodes in the 1980s and 1990s, while Nielsen was at the height of a second career as a white-haired comedy movie star. The first three episodes of the series were also released in 2005 on DVD (in a set including three episodes of The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca).
Episodes
See also
List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution
List of films about the American Revolution
References
External links
Television series about the American Revolution
Television series by Disney
American folklore films and television series
1959 American television series debuts
1961 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Television shows set in swamps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Swamp%20Fox%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Bonatitan is a genus of titanosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Argentina. It was named in 2004.
Description
The type species is Bonatitan reigi, first described by Martinelli and Forasiepi in 2004. The specific epithet honours Osvaldo Reig. The holotype, MACN-PV RN 821, originally included a braincase and caudal vertebrae as well as limb elements. However, Salgado et al. (2014) emended the holotype to include the braincase only, and treated other elements catalogued under MACN-PV RN 821 as belonging to separate individual based on size and relative proportions. The genus and species names honor the famous Argentine paleontologists José Fernando Bonaparte and Osvaldo Reig.
References
External links
Fossilworks
Dinodata
Dino Checker
Equatorial Minnesota
Saltasaurids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Campanian life
Maastrichtian life
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Allen Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonatitan |
Oxnard Field (also known at various times as Albuquerque Airport and Albuquerque Army Air Field) was the first airport in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It served as the home of commercial aviation in Albuquerque from 1928 to 1929 and remained in use for other purposes until 1948. The field was located on Albuquerque's East Mesa, east of the present site of Albuquerque International Sunport.
History
The field was originally constructed in 1928 by Santa Fe Railroad workers Frank G. Speakman and William Langford Franklin, using grading equipment loaned by the city after hours. Working with the town of Albuquerque, they graded two runways on the East Mesa—one approximately long and the other just under . The venture became Albuquerque Airport. Other individuals and promoters soon became interested in Albuquerque as a crossroads location for southwestern air traffic.
James G. Oxnard, a New York entrepreneur, bought out Franklin's share in the airport soon after it was completed and renamed it Oxnard Field. Oxnard expanded the facility to , adding an administration building and other facilities.
In its brief stint as the city's main airport, Oxnard Field was served by two competing airlines, Western Air Express (WAE) and Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT). However, the proximity of the field to the Sandia Mountains made pilots uneasy, and Western Air Express built a new facility, West Mesa Airport, in 1929. Following the merger of TAT and WAE to form Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA), all commercial air service shifted to West Mesa. This airport became known as Albuquerque Airport—while the former Albuquerque Airport on the East Mesa took on the name Oxnard Field, continuing as a private venture.
The onset of World War II brought new activity to Oxnard Field. By 1939, Army and Navy pilots had begun using Oxnard Field for refuelling and maintenance. The Army eventually bought the Oxnard Field property and its subsequent transfer to the federal government on April 3, 1942 restricted the runways to military use only. The Army established a training depot for aircraft mechanics near Oxnard Field. An Army Air Forces Air Depot Training Station was established in June, and shortly thereafter the airport was designated Albuquerque Army Air Field. Two new runways and a variety of other facilities were built during this period.
By 1943, however, the mechanics' training program had ended and the depot was used as a convalescent center for wounded air crewmen and then as a storage and dismantling facility for war-weary and surplus aircraft as the war ended. Over 2,000 such planes were stripped and melted down, reclaiming some 10 million pounds of aluminum.
The field was used for the last time between 1945 and 1948, when it served as the final destination for hundreds of surplus warplanes which were assembled there for scrapping. Following the end of this operation, the airport was closed permanently.
Facilities
The airport initially had two dirt runways, east-west (4300 ft) and northeast-southwest (2500 ft). The only facilities consisted of gravity-fed fuel tanks. Oxnard added the administration building, a hangar, and a beacon. The Airport Inn was a popular dining establishment. The airport reached its final configuration during the war, when the north-south and northwest-southeast runways were added.
Oxnard Field today
The former airport is now part of Kirtland Air Force Base, and new development has covered most of it. However, part of the northeast-southwest runway remains visible and the former administration building and hangar are still standing. Another legacy of Oxnard Field is the major streets Wyoming Boulevard and Ridgecrest Drive, both of which were originally developed as airport access roads.
References
Notes
Oppenheimer, Alan J. (1962). The Historical Background of Albuquerque, New Mexico. City of Albuquerque Planning Department. p. 47.
Oppenheimer, p. 48.
Defunct airports in the United States
Airports in New Mexico
Transportation in Albuquerque, New Mexico
History of Albuquerque, New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard%20Field |
The Creative Arts Emmys are a class of Emmy Awards presented in recognition of technical and other similar achievements in American television programming. They are commonly awarded to behind-the-scenes personnel such as production designers, set decorators, video editors, costume designers, cinematographers, casting directors, and sound editors.
The Creative Arts category also includes awards for outstanding animated programs, commercials, and guest actors.
Both the Primetime and Daytime awards each present their Creative Arts Emmys at separate Creative Arts ceremonies on the weekend before their respective main ceremonies. Both the primary and the creative arts for sports are all given away at one ceremony.
Award categories
See also
List of American television awards
References
External links
Primetime Emmy Awards
Daytime Emmy Awards
Sports Emmy Awards
Emmy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative%20Arts%20Emmy%20Awards |
Magruder's is a grocery store and former chain in and around the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, founded in 1875. The store is owned by a family who were born and grew up in the Washington area. In 2006, Magruder's removed their loyalty cards, that allow the holder to save money on purchases. In 2009, locations in Cleveland Park, Annandale and Falls Church closed. In January 2013, Magruder's sold its Chevy Chase Connecticut Avenue store, which continues to operate under the Magruder's name as the sole flagship location, and began liquidation sales at its other four stores, in Alexandria, Gaithersburg, Rockville and Vienna.
History
In 1875, John H. Magruder purchased the grocery store at 1417 New York Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. where he had worked for ten years.
Some, including the owners since 2013, claim a link to "Commodore John Magruder", presumably Confederate General John B. Magruder.
External links
References
Supermarkets of the United States
Privately held companies based in Washington, D.C.
Retail companies established in 1875
1875 establishments in Washington, D.C.
American companies established in 1875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magruder%27s |
Marie-Catherine de Villedieu, born Marie-Catherine Desjardins and generally referred to as Madame de Villedieu (1640 – 20 October 1683) was a French writer of plays, novels and short fiction. Largely forgotten or eclipsed by other writers of the period (such as Madame de La Fayette) in the works of literary historians of the 19th and 20th centuries, Madame de Villedieu is currently enjoying a literary revival.
Biography
Madame de Villedieu was born at Alençon, the second daughter of Guillaume Desjardins and Catherine Ferrand, who worked as a ladies' maid for the wife of duke Henri de Rohan-Montbazon. After the divorce of her parents in 1655 the fifteen-year-old girl was taken by her mother to Paris. She came under the protection of the duchess of Rohan (thanks to the poems she presented her). Louis XIV gave Madame de Villedieu a pension of 1500 livres. She was admitted to the Academy of the Ricovrati of Padua. She died at Saint-Rémy-du-Val (Sarthe).
Madame de Villedieu was prolific in the genre of "nouvelles historiques" and "nouvelles galantes" which began to appear in France in the 1660s. An interest in love, psychological analysis, moral dilemmas and social constraints permeated these relatively short novels. When the action was placed in an historical setting, this was increasingly a setting in the recent past, and although still filled with anachronisms, these novels showed an interest in historical detail; these are generally called "nouvelles historiques". A number of these short novels recounted the "secret history" of a famous event, linking the action generally to an amorous intrigue; these were called "histoires galantes". Les Désordres de l’Amour is perhaps Madame de Villedieu's most well-known work in this genre.
Her masterpiece is perhaps the pseudo-memoir novel Mémoires de la vie d'Henriette-Sylvie de Molière, a remarkably realistic story (in the vein of a picaresque novel) recounting the economic and emotional misfortunes of a young woman in contemporary French society.
Along with her novels, she wrote three plays: the tragicomedy Manlius performed with critical success by the actors of the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1662 (the play engendered a debate between Jean Donneau de Visé and François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac concerning its historical accuracy); the tragedy Nitétis performed April 27, 1663; and the tragicomedy Le Favori, performed April 24, 1665 at Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris and June 13, 1665 at Versailles.
She died at her manor in Clinchemore in 1683.
Quotation
Works and works available online (in French)
Œuvres et éditions en ligne
Alcidamie (1661)
Les Amours des Grands Hommes (1671)
Anaxandre. Nouvelle (1667)
Les Annales galantes (1670)
Les Annales galantes de Grèce (1687)
Carmente, histoire grecque (1668)
Cléonice ou le Roman galant. Nouvelle (1669)
Les Désordres de l’amour (1675)
Les Exilés (1672-1673)
Fables ou Histoires allégoriques dédiées au roy, Claude Barbin, Paris (1670)
Le Favori, tragi-comédie, [s.n.], Paris, Amsterdam (1666) ; 1re édition, Paris, Louis Billaine ou Thomas Jolly ou Guillaume de Luyne ou Gabriel Quinet (1665)
Les Galanteries grenadines (1672-1673)
Le Journal amoureux (1669-1671)
Lettres et billets galants (1667)
Lisandre. Nouvelle (1663)
Manlius Torquatus, tragi-comédie, [s.n.], Paris (1662)
Mémoires de la vie de Henriette-Sylvie de Molière (1672-1674)
Mémoires du Sérail sous Amurat second (1670)
Nitétis, tragédie, 1663
Nouveau recueil de pièces galantes (1669)
Les Nouvelles africaines (1673)
Le Portefeuille (1674)
Portrait des faiblesses humaines, Henry Desbordes, Amsterdam (1686) ; 1re édition, Paris, Claude Barbin (1685)
Récit en prose et en vers de la farce des Précieuses] (1660)
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N109802 Recueil de poésies, Claude Barbin, Paris (1662)
Recueil de quelques lettres et relations galantes (1668)
Notes
References
Studies on Mme de Villedieu, in French
Manlius et Le Favori, éd. Henriette Goldwyn, in A. Evain, P. Gethner, H. Goldwyn (dir.), Théâtre de femmes de l'Ancien Régime, , XVIIe siècle, Saint-Étienne, Publications de l'Université, 2008 [orth. et ponctuation modernisées, format poche].
Micheline Cuénin, Roman et société sous Louis XIV : Madame de Villedieu (Marie-Catherine Desjardins 1640-1683), Paris, Champion, 1979, 2 t. ; en ligne sur le Site Madame de Villedieu, Copyright Éditions Honoré Champion 2007
Donna Kuizenga: Madame de Villedieu. In. Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB). Vol. 268 (2002), pp. 383–390.
Madame de Villedieu et le théâtre. Actes du colloque de Lyon (11 et 12 septembre 2008), Nathalie Grande et Edwige Keller-Rahbé (dir.), Biblio 17, vol. 184, 2009.
Madame de Villedieu, ou les audaces du roman, Nathalie Grande et Edwige Keller-Rahbé (dir.), Littératures classiques, n° 61, printemps 2007.
Madame de Villedieu romancière. Nouvelles perspectives de recherches Edwige Keller-Rahbé (dir.), Lyon, Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2004.
Bruce Archer Morrissette, The life and works of Marie-Catherine Desjardins (Mme. de Villedieu) 1632-1683, Saint Louis, Washington University Studies, 1947.
External links
Site Madame de Villedieu
Notice bio-bibliographique de Mme de Villedieu, par Donna Kuizenga (2004), pour le Dictionnaire des femmes de l’Ancienne France de la SIEFAR
Les pièces de Marie-Catherine Desjardins et leurs représentations sur le site CÉSAR
Théâtre de femmes de l'Ancien Régime : extraits de pièces, présentation du théâtre de Mme de Villedieu, actualités sur son œuvre dramatique
Her novel Mémoire de la vie de Henriette-Sylvie de Molière on Amazon.fr
Marie Catherine Desjardins /Madame de Villedieu (1640?-1683) Other Women's Voices
1640 births
1683 deaths
Writers from Alençon
French women novelists
17th-century French women writers
17th-century French novelists
17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French women dramatists and playwrights
French women short story writers
French short story writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Catherine%20de%20Villedieu |
Projectivism or projectionism in philosophy involves attributing (projecting) qualities to an object as if those qualities actually belong to it. It is a theory for how people interact with the world and has been applied in both ethics and general philosophy. It is derived from the Humean idea that all judgements about the world derive from internal experience, and that people therefore project their emotional state onto the world and interpret it through the lens of their own experience. Projectivism can conflict with moral realism, which asserts that moral judgements can be determined from empirical facts, i.e., some things are objectively right or wrong.
Origins
The origins of projectivism lie with David Hume, who describes the view in Treatise on Human Nature: "Tis a common observation, that the mind has a great propensity to spread itself on external objects, and to conjoin with them any internal impressions, which they occasion, and which always make their appearance at the same time that these objects discover themselves to the senses."
Hume's projectivist theory of causation
Suppose for example that somebody is hit by a hammer, and sometime later a bruise appears at the point of impact. The impact of the hammer is an observable event; the bruise too is observable. The causal connection between the two events, however, is not observed or experienced, at least according to Hume. Hume believed that whenever one can claim to know something about the world, that knowledge must be derived from experience (see Hume's fork). One does not experience the causal connection between a hammer impact and the formation of a bruise. All that is observed are distinct events, occurring at the same place and time (Constant conjunction). Because one observes events of this type, one is led by induction to suppose that like causes will result in like effects, and from this one infers the notion of causation. This does not mean Hume doubted that one material object was able to cause a change or movement in another material object. It means that insofar as one talks about some cause resulting in some effect, it is not something one has learned of the world that is talked about because it is not derived from experience. Rather, one is talking about a feature of one's thinking which one is inclined to discuss as if it were a feature of the world. In short, when one believes one has observed a causal connection all one really has experienced is a conjunction between two separate events. One can only know about the world through experience, so causation as a feature of the world is something unknowable to a human being.
Non-cognitivist projectivism
More recently, Simon Blackburn has been a major proponent of projectivism. Blackburn's projectivism is a version of meta-ethical anti-realism. Blackburn conveys anti-realism as the view that statements which express moral properties are constructed, and realism as the view that moral properties somehow exist independently of moral agents. A further distinction in Blackburn's projectivism is that between cognitivists and non-cognitivists. Cognitivists believe that moral claims are "truth-apt", that is capable of being true or false. Non-cognitivists, on the other hand, believe that moral claims are not truth-apt—not capable of being true or false.
As a non-cognitivist, the projectivist holds that ethical judgments are the product of conative, rather than cognitive psychological processes. A conative psychological process or state is something similar to a stance, attitude, or disposition. These conative psychological processes are in contrast to cognitive ones, which are what are typically thought of when referring to human beings "using their reason" or perhaps being rational (at least in the narrow sense). As highly social creatures whose success as a species has been due primarily to an ability to communicate and cooperate, projectivism holds that the development of a moral interest has actually been in humans' prudential interest.
Blackburn's projectivism, which he calls quasi-realism, is based on the significance of the conative stances that are held. His idea is that these conative stances are the starting point for what the meta-ethical realist labels beliefs or even facts, like that one ought to feed one's children, or that one has moral values—real values that exist out there in the world independent of the self. Since these conative stances are essentially motivating, they can be called desires, and the realist may view them as desires connected to true beliefs about things that exist independent of mental construction. This is because as humans grow and develop, conative stances can become quite refined into a kind of moral sensibility. So for the projectivist, meta-ethical realists confuse moral sense and sensibility. The projectivist position holds that an individual's moral sensibility can become very sophisticated as they age and mature. As one experiences compassion, one comes to value compassion; or with gratitude, one comes to admire being gracious, and consider gratitude a virtue. But the projectivist is not committed to saying that an individual's response to something wrong (i.e. sense) is what determines its rightness or wrongness. The view is that the wrong-making features of actions are external, and they play a role in the development of essentially motivating moral sentiments that guide conduct.
The view is vulnerable to a major concern for the ethical realist: projectivism may collapse into subjectivism or some variety of moral relativism. For example, it may seem that if Hitler truly felt the Holocaust was the right thing to do, the only possible projectivist response would to be that if Hitler truly thought he was doing the right thing, others might say he was wrong, but for him, it was right. But here, projectivism does not collapse into subjectivism. Where a subjectivist sees no moral disagreement (because they believe "X is right" just means "I approve of X"), the projectivist can allow for moral disagreement.
A bigger vulnerability for projectivism is that it lacks explanatory power over meta-ethics, and instead explains it away. Projectivism may stand to meta-ethics as particularism stands to ethics.
The projectivist theory of probability
The meaning of a statement that the probability that a coin lands heads is ½ , in projectivist terms, is not that the coin will either land upward or it will not, a feature of the world, but rather that the probability is a measure of one's own ignorance. Frank Ramsey (see his collected papers, edited by D. H. Mellor) and independently Bruno de Finetti, developed projectivist theories of probability in the early twentieth century. To explain their theories, the concept of degree of belief must first be introduced.
Consider for example that a person has a degree of belief of 1 in a particular proposition if they are completely convinced of its truth. For example, most people have a degree of belief of 1 in the proposition that 2+2=4. On the other hand, a person has a degree of belief 0 in a proposition if they are utterly convinced of its falsity; most people have a degree of belief of zero in the proposition that 2+2=5. Intermediate values are possible. A man who thinks that his dog has stolen the sausages, but is not completely sure, might have a degree of belief of 0.8 in the proposition that his dog stole the sausages.
For each person A, one can define a (partial) function CA mapping the set of propositions to the closed interval [0, 1] by stipulating that for a proposition P CA(P)=t if and only if C has a degree of belief t in the proposition P. Ramsey and de Finetti independently attempted to show that if A is rational, CA is a probability function: that is, CA satisfies the standard (Kolmogorov) probability axioms. They supposed that when one describes an event as having probability P, one really is voicing one's degrees of belief. Probabilities are not real features of the world. For example, when saying that the event that the coin lands heads up has probability ½, one does so because one's degree of belief in the proposition that the coin will land heads up is ½.
A counter-argument would be that: "This needs to be restated to show probability in a particular number of flips, not one coin flip, which DOES only have a probability of 1/2 since it only has two sides". This argument is moot, as the probability of the coin either landing on a heads or tails is 1, however, the observer is unable to accurately measure the input variables contributing to the output condition. Thus, in the projectivist view, probability is a measure of the degree to which an observer believes in a given proposition of the outcome of an event.
See also
Fallibilism
Moral philosophy
Perspectivism
Philosophy of perception
Relativism
Subjectivism
References
External links
Philosophy of Color Vision
Metaphysics of mind
Metaethics
Ethical theories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectivism |
Goober Pyle is a fictional character in the American TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show and its sequel series Mayberry RFD. He was played by George Lindsey. Lindsey first read for the part of Gomer Pyle, Goober's cousin, which went to actor-singer Jim Nabors. The two actors had similar backgrounds; Lindsey was from Jasper, Alabama, while Nabors was from Sylacauga, Alabama.
The character was once introduced by Andy Taylor (played by Andy Griffith) as Goober Beasley, but he was referred to as Goober Pyle for most of his time on the show. Lindsey wrote a book, Goober in a Nutshell, about his experience playing Goober.
Character
The cousin of Gomer Pyle, Goober was initially often referred to by Gomer but never seen until his appearance in the episode "Fun Girls," which was the only Andy Griffith Show episode in which the two appeared together. Goober later appeared in an episode of Gomer Pyle, USMC.
Both Pyle cousins worked at Wally's Filling Station, though not together, and were the show's comic relief. Lindsey was hired to fill the void when Gomer was spun off to join the United States Marine Corps. During season five, Goober was initially referred to as "Goober Beasley." To solidify the connection to Gomer, Goober's surname was changed to "Pyle."
Goober was portrayed as backward and not very bright. A somewhat childlike and happy-go-lucky character, he had the ability to view life and people with a sense of wonder and goodness. His automotive mechanical skills were good, as evidenced by taking Gilly Walker's car apart and reassembling it inside the sheriff's office, and then taking it apart again and reassembling it again outside. Goober was similar to his cousin Gomer, though less animated. Both cousins shared a love for high-stepping swing dancing, even when the music was far less dynamic.
Goober's older brother Braden was a noted rocket-scientist for NASA, and once visited Mayberry R.F.D. in the 1969 episode, "Goober's Brother." Howard Sprague attributed the vast intellectual disparity between the brothers to Mendel's theory of recessive genes.
Goober's attire
Goober was distinctively attired for the show. He was generally dressed in a work shirt, breast pocket filled with pencils, pens, and tire gauges. His dark blue Dickies work pants were hoisted high and cinched with a wide belt, giving him an Empire waistline. Work boots and a customized beanie hat or whoopee cap (similar to that of the comic character Jughead Jones) completed his episode-to-episode wardrobe.
Very occasionally, Goober would dress up for the rare formal occasion in a suit described as "an unsophisticated double-vested, brown pinstripe number with white socks" that was passed to him from his cousin Gomer. A garish tie completed the picture of the dressed-up Goober. Goober's suit was originally owned by Howard McNear (Floyd) who donated it for a friend's funeral. It was rejected and returned to the studio where it wound up in wardrobe.
On two occasions, Goober also wore one of Andy's suits, which was first lent to him in Raleigh at the auto show when his suit ripped. He borrowed it again one other time. On August 27, 2010, the suit became part of the Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy, North Carolina. George Lindsey, who was 81 going on 82 that December, and rarely traveled, asked Jim Clark to appear in his place, telling the crowd, "He told me to say Goober says, 'Hey!'" Clark said Lindsey wore the suit while playing Goober on many Andy Griffith Show/ "RFD" episodes as well as on Hee Haw.
Character biography
Goober was born in either 1940 or 1941 (he says he was five years old when he was a witness to Floyd punching Charles Foley on August 9, 1946, in the episode entitled "The Case of the Punch in the Nose"). He was raised in Mayberry, was trained as a mechanic in Raleigh, North Carolina, and served a stint in the North Carolina National Guard where he picked up the phrase, "Yo." Goober worked at Wally's Filling Station, which he eventually purchased and became the proprietor of, later in the show's run. His girlfriend in two sixth season color episodes was Flora Malherbe, but his initial love interest was Lydia Crosswaith, who was originally from Greensboro, North Carolina.
Goober is known for his (bad) impressions of celebrities. He impersonates Cary Grant ("Judy, Judy, Judy!") and Edward G. Robinson ("OK, you guys. Come on, you guys. All right, you guys. Beat it, you guys."). He could also impersonate Chester Goode's walk from Gunsmoke and perform lame schtick such as simulating sewing up his fingers. The only people who were truly impressed by his talents were his cousin Gomer and the fun girls, Daphne and Skippy. He had a penchant for superhero and monster comic books and sci-fi movies. After the departure of Don Knotts's character Barney Fife, Goober replaced many of the shenanigans formerly attributed to Barney, such as divulging information across town that Andy preferred be kept private, or creating conflict from misunderstandings.
Goober is made an emergency deputy several times when minor crime waves erupted in Mayberry.
Goober is an old friend of Andy Sawyer, a native of the much larger town of Greenwood who happens to look exactly like Sheriff Andy Taylor and behave similarly to him as well; Goober visits Sawyer in Greenwood during the premiere episode of The New Andy Griffith Show.
After the events of Mayberry R.F.D. and The New Andy Griffith Show, Goober relocates to Kornfield County and opens up a gas station of his own, where he spends the next twenty years as a cast member of the country variety revue Hee Haw. By this time, Goober had developed a substantial wit, and when a shyster (played by his brief Andy Griffith Show co-star Jack Burns) would attempt to con Goober out of money, Goober could always goad the shyster into a rematch and win his money back.
Goober appeared on 86 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from 1964 through 1968, one episode each of Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C. and The New Andy Griffith Show and then on 54 episodes of Mayberry R.F.D. until its cancellation in 1971. Following that, Lindsey spent roughly 20 years playing the character on Hee Haw from 1972 through 1992. Goober also appeared in the 1978 television pilot episode "Goober & The Truckers' Paradise" and the 1986 television reunion movie Return to Mayberry alongside his cousin Gomer for only the third time in television history (running the town's G'nG gas station and auto repair shop). The characters also appeared together in one episode each of The Andy Griffith Show and Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C..
References
Fictional characters from North Carolina
Fictional mechanics
The Andy Griffith Show characters
Television characters introduced in 1965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goober%20Pyle |
Voplex Corporation was a company founded in Rochester, New York as Vogt Manufacturing and Coach Lace Company in the late 19th or early 20th century. The name was changed to Voplex, from "Vogt" and "plastic" in the 1970s, the company having been in the business of supplying custom plastic products to the automotive industry for some time. It later relocated to the metropolitan area of Detroit, Michigan.
History
The company appears to have gone into bankruptcy in 1991, reorganized, and sold off some product lines. In 1993 it was bought by Cambridge Industries, Inc, which in turn has been absorbed by Meridian Automotive Systems.
An unusually shaped building on the east side of Rochester, easily visible from the I-490 highway, is still known locally as the Voplex building despite having been vacated by the company since the late 1980s. The building is currently owned by LogicalSolutions.net.
References
History of the Vogt family (MS Word Format)
Manufacturing companies based in Rochester, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voplex |
Qinlingosaurus is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Asia.
The type species, Qinlingosaurus luonanensis, was named by Xue Xiangxu, Zhang Yunxiang and Bi Xianwu in 1996. The generic name comes from the Qinling mountain range of Shaanxi Province in China, where the first fossils were recovered at Hongtuling. The specific name refers to the provenance near Luonang.
The holotype, NWUV 1112, was found in a layer of the Hongtuling Formation or Shanyang Formation, perhaps dating from the Maastrichtian. It consists of an ilium, ischium and three vertebrae. The ilium has a length of seventy-seven centimetres and is elongated with a convex upper profile. Its anterior process is relatively long. The pubic process is long, the ischial process short.
In view of the limited fossil evidence, it is classified as Sauropoda incertae sedis. It probably represents a member of the Neosauropoda. Given its temporal range it may be a titanosaur.
References
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Sauropods
Fossil taxa described in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinlingosaurus |
Living & Dying is a 2007 film starring Edward Furlong and Michael Madsen. The film was shot on location in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. It was released on DVD in the US on December 25, 2007. Living & Dying tells the story of two killers who turn the tables on a group of bank robbers after a botched heist.
Plot summary
Four people rob the vault of a bank at gunpoint. The only trouble is that a large armed police presence turns up as they try to drive away. They take shelter in a diner, where two psychos with guns, Max and Karl decide to take over, and have the (about) $500,000 for themselves.
The robbers become victims with the owners of the diner and the people who were eating there. At first Max and Karl let Sam, one of the robbers do all the talking to Det. Devlin, not letting on that they are there also. But then they decide to make demands as telephone negotiations are going nowhere and shoot one of the hostages in front of the police.
Lind, another negotiator has turned up and takes over, with a gung-ho attitude. A TV reporter is allowed in with a camera to film what they allow, but Max sees her hidden camera which is showing the police what is really going on there and for that she is brutally raped and dumped in a store room.
Devlin has been looking at the bank tapes and see that some of the money the robbers took was not supposed to be there. The bank manager confesses it was payment for an (illegal) arms deal. A phone call shows Lind to be fake and he is shot while shooting his accomplice.
A hidden phone reveals to the hostages that one of the robbers was an undercover cop (who has been shot dead) who would have a second gun, which a young woman manages to get and hand to Sam.
There is a shoot out and dozens of bullets from each gun, with few hits. The cops rush in and the siege is over, but there is still a surprise ending.
Cast
Edward Furlong as Sam
Michael Madsen as Agent Lind
Arnold Vosloo as Detective Rick Devlin
Bai Ling as Nadia
Jordana Spiro as Mary Jane
Tamer Karadağlı as Duca
Brandy Little as Alice
Yelda Reynaud as Detective Catherine Pulliam
Deniz Akkaya as Anne Noble
Trent Haaga as Max
Maurice Ripke as Bud
John F. Beach as Hodges
Curtis Wayne as Karl
Libby Villari as Miriam
Hayden Tweedie as Jenny
Monica Dean as Detective Lascar
Matthew Tompkins as Sergeant McCrea
Brady Coleman as Harold
Matthew Posey as Captain Burleson
Ken Thomas as Officer Bishop
Tom Zembrod as Bill
Robin McGee as Mr. Gris
Małgorzata Kożuchowska as Paulina
Jason Hammond as Fred
Marvin Frank Stone III as Uniformed Command Center Cop
Brandon Baker as 21 Jump Baker
Glenn Bradley as Officer Walker
Mark Andrew Clark as Miami "Serpico" Clark
Nicole Holt as Onlooker
Todd Jenkins as Officer Smith
Natalie Jones as Bank Teller
Steve Krieger as Sharpshooter
Yvonna Lynn as Officer Hardin
Michael Magnus as News Cameraman
Robert N. McLain as Officer Dalton
Reece Rios as The Postman
Marti Twombly as Officer Bonny
Producers
Brandon Baker .... producer
Laszlo Bene .... line producer
Mark Andrew Clark .... associate producer
Elif Dağdeviren .... executive producer
Ron Gell .... producer
Nesim Hason .... producer
Sezin Hason .... executive producer
Bülent Helvacı .... executive producer
Jon Keeyes .... producer
Production
Deniz Akkaya admitted that she had a hard time in the rape scene: "I saw the actors there for the first time. It was very difficult for me, but it ended in one shot. We didn't have to shoot it over and over."
References
External links
Living & Dying Teaser Website
Interview with director Jon Keeyes
2007 films
2000s crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
American heist films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20%26%20Dying |
Snakes are a common occurrence in myths for a multitude of cultures. The Hopi people of North America viewed snakes as symbols of healing, transformation, and fertility. In other cultures snakes symbolized the umbilical cord, joining all humans to Mother Earth. The Great Goddess often had snakes as her familiars—sometimes twining around her sacred staff, as in ancient Crete—and they were worshipped as guardians of her mysteries of birth and regeneration. Although not entirely a snake, the plumed serpent, Quetzalcoatl, in Mesoamerican culture, particularly Mayan and Aztec, held a multitude of roles as a deity. He was viewed as a twin entity which embodied that of god and man and equally man and serpent, yet was closely associated with fertility. In ancient Aztec mythology, Quetzalcoatl was the son of the fertility earth goddess, Cihuacoatl, and cloud serpent and hunting god, Maxicoat. His roles took the form of everything from bringer of morning winds and bright daylight for healthy crops, to a sea god capable of bringing on great floods. As shown in the images there are images of the sky serpent with its tail in its mouth, it is believed to be a reverence to the sun, for which Quetzalcoatl was also closely linked.
Immortality
The West African kingdom of Dahomey regarded snakes as immortal because they appeared to be reincarnated from themselves when they sloughed their skins. Snakes were often also associated with immortality because they were observed biting their tails to form a circle and when they coiled they formed spirals. Both circles and spirals were seen as symbols of eternity. This symbol has come to be known as the Ouroboros. The circle was particularly important to Dahomeyan myth where the snake-god Danh circled the world like a belt, corseting it and preventing it from flying apart in splinters. In Egyptian myth, the state of existence before creation was symbolized as Amduat; a many-coiled serpent from which Ra the Sun and all of creation arose, returning each night and being reborn every morning. Also, in Norse mythology, the snake biting its tail (Ouroboros) symbolized the sea as the eternal ring which enclosed the world. In Egypt the snake has healing abilities. Hymns and offerings were made to it since it was believed that the Goddess could manifest through the snake.
"In a hymn to the goddess Mertseger, a workman on the Necropolis of Thebes relates how the goddess came to him in the form of a snake to heal his illness (Bunn1967:617).In Serer cosmogony and religion, the serpent is the symbol of the pangool, the saints and ancestral spirits of the Serer people of West Africa. When a person dies, the Serer believe that their soul must make its way to Jaaniiw (a place where good souls go). Before the soul can reach Jaaniiw in order to reincarnate (ciiɗ in Serer), it must transform into a black snake. During this transformation, the snake hides in a tree. For this reason, it is taboo in Serer culture to kill snakes. A great degree of respect is afforded to snakes in Serer culture, as they are the very embodiment and symbol of their saints and ancestral spirits.Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer, "Cosaan: les origines", vol.1, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), p 33, Thiaw, Issa Laye, Mythe de la création du monde selon les sages sereer, pp. 45−50, 59−61 [in] "Enracinement et Ouverture" – "Plaidoyer pour le dialogue interreligieux", Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (23 and 24 June 2009), Dakar (Retrieved: March 18, 2020) Like their Serer counterparts, the Dogon people of Mali also have great reverence for the serpent. The serpent plays an active role in Dogon religion and cosmogony. The mythology of the Dogon's primordial ancestor Lebe, it based almost entirely on a serpent mythology. In their traditional African religious belief, they say that the Serpent Lebe guided the Dogon people from Mandé to the Bandiagara Escarpment (their current home) when they decided to migrate to flee Islamization and persecution. The Dogon believe that Lebe is the very reincarnation of the Dogon's first ancestor—who was resurrected in the form of a snake.Imperato, Pascal James, Dogon Cliff Dwellers: The Art of Mali's Mountain People, L. Kahan Gallery/African Arts (1978), pp. 15, 23
In the Sumerian culture snakes were also very important as a healing symbol. In Hammurabi’s Law Code (c. 1700 BC) the god Ninazu is identified as the patron of healing, and his son, Ningishzida, is depicted with a serpent and staff symbol (Bunn 1967:618)
Creation myths
Snakes were a common feature of many creation myths, for example many people in California and Australia had myths about the Rainbow Snake, which was either Mother Earth herself giving birth to all animals or a water-god whose writhing created rivers, creeks and oceans. In ancient Indian myth, the drought-serpent Ahi or Vritra swallowed the primordial ocean and did not release all created beings until Indra split the serpent's stomach with a thunderbolt. In another myth, the protector Vishnu slept on the coils of the world-serpent Shesha (or "Ananta the endless";). Shesha in turn was supported on Kurma and when Kurma moved, Shesha stirred and yawned and the gaping of its jaws caused earthquakes.
In Chinese mythology, the woman-headed snake Nüwa made the first humans. She made humans one at a time with clay.
To conserve her energy, she dipped a rope in clay and flicked it so blobs of clay landed everywhere; each blob of clay became an individual human. The first humans of hers became high-class, but second ones became low-class.
Greek cosmological myths tell of how Ophion the snake incubated the primordial egg from which all created things were born.
The classical symbol of the Ouroboros depicts a snake in the act of eating its own tail. This symbol has many interpretations, one of which is the snake representing cyclical nature of life and death, life feeding on itself in the act of creation.
The underworld
Snakes were regularly regarded as guardians of the Underworld or messengers between the Upper and Lower worlds, because they lived in cracks and holes in the ground. The Gorgons of Greek myth were snake-women (a common hybrid) whose gaze would turn flesh into stone, the most famous of them being Medusa. Nagas, "the demon cobra" and naginis were human-headed snakes whose kings and queens who lived in jewel-encrusted underground or underwater paradises and who were perpetually at war with Garuda the Sun-bird. In Egyptian myth, every morning the serpent Aapep (symbolising chaos) attacked the Sunship (symbolizing order). Aapep would try to engulf the ship and the sky was drenched red at dawn and dusk with its blood as the Sun defeated it.
In Nordic myth, evil was symbolized by the serpent (actually a dragon) Nidhogg (the 'Dread Biter') who coiled around one of the three roots of Yggdrasil the Tree of Life, and tried to choke or gnaw the life from it.
"Here there is an evil dragon named Nidhogg that gnaws constantly at the root, striving to destroy Yggdrasil"
In ancient Slavic paganism a deity by the name of Veles presided over the underworld. He is almost always portrayed as a serpent or dragon depending on the particular myth. The underworld was part of a mythical world tree. The roots of this tree (usually growing in water) were guarded by Veles (Volos) the serpent god.
The idea of snake-people living below the Earth was prominent in American myth. The Aztec underworld, Mictlan was protected by python-trees, a gigantic alligator and a snake, all of which spirits had to evade by physical ducking and weaving or cunning, before they could start the journey towards immortality. In North America, the Brule Sioux people told of three brothers transformed into rattlesnakes which permanently helped and guided their human relatives.
The Pomo people told of a woman who married a rattlesnake-prince and gave birth to four snake-children who freely moved between the two worlds of their parents. The Hopi people told of a young man who ventured into the underworld and married a snake-princess.
Snakes have been associated with Hecate, the Greek goddess of magic and the lower world.
Water
Snakes were also commonly associated with water especially myths about the primordial ocean being formed of a huge coiled snake as in Ahi/Vritra in early Indian myth and Jormungand in Nordic myth. Sea monsters lived in every ocean from the seven-headed crocodile-serpent Leviathan of Hebrew myth to the sea-god Koloowisi of the Zuni people of North America and the Greek monster Scylla with twelve snake-necks. In some cultures, eels (which spend their early lives in freshwater before returning to the sea as adults) were regarded as magical creatures.
Rivers and lakes often had snake-gods or snake-guardians including Untekhi the fearsome water-spirit of the Missouri River. Until recently, some northern European communities held well dressing ceremonies to appease the snake-spirits which lived in village wells and told legends of saints defeating malevolent lake-snakes e.g. Saint George killing a maiden-devouring serpent or Saint Columba lecturing the Loch Ness Monster which then stopped eating humans and became shy of human visitors.
Carved stones depicting a seven-headed cobra are commonly found near the sluices of the ancient irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka; these are believed to have been placed as guardians of the water.
Wisdom
Snakes were associated with wisdom in many mythologies, perhaps due to the appearance of pondering their actions as they prepare to strike, which was copied by medicine men in the build-up to prophecy in parts of West Africa. Usually the wisdom of snakes was regarded as ancient and beneficial towards humans but sometimes it could be directed against humans. In East Asia snake-dragons watched over good harvests, rain, fertility and the cycle of the seasons, whilst in ancient Greece and India, snakes were considered to be lucky and snake-amulets were used as talismans against evil.
The Biblical story of the fall of man tells of how Adam and Eve were deceived into disobeying God by a snake (identified as Satan by both Paul and John in II Corinthians and Revelation, respectively). In the story, the snake convinces Eve to eat fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, which she then convinces Adam to do as well. As a result, God banishes Adam and Eve from the garden and curses the snake.
In the state of Kerala, India, snake shrines occupy most households. Snakes were called upon by the creator of Kerala, Parasurama, to make the saline land fertile. The Mannarasala Shri Nagaraja Temple is one of the main centers of worship. The presiding deity here is Nagaraja - a five-headed snake god born to human parents as a blessing for their caretaking of snakes during a fire. It is believed that Nagaraja left his earthly life and took Samadhi but still resides in a chamber of the temple.
Healing
Healing and snakes were associated in ancient Greek myth with Asclepius, whose snake-familiars would crawl across the bodies of sick people asleep at night in his shrines and lick them back to health.
In northern Europe and West Asia, snakes were associated with healing whilst in parts of South Asia, snakes are regarded as possessing aphrodisiac qualities. Greek myth held that people could acquire second hearing and second sight if their ears or eyes were licked by a snake.
Snake gods
In ancient Mesopotamia, Nirah, the messenger god of Ištaran, was represented as a serpent on kudurrus, or boundary stones. Representations of two intertwined serpents are common in Sumerian art and Neo-Sumerian artwork and still appear sporadically on cylinder seals and amulets until as late as the thirteenth century BC. The horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) appears in Kassite and Neo-Assyrian kudurrus and is invoked in Assyrian texts as a magical protective entity. A dragon-like creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the Hellenistic Period (323 BC–31 BC). This creature, known in Akkadian as the mušḫuššu, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem. It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god Ninazu, but later became the attendant to the Hurrian storm-god Tishpak, as well as, later, Ninazu's son Ningishzida, the Babylonian national god Marduk, the scribal god Nabu, and the Assyrian national god Ashur.
The anthropomorphic basis of many myth-systems meant snake-gods were rarely depicted solely as snakes. Exceptions to this were the Fijian creator-god Ndengei, the dozen creator-gods of the Solomon Islands (each with different responsibilities), the Aztec Mother Goddess Coatlicue, and the Voodoo snake-spirits Damballa, Simbi and Petro. Snake-gods were more often portrayed as hybrids or shape-shifters; for example, North American snake-spirits could change between human and serpentine forms whilst keeping the characteristics of both. Likewise, the Korean snake goddess Eobshin was portrayed as a black snake that had human ears.
The Aztec spirit of intelligence and the wind, Quetzalcoatl ("Plumed Serpent"). The Mayan sky-goddess was a common attribute. However, in her case, the snakes leaned into her ears and whispered the secrets of the universe (i.e. the secrets of herself). In Indian myth, Shiva had a cobra coiled on his head and another at rest on his shoulder, ready to strike his enemies. Egyptian myth has had several snake-gods, from the 'coiled one' Mehen who assisted Ra in fighting Aapep every day to the two-headed Nehebkau who guarded the underworld. In Korean mythology, the goddess Eobshin was the snake goddess of wealth, as snakes ate rats and mice that gnawed on the crops.
The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans. Details vary among tribes, with many of the stories associating the mystical figure with water, rain, lightning and thunder. Horned Serpents were major components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex of North American prehistory.
Rituals
The Hopi people of North America performed an annual snake dance to celebrate the union of Snake Youth (a Sky spirit) and Snake Girl (an Underworld spirit), and to renew fertility of Nature. During the dance, live snakes were handled and at the end of the dance the snakes were released into the fields to guarantee good crops. "The snake dance is a prayer to the spirits of the clouds, the thunder and lightning, that the rain may fall on the growing crops.." In the northwestern Indian city, Banaras, a festival called Naga Pancami is celebrated during the rainy season of Sravana (July/August) to pay homage to the supernatural snakes or deities. Thousands of people gather around snake pools called Naga kuan that are said to lead to Nagaloka, the lavish underwater world of these snake deities or Nagas. Worshippers bathe in and jump from the ledges into the pools as a way to honor them and ensure that they provide things like fertility of the land and its people, and protection from the poisons (wrath) of its bite. In this region, females are more numbered as the worshippers of Nagas, which most closely resemble religious ritual.
Literary Symbolism Derived from Myth
Snakes taken from stories of mythology are expressed throughout the use of language. Examples include...
See also
Aapep - an ancient Egyptian deity who embodied chaos and appears in art as a giant serpent
Ahi or Vritra - a serpent or dragon in Hinduism, the personification of drought
Atum - an ancient Egyptian deity of creation, sometimes depicted as a serpent
Bobbi-Bobbi - to the Binbinga people of northern Australia, a huge supernatural snake who lived in the heavens in the Dreamtime
Echidna - in Greek mythology, a half-woman and half-snake monster
Eobshin - the goddess of the storage and wealth in Korean mythology, believed to be a black snake with ears
Glycon— an ancient snake god, having a large and influential cult within the Roman Empire in the 2nd century; the contemporary satirist Lucian proclaimed the god a hoax, supposedly represented by a hand puppet
Illuyankas - a serpentine dragon in Hittite mythology
Leviathan - a monstrous Biblical sea serpent
Jörmungandr - a sea serpent in Norse mythology
Meretseger - an ancient Egyptian cobra-goddess
Nehustan - a Biblical bronze serpent which God told Moses to erect, but was later destroyed when it became an idol
Rod of Asclepius - a serpent-entwined rod wielded by the Greek god Asclepius, a deity associated with healing and medicine
Serpents in the Bible
Serpent (symbolism)
Snakes in Chinese mythology
Tefnut - an ancient Egyptian deity of moisture, sometimes depicted as a lion-headed serpent
Sheshnag - an ancient hindu god, supposedly he keeps earth on his head
Medusa - a woman cursed by Athena to become a snake woman , and people who sees her eyes will petrify
Quetzalcoatl - (pron. Quet-zal-co-at) or 'Plumed Serpent' was one of the most important gods in ancient Mesoamerica. A mix of bird and rattlesnake, his name is a combination of the Nahuatl words quetzal (the emerald plumed bird) and coatl (serpent). Quetzalcóatl was the god of winds and rain, and the creator of the world and humanity.
References
John Bathurst Deane, Worship of the Serpent: Traced Throughout the World
Hamilton A. Tyler, Pueblo Gods and Myths'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1964
External links
Medusa
Chinese Tradition: Nuwa makes humans
Apep Egyptian Snake God
Snakes
Legendary serpents
Mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes%20in%20mythology |
Ecotechnology is an applied science that seeks to fulfill human needs while causing minimal ecological disruption, by harnessing and manipulating natural forces to leverage their beneficial effects. Ecotechnology integrates two fields of study: the 'ecology of technics' and the 'technics of ecology,' requiring an understanding of the structures and processes of ecosystems and societies. All sustainable engineering that can reduce damage to ecosystems, adopt ecology as a fundamental basis, and ensure conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development may be considered as forms of ecotechnology.
Ecotechnology emphasizes approaching a problem from a holistic point of view. For example, remediation of rivers should not only consider one single area. Rather, the whole catchment area, which includes the upstream, middle stream and downstream sections, should be considered.
Construction can reduce its impact on nature by consulting experts on the environment.
Sustainable development requires the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies which are both efficient and adapted to local conditions. Ecotechnology allows improvement in economic performance while minimizing harm to the environment by:
increasing the efficiency in the selection and use of materials and energy sources
control of impacts on ecosystems
development and permanent improvement of cleaner processes and products
eco-marketing
introducing environmental management systems in the production and services sectors
development of activities for increasing awareness of the need for environmental protection and promotion of sustainable development by the general public
During Ecotechnics '95 - International Symposium on Ecological Engineering in Östersund, Sweden, the participants agreed on the definition: "Ecotechnics is defined as the method of designing future societies within ecological frames."
See also
Afforestation
Agroforestry
Analog forestry
Biomass
Biomass (ecology)
Buffer strip
Collaborative innovation network
Deforestation
Deforestation during the Roman period
Desertification
Ecological engineering
Ecological engineering methods
Energy-efficient landscaping
Forest farming
Forest gardening
Great Plains Shelterbelt
GreenTec Awards
Hedgerow
Home gardens
Human ecology
Institute of Ecotechnics
Macro-engineering
Megaprojects
Mid Sweden University
Permaculture
Permaforestry
Proposed sahara forest project
Push–pull technology
Sand fence
Seawater Greenhouse
Sustainable agriculture
Terra preta
Thomas P. Hughes
Wildcrafting
Windbreak
References
Further reading
Allenby, B.R., and D.J. Richards (1994), The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Braungart, M., and W. McDonough (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press, .
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, Chapter 13, "The Design of Environmentally Sustainable and Appropriate Technologies", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, , 464 pp.
Von Weizsacker, E.U., C. Hargroves, M.H. Smith, C. Desha, and P. Stasinopoulos (2009). Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy through 80% Improvements in Resource Productivity, Routledge.
External links
Ecotechnology research at Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
The Institute of Ecotechnics, London, U.K.
ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles, Transport Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Eco Technology Show, 11-12 June 2015, Brighton, U.K.
Environmental science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology |
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