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Helgo, Helgø or Helgö may refer to:
People
Helgo Zettervall (1831–1907), Swedish architect and professor
Christine Sagen Helgø (born 1968), Norwegian politician, mayor of Stavanger
Malene Helgø (born 1999), Norwegian tennis player
Other uses
Helgo, alternate spelling of Halga, a legendary Danish king
Helgö, an island in Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden
Helgø, full name Helgø Matsenter, a Norwegian supermarket chain
See also
Helge (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgo |
Falco of Benevento (; ) was an Italian-Lombard twelfth-century historian, notary and scribe in the papal palace in Benevento, his native city, where he was born to high-standing parents.
He is an important chronicler for the years between 1102 and 1139 in the Mezzogiorno. As an historian, he is not only reliable, as he was often an eyewitness to events he recounts, but also partisan, for he was a Lombard by birth and he fiercely opposed the Normans, whom he saw as barbarians. He was an opponent of King Roger II of Sicily, and a supporter of Innocent II against Roger's friend Anacletus II. He was, above all, a patriotic supporter of Benevento. As a supporter of Innocent II, Falco was exiled from Benevento in 1134. T.S. Brown writes that Falco demonstrated "a blazing pride in his city and a vitriolic hate of the Normans."
Parts of his chronicle are now lost, but were apparently used for the year 1099–1103 and 1140–49 in the Chronica Romanorum pontificum et imperatorum ac de rebus in Apulia gestis.
Editions
Chronicon Beneventanum at The Latin Library.
Chronicon Beneventanum at the Centro Europea di Studi Normanni.
References
Sources
D'Angelo, Edoardo (1994). "Giuseppe del Re's 'Critical' Edition of Falco of Benevento's Chronicle," in:
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970.
People from Benevento
Italian chroniclers
12th-century Italian historians
Italian scribes
12th-century Lombard people
Italian notaries
12th-century writers in Latin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco%20of%20Benevento |
Erik Meijer (born 18 April 1963, Curaçao) is a Dutch computer scientist, entrepreneur, and tie-dye enthusiast. From 2000 to early 2013 he was a software architect for Microsoft where he headed the Cloud Programmability Team. He then founded Applied Duality Inc. in 2013. Before that, he was an associate professor at Utrecht University. Since 2015 he has been a Director of Engineering at Facebook. He received his Ph.D. from Nijmegen University in 1992.
Meijer's research has included the areas of functional programming (particularly Haskell)
compiler implementation, parsing, programming language design, XML, and foreign function interfaces.
His work at Microsoft included C#, Visual Basic, LINQ, Volta, and the reactive programming framework (Reactive Extensions) for the .NET Framework.
In 2009, he was the recipient of the Microsoft Outstanding Technical Leadership Award and in 2007 the Outstanding Technical Achievement Award as a member of the C# team.
Meijer lived in the Netherlands Antilles until the age 14 when his father retired from his job and the family moved back to the Netherlands.
In 2011 Erik Meijer was appointed part-time professor of Cloud Programming within the Software Engineering Research Group at Delft University of Technology. He is also member of the ACM Queue Editorial Board. Since 2013 he is also Honorary Professor of Programming Language Design at the School of Computer Science of the University of Nottingham, associated with the Functional Programming Laboratory.
In early 2013 Erik Meijer left Microsoft and started Applied Duality Incorporated. During this period he worked on the Hack language with Facebook, RxJava library with Netflix and Dart language with Google.
On Christmas 2014 Erik Meijer was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia and suffered a close to death experience for which he was hospitalized.
He teaches a course on the MOOC provider Coursera, called "Principles of Reactive Programming", and a course on edX called "Introduction to Functional Programming".
References
External links
List of Erik Meijer's publications available from DBLP.
1963 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Functional programming
Programming language researchers
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Microsoft employees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Meijer%20%28computer%20scientist%29 |
The Book of Invasions: A Celtic Symphony is the sixth album by the Irish Celtic rock band Horslips. It was a concept album based on an adaptation of Irish legends built into a complex story. It is named for the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology known as The Book of Invasions in English. Released in 1976, it is usually considered their best work. It was their only UK top-40 album, peaking at #39. "Trouble (With a Capital T)", "Warm Sweet Breath of Love" and "The Power and the Glory" were released as singles.
The 30th anniversary of this album was celebrated at a small gathering in Dublin organised by Horslips fans and was attended by some band members.
Track listing
The album is divided into three movements: "Geantraí" (tracks 1–8), "Goltraí" (tracks 9–11) and "Suantraí" (tracks 12–14).
Side one
"Daybreak" (instrumental) – 2:30
"March Into Trouble" (instrumental) – 0:51
"Trouble (With a Capital T)" – 3:24
"The Power and the Glory" – 3:56
"The Rocks Remain" – 2:49
"Dusk" (instrumental) – 0:37
"Sword of Light" – 4:55
"Dark" (instrumental) – 1:37
Side two
"Warm Sweet Breath of Love" – 3:26
"Fantasia (My Lagan Love)" (instrumental) – 2:55
"King of Morning, Queen of Day" – 4:32
"Sideways to the Sun" – 4:47
"Drive the Cold Winter Away" (instrumental) – 0:35
"Ride to Hell" – 4:07
Expanded CD with bonus tracks
"Daybreak/Drive the Cold Winter Away/Ride to Hell/Sideways to the Sun/Sword of Light" – 18:04
"The Rights of Man" – 3:56
"Trouble (With a Capital T)" – 3:20
Personnel
Musicians
Charles O'Connor - fiddle, mandolin, concertina, vocals, cover design
Jim Lockhart - keyboards, flute, whistles
John Fean - guitar, vocals
Barry Devlin - bass, vocals
Eamon Carr - drums, percussion
Technical
Alan O'Duffy - producer, engineer
Robbie McGrath - assistant engineer
Ian Finlay - photography
Eric G. Bannister - art direction
Evelyn Lunney - make-up
External links
http://www.horslips.ie/celtric.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141843/http://www.tuatha.org/horslips/symphony.html
Horslips albums
1976 albums
DJM Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Invasions%20%28album%29 |
The Skyrian Horse (Greek αλογάκι της Σκύρου) is a breed of miniature horse found on the Greek isle of Skyros.
Breed Characteristics
The Skyros breed generally stands between 9.1 and 11 hands (92 to 115 cm) high, and may be, bay, dun, brown or black. The small-bodied species of the Skyrian horse is one of the rarest horse breeds in the world. It is native to Greece, and in ancient times lived throughout the country, but now is only found in the wild in Skyros and in breeding and welfare farms on the island of Skyros. At the time of writing [2009] there are 220 Skyrian horses in Greece, of which 152 live in Skyros. The Skyrian horse is a protected species.
The Skyrian horses are friendly, social, robust and intelligent animals. The head is very handsome. The mane is long and thick and usually a hue darker than the skin colour. Their legs are slim, strong and wiry, with strong joints. The tail is low set. The hooves are small, compact and strong, usually black, and do not need shoeing. It is preferred by the breed standard to have very limited white markings eg a small star is acceptable .
The Silva Project is currently working to promote the foundation of Skyros herds elsewhere in Greece and abroad. The Skyros Island Horse Trust based in Skyros is running a highly successful breeding, conservation, education and welfare project with the Skyrian horses. Another key organisation working to protect the Skyrian horse is the Skyrian horse society, which has created a stud book and is setting up a pedigree for the Skyrian horse.
Also, another non-profit organisation Hippolytus est. 2010 (ελληνικά Ιππόλυτος) based in Falani Larissa is making efforts towards promoting the breed culturally and at the same time helping with its preservation.
History
The Skyros breed is believed to be descended from horses brought to the island of Skyros during the 5th to 8th centuries BCE by Athenian colonists. It is possible that they were used by Alexander the Great in his conquests, and also possible that they are the horses depicted in the friezes of the Parthenon.
They developed mainly as semi-feral horses in the mountainous area on the southern part of the island, although individuals were caught and tamed by farmers for agricultural uses. The advances in agricultural mechanisation during the 1960s threatened the survival of the breed, as they were no longer needed for farm work and their numbers were already low. The prevalence of feral donkeys in the same area of Skyros is also a threat, as the two groups cross-breed and prevent pure breeding by the Skyros horses.
During the 1970s, there was a short-lived breeding program focused on the Skyros breed. This program brought publicity to the breed and resulted in them being declared critically endangered in 1991.
Uses
The horses are often kept semi-wild, ranging the mountainous interior of the island until they are needed at the harvest for threshing grain. Skyroi are also used as pack horses, harness horses, and for riding.
References
External links
Katsarelias Simpson Project Blog www.skyrosisalndhorsetrust.com
Silva Project homepage
Hippolytus homepage
Hippolytus blog
Area of Controlled Reproduction for the Preservation of Skyros Horse
The Skyrian Horse Society
Horse breeds
Skyros
Horse breeds originating in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyros%20Pony |
Bright Castle is a castle near Downpatrick, County Down, Northern Ireland. The tower house is a Scheduled Historic Monument sited in the townland of Bright, in Down District Council area, on Coniamstown Rd, at grid ref: J5066 3822.
References
See also
Castles in Northern Ireland
Castles in County Down
Ruined castles in Northern Ireland
Scheduled monuments in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright%20Castle |
Francisco Javier Errando Mariscal (born 9 February 1950) better known as Javier Mariscal is a Spanish artist and designer whose work has spanned a wide range of mediums, ranging from painting and sculpture to interior design and landscaping. He was born in February 1950 in the city of Valencia, Spain, into a family of eleven brothers and sisters. Since 1970, he has been living and working in Barcelona.
Career
Mariscal's artistic language is synthetic, with few strokes and a great deal of expressiveness. He started studying at Colegio El Pilar in Valencia. After that he studied design at the Elisava School in Barcelona, but he soon left to learn directly in his environment and follow his own creative impulses. His first steps were in underground comics, a task that he soon combined with illustration, sculpture, graphic design and interior design.
In 1979, he designed the Bar Cel Ona logo, a work that would make him popular. The following year, he opened the first bar in Valencia designed by Mariscal, together with Fernando Salas, the Duplex, for which he designed one of his most famous pieces, the Duplex stool, an authentic icon of the 1980s. In 1981, his work as a furniture designer led him to participate in the exhibition Memphis, an International Style, in Milan. In 1987, he gave an exhibition at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and participated in the Documenta de Kassel.
Throughout the 1980s, he designed several textile collections for Marieta and Tráfico de Modas and exhibited at the Vinçon salon in Barcelona. In 1989, Cobi was chosen as the official mascot for the 1992 Summer Olympics to be held in Barcelona. The mascot was the centre of great controversy because of its vanguard image, but Cobi is now recognised as the most profitable mascot in the history of the modern games. He also created Petra, the official mascot of the 1992 Summer Paralympics. He was later the creative and artistic director of the animated television series The Cobi Troupe that starred both mascots.
He opened the Estudio Mariscal in 1989 and has collaborated in several projects with designers and architects such as Arata Isozaki, Alfredo Arribas, Fernando Salas, Fernando Amat and Pepe Cortés. His most notable works include the visual identities for the Swedish social democratic party, Socialdemokraterna; the Spanish radio station Onda Cero; Barcelona Zoo; the University of Valencia; the Lighthouse Centre for Architecture and Design in Glasgow, the GranShip Cultural Centre in Japan and the London postproduction company, Framestore.
In 1995, Twipsy was chosen as the mascot for the Expo 2000 in Hannover. The success of this mascot led to the Twipsy series, in which the star is a virtual space messenger and the action is set in the Internet. Twipsy was sold to over one hundred countries. In 1995, Mariscal also designed the Amorosos Furniture collection for the Italian manufacturer Moroso, which includes one of his most successful pieces of furniture, the Alexandra armchair, in which the organic shapes and the use he makes of colour communicate the vital, extroverted style that characterises Mariscal's objects.
In 1995, Mariscal collaborated with schoolchildren in the Land of Valencia to create a collective mural sculpture during protest days for the use of the Valencian language in the education. The mural is now located in the Teacher's Faculty of the University of Valencia and open to the public free of charge.
In 2001, he designed the much sought after diary room chair used in Channel 4's second instalment of Big Brother.
In 2002, his multidisciplinary career culminated with the integral design of the Gran Hotel Domine Bilbao, nestling between the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the ria, the creative concept of which is based on reflecting the history of design of the 20th century. Mariscal designed things from the uniforms to the façade, including the graphic image and its website. He did the interior design of the GHDB with Fernando Salas, who also collaborated in Calle 54 Club, a project in which Fernando Trueba also forms part and which provides Madrid with a live space where the most prestigious Latin jazz musicians perform, such as Bebo Valdés and Paquito D'Rivera. Madrid is also the home of Hotel Puerta América, belonging to the Silken Group, a project in which the best architecture and design studios of the moment participated. Estudio Mariscal and Fernando Salas were responsible for the interior design of the eleventh floor.
Another sample of his interdisciplinary vocation is the audiovisual show Colors, which premiered in Barcelona in 1999 and starred the robot Dimitri, another of Mariscal's creatures. The script of Colors has been adapted for the frequent conferences on design he gives all over the world which, rather than conferences are entertaining pocket shows marked with humour and tenderness.
In 2005, he made several objects for the children's collection, Me Too, by Magis, a fruitful collaboration that is still under way. Some of his most recent works, which he continues to combine with his artistic task, are the image of the Spanish financial institution, Bancaja; that of the 32nd America's Cup, of the new brand of bags for Camper, Camper For Hands, as well as the interior design of the Ikea Restaurant in Vitoria.
In 2006, he participated in ARCO with the sculpture, Crash!, a homage to the optimist design of the 1950s and a way of telling us that that confidence in the future has exploded because now we need to think about how to make a future possible.
In 2009, from 1 July until 1 November, a major UK retrospective of Mariscal's work was shown at the London Design Museum, in which visitors enter through a tunnel showing 640 examples of the designer's style from 1970 to the present day, including his typefaces. He will also be creating a mural for the outside of the Design Museum itself.
Mariscal drew and co-directed, with Academy Award-winning director Fernando Trueba, the 2010 Spanish-British animated feature-length film Chico and Rita. The film celebrates the music and culture of Cuba and depicts a love story set against backdrops of Havana, New York, Las Vegas, Hollywood and Paris in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
He and Trueba collaborated a second time on the 2023 animated feature They Shot the Piano Player (Dispararon al pianista).
Awards
In 1999, Mariscal received the National Design Prize of the Spanish Department of Industry and the BCD Foundation grants in recognition of achievements throughout a professional career. In 2011 he won the Award of the Hungarian National Student Jury for Chico and Rita at the 7th Festival of European Animated Feature Films and TV Specials.
References
External links
Estudio Mariscal
Mariscal Sketches
Mariscal Drawing Life - UK retrospective
Javier Mariscal Profile on IDFX Magazine
Gran Hotel Domine Bilbao
Hotel Puerta America
America's Cup
Calle 54
Restaurante Ikea
The Light House
Granship
Magis Design
Moroso
National Prize of Design
Javier Mariscal: the artist
Javier Mariscal portraits @ Design Museum
1950 births
Living people
Artists from Valencia
Spanish artists
Spanish designers
European Film Awards winners (people)
Raw (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Mariscal |
Paisley Grammar School is a secondary school in Paisley, the largest town in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The school was founded in 1576 by royal charter of King James VI and is situated on Glasgow Road. The school is recognised as one of Scotland's oldest schools with an established history.
The present school building (which was called the 'Paisley Grammar School and William B. Barbour Academy' due to a bequest by the former Member of Parliament for Paisley, William B. Barbour, and until recently was the school's proper title) was opened in 1898 by Lord Balfour of Burleigh, then Secretary of State for Scotland.
The school was fee paying until the mid-1960s and in 1986, when threatened with imminent closure by Strathclyde Regional Council, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher intervened personally to ensure the survival of the school. The law was changed so that local councils could no longer close schools which were more than 80% full without approval by the Secretary of State for Scotland.
Following a consultation, in January 2021, Renfrewshire Council approved plans for the school to be moved to a new site, approving construction of a Paisley Grammar School Community Campus at the old site of the Chivas Brothers Whiskey Distillery. The new community campus will move pupils and staff to a modern facility with outdoor areas, state-of-the-art technology, and high-quality media, drama and sports facilities not possible on the current site. The new school will neighbour West College Scotland’s Paisley Campus on Renfrew Road.
Notable former pupils
Notable former pupils include:
John Amabile – interior designer and TV presenter.
Agnes Barr Auchencloss – medical officer
Michael Barratt – television presenter and announcer.
Colin Campbell – former Member of the Scottish Parliament (SNP).
James Carlile (1795–1841) – Irish Commissioner of National Education.
Sir William Cockburn (1891–1957) – banker and cricketer.
Thomas Gibson (1915–1993) – plastic surgeon and bioengineer.
Fred Goodwin – former CEO of Royal Bank of Scotland.
Peter Howitt (1970) – actor and film writer/director.
Omer Hussain – Scottish cricket internationalist.
Kenny Ireland (1945–2014) – theatre director & actor, notable for his role as "Donald" in ITV's Benidorm.
John Jackson (1887–1958) – astronomer.
Jacqui Lait (née Harkness) – former Member of Parliament (Conservative) and first ever female Conservative Party Whip.
Matthew Leishman – Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1858.
Alexander Munro MacRobert (1873–1930) – former Lord Advocate and Member of Parliament (Conservative).
Kyle Magennis – professional footballer.
Jim Mather – former Member of the Scottish Parliament (SNP).
Lord McEwan – former Judge in Scottish Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary.
Ann McKechin – Member of Parliament (Labour) for Glasgow North (2001–2015).
Archibald McLardie (1889–1915) – lawyer and footballer.
John Macquarrie (1919–2007) – sometime Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, University of Oxford, and Canon Residentiary, Christ Church, Oxford.
Andrew Neil – journalist and broadcaster.
David Nish – Chief Executive of Standard Life plc.
Frederick Ramsden – cricketer
Brian Reid – former professional footballer.
Andrew Robertson – former President of the Montreal Board of Trade etc.
Ian Smart - solicitor and former President of the Law Society of Scotland.
David Stow (1793–1864) – educationalist.
Andrew Symington, (1785–1853) - Presbyterian minister
David Tennant – actor, (Doctor Who, Broadchurch, Jessica Jones etc.)
Tom Urie – actor and musician.
Frank Walker (1897–1949) – Scottish footballer.
Frank Arneil Walker – Emeritus Professor of Architecture at Strathclyde University.
John Wilson (Scottish writer)
John Wilson – Canadian children's author.
Robert Wilson – cricketer.
Kenyon Wright – former Chairman of the Scottish Constitutional Convention.
Lord Wylie (1923–2005) – former Lord Advocate and former Member of Parliament (Scottish Unionist Party).
Old Grammarians
The Old Grammarians Club is a society formed by and for former pupils and staff of Paisley Grammar School. The club has been running in some form since 1928 and was founded with a need to 'keep in touch' after school years following world war I.
Ross Brisco is the current president who was elected to office in 2018.
The club are committed to organising social gatherings throughout the year including a yearly ball and a golf club with yearly tournament. The Old Grammarians Club also contributes to the school's annual prize-giving; giving the Old Grammarians Prize to one pupil in the sixth year.
References
External links
Paisley Grammar School's page on Scottish Schools Online
www.paisleygrammarschool.com
www.old-grammarians.co.uk
1576 establishments in Scotland
Educational institutions established in the 1570s
Grammar schools in Scotland
Secondary schools in Renfrewshire
Schools with a royal charter
Schools in Paisley, Renfrewshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley%20Grammar%20School |
Peter John Ingram (born 25 October 1978) is a former New Zealand cricketer, who played for Central Districts. He is a right-handed batsman primarily, and is an occasional right arm off spin bowler. He is the fastest male cricketer to earn his first cap in all three formats of international cricket, doing so in the space of twelve days.
His batting style is akin to Virender Sehwag, with minimal foot movement, and he has credited Sehwag to helping his batting improve.
Early life
Whilst being a talented cricketer, Ingram was also considered to represent his hometown in rugby. However, he gave up rugby when he broke his jaw during a trial.
Domestic career
Ingram has played for the Central Stags since 2001, becoming an integral part of an opening pair, with Jamie How.
In late March 2009, Ingram scored 166, with partnerships of 159 with How and 115 with George Worker, to help Central Districts defeat Canterbury and qualify for the State Championship final, where Auckland took out the title. He would follow this up with an unbeaten 245, in a partnership of 428 (breaking the record for first-class opening record for New Zealand) with How, to lead Central Districts to an unlikely win against Wellington.
In the 2009–10 HRV Cup Final, Ingram hit 54 off 36 balls, setting a strong position that led to Central Stags claiming the title.
In what turned out to be his last game for Central Districts, Ingram made 97 off 54 in a 201 run opening partnership with How, who made 102, in an HRV Cup T20 match. The opening partnership between Ingram and How of 201 was the highest ever opening stand in T20 cricket at the time.
International career
Ingram was a regular player in the NZ A team, and in January 2010, he was selected for the Black Caps 20/20 and ODI squads to play Bangladesh. He scored 69 in his debut ODI match, which remained his highest international score. The next month, he was also selected for the Test squad, replacing the out-of-form Daniel Flynn. He was retained for the Series vs Australia but did not make an impact and was replaced by returning batsman and domestic teammate Mathew Sinclair.
He was recalled into the side for a triangular series in July against Sri Lanka and India after Jesse Ryder suffered an elbow injury and Aaron Redmond was unavailable. This was his last international series, as he was dropped after the series. He retired from international cricket in 2011, after being left out of the World Cup squad and not getting a call to say he hadn't made it, despite having the 3rd highest One Day average for New Zealand.
Retirement
On 9 March 2012 Ingram announced his retirement from first-class cricket. He stated that an Achilles tendon injury and wanting to spend more time with his family were reasons for his retirement. However, he still plays for Taranaki in the Hawke Cup, where he regularly bowls and bats in the middle order.
Tractor Incident
In 2014, whilst moving cattle, his tractor plunged off a cliff. He managed to jump off the tractor, but landed in the path of it. It ran him over, crushing a couple of vertebrae and dislocating his knee. He popped his knee back into place and walked a kilometre to his neighbours to get help. He was hospitalized for a week before being discharged.
Personal life
Ingram is married and has two sons.
Ingram taught at New Plymouth's Francis Douglas Memorial College, teaching Technology and currently teaches at Waitara High School.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Hāwera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ingram |
This is a List of dams of the Lower Colorado River Valley. There are many smaller dams, check dams, or diversion dams, that lace the length of the Colorado River. The major Davis Dam directly downstream of Hoover Dam has the purpose of re-regulating Hoover Dam releases.
The purpose of this list is to accompany the List of lakes of the LCRV (birdwatching). The many lakes of the LCRV, the Lower Colorado River Valley, provide great opportunities for birdwatching, as well as a proximity to other riparian birdwatching habitats.
Major dams
Davis Dam
Parker Dam–The Colorado River Aqueduct exits W to Los Angeles.
Imperial Dam: the majority of the Colorado River exits as the All-American Canal, going to the Imperial Valley in the Calif. desert: Colorado Desert.
Laguna Diversion Dam
Morelos Dam
List of dams--North to South
Davis Dam
Parker Dam
Headgate Rock Dam//Headgate Dam (Moovalya Lake (Muuvaly in Mojave))- at Earp, Calif/Parker
Palo Verde Dam–(no lake)(Diversion Dam)- 4 mi N Ehrenberg/Blythe
Imperial Dam
Laguna Diversion Dam
Morelos Dam–(no lake)
References
External links
Davis Dam:https://web.archive.org/web/20090919010558/http://www.arizonaguide.com/whattodo/DisplayPark.aspx?id=AZDVSDM
Major Facilities on the Lower Colorado River:http://www.lcrmscp.gov/publications/Vol4/O.pdf
History of the Colorado River Indian Tribes:https://archive.today/20110513234423/http://www.postonalliance.org/generalHistory/crit.htm
History of the Colorado River:http://socoloriver.com/index.html
Dams of the Lower Colorado River Valley
lcrv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20dams%20of%20the%20LCRV |
Hayley Dreamsmasher Smith-Fischer is a fictional character from the animated television series American Dad! She is voiced by Rachael MacFarlane, the younger sister of one of the series' co-creators, Seth MacFarlane. She is Stan and Francine Smith's 19-year-old daughter (18 when the series started) and Steve's older sister.
Hayley, along with her father Stan, was one of the first two characters who were conceived and created for the series. Across the series, Hayley's storylines typically involve her liberal opinions clashing with her father's staunch conservative beliefs, and her on-again-off-again relationship with boyfriend Jeff Fischer, whom she marries in the show's sixth season.
Biography
Hayley Smith is the daughter of Stan Smith and Francine Smith, (although it is later revealed that Stan may not be her biological father, but this is one of the three episodes that contradict several others). She is rather short, standing at only and often dwarfed by other characters her age. It is revealed in a brief flashback that she had a twin brother named Bailey. Unlike her father, her mother and her brother, Steve Smith, Hayley is ultra-liberal. She is "addicted" to marijuana and in "Jones for a Smith," Hayley actually worries that her marijuana smoking is getting out of hand and begs Francine to let her go to rehab, with Francine callously telling her daughter to stop being such a melodramatic attention-seeker. Hayley once helped the homeless, and is in favour of gun control. This causes a great amount of distrust and hatred for her on Stan's part, as he consistently has views that are polar opposite to hers. In the third-season episode "Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold", it is revealed that her middle name is Dreamsmasher, as given by Stan.
She lives with her parents and goes to Groff Community College, though she moved out temporarily after a bitter argument with Stan. As a college student, Hayley also majors in women's studies and promotes women's rights.
Personality
Hayley is Stan and Francine's new-age hippie daughter who, despite being a married adult for much of the series, still lives under her parents' roof along with her husband, Jeff. As revealed in the episode "The Kidney Stays in the Picture", she may or may not be Stan's biological daughter—Francine revealed to have cheated on Stan at a bachelorette party. Nonetheless, Stan still regards her as such. Hayley is passionate, insistent and vocal in her convictions. In mentality, she's portrayed as a passionate liberal, what was originally intended to be the antithesis to her father's conservatism. These character traits were particularly emphasized in the show's beginnings but heavily toned down afterwards. Intuitive and insightful, Hayley is able to instinctively grasp the hidden, inner, and obscure nature of situations. For example, she is able to see through Stan's disguise as a Russian communist to get her to come home in the episode "Stan Knows Best", and also, instantly upon entering the room in the episode "Finger Lenting Good", she realizes what Stan and Steve are up to in trying to get Jeff to hug them so as to lose his finger for engaging in his [Jeff] vice. As another example, in the episode "Da Flippity Flop" when the essence of Klaus has entered Stan's body and taken control over it, he attempts to deceive Hayley and Francine into thinking he's truly Stan; however, Hayley instantaneously and half-heartedly acknowledges that it's Klaus. At times, Hayley is casually rude and insulting in attitude especially towards her brother, Steve, which can be described as sibling rivalry. This is primarily because of Hayley's disgust for Steve's obnoxious tendencies and generally shallow taste and desire towards the opposite sex. Several story arcs have been about Hayley's romantic relationship with Jeff. Back when the two were dating, they had several breakups.
Hayley is very often the most empathetic member of her family. She helped to unionize the homeless men Stan paid to fight each other, helped free foster children that Roger had enslaved, and is the one most likely to stand up for people's rights when her family tries to exploit people. Nevertheless, she is also sometimes seen as hypocritical and has moments of weakness—for example, in "Camp Refoogee" she went to an African refugee camp and swore to help the starving people during the short time she expected to be there. However, after finding out they would be there for a few weeks, she went to the spa-like U.N. aid base and went so far as to eat steak, despite being a vegetarian (The episode, The Longest Distance Relationship, she eats part of a steak, and in N.S.A. (No Snoops Allowed), she went an entire day eating just meat after she ate some by mistake). She is often disrespected by other more shallow and self-involved members of the household who seem to find her annoying and are contemptuous of her kinder and more selfless character, especially Stan and Roger.
The fourth season has started showing that Hayley is often prone to violent and uncontrollable mood swings. During puberty, she went through violent outbursts during every development, such as having to wear tampons (and ruining the family's white couch by sitting on it while wearing a skirt), being disappointed over how small her breasts were when they finished growing, and getting an enormous pimple. These mood swings terrified her parents and they were fearful of the same problems in her brother, although it is shown Steve has had his temper more under control. Another episode revealed that Hayley flies into a rage when men break up with her. It had gotten to the point where Hayley will have to go to jail if another relationship she has falls apart.
While still the most empathetic and possibly most sensible member of the Smith family, Hayley's generally intelligent and independent character becomes more at doubt in later seasons. Even upon moving back under her parents' roof, she is no longer an official student at Groff and once even claims that she always drops back out before term papers can happen and once even hinted that she planned on freeloading off her parents into her adult years. At this point in later seasons, Hayley's morality, sensibility, and seriousness have become much further in comparison to the rest of her more shallow, reckless, and muddled family members, and even Roger.
In "The Kidney Stays in the Picture", when Hayley needs a kidney transplant after drinking more liquor than she can handle, Stan immediately volunteers to have his kidney surgically removed to save Hayley. Francine greatly admires Stan's dedication to Hayley, but sheepishly admits Stan's transplant might result in organ rejection as she is unsure if Stan is Hayley's true father. Stan and Francine go back in time, and it is never revealed who Hayley's real father is as Stan requested that his kidney be taken out regardless and the doctors perform the transplant without revealing which kidney is used. The other potential father to Hayley is Joel Larson, a complete stranger who Francine slept with three days before she and Stan got married. When the doctor asked how they got the other kidney for Hayley, Stan said, " I called in a favour." It was later revealed that Roger cut into Larson's stomach with a keyhole saw, getting the kidney.
In season 5 episode 15 "Merlot Down Dirty Shame" it is revealed she and Klaus also share a telepathic ability to communicate. They can talk to each other with their thoughts.
Voice actors
According to a DVD special on the creation of American Dad, Laura Prepon was initially chosen to play Hayley, but Prepon was dropped and replaced by Rachael MacFarlane, the younger sister of Seth MacFarlane.
In the French version of the show, the character is dubbed by Edwige Lemoine, the sister of Christophe Lemoine who dubbed the character of Eric Cartman from South Park.
Romance
Hayley has a husband named Jeff, who is a vegetarian as well. Hayley did once move out, to move in with Jeff who it turns out lives in his van. They sometimes go hiking and smoke marijuana together. She once dumped Jeff, because he agrees with everything that she says. During this time, she slept with Stan's boss, Deputy-Director Bullock, a conservative. This happened after they had an argument; he apologized and she ended up sleeping with him at his house. At first, Stan ignored their relationship and decided it was a great chance to be promoted to "Deputy-Deputy Director". Hayley later dumped Bullock before announcing Stan's promotion. Bullock learned that a more assertive Jeff came back into her life. Being very upset, Bullock promised Stan the promotion if he killed Jeff. Stan didn't kill Jeff but ended up battling his boss upon him insulting Hayley. Bullock gave Stan the job before Stan finished him off. Jeff disappeared for a time after "Phantom of the Telethon," where he was performing hacky-sack tricks on-stage at a telethon when a boat, pushed by Roger, fell on him.
Reginald, a talking koala who works for the CIA, befriends Hayley in the episode "Family Affair". She starts to develop an attraction to Reginald but is rejected by him as he reveals he has a girlfriend. She respects him, but she leaves an open-ended offer for Reginald by the end of the episode.
Embarrassed, she apologizes to Reginald in "Cops and Roger" and suggests a double date with him and his girlfriend Rhonda and her (temporary) boyfriend, Ian. The date ends up annoying both Ian and Rhonda as Reginald and Hayley continue to openly flirt with each other, and by the end of the episode, both end up leaving their partners in favour of each other.
Jeff returns to serenade Hayley in "100 A.D." and is shooed away by Stan and Francine for not being good enough for their daughter. However, after Jeff goes to Hayley and confesses his love for her, they decide to elope. They then trick Stan and Francine into giving them $50,000, which they spent trying to escape from Roger who was trying to steal it from them.
Hayley and Jeff reunite with the family in the episode "There Will Be Bad Blood" where they encounter the rest of the family freezing to death in the desert. Hayley reveals that shortly after losing Roger, the two tried to earn money with Jeff as a male prostitute, but finding little work with women, Jeff is forced into gay prostitution, putting him on "butt rest". They move back in with the Smith family in that same episode. In "Less Money, Mo' Problems" Hayley and Jeff are shown to be still living in the Smith household, with Jeff constantly annoying Stan with his habits. At the end of the episode, Stan has a change of heart after he sees how hard it would be for them to make it on the salary Jeff brings in.
Jeff becomes tricked by Roger in "Naked to the Limit, One More Time" that Roger is his new imaginary friend. But when Roger accidentally reveals that he is real, Jeff cannot keep the secret and Stan is forced to kill either Roger or Jeff. Both are saved when Roger offers to return to his home planet instead. On the night that the spaceship comes to pick up Roger, he tosses Jeff in the transport beam instead of himself and Jeff is abducted.
Hayley is shown pining and grieving over Jeff's disappearance and supposed death in "Spelling Bee My Baby", but in order for her to serve as a line judge, Stan and Roger try to fast track her through the grieving process, but in the end she blames them and steals their shuttlecock in retaliation, forcing Roger to go through the grieving process instead.
Jeff appears to return from space in the episode "Holy Shit, Jeff's Back!," but it is then revealed that the real Jeff Fischer was killed by a race of aliens called the Collectors, and this Jeff is a Collector named Zebleer. However, at the end of the episode, the Collectors are willing to put Jeff's brain in Zebleer to make Hayley happy. However, before they leave, Hayley and Stan had their memories wiped, so they don't know about Jeff's true nature.
There have been numerous scenes that allude to Hayley being bisexual. In the episode "Haylias", there's a scene where Hayley tells her parents that she's planning to leave the United States to go to France to live a more uninhibited life as well as engage in a string of wild love affairs, including one with a woman named Simone. Additionally, In the episode "Pulling Double Booty", she suggests that she and her then boyfriend, Stan's body double, Bill, have a threesome with their waitress. In Season 12, Jeff and Hayley try to have a child and it is revealed that Jeff is not human. After Roger agrees to carry Jeff as a surrogate mother so he can be reborn as a human, Jeff gets reborn through Roger and is human once again. But, due to how difficult Roger was during the pregnancy, Hayley feels that she isn't ready for a baby and Jeff agrees, having just been born himself.
Snot in the episode Jenny Fromdabloc appears to have a crush on Hayley since he was four or five. It is clear that Snot still has feelings for Hayley as the episode Jenny Fromdabloc shows as Snot becomes a teenager. Hayley rejects him multiple times in this episode, but in the episode The Missing Kink, Hayley realizes that Snot loves her and opens her heart to him for the first time. But Snot rejects because he realizes he loved her when he pursued her and she rejected him so, he fakes being gay with Barry in The Missing Kink! Hayley then, feels awkward about the situation and says “I had no idea!” and moves on from Snot. Snot and Hayley don't communicate after this episode as their affair is over.
References
External links
Hayley Smith at Fox.com
American Dad! characters
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional characters from Virginia
Fictional feminists and women's rights activists
Fictional Democrats (United States)
Fictional vegan and vegetarian characters
Television characters introduced in 2005
Animated characters introduced in 2005
Animated human characters
Female characters in animated series
Teenage characters in television
Characters created by Seth MacFarlane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley%20Smith%20%28American%20Dad%21%29 |
James Madison High School is a public high school located in the Hiram Clarke area of Houston, Texas, United States. The school, located in the Five Corners District, serves grades 9 through 12 and is part of the Houston Independent School District. The school is named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States.
Madison contains HISD's magnet program for Space and Meteorological Sciences; the program is known as the High School for Meteorology & Space Science.
History
James Madison Junior-Senior High School was opened on September 8, 1965. In February 1968, Dick Dowling Junior High School (now Audrey Lawson Middle School) was opened and James Madison became a high school that temporarily taught 9th graders for that first year. By the next year, it was for grades 10 through 12.
In 1974 Carrie Rochon McAfee became the principal of Madison and worked there for 15 years. She was the first woman to become the principal of a traditional public high school in Texas. The Madison community knows her as "Marlin Mama."
In the northern hemisphere fall of 1981, Madison again covered the ninth grade.
In the 1980s the school was called the "James Madison Academy of International Education."
The magnet program opened in 1995 with a partnership with KPRC-TV (Channel 2).
In 2007, a study by the Associated Press and Johns Hopkins University referred to Madison as a "dropout factory" where at least 40% of the entering freshman class does not make it to their senior year.
In the period 2014-2019 Madison had five principals. In early 2019, Carlotta Outley Brown, previously principal of Peck Elementary School, became the principal; this occurred at the mid-point of the second semester of the 2018-2019 school year.
Location
Madison is in Houston's neighborhood "Hiram Clarke" nearby Hiram Clarke Road and West Orem Street, a major thoroughfare.
Neighborhoods served by Madison
Houston neighborhoods served by Madison include portions of Almeda, Link Valley and the Hiram Clarke area, including Dumbarton Village, Almeda Plaza, Almeda Manor, Brentwood, Keswick Place, Westbrook, Krogerville, Briarwick, Townwood, Cambridge Village, Corinthian Pointe, Glen Iris (including Angel Lane), Meredith Manor, Pamela Heights, Post Oak Village, Summerlyn , San Pablo , Willow Glen, and Windsor Village. In addition portions of unincorporated Harris County are served by Madison. One Houston Housing Authority public housing complex, Peninsula Park, is zoned to Madison High.
In 1970 Westwood, along with some other White communities, was rezoned from Westbury High School to Madison because of a court ruling. By 1990, Madison was 1% White while Westbury was about 50% Black, 25% White, 15% Hispanic, and 10% Asian. In 1992 an attendance boundary shift occurred but Westwood was still in the Madison zone. The Westwood community advocated for a rezoning to Westbury, and after the community gave a presentation to the HISD board, the board unanimously rezoned the community to Westbury.
Dress code
the students are required to wear school uniforms. In 2019 principal Outley Brown instituted a dress code for parents visiting the school. The principal instituted this after objecting to the dress of a parent trying to register her child for school. This dress code bars parents from wearing pajamas, hair rollers, satin caps, shower caps, and other casual items.
Student body
As of the 2016-2017 school year, 1,661 students attended Madison.
By race/ethnicity:
58% were Hispanic
40% were African American
1% were white
1% were Asian-Pacific Islanders
Less than 1% were Native American
Less than 1% were of 2 or more races/ethnicities
Notable alumni
Michael Arceneaux - Author of I Can't Date Jesus
Kirk Baptiste - 1984 Olympics silver medalist.
Lance Blanks - Former basketball player for the Detroit Pistons. (Did not graduate from Madison)
Brett Cullen - Actor
Greg Kite - Former basketball player for the Boston Celtics, the Los Angeles Clippers, the Sacramento Kings, the Orlando Magic, the New York Knicks and the Indiana Pacers.
Chuck LaMar First General Manager of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays Baseball Club
Tommy Mason-Griffin - Professional basketball player.
Jerel Myers - Former American football player of the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins.
Moran Norris - Fullback for the Houston Texans.
Broderick Thomas - Former American football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Detroit Lions, the Minnesota Vikings, and the Dallas Cowboys
Vince Young - Former American football player
Feeder patterns
The following elementary schools feed into Madison High School:
Fondren
Grissom
Hines-Caldwell
Hobby
Montgomery
Petersen
Windsor Village
(partial)
Shearn
All elementary and middle school students of Reagan K-8 are zoned to Madison. Portions of the Dowling Middle School, Pershing Middle School and Welch Middle School boundaries feed into Madison. Any students zoned to Pershing may apply to Pin Oak Middle School's regular program, so Pin Oak also feeds into Madison.
Further reading
McAdams, Donald R. Fighting to Save Our Urban Schools-- and Winning!: Lessons from Houston. Teachers College Press, 2000. , 9780807770351.
References
External links
Houston Independent School District high schools
Magnet schools in Houston
Public high schools in Houston
James Madison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20High%20School%20%28Houston%29 |
Langbank is a village on the south bank of the River Clyde in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is 9.3 miles/15 km northwest from Paisley (Renfrewshire) and 3.4 miles/5.5 km east from Port Glasgow (Inverclyde) on the A8.
History
Langbank evolved as a dormitory settlement for Glasgow after the opening of the Glasgow and Greenock Railway in 1841, a function it still performs. Prior to that it was a scattered collection of farms with access to the river. An 1800 map makes reference to Longbank. It remains on the busy A8 trunk road, a few hundred yards from the start of the M8 motorway. Langbank railway station is on the Inverclyde Line.
There are two crannogs on the shoreline of the village; Langbank East crannog is at Westferry, by the start of the M8 motorway, Langbank West crannog is immediately beside the A8 dual carriageway opposite Langbank Parish Church. Both crannogs are only visible at lower states of the tide.
Visible along the shoreline west of Langbank and stretching all the way to Port Glasgow are the remains of the timber ponds where the shipyards of the lower Clyde stored timber for use in shipbuilding during the 18th Century.
Landmarks
Langbank Parish Church (1866) has a spire which was rebuilt three times.
Formakin House (begun 1903) is a curious mansion which was never actually completed as the owner ran out of money. Features include tiny stone monkeys which clamber over the rooftops and a datestone carved with the date "1694" and the letters "DL" (standing for "Damned Lie").
Finlaystone House (c. 1760) was built as the seat of the Cunningham Earls of Glencairn, but since the 1920s has been home to the MacMillan family and to the chief of Clan MacMillan. The estate is now a popular country park and garden centre. It is located between Langbank, Port Glasgow and Kilmacolm.
Gleddoch House was the home of Port Glasgow Shipbuilder, Col. Sir James Lithgow Bt. It is now a hotel and leisure complex.
St Vincent's College
From 1961 to 1978, St Vincent's College was situated in the village. It was a minor seminary of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland. It was opened on 3 October 1961. The first rector was Charles McDonald Renfrew, who was a Titular Bishop of Abula and an Auxiliary Bishop of Glasgow. One of its students was the Archbishop of Glasgow, Philip Tartaglia. It closed in 1978 and the students were transferred to Blairs College near Aberdeen. The chapel was listed as a category B listed building on 9 August 1995. In 2003, after restoration work by Historic Scotland, the site was converted into accommodation, but maintained its original outwards appearance.
Governance
Part of the civil parish of Erskine, Langbank also became a quoad sacra parish in the 19th century.
For modern local government purposes, Langbank is part of the Renfrewshire council area. Langbank was previously linked with its nearby and larger neighbour, Houston but is now part of a local council ward with Bishopton and Bridge of Weir (Ward 10). Langbank has its own community council. The community council is chiefly a consultative body, forming a focus for local views, and has no statutory powers of its own.
Gallery
References
External links
Langbank Community Portal (Langbank Community Council)
Finlaystone Estate
The Finlaystone Timber Ponds
Langbank | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbank |
Edward Urban Kmiec (, ; June 4, 1936 – July 11, 2020) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the 13th bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York from 2004 to 2012.
Kmiec previously served as an auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Trenton from 1982 to 1992 and as bishop of the Diocese of Nashville in Tennessee from 1992 to 2004
Biography
Edward Kmiec was born in Trenton, New Jersey, on June 4, 1936. At age 25, Kmiec was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Trenton by Archbishop Martin O’Connor in Rome on December 20, 1961.
Auxiliary Bishop of Trenton
Pope John Paul II appointed Kmiec on August 26, 1982, as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Trenton and Titular Bishop of Simidicca. He was consecrated on November 3, 1982 by Bishop John C. Reiss.
Bishop of Nashville
John Paul II appointed Kmiec as bishop of the Diocese of Nashville on October 13, 1992; he was installed on December 3, 1992. He was heavily criticized for his diocese’s handling of sexual abuse allegations, particularly those against Edward McKeown, who was convicted of raping a 12-year-old boy.
Bishop of Buffalo, New York
On August 12, 2004, Kmiec was appointed by John Paul II as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo. He was installed on October 28, 2004. In 2007, Kmiec announced that the diocese had a balanced budget, after spending cuts reduced a $2.1 million deficit from the previous year.
In August 2009, the Buffalo News reported the removal of Monsignor Fred R. Voorhes, as Administrator of St. Teresa's Parish in South Buffalo and the subsequent dismissal of Marc J. Pasquale, as business administrator and director of religious education at St. Teresa's. Parishioners expressed in interviews their discontent with these removals. Pasquale had gone to the Erie County District Attorney's Office prior to his dismissal to raise concerns about questionable financial practices.
Kmiec was heavily criticized for downsizing the diocese from 274 parishes and missions in 2005 to 170 in 2011. He also oversaw the closures of 25 elementary schools. The Diocese under Kmiec ordained only 18 priests from 2004-11.
Retirement and legacy
On May 29, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted Kmiec's resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo. Bishop Richard Malone from the Diocese of Portland in Maine replaced him.
Edward Kmiec died in Buffalo on July 11, 2020, at age 84.
See also
Catholic Church hierarchy
Catholic Church in the United States
Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
List of Catholic bishops of the United States
Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
References
External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo Official Site
Most Rev. Edward U. Kmiec
Episcopal succession
1936 births
2020 deaths
American people of Polish descent
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton
Religious leaders from New York (state)
Religious leaders from New Jersey
Roman Catholic bishops of Nashville
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Catholics from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Kmiec |
"Danger Bird" is a song written by Neil Young. It was first released on his 1975 album with Crazy Horse, Zuma. A live version was also released on the 1997 album Year of the Horse.
Music and lyrics
"Danger Bird" was recorded in two different sessions several weeks apart that were put together by co-producer David Briggs. It and the more famous "Cortez the Killer" are two songs on Zuma in which Young and Crazy Horse return to the style of songs like "Down by the River" with long feedback-heavy guitar passages. It is styled as a slow folk song in a minor key. The music provides an intense, brooding atmosphere. In some of the verses a member of Crazy Horse takes the lead vocal while Young provides a backup vocal singing different words.
The lyrics to "Danger Bird" reflect the disintegration of Young's relationship with Carrie Snodgress. Some of the lyrics, including the lines "'Cause you've been with another man/There you are and here I am," were originally written for an unreleased song titled "L.A. Girls and Ocean Boys" that was inspired by a trip Young made to visit Snodgrass in which he found out she had been cheating on him. Music critic Johnny Rogan interprets the titular bird as a "metaphor for a doomed relationship." Rogan finds some hopefulness in the final lines "And though these wings have turned to stone/I can fly, fly fly away." Music journalist Nigel Williamson is reminded of imagery from Young's 1968 song "The Loner" by the line "Danger bird, he flies alone." Music author Ken Bielen finds additional themes in the song as the comfort we find in complacency and our fear of being vulnerable, for example in line in which the titular bird sings that "freedom's just a prison."
Young said of "Danger Bird" that "that's a wild song. It's so slow and great. Isn't it slow? Briggs always wanted to remix it. I like the mix. A combination of two songs. 'L.A. Girls and Ocean Boys' I never recorded, but it's part of 'Danger Bird.' Hey, sometimes that's what happens—one song doesn't come out, I'll be writin' another and say 'Oh, that fits.' Bang! Drop it right in."
Reception
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame guitarist Lou Reed considered the guitar playing on "Danger Bird" to be the best he had ever heard, stating "It makes me cry, it is the best I have heard in my life. The guy is a spectacular guitarist, those melodies are so marvelous, so calculated, constructed note to note… he must have killed to get those notes. It puts my hairs on end!”. David Downing suggests that this may be an overstatement but that the performance is nonetheless "remarkable." Downing praises the intensity produced by the "straining and stretching notes" that Young plays "almost in slow motion." Downing especially notes the accompaniment to the final line about flying with stone wings, where Downing feels that the guitar playing allows the listener to feel how heavy those stone wings are but still makes the listener believe that the bird will find a way to fly with them anyway. AllMusic critic Matthew Greenwald describes the guitar solos by Young and Crazy Horse rhythm guitarist Frank Sampedro as being "exquisite."
Williamson describes the song as representing Young and Crazy Horse "at their brooding best." Young biographer Jimmy McDonough describes "Danger Bird" as "perhaps the most unsettling song Young has created, a soundtrack worthy of those ten-cent portraits of Hell found in a Coffin Joe flick," and also "a masterpiece, a trip inside the darkest recesses of Shakey's mind." Pitchfork contributor Rob Mitchum describes the song as a "triumphantly moody, electric epic" which provides "spacious opportunities for Young to revive his trademark lacerating guitar tone." Neil Young FAQ author Glen Boyd, comparing it to "Cortez the Killer," calls it an "equally stunning, if somewhat more underrated contender for a Neil Young and Old Black hall of fame. Rolling Stone Album Guide contributor Paul Evans describes "Danger Bird" as a "standout" track on Zuma. Village Voice critic Robert Christgau describes the song as "sprawling blockbuster cut" which he considers compromised to some extent by its "relative neatness and control."
A 2015 reader poll by Rolling Stone ranked "Danger Bird" as Young's 7th best "deep cut." A year earlier the editors of Rolling Stone rated "Danger Bird" to be the 24th best Neil Young song of all time.
Live performances
Young almost never plays "Danger Bird" live unless he is performing with Crazy Horse. A live version appears on the 1997 live album Year of the Horse. Bielen describes the guitar playing at the beginning of the song to have an "industrial wah-wah sound" before proceeding to "distorted power chords." This version lasts more than 13 minutes as a result of a lot of jamming.
References
1975 songs
Songs written by Neil Young
Neil Young songs
Song recordings produced by Neil Young
Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer)
Crazy Horse (band) songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger%20Bird%20%28Neil%20Young%20song%29 |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 38, commonly referred to as Highway 38, is a east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It extends from Highway 28 in Redwater to a 'T' junction with Highway 45 north of Bruderheim.
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2038 |
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Chad.
Chad is a landlocked country in central Africa bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Chad is divided into three major geographical regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south.
First mails
Regular mail service in Chad began soon after the French occupation of the area, with a post office established at Fort-Lamy in 1905. Additional offices were opened at Abeche (1909), Amm et Timan (1910), Ati (1909), Bousso (1910), Fada (1920), Faya-Largeau (1920), Mandjafa (1910), and Tchekna (1910).
Mail used stamps of French Congo until 1915, then stamps of Ubangi Shari, whose overprints read "OUBANGUI-CHARI-TCHAD".
Overprints
Chad came under civil administration in 1920, and in 1922 received its own stamps, consisting of the issues of Middle Congo overprinted "TCHAD". The initial issue consisted of 18 values ranging from 1 centime to 5 francs. As with Oubangui-Chari, the administrative situation was clarified from 1924 on by the addition of an additional overprint "AFRIQUE EQUATORIALE FRANCAISE". 32 color and value combinations appeared between 1924 and 1933, along with another 9 surcharged with new values.
1930s
In 1930, a set of colorful postage due stamps were the first to be inscribed with the name of the colony, followed by the Colonial Exposition Issue in 1931.
Separate stamps issues came to an end in 1936, after which Chad used the stamps issued for all of French Equatorial Africa.
Independent Chad
In 1959, approaching independence, the country issued its first stamps omitting the letters RF (standing for "République française", French Republic). These included a 15-franc issue depicting a cotton flower, fishers on Lake Chad and the head of an antelope.
Independence in 1960 was not reflected in postage stamps until 1961, when three stamps were issued to celebrate admission to the UN.
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of Ubangi-Shari
Postage stamps of French Equatorial Africa
Sources
Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986.
References
External links
france-timbres.net
Communications in Chad
Chad
History of Chad by topic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage%20stamps%20and%20postal%20history%20of%20Chad |
Thanatus is a genus of false crab spiders described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1837, belonging to the order Araneae, family Philodromidae.
Species of this genus are present in most of Europe.
Adult members of this genus of spiders can reach in length and can mostly be encountered above the soil surface (epigeal organism) on low vegetation.
The members of this genus have a clear leaf-like cardiac mark on the anterior dorsal elongated abdomen. They are very similar to Philodromus species, but they can mainly be distinguished by differences in the eyes.
Species
This genus includes approximately 100 species:
Thanatus africanus Karsch, 1878
Thanatus albescens O. P.-Cambridge, 1885
Thanatus alpinus Kulczyński, 1887
Thanatus altimontis Gertsch, 1933
Thanatus arcticus Thorell, 1872
Thanatus arenarius Thorell, 1872
Thanatus arenicola (Schmidt, 1976)
Thanatus aridorum Silhavy, 1940
Thanatus atlanticus Berland, 1936
Thanatus atratus Simon, 1875
Thanatus balestrerii Caporiacco, 1935
Thanatus bungei (Kulczynski, 1908)
Thanatus chorillensis Keyserling, 1880
Thanatus coloradensis Keyserling, 1880
Thanatus constellatus Charitonov, 1946
Thanatus coreanus Paik, 1979
Thanatus cronebergi Simon, 1895
Thanatus dahurianus Logunov, 1997
Thanatus denisi Brignoli, 1983
Thanatus dhakuricus Tikader, 1960
Thanatus dissimilis Denis, 1960
Thanatus dorsilineatus Jézéquel, 1964
Thanatus fabricii (Audouin, 1826)
Thanatus firmetorum Muster & Thaler, 2003
Thanatus flavescens O. P.-Cambridge, 1876
Thanatus flavidus Simon, 1875
Thanatus flavus O. P.-Cambridge, 1876
Thanatus forbesi Pocock, 1903
Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757)
Thanatus fornicatus Simon, 1897
Thanatus frederici Denis, 1941
Thanatus fuscipes Denis, 1957
Thanatus gigas (C.L. Koch, 1837)
Thanatus gnaquiensis Strand, 1908
Thanatus granadensis Keyserling, 1880
Thanatus hongkong Song, Zhu & Wu, 1997
Thanatus imbecillus L. Koch, 1878
Thanatus inconsuetus Caporiacco, 1940
Thanatus indicus Simon, 1885
Thanatus jabalpurensis Gajbe & Gajbe, 1999
Thanatus jaikensis Ponomarev, 2007
Thanatus jugorum Simon, 1916
Thanatus ketani Bhandari & Gajbe, 2001
Thanatus kitabensis Charitonov, 1946
Thanatus lamottei Jézéquel, 1964
Thanatus lanatus Logunov, 1996
Thanatus lanceolatus Simon, 1875
Thanatus lanceoletus Tikader, 1966
Thanatus lesserti (Roewer, 1951)
Thanatus lineatipes Simon, 1870
Thanatus luederitzi Simon, 1910
Thanatus maculatus Keyserling, 1880
Thanatus mandali Tikader, 1965
Thanatus meronensis Levy, 1977
Thanatus mikhailovi Logunov, 1996
Thanatus miniaceus Simon, 1880
Thanatus mongolicus (Schenkel, 1936)
Thanatus multipunctatus Strand, 1906
Thanatus mus Strand, 1908
Thanatus namaquensis Simon, 1910
Thanatus neimongol Wu & Song, 1987
Thanatus nigromaculatus Kulczynski, 1885
Thanatus nipponicus Yaginuma, 1969
Thanatus nitidus Logunov & Kunt, 2010
Thanatus oblongiusculus (Lucas, 1846) - Southern Europe, Turkey, North Africa, Ukraine, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Iran, China
Thanatus okayi Karol, 1966
Thanatus ornatus (Lucas, 1846)
Thanatus pagenstecheri Strand, 1906
Thanatus parangvulgaris Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
Thanatus paucipunctatus Strand, 1906
Thanatus philodromicus Strand, 1916
Thanatus philodromoides Caporiacco, 1940
Thanatus pictus L. Koch, 1881
Thanatus pinnatus Jézéquel, 1964
Thanatus plumosus Simon, 1890
Thanatus prolixus Simon, 1897
Thanatus pygmaeus Schmidt & Krause, 1996
Thanatus rayi Simon, 1875
Thanatus rubicellus Mello-Leitão, 1929
Thanatus rubicundus L. Koch, 1875
Thanatus sabulosus (Menge, 1875)
Thanatus saraevi Ponomarev, 2007
Thanatus schubotzi Strand, 1913
Thanatus sepiacolor Levy, 1999
Thanatus setiger (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)
Thanatus sibiricus Kulczynski, 1901
Thanatus simplicipalpis Simon, 1882
Thanatus stepposus Logunov, 1996
Thanatus striatus C. L. Koch, 1845
Thanatus stripatus Tikader, 1980
Thanatus tuvinensis Logunov, 1996
Thanatus ubsunurensis Logunov, 1996
Thanatus validus Simon, 1875
Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870
Thanatus wuchuanensis Tang & Wang, 2008
Thanatus xinjiangensis Hu & Wu, 1989
Thanatus zavattarii Caporiacco, 1939
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Biolib
Bugguide
Philodromidae
Philodromidae
Araneomorphae genera
Cosmopolitan spiders
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanatus |
May refer to
any of the Prime Meridians that have been used, are used, or are proposed
Greenwich Meridian established by the International Meridian Conference
IERS Reference Meridian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Meridian |
"Out on the Weekend" is a song written by Neil Young that was the opening song of his 1972 album Harvest.
Music and lyrics
"Out on the Weekend" is a country ballad. Music lecturer Ken Bielen describes it as an "easy-flowing pop song". The Stray Gators provide the backing music. Allmusic critic Matthew Greenwald describes Ben Keith's playing on pedal steel to be a highlight of the song. Young biographer David Downing describes his pedal steel playing as having a "blue-sky purity." According to Greenwald, the music has a "searching, yearning melody that has the element of infinity and journey" that perfectly reflects the theme of the lyrics. Sound on Sound editor Sam Inglis describes the mood of the song as being "one of resignation, perhaps even exhaustion."
The song starts by describing a man getting away from the big city. Although the singer is traveling, he is reflecting on his past with what Downing describes as being "full of joy he can't relate to, floating in a dreamy sort of sadness." The lyrics then take on the theme of lovers who are lonely because they can't connect. Music critic Nigel Williamson describes the lyrics as reflecting an "emotional ambivalence." There is a contrast between comforting images such as a woman who is "so fine she is on [the singer's] mind" and "her big brass bed" and a "brand new day" against images of "a lonely boy" who "can't relate to joy" and is "so down today."
Young recognized this contrast, stating "Even when I'm happy it sounds like I'm not and when I try to say I'm happy I try to disguise it." About the boy who can't relate to joy Young stated that it "just means I'm so happy that I can't get it all out. But it doesn't sound happy. The way I wrote it sounds sad, like I tried to hide it."
Young has stated that this song, as well as "Harvest" and "Heart of Gold" from the same album, were inspired by his then blossoming love for actress Carrie Snodgress.
Reception
Bielen claims "Out on the Weekend" has a "catchy hook" and could have been a hit if it was released as a single. According to music critic Johnny Rogan, the opening line of "Think I'll pack it in and buy a pickup" is one of Young's best expressions of "laid-back star-weariness." Inglis describes it as "a relatively slight song" but acknowledges that it "exemplifies the finesse at the heart of the Harvest sound. Inglis feels that combination of Young's "garage-band aesthetic" with "Nashville professionalism" "worked perfectly" on "Out on the Weekend." On the other hand, in his initial review of the Harvest album, Rolling Stone Magazine critic John Mendelsohn criticized the Stray Gators' playing as a "flaccid imitation" of Young's other backing band of the period, Crazy Horse.
Lady Gaga covered a verse from "Out on the Weekend" within her song "Fooled Me Again, Honest Eyes."
References
1972 songs
Songs written by Neil Young
Neil Young songs
Song recordings produced by Elliot Mazer
Song recordings produced by Neil Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20on%20the%20Weekend |
Timothy Ian Weston (born 17 January 1982, in Stratford) is a cricket player from New Zealand who plays for Central Districts and Watsonians. He is a right-handed batsman (top score 152*), he also plays for Taranaki in the Hawke Cup. He is a teacher at Francis Douglas Memorial College in New Plymouth and plays for the school team in the Taranaki Premier Grade cricket competition along with Central Districts team-mate Peter Ingram who also teaches at the school.
Weston will be playing for Watsonian Cricket Club in Edinburgh, Scotland, for the 2010 season.
Notes
External links
Watsonian Cricket Club
1982 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Sportspeople from Stratford, New Zealand
Cricketers from Taranaki
Wicket-keepers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Weston |
Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System, has appeared in works of fiction across several centuries. The way the planet has been depicted has evolved as more has become known about its composition; it was initially portrayed as being entirely solid, later as having a high-pressure atmosphere with a solid surface underneath, and finally as being entirely gaseous. It was a popular setting during the pulp era of science fiction. Life on the planet has variously been depicted as identical to humans, larger versions of humans, and non-human. Non-human life on Jupiter has been portrayed as primitive in some works and more advanced than humans in others.
The moons of Jupiter have also been featured in a large number of stories, especially the four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Common themes include terraforming and colonizing these worlds.
Jupiter
Early depictions
Jupiter was long believed, incorrectly, to be a solid planet onto which it would be possible to make a landing. It has made appearances in fiction since at least the 1752 novel Micromégas by Voltaire, wherein an alien from Sirius and another from Saturn pass Jupiter's satellites and land on the planet itself. In the 1800s, writers typically assumed that Jupiter was not only solid but also an Earth-like world and depicted it accordingly. In the 1886 novel Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds by W. S. Lach-Szyrma, the planet is covered in an ocean with a few islands and primitive aquatic humanoids living there. Jupiter resembles prehistoric Earth with a rich fauna full of lifeforms such as dinosaurs and mastodons in the 1894 novel A Journey in Other Worlds by John Jacob Astor IV. A few utopian works of fiction of the early 1900s are set on Jupiter, including the anonymously published 1908 novel To Jupiter Via Hell and the 1922 novel The Perfect World by Ella Scrymsour.
Jovians
Most writers portrayed the inhabitants of Jupiter as being human, including Marie Corelli in the 1886 novel A Romance of Two Worlds and Cornelius Shea in the 1905 novel Mystic Island; Or, the Tale of a Hidden Treasure. In the anonymously published 1873 novel A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets, the human inhabitants of Jupiter have heavier-than-air aircraft. Some portrayed Jovians as giant humans, including Albert Waldo Howard in the novel The Milltillionaire and William Shuler Harris in the 1905 novel Life in a Thousand Worlds. In the satirical 1886 novel A Fortnight in Heaven by Harold A. Brydges, an Earthling who visits Jupiter finds a futuristic version of America and discovers that the planet is populated by giant counterparts of Earth persons. Others took different approaches to portraying the natives, such as Fred H. Brown in the 1893 short story "A Message from the Stars", where the planet is inhabited by the spirits of the dead, and Homer Eon Flint in the 1918 short story "The King of Conserve Island", where Jovians are winged.
Pulp era
Jupiter made appearances in several pulp science fiction stories, including the final John Carter story by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the 1943 short story "Skeleton Men of Jupiter". The 1932 short story "A Conquest of Two Worlds" by Edmond Hamilton depicts a human invasion of a peaceable civilization on Jupiter, which leads an Earthling to rebel against the humans and side with the Jovians. In the 1933 short story "The Essence of Life" by Festus Pragnell, a social scientist is visited by human-looking beings from Jupiter who reveal that they have a kind of elixir of life that they are willing to share, but also that they are ruled by octopus-like beings who keep them as pets. Jupiter's Great Red Spot is imagined as a landmass of shifting solidity which is mined for radioactive deposits in the 1936 short story "Red Storm on Jupiter" by Frank Belknap Long, and it leaves Jupiter entirely in the 1937 short story "Life Disinherited" by Eando Binder.
Surface
As the conditions of Jupiter became better understood in the 1930s and onward, several stories emerged where the planet was portrayed as having a solid surface underneath a high-pressure atmosphere. Some writers proposed that native lifeforms would have adaptations to the expected high surface gravity in the form of a low stature as in the 1939 short story "Heavy Planet" by Milton A. Rothman or a large number of legs to distribute their weight on as in the 1931 novel Spacehounds of IPC by E. E. Smith. Similarly, James Blish posited in The Seedling Stars (a 1957 collection of earlier short stories) that human survival on Jupiter would necessitate pantropy, i.e. modifying the humans to adapt them to the alien environment. In the 1944 short story "Desertion" by Clifford D. Simak (later included in the 1952 fix-up novel City), humans who have been thus transformed find Jupiter a preferable place to live and refuse to leave. Other writers resolved the issue of the presumed-harsh conditions of Jupiter by only having robots go there; in the 1942 short story "Victory Unintentional" by Isaac Asimov such robots encounter hostile aliens who mistake them for living beings, and in the 1957 short story "Call Me Joe" by Poul Anderson, a remotely controlled artificial creature explores the Jovian surface.
Atmosphere
By the late 1950s, it was generally accepted that the atmosphere of Jupiter was for all practical purposes bottomless and the idea of a solid surface beneath it fell into disuse. Some works portray alien lifeforms living in the atmosphere, including the 1971 short story "A Meeting with Medusa" by Arthur C. Clarke. In the 2002 novel Manta's Gift by Timothy Zahn, humanity makes contact with intelligent life in the Jovian atmosphere, and in the 2000 novel Wheelers by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, it is discovered that there are entire floating cities there. Descents into the atmosphere are commonplace, seen in such works as the 1960 short story "The Way to Amalthea" by Soviet science fiction authors Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, the 1972 novel As on a Darkling Plain by Ben Bova, and the 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods by Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund. The Jovian atmosphere also becomes a location for racing in the 1996 short story "Primrose and Thorn" by Bud Sparhawk.
Modern depictions
Jupiter is the destination of an expedition in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, whereas the book version by Arthur C. Clarke from the same year instead uses Saturn. The planet is transformed into a star in the 1982 sequel novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Clarke and the 1984 film adaptation 2010: The Year We Make Contact as well as the 1982 novel Sayonara Jupiter by Sakyo Komatsu and its 1984 film adaptation Bye-Bye Jupiter, an idea that was later reused by other authors such as Charles L. Harness in the 1991 novel Lunar Justice and John C. Wright in the 2002 novel The Golden Age. The 2015 film Jupiter Ascending is a space opera set partially on the planet.
Moons
Once it was understood that Jupiter itself is a gaseous planet, its moons became more popular settings for stories featuring human or alien life. Occasionally, the entire satellite system has been the focus collectively, such as in the 1984 short story "Promises to Keep" by Jack McDevitt. The four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—have all been colonized in the 1956 novel The Stars My Destination by Alfred Bester.
Io
Io has a tropical climate in the 1935 short story "The Mad Moon" by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The satellite is mined for resources in the 1981 film Outland, a science-fiction version of the 1952 Western High Noon. In the 1998 short story "The Very Pulse of the Machine" by Michael Swanwick, Io is implied to be sentient. The 2019 film Io depicts the satellite as humanity's refuge after Earth has become near-uninhabitable due to pollution.
Europa
Europa is depicted as having a breathable atmosphere and native lifeforms on the side of the planet tidally locked towards Jupiter in the 1936 short story "Redemption Cairn" by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The 1992 novel Cold as Ice by Charles Sheffield focuses on a conflict about whether or not Europa should be terraformed. Since scientists started hypothesizing that Europa may have water oceans that could harbour life under its surface of ice, several stories have explored the idea, including the 2008 novel The Quiet War by Paul J. McAuley, the 2013 film Europa Report, and the 2016 novel Europa's Lost Expedition: A Scientific Novel by Michael Carroll.
Ganymede
Ganymede has domed cities in the 1901 novel A Honeymoon in Space by George Griffith. It is terraformed in the 1950 novel Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein. The 1950 short story "The Dancing Girl of Ganymede" by Leigh Brackett is another early work set on the satellite. The colonization of Ganymede has been depicted in numerous works, including the 1964 novel Three Worlds to Conquer by Poul Anderson, the 1975 novel Jupiter Project by Gregory Benford, and the 1997 short story "The Flag in Gorbachev Crater" by Charles L. Harness.
Callisto
Callisto is colonized in the 1950 short story "U-Turn" by Eric Frank Russell. The 1970s Callisto series by Lin Carter, starting with the 1972 novel Jandar of Callisto, is a planetary romance set on the satellite and an homage to the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs.
Other moons
Amalthea is a derelict extraterrestrial spaceship in the 1953 short story "Jupiter Five" by Arthur C. Clarke. The 1957 novel Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter by Isaac Asimov takes place on another minor moon of Jupiter, variously referred to as Jupiter IX and Adrastea.
See also
Sun in fiction
References
Further reading
Jupiter
Fiction set on Jupiter's moons
Fiction about gas giants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20in%20fiction |
The Amboy Dukes is the debut studio album by American rock band The Amboy Dukes. It was released in November 1967 on Mainstream Records.
Composition
The album is noted for containing an energetic recording of Joe Williams' blues standard "Baby, Please Don't Go", as well as covers of Pete Townshend's composition "It's Not True", and Cream's "I Feel Free". AllMusic said that the album fused "the psychedelia of the early Blues Magoos with Hendrix riffs and British pop" and described the song "Colors" as psychedelic hard rock. The publication compared "Down on Philips Escalator" to Syd Barrett-period Pink Floyd, and said that "The Lovely Lady" "almost sounds like the Velvet Underground meets the Small Faces by way of Peanut Butter Conspiracy."
Reception
"Baby, Please Don't Go" was released as a single, with the song "Psalms of Aftermath" as the B-side. Ultimate Classic Rock said that the album received "little, if any, fanfare outside of [the band's] home base of Detroit". AllMusic wrote in a retrospective review that the album is "as essential to the Amboy Dukes' catalog as the non-hit material on Psychedelic Lollipop was to the Blues Magoos, the first album from the Amboy Dukes is a real find and fun listening experience. [...] This is a far cry from Cat Scratch Fever, and that's why fans of psychedelia and '60s music should cherish this early diamond."
Track listing
Personnel
The Amboy Dukes
John (J.B.) Drake – vocals
Ted Nugent – guitar
Steve Farmer – guitar
Rick Lober – piano, organ
Dave Palmer – drums
Bill White – bass
Technical
Bob Shad – producer
John Cue – engineer
Maxine Epstein – album coordinator
Jack Lonshein – cover design
References
1967 debut albums
The Amboy Dukes albums
Mainstream Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Shad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amboy%20Dukes%20%28album%29 |
Attrition are an English electronic music band, formed in Coventry in 1980 by Martin Bowes and Julia Niblock. The band emerged from the experimental post-punk scene of the early 1980s and, along with other groups such as Throbbing Gristle, Coil, Einstürzende Neubauten, and In the Nursery, greatly contributed to the development of industrial music in the UK.
History
Beginnings
In 1979, Martin started a xeroxed fanzine called Alternative Sounds to document the Coventry music scene (including such notables as The Specials and Furious Apples). The fanzine ran for 18 issues until 1981, and culminated in a vinyl compilation, "Sent from Coventry" (on Cherry Red) and a brief appearance on the BBC's Something Else programme. During this time, Martin met Julia at a local gig and, with the addition of Martin's brother Chris on guitar, Attrition was formed. In 1980 Chris was replaced by Julia's brother Ashley Niblock on synthesizer, and a short time later they replaced their live drummer with a drum machine; these changes facilitated Attrition's development beyond the post-punk of the early 80s into more experimental veins of sound.
1980s
Influenced by punk's do-it-yourself aesthetic, Attrition took part in the emerging cassette culture, contributing multiple early tracks to underground cassette compilations and fanzines alongside contemporaries such as Portion Control, Konstruktivits, Chris & Cosey, The Legendary Pink Dots, Nurse with Wound, and Coil. Attrition's first album release came in the form of Death House, a cassette of two experimental electronic soundtracks inspired by zombie films. In 1983, Attrition received their first exposure in the national music press through a review by Dave Henderson in his "Wild Planet" column in Sounds, which led to their "Dreamsleep" track appearing on Henderson's compilation The Elephant Table Album, the band's first vinyl appearance. A postal collaboration via exchanges of 4-track recordings with Seattle-based improvisational collective Audio Leter led to Attrition's second cassette album release, Action and Reaction. Attrition's first London concert followed, with a supporting slot from Coil, and the first European tour in April 1984 with the Legendary Pink Dots.
The debut album The Attrition of Reason appeared on Third Mind Records in autumn of 1984. The next year, Julia left the band to join the Legendary Pink Dots, and Bowes returned with new band members Marianne, Alex Novak, and Pete Morris to release the second proper Attrition album, Smiling, at the Hypogonder Club, which was generally well received. The following year, however, this lineup dissolved and Bowes released In The Realm of the Hungry Ghosts, a collection of rarities, compilation tracks, and B-sides from the preceding few years. This was the last release on Third Mind. The band then switched to Belgium's Antler-Subway Records for the release of At the Fiftieth Gate in 1988, which saw the addition of guitarist Gary Cox.
1990s
After a short hiatus, Bowes began work on music once more and Julia rejoined Attrition in 1990. A compilation of songs from previous releases was released by Projekt Records in the US, introducing Attrition to US audiences. "A Tricky Business" was released in 1991 on Italy's Contempo Records and marked a new era for the band. These US releases were complemented with European editions on German labels Hyperium and Trisol. The Hidden Agenda came out in 1993, followed by Ephemera in 1995, which mirrored the dark ambient nature of early album Death House.
1996 saw the release of 3 Arms And A Dead Cert, which showed an increased use of organic instruments, including the first use of live orchestral elements as provided by Franck Dematteis of the Paris Opera. This album also was the first proper release on Projekt, a relationship that would continue for many years and would see the release of a succession of albums during the '90s that saw progressed development of Attrition's signature sound. Also in 1996 the band toured the US for the first time, at the culmination of which Julia left the band once more. The following year, Bowes revisited various works from the past decade of Attrition music and recorded new classical string variations of the songs, releasing them as Etude. After heavy touring in the late 1990s, including a stop at Wave-Gotik-Treffen, Attrition released The Jeopardy Maze in 1999.
2000s
Five years passed between The Jeopardy Maze and the next Attrition album, Dante's Kitchen, released in 2004. During the interim a remix album and a rarities album were put out and the entire back catalog of Attrition was reissued on CD in Europe and the band focused on touring and playing live again. Attrition finally founded their own label, Two Gods, in 2006 and released Tearing Arms from Deities, a 25th anniversary collection of material spanning Attrition's career, and Something Stirs - The Beginning, a collection of many of their cassette compilation tracks from the early 1980s. Two Gods would serve as a vehicle for releasing remastered reissues of the entire Attrition back catalogue in the following years. It has also served as a label for releases from other bands, including Rossetti's Compass.
In June 2008, Attrition once more became a multi-member act with the addition of female vocalist Sin D'rella. Bowes and Sin then released the twelfth album proper for the band, All Mine Enemys Whispers - The Story of Mary Ann Cotton, a concept album built around the true story of a mid-19th century serial killer in England, the arresting officer of whom Bowes is a descendant. The album bears a marked departure from what has come to be seen as the signature Attrition sound, ditching prominent synthesizer base lines, percussion, and vocals for atmospheric, ambient, and found sounds. Guests on the album include Emilie Autumn, Erica Mulkey, and Bowes' own two children.
2009 has seen the release of a live album, Kill the Buddha!, that celebrates 25 years of live touring, and Wrapped in the guise of my friend, an album of Attrition songs covered by other bands.
In 2012, Martin worked with his wife Kerri on their first full-length movie score, Invocation.
Martin taught music technology at City College in Coventry for many years and left in 2011 to work full-time on mastering and production for Attrition and other artists in his studio The Cage.
In 2013, the band released, The Unraveller of Angels, which was followed in 2015 with Millions of the Mouthless Dead. The latter album Martin made with Anni Hogan (of Marc and the Mambas fame), which explored First World War poetry set to dark ambient scores, including a guest appearance from Wolfgang Flur (ex-Kraftwerk).
Musical influences and characteristics
Martin Bowes has cited a wide variety of influences on his music, including experimental rock, punk, post-punk, and industrial groups such as The Velvet Underground, Crass, the Sex Pistols, Magazine, Joy Division, and Cabaret Voltaire, early experimental electronic groups like Kraftwerk, classic rock'n'roll (Elvis), and even Beethoven.
In the early 1980s, Attrition was grouped into the post-punk movement, and as post-punk birthed subgenres and cross-pollinated with others, the band came to be seen as an early and influential part of the fledgling industrial and darkwave genres. Later on they would also gain a considerable following among the goth scene. By the early 1990s Bowes had become the primary member and songwriter and Attrition had developed its own distinctive electro-acoustic sound. This was based on Martin's deep growl, Julia's fretless bass work and breathy sub-operatic vocals, and a backline of electronic instrumentation, comprising analogue synthesizers (including a Korg Mono/Poly and Korg MS-20), sequencer (Roland MC-202), drum machine (Roland TR-808), and various effects units.
"At first, there wasn't the same sort of scene and we were in more of an 'industrial' thing. There was nothing like the clubs you get now, it was actually quite difficult to play anywhere that would appreciate you. It's a lot easier now, it's not just Goth, it's a mix - Darkwave or whatever. That's gotten stronger, so that has helped, but really, we were there before it was built."
Discography
(selected; a full discography can be obtained from the official website — see links below)
Albums
(1982) Death House
(1983) Action and Reaction (a collaboration with Audio Leter)
(1984) The Attrition of Reason
(1985) Smiling, at The Hypogonder Club
(1988) At the Fiftieth Gate
(1991) A Tricky Business
(1993) The Hidden Agenda
(1995) Ephemera
(1996) 3 Arms and a Dead Cert
(1997) Etude (early works performed by a chamber orchestra)
(1999) The Jeopardy Maze
(2003) The Eternity LP (more classical works)
(2004) Dante's Kitchen
(2008) All Mine Enemys Whispers - The story of Mary Ann Cotton
(2012) Invocation - a film score
(2013) The Unraveller of Angels
(2015) Millions of The Mouthless Dead
Compilation albums
(1986) In the Realm of the Hungry Ghosts (a compilation of remixed early material)
(1990) Recollection: 84-89
(2000) The Hand that Feeds - the remixes
(2000) Esoteria (1982–1999, a collection of ambient works)
(2001) Keepsakes And Reflections (B-sides and rarities)
(2006) Something Stirs - the beginning (1981–83)
(2006) Tearing Arms from Deities (25 year anniversary collection of rare, remastered and remixed material)
(2010) Wrapped in the guise of my friend - the tribute album
(2010) Dreamtime Collectors: 1980–2010 (The Best of Collection)
(2011) Demonstro =: 1981–86
(2014) In Dark Dreams: 1980-2015
Live albums
(1985) Terminal Kaleidoscope (split with Legendary Pink Dots)
(2000) Heretic Angels - Live in the USA. 1999
(2008) Across the divide - Live in Holland. 1984
(2009) Kill the Buddha! - Live on the 25 year anniversary tour
(2011) The Truth In Dark Corners - Live in the Netherlands. 1985
(2014) Live at The General Wolfe. 21.04.83
(2016) Live at Club Neutral - Toronto 06/06/2010
(2018) Live in Wellington. New Zealand. 11.05.18
(2019) Invocation. Live in Toronto. 2019
(2022) Live at Projektfest, Chicago, USA - 1996
(2023) Live in The Cage. 07.02.23
References
External links
Official website
artist information/discography page at CyberNoise
Attrition interview (October 1997) in QRD
Attrition interview (October 2000) in QRD
Attrition interview (July 2004) in QRD
Martin Bowes of Attrition (May 2007) interview on fatherhood in QRD
Attrition interview (August 2011)
Martin Bowes of Attrition interview on dieseele radio/ www.dieseele.net (December 2014)
British dark wave musical groups
British industrial music groups
English electronic music groups
English new wave musical groups
Metropolis Records artists
Musical groups from Coventry
Projekt Records artists
Third Mind Records artists
Cassette culture 1970s–1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition%20%28band%29 |
Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (; ), commonly known as Satomi Hakkenden () or simply Hakkenden (), is a Japanese epic novel (yomihon) written and published over twenty-eight years (1814–42) in the Edo period, by Kyokutei Bakin. Set in the Muromachi period, the story follows the adventures and mishaps of eight fictional warriors born across the Kantō region, who gradually discover their shared origin as "spirit-children" of a Satomi princess and unite in Nansō as loyal defenders of her clan.
The novel, consisting of 98 chapters printed in a total of 106 booklets, is considered the largest novel in the history of Japanese Literature. Bakin, in his 70s by the time the work was completed, had gone blind before finishing the tale, and dictated the final parts to his daughter-in-law Michi Tokimura. Along with Ueda Akinari's Ugetsu Monogatari, it is considered a masterpiece of gesaku literature, and one of the classics of Japanese historical fiction.
The title Hakkenden has been translated as The Eight Dog Chronicles, Tale of Eight Dogs, or Biographies of Eight Dogs.
Synopsis
Hakkenden is a long, dense work told from multiple perspectives - described by translator Glynne Walley as "huge and unwieldy, almost comically so". However, it can be divided into three main arcs - a prologue leading up to the Dog Warriors' birth, the stories of the individual Dogs as they encounter one another, and a final war between the Satomi and their assembled foes. The latter segment is often excluded from modern abridged editions of the novel.
An Ill-Considered Jest [Chapters 1-14]
A battle at Shimōsa Province claims the lives of most of the Satomi clan. The young heir Yoshizane escapes to the neighbouring province of Awa, where two districts have recently been conquered by the tyrannical Sadakane. Lords Maro and Anzai of the other districts have met to plan action against Sadakane, but spurn Yoshizane's aid. He then encounters the loyalist samurai Takayoshi, and together they launch a rebellion which ousts Sadakane and places Yoshizane in control of his territories.
As the criminals are rounded up for execution, Sadakane's wife Tamazusa lays a curse on her captors: for Takayoshi who wished for her death, he shall die by the blade and have his family line come to an end. And for the ever-noble Satomi, his descendants shall become as depraved as dogs. Shortly after, Yoshizane rewards Takayoshi with stewardship of a castle, but seized by the curse he commits seppuku rather than profit from his liege's death. In his last moments he discovers that he has a son named Daisuke, who shall inherit his lands in his stead.
Yoshizane marries and has two children - a daughter named Fuse and a son named Jirotaro. However, Fuse is born weak and cries often. In response to their prayers, the spirit of En no Gyōja gifts Fuse a set of 108 prayer beads marked with the Eight Confucian Virtues which soothe her symptoms.
Years later, Yoshizane learns of a magnificent dog in his territory that was nursed by a wild tanuki after its mother's death - he purchases the animal as a family pet, naming it Yatsufusa ("Eight Bunches") after its distinctive peony-like markings.
When Fuse is seventeen, Lord Anzai (having previously absorbed the Maro lands) turns on the Satomi, besieging their castle and apparently killing Daisuke. Yoshizane jokingly offers Yatsufusa his daughter's hand in marriage if he would only bring him the man's head, and the next day he finds that this has come true. Despite recognising the curse at work, the Satomi reluctantly honour their word. Fuse and Yatsufusa retreat to a cave atop Mount To, but Fuse remains chaste and spends all her days meditating upon the Lotus Sutra. In time Yatsufasa learns enough from her readings to develop a moral compass, rejecting Tamazusa's will. The curse still takes effect even without Yatsufusa's participation, impregnating Fuse with his children; however, due to the dog's change of heart and the lack of any physical vector, the children manifest as bodiless spirits who carry the potential for nobility.
Daisuke, revealed to have been in hiding, attempts to redeem himself by climbing Mount To and shooting Yatsufusa dead. However, Fuse also suffers a mortal wound. Yoshizane arrives soon after, and the pair witness Fuse slit her stomach to release eight spirits. These spirits then flow into the eight large beads of her necklace - Filial Piety, Justice, Loyalty, Faith, Brotherhood, Benevolence, Wisdom and Etiquette - which snap off and scatter to the winds. In penance for his deeds, Daisuke becomes a monk; changing his name to Chudai, he takes up the remains of Fuse's necklace and sets off to find the missing beads and reassemble it.
Inception
Bakin performed his research for the novel by referencing war tales about the Satomi clan and the Hōjō clan such as Satomiki (里見記), Satomi Kyudaiki (里見九代記) and Hojo Godaiki (:ja:北条五代記). While the Shogenjikō Setsuyōshū attests the existence of a historical "Eight Dog Warriors" in service of the Satomi clan, their lives are not detailed, nor have they been found in any other known records of the time, making the veracity of their existence unclear. In the preface Bakin humorously claims that the true story of the Dog Warriors was revealed to him in a dream, but that he had forgotten most of the details by the time he wrote it down.
The narrative was heavily inspired by Chinese vernacular fiction, especially Water Margin, which had been translated and published in Japan at the beginning of the 18th century. The novel's inciting incident, where Satomi Yoshizane jokingly offers his daughter's hand in marriage to the family dog, is modelled after the tale of the dog Panhu from the Chinese In Search of the Supernatural, which is noted both by Bakin in the preface and by the characters in-story.
Themes
Hakkenden's main themes are loyalty, clan honor, Bushido, Confucianism, and Buddhist philosophy.
Bakin most frequently referred to Nansō Satomi Hakkenden's genre as Haishi (commonly translated as petty history, or people's history), a Chinese genre of vernacular historical fiction. Bakin often stated that the primary purpose of the novel was to encourage virtue and chastise vice, which was central to the novel's plots and character archetypes; likening himself to the authors of Haishi in that he used entertaining stories to entice less-educated readers, who would, in turn, be taught morals through allegory. As a work of gesaku, however, the novel also contains tacit social commentary, and often plays with traditional concepts relating to gender and morality.
Hakkenden translator Glynne Walley has argued that, while the novel's effort to teach morals is clearly present (as examined in his own treatise Good Dogs), Bakin's presentation of it as a moralist work was partly a result of societal stigma against samurai producing and consuming "low-brow" fiction. In Walley's view, scholarship of the novel often focuses overmuch on this aspect while ignoring its context as a commercial serial similar to modern superhero fiction - one that uses the protagonists' commitment to easily-understood virtues to thrill its audience with the sight of larger-than-life heroes triumphing over dastardly villains.
Publication History
Installments of Hakkenden followed an idiosyncratic naming pattern, with many volumes, booklets and individual chapters being divided into multiple sections (using the common 上 / 中 / 下 notation for opening, middle and conclusion). The ninth and final volume of the story developed multiple levels of subdivisions over the course of its release, becoming comparable in length to the first eight parts combined.
The first volume bears the reduced title Satomi Hakkenden on its cover, and the expanded Nansō Satomi Hakkenshiden on its endpaper (specifying the Tale of Eight Dog Warriors rather than Eight Dogs); it is also labelled , as opposed to the that might be expected.
Volume prefaces and colophons include advertisements for upcoming titles, medicines from Bakin's family pharmacy, and in later installments products from other manufacturers such as cosmetics.
Legacy
Although only a limited number of copies of the books themselves were printed, the tale was retold through various mediums, including oration and live performance, leading to its popularity among many social classes at the time. Kabuki plays based on Hakkenden were often performed, and ukiyo-e depicting kabuki actors playing the roles of eight warriors were also popular.
Hakkenden, and Bakin's work at large, maintained much of its popularity amongst common people throughout the 19th century, but drew some academic criticism in the Meiji era for its didacticism and one-dimensional characters, as novelists and scholars sought to modernize Japan's literary style. Notably, in literary reformer Tsubouchi Shōyō's influential book Essence of the Novel, published 1885–1886, Bakin is lauded for both his style and his role in popularizing novels, but imitation of Bakin's work is cited as a widespread problem among novelists of the time.
In the 20th century Hakkenden became a strong influence on manga works, particularly those based on adventure quests. For example it influenced Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball (1984) and Rumiko Takahashi's Inuyasha (1996), which both have plots about the collection of magical crystals or crystal balls, the latter also starring a human/dog hybrid similar in origin to the Dog Warriors.
Hakkenden would also shape common storytelling conventions of the JRPG genre; in addition to its emphasis on the dynamics of a growing party over the strength and agency of a lone hero (which has precedent in earlier tales like Momotarō), it popularised the idea of unaware heroes who learn of their destiny over the course of the story. An example of this influence can be found in Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga (2004), where the characters unlock powers from their demonic heritage which both reflect their personalities and are accompanied by a distinguishing mark appearing on their bodies.
Literature
Teisō Fujo Hakkenshi (1834-1848)
Koi no Yatsufuji: Dansō Satomi Hakkenden (1837), a parody.
Setsubai Kōtan: Inu no Soushi (1848-1881) is a simplified gōkan edition of the novel by Ryuutei Senka.
Kanayomi Hakkenden (1848-1867), a competing gōkan edition of the novel.
Hakkenden Gojitsudan (1853-1857) - roughly "Hakkenden: The Sequel", a novel by one of the authors of Kanayomi Hakkenden which centres on the Dog Warrior's children and grandchildren.
Ninpō Hakkenden (1964), part of Futaro Yamada's Ninpōchō series, features descendants of the original Eight Dog Warriors.
Shin Satomi Hakkenden (1982) is a retelling of the story.
Hakkenden (1983) by Futaro Yamada, planned as the second entry in a "Hakkenden trilogy" begun by his earlier Ninpō Hakkenden.
Shōnen Hakkenden (1988, 2006)
Yōseiki Suikoden (1990-1995) features a group of antagonists called the "Habyōshi" (Eight Cat Warriors) modelled on the Hakkenshi.
Fusé Gansaku: Satomi Hakkenden (2010) by Kazuki Sakuraba, set during Hakkenden'''s publication, purports that Bakin based his story on an actual tribe of murderous werewolf-like beings called fuse, descendants of a Princess Fuse who willingly ran away with Yatsufusa and lived as an animal in order to escape her cruel family.
Television
Satomi Hakkenden (1964), produced by Fuji TV
Satomi Hakkenden (1964), produced by NET
Shin Hakkenden (1973), a puppet-based adaptation
Denshi Sentai Denjiman (1980), a series which established many conventions of the long-running Super Sentai franchise, is reported to have taken inspiration from Hakkenden. This includes replacing the unified taskforce protagonists of earlier installments with a team of strangers brought together by destiny.
Corrector Yui (1999) is a magical girl anime with motifs drawn from the 70s Shin Hakkenden series.
Shin Hakkenden (1999), an animated series distinguished from similarly-named adaptations by its spelling .
Fukaku Kugure: Hakkenden 2001 (2000)
Satomi Hakkenden (2006)
Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East (2013), a partial animated adaptation of the manga of the same name.
Film
Hakkenden (1913)
Satomi Hakkenden (1937)
Tonchinkan Hakkenden (1953)
Sorcerer's Orb (1954) - Japanese title "Satomi Hakkenden"
You'un Satomi Kaikyoden: Zengo-hen (1956)
Satomi hakken-den (1959)
Message from Space (1978), which transplants the story to space opera
Legend of the Eight Samurai (1983), an adaptation of the novel Shin Satomi Hakkenden and in Japan titled simply "Satomi Hakkenden".
The Hakkenden (1990), an OVA.
Fuse Teppō Musume no Torimonochō (2012), an animated adaptation of Fusé Gansaku: Satomi Hakkenden which mixes the horror stylings of the 2010 novel with elements of the original Hakkenden in order to recast it as a supernatural romance.
Wolf Children (2012) is the story of a human/wolf couple modelled after Fuse and Yatsufusa, also featuring a number of supporting characters named after the Dog Warriors or their corresponding virtues.
Saber + Zenkaiger: Super Hero Senki (2021) features characters from the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai franchises becoming trapped in the story of Hakkenden.
Theatre
The novel has also been adapted into kabuki theatre several times.
In August 2006, the Kabuki-za staged a performance.
Comic Books
Dragon Ball (1984) uses Fuse's beads as the basis of the titular Dragon Balls, a collection of seven crystal spheres with different markings which can be brought together to summon a wish-granting dragon. After use, the balls scatter in a manner similar to the scene of the Dog Warriors' birth.
Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1985) by Motoyama Hazuki
Hakkenden (1989-2005)
MANGA Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1991-1992)
X (1992) took inspiration from Hakkenden for its ensemble cast, consisting of characters from creator CLAMP's previous works.
Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1993)
Yatsufusa Koi Shou (1994) by Shinohara Udou
Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East (2005) is a shoujo manga based on the story.
Hakkenshi (2005), a work by Okamura Kenji focused on the character of Inuzuka Shino.
Sengoku Satomi Hakkenden: Episode Zero (2009) by Tatsuya Egawa.
Manga de yomu: Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (2015), focused on the character of Inue Shinbei.
Eight Dogs (2016) is a comic based on the unofficial sequel novel Ninpō Hakkenden, published in Comic Ran Twins.
Video Games
Yōma Ninpōchō (1986) is an arcade shooter game inspired by the 1983 Shin Satomi Hakkenden film.
Idol Hakkenden (1989), a visual novel for the Famicom where eight idol singers assemble in a similar manner to the Dog Warriors.
Makai Hakkenden Shada (1989), an action RPG for the PC Engine with gameplay similar to the Ys series, developed by Data East.
Satomi Hakkenden (1989), a role-playing game for the Famicom developed by Alpha Denshi and published by SNK.
Shin Satomi Hakkenden: Hikari to Yami no Tatakai (1989), a role-playing game for the Famicom developed by Micronics and published by Toei, based on the 1982 novel Shin Satomi Hakkenden and its film adaptation. It features the gimmick of allowing the player to start as any one of the Eight Dog Warriors in different locations across the map, with the goal of eventually uniting the entire party.
Romancing SaGa (1992) features a nonlinear story of eight player characters who exist in the same world, the number being chosen in reference to the similar storytelling of Hakkenden.
Ōkami (2006) features a story arc in which the player character is recruited by a woman named Fuse to collect the "Satomi Power Orbs" from eight trained dogs who serve her family.
In Fate/Grand Order the novel forms the basis of the Jun/July 2022 event Nanmei Yumihari Hakkenden, starring a Kyokutei Bakin who became a Heroic Spirit with powers based on elements of his magnum opus.
Translations
A complete reprinting in ten volumes is available in the original Japanese, as well as various modern Japanese translations, most of them abridged. Only a few chapters have been translated into English, Chapter 25 by Donald Keene, and Chapters 12, 13, and 19 by Chris Drake.
In 2021 the first volume of an intended complete translation (Glynne Walley's Eight Dogs, or "Hakkenden" Part One – An Ill-Considered Jest) was published by Cornell University Press, consisting of the first fourteen chapters of the story (spanning the original Volume 1 and part of Volume 2). A second volume, His Master's Blade, is in production.
See also
Jiraiya
Murasame
Sanada Ten Braves
Seven Samurai Water Margin ("Suikoden")
References
Citations
Works cited
Kyokutei Bakin (1819) "Shino and Hamaji". In Keene, Donald (Ed.) ([1955] 1960) Anthology of Japanese Literature: from the earliest era to the mid-nineteenth century, pp. 423–428. New York, NY: Grove Press.
Kyokutei Bakin (1819) "Fusehime at Toyama Cave," "Fusehime's Decision," "Shino in Otsuka Village," "Hamaji and Shino". Translated by Chris Drake in Haruo Shirane (Ed.) (2002) Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology 1600–1900'', pp. 885–909. New York: Columbia University Press.
Further reading
External links
Original text of Nansō Satomi Hakkenden, first 30 chapters as of 2006 (Japanese)
The Hakkenden Hakuryu-Tei website and the complete Japanese version
The Legend of the Eight Samurai Hounds, English translation in progress since September 2015
19th-century Japanese novels
Edo-period works
Japanese novels adapted into plays
Japanese serial novels
Japanese novels adapted into films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans%C5%8D%20Satomi%20Hakkenden |
Caroline Vanessa Grant (née Gray, born 17 August 1965) is an English vocal coach, television presenter and session singer.
Career
Grant is known for her work on the television talent contests Fame Academy, Comic Relief Does Fame Academy, and Pop Idol, and the children's television series Carrie and David's Popshop, together with her husband and colleague David Grant. She first came to fame as a singer in her own right with the pop group Sweet Dreams in 1983, when they represented the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest that year with the song "I'm Never Giving Up". She was the spokesperson for the UK vote in the 2008 contest. They finished in the top six. In 2009, Grant was featured in the tenth episode of the second series of Total Wipeout.
Since 2010, she has been a regular reporter on BBC One's magazine programme The One Show. In 2012, she appeared on the ITV documentary, The Talent Show Story where she spoke about her time as a judge and coach. In May 2014, it was announced that Grant would be head of the United Kingdom national jury in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. In January 2018, Grant participated in And They're Off! in aid of Sport Relief. In 2020, she appeared in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks as Zoe, alongside husband David and Tylan, who regularly portrays Brooke Hathaway in the soap.
In 2023 she was a guest on Channel 5's Eurovision: 30 Unforgettable Moments a chart countdown based on the song contest, with David, a regular music business talking head expert for Channel 5, joining her for the programme.
Personal life
She and husband David have four children: Olive, Tylan, Arlo and Nathan. All of their children are neurodivergent. Grant and David are both Christian, and run a church plant in their home.
Grant has suffered from Crohn's disease since the age of 18 and has been praised by science education charity Sense about Science for her efforts in raising the profile of the disease without making any scientifically unsound claims about available therapies.
She is a supporter of the Labour Party and addressed its conference in 2012, about why she valued the National Health Service.
Grant is also Patient Lead at The College of Medicine and has spoken at their conferences on involving patients in treatment choices.
Grant was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to music, media and charity.
References
External links
Carrie and David Grant (BBC Radio London)
1965 births
British vocal coaches
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for the United Kingdom
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1983
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Enfield, London
English women singers
English television presenters
Labour Party (UK) people
People with Crohn's disease
Members of the Order of the British Empire
English Christians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Grant |
Edward D. Head (August 5, 1919 – March 29, 2005) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the 11th bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York from 1973 to 1995. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1970 to 1973.
Early life
Edward Head was born on August 5, 1919, in White Plains, New York, and was raised in the South Bronx. His parents were Charles and Nellie Head, immigrants from England and Ireland, respectively. Head had two brothers, Charles and Daniel.
Both Head attended Catholic parochial schools, then earned a mathematics degree from Columbia University. He entered St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, New York, in 1939.
Priesthood
Head was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of New York on January 27, 1945 by Cardinal Francis Spellman at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, New York City. Head earned a master's degree from the New York School of Social Work in 1948.
Head served in many capacities, including as an educator, prior to being appointed auxiliary bishop. He taught sociology at Notre Dame College on Staten Island before serving as assistant pastor at both Sacred Heart Parish in the Bronx and St. Roch's Parish on Staten Island.
In September 1947, Head became a staff member of the archdiocesan Catholic Charities Family Service Department. He served an assistant pastor at St. Veronica's Parish in Greenwich Village, New York City, for 17 years while he worked at Catholic Charities.
Head was named associate director of Family Services in March 1948, serving in that capacity until he became director of social research for Catholic Charities in 1956. Pope John XXIII honored Head in July 1962 by naming him a papal chamberlain. In 1964, Head went to minister at St. Monica's Parish in Manhattan.In May 1966, Head was given the title of domestic prelate by Pope Paul VI.
On October 15, 1966, Head was appointed executive director and secretary of Catholic Charities by Cardinal Terence Cooke. In these capacities in the organization, Head oversaw nearly 1,000 employees, and administrated an annual budget of millions of dollars. Head became a parochial assistant at St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1967.
Auxiliary Bishop of New York
On March 19, 1970, Head was consecrated an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New Yorkand as Titular Bishop of Ard Sratha. Head served, among other assignments, as executive director of Catholic Charities in the archdiocese.
Bishop of Buffalo
On January 23, 1973, Head was named as the 11th Bishop of Buffalo by Pope Paul VI; and he was installed on March 19, 1973.
Fundraising for Catholic Charities increased by an extreme degree under Head's leadership in the Diocese, including the year of his retirement.
Head was involved in many activities as Bishop of Buffalo. Under his leadership, many institutes and offices were created in the Diocese. Many of these endeavors include the Religious Education Coordinators Council; the Priests' Retirement Board; the Center for Church Vocations; the Western New York Catholic Hospital Health Care Council; the Peace and Justice Commission; the Office of Vicar for Religious; and the Permanent Diaconate Program.
Additional efforts included the Office of Vicar for Campus Ministry; the Organist Enrichment Program; the Diocesan Marian Commission; the Office of Vicar for the Central City; Daybreak Productions; the Catholic Charities Parish Outreach Program; the Little Portion Friary; the Pope John Paul II Residence; the Agenda for the 80's; the Diocesan Radio Studio; and the Lay Ministry Advisory Board.
Further endeavors created and/or supervised by Head included the consolidation of the Catholic Education Department; the Renew Program; the Office of Church Ministry; the relocation and consolidation of Diocesan Offices in the Catholic Center; the Office of Black Ministry; the Hispanic Apostolate; the Commission on Women in the Church and Society; the Department of Pro-Life Activities; the New Visions Commission for Pastoral Planning; the reorganization of 10 Central City parishes; and others.
In 1995, upon celebrating the 50th anniversary of his ordination, Head reflected on his appointment as Bishop of Buffalo. Head is re-quoted in a WBFO article by Eileen Buckley, as well as on a page announcing his death on the Diocese of Buffalo website, in regard to his appointment as Bishop of Buffalo by Pope Paul VI, stating:
In 1973, Pope Paul, VI, could have sent this church of Buffalo a wiser bishop, a holier bishop, a bishop more astute in administration, or a bishop more gifted in public speaking. But, I don't think Pope Paul could have sent the Diocese a bishop who had tried harder to love you and to serve you.
Head ordained 124 men to the priesthood during his time as Bishop of Buffalo. It has been estimated that Head confirmed 50,000 young people to the Church during his 22 years of service in Buffalo.
Retirement and later life
Pope John Paul II accepted Head's petition to retire as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in April 1995. Church law required him to retire at age 75; and he was named Bishop Emeritus. Even though he was retired, he continued to play an active role in the Diocese of Buffalo throughout the 1990s and into early part of the next decade. He continued to be active in health care ministry, and other ministries throughout his retirement. Prior to his death, Head was honored with a retirement home for priests that was named the Bishop Edward D. Head Residence, in Lackawanna, New York.
Edward Head died on March 29, 2005, in Kenmore, New York, at the age of 85.Bishop Edward Kmiec was quoted in a March 30, 2005 Buffalo News article:
This is a day of tremendous sadness for the family of the Diocese of Buffalo. Bishop Head had a tremendous impact on the faith lives of Catholics in the eight counties of Western New York.
Head is buried in the crypt of St. Joseph Cathedral in Buffalo. He was the first bishop of Buffalo to have retired in Buffalo.
References
External links
Bishop Head Dies
1919 births
2005 deaths
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Religious leaders from the Bronx
American people of English descent
Columbia University School of Social Work alumni
Catholics from New York (state)
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
St. Ann's Academy (Manhattan) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20D.%20Head |
Percy The Potty Pigeon (also known simply as Potty Pigeon) is computer game written by Shaun Hollingworth for the ZX Spectrum and published by Gremlin Graphics in 1984. The Commodore 64 version was programmed by Antony Crowther. There are 2 versions of the game. In the C64 version the goal is to fly around and collect sticks to build a nest whereas the Spectrum version required worms collecting and feeding the chicks (although if the player tries to drop an egg on an enemy, they lose the worm). The player can defecate on cars and make them crash.
This game marks the beginning of Ben Daglish as a composer. Although all he did was write the notes for the death tune, this is still the game that got him into composing game music for the Commodore 64.
References
External links
Gremlin Interactive games
1984 video games
Commodore 64 games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games scored by Ben Daglish
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potty%20Pigeon |
Cat grass is any grass that is grown specifically for cats, usually indoors. It may be grown in a dish from which the cat chews the grass directly, or just added to cat food. The most common stated benefit is to aid the passing of hairballs. Although cats may display exuberant behaviour when confronted with the grass it has no pharmaceutical influence.
The most common species sold for this purpose is oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius). Other suitable species often mentioned are barleygrass (Hordeum vulgare), wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum), intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne), occasionally orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata).
References
Cat health
Grasses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%20grass |
James Aloysius McNulty (January 16, 1900 – September 4, 1972) was an American clergyman of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Paterson in New Jersey (1953–1963) and bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York (1963–1972). He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark in New Jersey (1947-1953).
Biography
Early life and education
James McNulty was born on January 16, 1900, in New York City. He was educated at Seton Hall College and Immaculate Conception Seminary in South Orange, New Jersey, where he earned a Master of Arts degree in 1923. He made his theological studies at the Catholic University of Leuven in Leuven, Belgium.
Ordination and ministry
McNulty was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Newark on July 12, 1925. His younger brother, John L. McNulty, was ordained at the same liturgy (and later served as President of Seton Hall University from 1949 to 1959).
James McNulty did pastoral work in Jersey City and Newark, both in New Jersey, and served as diocesan director of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, moderator of the Mount Carmel Guild, and director of Catholic Youth Organization. He served on the faculty of the Teachers' Institute for Religious for five years.
Auxiliary Bishop of Newark
On August 2, 1947, McNulty was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark and Titular Bishop of Methone by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on October 7, 1947, from Archbishop Thomas Walsh, with Bishops William A. Griffin and Henry Joseph O'Brien serving as co-consecrators.
Bishop of Paterson
McNulty was named the third bishop of the Diocese of Paterson by Pius XII on April 9, 1953. His tenure there was marked by an increase in new parishes and schools. He also served as chairman of the U.S. Bishops' Committee for Motion Pictures, Radio and Television; in this capacity he condemned "'fast buck' horror, pseudoscience and crime films aimed especially at youngsters," saying such films imperil the moral health and intellectual development of children.
Bishop of Buffalo
On February 12, 1963, Pope John XXIII appointed McNulty as the tenth bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo. He reduced the diocesan debt which stood at $30 million through a three-year Diocesan Development Fund.
McNulty oversaw the implementation of the Decrees of Vatican II including the establishment of the Priests' Senate. A good number of new parishes were established and former Missionary Apostolate parishes became independent. Many parishes built new church buildings. McNulty promoted religious vocations, expanded inner city ministry, established the Liturgical Commission, the Pastoral Council, a Lay Steering Committee to oversee finances, and the Communications Office. McNulty began the television program The Bishop Visits Your Home.
James McNulty died in Montclair, New Jersey, on September 4, 1972, at age 72. His body is buried next to his parents in East Hanover, New Jersey.
References
Episcopal succession
1972 deaths
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Seton Hall University alumni
1900 births
American Roman Catholics
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of Paterson
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20McNulty |
The Barallots were a sect, deemed heretical, at Bologna in Italy, who had all things in common, even their wives and children. They gave so readily into all manner of sensual pleasures, that they were also termed Compliers.
References
Former Christian denominations
Heresy in Christianity
Christianity in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barallot |
Joseph Aloysius Burke (August 27, 1886 – October 16, 1962) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo, New York from 1952 until his death in 1962.
Biography
Early life
Joseph Burke was born in Buffalo, New York, to Joseph S. and Amelia (née Howard) Burke. The son of a boilermaker, he wanted to enter the priesthood since the age of six. He attended Canisius High School and Canisius College, both in his native city. He made his theological studies at the University of Innsbruck in Austria.
Priesthood
Returning to Buffalo, Burke was ordained a priest by Bishop Charles H. Colton on August 3, 1912. During World War I, Burke was attached as an Army chaplain to the 91st Division of the US Army on the Belgian front. After the war, he served as a curate and pastor in the Diocese of Buffalo, and as a teacher at Mount Carmel Guild and at D'Youville College in Buffalo.
Auxiliary Bishop and Bishop of Buffalo
On April 20, 1943, Burke was appointed titular bishop of Vita and the first auxiliary bishop of Buffalo by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on June 29, 1943, from Archbishop Amleto Cicognani, with Archbishop Thomas Walsh and Bishop Edmund Gibbons serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto, "Let Your Will Be Done". Following the death of Bishop John A. Duffy in September 1944, Burke served as apostolic administrator of the diocese until the appointment of Bishop John O'Hara in March 1945.
When O'Hara was later promoted to Archbishop of Philadelphia, Burke was named to succeed him as the ninth bishop of Buffalo on February 9, 1952. He was the first native son of the diocese to become its bishop. His installation took place on April 30, 1952. During his 10-year-long administration, Burke gave his support to various groups, including the Holy Name Society, missions, the Pre-Cana program, Puerto Rican migrants, and displaced persons. He also continued the expansion and construction of educational institutions, including St. John Vianney Seminary in East Aurora, New York. He was made an assistant at the pontifical throne in 1956, and a commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1960.
Death and legacy
At age 76, Joseph Burke died in Rome on October 16, 1962, during the first week of the Second Vatican Council. His death was the first among the bishops attending the council. He was buried in the chapel of Christ the King Seminary in East Aurora. His body was moved to St. Joseph Cathedral after the seminary was closed in 2020.
References
1962 deaths
Canisius University alumni
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
University of Innsbruck alumni
1886 births
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
World War I chaplains
United States Army chaplains
D'Youville University faculty
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20A.%20Burke |
All Saints Ward is a three-member ward within Kettering Borough Council and is commonly regarded as a marginal ward between Conservatives and Labour. The ward was last fought at borough council level in the 2015 local council elections. Three Conservative councillors were elected: Cllr Lesley Thurland, Cllr James Burton and Cllr Greg Titcombe.
Councillors
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2011
Michael Brown (Conservative)
Michelle George (Labour)
Jonathan West (Labour)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2011
Councillors
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2007
Chris Smith-Haynes (Conservative)
Greg Titcombe (Conservative)
Jonathan West (Labour)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
Greg Titcombe (Conservative)
Chris Smith-Haynes (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 1999
Sue Holmes (Labour) - served as Mayor from 2002-2003
David Threadgold (Labour)
Current Ward Boundaries (2007-)
Note: due to boundary changes, vote changes listed below are based on notional results.
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2007
Historic Ward Boundaries (1999-2007)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
(Vote count shown is ward average)
See also
Kettering
Kettering Borough Council
Electoral wards in Kettering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%20%28Kettering%20BC%20Ward%29 |
The Eucla Basin is an artesian depression located in Western Australia and South Australia. The onshore-offshore depression covers approximately 1,141,000 km² and slopes southward to an open bay known as the Great Australian Bight.
It extends more than 500 km offshore and about 350 km inland from the coastline. The Eucla Basin is a Cenozoic basin consisting mostly of carbonate sediments and sedimentary rocks. The basin contains a sandstone aquifer at its base (confined), and an unconfined limestone aquifer.
The surface area of the basin (and Nullarbor Plain) consists mostly of grazing and rangeland, but nickel and gold are mined at the western end. Very few people live in this part of the country, with most of the region having fewer than one inhabitant per km². In normal years, the area receives less than 250 mm of precipitation. Due to a shortage of regional seals and source rocks, the basin has poor petroleum prospects, but it is forming as a major zircon producing area, and includes the Cyclone Zircon Project.
Physiography
The Eucla Basin is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger West Australian Shield. It includes the smaller Eyre Coastal Plain and Eucla Shelf physiographic sections.
The physiographic units within the basin are:
Bunda Plateau - the plateau
Wylie Scarp, Baxter Cliffs, Hampton Range, and Bunda Cliffs - the scarp
Roe Plains and Israelite Plain - the plains
Eucla Shelf - continental shelf
See also
Encyclopædia Britannica - (note: Britannica lists the basin's area at 180,000 km²—a 2005 report by the Australian government gives a figure of more than 1.1 million km²).
Eucla Basin, Geoscience Australia (Australian government report) -
National Geographic Atlas of the World
World Mining News -
References
Depressions of Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Physiographic provinces
Sedimentary basins of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucla%20Basin |
Frotho I is one of the legendary Danish kings in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum, where he has a substantial biography. He succeeds his father Hadingus to the throne and replenishes the war-drained treasury by slaying a dragon and winning its treasure. He uses the money to finance expeditions into the Baltic, where he wins victories with clever strategems (including one where he crossdresses as one of his own shieldmaidens). After some trouble at home he campaigns successfully in Britain and captures London. He finally dies in a war against the king of Sweden.
See also
Fróði
References
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. . First published 1979-1980.
Elton, Oliver (tr.) (1905). The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus. New York: Norroena Society. Available online
Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum. Available online
Mythological kings of Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frotho%20I |
Woodbourne Airport trading as Marlborough Airport is a small, controlled airport located 8 km west of Blenheim in the Marlborough region of New Zealand, on , Middle Renwick Road. It is co-located with RNZAF Base Woodbourne in the Wairau Valley on the north-eastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand.
The airport has a single terminal and 7 tarmac gates.
History
Woodbourne was one of the first airports in New Zealand. Today it is one of the few remaining air force bases (RNZAF Base Woodbourne) with general maintenance and initial training conducted there.
It serves as the civil airport for Blenheim. Runway 06R/24L was sealed for Fokker Friendships in 1961 and was one of the first regional airports in the country to take turboprop aircraft.
Today it has more frequent operations, with Air New Zealand using Bombardier Q300 aircraft from Auckland and Wellington. The busiest route from Blenheim remains across the Cook Strait to Wellington, 80 km to the north-east; flights take only 25 minutes. Sounds Air operates Cessna Caravan and Pilatus PC-12 aircraft from Wellington, Kapiti Coast and Christchurch.
The terminal building was renovated in 2014/15 to cope with growing passenger demand and increased use by larger aircraft types. The redevelopment included an extension of the apron along with new check-in, baggage claim facilities and extension of the departure lounge.
The airport was the 12th busiest in New Zealand during 2018, based on passenger numbers.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
See also
List of airports in New Zealand
List of airlines of New Zealand
Transport in New Zealand
References
External links
New Zealand AIP 4 AD
Airports in New Zealand
Transport in the Marlborough Region
Buildings and structures in the Marlborough Region
Transport buildings and structures in the Marlborough Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbourne%20Airport |
The tāmūrē, or tamouré as popularized in many 1960s recordings, is a dance from Tahiti and the Cook Islands and although denied by the local purists, for the rest of the world it is the most popular dance and the mark of Tahiti. Usually danced as a group of boys and girls, all dressed in more (the Tahitian grass skirt, however not made of grass but of the fibers from the bark of the pūrau, "hibiscus").
The boys shake their knees (as scissors, from there the use of the word pāoti (scissors) for this movement), and the girls shake their hips (and their long, loose hairs, if they have them). In reality the movement of their knees is the engine which drives their hips.
Their feet should stay flat on the ground and their shoulders should remain stationary. However traditionally in the Ote'a or Ura Pa'u, the hips in Tahiti are shaken round and round (in what is known as the fa'arapu) while in the Cook Islands, the hips are in a side-to-side movement. But due to the tamure, this emphasis is less important.
The movements of the hands is of secondary importance. The girls are largely standing still, the boys move around their partner, either facing her in front or hiding behind her back (as seen from the public). The tempo of the music is continuously increased up to the point where only the most experienced and fittest dancers can keep their shakings up. Depending on the performers, the sexual innuendo may be more or less obvious. The predecessor of the tāmūrē, the traditional upaupa was outlawed by the LMS missionaries for that reason.
Tāmūrē is a foreign word, the name of a fish in the Tuamotu, the real name of the dance is ori Tahiti (Tahitian dance).
Shortly after the Second World War a soldier of the Pacific battalion, Louis Martin, wrote a song on a classic rhythm in which he used the word tāmūrē quite often as a tra-la-la. He afterward was known as Tāmūrē Martin, and a new genre was born.
References
Dances of Tahiti
Cook Islands culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamure |
Walter J. Travis (January 10, 1862 – July 31, 1927) was an American amateur golfer during the early 1900s. He was also a noted golf journalist and publisher, an innovator in all aspects of golf, a teacher, and golf course architect.
Golfing career
Travis was born in Maldon, Australia. He arrived in New York City in 1886 as a 23-year-old representative of the Australian-based McLean Brothers and Rigg exporters of hardware and construction products. Travis married Anne Bent of Middleton, Connecticut, on January 9, 1890, and later that year, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Shortly after their wedding, Travis and his wife moved into their new home in Flushing, New York, where they would live until their move to Garden City, on Long Island, in 1900.
In 1896, while traveling in England, Travis learned that his Niantic Club friends of Flushing, New York, were intent on creating a new golf club. He was scornful of the idea but, wishing to keep up with his friends, he purchased a set of golf clubs to take with him on his return to the United States. As he said, "I first knelt at the shrine of the Goddess of Golf" in October 1896 on the Oakland links, just three months before his 35th birthday. Within a month of hitting his first golf shot, Travis earned his first trophy by winning the Oakland Golf Club handicap competition. Travis became, in his words, "an infatuated devotee" of the game. He dedicated himself to the study of instructional books written by Horace Hutchinson, Willie Park, Jr., and others. He practiced relentlessly. Within a year, Travis won the Oakland Golf Club championship with a score of 82.
In 1898, Travis entered his first U.S. Amateur and lost to Findlay S. Douglas in the semi-final match. By this time, he had caught the attention and respect of fellow competitors and, because of his late start in the game, Travis was respectfully referred to as "The Old Man" or "The Grand Old Man". Driven by his intense and compulsive dedication to the game, Travis was soon the country's top amateur golfer, winning the U.S. Amateur in 1900, 1901, and 1903. In 1904, he became the first player from America to win the British Amateur, a feat that would not be duplicated for another 22 years even with "wholesale assaults and single attempts to duplicate" his feat by great amateur golfers such as Jerome Travers, Francis Ouimet, and Bobby Jones. The news of Travis's British victory sparked a surge of interest in the game of golf throughout the United States.
In 1904, champion British golfer Harold Hilton described Travis: "In style, the American champion is essentially what may be termed a made golfer, for his is a style which by the wildest stretch of imagination could not be called ornate. Still, it boasts useful attributes; it is business-like and determined, and is one in which no energy is wasted. Like all golfers who really scored a success at the game, he keeps the right elbow well in to the right side, holding the hands very low, like Messrs. Hutchings, Fry and G. F. Smith—three of the best examples of golfers who have risen to eminence while lacking the advantage of playing the game in their youth. The swing of the club is not long—in fact, it might be termed a three-quarter swing—but it is sufficient to get a free action with the wrist, and although Mr. Travis does not obtain an abnormal carry, he nevertheless gets a long roll on the ball, and against the wind in particular he is beyond the average as a driver, especially as he appears to have mastered the art of the scientific hooking."
Among his other major victories as an amateur golfer were the following: Three North and South Amateurs at Pinehurst, and four Metropolitan Golf Association Championships. When Travis won his fourth MGA Championship, in 1915, at the age of 53, he beat 28-year-old Jerome Travers in the final match. Just the year before, Travers had eliminated Travis in the semi-finals of the U.S. Amateur. With declining health diminishing his skills, Travis announced his retirement from competitive golf in 1916.
Overall, "Travis competed in 17 consecutive U.S. Amateurs from 1898 to 1914, compiling a 45-14 record, earning medalist honors three consecutive years (1900-02), and losing to the eventual champion on five occasions. He competed in six U.S. Opens between 1902 and 1912 and was low amateur five times and tied for third low amateur the other." Travis placed second in the 1902 U.S. Open Championship.
In the January 28, 1922 issue of The American Golfer, the following response was given to a query about "How many tournaments Mr. Travis has won, counting in every variety?":
"Our opinion is that Mr. Travis has won more low gross, low net and open tourneys than any other living golfer. He was practically unbeatable for a stretch of six years from 1898 to 1904 during which time he played in double or triple the number of events entered by either John Ball or Chick Evans. A guess at the number of his trophies would place it over five hundred and perhaps nearer to a thousand. In 1901, Travis was national champion and in 1915 he was again the Metropolitan champion. His southern victories were numerous."
In a 1927 Golf Illustrated article, titled "The Figures Prove It", author John Kofoed offered the following match-play records of noted amateur players in major events:
(Source):
"% Won" figures added to the Kofoed data.
Tournament wins
"This list does not include Travis's countless victories in noted club invitationals or championships, such as his 9 wins in the Garden City Golf Club's Spring Invitational that is now known as the Travis Memorial, nor his countless victories at Lakewood CC's Spring and Fall tourneys that attracted a large field of golfers from the metropolitan area.
1900 U.S. Amateur, Metropolitan Amateur
1901 U.S. Amateur
1902 Metropolitan Amateur
1903 U.S. Amateur
1904 The Amateur Championship, North and South Amateur
1906 South Florida Open
1909 Metropolitan Amateur
1910 North and South Amateur
1911 North and South Amateur
1912 North and South Amateur
1913 North and South Amateur
1913 Cuban Amateur
1913 South Florida Open Low Amateur
1914 Cuban Amateur
1914 South Florida Open Low Amateur
1914 Metropolitan Amateur
1915 Southern Florida Low Amateur
1916 Southern Florida Low Amateur
Major championships
Amateur wins (4)
Results timeline
Travis did not play in the Masters Tournament (not founded until 1934) or the PGA Championship (professionals only).
M = Medalist
LA = Low amateur
DNP = Did not play
WD = Withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10
Sources: U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur, 1904 Open Championship, 1904 Amateur Championship
Contributions to golf
Travis was a prolific writer who wrote extensively on a variety of golf topics, and was published in the leading sports magazines of the time. His first book, Practical Golf, published in 1901, received rave reviews from The New York Times (6/14/1901) for its depth, thoroughness, and clarity as a reference book. Practical Golf dealt with a variety of topics, including golfing techniques, golf equipment, construction of golf courses, the design and placement of hazards, rules of golf, and conduct of golf competitions. His chapter on "Handicapping" was first published in the July 1901 issue of Golf, and described as "the authoritative treatise on handicapping" of its era. A second book, The Art of Putting, was released in 1904.
In 1908, Travis founded and published The American Golfer magazine. The American Golfer was widely regarded as the most influential golf magazine of its time. Travis, and other authors, used it as an effective voice for their views. Travis stayed at the helm of "The American Golfer" as editor until he turned it over to Grantland Rice in the spring of 1920, and severed his connection with the magazine by the end of 1920.
Travis was not hesitant about trying new equipment in his efforts to improve his game. He was the first to win a major event using the Haskell rubber-cored golf ball—the 1901 U.S. Amateur. As reported in the Travis biography, "The Old Man", Travis had "dabbled with predecessors of the Haskell ball, but kept his involvement under wraps until shortly before the tournament" and he "had developed a feel for this type of ball with practice and was not afraid to debut it at the championship". As Labbance reports, "Travis's bold move had not only prompted a change in golf balls but a change in golf as well". It sounded the death knell for the gutta-percha ball, created the need for inserts in the face of wooden clubs to prevent splitting, and soon led to calls for the lengthening of golf courses due to the longer shots made possible by the Haskell.
Travis was innovative in his approach to golf course design. In a Practical Golf chapter on hazards, Travis was critical of the ubiquitous and, to him, unappealing cross-bunkers that stretched all the way across the fairway at predictable intervals. Rather, he argued for more strategically and visually appealing bunkers placed along the edges of fairways, stating, "Hazards arranged somewhat upon the lines indicated, rather than slavishly following the system adopted on the great majority of our courses, would, I think, make the game vastly more interesting, and more provocative of better golf all around."
Many other innovative steps were taken by Travis throughout his career. His use of the Schenectady center-shafted putter in his British Amateur victory attracted considerable comment and controversy. Some six years later, the Royal and Ancient would issue a ban on all mallet-headed putters, including the Schenectady. Travis conducted careful experiments with varying lengths of driver shafts, often using a driver with a shaft as long as 50 inches in his search for greater distance off the tee. At his home course, Garden City Golf Club, Travis installed smaller sized cups on the practice green to help hone the accuracy of his putting.
Though he was innovative with his equipment, and practiced incessantly, Travis disdained the notion of physical training after his first trial of abstaining from smoking and drinking during an 1897 tournament. He reported that he "putted like a baby", and would never again depart from his usual habits.
Throughout his career as a journalist, Travis produced numerous comprehensive and detailed golf instructional essays. Given the reputation he earned as an outstanding putter, it was natural that many of his articles dealt with his well-proven principles of putting. In one of his earliest articles, Travis wrote "The sum of it all is, that my experience shows conclusively that the really good putter is largely born, not made, and is inherently endowed with a good eye and a tactile delicacy of grip which are denied the ordinary run of mortals. At the same time, less favored players may, by the adoption of methods which stood the test of actual experience, materially improve their game." His effectiveness as an instructor was demonstrated in the following example:
In 1916, while observing a 14-year-old Bobby Jones, Travis is reported to have commented that Jones' putting methods were "faulty". There are accounts that suggest that young Jones held Travis in high esteem and eagerly agreed to meet Travis the following morning at 8 am for a putting lesson. Unfortunately, Jones and his party awoke late and were over an hour behind schedule. When they arrived, Travis had left. The lesson did not occur until years later, when Travis suggested a change in Jones's grip, altered his stance and recommended a longer and more sweeping stroke. A key point was to try to "drive an imaginary tack into the back of the ball". There are some who have expressed the opinion that the Travis putting lesson helped Jones to become one of the great putters of all time.
The Schenectady Putter
The Schenectady Putter and Walter Travis will be linked together forever in the history of golf. The Schenectady Putter was invented by Arthur F. Knight, a General Electric engineer, who created a model reflecting his ideas in the summer of 1902 at his home course, Mohawk Golf Club in Schenectady, NY. It is noteworthy that Devereux Emmet, the designer of Mohawk Golf Club, was the first golfer of note to be shown Mr. Knight's new aluminum putter while he was visiting Mohawk. Emmet asked to take the putter with him back to his home course, Garden City Golf Club, where he proposed to "play with it, show it at Garden City and at Myopia and will then send it back to you". It is reported that "A day or two later Mr. Knight received a telegram from Mr. W. J. Travis ordering a putter like Mr. Emmet's, and one was hurriedly made and forwarded". Later, a second putter was sent to Travis which was declared "the best putter I have ever used." Travis used this putter to finish second in the U.S. Open Championship held at Garden City Golf Club. "Within a week thereafter, Mr. Knight received over one hundred letters from prominent golfers asking for a putter like Mr. Travis's". Knight was not prepared for such a response and was particularly concerned about what to call it. It is reported that he was "anxious to call it the 'Travis' putter'." He arranged a meeting with Mr. Emmet and Mr. Travis. Emmet had consistently referred to it as the "Schenectady Putter" and Travis agreed that Schenectady would be "a more suitable and lasting name for the putter than his own, in which view Mr. Knight rather reluctantly concurred." After his initial success with the Schenectady Putter in 1902, Travis used the putter to win the 1903 U.S. Amateur and then, of course, the 1904 British Amateur. The putter became an instant commercial success.
Schenectady putters, marked "Patent Applied For", were produced prior to its patent on March 24, 1903. The Schenectady Putter was among the "centered-shafted, mallet-headed implements" that were banned by Royal and Ancient Golf Club Committee on the Rules of golf in 1910, in response to a request from a golf club in New Zealand. The R&A's ban included the Schenectady Putter. There is no evidence that Travis's use of the Schenectady to win the 1904 British Amateur contributed to this controversial ruling, though the myth persists. The ruling became controversial because, for the first time, an R&A ruling was not wholly adopted by the United States Golf Association. The USGA agreed with the banning of mallet-headed clubs but ruled that the Schenectady Putter, and other center-shafted putters did not fall within this category. The R&A ban on center-shafted putters was finally removed in 1951.
Long after he had retired from active competition, Travis agreed to a match with an old opponent, Findlay S. Douglas, to support the war effort of the Red Cross. The match was held at Garden City Golf Club. Following the match, Travis donated his Schenectady Putter to the Red Cross fund-raising auction. A member of Garden City Golf Club, Lewis Lapham, had the winning bid of $1,700 and immediately donated the Schenectady to Garden City Golf Club where it would remain for the next 34 years. In 1952, it was taken from the club, and never returned.
Golf course design
Travis became a student of the layout and design features of golf courses early in his golfing career as the result of trips to Great Britain. In late 1901, Travis wrote an article, published in the Bulletin of the USGA, titled, "Impressions of British Golf". He observed that in "England and Scotland ... you have golf—golf in its best and highest form". He referred to the "radical difference in their physical configurations in relation to our courses." He was impressed with the lack of trees, the number and placement of bunkers, the natural undulations of the greens, and the quality of turf. In a later article, Travis presented his ideas for the design of a "first class" golf course. In this article, Travis emphasized the importance of soil that provides natural drainage, land that is more or less undulating—neither flat nor hilly ... but a judicious blending of the two extremes and trees of any kind are non-existent—as they should be, and holes should be so laid out as to provide for the playing of every conceivable sort of stroke, with every club in one's bag. He noted, diversity of play should be the aim of the architect of a first-class course.
Some have characterized Travis as a "penal designer". However, a careful study of his writings leads to the conclusion that he was a firm believer in "thinking" and "strategic" golf; with the golfer given opportunities to avoid difficulty with well-considered and executed shots.
Travis's first project as a golf course architect was his collaboration with John Duncan Dunn in the 1899 design of Ekwanok Country Club in Vermont. However, much of Travis's early acclaim and notoriety as a golf course designer may be traced to his extensive remodeling of the Garden City Golf Club's Devereux Emmet course, that was unveiled when Garden City Golf Club hosted the 1908 U.S. Amateur Championship. In all, nearly 50 golf courses bear his mark, either as an original design, or as a remodeling project. Other Travis-designed courses that still exist include: Camden Country Club, Cape Arundel Golf Club, Country Club of Scranton, Country Club of Troy, Cherry Hill Club, Garden City Country Club, East Potomac Golf Links, Granliden on Sunapee (9 holes), Jekyll Island Golf Club (Great Dunes), Lochmoor Club (assisted John Sweeney), Lookout Point Country Club, North Jersey Country Club, Onondaga Golf and Country Club, Orchard Park Country Club, Pennhills Club, Round Hill Club, Stafford Country Club, The Golf Club at Equinox, Westchester Country Club (West, South and Short courses), White Beeches Golf & Country Club, and Yahnundasis Golf Club.
Noted courses that were extensively redesigned by Travis include: Canoe Brook Country Club (North Course), Columbia Country Club (with Harban and White), Grand Mere Golf Club in Quebec, Country Club of Buffalo (now Grover Cleveland Golf Course), Sunningdale Country Club, Lakewood Country Club, Country Club of New Canaan, Louisville Country Club, Poland Spring Golf Club, Stamford Golf club, and Westchester Hills Golf Club. Through consultations, he influenced the design of: Pinehurst No. 2, National Golf Links of America, Pine Valley Golf Club, and Cobbs Creek Muni. Through Travis's consultations with the original designers, several noted courses reflect his influence, including Pine Valley Golf Club, National Golf Links of America, and Pinehurst No. 2. Following his restoration of Hollywood Golf Club in 2021, golf architect Brian Schneider presented Walter Travis design elements in this interview.
Travis could lay claim to being the first "U.S. Open Doctor" with his remodeling of the Country Club of Buffalo and Columbia Country Club courses just prior to their hosting the U.S. Open in 1912 and 1921, respectively. Travis remained active as a designer to the end, making a last visit to inspect the construction of his course at the Country Club of Troy a month before his death on July 31, 1927.
Death and legacy
Travis died in Denver, Colorado on July 31, 1927. His induction into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1979 was in recognition of his legacy as the first three-time champion in the U.S. Amateur Championship and the first non-Brit to win the British Amateur Championship. His willingness to experiment led to landmark changes in the landscape of golf equipment, especially his use of the Haskell golf ball to win the 1901 U.S. Amateur Championship. His most enduring legacy may be the many premier golf courses he designed or remodelled throughout his career. Four Travis-designed or redesigned courses are regularly included in Golfweek's rankings of America's top 100 "Classic" courses: Country Club of Scranton, Ekwanok Country Club (assisted John Duncan Dunn), Westchester Country Club's West course, Hollywood Golf Club (redesigned Mackie's work), and Garden City Golf Club (remodeled Emmet's work).
In 2019, Travis was inducted into the New York State Golf Association's Hall of Fame.
In 1999, Golf World magazine ranked Travis second in its Top Ten List of Underrated Golf Course Architects''.
References
External links
The Walter J. Travis Society
Australian male golfers
American male golfers
Amateur golfers
Golf course architects
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golfers from New York (state)
Emigrants from the British Empire to the United States
People from Maldon, Victoria
1862 births
1927 deaths
Sportsmen from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Travis |
Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are highly effective insecticides, although some are extremely toxic to humans, including sarin and VX nerve agents.
Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is in group 15 of the periodic table, and thus phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds have many similar properties. The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are often included in this class of compounds.
Phosphorus can adopt a variety of oxidation states, and it is general to classify organophosphorus compounds based on their being derivatives of phosphorus(V) vs phosphorus(III), which are the predominant classes of compounds. In a descriptive but only intermittently used nomenclature, phosphorus compounds are identified by their coordination number σ and their valency λ. In this system, a phosphine is a σ3λ3 compound.
Organophosphorus(V) compounds, main categories
Phosphate esters and amides
Phosphate esters have the general structure P(=O)(OR)3 feature P(V). Such species are of technological importance as flame retardant agents, and plasticizers. Lacking a P−C bond, these compounds are in the technical sense not organophosphorus compounds but esters of phosphoric acid. Many derivatives are found in nature, such as phosphatidylcholine. Phosphate ester are synthesized by alcoholysis of phosphorus oxychloride. A variety of mixed amido-alkoxo derivatives are known, one medically significant example being the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide. Also derivatives containing the thiophosphoryl group (P=S) include the pesticide malathion. The organophosphates prepared on the largest scale are the zinc dithiophosphates, as additives for motor oil. Several million kilograms of this coordination complex are produced annually by the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with alcohols.
In the environment, these compounds break down via hydrolysis to eventually afford phosphate and the organic alcohol or amine from which they are derived.
Phosphonic and phosphinic acids and their esters
Phosphonates are esters of phosphonic acid and have the general formula RP(=O)(OR')2. Phosphonates have many technical applications, a well-known member being glyphosate, better known as Roundup. With the formula (HO)2P(O)CH2NHCH2CO2H, this derivative of glycine is one of the most widely used herbicides. Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs to treat osteoporosis. The nerve gas agent sarin, containing both C–P and F–P bonds, is a phosphonate.
Phosphinates feature two P–C bonds, with the general formula R2P(=O)(OR'). A commercially significant member is the herbicide glufosinate. Similar to glyphosate mentioned above, it has the structure CH3P(O)(OH)CH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H.
The Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction is the main method for the synthesis of these compounds. For example, dimethylmethylphosphonate (see figure above) arises from the rearrangement of trimethylphosphite, which is catalyzed by methyl iodide. In the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction and the Seyferth–Gilbert homologation, phosphonates are used in reactions with carbonyl compounds. The Kabachnik–Fields reaction is a method for the preparation of aminophosphonates. These compounds contain a very inert bond between phosphorus and carbon. Consequently, they hydrolyze to give phosphonic and phosphinic acid derivatives, but not phosphate.
Phosphine oxides, imides, and chalcogenides
Phosphine oxides (designation σ4λ5) have the general structure R3P=O with formal oxidation state V. Phosphine oxides form hydrogen bonds and some are therefore soluble in water. The P=O bond is very polar with a dipole moment of 4.51 D for triphenylphosphine oxide.
Compounds related to phosphine oxides include phosphine imides (R3PNR') and related chalcogenides (R3PE, where E = S, Se, Te). These compounds are some of the most thermally stable organophosphorus compounds.
Phosphonium salts and phosphoranes
Compounds with the formula [PR4+]X− comprise the phosphonium salts. These species are tetrahedral phosphorus(V) compounds. From the commercial perspective, the most important member is tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, [P(CH2OH)4]Cl, which is used as a fire retardant in textiles. Approximately 2M kg are produced annually of the chloride and the related sulfate. They are generated by the reaction of phosphine with formaldehyde in the presence of the mineral acid:
PH3 + HX + 4 CH2O → [P(CH2OH)4+]X−
A variety of phosphonium salts can be prepared by alkylation and arylation of organophosphines:
PR3 + R'X → [PR3R'+]X−
The methylation of triphenylphosphine is the first step in the preparation of the Wittig reagent.
The parent phosphorane (σ5λ5) is PH5, which is unknown. Related compounds containing both halide and organic substituents on phosphorus are fairly common. Those with five organic substituents are rare, although P(C6H5)5 is known, being derived from P(C6H5)4+ by reaction with phenyllithium.
Phosphorus ylides are unsaturated phosphoranes, known as Wittig reagents, e.g. CH2P(C6H5)3. These compounds feature tetrahedral phosphorus(V) and are considered relatives of phosphine oxides. They also are derived from phosphonium salts, but by deprotonation not alkylation.
Organophosphorus(III) compounds, main categories
Phosphites, phosphonites, and phosphinites
Phosphites, sometimes called phosphite esters, have the general structure P(OR)3 with oxidation state +3. Such species arise from the alcoholysis of phosphorus trichloride:
PCl3 + 3 ROH → P(OR)3 + 3 HCl
The reaction is general, thus a vast number of such species are known. Phosphites are employed in the Perkow reaction and the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. They also serve as ligands in organometallic chemistry.
Intermediate between phosphites and phosphines are phosphonites (P(OR)2R') and phosphinite (P(OR)R'2). Such species arise via alcoholysis reactions of the corresponding phosphonous and phosphinous chlorides ((PCl2R') and (PClR'2) , respectively).
Phosphines
The parent compound of the phosphines is PH3, called phosphine in the US and British Commonwealth, but phosphane elsewhere. Replacement of one or more hydrogen centers by an organic substituents (alkyl, aryl), gives PH3−xRx, an organophosphine, generally referred to as phosphines.
From the commercial perspective, the most important phosphine is triphenylphosphine, several million kilograms being produced annually. It is prepared from the reaction of chlorobenzene, PCl3, and sodium. Phosphines of a more specialized nature are usually prepared by other routes. Phosphorus halides undergo nucleophilic displacement by organometallic reagents such as Grignard reagents. Organophosphines are nucleophiles and ligands. Two major applications are as reagents in the Wittig reaction and as supporting phosphine ligands in homogeneous catalysis.
Their nucleophilicity is evidenced by their reactions with alkyl halides to give phosphonium salts. Phosphines are nucleophilic catalysts in organic synthesis, e.g. the Rauhut–Currier reaction and Baylis-Hillman reaction. Phosphines are reducing agents, as illustrated in the Staudinger reduction for the conversion of organic azides to amines and in the Mitsunobu reaction for converting alcohols into esters. In these processes, the phosphine is oxidized to phosphorus(V). Phosphines have also been found to reduce activated carbonyl groups, for instance the reduction of an α-keto ester to an α-hydroxy ester.
Phosphaalkenes and phosphaalkynes
Compounds with carbon phosphorus(III) multiple bonds are called phosphaalkenes (R2C=PR) and phosphaalkynes (RC≡P). They are similar in structure, but not in reactivity, to imines (R2C=NR) and nitriles (RC≡N), respectively. In the compound phosphorine, one carbon atom in benzene is replaced by phosphorus. Species of this type are relatively rare but for that reason are of interest to researchers. A general method for the synthesis of phosphaalkenes is by 1,2-elimination of suitable precursors, initiated thermally or by base such as DBU, DABCO, or triethylamine:
Thermolysis of Me2PH generates CH2=PMe, an unstable species in the condensed phase.
Organophosphorus(0), (I), and (II) compounds
Compounds where phosphorus exists in a formal oxidation state of less than III are uncommon, but examples are known for each class. Organophosphorus(0) species are debatably illustrated by the carbene adducts, [P(NHC)]2, where NHC is an N-heterocyclic carbene. With the formulae (RP)n and (R2P)2, respectively, compounds of phosphorus(I) and (II) are generated by reduction of the related organophosphorus(III) chlorides:
5 PhPCl2 + 5 Mg → (PhP)5 + 5 MgCl2
2 Ph2PCl + Mg → Ph2P-PPh2 + MgCl2
Diphosphenes, with the formula R2P2, formally contain phosphorus-phosphorus double bonds. These phosphorus(I) species are rare but are stable provided that the organic substituents are large enough to prevent catenation. Many mixed-valence compounds are known, e.g. the cage P7(CH3)3.
See also
Activity-based proteomics—A branch of biochemistry that often relies on organophosphorus probes to interrogate enzyme activities
Bihar school meal poisoning incident
Organophosphates
Organophosphites
Organothiophosphates
References
External links
Organophosphorus chemistry at users.ox.ac.uk
Organophosphorus chemistry at www.chem.wisc.edu
NMR predictor for organophosphorus compound chemical shifts from Alan Brisdon's Research Group
Functional groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus%20chemistry |
Theodore Ian Wilson Aronson (13 November 1929 – 13 May 2003) was a royal biographer whose easy manner enabled him to earn the trust of his subjects.
He was the son of a Latvian Jewish storekeeper, born at Kirkwood, South Africa and educated at Grey High School in Port Elizabeth before studying art at Cape Town University, where he acted with Nigel Hawthorne. He became a commercial artist with J. Walter Thompson in Johannesburg, then transferred to London, where he also worked part-time as a waiter. His interest in royalty began at a young age. He encountered members of the royal family at a siding near Kirkwood in 1947, and was impressed by Queen Elizabeth's charm. After visiting the mausoleum of Napoleon III at St Michael's Abbey in Farnborough, Hampshire, he decided to write about royal subjects.
After a change of publisher, he 'was persuaded that dynastic studies were no longer required,' so he began to write studies of recent history regarding the British royal family. (The Times, 20 May 2003)
He was well versed in his subjects and became known as a devoted admirer of British royalty. His research included interviewing several members of the royal family, including Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, about whom he published a biography in 1981, the Queen Mother, and Princess Margaret, as well as numerous courtiers.
He had written twenty-three books and appeared in several television documentaries. In his book Royal Subjects, he acknowledged that during his career as a writer, 'various Kings, and their families, have proved to be devilish good subjects for me,' and that being 'something of an outsider, unrestricted by the British class system' (Royal Subjects, pp. ix-x), had proved an advantage for him being granted almost unprecedented access to royal circles.
Aronson was the partner of historian Brian Roberts for over 40 years. He died from cancer at Frome in Somerset aged 73.
Books by Theo Aronson
The Golden Bees: The Story of the Bonapartes (New York Graphic Society - 1964)
Royal Vendetta: The Crown of Spain 1829-1965 (Bobbs-Merrill - 1966)
Defiant Dynasty: The Coburgs of Belgium (Littlehampton Book Services - 1969)
The Fall of the Third Napoleon (Bobbs-Merrill - 1970)
The Kaisers (Bobbs-Merrill - 1971)
Queen Victoria and the Bonapartes (Bobbs-Merrill - 1972)
Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria (Macmillan Publishing - 1974)
Royal Ambassadors: British Royalties in Southern Africa 1860-1947 (Littlehampton Book Services - 1975)
A Family of Kings: The Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark (Weidenfeld & Nicolson - 1976)
Victoria and Disraeli: The Making of a Romantic Partnership (Macmillan Publishing - 1978)
Kings Over the Water: The Saga of the Stuart Pretenders (Littlehampton Book Services - 1979)
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (Littlehampton Book Services - 1981)
Royal Family: Years of Transition (Salem House - 1984)
The King in Love: Edward VII's Mistresses: Lillie Langtry, Daisy Warwick, Alice Keppel and Others Harper Collins - 1988)
Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph of the Tragedy of European Monarchy 1910-1918 (Horizon Book - 1988)
Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story (St. Martins Press - 1990)
Queen Victoria's Scotland (with Michael J. Stead, Cassell Illustrated - 1992)
Heart of a Queen: Queen Victoria's Romantic Attachments (John Murray Publishers - 1992)
The Royal Family at War (John Murray Publishers - 1994)Prince Eddy and the Homosexual Underworld (John Murray Publishers - 1996)Princess Margaret: A Biography (Regnery Publishing - 1997)Royal Subjects: A Biographer's Encounters (Sidgwick & Jackson - 2000)A Family of Kings'' (Royalty Digest - 2004)
References
1929 births
2003 deaths
Michaelis School of Fine Art alumni
British people of Latvian descent
Deaths from cancer in England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
University of Cape Town alumni
20th-century British biographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo%20Aronson |
John Aloysius Duffy (October 29, 1884 – September 27, 1944) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Syracuse in New York from 1933 to 1937, and as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York from 1937 until his death in 1944.
Biography
Early life
John Duffy was born on October 29, 1884, in Jersey City, New Jersey, to Patrick Joseph and Anna Marie (née Smith) Duffy. As a young man, he worked as a boilermaker in Elizabeth, New Jersey and Bayonne.
Duffy was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Newark on June 13, 1908. Duffy then served as assistant pastor at the Church of Our Lady of Grace (Hoboken, New Jersey), professor of literature and languages at Seton Hall University, and instructor in Church history at the Newark seminary.Duffy was named a domestic prelate, and served as chancellor and vicar general for the diocese. As vicar general, Monsignor Duffy was instrumental in the establishment of Queen of Angels, the first parish for people of color in the Newark diocese. He was the diocese's apostolic administrator between the death of John O'Connor and the appointment of Thomas Walsh, and served as pastor of St. Joseph's Parish in Jersey City.
Bishop of Syracuse
On April 21, 1933, Duffy was appointed the fourth Bishop of Syracuse by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on June 29, 1933, from Archbishop Walsh, with Bishops James Griffin and Alphonse Smith serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Wisdom from Above." In 1934, when fan dancer Sally Rand was scheduled to appear in Syracuse, the Bishop said, "I must regard the presence of the Rand woman on the stage as an act of public defiance of the Catholic people of Syracuse."
Bishop of Buffalo
Pius XI named Duffy as the seventh Bishop of Buffalo on January 9, 1937. He was installed on April 14, 1937. In 1939 and 1940 he served as secretary of the National Catholic Welfare Council.
During his tenure, he established the Diocesan Fund for the Faith for those left in need because of the Great Depression, erected parishes in the sparsely settled areas of the diocese, and organized the Catholic Youth Organization, Bishop's Committee for Christian Home and Family, Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, and Newman Clubs.
John Duffy died on September 27, 1944, at age 59, and was buried next to his parents in Holy Name Cemetery in Jersey City.
References
1884 births
1944 deaths
Clergy from Jersey City, New Jersey
Seton Hall University faculty
Roman Catholic bishops of Syracuse
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Catholics from New Jersey
American boilermakers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Duffy |
The supraorbital foramen, is a bony elongated opening located above the orbit (eye socket) and under the forehead. It is part of the frontal bone of the skull. The supraorbital foramen lies directly under the eyebrow. In some people this foramen is incomplete and is then known as the supraorbital notch.
Structure
The supraorbital foramen is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. It is part of the frontal bone of the skull. It arches transversely below the superciliary arches and is the upper part of the brow ridge. It is thin and prominent in its lateral two-thirds, but rounded in its medial third. Between these two parts, the supraorbital nerve, the supraorbital artery, and the supraorbital vein pass. The supraorbital nerve divides into superficial and deep branches after it has left the supraorbital foramen.
Additional images
See also
Foramina of skull
Frontal bone
Supraorbital ridge
References
External links
Foramina of the skull | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital%20foramen |
Phono-Comb was a Canadian instrumental/modern surf rock group that formed in 1993 in Toronto.
History
Phono-Comb first materialized when Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet played with Jad Fair when he was performing in Toronto to promote a film about his band Half Japanese. Shadowy Men were planning a hiatus around this time, and guitarist Brian Connelly opted out of the planned follow-up recording project (although he is credited as a co-songwriter on all the songs). Don Pyle and Reid Diamond invited Dallas Good of The Sadies to step in, and 'Jad Fair & Phono-Comb' was born. They recorded a single in 1995 and a full-length album, Monsters, Lullabies...and the Occasional Flying Saucer in 1996. After this recording, Fair returned to his solo career, and the remaining trio recorded an instrumental single. In 1996, they added Beverly Breckenridge (of Fifth Column) on bass, and Reid Diamond switched over to guitar. As a quartet, they recorded a CD, Fresh Gasoline with Steve Albini producing. The band toured throughout North America and one of their songs was featured on the soundtrack of the documentary film Pitch. Reid Diamond died of cancer in February 2001. Dallas Good died from a heart condition in February 2022.
Members
Jad Fair & Phono-Comb:
Jad Fair - vocals
Dallas Good - guitar, also with The Sadies
Don Pyle - drums, formerly with Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet
Reid Diamond - bass, formerly with Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet
Phono-Comb:
Dallas Good - guitar
Don Pyle - drums
Reid Diamond - bass, switching to guitar when Beverly Breckenridge joined the band.
Beverly Breckenridge - bass, formerly with Fifth Column
Discography
Jad Fair & Phono-Comb:
1995 In A Haunted House 7" Derivative Records
1996 Monsters, Lullabies...and the Occasional Flying Saucer, CD, Shake the Record
Phono-Comb:
1996 The Crass And The Switchblade 7" Touch & Go/Quarterstick
1996 Fresh Gasoline, Touch & Go/Quarterstick
References
External links
Phono-Comb at allmusic
Phono-Comb at Jam!
Southern Records' Phono-Comb biography
Fresh Gasoline Review
The Shadowy Site On A Shadowy Web (Unofficial Shadowy Men Home Page with a section on Phono-Comb)
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Musical groups from Toronto
Canadian indie rock groups
Touch and Go Records artists
Canadian instrumental musical groups
1993 establishments in Ontario
1999 disestablishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-Comb |
The Philadelphia Press (or The Press) is a defunct newspaper that was published from August 1, 1857, to October 1, 1920.
The paper was founded by John Weiss Forney. Charles Emory Smith was editor and owned a stake in the paper from 1880 until his death in 1908. In 1920, it was purchased by Cyrus H. K. Curtis, who merged the Press into the Public Ledger.
In 1882, a Philadelphia Press newspaper story sparked a sensational trial after a journalist caught body snatchers from the Jefferson Medical College stealing corpses from Lebanon Cemetery for use as cadavers by medical students.
Before being published in book form, Stephen Crane's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage was serialized in The Philadelphia Press in 1894. Earlier, in 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson's The Black Arrow appeared in the paper in serialized form under the title "The Outlaws of Tunstall Forest," with illustrations by Alfred Brennan, before the first hardcover book publication by Charles Scribner's Sons.
Notable contributors
Emily Pomona Edson Briggs, columnist, notable early female journalist
Thomas Morris Chester, African-American Civil War correspondent
Benjamin De Casseres, proofreader, theatrical critic and editorial writer
Joel Cook, American Civil War correspondent with the Army of the Potomac
Elisha Jay Edwards, investigative journalist
John Russell Young, chief Civil War correspondent
The 'Philadelphia Four'
In addition to written contributions, illustrations were also produced for the newspaper. Four illustrators, each a member of the 'Charcoal Club' founded by Robert Henri, became known as the 'Philadelphia Four':
William Glackens
George Luks
Everett Shinn
John French Sloan
See also
List of defunct newspapers of the United States
References
Defunct newspapers of Philadelphia
Newspapers established in 1857
Publications disestablished in 1920
1857 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Philadelphia%20Press |
William Turner (April 8, 1871 – July 10, 1936) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York from 1919 until his death in 1936.
He was ordained in 1893, and spent his early years as a priest teaching in various institutions. Upon his appointment as Bishop of Buffalo he was occupied with pastoral duties in a very large diocese.
Biography
Early life
William Turner was born at Kilmallock, Ireland. He received his education at Mungret College in Limerick, the Royal University of Ireland, the Propaganda College in Rome, and the Institut Catholique de Paris.
Turner was ordained to the priesthood on August 13, 1893. That same year, Turner was awarded the Benemerenti medal for a commentary on St. Thomas's De Anima.
The following year he began his career as a professor of Latin and logic at the College of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota, moving to St. Paul's Seminary in 1895. He was rector of St. Luke's Parish in St. Paul. He later became a librarian and professor of philosophy at the Catholic University of America.
Bishop of Buffalo
On March 10, 1919, Turner was appointed the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo by Pope Benedict XV. He received his episcopal consecration on March 30, 1919, from Cardinal James Gibbons, with Bishops Denis J. O'Connell and Michael Curley serving as co-consecrators.
In July 1919 he was down in Cattaraugus County administering confirmation at St. Patrick's in Salamanca and the next day consecrated the Church of St. Mary of the Angels in Olean, New York. (On February 14, 2017, Pope Francis granted the title of Minor Basilica to St. Mary of the Angels Church in Olean) In August 1922, Turner helped lay the cornerstone of the Basilica of Our Lady of Victory in Lackawanna, New York. In May 1926, Turner gave an address and blessed the "Millet Cross", erected by the New York State Knights of Columbus dedicated "not only to Father Millet, but to those other priests whose heroism took Christianity into the wilderness and whose devotion sought to create in this new world a new France." The cross stands on the shore of Lake Ontario just west of the Fort Denonville's north redoubt.
Turner's younger brother John, also from County Limerick, was ordained in Rome and came to the United States in 1904. He served as pastor of the Church of St. John the evangelist in White Plains, New York. Rev. Dr. John F. Turner died at his brother's house in Buffalo in 1930 at the age of 51. Later that year, William Turner celebrated the feast of the recently canonized North American Martyrs with a solemn pontifical high Mass at the Church of Saint Vincent de Paul in Buffalo. Four days later he laid the cornerstone for the Lyceum at St. John Kanty Parish in East Buffalo, where “...at least 90% of the people were Catholics, but only about a third practiced their religion.”
Turner was a supporter of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, and in 1924 began Catholic Charities in Buffalo in 1924. He established more than 30 new parishes during his administration, including national churches such as Our Lady of Czestochowa Church in North Tonawanda.
William Turner died in Buffalo on July 10, 1956, at age 65 and was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Tonawanda, New York. A Celtic cross marks his grave.The former Bishop Turner High School in Buffalo was named after him. Built in 1960, the school closed in 2003.
Works
Turner was a contributor to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the American Catholic Quarterly Review, Catholic World, American Ecclesiastical Review, America, the Philosophical Review, Journal of Philosophy, and the Irish Theological Quarterly; and was editor of the Catholic University Bulletin.
History of Philosophy, 1903
Storia della filosofia (translated) 1904
Lessons in Logic, 1911
References
External links
William Turner, History of Philosophy (Boston: Ginn, 1903)
1871 births
1936 deaths
Christian clergy from County Limerick
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Irish emigrants to the United States
Catholic University of America faculty
Alumni of the Royal University of Ireland
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia
Recipients of the Benemerenti medal
People from Kilmallock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Turner%20%28bishop%20of%20Buffalo%29 |
James Wren "Zack" Taylor (July 27, 1898 – September 19, 1974) was an American professional baseball player, coach, scout, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher with the Brooklyn Robins, Boston Braves, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs, New York Yankees, and again with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Although Taylor was not a powerful hitter, he sustained a lengthy career in the major leagues due to his valuable defensive abilities as a catcher. After his playing career, he became better known as the manager for the St. Louis Browns owned by Bill Veeck. His baseball career spanned 58 years.
Baseball playing career
A native of Yulee, Florida, Taylor began his professional baseball career at the age of 16 with the Valdosta Millionaires during the 1915 season. After playing in the minor leagues for five seasons, he made his major league debut with the Brooklyn Robins on June 15, 1920, at the age of 21. He became the Robins' main catcher in 1923, succeeding Hank DeBerry. Although he led National League catchers in errors and in passed balls, Taylor also led in range factor, assists and baserunners caught stealing while batting .288 in 93 games.
In 1924, Taylor's batting average improved to .290 and he led the league's catchers in range factor and fielding percentage. Taylor had his best offensive season in 1925, posting career highs with a .310 batting average, 3 home runs, and 44 runs batted in. He developed a reputation as one of the best catchers in the National League, finishing the season with 102 assists and leading the league's catchers with 64 base runners caught stealing. Taylor had a talent for catching the spitball and became the personal catcher for future Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Burleigh Grimes, the last pitcher allowed to throw the spitball in the major leagues. On October 6, 1925, Taylor was traded by the Robins with Eddie Brown and Jimmy Johnston to the Boston Braves for Jesse Barnes, Gus Felix, and Mickey O'Neil.
After a season and a half with the Braves, he was traded to John McGraw's New York Giants along with Larry Benton and Herb Thomas for Doc Farrell, Kent Greenfield, and Hugh McQuillan. The Giants had acquired Grimes in another trade and wanted Taylor to be his personal catcher. Despite catching Grimes' team-leading 19 wins and performing well defensively to help the Giants finished the season just two games behind the pennant-winning Pittsburgh Pirates, McGraw released Taylor back to the Braves for the waiver price of $4,000 on February 28, 1928, the same day Grimes was traded to Pittsburgh. McGraw said he regretted releasing the 29-year-old Taylor, but that he wanted to give younger catchers such as Shanty Hogan a chance to play. Taylor took over as the Braves' starting catcher for the 1928 season.
Having been displaced by Al Spohrer as the Braves' starting catcher early in the 1929 season, Taylor's contract was sold to the Chicago Cubs for the waiver price of $7,500 in July after all the other teams in both the American and National Leagues had passed on him. When the Cubs' future Hall of Fame catcher Gabby Hartnett suffered an arm injury early in 1929, Taylor filled in capably, helping the Cubs win the National League pennant. He helped guide the Cubs' pitching staff to a league-leading 14 shutouts and finish second in team earned run average and strikeouts. In the only postseason appearance of his career in the 1929 World Series against the Philadelphia Athletics, Taylor made only three hits but was cited as an unsung hero in a losing cause for the Cubs because of his consistent, unwavering defensive skills behind the plate. When Hartnett returned from his injury in 1930, Taylor went back to being the Cubs' backup catcher. In 1932, Cub manager Rogers Hornsby credited Taylor with helping develop the skills of Lon Warneke, as the young pitcher led the league with 22 wins.
After being released by the Cubs in November 1933, Taylor appeared in four games for the Yankees in 1934 before ending his playing career as a player-coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1935. He played his final major league game on September 24, 1935, at the age of 36, and returned to the minor leagues as player-manager for the San Antonio Missions from 1937 to 1939 and the Toledo Mud Hens from 1940 to 1941.
Strange incident
Taylor is one of the very few players who have illegally re-entered a major league game. It happened on August 31, 1932, against the Giants. In the bottom of the tenth inning, Billy Jurges pinch-hit for Taylor. Three batters later, with two outs, Taylor pinch hit for pitcher Leroy Herrmann. The Giants failed to notice: had they appealed, Herrmann would have been called out for missing his turn and the game would have been over. But Taylor and the next three batters all scored, to win the game for the Cubs.
Career statistics
In a sixteen-year major league career, Taylor played in 918 games, accumulating 748 hits in 2,865 at bats for a .261 career batting average, along with 9 home runs, 311 runs batted in, and an on-base percentage of .304. He ended his career with a .977 fielding percentage. Taylor led National League catchers three times in range factor and in base runners caught stealing, twice in assists and once in fielding percentage. His 49.63% career caught stealing percentage ranks 19th all-time among major league catchers.
Managerial and coaching career
Taylor joined the St. Louis Browns as a coach in the midseason of 1941, and was a member of the 1944 Browns team that won the American League pennant – the team's only championship in its 52 years in St. Louis, although they eventually lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1944 World Series. When Luke Sewell resigned as manager in 1946, Taylor took over as the interim manager, finished the season, then joined the coaching staff of the 1947 Pittsburgh Pirates. After Muddy Ruel managed the Browns to a last-place, 59–95 record in 1947 campaign, St. Louis general manager Bill DeWitt re-hired Taylor to be the manager. He lost 100 games in two of his five seasons as the manager of the under-funded Browns, and was fired after the 1951 season.
Taylor was the St. Louis manager who, upon orders from then-owner Bill Veeck, called on Eddie Gaedel to pinch hit during a game on August 19, 1951, against Bob Cain and the Detroit Tigers. He also participated in another Veeck stunt, in which the Browns handed out placards – reading take, swing, bunt, etc. – to fans and allowed them to make managerial decisions for a day. Taylor dutifully surveyed the fans' advice and relayed the sign accordingly. The Browns won the game.
Taylor remained active in baseball as a scout for the Chicago White Sox and the Milwaukee and Atlanta Braves until his death.
Managerial record
Later life
In 1974, Taylor was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame. He died from a heart attack while at his home on September 19, 1974, at the age of 76.
References
External links
1898 births
1974 deaths
Allentown Brooks players
Atlanta Braves scouts
Baseball player-managers
Baseball players from Florida
Boston Braves players
Brooklyn Dodgers coaches
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Brooklyn Robins players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox scouts
Dothan (minor league baseball) players
Major League Baseball catchers
Memphis Chickasaws players
Milwaukee Braves scouts
Montreal Expos scouts
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Yankees players
People from Yulee, Florida
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Reading Brooks players
St. Louis Browns coaches
St. Louis Browns managers
San Antonio Missions managers
San Antonio Missions players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toledo Mud Hens managers
Toledo Mud Hens players
Valdosta Millionaires players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack%20Taylor%20%28baseball%29 |
William Wobbler is a video game developed by Antony Crowther and released by Wizard Development in 1985 for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum.
Gameplay
The player must guide William to find ten pieces of a puzzle, hidden throughout a vast landscape of caverns.
Competition
The game was distributed with a second disk labelled "Competition Disk." When the game was completed, a file was to be saved to this disk and sent to Wizard Development who awarded an undisclosed prize for the first entry received.
The game's author stated in 2014 that the prize was never claimed. No definite solution to the puzzle is known.
References
1985 video games
Commodore 64 games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wobbler |
Arc the Lad: End of Darkness, known in Japan as , is a 3D action role-playing video game developed by Cattle Call exclusively for the PlayStation 2. It is the second and last game from the Arc the Lad series on the console, the first being Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits.
Arc the Lad: End of Darkness takes place five years after Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits, and reuses many of the settings, characters, enemies, and music from the previous game. The world has many new technologies and job classes and is less rife with racial tensions between the Deimos (intelligent creatures) and Humans. However, the main natural resource from Twilight of the Spirits, Spirit Stones, are nearly depleted, and there is uncertainty about the future of the Deimos and Humans.
This is the only Arc the Lad game to use a real-time battle system, instead of a tactics-based battle system. Generally, this was viewed as a step backwards for the series because of its poor execution. End of Darkness also featured online play with up to 8 players playing in a 4-on-4 death match or 4-person co-op. However, the servers were taken down in June 2006.
Gameplay
Arc the Lad: End of Darkness is a role-playing game that requires the player to travel from city to city around the world in order to complete missions assigned to them by the guilds located there. There are two types of missions: storyline missions whose completions allow the player to take tests and further the plot, and optional missions for items and experience.
Unlike the previous four games, which were tactical, End of Darkness is a real time action RPG. In battle, the player can execute standard attacks, dash forward and backwards, target enemies, strafe enemies, and use four abilities. The player's abilities and equipment are determined by what cards they have assigned to their character. There are ability cards (magic, "gimmick", and special skill), and "part" cards (attack, defense, and accessory). Cards can be acquired by picking them up during battle or purchasing them in shops. The player can also synthesize cards to create new ones.
The player can unlock and play with up to 24 other characters from previous Arc the Lad titles. These cannot be used in the storyline missions, but can be used in extra missions and in online play. The playable characters include all playable characters from Twilight of the Spirits (sans Densimo and Samson), Arc, Kukuru, Tosh, and Iga from Arc the Lad, Elc, Leiza, and Shu from Arc the Lad II, and Alec, Lutz, Theo, and Cheryl from Arc the Lad III
Online
A new feature to the Arc games, online play allows the player to either explore the world with friends or to go head on head in four on four battles. After low online participation and poor reviews, the online server was shut down June 16, 2006.
Synopsis
Story
The story follows Edda, a young boy from Cragh Island who as the only exorcist alive, plans to travel the world along with his Slothian Deimos friend, Hemo. While Edda is building their boat, Hemo returns with a strange book he found in the forest. Unable to read it, he hands it to Edda, who can understand only a portion of the text before they are interrupted by a mysterious girl who angrily demands the book back. After questioning her, the girl reveals herself to be Kirika; an archaeologist. Running away after getting the book back, Edda notices Kirika's sporting a strange device on her arm, and recalls seeing it before. The device, known as an ALD, is worn by Hunters. This causes Edda grows curious about them.
Later on, the elder of the island asks Edda to guide a hunter named Luberus through the Cave of Truth in search of a thief, and gives him his father's cudgel. Upon arriving, Edda and Hemo encounters dead hunters whilst making their way through the cave. Upon arriving at the end, they see Kirika by the body of Luberus. Before Edda and Hemo can question her, they are all cornered by a monster with black smoke around it, known as a Malademon (the antagonists of the game). Edda successfully exorcises the Malademon, however grows weak and passes out.
Upon waking up, Edda finds himself in the town of Milmarna (a town from Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits). While looking for Hemo, he first encounters the Hunter's Guild, where Hemo had been talking about wanting to making Edda a hunter. After finding Hemo, he claims that the head of the Guild said he can make Edda a hunter (denying such a thing when Edda questions him). He then directs Edda to Maru, the Guild Master of Milmarna, and one of the ten 'Heroes' (the playable characters from Twilight of the Sprirts involved with the defeat of the Lord of the Black Abyss). Encountering Maru, who is arguing against marrying Foh, his cousin, he is able to sneak back to the guild to make Edda a hunter.
After becoming a hunter, Edda does his share of tasks that tie between the main story, and side objectives to help him rank up. On his quest, Edda helps various people around the world, encounters the other Heroes, Tatjana, Ganz, and Paulette, helping them with issues, and also deals with a cult terrorist organization known as Truth Sword. During one of his tasks, Edda learns that Ganz along with a Deimos child has been kidnapped by the leader of Truth Sword, Zeeman, and sets out to find them. After tricking him, he and Ganz save the child and tie up Zeeman, who has unsuccessfully attempted to kill them by using a fraud gun. After which, Zeeman reveals the true leader of Truth Sword, a woman named Ursula Al Kees.
Later on, Edda and Hemo deal with a malademon found in the sewers of what was left of Romalia from Arc the Lad II, where they find Kirika attempting to use a gun that is able to exorcise. Edda claims her to be Ursula, which she angrily tells him to 'believe what he wishes to believe'. She reveals that she awoke the malademon in the attempt to test out her gun, the Stark Dispeller, which is revealed to fail after she leaves. Edda successfully exorcises the malademon, where Hemo berates Edda for believing that Kirika was innocent. Returning to Yewbell, Paulette, Maru, Ganz, Tatjana, and Edda have a discussion about Kirika, whom they truly believe to be Ursula. They come to the conclusion that the gun she has could kill anyone, and that it's urgent that they find her.
Edda begins to question his ability as a hunter, and decides to quit. However, Hemo, who believes he shouldn't, decides to do a task in his place. The task involves finding Luberus, as well as returning an exorcism manual, which is revealed to be the book Ursula had at the beginning. After having new found motivation, Edda returns to the town of Rueloon to rank up, where he finds Ganz arguing with a supervisor about visiting the continent of Aldrow. He reveals that Zeeman confessed that Ursula's last target was the Cathena Labs of Dr. Sarak, inventor of the ALD who died in an accident. Edda convinces Ganz to let him go, who agrees until he becomes a Hero ranked hunter.
After ranking up, Edda and Hemo arrive at the ruins of Cathena (which was destroyed by Lord Darkham from Twilight of the Spirits), and encounter the lab. After going through it, Edda encounters the diary of Dr. Sarak, which talks about a new form of energy known as 'Chalice', as well as the invention of ALD, his wife's death, and his estranged relationship with Ursula. After wondering what the Chalice was, Ursula comes in and explains what the Chalice was; a being created to replace the world's energy with its own bio-energy, and reveals that her father was Dr. Sarak, and that the real reason for his death was that Ursula activated the Chalice out of anger, and while trying to stop it, died.
Ursula goes after the Chalice herself to exorcise it as due to the amount of mala-energy its consumed, it became the ultimate malademon. She closes the door on Edda and telling him that she plans to make up for what he did. Seeing that he needs to stop her because the Stark Dispeller doesn't work, Edda finds security footage of Ursula inside the Chalice's room, running away after seeing that it failed. Coming out the other side, Edda finds Ursula with strange veins attached to her arm, saying that she had been hurt by the Chalice. Edda decides to defeat it himself, asking Hemo to take care of her and revealing to Ursula he was an exorcist. Encountering the Chalice, he is able to defeat it until it transforms into its true form. Ursula comes in to help Edda exorcise the Chalice, and does so successfully.
Ursula plans to kill herself in atonement for everything she's done about the malademon threat and her involvement with Truth Sword until Edda and Hemo talk her out of it, telling her to make people happy. Realizing this, she, along with Edda and Hemo laugh as they leave the lab. After leaving the building, Ursula plans to help ill people around the world, and Edda plans to continue his exorcism journey. The two part ways, Ursula declaring that 'Ursula' is dead, and that she's ready to embrace her new identity as Kirika, and Edda and Hemo ready for their next assignment.
Reception
Arc the Lad: End of Darkness was met with generally mixed reviews due to flaws in its storyline and combat system. Reviewers remarked about the weaker conflict than was in the previous game and how the storyline alters or otherwise discards significant plotlines from its predecessor. They also complained how the combat system was convoluted and had a bad control scheme, and the battle animations were long and unresponsive. Metacritic gave it a score 59 out of 100.
References
External links
SCEJ Instruction
2004 video games
Action role-playing video games
Arc the Lad
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Masahiro Andoh
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Cooperative video games
Namco games
Cattle Call (company) games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%20the%20Lad%3A%20End%20of%20Darkness |
Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits ("アークザラッド 精霊の黄昏" Āku za Raddo: Seirei no Tasogare, also known as Arc: Twilight of the Spirits in Europe) is a 2003 tactical role-playing video game developed by Cattle Call and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the sixth game released in the Arc the Lad series, and the first game in the series released for the PlayStation 2 and made in 3D. It originally released in Japan in March 2003, alongside a premium box set, later in June 2003 in North America (marking it the first game in the series to be published by Sony in the region), and later in January 2004 in Europe (marking it as the first game in the series to release in the region). The game was executively produced by Tekken creator, Seiichi Ishii, and received developmental support by certain members of Zener Works Inc, developers of Okage: Shadow King. It was followed up with a sequel in 2005, Arc the Lad: End of Darkness.
Taking place 1,000 years after Arc the Lad III, Twilight of the Spirits follows two races, human and Deimos ( in the Japanese version), who have had centuries long conflicts regarding displacement and human use of the magical Spirit Stones to their power machinery while Deimos use it as their life force. The game's plot follows an intersecting storyline between human and Deimos hybrid twin brothers, Kharg and Darc, who attempt to locate the five Great Spirit Stones for their own ambitions while crossing paths with the autocratic Dilzweld Army, who plan to use the stones to take over the world, and a mysterious girl who is linked to all three.
Twilight of the Spirits received average-to-positive reception from critics upon release. It received praise for its battle system, interconnecting storyline, and music, but criticism for its voice acting, lack of sidequests, and balancing.
Gameplay
Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits has the player going through the game as Kharg and Darc, playing through their individual stories back to back. As the story is intersecting, some of the locations are visited with both characters. Like many conventional RPGs, the player goes from town to town, traversing the world map to specific areas, and getting into battles along the way. Since there are five continents in the game, Kharg or Darc can use the Big Owl ship or the Pyron monster respectively to travel to different continents.
Combat is similar to the first three Arc the Lad games, using a tactical format. However, unlike the original trilogy, Twilight of the Spirits uses a circular based movement system, rather than grid like movement. There are also no magic points. Rather, the game uses "Spirit Stone' items for magic and special attacks, which can be bought in stores, picked up from fallen enemies or from boxes and other scenery. During combat, players can check character stats and equip items. By pressing R1, the player can see the range of their attack, which can allow them to attack multiple enemies if lined up, as well as allowing them to attack on any side of an enemy.
After enemies are killed, XP is given, along with SP, which allows characters to obtain new special moves or magic. The more a player obtains, they can rank up which opens up new abilities. There are fourteen playable characters in the game, two temporary, and two secret. The player can use up to six characters in combat, the max in Kharg and Darc's party until their eventual joint partnership at the end of the game. Some fights however, will have characters using only one character.
Plot
One thousand years have passed since the events of Arc the Lad III, and as a result, the world featured in the original trilogy has evolved. However, tensions between humans and a race of emerging humanoid monsters called Deimos, have run rampant for centuries, resulting in several long wars and leading the two races to ban any and all interactions. In the midst of this strife, a human woman named Nafia falls in love with a Drakyr Deimos named Windalf, and they give birth to a pair of twins they name Kharg and Darc. Due to relations between humans and Deimos being illegal, they are sought after by other Drakyr for not only violating this rule, but also Windalf for stealing the Wind Stone, the treasure of the Drakyr. Windalf is attacked with Darc in his hands, but Nafia is able to escape with Kharg.
Seventeen years later, the twins have now grown and are living different lives. Kharg lives in peace and harmony with Nafia in the town of Yewbell, while Darc is a slave to a toad like Deimos woman named Geedo after Windalf's death. During their stories, the halves of the Wind Stone that Nafia and Windalf gave them respectively, finally summon the Wind Spirit, who tells them their destiny. With this information, Darc and Kharg's main goal is to collect the five Great Spirit Stones and use them for the benefit of the Deimos or humans respectively. Kharg wishes to destroy the Deimos in order for humans to live peacefully. Meanwhile, Darc wishes to destroy the humans for the protection of the Deimos and to be their overall king. During their quest however, they cross paths with the autocratic Dilzweld Army, who plan to invade all five continents with the power of the five Great Spirit Stones they plan to collect.
In their separate journeys, they form alliances with other characters. In Kharg's story, he is accompanied by his childhood friend Paulette, a self-proclaimed prince named Maru, an ex-soldier who now lives with nature named Ganz, and an ex-member and head scientist of the Dilzweld Army named Tatjana. Darc's story has him accompanied by Delma, the sister of the Orcon leader, Densimo, Volk, a Lupine who wishes for revenge against the humans for killing his wife and son, Camellia, a Pianta Sage who became withered at the hands of the Dilzweld Army, and Bebedora, a puppet master created by the Divine Ruler. Other characters who Kharg and Darc cross paths with include Lilia Getmann, a mysterious girl who is being sought out after by the Dilzweld Army, Zev, an old treasure hunter, Samson, a thief who steals only from the Dilzweld Army and later revealed, Lilia's father, and Lord Darkham Ekid na Bard, ruler of Dilzweld and the central antagonist of the game.
Though Kharg and Darc are able obtain various of the Great Spirit Stones throughout the plot, as the game progresses, Darkham and the Dilzweld Army soon obtain four of the five Great Spirit Stones, and are forced to make an artificial Wind Stone as Kharg and Darc have the two halves of the Wind Stone.
Towards the end of the game, Kharg and his friends finally confront Darkham at Maluise Tower, where he uses the five Great Spirit Stones and Lilia to awaken the Flying Castle used by King Gaidel at the end of Arc the Lad II, which he plans to use to destroy the Deimos. It is here that Lilia is revealed to be "the friend of the spirits", the final key to activating the castle. In a show of its power, Darkham destroys the large populated city of Cathena. After defeating him, Darkham tells Kharg he must take his place in destroying the Deimos, and commits suicide. Soon, Darc and his friends arrive, and he and Kharg make a deal on whoever wins a duel between them and their allies will get all five Great Spirit Stones. The player then must choose between fighting the humans or Deimos, but no matter whoever wins, Zev appears after the fight and reveals himself to be the Divine Ruler, a human who gained dark powers 3,000 years prior to the events of Arc the Lad and would later become the Lord of the Black Abyss, the series' main antagonist. He tells everyone that they were just his puppets in getting him all five Great Spirit Stones. He then takes the stones and Lilia, and goes off to the Flying Castle. Whoever wins goes there first, and then the losing side goes after them.
After both the humans and Deimos have altercations between working between each other at first, upon their reunion, Kharg and Darc finally come to an agreement to work with each other, and after going through all the floors, Kharg, Darc, and all their friends arrive just in time to see the Divine Ruler use Lilia to awaken the powers of an ark that sealed the Divine Ruler 3,000 years ago, and the same ark used by Romalia to bring back The Lord of the Black Abyss in Arc the Lad II. After absorbing all the powers, the Divine Ruler becomes the Lord of the Black Abyss once again. He then takes everyone to a realm of darkness, where their inner demons torment them until either Kharg or Darc (depending on who the player is playing as) snaps them out of it. After defeating the monsters creating the visions, the group has to fight Lilia, who is trapped by the Lord of the Black Abyss. After defeating her, the Lord of the Black Abyss tells them that they're stuck there forever, but as hope is lost, Lilia is revived in part due to the power of Arc and Kukuru. After using the power of the ark, which was in the hearts of everyone, everyone is transported to the lair of the Lord of the Black Abyss, and ultimately, face off with him.
After defeating him, the Lord of the Black Abyss still has power, and threatens to destroy all humans and Deimos. Lilia plans to give her own life like Arc did to seal him away. However, the spirits contained in the five Great Spirit Stones appear and seal away the Lord of the Black Abyss, at the cost of leaving the world and the Deimos losing their life-force. The group returns to Cragh Island, and before Kharg and Darc can clash again, Lilia stops them and helps them both come to an agreement that even though humans and Deimos will most likely clash again in the future, it's better to enjoy the peace they already have.
Reception
Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits received "mixed or average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot named it the best PlayStation 2 game of June 2003.
References
External links
(archived from the original)
2003 video games
Arc the Lad
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Masahiro Andoh
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Tactical role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Cattle Call (company) games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%20the%20Lad%3A%20Twilight%20of%20the%20Spirits |
Arc the Lad III is a tactical role-playing video game developed by ARC Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for the PlayStation.
Gameplay
The gameplay moves away from the more tactical aspects present in its predecessors, more like that of Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest. The battles have been scaled down as well as making the party size 4 rather than 5 and the battles get a new card-based summoning system.
Plot
This story starts years after the Great Disaster (the global disasters from Arc the Lad II), on the island of Eteru. Alec, a young man from a small farm town, Sasha Village, aspires to become a Hunter, just like the man who saved him during the Great Disaster. When his village is attacked by bandits, he and his quirky friend Lutz must run to the nearest town, Itio, and hire a Hunter to save the village. On the way to the town, they encounter monsters and realize they get a rush when fighting and also feeling a power within themselves. After the village is saved, Alec decides to leave and become a Hunter; Lutz naturally tags along.
To become a Hunter, Alec must collect the Ghost Dream Crystal in a nearby cave. With Lutz's help, Alec finds the crystal and officially becomes a Hunter. After taking enough jobs, Alec and Lutz eventually take on a job that lets them leave Eteru Island. A boat takes them to the next continent, Forestamore. There they meet Theo, a young Cardist who can turn monsters into cards like his mother. He joins them and together they meet Lieza (from Arc the Lad II), who is now running a monster ranch with Paundit. They also encounter Sharon, a woman from the Academy, who can control monsters with a machine. With Lieza's help, the trio rides a Flying Fire to their next destination, North Sularto.
Upon landing in North Sularto, they meet a spunky gunslinger named Cheryl. They also take note of how destroyed North Sularto became from the Great Disaster, having landed in a giant junk heap. Making their way to Society Village, a town dedicated to restoring the world, Alec completes his job by delivering a strange orb found back in Forestamore. The trio then heads to Gislem, a notoriously poor and equally dangerous city. It seems the Academy has been kidnapping people and it appears Shu (from Arc the Lad II) is helping. After a failed attempt of the kidnapping of Cheryl, Cheryl joins the party. A path to South Sularto opens up.
After taking some jobs in Testa, the group meets Tosh, the protector of the city and its precious Water Orb (Tosh being from Arc the Lad). The Academy steals the Orb from the village and Tosh, shocked from seeing his friend Shu with the enemies, decides to join Alec and crew and get back the Orb. Because of the lack of water in the desert town of Testa, the villagers travel to Gislem, where they temporarily live.
Learning that a secret Academy base is hidden in an old airship, the group makes their way inside, only to find it crawling with enemy robots. Halfway through, the group finds Shu, who reveals that he was really trying to infiltrate the Academy's plans. Having taken the Orb, Tosh returns to Testa and Shu joins Alec to get to the bottom of this. After defeating an Academy employee in a giant robot, Shu leaves the group.
Afterwards, a new job opens up: Society Village needs to deliver information to the giant library in Jiharta. Taking the job, Alec and his friends take a boat to Jiharta. They quickly learn of an uproar in the Hunter's Guild and investigate: someone has stolen a water controlling scroll from the nearby Amaidar Temple. After speaking to Iga (Arc the Lad character), the party and Marsia, a young spellcaster from the Spell Institute who knows the thief personally, discover the thief, Tikva, is working for the Academy.
Alec and his party find the Academy and Tikva at the Romastor, conducting a water controlling experiment with the scroll and some machinery. After the experiment, the Academy members dismiss Tikva, who becomes angry at not being recognized as helpful. Galdo, a spear wielding Academy member previously seen in the secret base, was watching the experiment and now intervenes. Alec and crew attack, surprising Galdo that they can even scratch him. He teleports away and Tikva is taken bake to Amaidar Temple. As punishment, Iga forcesg him to join the temple and become a monk, much to the surprise of everyone. Marsia then decides to join Alec on his adventure.
After settling a few jobs in Jiharta, Iga then wish to deliver a letter to his friend named Leshalt in Parute, which makes Alec and crew had to cross the ocean again. In Parute, they came across the main city, Paltos, and learned that an annual tournament's opening ceremony was commencing. The first prize of the tournament being a goddess statue attached with an Aura stone. It appears that the Academy had set a base there too, with Sharon in charge. After the opening ceremony, Alec found Leshalt and consult him about the Academy. After making a promise that he'll help in any way he can, Leshalt send the team back, only to bump into his grumpy brother, Velhart, who was arguably the best swordsman in Parute and second the best warrior only to Gruga of Brakia (the same from Arc the Lad II).
After some time pass, a job order came from the committee of the tournament. It is to safeguard the prize kept inside a nobleman's house in Parute city. As predicted, the Academy did come and wish to snatch the prize. A battle ensues and Alec emerges victorious. The chairman of the committee is none other than Gruga himself, after taking advice from Leshalkt to keep the statue in the Rochefort's manor and had Alec's party to guard it. Not long after the incident, a job came from Leshalt in order to ask Alec to safeguard the Aura stone on the statue and keep it in the safe beneath the item society building. Then Leshalt told Alec that he might know who's the mastermind behind the academy. It appears that it was his old colleague from the time of the disaster. After Alec and his party leave the house, the Professor (leader of the academy), whose name later revealed to be Ludwig, and Sharon enter Leshalt's retreat. The professor's trying to ask Leshalt to join his cause, which he decline. He then go as far as to detain Leshalt as he would be an obstacle for his goal.
Back in the city, Alec is trying to convince Gruga to handing him the prize. But Gruga told Alec that he should win the tournament to get the prize and enlist him in the battle. Much to their surprise, Velhart suddenly ask for admittance of the tournament as a participant. Seeing how Velhart used to say that he won't participate without Gruga in the line makes Alec and his friend curious about the sudden change of heart. In the tournament, Alec battles a lot of worthy opponent, starting from Leegle, a hunter he asked to protect his village from bandits at the beginning of the story, to Velhart, as the best swordsman in Parute, and eventually won all the matches.
When the prize was about to be given to Alec, Velhart suddenly snatches the statue and run away. Alec and crew pursue him only to see that Velhart has aligned himself with the academy. They followed Velhart to the academy's headquarter in Parute desert. Upon reaching there, they learn that Velhart is actually trying to steal the goddess statue to save his brother Leshalt from the academy's captive. They set to double the aura stone Velhart brought, and the process was halted by Leshalt, which causes him to be killed by Seville of the Academy. Enraged by his brother's murder, Velhart join forces with Alec to chase off the Professor only to find out he had escaped.
After much depression and sorrow, Velhart buries his brother in the lot by his retreat and set off for the rest of the journey with Alec. The aura stone is then secured and brought to the item society's safe as Leshalt wished. Moments after, the Guildmaster send a word through his manager that he wishes to meet Alec. He order Alec and his crews to find the Academy's headquarters in a place called Ragnark, which is known as Romalia till the disaster. Using the hovercraft found in the Cariote cave sealed by the guild itself, they travel to Ragnark.
As was told, Ragnark used to be the source of the Great Disaster when it was still called Romalia. Alec and his crews arrive at Ragnark and infiltrate the city of Felator in order to find clues about the headquarters. After stealing a lab coat from a resting scientist, Alec sneak into the branch building of Academy and found out that the chief was Sharon. He overheard Sharon and Seville talking about a mysterious energy reading from what they had been researching and she require an escort to headquarter. Alec and his crews followed her through the White Bone Forest and Midoro Swamp to the main building of the Academy located north of Felator. There, they saw a melting alloy gate and Marsia presumes that someone is using an unbelievably powerful ignition technology, since she herself is unable to melt an alloy that thick. They are then confronted by the guards and accidentally learned that they are not the only intruders in the facility.
As they battle their way to the top of the building where the Professor, Sharon and Seville is, they are halted by the Fear Crimson, a fusion of a dragon and machine. Seville refers that it was their crown creation and was perfected due to the help by a cardist they captured in Forestamore, which is none other than Theo's mother herself. When asked where is she, Seville implied that on the day Fear Crimson was perfected, she just died. He then lock the team in for a battle with the abominable machine. Though Alec's team emerges victorious, the Fear Crimson then set itself to self-destruct and is about to catch the team in the explosion, when Elc's timely arrival and his Flame Shield prevented that. The Professor, Lugwig and Sharon argued over whatever or not to continue with harassing the power source locked away within the lake. Elc takes Alec up to the roof where they confront the Professor and Sharon. Ludwig used Sharon as a shield against Elc so he couldn't unleash his Fire Power at him. From the roof, they witness the revival of the Sky Castle as the lake's was being vaporized.
Upon seeing the desecrated town beneath the vaporizing lake, Alec's memory recall the past where the moment he was saved by a hunter in the fire. It was in Romalia. When thinking a way to get to the Sky Castle, he spots saw the Hien by the bottom of the lake. Elc decided to stay by the Hien to start repairing the airship so it can be used to fly to the Sky Castle. Meanwhile, Elc ask Alec to report to the Guildmaster and suggest that Alec go find Gogen the magic master to find a way to re-seal the Dark One as he predicted that the Academy will at least managed to release the Dark One.
At the guild, The Guildmaster promotes Alec to a hunter of a status like Elc and Shu, which act directly under the essentials of the guild. After being promoted, Alec directs the guild to find Gogen. He is then discovered to be residing in an ancient ruin in a cape in Jiharta. After passing several riddles and tricks made by Gogen, they meet the old man himself and by their surprise, hearing him said that the Dark One can't be re-sealed, as the ark was destroyed by Andel and the lineage of Bravery and Goddess (respectively Arc and Kukuru) has expire. An idea cross by Lutz mind to create a new ark, and is heavily rejected by Gogen since it is an impossible task for men. But the team made their commitment to save the world therefore made Gogen tell them how to craft a new ark. It was told to be made of Eternal Steel, Eternal Tree, Eternal Ice and Eternal Flame. After that, one must be blessed by the guardians before the ark could be created. So the team set off to the guild master to learn the whereabouts of those four sacred relic.
The first to be found was Eternal Steel, since it is somewhere in Parute. They search the Cariote cave but found nothing. The next place to go will be the Museum in Paltos, since there is a lot of ancient weapons and armors displayed there. The clerk in the Museum told them that none of the weapons or armors of display was made by a material that ancient, but he points them to a clue of someone who might wield a weapon that ancient. It is Matheus, a master swordsman of the old time. The clerk told the team a story in which the undefeated Matheus was cheated by a fellow fighter to take the Great Mystic Sword for himself. He then point them to the old battle arena, which reside in the Digarta Wilds, to meet the Ghost of the cheating warrior, since he was unsatisfied for winning by cheating and haunts the arena with guilt and lust for power. Since Velhart is the best swordsman known in Parute, he challenged him over the Great Mystic Sword. But the Ghost Warrior is more than a match to Velhart and beat him almost single-handedly. After considering what lacks of Velhart, they pay Gruga a visit to consult the matter. Gruga tell Velhart that all he need to do is to change his point of view, which Velhart take as an insult. He then point Velhart to some "strong-willed" people that might help him. Starting from the arena host, that has been practicing for his ability, to Raia, the receptionist girl of the arena, which has a large passion to be a world-class singer. Alec's team then confronted by Shante, which came all the way from Eteru isle to fetch Raia for her bar. She then ask Velhart if he has corrected his point of view. Velhart then realized that the Ghost Warrior was the same as he was being, hungry for more power and glory. After correcting his point of view and his judgment, he once again challenged the Ghost Warrior and emerged victorious. Velhart then receive fragments of Eternal Steel after laying the Warrior's spirit to rest.
The second to be found is the Eternal Tree, which is in the temple ruin where Theo receive his power as a cardist. After arriving at the temple, they are once again confronted by the spirit of Nol and confirmed that the temple did house the Eternal Tree, though only the roots remain. After they succeeded in calming the guardian of the temple with the help of Lieza, her monsters and Poco, they head into the depth of the earth to search for the relic. On their way, Theo heard a cry for help from a seedling monster and decided to help him. The monster then said that he's a part of the "Mother's Tree". With the guidance of the seedling, they reach the Eternal Tree's root only to find it was badly decomposed and was eaten by Rootybus, a centipede-like monster that has an extremely strong regenerative technique. Proving impossible to beat it in the current state, the team withdraw for the moment. While thinking of a way to stop its regenerative ability, the seedling monster asked Theo to cardish him as he say that he has the power to stop Rootybus' regenerative ability. When Theo replied that once he used his card he will die, the seedling said that he can't die, for he is eternal. Having faith to that, Theo cardished the little monster and used him at Rootybus, which caused him to change shape into a scorpion-like monster. That made his regenerative ability rendered useless and the team make a short work of it. As they wonder if the roots will be enough to use, Theo searched for the little monster and found a seed on the floor. Recalling the little monster's word, Theo hurried to the surface and planted the seed. The seed grows into a giant tree in a matter of seconds and bear fruits similar to the shape of the seedling monster. The tree shed a branch for Theo and they receive the Eternal Tree's branch at last.
The third item was the Eternal Ice, which is said to be located in Jiharta. Alec's team reach Jiharta by hovercraft and head straight to the Amaidar Temple to consult Iga concerning the matter. Iga told the youngster that the Eternal Ice might be located in a place called the Ice Gallery, where the cavern is always frozen while the rest of Jiharta is warm. The team head into the Gallery and find a solid ice-made wall at the end of gallery. Each of them try their weapons on the wall and not even a scratch was found on it. When Marsia tried her Heat Shell spell, it won't even melt. So they decided to go to the magic institute in Rushart to ask Salubari of any magic strong enough to break it. As they turn their back, a pair of glowing red eyes was seen to watch them from behind the ice wall. At the institute, Salubari told them that their only chance was the Giga Plasma spell, the strongest spell known to the magic masters. In order to master the spell, one must have the essence of all the elements and beat the elemental wizards. Feeling unconfident of herself, Marsia decided to ask Sania (from Arc the Lad II) in Paysus city to replace her in learning Giga Plasma. When they set to find Master Harzan of Amaidar who knows about the location of Light and Dark wizard, they was told by Tikva that he is training on top of Mount Amaidar. But in fact, The Light and Dark wizard was actually one wizard with mastery of both elements and has died for sometimes without a successor. Tikva set to be the wizard with the help of Harzan and Iga, as he has the potential to be one. This makes Marsia realize how many people are willing to sacrifice for her and decided to face the wizards herself. At the institute, the elemental wizards have been assembled by Salubari takes Marsia's challenge by full force and eventually beaten by Marsia. As they leave the room, Tikva stormed in and ask Marsia for an immediate battle, which Marsia won over. After beating all the elemental wizards, Marsia receive the Giga Plasma as her new collection of spells, and use it to destroy the Ice Wall. But by destroying the Ice wall, they released an ancient creature guarding the Gallery known as the Cliff Giant. Capable of creating ice golems and summon massive tornadoes makes this beast a hard-to-beat opponent. After settling the business, they took a shard of Eternal Ice and depart to find the final piece of relic.
The final piece of material, the Eternal Flame was located somewhere on North Sularto, but the guild doesn't know its exact location. The guild suggest that an amnesia merchant named Chongara (the same as Arc the Lad) knows its location. They set to find a cure of his amnesia and find it costs about 1 million gold. So they decided to find another way to cure his amnesia. Marsia thinks of a way and uses her Land Ax spell to cause a shock to his head, which restores his memory. According to Chongara, the smoking volcano cave on North Sularto is the house of the flame that never sleeps. When they reach the heart of the mountain, they found the Eternal flame on top of a mini volcano with unstable reaction that could cause it to erupt and spew hot magma any time. Cheryl had an idea of making a lava-hardening gun from the weapon society and something to house the flame to transport. When they arrive at the item society, it appears that the mysterious object they found on Forestamore has been fixed and given a propeller and a handle so it could carry at least one person. That solves the problem of how they would cross the lake of fire surrounding the flame. Meanwhile, as Elnan of the item society works on something to carry the flame, Alec's teams go on a search of a missing material needed to build the gun for hardening lava. They found out that Gudan of Gislem know the location of it and set to find him in danger dome. Alec agreed to give all his money and items as long as Gudan is willing to tell him where the material is. This makes Gudan wonders about the action and he presume that the second of the Great Disaster might happen if they didn't get the calm nut, so he give the information for free. They head to Kutao temple in search of the calm nut and found some monsters was holding it. After making short work of them, they return to the society village to collect their items of need and head to the lake of fire. Upon reaching the shore of the lake, as Lutz uncover the flying object he receive from Elnan, it turns out that the object was actually Diekbeck (what remained of him after the disaster). He agrees to help the young ones to save the world. After crossing the lake, Lutz climb the volcano as Cheryl use the Stone gun to temporary freeze the lava to protect Lutz. After getting the flame, a sudden eruption throw Lutz off the ledge and landed hard in front of his friends. Cheryl cry over him and pleaded him not to die, only to find that he was joking on them. When they were leaving, Lutz try to find Diekbeck and find him on the lava, unable to move. He told him that he was happy to help their cause and ask them to protect the world, but not before he gave them a monster card of himself and christen them "The Brave Ones".
Back at the guildmaster's office, the team was thinking to go and find Gogen and ask him the whereabouts of the guardians when suddenly Gogen himself appears before them. He told them that the guardians now resides upon a massive structure called the Ghost Dream Crystal in Eteru Isle. So, the team move to Eteru and once again head into the Trial Cave. At the crystal, a voice was heard that the one was going to talk to the guardians must leave their earthly body behind, with no guarantee to be able to return safely. Alec's boldness and kindness makes him step forward and stun his friends to the ground so they won't be able to stop him from going. After leaving his body and enter the Crystal Chamber, he was greeted by Arc and Kukuru, telling him that they had been watching his journey since he got his hunter's crest. The guardians then shows themselves before Alec and give him their blessing to create the ark. After several calls from his friends, Alec then returned to the material world and told his friends to lay the material in a line. Together, they watch anxiously as the new ark was magically created before their eyes.
Taking the new ark, they all return to the Guildmaster's office and prepare themselves for the final battle. The guild itself has received word from Elc that he has finished reassembling the Hien back and it is now ready to fly. Alec and Elc reach the sky castle. After fighting through the castle, they eventually defeat Seville and Galdo. As they reach the professor, he arrogantly shrugged off everyone's warnings and eventually releases the Dark One. The group used the new Ark against it but nothing happened. A joint effort by Sharon, a redeeming Lugwig and Elc pushes back the Dark One from escaping, leaving the remaining group to fight. After a fierce fight, the Dark One tries to tempt the group by offering its power to restore the world. None of them took its offer; they had resolved that they can rebuild their world by their own means and with that, the new Ark began to activate. Realizing what caused this and focusing on the good, the heroes managed to seal it in the new Ark once and for all.
In the aftermath, Lugwig acknowledges his flawed direction with the Academy; Sharon offered to help Lugwig make amends for the harm he caused. Each member of the group goes off to resume their lives: Anriette (if you take on a series of jobs related to her) returns home and now enjoys being more independent. Velhart visits his brother's grave, stating that the threat is over. Marisa returns to the Spell Institute and become a teacher. Theo goes to Lieza's ranch to work with the monsters there. Cheryl visits the new Eternal Tree, thinking about the hope of a new life in a new world. Alec and Lutz return home to Sasha Village as heroes.
Reception
An RPGFans review criticises this game as being the "weakest Arc The Lad game yet". It says that the game lacks a good plot, the gameplay is too slow and drawn out, and the soundtrack of the game being lackluster.
References
Other websites
1999 video games
Arc the Lad
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Masahiro Andoh
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Tactical role-playing video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%20the%20Lad%20III |
is a tactical role-playing video game developed by ARC Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for the PlayStation.
The story continues from the first game, although the focus shifts from Arc to Elc. It expands from the gameplay of the first installment, with a larger world and a more diverse cast. An anime series was made based on this game.
Gameplay
Unlike the original game, the countries of the world can be viewed in detail on a bird's eye scale. Most travel is initially restricted to the game's plot, but players eventually gain global access by airship, either by the Hein or the Silver Noah. Players are no longer under restricted turn-based movement while going through dungeon/field areas. The battles vary from random encounters to automatic entries to a section.
Just as in the first game, the characters do battle against monsters and enemies in strategy-based combat. However, rather than fighting with every party member in each battle, the player now has to select between 1 and 6 characters per battle, depending on the battle's requirements. The player can recruit monsters into the party with the option of upgrading them and other characters at a later time.
In most cities in Arc the Lad II, there are hunter guilds where the player can take on local jobs. These jobs include fetch quests, monster hunting and deliveries. Most jobs include a degree of battle. Also in the guilds are bulletins about rare marked monsters that can be found in certain dungeon/field areas. Some jobs only become available after completing related jobs or certain plot points.
Reception
In Japan, the game sold 316,225 in its first week, and became the seventh best-selling video game of 1996 in Japan with 818,000 sales. It went on to sell 1,183,995 copies in Japan , making it the third best-selling game during the period between September 1996 and August 1997 (below Final Fantasy VII and Derby Stallion).
The game received positive reviews. Critics cited Arc the Lad II as the best of the original trilogy. David Smith of IGN praised the game's expansion over the first game, writing that "Arc II grafts a bigger world map, more detailed dungeons, more complex character development, a far larger cast, and most of all a longer quest onto a combat system that remains pretty familiar." Alex Makar of Gaming Age noted that the addition of the Hunter's Guild to the gameplay added an element of nonlinearity, allowing the player to complete many side-quests (or "jobs") and giving "the player a lot of flexibility in how they want to progress through the storyline." He also commented on the cast, saying that the characters were more likeable and had more personality, and that the "story is also a lot darker than it is in Arc 1, and has some pretty angst and melancholy ridden overtones."
Smith's major complaint with the game was its graphical representation, saying that the game looks almost identical to the first game. In contrast, Bethany Massimilla of Cnet.com called the character sprites "more vibrantly colored and better detailed", although she admitted that the "dungeons remain largely monotonous".
Anime
The game was adapted into the anime series Arc the Lad, which aired for 26 episodes in 1999.
Notes
References
External links
1996 video games
Arc the Lad
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Masahiro Andoh
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Tactical role-playing video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%20the%20Lad%20II |
Saturn has made appearances in fiction since the 1752 novel Micromégas by Voltaire. In the earliest depictions, it was portrayed as having a solid surface rather than its actual gaseous composition. In many of these works, the planet is inhabited by aliens that are usually portrayed as being more advanced than humans. In modern science fiction, the Saturnian atmosphere sometimes hosts floating settlements. The planet is occasionally visited by humans and its rings are sometimes mined for resources.
The moons of Saturn have been depicted in a large number of stories, especially Titan with its Earth-like environment suggesting the possibility of colonization by humans and alien lifeforms living there. A recurring theme has been depicting Titanian lifeforms as slug-like.
Saturn
Early depictions – solid
For a long time, Saturn was incorrectly believed to be a solid planet capable of hosting life on its surface. The earliest depiction of Saturn in fiction was in the 1752 novel Micromégas by Voltaire, wherein an alien from Sirius visits the planet and meets one of its inhabitants before both travel to Earth. The inhabitants of Saturn have been portrayed in several different works since then, such as in Humphry Davy's 1830 novel Consolations in Travel and the anonymously published 1873 novel A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets. They are occasionally portrayed as warlike yet benevolent, as in the 1935 short story "The Fall of Mercury" by Leslie F. Stone where they aid humanity in a war against Mercury and the 1933 short story "The Men without Shadows" by Stanton A. Coblentz where they come to Earth as conquerors in order to turn it into a utopia. In other works, they are evil, such as in Clifton B. Kruse's 1935 short story "Menace from Saturn" and its 1936 sequel "The Drums". In the 1890 novel The Auroraphone by Cyrus Cole Saturnians face a robot uprising, and in the 1900 novel The Kite Trust by Lebbeus H. Rogers they built the Egyptian pyramids.
Saturnians are typically depicted as more advanced than the people of Earth, including in the 1886 novel A Romance of Two Worlds by Marie Corelli and the 1894 novel A Journey in Other Worlds by John Jacob Astor IV; in both stories they resolve theological questions. Exceptions to this general trend include the 1886 novel Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds by W. S. Lach-Szyrma where the planet's ecosphere is dominated by fungi and invertebrates and the 1901 novel A Honeymoon in Space by George Griffith where it is populated by seaweed, reptiles, and primitive humanoids. Saturn is also sometimes portrayed as devoid of life, as in the 1936 short story "Mad Robot" by Raymond Z. Gallun. Humanity takes refuge on Saturn in the 1935 short story "Earth Rehabilitators, Consolidated" by Henry J. Kostkos, and the first crewed voyage to Saturn by humans is depicted in the 1941 short story "Man of the Stars" by Sam Moskowitz.
Later depictions – gaseous
Once it was established that Saturn is a gaseous planet, most works depicting such an environment were instead set on Jupiter. Nevertheless, Saturn remains a popular setting in modern science fiction for several reasons including its atmosphere being abundant with sought-after helium-3 and its magnetosphere not producing as intense radiation as that of Jupiter. Humans live in floating cities in Saturn's atmosphere in the 1976 novel Floating Worlds by Cecelia Holland and the 1991 novel The Clouds of Saturn by Michael McCollum. A voyage into the atmosphere is depicted in the 1985 short story "Dreadsong" by Roger Zelazny, and aliens are depicted as living in the atmosphere in the 1997 novel Saturn Rukh by Robert L. Forward. In the 1996–1999 The Night's Dawn Trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton, Saturn is a place where biological spaceships are created. Both Saturn and its largest moon Titan are visited in Ben Bova's Grand Tour series in the 2003 novel Saturn and the 2006 novel Titan, respectively.
In cinema, Saturn is visited by means of a recovered alien spacecraft in the 1968 film The Bamboo Saucer, serves as the destination for a nature reserve containing post-apocalyptic Earth's remaining plant life in the 1972 film Silent Running, and is devoured by Galactus in the 2007 film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer. The planet has also been featured in several comic books; the DC hero Jemm is from Saturn, and the evil Kronans in Marvel's Thor comics have a base there. Saturn appears as a major location in the role-playing games Jovian Chronicles, Transhuman Space, and Eclipse Phase, as well as the video games System Shock and Dead Space 2.
Rings
The rings of Saturn are mined for resources in several works; they are a source of ice in Isaac Asimov's 1952 short story "The Martian Way" and the 1981 short story "The Iceworm Special" by Joe Martino, and provide raw material for a weapon in the 1935 short story "Menace from Saturn" by Clifton B. Kruse. One of the rings is painted red by a religious group in the 1977 short story "Equinoctial" by John Varley, while another faction seeks to undo the colour change. In Asimov's 1986 novel Foundation and Earth, the rings allow for positive identification of the Solar System in the far future. Owing to the aesthetic appearance of the rings, the vicinity of Saturn is a popular setting for spacecraft in visual media.
Moons
Saturn's moons, especially Titan, have generally received more attention from writers than the planet itself. The satellite system hides a large circular sentient artificial world in John Varley's 1979–1984 Gaea trilogy that begins with the novel Titan.
Titan
As a comparatively Earth-like world, Titan has attracted attention from writers as a place that could be colonized by humans and inhabited by extraterrestrial life. Early depictions of native inhabitants of the moon appear in the form of giant protozoa in Bob Olsen's 1932 short story "Captain Brink of the Space Marines" and enormous thinking spiders in Edwin K. Sloat's 1932 short story "Loot of the Void". Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1935 short story "Flight on Titan" features telepathic threadworms, the first appearance of what would later become a recurring image of Titanian life as similar to terrestrial slugs. The 1941 novel Sojarr of Titan by Manly Wade Wellman tells the tale of a human child who grows up orphaned on Titan, inspired by Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan books.
Titan became more popular as a setting for science fiction stories in the 1950s as advances in planetary science revealed the harsh conditions of Mars and Venus. The 1951 novel The Puppet Masters by Robert A. Heinlein tells the story of an alien invasion by parasitic mind-controlling "slugs" from Titan that can be defeated only by a plague from the jungles of Venus, and slug-like aliens from Titan exert indirect influence on humans on Earth by having them play games in the 1963 novel The Game-Players of Titan by Philip K. Dick. The colonization of Titan is depicted in the 1954 novel Trouble on Titan by Alan E. Nourse, the 1961 short story "Saturn Rising" by Arthur C. Clarke depicts efforts to attract tourists to the moon, and the 1975 novel Imperial Earth by Clarke portrays a clone who lives on a Titan colony and journeys to Earth. The 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut is a satire wherein humans are manipulated into journeying to Titan to aid a Tralfamadorian stranded there, and the moon is inhabited by an alien lifeform who travelled to the Solar System to communicate with the Sun in the 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods by Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund.
The flybys of the Saturnian system by the Voyager probes in 1980 and 1981 revealed that Titan's atmosphere—already known to be thick and methane-rich—was opaque, preventing any observations of (or indeed, from) the surface. Following this, science fiction writers' interest waned, and Titan was more often portrayed as one location among many in the outer Solar System rather than being the primary focus. The terraforming of Titan appears as a background element in stories such as Kim Stanley Robinson's 1985 novel The Memory of Whiteness and his 1996 novel Blue Mars, while a previously terraformed Titan that has reverted to its natural state appears in Stephen Baxter's 1994 novel Ring. A voyage to Titan is portrayed in the 1997 hard science fiction novel Titan by Baxter.
Other moons
Tethys is inhabited by intelligent life in the 1934 short story "A Matter of Size" by Harry Bates. Rhea is colonized by humans in the 1956 novel The Stars My Destination by Alfred Bester. The 1954 novel The Secret of Saturn's Rings by Donald A. Wollheim and the 1958 novel Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn by Isaac Asimov are both set partially on Mimas. Iapetus is the site of an alien artefact in Arthur C. Clarke's 1968 novel 2001: A Space Odyssey (the film version from the same year instead uses Jupiter), a voyage to the moon is depicted in Poul Anderson's 1981 short story "The Saturn Game", and first contact with an alien species happens there in the 1986 novel Saturnalia by Grant Callin. In the 2005 novel Pushing Ice by Alastair Reynolds, Janus is revealed to be an alien spacecraft. Following the discovery of liquid water beneath the surface of Enceladus, the moon featured in the 2016 short story "The Water Walls of Enceladus" by Mercurio D. Rivera.
See also
Sun in fiction
References
Fiction about gas giants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%20in%20fiction |
This is a list of Royal Australian Navy Fleet Air Arm flying squadrons. The Fleet Air Arm was founded in 1947. Since then the Royal Australian Navy has formed a number of squadrons which have operated a range of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters from aircraft carriers, other warships, and shore establishments.
Squadrons
723 Squadron RAN - Currently active
Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam
724 Squadron RAN
725 Squadron RAN - Currently active
805 Squadron RAN
808 Squadron RAN - Currently active
816 Squadron RAN - Currently active
817 Squadron RAN
822X Squadron RAN - Currently active
850 Squadron RAN
851 Squadron RAN
See also
List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons
List of Australian Army aviation units
Notes
References
Air
Australian Fleet Air Arm flying squadrons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Australian%20Fleet%20Air%20Arm%20flying%20squadrons |
Charles Henry Colton (October 15, 1848 – May 9, 1915) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo in New York from 1903 until his death in 1915.
Biography
Early life and education
Charles Colton was born on June 10, 1876, in New York City to Patrick Smith and Teresa Augusta (née Mullin) Colton, both Irish immigrants. He received his early education at Public School No. 5 and the Latin school of St. Stephen's Parish in Manhattan. As a boy, he held a clerical position in a dry goods store. In 1869, Colton entered St. Francis Xavier College in Manhattan, graduating in 1873. He then studied theology at St. Joseph's Seminary in Troy, New York.
Priesthood
Colton was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of New York on June 10, 1876. His first assignment was as a curate at St. Stephen's under Father Edward McGlynn. He remained at St. Stephen's for ten years, also serving as a chaplain at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan. In 1886, Colton was named pastor of Our Lady of Mercy Parish in Port Chester, New York.
Following the McGlynn excommunication, Colton returned to St. Stephen's in 1887 to assist Father Arthur Donnelly, who had been assigned as temporary administrator. Later that year, he assumed the role of St. Stephen's upon Donnelly's resignation. He enjoyed remarkable success in his new post, restoring harmony among the congregation, eliminating the parish debt of $152,000, and establishing a parochial school. In addition to his pastoral duties, he became chancellor of the Archdiocese of New York in 1896.
Bishop of Buffalo
On June 10, 1903, Colton was appointed the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on August 24, 1903, from Archbishop John Farley, with Bishops Bernard McQuaid and Charles McDonnell serving as co-consecrators, in St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan. During his tenure, the diocese was composed of 72 churches, 18 combination school-churches, 30 schools, 12 academies, 13 hospitals, and charitable institutions, 6 convents, and 28 rectories.
On December 17, 1905, a gold cross was stolen from Colton after a church celebration. The cross, valued at $1,000, was cut from Colton's vestments as he was exiting St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Church in Buffalo.
Death
Bishop Colton died in Buffalo on May 9, 1915, aged 66. He is buried in the crypt of St. Joseph's Cathedral, Buffalo.
References
1848 births
1915 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Clergy from New York City
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20H.%20Colton |
Quantum mysticism, sometimes referred pejoratively to as quantum quackery or quantum woo, is a set of metaphysical beliefs and associated practices that seek to relate consciousness, intelligence, spirituality, or mystical worldviews to the ideas of quantum mechanics and its interpretations. Quantum mysticism is criticized by non-believers with expert knowledge of quantum mechanics to be pseudoscience or quackery.
Before the 1970s the term was usually used in reference to the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation, but was later more closely associated with the purportedly pseudoscientific views espoused by New Age thinkers such as Fritjof Capra and other members of the Fundamental Fysiks Group, who were influential in popularizing the modern form of quantum mysticism.
History
Physicists Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, two of the main pioneers of quantum mechanics, were interested in Eastern mysticism, but are not known to have directly associated one with the other. In fact, both endorsed the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Olav Hammer said that "Schrödinger’s studies of Hindu mysticism never compelled him to pursue the same course as quantum metaphysicists such as David Bohm or Fritjof Capra." Schrödinger biographer, Walter J. Moore, said that Schrödinger's two interests of quantum physics and Hindu mysticism were "strangely dissociated".
Juan Miguel Marin argues that "consciousness [was] introduced hypothetically at the birth of quantum physics, [and] the term 'mystical' was also used by its founders, to argue in favor and against such an introduction."
Some of the first to argue that consciousness was a factor in quantum processes were Charles Seife and Eugene Wigner, who is thought to be the first to introduce the mind-body question.
These statements were later argued against by Albert Einstein. Einstein's theories have often been falsely believed to support mystical interpretations of quantum theory. Einstein said, with regard to quantum mysticism, "No physicist believes that. Otherwise he wouldn't be a physicist." He debates several arguments about the approval of mysticism, even claiming Bohr and Pauli to be in support and hold a positive belief in mysticism which he believes to be false.
Bohr denied this, and had rejected the hypothesis which claims that quantum theory requires a conscious observer as early as 1927, despite having been "sympathetic towards the hypothesis that understanding consciousness might require an extension of quantum theory to accommodate laws other than those of physics".
Role in the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation of quantum mechanics
In 1961 Eugene Wigner wrote a paper, titled "Remarks on the mind–body question", suggesting that a conscious observer played a fundamental role in quantum mechanics, a part of the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation. While his paper served as inspiration for later mystical works by others, Wigner's ideas were primarily philosophical and were not considered overtly pseudoscientific like the mysticism that followed. By the late 1970s, Wigner had shifted his position and rejected the role of consciousness in quantum mechanics.
In New Age thought
In the early 1970s New Age culture began to incorporate ideas from quantum physics, beginning with books by Arthur Koestler, Lawrence LeShan and others which suggested that purported parapsychological phenomena could be explained by quantum mechanics.
In this decade, the Fundamental Fysiks Group emerged. This group of physicists embraced quantum mysticism, parapsychology, Transcendental Meditation, and various New Age and Eastern mystical practices.
Inspired in part by Wigner's exploration of the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation, Fritjof Capra, a member of the Fundamental Fysiks Group, wrote The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism (1975), which espoused New Age quantum physics; the book was popular among the non-scientific public. In 1979, Gary Zukav, a non-scientist and "the most successful of Capra's followers", published The Dancing Wu Li Masters.
Modern usage and examples
In contrast to the mysticism of the early 20th century, today quantum mysticism typically refers to its New Age incarnation that claims to combine ancient mysticism with quantum mechanics. Called a pseudoscience and a "hijacking" of quantum physics, it draws upon "coincidental similarities of language rather than genuine connections" to quantum mechanics. Physicist Murray Gell-Mann coined the phrase "quantum flapdoodle" to refer to the misuse and misapplication of quantum physics to other topics.
An example of such use is New Age guru Deepak Chopra's "quantum theory" that aging is caused by the mind, expounded in his books Quantum Healing (1989) and Ageless Body, Timeless Mind (1993). In 1998, Chopra was awarded the parody Ig Nobel Prize in the physics category for "his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness". In 2012, Stuart Hameroff and Chopra proposed that the "quantum soul" could exist "apart from the body" and "in space-time geometry, outside the brain, distributed nonlocally".
The 2004 film What the Bleep Do We Know!? dealt with a range of New Age ideas in relation to physics. It was produced by the Ramtha School of Enlightenment, founded by J.Z. Knight, a channeler who said that her teachings were based on a discourse with a 35,000-year-old disembodied entity named Ramtha. the film misused some aspects of quantum mechanics—including the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the observer effect—as well as biology and medicine. Numerous critics dismissed the film for its use of pseudoscience.
See also
Buddhism and science
Fundamental Fysiks Group
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Metaphysics
Parapsychology
Psi (parapsychology)
Quantum immortality
Quantum pseudo-telepathy
Schrödinger's cat in popular culture
Synchronicity
People:
Kak, Subhash
Wilde, Stuart
Zajonc, Arthur
Notes
Further reading
Publications relating to quantum mysticism
Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism, Shambhala Publications, 1975
Deepak Chopra, Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine,
, The Secret Physics of Coincidence: Quantum phenomena and fate – Can quantum physics explain paranormal phenomena?,
Patrick Grim, Philosophy of science and the occult,
Lawrence LeShan, The Medium, the Mystic, and the Physicist: Toward a General Theory of the Paranormal, 2003, Helios Press,
Jack Sarfatti, 1975, Space-Time and Beyond, with Fred Alan Wolf and Bob Toben, E. P. Dutton.
Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe,
Michael Talbot, Mysticism And The New Physics,
Michael Talbot, Beyond The Quantum,
Evan Harris Walker, The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life,
Ken Wilber, Quantum Questions: Mystical Writings of the World's Great Physicists (editor), 1984, rev. ed. 2001:
Gary Zukav, The Dancing Wu Li Masters, 1980, -
Alexander Zelitchenko,The scientist's Conversations with the Teacher. Science and Esoterics. "Conversation No. 9. Resolving the scientist's Doubts, Which Resulted in a Sketch of The Physics of Subtle Matter", pp. 47ff, 2001,
Criticism of quantum mysticism
– criticism from both scientific and mystical point of view
Michael Shermer, "Quantum Quackery", Scientific American, January 2005
– an anti-mystical point-of-view
Victor J. Stenger, "Quantum quackery", Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 21. No. 1, January/February 1997, pp. 37ff, criticism of the book The Self-Aware Universe by
External links
Mysticism
New Age
Pseudoscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20mysticism |
Leo Sidney Mackay Jr. (born August 15, 1961) is an American businessman, and a former deputy secretary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
He is senior vice president, and an elected officer, of Lockheed Martin Corporation. Currently, he is senior vice president - ethics and enterprise assurance, serving as the corporate audit executive (CAE); as well as leading the offices of Ethics and Business Conduct; Environment, Safety, and Health; enterprise risk; and serving as chief sustainability officer. The Lockheed Martin sustainability program has been perennially ranked among the world's best.
He is a director, and investment committee member, of Lockheed Martin Ventures, the wholly owned venture capital arm of Lockheed Martin. He reports to the CEO, the Audit Committee, and the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee of the board of directors. He is an independent director of publicly-traded companies Ameren and Cognizant Technology Solutions. His work on Cognizant's audit committee has been highly praised. He is also a former director (from 2016-2022) of the Federal Savings Bank of USAA and a former strategic advisor of Pegasus Capital Advisors. He was U.S. Black Engineer magazine's 2012 Black Engineer of the Year Awardee for Career Achievement, and the 2014 Lincoln-Douglass Award winner from the Republican National Committee. He is a member, with term ending in September, 2023, of the Board of Regents of Concordia Theological Seminary.
Previously, Mackay chaired the Board of Visitors at the Graduate School of Public Affairs of the University of Maryland (2008–2014). He was a board member, and chair of the Audit Committee, of the Center for a New American Security in Wahshington, DC (2007–2015), and continues on its Board of Advisors. He was chair of the Lutheran Housing Support Corporation (2006–2011); Chair of the Secretary of Health and Human Services' Advisory Committee on Minority Health (2004–2005); and a board member of Cook's Children's Hospital in Fort Worth, Texas (1998–2001).
Government service
Mackay was Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs from May 2001 to October 2003. As the department's second in command and designated chief operating officer, he had operational authority over the department's three major agencies: the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the nation's largest integrated healthcare system; the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA); and the National Cemetery Administration. He concentrated on departmental management initiating a Strategic Management Council, reformulating the departmental budget process, and changing the internal merit system for GS/SES personnel. He was concentrated on the CARES project, a capital asset realignment of VHA; enhanced use leasing; lowering the backlog of pending veterans' claims; achievement and maintenance of a clean audit; the National Shrine Commitment, an effort to raise, and make standard, the condition of the national cemeteries; and VetFran, a program for transitioning veterans to aid them in starting franchise businesses. He was also, with David Chu, a founding co-chair of the VA-DoD Joint Executive Council to increase interdepartmental collaboration and sharing. Upon his departure, then-Secretary Anthony Principi stated, "Dr. Mackay brought to VA the discipline of the business world and the compassion of a man who cares deeply for America's veterans. His legacy is a more-focused VA better able to meet the needs of veterans."
From 1993 to 1995, Mackay served as military assistant to then-Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy, Ashton Carter. During this time, the office was re-organized to focus on cooperative de-nuclearization, execution of the Nunn-Lugar threat reduction program, nuclear weapons policy, and counter-proliferation. The office also was the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) lead for the Nuclear Posture Review of 1994-95.
2016 Presidential Transition
On January 3, 2017, Mackay met with president-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower in New York City to discuss the cabinet post of Secretary of Veterans Affairs. Though Mackay described their meeting as a "good discussion" he was not selected for the post. Other reporting, citing sources internal to the campaign, said he had refused the post as he was "reluctant to leave the private sector."
Personal history
Mackay resides in Northern Virginia. He was born into a military family in San Antonio, Texas, and grew up on, and around, military installations. He lived in Japan as a child and spent a year and a half of high school in Tehran, Iran. His family was evacuated in December 1978 as the Shah's government disintegrated. He served in the Navy as a naval aviator. He completed pilot training in 1985, graduating at the top of his class. He spent three years in Fighter Squadron Eleven flying the F-14, attended Fighter Weapons School (Topgun), and compiled 235 carrier landings and 1,000 hours in the F-14. He is a veteran of Operation Earnest Will earning the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. He taught western civilization and modern military history during his service as an instructor at the Naval Academy.
Affiliations
Mackay is a former member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and the Council on Foreign Relations, and a life member of the U.S. Naval Institute. He was a Research Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and was a Special Guest Fellow at the Brookings Institution. He is a past independent director of the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington, DC.
Education
Mackay was a 1983 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, and a recipient of the Secretary of the Navy Distinguished Midshipman Graduate Award. He holds a master's degree in public policy, and Ph.D. in public policy from Harvard University. He was a Kennedy Fellow, Harvard MacArthur Scholar, and Graduate Prize Fellow at Harvard. In 2005, Mackay was awarded a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa from Concordia Seminary, and served as the commencement speaker for its graduation that year. In 2023, he was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa from Concordia Theological Seminary. He is the first layman to be awarded an honorary doctorate from each of the two seminaries of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.
External links
Mackay listed in Black Enterprise
Lockheed Martin's sustainability program in Boards and Governance magazine
Mackay endorsement of LCMS President Harrison
A Corporate Responsibility Magazine Article on the Lockheed Martin Sustainability Program
Mackay’s 2023 Concordia Theological Seminary commencement address (starting at 22:45)
References
1961 births
21st-century African-American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
United States Naval Academy alumni
George W. Bush administration personnel
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
United States Deputy Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Virginia Republicans
People from San Antonio
The Stimson Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Mackay%20Jr. |
Greencastle is a castle in County Down, Northern Ireland. While it dates mainly from the 13th century, it had substantial 15th- and 16th-century alterations. It was originally surrounded by outer rectangular walls with four corner towers (ruins of some remain). It is likely to have been built by Hugh de Lacy, along with Carlingford Castle on the opposite side of Carlingford Lough, to guard the narrow entry channel to the Lough, and the ferry crossing between the two.
The motte from the earlier Norman, wooden, Motte and Bailey Castle (possibly built by John de Courcey) is still on the seaward side nearer the point. According to one legend John de Courcy was married at Greencastle Castle, but this may have been at the original motte & bailey castle. According to the information boards at the site it was held for the English Crown by Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, from 1264 to 1333. It was attacked and taken by Edward Bruce, the brother of Robert, in 1316. This was in spite of one of Richard de Burgh's daughters having married Robert the Bruce himself. It was attacked at least twice by the Irish in the later 14th century but still maintained as an English garrison in the 1590s. In the 16th century it was held by the Earl of Kildare and then Nicholas Bagenal of Newry. It fell into disuse after a bombardment by Cromwellian soldiers, to stop it being used by rebel forces.
The site is also surrounded in close proximity by other medieval sites/monuments: e.g., the motte fortification predating the stone castle (Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments No. DOW 057:001), late-Medieval stone church (DOW 057:002) and two burial pits (DOW 057:017) that were excavated in 2003; one contained a female aged 25–35 and the second a child (one presumes related) of less than four years old at death (1 and a half to 3 and a half years old). A calibrated date range of AD1270-1380 was indicated; likely contemporary with the construction of Greencastle in the mid-13th century.
The castle underwent archaeological excavations from 1966 - 1970 which also identified layers of occupation deposits that pre-dated the castle on the site.
The castle is a state-care historic monument in the townland of Greencastle, in the Newry and Mourne District Council area, at grid ref: J2473 1184.^^^^^^^ PP
References
Links
Greencastle, cloghmore.bravepages.com
Greencastle, carlingfordandmourne.com
https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/greencastle-royal-castle-p675311
Images
Castles in County Down
Ruined castles in Northern Ireland
Townlands of County Down
Northern Ireland Environment Agency properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greencastle%2C%20County%20Down |
The Castello Maniace is a citadel and castle in Syracuse, Sicily, southern Italy. It is situated at the far point of the Ortygia island promontory, where it was constructed between 1232 and 1240 by the Emperor Frederick II. It bears the name of George Maniakes, the Byzantine general who besieged and took the city in 1038. Originally, one could only enter the castle over a bridge spanning a moat (now filled). A feature of the castle is the decorated portal. Today the castle is open to the public and is a local tourist attraction in Syracuse.
History
The first fort was built here in 1038 by George Maniakes, an Armenian general and later the Catepan of Italy, after he captured Syracuse from the Arabs on behalf of the Emperor Michael IV. Frederick II, as King of Sicily, had his architect Riccardo da Lentini build it in 1232–1240. King Peter III of Aragon resided here with his family in 1288.
During the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the fortress became a lynchpin in the Sicilian defense of the city. In 1298 the fortress withstood an assault by an Angevin–Aragonese fleet during the Angevin invasion of Sicily.
From 1305 to 1536 the castle was used as a residence by numerous queens of Sicily.
In the 15th century it was used as a prison. In the following century it was included in the fortification defending the harbour and the city. A huge explosion damaged it in 1704, after which it was renovated and adapted to the use of guns.
Sources
Alexander Knaak: Prolegomena zu einem Corpuswerk der Architektur Friedrichs II. von Hohenstaufen im Königreich Sizilien 1220–1250, Marburg 2001. (For Castello Maniace see pp. 47–58)
Buildings and structures completed in 1240
Maniace
Buildings and structures in Syracuse, Sicily
Norman architecture in Italy
Tourist attractions in Sicily | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello%20Maniace |
Calzaghe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Enzo Calzaghe (1949–2018), Italian-born Welsh boxing trainer
Joe Calzaghe (born 1972), Welsh boxer, son of Enzo
Italian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calzaghe |
Stephen Vincent Ryan, C.M. (January 1, 1825 – April 10, 1896) was a Canadian-born American prelate of the Catholic Church. A member of the Congregation of the Mission, he served as Bishop of Buffalo from 1868 until his death in 1896.
Biography
Early life
Ryan was born on New Year's Day 1825 in Almonte, Ontario, to Martin and Margaret (née McCarthy) Ryan. His parents were natives of Ireland who lived in Sixmilebridge before immigrating to Canada, and Ryan was the fifth of their nine children. At his baptism, the priest is alleged to have remarked, "This child will command an army yet." When he was three years old, the family moved to Pottsville, Pennsylvania. He was confirmed by the visiting Mexican bishop Joaquín Fernández de Madrid y Canal in 1835 and then took the name Vincent.
Ryan entered St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia at age 15 to begin his studies for the priesthood. After the accession of a Vincentian rector at the seminary, he decided to join that religious order and enrolled at St. Mary's Seminary of the Barrens in Perryville, Missouri. He made his profession as a Vincentian on May 6, 1846.
Priesthood
Ryan was ordained a priest on June 24, 1849, by Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick in St. Louis. He remained at the Barrens until 1851, when he became a professor at St. Vincent's College in Cape Girardeau. He was elevated to president of the college in 1856. The following year, Ryan was appointed Visitor, or head, of the Vincentian community in the United States. At the time, he was only 32 years old and but eight years a priest. Upon meeting Ryan, Cardinal Alessandro Barnabò of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith supposedly exclaimed, "What young men they make Visitors in America!"
During his 11 years as Visitor (1857-1868), Ryan guided the community through the difficult days of the Civil War. At this time there were 57 priests, 40 brothers, ten scholastics, and seven novices. In one of his final acts as Visitor, he transferred the provincial headquarters from St. Louis to the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia in 1867.
Bishop of Buffalo
Ryan's fellow Vincentian, Bishop John Timon of the Diocese of Buffalo, New York, died in April 1867. On March 3, 1868, Ryan was appointed to succeed Timon as the second Bishop of Buffalo by Pope Pius IX. He initially refused to accept the position and returned his letter of appointment to Rome, but he eventually conceded. He received his episcopal consecration on November 8, 1868, from Archbishop John McCloskey, with Bishops John Loughlin and John Lynch serving as co-consecrators, at St. Joseph's Cathedral in Buffalo.
From 1869 to 1870, he participated in the First Vatican Council. Ryan unified the Catholic school system in the diocese and established a commission to supervise it He founded the diocesan newspaper called The Catholic Union. He also engaged in a public controversy with Arthur Coxe, the Episcopal Bishop of Western New York, over the issue of apostolic succession.
Ryan died on April 10, 1896, in Buffalo at age 71. He was interred next to Bishop John Timon at St. Joseph's Cathedral. His tenure as Bishop spanned 28 years, the longest in the history of the Buffalo Diocese.
References
External links
Bishops of Buffalo, NY
1825 births
1896 deaths
Pre-Confederation Canadian emigrants to the United States
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
People from Almonte, Ontario
Vincentian bishops
St. Charles Borromeo Seminary alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20V.%20Ryan |
What Comes After the Blues is the first full-length recording by what became the Magnolia Electric Co. touring line-up, and the second album released by Jason Molina under that name. It was recorded in November 2003 by Steve Albini at his Electrical Audio studio in Chicago.
Track listing
Personnel
Jason Molina - electric and acoustic guitar, vocals
Jennie Benford - acoustic guitar, vocals
Mike Brenner - steel guitar
Jim Grabowski - piano, mellotron
Jason Groth - electric and acoustic guitar, vocals
Michael Kapinus - Wurlitzer, piano, trumpet, vocals
Dan MacAdam - violin
Mark Rice - drums
Pete Schreiner - bass guitar
References
2005 albums
Jason Molina albums
Secretly Canadian albums
Albums produced by Steve Albini | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Comes%20After%20the%20Blues |
Frauenkirchen () is an Austrian town in the district of Neusiedl am See, Burgenland.
History
The first mentioning of Frauenkirchen was in 1324 as "Szent Maria". During the Siege of Vienna (1529) and the Battle of Vienna, the village and the church were destroyed by Ottoman forces. Under Paul I, Prince Esterházy, reconstruction of the village would begin.
Around the basilica built from 1695 to 1702, as well as the Franciscan Monastery in the city, the mostly German speaking town would gradually develop into a trading centre from the late 17th century. Since 1897, Frauenkirchen would be connected to the Austro-Hungarian railway network with the Neusiedler Seebahn.
After 1898, the Hungarian name Fertőboldogasszony (or simply "Boldogasszony") would be forcefully used due to Magyarization policies.
The community of Frauenkirchen, like the rest of Burgenland, belonged to Hungary (German-West Hungary) until 1920/21. After the end of the First World War, the territory of German-West Hungary was given to Austria by the Treaties of St. Germain and Trianon. Since 1921, the town has belonged to the newly founded State of Burgenland.
Frauenkirchen was once one of the so-called seven communities (Siebengemeinden) of Jews in Burgenland. The Jews of Burgenland (along with the Roma and Sinti) were persecuted and wiped out by the Nazis between 1938 and 1945. A Jewish cemetery in the village memorializes the presence of a Jewish community here prior to the Holocaust.
Frauenkirchen has been a municipality since 1982 (through VO 5).
Population
Politics
Mayor Josef Ziniel is a member of the SPÖ, Vice-Mayor Franz Wegleitner is of the ÖVP, and the Chief Officer is Erika Siebler.
The mandate assignments in the Municipal Council (23 seats) is SPÖ 14, ÖVP 6, FPÖ 0, Grüne 0, and other lists 3, as of 2008.
Notable people
Frauenkirchen is the birthplace of the composer Mihály Mosonyi.
Shalom Ullmann, Jewish rabbi, lived here
Hans Niessl, Governor of Burgenland and a regional MP used to be the mayor.
References
Cities and towns in Neusiedl am See District
Siebengemeinden
Holocaust locations in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenkirchen |
The uterine artery is an artery that supplies blood to the uterus in females.
Structure
The uterine artery usually arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It travels to the uterus, crossing the ureter anteriorly, to the uterus by traveling in the cardinal ligament.
It travels through the parametrium of the inferior broad ligament of the uterus.
It commonly anastomoses (connects with) the ovarian artery.
The uterine artery is the major blood supply to the uterus and enlarges significantly during pregnancy.
Branches and organs supplied
round ligament of the uterus
ovary ("ovarian branches")
uterus (arcuate vessels)
vagina (Vaginal branches of uterine artery)
uterine tube ("tubal branch")
Anatomical variants
Uterine artery can arise from the first branch of inferior gluteal artery. It can also arise as the 2nd or 3rd branch from the inferior gluteal artery. On the other hand, uterine artery can be first branch from internal iliac artery before the superior and inferior gluteal arteries branching off from the main arterial trunk. In addition to that, uterine artery can also arise directly from internal iliac artery together with superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
Clinical significance
Hysterectomy
The uterine arteries are ligated during hysterectomy.
See also
Uterine artery embolization
Uterine leiomyomata (fibroids of the uterus)
References
External links
- "The Female Pelvis: Branches of Internal Iliac Artery"
()
Arteries of the abdomen
Uterus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine%20artery |
Wicksteed Ward is a two-member ward within Kettering Borough Council. Traditionally regarded as a Labour safe seat, owing to the presence of the Highfield Road Council Estate, the ward became a marginal seat between Labour and the Conservatives in the 2003 Borough Council elections before, after resignation of the sole Conservative councillor in the autumn of 2005, the seat was recaptured by the Labour Party in a by-election.
The most recent councillors prior to the Ward's abolition were Cllr. Alex Gordon and Cllr. Lynsey Tod, both members of the Labour Party.
Councillors
Wicksteed Ward By-Election: 6 October 2005
Cllr. Lynsey Tod (Labour)
Replacing Cllr. Derek Darby (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
Cllr. Derek Darby (Conservative)
Cllr. Alex Gordon (Labour)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 1999
Cllr. Alex Gordon (Labour)
Cllr. Roy Mayhew (Labour)
Election results
Wicksteed Ward By-Election: 6 October 2005
Cause: Resignation of Cllr. Derek Darby
Holding Party: Conservative
Electorate: 2638
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
(Vote count shown is ward average)
See also
Kettering
Kettering Borough Council
Electoral wards in Kettering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicksteed%20%28Kettering%20BC%20Ward%29 |
Great Barrier Aerodrome is the major airfield on Great Barrier Island. It is a small, non-towered aerodrome at Claris on Great Barrier Island in the Hauraki Gulf off the North Island of New Zealand. Fuel is not available.
The town of Claris is adjacent and there are rental car and bicycle hire services available at the airport. Landing fees were previously payable at Council offices, but are now billed direct to aircraft operators.
Feral pigs run loose on and in the vicinity of Great Barrier Aerodrome.
The aerodrome has two runways a grass strip and a marked asphalt runway which is 930m by 9m wide. Landing fees are charged by Auckland Transport and are invoiced to the registered owner of the aircraft as per the CAA register of aircraft. Landing fees are (inclusive of GST). $20 for private and $12 for scheduled commercial flights.
Airlines and destinations
See also
List of airports in New Zealand
List of airlines of New Zealand
Transport in New Zealand
References
Airports in New Zealand
Great Barrier Island
Transport in the Auckland Region
Transport buildings and structures in the Auckland Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Barrier%20Aerodrome |
Peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technology. P2P file sharing allows users to access media files such as books, music, movies, and games using a P2P software program that searches for other connected computers on a P2P network to locate the desired content. The nodes (peers) of such networks are end-user computers and distribution servers (not required).
The early days of file-sharing were done predominantly by client-server transfers from web pages, FTP and IRC before Napster popularised a windows application that allowed users to both upload and download with a freemium style service. Record companies and artists called for its shutdown and FBI raids followed. Napster had been incredibly popular at its peak, spawning a grass-roots movement following from the mixtape scene of the 80's and left a significant gap in music availability with its followers. After much discussion on forums and in chat-rooms, it was decided that Napster had been vulnerable due to its reliance on centralised servers and their physical location and thus competing groups raced to build a decentralised peer-to-peer system.
Peer-to-peer file sharing technology has evolved through several design stages from the early networks like Gnutella, which popularized the technology in several iterations that used various front ends such as Kazaa, Limewire and WinMX before Edonkey then on to later models like the BitTorrent protocol. Microsoft uses it for Update distribution (Windows 10) and online video games use it as their content distribution network for downloading large amounts of data without incurring the dramatic costs for bandwidth inherent when providing just a single source.
Several factors contributed to the widespread adoption and facilitation of peer-to-peer file sharing. These included increasing Internet bandwidth, the widespread digitization of physical media, and the increasing capabilities of residential personal computers. Users are able to transfer one or more files from one computer to another across the Internet through various file transfer systems and other file-sharing networks.
History
Peer-to-peer file sharing saw its first wave of popularity after the introduction of Napster, a file sharing application that used P2P technology.
The central index server indexed the users and their shared content. When someone searched for a file, the server searched all available copies of that file and presented them to the user. The files would be transferred directly between private computers (peers/nodes). A limitation was that only music files could be shared. Because this process occurred on a central server, however, Napster was held liable for copyright infringement and shut down in July 2001. It later reopened as a pay service.
After Napster was shut down, peer-to-peer services were invented such as Gnutella and Kazaa. These services also allowed users to download files other than music, such as movies and games.
Technology evolution
Napster and eDonkey2000 both used a central server-based model. These systems relied on the operation of the respective central servers, and thus were susceptible to centralized shutdown. Their demise led to the rise of networks like Limewire, Kazaa, Morpheus, Gnutella, and Gnutella2, which are able to operate without any central servers, eliminating the central vulnerability by connecting users remotely to each other. However, these networks still relied on specific, centrally distributed client programs, so they could be crippled by taking legal action against a sufficiently large number of publishers of the client programs. Sharman Networks, the publisher of Kazaa, has been inactive since 2006. StreamCast Networks, the publisher of Morpheus, shut down on April 22, 2008. Limewire LLC was shut down in late 2010 or early 2011. This cleared the way for the dominance of the Bittorrent protocol, which differs from its predecessors in two major ways. The first is that no individual, group, or company owns the protocol or the terms "Torrent" or "Bittorrent", meaning that anyone can write and distribute client software that works with the network. The second is that Bittorrent clients have no search functionality of their own. Instead, users must rely on third-party websites like Isohunt or The Pirate Bay to find "torrent" files, which function like maps that tell the client how to find and download the files that the user actually wants. These two characteristics combined offer a level of decentralization that makes Bittorrent practically impossible to shut down. File-sharing networks are sometimes organized into three "generations" based on these different levels of decentralization. Illegal darknets, including networks like Freenet, are sometimes considered to be third-generation file-sharing networks.
Peer-to-peer file sharing is also efficient in terms of cost. The system administration overhead is smaller because the user is the provider and usually the provider is the administrator as well. Hence each network can be monitored by the users themselves. At the same time, large servers sometimes require more storage and this increases the cost since the storage has to be rented or bought exclusively for a server. However, usually peer-to-peer file sharing does not require a dedicated server.
Economic impact
There are ongoing discussion about the economic impact of P2P file sharing. Norbert Michel, a policy analyst at The Heritage Foundation, said that studies had produced "disparate estimates of file sharing's impact on album sales".
In the book The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler states that peer-to-peer file sharing is economically efficient and that the users pay the full transaction cost and marginal cost of such sharing even if it "throws a monkey wrench into the particular way in which our society has chosen to pay musicians and re-cording executives. This trades off efficiency for longer-term incentive effects for the recording industry. However, it is efficient within the normal meaning of the term in economics in a way that it would not have been had Jack and Jane used subsidized computers or network connections".
A calculation example:
with peer to peer file sharing:
with casual content delivery networks:
Music industry
The economic effect of copyright infringement through peer-to-peer file sharing on music revenue has been controversial and difficult to determine. Unofficial studies found that file sharing had a negative impact on record sales. It has proven difficult to untangle the cause and effect relationships among a number of different trends, including an increase in legal online purchases of music; illegal file-sharing; drop in the prices of compact disks; and the closure of many independent music stores with a concomitant shift to sales by big-box retailers.
Film industry
The Motion Picture Association (MPAA) reported that American studios lost $2,373 billion in 2005 (equivalent to $ billion in ) representing approximately one third of the total cost of film piracy in the United States. The MPAA's estimate was doubted by commentators since it was based on the assumption that one download was equivalent to one lost sale, and downloaders might not purchase the movie if illegal downloading was not an option. Due to the private nature of the study, the figures could not be publicly checked for methodology or validity. In January 2008, as the MPAA was lobbying for a bill which would compel Universities to crack down on piracy, it was admitted by MPAA that its figures on piracy in colleges had been inflated by up to 300%.
A 2010 study, commissioned by the International Chamber of Commerce and conducted by independent Paris-based economics firm TERA, estimated that unlawful downloading of music, film and software cost Europe's creative industries several billion dollars in revenue each year. A further TERA study predicted losses due to piracy reaching as much as 1.2 million jobs and €240 billion in retail revenue by 2015 if the trend continued. Researchers applied a substitution rate of ten percent to the volume of copyright infringements per year. This rate corresponded to the number of units potentially traded if unlawful file sharing were eliminated and did not occur. Piracy rates for popular software and operating systems have been common, even in regions with strong intellectual property enforcement, such as the United States or the European Union.
Public perception and usage
In 2004, an estimated 70 million people participated in online file sharing. According to a CBS News poll, nearly 70 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds thought file sharing was acceptable in some circumstances and 58 percent of all Americans who followed the file sharing issue considered it acceptable in at least some circumstances. In January 2006, 32 million Americans over the age of 12 had downloaded at least one feature-length movie from the Internet, 80 percent of whom had done so exclusively over P2P. Of the population sampled, 60 percent felt that downloading copyrighted movies off the Internet did not constitute a very serious offense, however 78 percent believed taking a DVD from a store without paying for it constituted a very serious offense.
In July 2008, 20 percent of Europeans used file sharing networks to obtain music, while 10 percent used paid-for digital music services such as iTunes. In February 2009, a survey undertaken by Tiscali in the UK found that 75 percent of the English public polled were aware of what was legal and illegal in relation to file sharing, but there was a divide as to where they felt the legal burden should be placed: 49 percent of people believed P2P companies should be held responsible for illegal file sharing on their networks and 18 percent viewed individual file sharers as the culprits.
According to an earlier poll, 75 percent of young voters in Sweden (18-20) supported file sharing when presented with the statement: "I think it is OK to download files from the Net, even if it is illegal." Of the respondents, 38 percent said they "adamantly agreed" while 39 percent said they "partly agreed". An academic study among American and European college students found that users of file-sharing technologies were relatively anti-copyright and that copyright enforcement created backlash, hardening pro-file sharing beliefs among users of these technologies.
Communities in P2P file sharing networks
Communities have a prominent role in many peer to peer networks and applications, such as BitTorrent, Gnutella and DC++. There are different elements that contribute to the formation, development and the stability of these communities, which include interests, user attributes, cost reduction, user motivation and the dimension of the community.
Interest attributes
Peer communities are formed on the basis of common interests. For Khambatti, Ryu and Dasgupta common interests can be labelled as attributes "which are used to determine the peer communities in which a particular peer can participate". There are two ways in which these attributes can be classified: explicit and implicit attributes.
Explicit values are information that peers provide about themselves to a specific community, such as their interest in a subject or their taste in music. With implicit values, users do not directly express information about themselves, albeit, it is still possible to find information about that specific user by uncovering his or her past queries and research carried out in a P2P network.
Khambatti, Ryu and Dasgupta divide these interests further into three classes: personal, claimed and group attributes.
A full set of attributes (common interests) of a specific peer is defined as personal attributes, and is a collection of information a peer has about him or herself. Peers may decide not to disclose information about themselves to maintain their privacy and online security. It is for this reason that the authors specify that "a subset of...attributes is explicitly claimed public by a peer", and they define such attributes as "claimed attributes". The third category of interests is group attributes, defined as "location or affiliation oriented" and are needed to form a...basis for communities", an example being the "domain name of an internet connection" which acts as an online location and group identifier for certain users.
Cost reduction
Cost reduction influences the sharing component of P2P communities. Users who share do so to attempt "to reduce...costs" as made clear by Cunningham, Alexander and Adilov. In their work Peer-to-peer File Sharing Communities, they explain that "the act of sharing is costly since any download from a sharer implies that the sharer is sacrificing bandwidth". As sharing represents the basis of P2P communities, such as Napster, and without it "the network collapses", users share despite its costs in order to attempt to lower their own costs, particularly those associated with searching, and with the congestion of internet servers.
User motivation and size of community
User motivation and the size of the P2P community contribute to its sustainability and activity. In her work Motivating Participation in Peer to Peer Communities, Vassileva studies these two aspects through an experiment carried out in the University of Saskatchewan (Canada), where a P2P application (COMUTELLA) was created and distributed among students. In her view, motivation is "a crucial factor" in encouraging users to participate in an online P2P community, particularly because the "lack of a critical mass of active users" in the form of a community will not allow for a P2P sharing to function properly.
Usefulness is a valued aspect by users when joining a P2P community. The specific P2P system must be perceived as "useful" by the user and must be able to fulfil his or her needs and pursue his or her interests. Consequently, the "size of the community of users defines the level of usefulness" and "the value of the system determines the number of users". This two way process is defined by Vassileva as a feedback loop, and has allowed for the birth of file-sharing systems like Napster and KaZaA. However, in her research Vassileva has also found that "incentives are needed for the users in the beginning", particularly for motivating and getting users into the habit of staying online. This can be done, for example, by providing the system with a wide amount of resources or by having an experienced user provide assistance to a less experienced one.
User classification
Users participating in P2P systems can be classified in different ways. According to Vassileva, users can be classified depending on their participation in the P2P system. There are five types of users to be found: users who create services, users who allow services, users who facilitate search, users who allow communication, users who are uncooperative and free ride.
In the first instance, the user creates new resources or services and offers them to the community. In the second, the user provides the community with disk space "to store files for downloads" or with "computing resources" to facilitate a service provided by another users. In the third, the user provides a list of relationships to help other users find specific files or services. In the fourth, the user participates actively in the "protocol of the network", contributing to keeping the network together. In the last situation, the user does not contribute to the network, downloads what he or she needs but goes immediately offline once the service is not needed anymore, thus free-riding on the network and community resources.
Tracking
Corporations continue to combat the use of the internet as a tool to illegally copy and share various files, especially that of copyrighted music. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has been active in leading campaigns against infringers. Lawsuits have been launched against individuals as well as programs such as Napster in order to "protect" copyright owners. One effort of the RIAA has been to implant decoy users to monitor the use of copyrighted material from a firsthand perspective.
Risks
In early June 2002, Researcher Nathaniel Good at HP Labs demonstrated that user interface design issues could contribute to users inadvertently sharing personal and confidential information over P2P networks.
In 2003, Congressional hearings before the House Committee of Government Reform (Overexposed: The Threats to Privacy & Security on File Sharing Networks) and the Senate Judiciary Committee (The Dark Side of a Bright Idea: Could Personal and National Security Risks Compromise the Potential of P2P File-Sharing Networks?) were convened to address and discuss the issue of inadvertent sharing on peer-to-peer networks and its consequences to consumer and national security.
Researchers have examined potential security risks including the release of personal information, bundled spyware, and viruses downloaded from the network. Some proprietary file sharing clients have been known to bundle malware, though open source programs typically have not. Some open source file sharing packages have even provided integrated anti-virus scanning.
Since approximately 2004 the threat of identity theft had become more prevalent, and in July 2008 there was another inadvertent revealing of vast amounts of personal information through P2P sites. The "names, dates of birth, and Social Security numbers of about 2,000 of (an investment) firm's clients" were exposed, "including [those of] Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer." A drastic increase in inadvertent P2P file sharing of personal and sensitive information became evident in 2009 at the beginning of President Obama's administration when the blueprints to the helicopter Marine One were made available to the public through a breach in security via a P2P file sharing site. Access to this information has the potential of being detrimental to US security. Furthermore, shortly before this security breach, the Today show had reported that more than 150,000 tax returns, 25,800 student loan applications and 626,000 credit reports had been inadvertently made available through file sharing.
The United States government then attempted to make users more aware of the potential risks involved with P2P file sharing programs through legislation such as H.R. 1319, the Informed P2P User Act, in 2009. According to this act, it would be mandatory for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with peer-to-peer file sharing before purchasing software with informed consent of the user required prior to use of such programs. In addition, the act would allow users to block and remove P2P file sharing software from their computers at any time, with the Federal Trade Commission enforcing regulations. US-CERT also warns of the potential risks.
Nevertheless, in 2010, researchers discovered thousands of documents containing sensitive patient information on popular peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, including insurance details, personally identifying information, physician names and diagnosis codes on more than 28,000 individuals. Many of the documents contained sensitive patient communications, treatment data, medical diagnoses and psychiatric evaluations.
Copyright issues
The act of file sharing is not illegal per se and peer-to-peer networks are also used for legitimate purposes. The legal issues in file sharing involve violating the laws of copyrighted material. Most discussions about the legality of file sharing are implied to be about solely copyright material. Many countries have fair use exceptions that permit limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Such documents include commentary, news reporting, research and scholarship. Copyright laws are territorial- they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific state unless that state is a party to an international agreement. Most countries today are parties to at least one such agreement.
In the area of privacy, recent court rulings seem to indicate that there can be no expectation of privacy in data exposed over peer-to-peer file-sharing networks. In a 39-page ruling released November 8, 2013, US District Court Judge Christina Reiss denied the motion to suppress evidence gathered by authorities without a search warrant through an automated peer-to-peer search tool.
Curtailing the sharing of copyrighted materials
Media industries have made efforts to curtail the spread of copyrighted materials through P2P systems. Initially, the corporations were able to successfully sue the distribution platforms such as Napster and have them shut down. Additionally, they litigated users who prominently shared copyrighted materials en masse. However, as more decentralized systems such as FastTrack were developed, this proved to be unenforceable. There are also millions of users worldwide who use P2P systems illegally, which made it impractical to seek widespread legal action. One major effort involves distributing polluted files into the P2P network. For instance, one may distribute unrelated files that has the metadata of a copyrighted media. This way, users who downloads the media would receive something unrelated to what they have been expecting.
See also
Anonymous P2P
Comparison of file-sharing applications
Disk sharing
File sharing in Canada
File sharing in Japan
File sharing timeline (peer to peer and not)
Friend-to-friend or F2F
List of P2P protocols
Open Music Model
Privacy in file sharing networks
Private P2P
Public domain
Torrent poisoning
Trade group efforts against file sharing
Warez
References
Internet terminology
Intellectual property law
de:Filesharing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer%20file%20sharing |
The door-in-the-face technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. The respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, than if that same request is made in isolation. The DITF technique can be contrasted with the foot-in-the-door (FITD) technique, in which a persuader begins with a small request and gradually increases the demands of each request. Both the FITD and DITF techniques increase the likelihood a respondent will agree to the second request.
Classic experiment
In a classic experiment investigating the effectiveness of the DITF technique, researchers separated participants into three groups. In group 1, experimenters asked participants to volunteer to counsel juvenile delinquents for two hours a week for two years (large request). After their refusal, the group was asked to chaperone juvenile delinquents on a one-day trip to the zoo (small request). Group 2 was given only the small request. In group 3, the experimenter described the large request but asked the participants to perform the small request. 50% of the participants in group 1 agreed to the small request, compared to 17% in group 2 and 25% in group 3. Because compliance for the small request was significantly larger for group 1 than group 2, the DITF technique was successful. Compliance for the small request was also significantly larger for group 1 than group 3, which demonstrates that mere exposure to the more extreme task does not affect compliance as significantly.
A 2020 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology replicated the findings of Cialdini's original 1975 experiment.
Mechanisms
An important topic in DITF research involves whether the DITF technique is effective because of reciprocal concessions or social responsibility. The reciprocal concessions explanation is more common and involves reciprocity, or the need for a respondent to comply to the smaller second request because the persuader is compromising from the initial request. The social responsibility explanation involves internal standards of the importance of helping others that make the respondent feel they must comply to the second smaller request. Other explanations of the DITF effect involve maintaining a positive self-presentation and reducing guilt.
Reciprocal concessions and social responsibility
Support for social responsibility
Two studies comparing reciprocal concessions with social responsibility explanations found evidence for social responsibility related to helping. In the first study, participants read DITF scenarios and then rated whether certain terms were relevant to these situations or not. These terms either referred to helping or to bargaining. In the second study, participants rated the similarity of a DITF interaction to four other situations: helping a friend, negotiating with a friend, helping a stranger, and negotiating with a stranger. The DITF scenarios used in both studies were taken from previous research and shown to be very effective in influencing compliance. Overall, findings indicate that participants felt DITF interactions were more closely related to helping than bargaining. This supports the social responsibility explanation of the DITF technique because social responsibility is related to helping one's self, while reciprocal concessions is related to negotiating.
Support for both social responsibility and reciprocal concessions
Research investigating reciprocal concessions and in-group-out-group biases found both reciprocal concessions and in-group context to be important in the DITF technique. In-groups are groups that a person feels that they belong to, while out-groups are ones that a person does not belong to and might perceive negatively. This study employed two different types of confederates, in-group confederates who dressed and acted like college students and out-group confederates who dressed and acted more formally. The in-group confederates introduced themselves as university students, while the out-group confederates introduced themselves as private business school students. All of the participants in this study went to the same university as the in-group confederates. The confederates either made a large request then a smaller one, a smaller request alone, or offered the participant a choice of both requests. Results show greater compliance to the second smaller request for the in-group confederates compared to out-group confederates, but there was still a DITF effect in the out-group context. Participants were most likely to comply to requests from those within their social groups, yet they still had increased compliance to the smaller second request for people outside of their social groups. The researchers suggest that this is evidence for reciprocal concessions because the influence of social group and the DITF effect work independently of each other, therefore, there must be another explanation for DITF that does not involve in-group-out-group biases. The researchers fail to mention the social responsibility explanation, however.
Sufficiency of explanations
Another study comparing reciprocal concessions with social responsibility found neither explanation to be sufficient. This study employed confederates who asked for donations door-to-door. Participants were either given a large, moderate, or small request initially. The large request involved 10 hours of volunteering for several weeks, the moderate request involved a $30.00 donation, and the small request involved a donation of any amount. The confederate gave the smaller request after an initial large or moderate one. Participants then filled out a questionnaire that asked about the respondent's perceived obligation to comply, perceptions of negotiation and/or helping in the situation, and whether the respondent was friends with the confederate. Results show that participants were more likely to comply for friends than strangers, the DITF technique had greater compliance overall than a small request alone, and the DITF technique had larger increases in compliance for strangers. Findings regarding social responsibility and reciprocal concessions were inconclusive, with high correlations between perceptions of negotiation and guilt as well as guilt and obligation. The researchers suggest that both of the explanations work together in the DITF effect.
Self-presentation
In a similar study looking at differences between friends and strangers using the DITF technique, the DITF technique was more effective in increasing compliance for friends than strangers, which is contrary to other research findings. The researcher explains the results as evidence for the importance of self-presentation when friends use the DITF technique. They suggest that the respondents' need to present themselves well to their friends motivates compliance to the second request.
Guilt reduction
Research on the influence of guilt indicates that it plays an important role in the effectiveness of the DITF technique. Participants began the study by filling out a questionnaire related to demographics and health. The experimenter then told the participant he or she was finished with the experiment. As the participant was leaving, the experimenter asked the participant to record meals for the next three months as a part of a larger study on health. After refusal, the experimenter then made a second smaller request for the participant to record their meals for four days. There was a control condition that only received the second smaller request. Participants were assigned to one of four groups: high guilt induction and high guilt reduction, high guilt induction and low guilt reduction, low guilt induction and high guilt reduction, and low guilt induction and low guilt reduction. The high guilt induction statement indicated that the rejection of the first request would have negative effects on the study, while the low guilt induction statement indicated that the rejection of the first request would not really have negative effects on the study. The high guilt reduction statement indicated that the second request would be equally helpful as the first, while the low guilt reduction statement indicated that the second request would not be as helpful as the first. Researchers measured both verbal and behavioral compliance to the smaller second request. Findings indicate a significant increase in both types of compliance for the high guilt induction, high guilt reduction condition. There was no DITF effect for the other conditions because compliance to the second request was the same as compliance for the control condition. According to the researcher, this suggests that guilt is the sole explanation for the effectiveness of the DITF technique.
Recent research
Metacommunication
In a study looking at the DITF technique, researchers found that DITF requests that required metacommunication in the responses had higher rates of compliance than requests that did not. The researchers define metacommunication as establishing social boundaries. This is important because the DITF technique often involves strangers making extreme requests, which might elicit a response that requires metacommunication. For example, a person may use metacommunication to indicate that it is inappropriate that a stranger make such an extreme request. This study included four different groups: one starting with a large request and including a metacommunicative statement, one starting with a large request and excluding a metacommunicative statement, one with only a smaller request and including a metacommunicative statement, and one with only a smaller request and excluding a metacommunicative statement. For all of the groups a confederate asked participants to fill out a questionnaire about campus activities. The large request required a few hours, while the smaller one required 20 minutes. In the groups that started with a large request, the confederate followed up with the smaller one after a refusal. The requests with metacommunication included a sentence stating, "This is kind of awkward. There is something else I'd like to ask of you, but tell me if even this seems inappropriate between strangers" prior to filling out the 20-minute questionnaire (p. 92). Results show significantly greater compliance to requests that included the metacommunicative statement. The researchers suggest that the explicit statement regarding social boundaries makes participants comply to avoid engaging in metacommunicative conflict.
Reverse psychology
Research investigating reverse psychology showed that participants used the DITF technique in their everyday lives. They also use other reverse psychology tactics, such as FITD. There were two studies that looked at participants' own experiences using reverse psychology, which these researchers refer to as strategic self-anticonformity. The first study consisted of an open-ended questionnaire that asked participants about instances in which they used strategic self-anticonformity. The second study asked about specific instances of different types of strategic self-anti-conformity, like DITF and FITD. Findings indicate that most of the participants could provide examples of their own use of reverse psychology tactics and that a likely explanation for this is a need for social reassurance.
Monetary solicitation
A study looking at behavioral, not just verbal, compliance to donate money found that the DITF technique was effective. The study involved male and female confederates who ordered lemonade at a restaurant and engaged in conversation before the male announced loudly that he was leaving to buy a part for his bicycle. After he left the female confederate expressed aloud that the male did not pay and asked the participant sitting near her to pay the total bill. In the DITF condition, the female confederate asked if the participant would pay part of the bill after a refusal to pay the total bill from every participant. In the control condition the female confederate only made the second smaller request. The DITF technique yielded significantly more behavioral compliance than the control, which shows that the DITF technique works for more than just verbal agreement.
Retail
A study looking at the DITF technique in retail found that it was very effective in increasing sales. In this study the experimenter sold cheese to people walking past a hut in the Austrian Alps. The experimenter rotated between five conditions: a DITF condition in which the experimenter first tried to sell two pounds of cheese at eight euros and then one pound of cheese at four euros, a DITF condition with an emphasis on concession in which the experimenter said that two pounds was probably too much anyway, a DITF condition with an emphasis on credibility of the experimenter, who wore traditional clothes and spoke in a mountain dialect, a DITF condition with both an emphasis on concession and credibility, and a control condition in which the experimenter only made the smaller second request. Results show increased compliance for the second request in all of the DITF conditions compared to the control. The DITF condition with an emphasis on concession and credibility had the largest increase in compliance. The researchers suggest that the DITF technique could be useful in other retail settings.
Researchers investigated the DITF technique in a restaurant setting and found that it is effective if there is no delay between the first and second requests. Waitresses were instructed to ask randomly selected restaurant patrons whether they wanted dessert at the end of their meals. If the participant refused, the waitress then either immediately asked if the participant wanted tea or coffee or waited three minutes to ask. Findings indicate increased compliance to the second request for the immediate condition but not the delayed one. The researchers suggest that these results have significant implications for the restaurant industry, particularly the importance of servers' timing when the restaurant is busy.
Academics
In a study looking at compliance techniques for children to complete academic work, researchers found that the DITF technique was most effective. The study had three groups of 2nd grade participants: the FITD, DITF, and control groups. The FITD group was asked by one teacher to do an easy 15-question worksheet and then asked 15 minutes later by another teacher to complete a 20-question worksheet. The DITF group was initially asked to complete a 100-question worksheet. After refusal, the group was asked to do 20 of the questions. The control group was asked to complete a 20-question worksheet. The researchers looked at compliance as well as students' mathematical ability, quality of work, and amount of help needed. Results show that the DITF technique was effective in increasing compliance rates compared to the FITD and control conditions. The DITF group also needed less adult help to complete the worksheet. Overall, the researchers suggest that DITF can be a useful technique to get students to do their academic work.
Technology
Research on the DITF effect in internet fundraising indicates that the DITF technique works in an electronic context. This study looked at donations for children victims of mine injuries. The homepage of the website provided pictures of children with injuries. In the control condition, the homepage asked for donations and redirected participants to a page with a picture and several links to outside charitable organizations. In the DITF condition, the homepage asked participants to help the children in the photographs. The link redirected participants to a page that asked them to spend several hours a week finding people to donate to the site. There were links to respond to the question on the page. After a refusal, the participants were redirected to the same page as the control group, which had links to outside charities. The researcher measured numbers of clicks on these links, not actual donations. Results show that participants in the DITF condition were more willing to click on the outside links than those in the control condition. The researcher highlights that these results indicate DITF technique can be effective in electronic contexts.
In a study investigating the effectiveness of the FITD and DITF techniques in a virtual world, researchers found that both techniques worked to increase compliance. The study occurred in a virtual world called "There.com", where users create avatars to interact with other users' avatars. In the DITF condition, the experimenter approached another user's avatar and asked for a moderate request, which involved taking a screenshot of 50 different locations. After refusal, the experimenter gave the smaller request, which was to take one screenshot. In the FITD condition, the experimenter started with the smaller request and then gave the moderate one. The control condition involved only the smaller request. For half of the participants, the experimenter's avatar was dark-skinned and for the other half the avatar was light-skinned. Findings indicate that both the FITD and DITF techniques increased compliance to the second request compared to the control condition, although the DITF technique was less effective for the dark-skinned avatar. There was no skin color effect for the FITD condition. The researchers suggest that these results illustrate social carryover from real-life to the virtual world.
DITF vs. FITD
A meta-analysis of findings from 22 studies comparing the DITF and FITD techniques indicated that there were no significant differences in effectiveness of the two techniques. Overall, they both produced similar rates of compliance across many studies that employed comparable target requests.
Combining DITF and FITD
In a set of studies about compliance methods, the researcher found evidence for the effectiveness of the "foot-in-the-face" (FITF) technique, which combines the DITF and FITD techniques. The FITF technique involves two moderately difficult requests that are equally demanding.
Study 1: Confederates asked one group of participants to read temperature and another to read air pressure. Regardless of whether the participants complied with the first request, they were given a second one. One group read temperature first and the other air pressure. Results show that participants were more likely to agree to the second request following the first than the second request in isolation, regardless of whether it was to read the temperature or air pressure. There were participants who complied with both requests, but there were also participants who complied to the second, but not the first request.
Study 2: This study was very similar to the first, except one group was given the second request immediately after the first, while another group was given the second request two to three days after the first. The requests were to complete a questionnaire or to tape record a section out of a book. Findings indicate that the delay between requests was more effective for participants who complied to the first request, while the immediate request was more effective for those who rejected the first request.
Study 3: This study used the same requests from the study 2. Confederates made the second request immediately to participants who rejected the first but waited two to three days for those who complied with the first request. Results show that overall there was significantly greater compliance to the second request and that participants who agreed to the first were more likely to agree to the second than those who rejected the initial request.
These three studies provide evidence to support the effectiveness of the FITD technique because it increased compliance in all three experiments. The researcher suggests that the FITD technique may be preferable to DITF because it does not place as much pressure on people to comply.
See also
Foot-in-the-door technique
Ambit claim
Bait-and-switch
Compliance (psychology)
Framing effect (psychology)
Low-ball
Overton window
References
Persuasion techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door-in-the-face%20technique |
In social science, disenchantment () is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of religion apparent in modern society. The term was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller by Max Weber to describe the character of a modernized, bureaucratic, secularized Western society. In Western society, according to Weber, scientific understanding is more highly valued than belief, and processes are oriented toward rational goals, as opposed to traditional society, in which "the world remains a great enchanted garden".
Enlightenment ambivalence
Weber's ambivalent appraisal of the process of disenchantment as both positive and negative was taken up by the Frankfurt school in their examination of the self-destructive elements in Enlightenment rationalism.
Jürgen Habermas has subsequently striven to find a positive foundation for modernity in the face of disenchantment, even while appreciating Weber's recognition of how far secular society was created from, and is still "haunted by the ghosts of dead religious beliefs."
Wang Huning has written that disenchantment constitutes a dialectical tension in the West which drives forward social and material progress at the expense of "authority, moderation, self-sufficiency, and self-confidence."
Some have seen the disenchantment of the world as a call for existentialist commitment and individual responsibility before a collective normative void.
Sacralization and desacralization
Disenchantment is related to the notion of desacralization, whereby the structures and institutions that previously channeled spiritual belief into rituals that promoted collective identities came under attack and waned in popularity. According to Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, the ritual of sacrifice involved two processes: sacralization and desacralization.
The process of sacralization endows a profane offering with sacred properties – consecration – which provides a bridge of communication between the worlds of the sacred and profane. Once the sacrifice has been made, the ritual must be desacralized in order to return the worlds of the sacred and profane to their proper places.
Disenchantment operates on a macro-level, rather than the micro-level of sacralization. It also destroys part of the process whereby the chaotic social elements that require sacralization in the first place continue with mere knowledge as their antidote. Therefore, disenchantment can be related to Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie: an unmooring of the individual from the ties that bind in society.
Re-enchantment
In recent years, Weber's paradigm has been challenged by thinkers who see a process of re-enchantment operating alongside that of disenchantment. Thus, enchantment is used to fundamentally change how even low-paid service work is experienced.
Carl Jung considered symbols to provide a means for the numinous to return from the unconscious to the desacralized world – a means for the recovery of myth, and the sense of wholeness it once provided, to a disenchanted modernity.
Ernest Gellner argued that, although disenchantment was the inevitable product of modernity, many people just could not stand a disenchanted world, and therefore opted for various "re-enchantment creeds", such as psychoanalysis, Marxism, Wittgensteinianism, phenomenology, and ethnomethodology. A noticeable feature of these re-enchantment creeds is that they all tried to make themselves compatible with naturalism: i.e., they did not refer to supernatural forces.
Criticism
The American historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm has challenged mainstream sociological and historical interpretations of both the concept of disenchantment and of reenchantment, labeling the former as a "myth". Josephson-Storm argues that there has not been a decline in belief in magic or mysticism in Western Europe or the United States, even after adjusting for religious belief, education, and class.
See also
Desacralization of knowledge
Iron cage
New Age
Resacralization of knowledge
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Romanticism
Tripartite classification of authority
Urbanization
References
Citations
Works cited
Further reading
Max Weber
Sociology of religion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenchantment |
The Puerto Rico State Agency for Emergency and Disaster Management (AEMEAD) is the agency of the executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico that oversees all emergency activities that occur in Puerto Rico. Its mission is to coordinate all the resources of the government of Puerto Rico in order to administer all the phases of emergency management (mitigation, preparation, recovery, and response) in the case of a natural or technological disaster while preventing and minimizing all damage to life and property. It also coordinates similar functions with the federal government of the United States and foreign countries, as well as offering help to and cooperating with the private sector.
The agency coordinates tsunami exercises with ham radio operators.
Abner Gomez was the agency's managing director when Hurricane Maria hit and knocked out power to the entire island, but resigned soon after.
The agency was previously known as the State Agency of the Civil Defense () until Act number 211 derogated the Civil Defense organic law and instituted AEMEAD instead.
In January 2020, the director of the agency was fired when two-year old, unused supplies were discovered in a warehouse.
References
Emergency management in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Commission on Safety and Public Protection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20State%20Agency%20for%20Emergency%20and%20Disaster%20Management |
The Hennessys are one of Wales' foremost traditional folk music groups.
History
In 1966, Frank Hennessy and Dave Burns (born David Burns, 4 November 1946, in Cardiff), both from Cardiff's Irish community, won a talent competition organised by Cardiff City Council which persuaded them to take up music professionally shortly afterwards, adding Paul Powell (born in 1946, in Cardiff – died 2007) on banjo and vocals. Having achieved success in the Cardiff area, they decided to spend some time travelling around Ireland, to acquire a wider musical experience. It was at this time that they were persuaded to develop a greater Welsh identity, and they started to introduce traditional Welsh language songs into their repertoire, with great success, and their career took off.
They appeared regularly on television in Wales, appeared on stage throughout the country and recorded several albums. Many of their songs like "Farewell to the Rhondda" (about the decline of the mining industry in Wales and its social consequences), "Tiger Bay" (about emigration from Tiger Bay, the dockland district of Cardiff) and the capital's anthem "Cardiff Born" have become folk standards. Other hits include "The Grangetown Whale" and "Billy the Seal".
The current line-up still includes Hennessy (on guitar) and Burns (on guitar and mandolin), who have now been joined by fiddle player Iolo Jones (born 12 February 1955, in Plymouth, England).
Frank Hennessy has been hosting his own radio programmes on BBC Radio Wales since 1984.
Discography
Frank Hennessy
Thoughts & Memories – 1988
Dave Burns
Last Pit in the Rhondda – 1986
The Hennessys
Down The Road - The Road and the Miles – 1969
Caneuon Cynnar / The Early Songs – 1993
Cardiff After Dark – 1984
Homecoming
References
External links
Frank Hennessy at BBC Radio Wales
The Hennessys Discography at TheBalladeers
Welsh folk musicians
Celtic music groups
Musical groups from Cardiff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hennessys |
Acate (Sicilian: Acati or Vischiri) is a small town and comune in the south of Sicily, Italy, part of the province of Ragusa. It is located in the Dirillo River valley, from Ragusa.
Until 1938 it was called Biscari, and its history dates back until the 14th century. During World War II it was the location of the Biscari Massacre, in which American troops killed numerous unarmed German and Italian soldiers.
Twin towns
Chambly, France
References
Municipalities of the Province of Ragusa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acate |
"Bang Bang" is a song written by Iggy Pop and Ivan Kral in 1981 for Pop's Party album. It was released as a single, charting at #35 on the Billboard Club Play Singles chart. According to Pop's autobiography I Need More, he wrote "Bang Bang" as Arista Records wanted a single and he promised them a commercial album. He originally wanted Phil Spector or Mike Chapman to produce the song. Instead, songwriter Tommy Boyce was brought in. Pop claimed he got the idea for the song from reading The Right Stuff at a local bookstore.
Personnel
Iggy Pop – vocals
Ivan Kral – guitar, keyboards
Rob Duprey – guitar
Michael Page – bass
Douglas Bowne – drums
Jimmy Whizner – arrangements
David Bowie version
Pop's friend David Bowie covered "Bang Bang" for his 1987 album Never Let Me Down. When asked about his choice of including Pop's song on the album (instead of perhaps co-writing a new song), Bowie stated "Iggy's done so many good songs that people never get to hear ... I think it's one of his best songs, 'Bang Bang,' and it hasn't been heard, and now it might be." Released as a promotional single in late 1987, the live version includes Peter Frampton on guitar. In 2018, Bowie's original album version was re-engineered as part of Bowie's posthumous Never Let Me Down 2018 release.
Track listing
Chart position
References
Iggy Pop songs
David Bowie songs
1981 songs
American new wave songs
Dance-rock songs
Songs written by Iggy Pop
Songs written by Ivan Kral
Arista Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%20Bang%20%28Iggy%20Pop%20song%29 |
Statutory damages for copyright infringement are available under some countries' copyright laws.
The charges allow copyright holders, who succeed with claims of infringement, to receive an amount of compensation per work (as opposed to compensation for losses, an account of profits or damages per infringing copy). Statutory damages can in some cases be significantly more than the actual damages suffered by the rightsholder or the profits of the infringer.
At least in the United States, the original rationale for statutory damages was that it would often be difficult to establish the number of copies that had been made by an underground pirate business and awards of statutory damages would save rightsholders from having to do so.
Statutory damages in the United States
In the United States, statutory damages are set out in of the U.S. Code. The basic level of damages is between $750 and $30,000 per work, at the discretion of the court.
Plaintiffs who can show willful infringement may be entitled to damages up to $150,000 per work. Defendants who can show that they were "not aware and had no reason to believe" they were infringing copyright may have the damages reduced to "not less than" $200 per work.
Under , statutory damages are only available in the United States for works that were registered with the Copyright Office prior to infringement, or within three months of publication.
See also
No Electronic Theft Act
Capitol v. Thomas
References
United States copyright law
Judicial remedies
Copyright infringement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory%20damages%20for%20copyright%20infringement |
Shigella boydii is a Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Shigella. Like other members of the genus, S. boydii is a nonmotile, nonsporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium which can cause dysentery in humans through fecal-oral contamination.
Shigella boydii is the most genetically divergent species of the genus Shigella. There are 19 known serotypes of Shigella boydii. S. boydii is restricted to the Indian subcontinent.
The species is named after the British bacteriologist John Boyd.
Sequenced genomes
Shigella boydii strain BS512 (serotype 18; group 1) has one chromosome and five plasmids.
References
External links
Shigella boydii Genome Project Page — by Entrez
Type strain of Shigella boydii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Enterobacteriaceae
Waterborne diseases
Bacteria described in 1949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella%20boydii |
Greymouth Airport is a small, uncontrolled aerodrome located in the suburb of Blaketown, 1 Nautical mile (1.9 km) south of the Greymouth CBD on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand.
The aerodrome is operated by the Grey District Council and is available for general use without notice to the operator. Hangarage for light aircraft and refuelling facilities are available.
The most recent commercial flights were operated by Air West Coast which began on 8 November 2002 direct to Westport then onto Wellington and to Christchurch. These services were discontinued on 1 August 2008, apparently due to high costs and strong competition from Air New Zealand. Coast Air operated a daily de Havilland Twin Otter service to Christchurch and Nelson from 1986 to 1988.
Today there are no scheduled flights using the airport. Charter flights can be arranged via Air West Coast. One such charter flight collects passengers off the TranzAlpine train at Greymouth station and flies them back to Christchurch over Mt Cook and the Glaciers.
See also
List of airports in New Zealand
List of airlines of New Zealand
Transport in New Zealand
References
External links
NZAIP Volume 4 AD
New Zealand AIP (PDF)
Airports in New Zealand
Greymouth
Transport buildings and structures in the West Coast, New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth%20Airport |
Here is a list of schools in Harford County, Maryland. Both public schools, independent schools and some parochial schools are listed.
Elementary schools
Abingdon Elementary School
Bakerfield Elementary School
Bel Air Elementary School
Church Creek Elementary School
Churchville Elementary School
Darlington Elementary School
Deerfield Elementary School
Dublin Elementary School
Edgewood Elementary School
Emmorton Elementary School
Forest Hill Elementary School
Forest Lakes Elementary School
Fountain Green Elementary School
George D. Libby Elementary School at Hillsdale
Hall's Cross Road Elementary School
Harford Academy
Harford Christian School
Harford Day School
Harford Friends School
Havre de Grave Elementary School
Hickory Elementary School
Homestead/Wakefield Elementary School
Jarrettsville Elementary School
Joppatowne Elementary School
Liberty Leadership - An Acton Academy
Magnolia Elementary School
Meadowvalle Elementary School
Norrisville Elementary School
Northbend Elementary School
North Harford Elementary School
Prospect Mill Elementary School
Red Pump Elementary School
Ring Factory Elementary School
Riverside Elementary School
Roye-Williams Elementary School
Trinity Lutheran Elementary School
Old Post Road Elementary School
William S. James Elementary School
Youth's Benefit Elementary School (YBES)
Middle schools
Aberdeen Middle School
Bel Air Middle School
Edgewood Middle School
Fallston Middle School
Harford Christian School
Harford Day School
Harford Friends School
Havre de Grace Middle School
Magnolia Middle School
North Harford Middle School
Patterson Mill Middle School
Southampton Middle School
High schools
Aberdeen High School
Bel Air High School
C. Milton Wright High School
Edgewood High School
Fallston High School
Harford Technical High School
Havre de Grace High School
Joppatowne High School
Patterson Mill High School
North Harford High School
Private high schools
Harford Christian School
The John Carroll School
New Covenant Christian School
Harford County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20in%20Harford%20County%2C%20Maryland |
166 (one hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 165 and preceding 167.
In mathematics
166 is an even number and a composite number. It is a centered triangular number.
Given 166, the Mertens function returns 0. 166 is a Smith number in base 10.
In astronomy
166 Rhodope is a dark main belt asteroid, in the Adeona family of asteroids
166P/NEAT is a periodic comet and centaur in the outer Solar System
HD 166 is the 6th magnitude star in the constellation Andromeda
In the military
166th Signal Photo Company was the official photo unit in the 89th Division of George Patton's Third Army in World War II
Convoy ON-166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys outbound from the British Isles to North America departing February 11, 1943
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 166 is a United States Marine Corps helicopter
was a United States Coast Guard cutter during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht. She was the first American vessel lost in World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during the World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy ship during World War II
USS Jamestown (AGTR-3/AG-166) was a United States Navy Oxford-class technical research ship following World War II
In sports
Sam Thompson’s 166 RBIs in 1887 stood as a Major League Baseball record until Babe Ruth broke the record in 1921
In transportation
British Rail Class 166
The now-defunct elevated IRT Third Avenue Line, 166th Street station in the Bronx, New York
London Buses route 166
Piaggio P.166 is a twin-engined push prop-driven utility aircraft developed by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Piaggio
Banat Air Flight 166 crashed on take-off en route from Romania on December 13, 1995
Alfa Romeo 166 and 166 2.4 JTD produced from 1998 to 2007
Ferrari 166 model cars produced from 1948 to 1953
Ferrari 166 Inter (1949) Coachbuilt street coupe and cabriolet
In other fields
166 is also:
The year AD 166 or 166 BC
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unhexhexium
See also
List of highways numbered 166
United States Supreme Court cases, Volume 166
United Nations Security Council Resolution 166
External links
Number Facts and Trivia: 166
The Number 166
VirtueScience: 166
166th Street (3rd Avenue El)
References
Integers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/166%20%28number%29 |
Eva Rothschild RA (born 1971) is an Irish artist based in London.
Eva Rothschild was born in Dublin, Ireland. She received a BA in Fine Art from the University of Ulster, Belfast (1990–93), and an MA in Fine Art from Goldsmiths College, London (1997–99). Her work is predominantly sculptural and she works across a range of materials including aluminium, jesmonite, leather, fabric and perspex. She has a materials based studio practice but also works on major public and outdoor commissions. Her work references the art movements of the 1960s and 1970s, such as Minimalism and is also informed by the contemporary aesthetics of protest and spirituality. In 2014 she was elected Royal Academician.
Rothschild's work has been the subject of institutional solo exhibitions including Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (2018), Dublin City Gallery, the Hugh Lane (2014), Nasher Sculpture Center (2012), The Hepworth Wakefield (2011), South London Gallery (2007), and Kunsthalle Zürich (2004). In 2009 she was awarded the Tate Britain annual Duveens' Commission, for which she produced Cold Corners, a vast rambling geometric sculpture that occupied the length of the neo-classical galleries.
Rothschild's works are held by major public collections including MoMA, New York, Arts Council of England, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Tate, and the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis.
In 2019, she represented Ireland at the 58th Venice Biennale.
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
2020
The Shrinking Universe, Ireland Pavilion, 58th International Art Exhibition, La Biennale di Venezia Touring Show, VISUAL Carlow, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin.
2019
Furniture, Tapestry and Ceramics, Blue Mountain School, London
The Shrinking Universe, curated by Mary Cremin, Ireland Pavilion, 58th International Art Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
Kosmos, City Gallery Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
2018
Kosmos, Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA), Melbourne, Australia
"Iceberg Hits", Modern Art, London
2017
Kaufmann Repetto, Milan, Italy
A Material Enlightenment, 303 Gallery, New York, NY, USA
City Room (with Gary Webb), Galeria Mário Sequeira, Parada de Tibães, Portugal
2016
Alternative to Power, New Art Gallery Walsall, Walsall
A Gated Community, Sonneveld House, Rotterdam, Netherlands
2015
Middle Temple, Kaufmann Repetto, Milan, Italy
2014
Dublin City Gallery, The Hugh Lane, Dublin, Ireland, 2014
"What the Eye Wants", Modern Art, London
This and This and This, Art Parcours, Art 45 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
2013
Narcissus, Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland
"New Sculpture", New Art Centre, Wiltshire, 2014
2012
The Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin, Ireland, 2012
Sightings, Nasher Sculpture Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
Childrens Art Commission: Eva Rothschild: Boys and Sculpture, The Whitechapel Gallery, London
The Modern Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
2011
Hot Touch, Kunstverein Hannover, Hanover, Germany
303 Gallery, New York, NY, USA, 2011
Hot Touch, The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield Empire Public Art Fund, New York, NY, USA
2009
Cold Corners, Tate Britain Annual Duveens’ Commission, Tate Britain, London
Modern Art, London, 2009
Francesca Kaufmann, Milan, Italy, 2009
Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland, 2009
La Conservera: Centro de Arte Contemporaneo, Murcia, Spain, 2009
2008
The Modern Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
Tate Britain, London
2007
South London Gallery, London, 2007
303 Gallery, New York, NY, USA, 2007
2006
Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland
2005
Modern Art, London, 2005
Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin, Ireland
2004
Kunsthalle, Zürich, Switzerland Artspace, Sydney, Australia, 2004
2003
Heavy Cloud, The Modern Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, 2003
"Sit-In", Galleria Francesca Kaufmann, Milan, Italy, 2003
2002
Modern Art, London, 2002
Project Art Centre, Dublin, Ireland, 2002
2001
Peacegarden, The Showroom, London
Peacegarden, Cornerhouse, Manchester
Francesca Kauffman Gallery, Milan, Italy
Els Hanappe Underground, Athens, Greece
2000
Camden Arts Centre, London
1999
The Modern Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
1998
Titanik Galerie, Turku, Finland
1996
Great Wall / Black Hole, Iain Irving Projects, Aberdeenshire
Centre for Contemporary Art, Glasgow
1995
Bercsenyi Galleria, Budapest, Hungary
Selected collections
Aïshti Foundation, Antelias, Lebanon
Arts Council Collection, London
Berezdivin Collection, Santurce, Puerto Rico British Council, London
Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Cass Sculpture Foundation, Goodwood
Cloud Art Space, Seoul, South Korea
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX, USA
Dublin City Gallery, The Hugh Lane, Dublin, Ireland
The Goss-Michael Foundation, Dallas, TX, USA
The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield
Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland
Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel
Leeds City Council, Leeds
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
Museum Voorlinden, Waasenaar, Netherlands
New Art Centre, Salisbury, Wiltshire
Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery, Norwich, Norfolk
Pier Arts Centre, Stromness, Orkney
Pilane Heritage Museum, Klövedal, Sweden
Pizzuti Collection of the Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH, USA Sammlung Goetz, Munich, Germany
Southampton City Art Gallery, Southampton
Swiss Re Art Collection, Zürich, Switzerland
Tate, London
TBA21 – Thyssen-Bornemisza Art Contemporary, Vienna, Austria Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Würth Collection, Schwäbisch Hall, Germany
Zabludowicz Collection, London
References
External links
Public Art Fund Eva Rothschild "Empire"
Eva Rothschild information at 303 Gallery
2006 Tate Triennial
Rothschild on ArtFacts.net
Images, texts and biography from the Saatchi Gallery
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
1972 births
Living people
Irish contemporary artists
Irish Jews
Royal Academicians
Artists from County Dublin
Alumni of Ulster University
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
20th-century Irish Jews
21st-century English Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Rothschild |
Leo McKay Jr. (born June 19, 1964) is a Canadian novelist and short story writer from Stellarton, Nova Scotia. He also is a periodic contributor to The Globe and Mail.
Early life
McKay was born and raised in the town of Stellarton, Nova Scotia, where he graduated from Stellarton High School in 1982. He grew up in the small working class Stellarton neighborhood called the Red Row, a neighborhood of hundred-year-old mining company duplexes and a tight-knit community of working-class people. His parents grew up in the same neighborhood. His mother, Georgina Bellick, was the daughter of Polish and Ukrainian immigrants. His father, Leo McKay Sr., who lived in the Red Row until his death in 2011, was a riveter at the railcar factory in nearby Trenton before becoming a career labour leader, social activist, New Democrat politician, and eventually a member of Stellarton Town Council.
He studied English at St. Francis Xavier University, French at Laval, Creative Writing at the University of British Columbia and Education at Dalhousie. He lived in Asia for four years.
Career
McKay teaches English at Cobequid Educational Centre in Truro, Nova Scotia.
McKay became one of the first recognized literary writers to embrace social media. During the 2010 CBC Canada Reads competition, McKay used Facebook, Twitter and especially YouTube, to promote his 2003 novel Twenty-Six as one of the Best Canadian Novels of the previous decade. He used hand-shot, self-produced videos called "Twenty-six Reasons Why You Should Vote for Twenty-Six For Canada Reads 2010". The novel made the 40 book long list, and that success spurred McKay to further use of social media as a promotional tool.
In the spring of 2012, McKay used an online funding site, Indiegogo.com, to fund the independent publication of a new novel, Roll Up the Rim. That campaign raised $10,000 in 30 days, and was chosen by Indiegogo.com as an example of how to run a successful online funding campaign.
Recognition
McKay's debut short story collection, Like This, was short-listed for the Giller Prize in 1995 and received the Dartmouth Book Award for fiction in 1996.
His first novel, Twenty-Six, was published in 2003. It became a national bestseller, and won the 2004 Dartmouth Book Award.
Published works
Like This (1996)
Twenty-Six (2003)
Roll up the Rim (2013)
References
External links
Author's page on agent's website
Author's blog
1964 births
Living people
Canadian male novelists
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian male short story writers
People from Pictou County
People from Truro, Nova Scotia
Writers from Nova Scotia
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20McKay%20Jr. |
The 4th Session of the 10th National People's Congress was held in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 2006 CPPCC. Many items were listed on the agenda for the two-week-long session of the National People's Congress. 2,937 delegates from every province, municipality, and Special Administrative Region were in attendance. The 2006 Session was chaired by Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo.
The National People's Congress is the People's Republic of China's highest legislative body. The congress is composed of members from the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a coalition of nine parties. In practice the final vote on legislation is nearly always close to unanimous, and legislative practice has been to achieve consensus before the final vote including the approval of senior officials of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council of the People's Republic of China.
Because of this practice, controversial items can be removed from the NPC agenda if there is serious disagreement over the contents of the legislation. This occurred this session with the Property Law of the People's Republic of China which was originally scheduled for approval this year but was dropped after objections from the Leftist party members who argued that the draft did not sufficiently protect state assets.
Formal issues listed for discussion include the "Three Rural Issues" from agricultural reform, cracking down on corruption, and studying the Three Represents as the guide for Chinese policy in the days ahead. Formally, Premier Wen Jiabao made the annual government report to the Congress outlining government policy and its progress from 2005. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan will undergo review. A Budget will be drafted for the following fiscal year. NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo will review the work of the NPC Standing Committee from last year. The Judiciary system will also make its respective reports.
In official Chinese news, the phrase "core of leadership" has been omitted when describing Hu Jintao. This came in stark contrast to the repetitive "unify under the core of leadership under Jiang Zemin" slogan used frequently in China during his years in power. Vice-Premier Huang Ju was absent because of health problems.
Wen Jiabao's government report
Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the PRC government's 2006 Working Report on the morning of March 5 at the Great Hall of the People. It was nationally televised on four CCTV channels and other networks. The report was around two hours in length. The three sections of the report outlined the government's workings in 2005, the direction the government was planning for the new year, and a brief outline of China's 11th Five-Year Plan. Agriculture and the "Three Rural Issues" policy was emphasized throughout the speech, as was the concept of "Governing for the People" (执政为民). Wen heavily emphasized helping the poor and relieving the wealth gap. Wen announced that agricultural taxes levied regularly on peasants would be fully abolished in 2007. On the issue of health, Wen stressed the need to prevent an avian influenza-related epidemic, and warned people to be cautious of the outbreak and exercise common sense.
Many Chinese political analysts concluded that the report was thorough, detailed, thoughtful, and reached out to the people. Western media outlets were mostly neutral on the issue. It was considered to have contained fewer political overtones than in previous years. Although Wen's speech was met with frequent applause, the longest applause came during Wen's mention of the firm stance against Taiwan independence. Wen favoured peaceful re-unification, but stated that the Chinese government will not back down should Taiwanese authorities go "too far", as has been his position for the previous two years.
Issues discussed
Science and technology was a main issue talking point, and there was consensus that China should continue to move forward with their development. Many deputies have shown concern about the urban-rural wealth gap. Critics say women's rights issues have been ignored, noting that the marital rape bill was shot down. New legislation was passed to prevent disabled persons from being discriminated against in education.
Noticeably, the Anti-Secession Law was not mentioned any time during the Sessions, as China wishes to present a more friendly image to the Taiwanese people, in order to promote a peaceful reunification.
External links
Official CCTV Site
CNN Story
Official translation of the full text of Wen Jiabao's Government Report
Attracting International Attention
Transparency
USA Today doubts China's "democracy"
National Peoples Congress, 2006
National People's Congresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20National%20People%27s%20Congress |
The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V1), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It supplies sensation to the skin of the forehead, the mucosa of the frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid. It may be affected by schwannoma.
Structure
The frontal nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V1), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The frontal nerve branches immediately before entering the superior orbital fissure. In then travels superolateral to the annulus of Zinn between the lacrimal nerve and inferior ophthalmic vein. After entering the orbit it travels anteriorly between the roof periosteum and the levator palpebrae superioris. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, the supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve.
Functions
The two branches of the frontal nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the forehead, mucosa of the frontal sinus (an air sinus), and the skin of the upper eyelid.
Clinical significance
The frontal nerve may rarely be affected by schwannoma, a benign nerve tumor affecting its myelin sheath. This may be between the superior orbital fissure and the supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch. It may cause damage to the adjacent orbital part of the frontal bone. A CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging may be used to identify the extent of the cancer. A biopsy may be taken to confirm a diagnosis. Surgery may be used to remove the schwannoma.
Additional images
References
Ophthalmic nerve | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal%20nerve |
The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three main branches of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)).
It enters the orbit outside the common tendinous ring and passes forward along the side wall of the orbit.
It provides sensory innervation to the skin and both surfaces of conjunctiva at the lateral portion of the upper eyelid.
It also receives a parasympathetic secretomotor communicating branch for the lacrimal gland which it conveys to the gland.
Structure
Origin
The lacrimal nerve branches from the ophthalmic nerve immediately before traveling through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit.
At the superior portion of the lateral wall of the orbit, it also receives a secretomotor communicating parasympathetic branch from the zygomaticotemporal nerve for the lacrimal gland.
Course
It enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure outside (lateral to) the common tendinous ring, coursing lateral to the frontal nerve and trochlear nerve (CN IV). Once inside the orbit, it travels anterior-ward along (the superior portion of) the lateral wall of the orbit upon the superior margin of the lateral rectus muscle; here, it receives a secretomotor branch for the lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal nerve. It is accompanied by the lacrimal artery along its course through the orbit. It travels through the lacrimal gland, supplying the gland with sensory and parasympathetic branches, then continuing anteriorly as a few small sensory branches. It pierces the orbital septum to reach its terminal target tissues.
Distribution
Sensory
The lacrimal nerve provides sensory innervation to:
the lacrimal gland
a small area of skin over the lateral portion of the upper eyelid
both surfaces (i.e. ocular and palpebral) of the conjunctiva at the lateral portion of the upper eyelid (i.e. the conjunctiva at the superior fornix)
skin of the lateral forehead and scalp.
Parasympathetic
At the superior portion of the lateral wall of the orbit, the lacrimal nerve receives a secretomotor communicating parasympathetic branch (containing post-ganglionic fibres for the lacrimal gland from the pterygopalatine ganglion) from the zygomaticotemporal nerve which it conveys to the lacrimal gland.
Variation
Occasionally, the lacrimal nerve is replaced by the zygomaticotemporal nerve, and vice versa.
Additional images
References
Ophthalmic nerve | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal%20nerve |
The Life and Times of Juniper Lee is an American cartoon series. It lasted for three seasons on Cartoon Network, debuting on May 30, 2005, and lasting until April 9, 2007. The show spanned 40 episodes across 3 seasons. All the episodes are directed by Frank Squillace.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2005)
Season 2 (2005-06)
Season 3 (2006-07)
Shorts (2006–07)
Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes
Life and Times of Juniper Lee, The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Life%20and%20Times%20of%20Juniper%20Lee%20episodes |
George Guest CBE FRCO (9 February 1924 – 20 November 2002) was a Welsh organist and choral conductor.
Birth and early life
George Guest was born in Bangor, Gwynedd. His father was an organist and Guest assisted him by acting as organ blower. He became a chorister at Bangor Cathedral and subsequently at Chester Cathedral, where he took organ lessons from the sub-organist, Dr Roland Middleton. He passed the examinations for ARCO in 1940 and FRCO in 1942. By this time he had become the organist and choirmaster of Connah's Quay parish church, Flintshire.
Being proud of his Welsh roots, from the 1970s onwards Guest took a personal interest in the Cambridge University Welsh Society (Cymdeithas Y Mabinogi), sponsoring many of its events and providing a welcome face for Welsh students away from home.
At the age of 18 he was called up for military service, and joined the Royal Air Force, being posted to India in 1945. On leaving the services in 1947 he took up the post of sub-organist at Chester Cathedral. The cathedral organist, Malcolm Boyle, encouraged him to apply for the organ scholarship at St John's College, Cambridge, for which he was successful.
At Cambridge he studied under Robin Orr, who had served as organist and choirmaster at St John's College since 1938. In Guest's final year as Organ Scholar, Robin Orr announced that he intended to retire, and the College Council offered the post to Guest (with Orr's encouragement), who took over the position in 1951.
Organist and Choirmaster at St John's College
Within five years of Guest becoming organist and choirmaster, the whole future of the choir at St John's College came into question, with the proposed closure of the day school which provided the choristers. Guest, with the support of his predecessor, persuaded the College to fund a Choir School.
Under Guest's direction, the choir built up a formidable reputation, challenging the supremacy of the choir of King's College, Cambridge. Guest introduced a more "continental" tone into the choir, as George Malcolm was doing at Westminster Cathedral.
The choir began broadcasting on the BBC in the early 1950s and started making recordings in 1958. By the time of Guest's retirement in 1991, the choir had recorded sixty LPs or CDs under his direction.
For many years from 1972 the BBC broadcast Evensong from St John's College every Ash Wednesday, and the Advent Carol Service each year since 1981. During George Guest's tenure, the choir undertook many overseas tours.
In 1987 Guest was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours.
Herbert Howells and Michael Tippett are among the many composers who wrote liturgical settings for the St John's College choir whilst Guest was organist and choirmaster. They also include the French composer Jean Langlais, who wrote a setting of the psalm Beatus vir for the choir: a rare occurrence of a continental composer writing for the English cathedral tradition.
Organ Scholars who studied under George Guest include:
Sir David Lumsden (Southwell Minster, New College, Oxford, Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, London)
Brian Runnett (organist, Norwich Cathedral)
Jonathan Bielby (organist, Wakefield Cathedral)
Jonathan Rennert (St Michael's, Cornhill)
David Hill (organist, Winchester Cathedral; organist and choirmaster, St John's College, Cambridge; Chief Conductor, BBC Singers; Musical Director, The Bach Choir)
Robert Huw Morgan (University Organist, Stanford Memorial Church)
Adrian Lucas (organist, Worcester Cathedral)
Andrew Lumsden (Southwark Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, Lichfield Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral)
Sir Stephen Cleobury (King's College, Cambridge)
John Scott (St Paul's Cathedral, London, and subsequently St Thomas Fifth Avenue, New York City)
Andrew Nethsingha (Truro Cathedral; Gloucester Cathedral; Organist and Director of Music, St John's College, Cambridge)
Miscellaneous
George Guest was a guest on Desert Island Discs in 1976 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/a5168c08#p009n0jz).
He was a lifelong supporter of Chester City FC.
The famous British baritone Simon Keenlyside was a chorister and subsequently a choral scholar in the choir of St John's College, Cambridge while George Guest was the choirmaster there. Actor Clive Mantle was another chorister at St. John's.
References
obituary The Guardian
Guest, George (1994) A Guest at Cambridge, Paraclete Press .
External links
Interview with George Guest, 3 September 1986
1924 births
2002 deaths
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Welsh classical organists
British male organists
Cathedral organists
People from Bangor, Gwynedd
People educated at Friars School, Bangor
Fellows of the Royal College of Organists
Welsh choral conductors
British male conductors (music)
20th-century organists
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Male classical organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Guest |
Pichichi may refer to
Pichichi (footballer) (1892–1922), Spanish footballer
Pichichi Trophy – a trophy named in honour of the above awarded to the top goalscorer in Spain's La Liga each season
fr:Meilleurs buteurs du championnat d'Espagne de football#Classement des Pichichi par saison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichichi |
The hivinau is a dance from Tahiti where the dancers turn in pairs around the orchestra. It is often either the first or the last dance of a dance festival or used as a transition between two dances.
Although an old dance, it is not traditional, the name hivinau probably derived from a yell by the officers of any passing European ship: "Heave now!", and the subsequent turning of the wheel with anchor chain by the crew.
The dance has two circles, one of men, another of women, turning around the centre axis where the orchestra sits, as whether the anchor is to be heaved. Every time a male and female dancer meet each other, they turn to each other, yell: "Hiri, haʻa, haʻa" and may perform some knee or hip shakes respectively.
References
P. O'Reilly; La danse a Tahiti
Dances of Tahiti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hivinau |
Supraorbital refers to the region immediately above the eye sockets, where in humans the eyebrows are located. It denotes several anatomical features, such as:
Supraorbital artery
Supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital gland
Supraorbital nerve
Supraorbital ridge
Supraorbital vein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital |
Primasheet is a rubberized sheet explosive identical to Detasheet. Manufactured by Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company Primasheet comes in two varieties: Primasheet 1000 is PETN based and Primasheet 2000 is RDX based. Both are waterproof and are supplied in continuous rolls.
Primasheet 1000
Primasheet 1000 is PETN based, and contains 65% PETN, 8% nitrocellulose, and 27% plasticizer. Primasheet 1000 is olive green colored, and manufactured in 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 mm thicknesses.
Primasheet 2000
Primasheet 2000 is an RDX-based rubberized sheet explosive. It contains 88.2% RDX with the remainder plasticizer. It is equally as powerful as C4.
SX2
A British military explosive, also manufactured by Ensign-Bickford. This is very similar or identical to commercial Primasheet 2000.
References
Explosives
Rubberized explosives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primasheet |
Herold Dominic "Muddy" Ruel (February 20, 1896 – November 13, 1963) was an American professional baseball player, coach, manager and general manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1915 to 1934. One of the top defensive catchers of his era, Ruel was notable for being the personal catcher for Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher, Walter Johnson and for scoring the winning run for the Washington Senators in Game 7 of the 1924 World Series. He also played for the St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, and the Chicago White Sox during a career that lasted 19 seasons. After his playing career, Ruel served as a coach and a baseball executive.
Major League career
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Ruel began his professional baseball career at the age of 19 with his hometown team, the St. Louis Browns, appearing in 10 games during the 1915 season. He then played in the minor leagues for two seasons with the Memphis Chickasaws before joining the New York Yankees in . With the Yankees, Ruel shared catching duties with Truck Hannah from 1918 to 1920. He was the Yankees catcher on August 16, when a Carl Mays' pitch hit Ray Chapman on the head, resulting in Chapman's death the next day. He later defended Mays and said that he was innocent of any wrongdoing.
Ruel would be traded to the Boston Red Sox in 1921, where he played for two seasons before being traded to the Washington Senators in . In the 1923 season, he posted a career-high batting average of .316 along with 54 runs batted in. He led American League catchers in assists and putouts, and finished 11th in the American League Most Valuable Player Award ballot. He had another solid year in 1924, playing in 149 games and once again leading the American League catchers in assists and putouts. With Ruel calling the pitches, Walter Johnson's career was revitalized, as he led the league with 23 victories and a 2.72 earned run average. The Senators clinched the American League pennant, finishing the season two games ahead of the New York Yankees.
The Senators would face John McGraw's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series. The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game. The Senators trailed the Giants 3–1 in the eighth inning of Game 7, when they rallied and tied the score. Ruel hit a single, then scored the tying run during the rally, to send the game into extra innings with the score tied at three runs apeice. In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat, he hit a high, foul ball directly over home plate. The Giants' catcher, Hank Gowdy, dropped his protective mask to field the ball but, failing to toss the mask aside, stumbled over it and dropped the ball, thus giving Ruel another chance to bat. On the next pitch, Ruel hit a double and, then proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took a bad hop over third baseman Freddie Lindstrom's head.
Ruel had another good season in 1925, producing a .310 batting average along with 54 runs batted in and, for the third consecutive year, he led American League catchers in assists and putouts. The Senators would win the American League pennant for the second year in a row, however they were defeated by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1925 World Series. Ruel hit for a .299 batting average in 1926 and led the American League catchers with a .989 fielding percentage, as the Senators slipped to a fourth-place finish. He had one more good season in 1927, posting a .310 batting average and finishing second among catchers in fielding percentage, putouts, assists and baserunners caught stealing. Ruel finished sixth in the American League Most Valuable Player Award balloting.
After the 1927 season, his offensive production began to diminish, and by 1929, Bennie Tate had begun to take over as the Senators' main catcher. In December 1930, Ruel's contract was purchased from the Senators by the Boston Red Sox, who then traded him to the Detroit Tigers in August 1931. With the Tigers, he served as a reserve catcher in 1932 working behind Ray Hayworth. He returned to the St. Louis Browns in 1933 before ending his playing career with the Chicago White Sox in 1934 at the age of 38.
Career statistics
In a nineteen-year major league career, Ruel played in 1,468 games, accumulating 1,242 hits in 4,514 at bats for a .275 career batting average along with 4 home runs, 534 runs batted in and a .365 on-base percentage. He possessed strong defensive skills, leading American League catchers in fielding percentage three consecutive years (1926–28), finishing with a .982 career fielding percentage. Ruel also led American League catchers three times in putouts and assists and twice in range factor and in baserunners caught stealing. He made 23 double plays in 1924, the seventh highest season total for catchers in major league history.
His reputation as a defensive stand out is enhanced because of the era in which he played. In the Deadball Era, catchers played a huge defensive role, given the large number of bunts and stolen base attempts, as well as the difficulty of handling the spitball pitchers who dominated pitching staffs. Richard Kendall of the Society for American Baseball Research devised an unscientific study that ranked Ruel as the fifth most dominating fielding catcher in major league history.
Post-playing career
After retiring as a player, Ruel spent a decade as a coach with the Chicago White Sox from 1935 to 1945. He then became an assistant to Commissioner of Baseball Happy Chandler in . He worked with Chandler for only one year before accepting his only managerial job with the St. Louis Browns, where he led the 1947 team to a dismal 59–95 record, good for the American League cellar. Ruel then coached for the Cleveland Indians from 1948 to 1950, winning another world championship as a coach with the Indians in the 1948 World Series. He was later named as the director of the Detroit Tigers' farm system before taking on the role as the Tigers' general manager from 1954 to 1956.
Ruel was one of the few major leaguers to hold a law degree. He earned his degree from Washington University in St. Louis and was admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. Ruel is credited for being the first to label the catcher's protective equipment as the "tools of ignorance". This was a self deprecating reference to the harsh, physical demands of the catcher's position due to the exposure to the errant balls, foul tips and collisions at home plate. He is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park in Palo Alto, California.
Managerial record
References
External links
Muddy Ruel New York Times Obituary at www.thedeadballera.com
Tigers Under New Farm Ruel, by Frank Lewis, Baseball Digest, January 1952
Muddy – But Stylish, by Francis Stann, Baseball Digest, February 1964
How Senators' Strategy Won for Johnson, by Muddy Ruel, Baseball Digest, October 1964
1896 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
American people of French descent
Baseball players from St. Louis
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox coaches
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians coaches
Detroit Tigers executives
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Memphis Chickasaws players
New York Yankees players
St. Louis Browns managers
St. Louis Browns players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Washington University School of Law alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy%20Ruel |
DSC Wanne-Eickel is a German association football club that plays in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia.
History
The club was founded in 1954 as TB Eickel when it left Sportfreunde Wanne-Eickel, a short-lived union it had formed with SV Preußen 04 Wanne, in 1950. It took on the name DSC Wanne-Eickel in 1969. In addition to a football team the club has departments for judo, model airplane flying, bowling, handball, watersports and physical fitness.
A third division side since 1960, it earned promotion to the 2. Bundesliga Nord late in the 1970s and played the 1978 and 1979 seasons there. The club voluntarily bowed out in spite of 11th and 13th-place finishes well clear of the relegation zone in the face of dismal attendance and an increasingly untenable financial situation. It returned to third division play where it played until the early 1990s before slipping to the Verbandsliga Westfalen-Sudwest (V). The football department became independent in 2000 and from the 2003–04 season played in the tier VI Landesliga Westfalen-West, gaining promotion to the Verbandsliga Westfalen again in 2005.
The club now plays in the Westfalenliga, formerly the Verbandsliga.
Honours
The club's honours:
Westfalenliga
Champions: 1978, 2006
Westphalia Cup
Winners: 1986
Stadium
DSC plays in the Sportpark Wanne-Süd (capacity 16,000) built in 1956. A seating grandstand was added in the early 1990s.
External links
Official website
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia
Association football clubs established in 1954
1954 establishments in West Germany
Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
2. Bundesliga clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC%20Wanne-Eickel |
Sir Roger Mark Jowell, CBE (26 March 1942 – 25 December 2011) was a British social statistician and academic. He founded Social and Community Planning Research, now known as the National Centre for Social Research, and the Centre for Comparative Social Surveys at City University.
He played a leading role in the establishment of several of the UK's leading social surveys, most famously the British Social Attitudes and the British Election Study. He made a major contribution to the development of robust comparative research through the International Social Survey Programme and the European Social Survey.
Early life
Roger Mark Jowell was born on 26 March 1942 in South Africa, the second son of Emily Katzenellenbogen and Jack Jowell. In his youth, he was active in left-wing politics becoming President of Cape Town's Student Representative Council and Vice-President of the National Union of South African Students.
"As soon as I graduated from the University of Cape Town in 1964, I came to Britain – initially just to gain a broader perspective on my life. It wasn't that I had to leave, although as President of the Students' Union I'd been heavily involved in student politics and anti-apartheid activities. At that time students were more or less immune from prosecution. But then things changed, and a few months after I arrived in Britain I got word that many of my close friends had been arrested. I realised then that I couldn't go back – it wouldn't have been safe. Once I got my British passport, I was able to go back fairly regularly."
Research career
In Britain, Jowell was active in anti-apartheid activities and in the Labour Party, becoming Alderman in Camden. He began his research career at Research Services Limited, mentored by Mark Abrams. In 1969, with Gerald Hoinville he founded the London-based Social and Community Planning Research, which became the National Centre for Social Research, He led the organisation for over 30 years.
At Social and Community Planning Research, Jowell established the long-running survey series British Social Attitudes and was closely involved as author and editor in its first nineteen annual reports. He co-directed the British Election Study from 1983 to 2000 and was the founding chair of the International Social Survey Programme from 1984 to 1989. His interest in high quality comparative research grew and in 2002, he and Max Kaase established the European Social Survey alongside a group of leading international experts.
Academic life
In 2003, Jowell became Research Professor and Founder Director of the Centre for Comparative Social Surveys at City University (now City, University of London), London from where he continued to lead the Central Coordinating Team of the European Social Survey until his death. The success of this ambitious 34 nation comparative study was recognised in 2005 when it was awarded the Descartes Prize for excellence in collaborative scientific research, the first time a social science venture has won Europe's top annual science award. Jowell lectured and published widely.
Social science community
He made significant contributions to the social science community. In 1978 he initiated the establishment of the Social Research Association. In the 1980s he played a key role in developing a professional code of ethics through the International Statistical Institute.
, insisting that it should be an educative rather than a prescriptive code. In 2008 he became Deputy Chair of the board of the UK Statistics Authority advising on the promotion and safeguarding of the publication of official statistics.
Recognition
Jowell was appointed a CBE in 2001 and was knighted in the 2008 New Year Honours for services to social science. He served for two years as Vice-President of the Royal Statistical Society and was awarded the Market Research Society Gold Medal.
City, University of London holds the annual Professor Sir Roger Jowell Memorial Lecture in his honour.
2015 lecturer: Professor John Curtice
2016 lecturer: Professor Dame Anne Johnson
2017 lecturer: Professor Anand Menon.
Personal life
In 1970 he married psychiatric social worker and fellow Camden London Borough Councillor, Tessa Palmer in Hampstead, London. She went on to become a member of parliament and minister in Tony Blair's and Gordon Brown's cabinets. They divorced in 1977.
In 1979, he married Nighat (Rani) Gilani in Camden. They have two sons, Marco and Adam, and divorced in 1995.
In 1996 he married Sharon Witherspoon, who was Director of the Nuffield Foundation, and had previously been a colleague at SCPR, in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire.
Jowell's older brother is the lawyer Sir Jeffrey Jowell, who also settled in the UK.
External links
Roger Jowell – City University profile
Roger Jowell – ESRC biography
Roger Jowell – Guardian obituary
References
1942 births
2011 deaths
British sociologists
University of Cape Town alumni
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of City, University of London
Spouses of life peers
Councillors in the London Borough of Camden
Labour Party (UK) councillors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Jowell |
The ōtea (usually written as otea) is a traditional dance from Tahiti characterized by a rapid hip-shaking motion to percussion accompaniment. The dancers, standing in several rows, may be further choreographed to execute different figures (including tamau, varu, otamu, ami, and fa'arapu) while maintaining the hip-shaking. The hip motion itself may in some choreographies be synchronized amongst multiple dancers and may be further coordinated with the accompanying percussion arrangement.
The dance is with music only (drums) at a fast rhythm, and no singing. The drum can be one of the different types of the tōere, a lying log of wood with a longitudinal slit, which is struck by one or two sticks. Additional drum types accompanying the dance may include the ng drum covered with a shark skin and struck by the hands or with sticks) played at a slower rhythm, or the smaller faatētē drum.
The ōtea is one of the few dances which already existed in pre-European times as a male dance. (The hura (Tahitian vernacular for hula), a dance for women, on the other hand has disappeared, and likewise is gone the couple's dance upaupa but which may have reemerged as the tāmūrē). Nowadays, however the ōtea can be danced by men (ōtea tāne), by women (ōtea vahine), or by both genders (ōtea āmui = united ō.).
Dancers of the ōtea make gestures reenacting daily occupations of life. For the men the gestural themes can be chosen from warfare or sailing, and then they may use spears or paddles. For women the gestural themes are typically closer to home or from nature: hand gestures suggesting combing their hair, or the flight of a butterfly. More elaborate themes have been adopted; for example one where the dancers end up in a map of Tahiti, highlighting important places. In a proper ōtea the story of the theme should pervade the whole dance.
The costumes are extremely elaborate, typically incorporating long plant fiber ("grass") skirts, belting with tassels that accentuate the hip-motion, may further include decorated headpieces, and may be color-coordinated across the dancers of the company.
The same more dress and the same shaking of the knees for the boys and those of the hips for the girls as in all Tahitian dances (see tāmūrē) is used here too.
Modern and adoptive interpretation
Interpretations of the ōtea are frequently included as part of larger Polynesian dance recitals presented at luaus and visitor-oriented live shows in the Hawaiian Islands and other Pacific-rim resorts outside Tahiti.
Modern interpretations include costumes fashioned of contemporary man-made materials (polyester films such as mylar, or synthetic twines) substituting for plant-fiber or natural materials, and costume coloration such as fluorescent pinks and greens or mirror-reflective surfaces difficult to obtain or maintain from purely natural resources.
Modern drum accompaniments may include drums of European- or non-Pacific construction, improvised percussion instruments of modern materials (e.g. high-density polyethylene or metallic commercial food packaging), and the use of prerecorded drum reinforcement soundtracks.
See also
Polynesian culture
References
Patrick O'Reilly; La danse à Tahiti.
Dances of Tahiti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27ote%27a |
In mathematics, the correlation immunity of a Boolean function is a measure of the degree to which its outputs are uncorrelated with some subset of its inputs. Specifically, a Boolean function is said to be correlation-immune of order m if every subset of m or fewer variables in is statistically independent of the value of .
Definition
A function is -th order correlation immune if for any independent binary random variables , the random variable is independent from any random vector with .
Results in cryptography
When used in a stream cipher as a combining function for linear feedback shift registers, a Boolean function with low-order correlation-immunity is more susceptible to a correlation attack than a function with correlation immunity of high order.
Siegenthaler showed that the correlation immunity m of a Boolean function of algebraic degree d of n variables satisfies m + d ≤ n; for a given set of input variables, this means that a high algebraic degree will restrict the maximum possible correlation immunity. Furthermore, if the function is balanced then m + d ≤ n − 1.
References
Further reading
Cusick, Thomas W. & Stanica, Pantelimon (2009). "Cryptographic Boolean functions and applications". Academic Press. .
Cryptography
Boolean algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20immunity |
Mixotricha paradoxa is a species of protozoan that lives inside the gut of the Australian termite species Mastotermes darwiniensis.
It is composed of five different organisms: three bacterial ectosymbionts live on its surface for locomotion and at least one endosymbiont lives inside to help digest cellulose in wood to produce acetate for its host(s).
Mixotricha mitochondria degenerated in hydrogenosomes and mitosomes and lost the ability to produce energy aerobically by oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria-derived nuclear genes were however conserved.
Discovery
The name was given by the Australian biologist J.L. Sutherland, who first described Mixotricha in 1933. The name means "the paradoxical being with mixed-up hairs" because this protist has both cilia and flagella, which was not supposed to be the case with protists where they were supposed to have one or the other but not both.
Behavior
Mixotricha is a species of protozoan that lives inside the gut of the Australian termite species Mastotermes darwiniensis and has multiple bacterial symbionts.
Mixotricha is a large protozoan long and contains hundreds of thousands of bacteria. It is an endosymbiont and digests cellulose for the termite.
Trichomonads like Mixotricha reproduce by a special form of longitudinal fission, leading to large numbers of trophozoites in a relatively short time. Cysts never form, so transmission from one host to another is always based on direct contact between the sites they occupy.
Anatomy
Species of the order Trichomonadida typically have four to six flagella at the cell's apical pole, one of which is recurrent - that is, it runs along a surface wave, giving the aspect of an undulating membrane. Mixotricha paradoxa have four weak flagella that serve as rudders.
It has four large flagella at the front end, three pointing forwards and one backward.
The basal bodies are also bacteria, not spirochaetes but oval, pill-shaped bacteria. There is a one-to-one relationship between a bracket, a spirochaete, and a basal bacterium. Each bracket has one spirochaete running through it and one pill bacterium at its base as the basal body. It has not been shown definitely, but the basal bodies could also be making cellulases that digest wood.
Endosymbionts for biochemical processes
At least one endosymbiont lives inside the protist to help digest cellulose and lignin, a major component of the wood the termites eat. The cellulose gets converted to glucose then to acetate, and the lignin is digested directly to acetate. The acetate probably crosses the termite gut membrane to be digested later.
Mixotricha forms a mutualistic relationship with bacteria living inside the termite. There are a total of four species of bacterial symbionts. It has spherical bacteria inside the cell, which function as mitochondria, which Mixotricha lacks. Mixotricha mitochondria degenerated and lost the ability to produce energy aerobically by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial relics include hydrogenosomes which produce hydrogen and small structures called mitosomes.
Ectosymbionts for movement
Three surface colonising bacteria are anchored on the surface.
The flagella and cilia are actually two different single celled organisms. The ciliate belongs to an archaic group that used to be called archezoa but this term is no longer in fashion. It has four weak flagella, which serve as a rudder.
While Mixotricha has four anterior flagella, it does not use them for locomotion, but more for steering. For locomotion, about 250,000 hairlike Treponema spirochaetes, a species of helical bacteria, are attached to the cell surface and provide the cell with cilia-like movements.
The wavelength of the cilia is about and suggests that the spirochaetes are somehow in touch with each other.
Mixotricha also has rod-shaped bacteria arranged in an ordered pattern on the surface of the cell.
Each spirochaete has its own little emplacement, called a 'bracket'. Spirochetes move continuously forwards or backwards but when they are attached they move in one direction.
Sperm tails might have their origin in spirochaetes. The evidence that cilia (undulipodia) are symbiotic bacteria is found unpersuasive.
Genome
Mixotricha have five genomes, as they form very close symbiotic relationships with four types of bacteria. It is a good example organism for symbiogenesis and nestedness.
There are two spirochete and one-rod bacteria on its surface, one endosymbiotic bacteria inside to digest cellulose and the host nucleus.
References
Metamonads
Symbiosis
Endosymbiotic events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotricha%20paradoxa |
Michael Curtis McCrary (born July 7, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for ten seasons with the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL) between 1993 and 2002. McCrary was a two-time Pro Bowler in 1998 and 1999. McCrary was inducted to the Ravens Ring of Honor in 2004. McCrary is now doing commentary for the Ravens on WBAL-AM.
Early years
When McCrary was a young boy his mother wanted to place him in a day care which was located across the street from his home. However, it wasn't racially integrated and she sued the day care to allow Michael's admittance. The case went to the United States Supreme Court Runyon v. McCrary in 1976. One of the justices who dissented was former football star Byron "Whizzer" White; a quarter-century later, in 2000, McCrary won the Byron "Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year Award. He later attended George C. Marshall High School in Fairfax County, Virginia.
College career
McCrary played college football at Wake Forest University from 1989–92, setting school records for sacks in a season (16) and in a career (30), records he still holds.
When being scouted by NFL scouts they found his vertical leap was measured at 36 inches; and at 250 pounds, he came in at 4.59 seconds in the 40-yard sprint.
Professional career
McCrary was drafted in the seventh round by the Seattle Seahawks in the 1993 NFL Draft. He spent four seasons as a defensive end as well as playing on special teams before signing with Baltimore following the 1996 season.
McCrary started all 16 games with the Ravens at defensive end during the 1998 season. That season, he led the team in quarterback sacks, and he finished second on the team in tackles. He was elected to the Pro Bowl along with five other Ravens' teammates, Bennie Thompson, Peter Boulware, Jermaine Lewis, Ray Lewis, and Jonathan Ogden.
In 1999, he again started all 16 games for the Ravens, and was elected to his second Pro Bowl. The following season, McCrary would again start all 16 games as the Ravens would have one of the greatest statistical defenses in NFL history, finishing 12-4 and allowing an NFL record 10.3 points per game. In the playoffs, McCrary would have 6 sacks, including 2 in Super Bowl XXXV, which McCrary and the Ravens won 34-7.
Due to various injuries, McCrary retired in August 2003, ending his stint with the Ravens. McCrary finished 2nd on franchise sack list with 51 sacks, now 3rd behind Terrell Suggs (125 QB sacks) and Peter Boulware (70 QB sacks).
References
1970 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
Seattle Seahawks players
Baltimore Ravens players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
People from Vienna, Virginia
Players of American football from Fairfax County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McCrary |
The pāōā (often written as paoa, as the Tahitian is not punctilious about writing accents), is a modern dance from Tahiti where the dancers sit on their knees in a circle on the ground, sing and tap with their hands on their thighs on the rhythm of the music, which is a quite repetitive scanning refrain. Selected members, one boy and one girl, dance inside the circle. The whole scenario has something of a rooster fight (not common on Tahiti). Coincidentally the theme of the dance is usually from the hunt or from fishing.
References
Further reading
Patrick O'Reilly; La danse à Tahiti
Dances of Tahiti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%27o%27a |
Octopus Islands Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located between Quadra Island and Maurelle Island in Okisollo Channel.
External links
Octopus Islands Provincial Park infopage
Provincial Parks of the Discovery Islands
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1974 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1974
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus%20Islands%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Guillaume Laurent "Guy" Moll (28 May 1910 – 15 August 1934) was a French racing driver.
Moll was the son of a French father and Spanish mother who had emigrated to Algeria, then a French colony. He had only started racing in 1930, running a Lorraine-Dietrich in sporadic local events in Algeria. In 1932 he was noticed by Marcel Lehoux, the owner of a large trade company in Algeria and a successful Grand Prix driver in his own right; Lehoux was convinced of Moll's talents and offered Moll his Bugatti for the Oran and Casablanca Grands Prix. Moll took the lead from the start in Oran, only to fall back to second and then retire, then retired again in Casablanca. Lehoux, undeterred, brought Moll to France for his first taste of continental racing for the Marseilles Grand Prix at Miramas; Moll finished a sensational third, trailing the Alfa Romeos of Raymond Sommer and Tazio Nuvolari.
In 1933, Moll continued in a Bugatti, placing second to Lehoux at Pau in a snowstorm on a track he had never driven. Moll then used family money to obtain an Alfa Romeo 8C2300. Despite it being less potent than the Alfa P3s run by the likes of Scuderia Ferrari, Moll came third at Nimes (behind Étancelin and Nuvolari), Miramas, Comminges, and Nice, and scored a near-win in the Marne Grand Prix at Reims. Moll was signed to drive P3s by Enzo Ferrari for 1934. Despite facing more powerful Auto Unions and Benzes, Moll scored his first Grand Prix win at the 1934 Monaco Grand Prix when he inherited the lead after fellow Scuderia Ferrari driver Louis Chiron, babying his ill P3 home, made a mistake and spun into sandbags at the Station Hairpin with less than two laps to go. A month later, he finished a close second to teammate Achille Varzi at Tripoli amidst an accusations Varzi had tried to force him off the road. Moll also won the Avusrennen with his Alfa Romeo in streamlined configuration (powered by a 3.2 liter) when a dominant performance from rookie team Auto Union ended with Hans Stuck's clutch failure. Moll finished third in the French Grand Prix at Montlhéry, following Chiron home, while coming second at the Targa Florio and Coppa Ciano, trailing teammate Varzi both times.
On a wet and windy Pescara Circuit for the Coppa Acerbo in August, running second and chasing Luigi Fagioli for the lead, Moll lost control at near top speed on a narrow straightaway while passing Ernst Henne's Mercedes. Moll's P3 went into a ditch and crashed into a bridge, and he succumbed to his injuries shortly thereafter. The cause of the wreck remains unknown.
Even though he had such a short career, Enzo Ferrari ranked Moll one of the best drivers he had ever seen, and believed he could have become one of the best ever.
Moll was buried in the Maison Carrée Alger cemetery in his native Algeria.
References
Sources
Kettlewell, Mike. "Monaco: Road Racing on the Riviera", in Northey, Tom, editor. World of Automobiles, Volume 12, pp. 1381–4. London: Orbis, 1974.
Twite, Mike. "Moll: The Grand Prix race ace from Algeria", in Northey, Tom, editor. World of Automobiles, Volume 12, p. 1380. London: Orbis, 1974.
Alfa Romeo people
Algerian racing drivers
French racing drivers
Grand Prix drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Racing drivers who died while racing
Sport deaths in Italy
1910 births
1934 deaths
1930s in motorsport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Moll |
Jill Johnston (May 17, 1929 – September 18, 2010) was a British-born American feminist author and cultural critic who wrote Lesbian Nation in 1973 and was a longtime writer for The Village Voice. She was also a leader of the lesbian separatist movement of the 1970s. Johnston also wrote under the pen name F. J. Crowe.
Biography
Johnston was born as Jill Crowe in London in 1929, the only child of Olive Marjorie Crowe (born 1901), an American nurse, and Cyril F. Johnston (1884–1950), an English bellfounder and clockmaker whose family firm, Gillett & Johnston, created the carillon of Riverside Church in New York City. Her parents, who never married, separated when their daughter was an infant, and Johnston's mother took her to Little Neck, Queens, New York, where she was raised.
After attending college in Massachusetts and Minnesota, Johnston received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Career
For many years, beginning in 1959 and during the 1960s, Johnston was the dance critic for The Village Voice, the weekly downtown newspaper for New York City. She was friendly with many performers, performance artists, composers, poets and artists in New York City especially during the 1960s and 1970s. During the late 1960s Deborah Jowitt joined the paper and wrote a regular dance column for the Voice, while Johnston's dance column became a kind of weekly diary, chronicling her adventures in the New York art world.
Johnston was a member of a 1971 New York City panel produced by Shirley Broughton as part of the "Theater for Ideas" series. The event was a vigorous debate on feminism with Norman Mailer, author; Germaine Greer, author; Diana Trilling, literary critic; Jacqueline Ceballos, National Organization for Women president, and Johnston herself. The event was also billed as an intellectual "Battle of the Sexes" – effectively promoting Mailer's then-just-published, feminism-critical book The Prisoner of Sex (1971). When the time came for her to make her introductory remarks, Johnston read a poem, after which two feminist friends came onstage and the three simulated (fully dressed) three-way lesbian sex (indulging in a bit of feminist Guerilla theatre, which she admitted she had learned from the Yippies) and quickly exited. Despite this colorful interruption, Greer and Mailer continued to exchange verbal blows with each other (and the audience) for the remainder of the 3½ hour event. This event was widely written about (since so many writers were in attendance, including Susan Sontag and Cynthia Ozick) and filmed by the now-legendary documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, eventually becoming the cult-documentary titled Town Bloody Hall.
In her work Films Out of Focus, specifically in the 1972 edition, Johnston presents enigmatic phrases that captivate the reader's attention, encouraging introspection. Her writing includes discussions about feminism, particularly the assertion that lesbians are feminists, not solely defined by their sexuality.
As this incident illustrates, Johnston's self-described "east west flower child beat hip psychedelic paradise now love peace do your own thing approach to the revolution" (as she called it in Lesbian Nation) often confounded her feminist allies as much as it did the conservative foes of gay and lesbian liberation. In 1973, she predicted "an end to the catastrophic brotherhood and a return to the former glory and wise equanimity of the matriarchies."
As recorded in Lesbian Nation, Johnston often was at the center of controversies within the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s. She famously went on record stating that "all women are lesbians except those that don't know it yet."
Johnston was also one of the first countercultural and lesbian writers at Ms. magazine, eventually coming to the conclusion that the magazine was too mainstream, ultimately presenting feminism as palatable, family-friendly and safe. According to author Vivian Gornick:
For radical feminists like me, Ellen Willis, and Jill Johnston, we had a different kind of magazine in mind. We came out against marriage and motherhood. Gloria Steinem was uptown; we were downtown. She hung out with Establishment figures; we had only ourselves. It very quickly became obvious at that first meeting that they wanted a glossy that would appeal to the women who read the Ladies' Home Journal. We didn't want that, so they walked away with it.
On another occasion, Johnston grew bored at a poolside press conference given by feminist Betty Friedan, and so decided to strip off her top and take a swim.
In 1977, Johnson became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.
Johnston's career as a dance critic was hampered by the controversy that attended the publication of Lesbian Nation and the publicity engendered by her dramatic style of lesbian feminist activism. She remained with The Village Voice until 1981 and subsequently wrote freelance art and literary criticism. Along with the political memoirs, Lesbian Nation and Gullible's Travels, Johnston published an anthology of dance criticism entitled Marmalade Me as well as the autobiographies Mother Bound and Paper Daughter.
Described by one critic as "part Gertrude Stein, part E. E. Cummings, with a dash of Jack Kerouac thrown for good measure," Johnston's freeform, fluid writing style of the 1970s matched the colorful nature of the tales recounted in her books Lesbian Nation and Gullibles Travels. Her later work as a literary and art critic for Art in America and the New York Times Review of Books is more standard in tone and content. Early writing not collected in other volumes can be found in Admission Accomplished while the critical biography Jasper Johns represents an example of her later style.
Johnston is the subject of one of Andy Warhol's portrait films, Jill, a 4½-minute silent movie shot in black and white (1963).
Personal life
In 1958 Johnston married Richard John Lanham, whom she divorced in 1964. They had two children, a son, Richard Renault Lanham, and a daughter, Winifred Brooke Lanham.
In 1993, in Denmark, she married Ingrid Nyeboe. The couple married again, in Connecticut, in 2009.
Death
On September 10, 2010, Johnston suffered a stroke in Hartford, Connecticut. She died eight days later, on September 18, 2010, at the age of 81.
Bibliography
Marmalade Me (1971; revised 1998) – an anthology of short pieces on dance reprinted from Village Voice
Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution (1973)
Gullibles Travels (1974)
Mother Bound (1983) – autobiographical
Paper Daughter (1985) – autobiographical
Secret Lives in Art (1994) – selected essays on literature, visual and performing arts
Jasper Johns (1996) – critical biography of the artist
Admission Accomplished: the Lesbian Nation years (1970–75) (1998) – anthology of earlier writing
At Sea On Land: Extreme Politics (2005) – travel writings, with political commentary on government policies since 9/11
England's Child: The Carillon and the Casting of Big Bells (2008) – a biography of Johnston's father, Cyril F. Johnston, a prominent English bellfounder and builder of carillons in the first half of the 20th century
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Born On This Day, 1929: Jill Johnston
Town Bloody Hall (1979) on IMDb
Lesbian Nation, R.I.P. by Alison Bechdel, 20 September 2010
1929 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American art critics
American political writers
American women historians
American women journalists
Cultural historians
American lesbian writers
Lesbian feminists
Lesbian separatists
Radical feminists
American women critics
Yippies
The Village Voice people
English emigrants to the United States
People from Douglaston–Little Neck, Queens
Historians from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Johnston |
Holz [holts] is a German surname meaning wood or timber, and may refer to:
Arno Holz (1863–1929), German poet and dramatist
Betty W. Holz (1919–2005), American mathematician
George Holz, American photographer
Joshua Holz, creator of the 2016 Damn Daniel internet meme
Justa Holz-Mänttäri, translation scholar
Karl Holz (executive) (born 1952), current chairman and CEO of Euro Disney SCA
Karl Holz (Gauleiter) (1895–1945), German Nazi NSDAP Gauleiter of Franconia and SA Gruppenführer
Karl Holz (violinist) (1798–1858), Austrian violinist and friend of Beethoven
Paul Holz (1952-2017), German football midfielder
Richard E. Holz (1914–1986), American brass band composer
Other uses
Short for Holzblasinstrumente, see woodwinds
See also
Holt (disambiguation)
Holtz
Holzer
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holz |
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