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The Treaty of Ghilajharighat, Tipam, was signed between the Ahoms and the Mughal forces led by Mir Jumla II on January 23, 1663. The treaty Mir Jumla II brought occupation of the Ahom capital, Garhgaon, to an end.
Terms
The conditions of the treaty were as follows:
Jayadhwaj Singha was to send a daughter to the Imperial harem.
Twenty thousand tolas of gold, six times this quantity of silver and forty elephants to be made over at once.
Three hundred thousand tolas of silver and ninety elephants to be supplied within twelve months.
Six sons of the chief nobles to be made over as hostages pending compliance with the last mentioned condition.
Twenty elephants to be supplied annually.
The country west of the Bhareli river on the north bank of the Brahmaputra and of the Kalang river on the south to be ceded to the Emperor of Delhi.
All prisoners and the family of the Baduli Phukan to be given up.
See also
List of treaties
Notes
References
Gait, Edward A. A History of Assam. Calcutta, 1906.
1663 in India
1663 treaties
17th century in the Ahom kingdom
Treaties of India
G
1663 in the Mughal Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Ghilajharighat |
The Callista trilogy is a series of three Star Wars novels featuring the ex-Jedi character Callista Ming; while not officially branded as a trilogy, they are often regarded as such. They take place beginning several months after the Jedi Academy trilogy, or eight years after Return of the Jedi. The first book, Children of the Jedi (1995), was written by American writer Barbara Hambly. The second book is Darksaber (1995) by Kevin J. Anderson. Hambly also wrote the final novel in the cycle, Planet of Twilight (1997).
After the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by Disney, the books were rebranded as Star Wars Legends.
Summary
Children of the Jedi
Han Solo and Princess Leia learn of the now-abandoned Jedi stronghold on the planet of Belsavis from Drub McKumb and travel there, only to discover a political conspiracy involving a Force-adept, members of the Ancient Houses and the Emperor's Hand who is able to change the programming of droids and mechanicals. Meanwhile, Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, two Jedi students (Nichos and Cray), and a myriad selection of alien life-forms along with a former stormtrooper are abducted aboard the sinister Eye of Palpatine, impossibly reactivated after thirty years. Fighting the effects of massive indoctrination, injury, and cold manipulation by the ship's artificial intelligence and its horrific security measures, Luke discovers the Eye is bound for the destruction of Belsavis. Racing against time and exhaustion he struggles to rescue his companions; who are being held hostage as the Will has decided they are Rebel Saboteurs, find a way to transport all the ship's prisoners back to their home worlds, and find a way to destroy the super-weapon. He makes an unexpected ally in the form of Callista Ming, the brave Jedi who sacrificed her life to stop the ship thirty years before, and now exists as a fading spirit in the gunnery computers. Tenderness grows between them, but time is running out, and the destruction of the Eye will mean the final loss of Callista forever.
Beyond all hope, Callista is revived as a human when Cray chooses to die and be reunited with her dead lover Nichos and offers her body to the former Jedi. But everything has to be paid for, Callista loses her Jedi powers. Their love and trials continue in Darksaber and The Planet of Twilight.
Darksaber
While searching Jabba the Hutt's palace on Tatooine, Luke Skywalker and Han Solo learn that the Hutts are planning to build another superweapon. Meanwhile, in the Hoth Asteroid Belt, Durga the Hutt is planning a diplomatic mission to Coruscant, where he will secretly obtain the plans for the Death Star super laser for Bevel Lemelisk, the Death Star's designer. Skywalker and Solo reveal their discoveries, but not before Durga's subordinates steal the plans from the Imperial Palace. In order to find out the location of the superweapon, the New Republic launches a covert operation to Nal Hutta, disguised as a diplomatic summit. Back at the Hoth asteroid belt, Lemelisk starts construction on the cylindrical superlaser, which he calls the "Darksaber" for its shape is similar to the hilt of a lightsaber.
Luke and Callista embark on a journey to help Callista regain her Force powers. They discover that Callista can only tap into the Dark Side of the Force after they were attacked by some strange flying creatures on Dagobah. Their journey continues to the Hoth system where they encounter a group of stranded refugees. The group is attacked by a pack of wampas, led by the same wampa Luke dismembered several years ago. The refugees are killed in the attack, Luke and Callista try to escape only to find their ship wrecked. They lift off, but have little power and become stranded in the asteroid belt surrounding Hoth.
They are rescued by Han and Leia, who just returned from the successful mission on Nal Hutta. However, Luke and Callista's rescue is mainly thanks to the Republic fleet, who arrived to launch Crix Madine and his squad to locate the Darksaber reported to be under construction in the region. While Madine succeeds in relaying the location to the fleet, he is captured and killed by Durga. However, Durga's triumph is short-lived when the Republic fleet spots the Darksaber and begins pursuit. The Darksaber attempts to fire its superlaser and make an escape, but the weapon fails and the ship is destroyed by two large asteroids.
Meanwhile, Admiral Daala succeeds in uniting the remains of the Empire in the core systems. With the help of Pellaeon, she plans a strike force against a series of New Republic targets, including the Jedi Academy on Yavin 4. They also attack Khomm, where Jedi trainees Kyp Durron and Dorsk 81 are visiting. Furious, the pair of Jedi spy on Daala's fleet and succeed in warning the academy of the attack. Using the powers of the Force, the Jedi trainees back at Yavin 4 manage to hold off Daala's forces until New Republic reinforcements arrive. Daala is forced to retreat when her Super Star Destroyer, the Knight Hammer, is destroyed. After the failed attack, Daala transfers control over the Imperial forces to Pellaeon. Meanwhile, Callista decides to temporarily leave Luke and venture on a journey to regain her powers. Luke is heartbroken but decides to move on and continue to build the Jedi Academy.
Planet of Twilight
The story takes place about a year after the previous book on Nam Chorios, a backwater world in the Outer Rim which infamously was the center of the Death Seed Plague centuries ago. It is now home to a fanatic religious cult which is plotting to use a new weapon system of quasi-intelligent crystals as unstoppable, unmanned starfighters to attack the New Republic. Leia unofficially goes on a trip to meet with Seti Ashgad, the leader of the Rationalist Party.
Luke Skywalker is there after receiving a message from Callista. Luke's ship is shot down and Leia is kidnapped by the ancient and corrupt Beldorion the Hutt.
After a series of adventures the two escape and end the political conspiracy between the Rationalists and the New Republic.
Reception
As with all of Bantam Spectra's Star Wars releases from the mid-1990s, Children of the Jedi is a bestseller. Although Darksaber was not as successful as the Jedi Academy trilogy, it peaked at number three on the New York Times Best Seller list.<ref>Interview with Kevin J. Anderson. URL accessed on
See also
Irek Ismaren
References
External links
GFA Books: Children of the Jedi
Official CargoBay Listing
Darksaber (novel) on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
1995 novels
1995 science fiction novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Novels by Barbara Hambly
Bantam Spectra books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callista%20trilogy |
Ricky Wayne Sanders (born August 30, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for 12 seasons from 1983 to 1994, two with the United States Football League (USFL)'s Houston Gamblers and 10 in the National Football League (NFL) (eight seasons with the Washington Redskins and two with the Atlanta Falcons). He played running back, safety, and place kicker (on kickoffs) as a three-year letterman for Belton High School in Belton, Texas and broke five records.
Football career
Sanders was a three-sport star at Belton High School. He made all-region in basketball, placed in three events in the state track meet, and won accolades as a running back. Although recruited by numerous major colleges—including Michigan, UCLA, and Texas Tech, among many others—his junior year, he did not attend any of them. A string of injuries his senior football season may have been a contributing factor.
Sanders played college football at Southwest Texas State University as a running back, helping the team win the Division II national championship in 1981 and 1982. He graduated in 1983 with 2,461 rushing yards and 3,126 all-purpose yards. In 2018, he was selected for the school's athletic hall of fame.
He played two seasons in the United States Football League for the Houston Gamblers and teamed with Jim Kelly making 101 receptions for 1,370 yards and 11 touchdowns. Sanders had been drafted by the New England Patriots in the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players. New England traded his rights to the Washington Redskins. The Redskins had two talented receivers in the sure handed Art Monk and tough Gary Clark but felt they needed a legitimate deep threat, leading them to acquire the speedy Sanders. The three were the first trio of wide receivers to each surpass 1,000 receiving yards in a single season, and became known as "The Posse."
Sanders made only 14 catches in 1986, his first NFL season, but proved he was a deep threat averaging 20.4 yards per catch. His next season was better, as he snatched 34 passes from new starting quarterback Jay Schroeder. After Schroeder's eventual ouster at quarterback, his replacement, Doug Williams, loved Sanders's speed and ability to run after the catch and went to him often. This duo was effective and the Redskins fought their way through the playoffs and into the Super Bowl.
Sanders was a standout performer in Super Bowl XXII, catching nine passes for 193 yards and two touchdowns, while also returning three kickoffs for 46 yards. He set Super Bowl records for most receiving yards (193), most total yards (235), most touchdowns in one quarter (2), most receiving yards in one quarter (168), and longest touchdown reception (80 yards, tie) in Washington's 42-10 win over the Denver Broncos. Shortly after the Super Bowl win, when the Redskins visited the White House, President Ronald Reagan completed a ceremonial pass to Sanders.
Sanders had arguably his best season in 1988, as he finished fifth in the NFL on receiving yards with 1,148 and second in receiving touchdowns with 12, a Redskins record. The following season was also a good one for Sanders as he made 80 grabs for 1,138 yards, making him one of three 1,000-yard receivers on the team along with Monk and Clark. Sanders' numbers fell off slightly in 1990, to 56 catches for 727 yards.
In the 1991 season, Sanders made 45 catches for 580 yards. The Redskins defeated the Atlanta Falcons and Detroit Lions before beating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI. This was Sanders' second Super Bowl victory, his first having come four years prior, in Super Bowl XXII.
In June 1990, Sanders was accused of hitting a parking attendant with his car outside a Houston nightclub. He was ultimately acquitted in February 1991, but admitted that the whole ordeal weighed heavily on his mind throughout the 1990 season. Washington drafted top Heisman trophy winning receiver Desmond Howard but he could not unseat Sanders. When Gibbs retired there were coaching and quarterback changes in Washington and Sanders became a free agent after the 1993 season. He signed with the Atlanta Falcons prior to the 1994 season, and played two seasons with them: 1994 and 1995. Sanders signed with the Miami Dolphins after the 1995 season but never played a game with them.
Sanders finished his 10 NFL seasons with 483 receptions for 6,477 yards and 37 touchdowns. He also rushed for 94 yards and one touchdown, returned two punts for 12 yards, and gained 636 yards on 33 kickoff returns.
References
External links
Redskin Legends: Ricky Sanders – Rise to Success | The-Hogs.net
1962 births
Living people
Washington Redskins players
Atlanta Falcons players
Miami Dolphins players
American football wide receivers
Texas State Bobcats football players
Houston Gamblers players
Players of American football from Temple, Texas
Belton High School (Belton, Texas) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Sanders |
Henry Spalding may refer to:
Henry H. Spalding (1803–1874), Presbyterian missionary
Henry Spalding (architect) (1838–1910), British architect
Henry S. Spalding (1865–1934), author | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Spalding |
The Burin Peninsula ( ) is a peninsula located on the south coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Marystown is the largest population centre on the peninsula.
The Burin Peninsula extends to the southwest from the main island of Newfoundland, separating Fortune Bay to the west from Placentia Bay to the east. It measures approximately in length and between in width. It is connected by a wide isthmus between Terrenceville and Monkstown.
It was originally named the Buria Peninsula by fishermen from the Basque region during the 16th century. The peninsula is also known as "The Boot" because of its shape.
Economy
For centuries, there were plentiful cod, other fish and crustaceans in the area. The seafood supplied a thriving fishing industry. The eventual collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery led to local mass unemployment during the second half of the 1990s.
In response to a decline in the cod fishery industry, the Newfoundland government refurbished the Marystown shipyard in 1992. Ownership left Canada when the American company Friede Goldman Ltd. bought the facility in 1998, and remained in American hands when ownership changed again in 2002 to Kiewit Offshore Services Ltd. By 2019, the shipyard had been idle for four years and was acquired by Marbase Marystown Inc. (usually just Marbase), under a 20-year lease with the intention of establishing a service hub supporting regional aquaculture, the first of its kind in Canada. Marbase is a partnership between one Newfoundland businessman, Paul Antle, and the Norwegian company Amar Group AS.
In 2019, Marbase Cleanerfish Ltd., began work on a commercial lumpfish hatchery in Marystown, with an anticipated customer base of Atlantic salmon farm operators. As of 2020, government approval of the work in relation to environmental impact had not yet been completed.
Fluorspar (also called fluorite) deposits had been noted on the peninsula as early as 1843; however, it was not until 1933 that mining began. The operation was started by American Walter Siebert whose company was named the St. Lawrence Corporation of Newfoundland. Backbreaking work and no pay initially, finally led to a more significant mine by 1937; a second mine also opened in 1937, the American Newfoundland Fluorspar Company.
The fluorspar mines in St. Lawrence were major employers until business declined in the 1970s; the mines had closed by 1978. In 2011, Canada Fluorspar Inc. outlined preparations to open a fluorspar mine on the site of the old mine. The federal government provided $5 million in funding in 2017 and the provincial government provided a loan of $17 million to finance the re-opening. Production finally commenced in mid-2018.
Communities
Route 210 traverses the length of the Burin Peninsula, running along the northwest side of the peninsula between Marystown and Fortune. Route 220 runs from Fortune to Marystown on the southern side. A short connecting road Route 222 runs between these two roads west of Marystown. Routes 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, and 221 are numbered local roads.
The Burin Peninsula's economy is tied to the ocean, consequently most of its settlements are located on the coast; some are outports and have no road connection (such as South East Bight). Rencontre East, another isolated community, is accessible by a ferry port in Bay L'Argent and travels to Pool's Cove on the Connaigre Peninsula via Rencontre East.
The French Islands of St. Pierre et Miquelon are the last colonies of France in North America, they are located just a 25 km ferry ride from Fortune.
Communities on the north coast of the peninsula, beginning in the east:
Terrenceville
Harbour Mille
Little Harbour East
Bay L'Argent
St. Bernard's-Jacques Fontaine
Point Enragée
Garnish
Frenchman's Cove
L'Anse-au-Loup
Grand Bank
Fortune
Communities on the south coast of the peninsula, beginning in the west:
Lories
Point May
Calmer
High Beach
Allan's Island
Lamaline
Point au Gaul
Taylor's Bay
Lord's Cove
Roundabout
Lawn
Little St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
Epworth
Lewin's Cove
Burin Bay Arm
Burin
Port au Bras
Fox Cove-Mortier
Little Bay, Placentia Bay
Creston
Creston North
Marystown
Spanish Room
Rock Harbour
Jean De Baie
Red Harbour
Rushoon
Baine Harbour
Parkers Cove
Boat Harbour West
Boat Harbour
Brookside
Davis Cove
Sandy Harbour
Monkstown
Great Paradise
Little Paradise
St. Joseph's
Port Anne
Petite Forte
Clattice Harbour
Clattice South West
Burnt Island
Murphy's Cove
Isle Valen
Darby's Harbour
Great Bona
Little Bona
Southeast Bight
Toslow
Presque
Saint Annes
Saint Leonards
See also
1929 Grand Banks earthquake
Frenchman's Cove Provincial Park
St. Lawrence Laurentians
References
External links
The Heritage Run
Peninsulas of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin%20Peninsula |
David Friedman may refer to:
Music
David Friedman (percussionist) (born 1944), American jazz musician
David Friedman (composer) (born 1950), Broadway and film composer
Film
David Friedman (actor) (born 1973), American film and TV actor and child star of the 1980s
David F. Friedman (1923–2011), American filmmaker (exploitation films)
Writers
David Friedman, the birth name of David Benioff (born 1970), American screenwriter
Dafydd ab Hugh (David Friedman, born 1960), science fiction/fantasy writer; political weblogger
David D. Friedman (born 1945), anarcho-capitalist writer, economist, and medieval reenactor
David Friedman (poet), American poet
Law
David Friedman (judge), American judge in New York
David M. Friedman, American former bankruptcy lawyer and diplomat, US Ambassador to Israel from 2017 to 2021.
See also
Friedman
David Freedman (disambiguation)
David Freeman (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Friedman |
The Waldwick Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Waldwick, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,630 students and 141.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.5:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "GH", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Awards and recognition
During the 2009–10 school year, Julia A. Traphagen School was awarded the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. It was the only school in Bergen County that year out of ten schools honored statewide and the first Bergen County elementary school to receive the honor in six years.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Crescent School with 344 students in grades K–5
Brian R. Cannici, principal
Julia A. Traphagen School with 425 students in grades PreK–5
Robert T. Sileo, principal
Middle school
Waldwick Middle School with 367 students in grades 6–8
Michael J. Meyers, principal
High school
Waldwick High School with 460 students in grades 9–12
Kevin Carroll, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Paul Casarico, superintendent
John Griffin, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education is comprised of seven members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
References
External links
Waldwick Public School District
School Data for the Waldwick Public School District, National Center for Education Statistics
Waldwick, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group GH
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldwick%20Public%20School%20District |
Hunor and Magor were, according to Hungarian legend, the ancestors of the Huns and the Magyars. The legend was first promoted in Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum. The legend's aim in providing a common ancestry for the Huns and the Magyars was to suggest historical continuum of the Kingdom of Hungary with the Hun Empire. Magyars led by prince Árpád had conquered the area in the 890s. The territory had previously been held by Attila the Hun in the 5th century. The legend thus tried to prove that the Magyars were simply reclaiming their ancient homeland as descendants of Attila. According to Simon of Kéza, Hunor and Magor were the sons of Ménrót, a mythical giant, who he partly identified with Nimrod of the Bible (the great-grandson of Noah).
The myth
The brothers Hunor and Magor were the legendary forefathers of the Huns and the Hungarians, or Magyars, according to most Hungarian chronicles. Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, written in the 1280s, contains the first version of their legend. Other Hungarian chronicles wrote, the brothers were the sons either of Ménrót or of Magog, king of the Scythians. Their mother was Ménrót's wife, Eneth, whose name was derived from the Hungarian word for hind (old eneγ, now ünő), according to Simon of Kéza. Historians Zoltán Kordé and Gyula Kristó say that her name shows, the Hungarians once regarded a hind as their totemistic ancestor, but this pagan concept was reinterpreted after their conversion to Christianity in the 11th century.
The Chronicon Pictum makes Hunor and Magor sons of Iaphet (Japhet was the son of Noah in the Book of Genesis). Hunor and Magor, hunters like their father, were on a hunting trip when they saw their descendants multiplied and populated the nearby lands, founding the 108 clans of the Scythian nation. From them descended Attila the Hun and High Prince Álmos, the father of Árpád.
Influence
Political
The myth was also employed by later writers, most notably chief Justice and jurisconsult István Werbőczy, who used it to extol the Hungarian nobility in his highly influential collection of Hungarian customary law, the Tripartitum (completed 1514, first published 1517). According to Werbőczy, the Hungarians, as descendants of Hunor and Magor, were of 'Scythian' origin and subject to 'Scythian' law. "The Hungarians inherited their moral values and customs from the 'Scythians', who had once defeated even Darius and Alexander the Great. Their true vocation was war, which was the only activity that was noble enough to suit them." The nobles were free and equal; the peasants were the descendants of those who had been condemned for cowardice in battle and whose punishment had been commuted from execution to losing their social rank. Werbőczy thus used the Hunor and Magor myth to justify Hungarian serfdom. Werbőczy's ideas were eagerly adopted by the Hungarian nobility and became the charter of common law for three centuries.
The poorer smaller nobles (the gentry) particularly cherished their 'Scythian' identity. According to Engel:It made the nobility inclined to think in terms of historical fictions and to cherish illusions. They thought that they had the right to rule their subjects without having to meet any obligations. It also involved an extreme respect for traditions, and gave birth to what was an early form of 'nationalism'. The nobility's ideology overvalued everything that was, or was thought to be, ancient, and regarded everything that seemed strange or unusual with aversion or even hostility [...] The nobility also took delight in hearing about 'Scythian' values, for they imagined they recognised their own virtues in them. Among the petty nobility the ideal of martial simplicity must have become especially popular, for it made a virtue out of their misery and illiteracy."
Literary
János Arany retold the myth in his poem Rege a csodaszarvasról (Legend of the Miraculous Stag) as did Kate Seredy in her children's book The White Stag.
Notes
Sources
Primary sources
Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. .
Secondary sources
See also
Gog and Magog
Lech, Czech and Rus
Romulus and Remus
Hengest and Horsa
Sarmatism (the belief that the Polish nobility were of Sarmatian descent)
Gothicismus (the belief that the Swedes were descended from the Goths)
History of the Hungarians
Hungarian literature
Japheth
Hungarian folklore
Hungarian prehistory
Sibling duos
Nimrod | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunor%20and%20Magor |
Beavers is a programme associated with some Scouting organizations generally for children aged 5/6 to 8 who are too young for the Cub programme.
Beavers programmes had their origins in the Northern Ireland organisation The Little Brothers, founded in 1963 and renamed "Beavers" in 1966 to provide a programme for boys who were too young to be Wolf Cubs. A Beavers programme for Scouts Canada was designed and tested in 1971 and adopted in 1974. Since then, other scouting organisations in some countries have developed their Beavers or similar programs. Some organisations do not call their programmes "Beavers" and often use an animal local to their region instead. Many share common ideas between them, such as:
A Beaver pledge and/or motto,
Earning merit badges
A Beaver uniform, distinct from that of older Cubs
Organised in groups, each called a Beaver "Colony", with optional smaller groups called "Lodges"
Special ceremonies to commemorate new members and the graduation of the oldest Beaver members into Cubs
Symbols unique to Beavers and distinct from Cubs, such as sitting and standing formations, salutes, and handshakes
Use of lore and nicknames sourced from Harry McCartney's 1971 short story Friends of the Forest
Many Beaver groups that began as boys only now allow girls into their programmes as well, and many Beaver programmes which were not initially considered official parts of their parent scouting organisations are now fully embraced by them.
The Boy Scouts of America never created a distinct identity for children of this age. Instead, over time, their Cub programme has expanded to fill this age group. Others, such as some Traditional Scouting organisations have never adopted programmes for younger children at all, typically on the grounds this was not one of Robert Baden-Powell's original programmes.
History
A pre-Cub scheme was set up in Northern Ireland by the 1st Dromore Group in 1963 and it was called The Little Brothers spreading to Belfast with seven groups two years later. The creation of an under-eight provision was sparked by the launch of other younger sections in other youth organisations at the time including the Anchors section of the Boys' Brigade which some feared was partly causing a drop in numbers of Cubs experienced at the time. As the scheme expanded throughout the rest of the province, it was given the official name of Beavers in 1966, having been a name considered by Robert Baden-Powell when creating Wolf Cubs.
A Canadian Beaver programme was designed and tested in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1971 by Harry McCartney, Alan Jones, and Gordon Hanna. and in 1972 it was expanded across the Scouts Canada organisation. It was made an official programme of Scouts Canada in 1974.
This was closely followed by the Republic of Ireland in the same year. Beaver became an official section of the Scout Association of the United Kingdom in 1986. Beavers and programmes for similar ages spread to a few other Scouting organisations around the world. Beavers were not formally adopted by many Scouting organisations until well into the 1980s.
Beaver programmes around the world
Australia
Baden-Powell Scouts' Association in Australia
The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association in Australia has a programme called Koalas, although some Groups do not operate Koalas as they were not part of Baden-Powell's concept. The programme serves 5 to 8-year-olds and is followed by Wolf Cubs. The Koalas programme uses a catchphrase and themes around "Koalas climb high" with participants reciting the phrase and mimicking the motions of a climbing Koala.
Scouts Australia
Scouts Australia has a programme called Joeys for 5 to 7-year-olds. A joey is an infant kangaroo. The Joeys' programme uses a catchphrase and themes around "Hop, Hop, Hop" such as Help Other People with participants reciting the phrase and mimicking the motions of a hopping joey kangaroo.
Canada
Scouts Canada
In Scouts Canada, Beavers are aged five to seven. Members normally wear a brown vest as a uniform with a brown Beaver coby hat.
The Scouts Canada Beavers programme is based on the specially written short story Friends of the Forest written by Harry McCartney. McCartney was the Manitoba Executive Scout Director in 1971. With the help of two others, Alan Jones, and Gordon Hanna, the Beavers programme was tested and successfully brought to Scouts Canada officially and country-wide, by 1974.
A five-year-old Beaver is a brown tail, a six-year-old is a blue tail and a seven-year-old is a white tail. The tail is attached to the back brim of the Beaver Hat on a Beaver's uniform.
Beavers, at the end of their third (white tail) year, participate in a "swim-up" ceremony to become Cubs.
Association des Scouts du Canada
In the Association des Scouts du Canada Castors (Beavers in French) are aged from seven to nine. Members normally wear a yellow T-shirt and tan or brown pants. The programme is based on a specially written story called Les aventures de Cartouche et Namor (The Adventures of Cartouche and Namor).
Castor Promise:
Je m'engage à faire des efforts pour jouer avec et comme les autres. (I promise to do my best to play with and like others)
Castor Motto:
Effort (Effort)
The new Beaver receives his neckerchief and uniform at a promise ceremony where the Beaver, generally, must demonstrate that he has joined the unit. From that moment, the new Beavers have entered the Beaver programme.
Beavers collect individual badges following a four-step programme:
Source (spring) which is for objective integration
Ruisseau (stream) which is for objective participation
Cascades (waterfall) which is for objective initiative
Étang (pond) which is for objective sharing
They can also collect two technique badges which are called buchettes (splint): Security and Environnement.
When they climb to Cubs, they receive a badge called "Castor découvreur" (discovering beaver).
Baden-Powell Service Association
In the Baden-Powell Service Association in Canada, the corresponding section for this age group is called Otters.
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Beaver Scouts (Japanese: ビーバースカウト) started in Japan in 1986. Like all of the Scout Association of Japan units, Beavers have been coed since 1995. Beavers are the youngest age group in Scouting Japan, a 2-year programme that covers 1st and 2nd grades.
Mexico
In Asociación de Scouts de México, A.C. there was a Beaver Section, but it has been closed down. However, there are many beaver groups or "castores" in Spanish working unofficially in parallel.
New Zealand
Scouts New Zealand has a programme called Keas for this age group. Kea is a New Zealand parrot.
South Africa
In 2019, Scouts South Africa launched a Meerkats programme for children aged 5 and 6. The motto "Stand Tall" is based on the upright posture of a meerkat standing guard near its burrow.
Switzerland
Various troops in Switzerland also have Beavers (in some Cantons also called Fünkli, Füchse or Murmeli), but they are not officially recognised by the Swiss Guide and Scout Movement.
They usually only wear the troop's neckerchief but have no uniform.
United Kingdom
The Scout Association
The Scout Association officially recognised Beavers in 1986, but there had been a fully-fledged Beaver section in Northern Ireland since 1966, plus informal colonies in other parts of the UK country for many years before 1986. The programme is run for 5¾ to 8-year-olds and precedes Cubs.
The Beavers section currently makes up the largest proportion of participants within The Scout Association in the United Kingdom, with many colonies having waiting lists, some of which may have several times as many waiting as there are actual members.
The uniform is a turquoise sweatshirt or T-shirt, with the group colours for the neckerchief. The motto, shared with the rest of the UK Scout Association sections, is "Be Prepared".
Baden-Powell Scouts' Association
The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association recognised Beavers in 1982, although some Groups do not operate Beaver colonies as they were not part of Baden-Powell's concept. The programme serves 5 to 8-year-olds and is followed by Wolf Cubs.
The uniform is a vest that can be of many colours, with the group colours for the neckerchief. Some groups also issue Beavers with caps.
United States
Boy Scouts of America
The Boy Scouts of America never organized a multi-year Beavers programme separate from Cubs. While the modern incarnation of Cubs in the United States contains programmes for grades K through 5, the path to this structure was evolutionary.
As of 1981, the earliest program available in Cubs was the Wolf Scout programme, intended for boys 8 years of age. In the fall of 1982, BSA introduced the Tiger Cubs programme for 7-year-olds, as a programme distinct from the Cubs. When BSA participation was changed to grade-based instead of age-based in 1986, Tiger Cubs became the 1st-grade programme, effectively changing the eligible age of most Tiger Cubs boys to 6. Tiger Cubs were opened to Cub Packs in 1993, and Tiger Dens were introduced in 1995. By 2001, Tigers (as they are now called) were fully integrated into Cubs and had their merit badge.
In 2016 a pilot programme began for Kindergarten (age 5-6) boys with a new rank, Lion. Lions became a permanent rank inside Cubs in 2018. Also in 2018, as part of the larger structural change of allowing girls into all Cub programmes, girl dens at all ranks, including Lion and Tiger, were allowed.
Baden-Powell Service Association
In the Baden-Powell Service Association, the corresponding section for this age group is called Otters.
See also
Age groups in Scouting and Guiding
References
External links
Beaver Scouts of Canada
Beaver Scouts of UK Scout Association
Early childhood education
Scouting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavers%20%28Scouting%29 |
Sir Hrothgar John Habakkuk (13 May 1915 – 3 November 2002) was a British economic historian.
Biography
Habakkuk was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, the son of Evan and Anne Habakkuk. He was named "Hrothgar" after Hroðgar in Beowulf, which his father was reading at the time of his birth. However, he came to be known as John when he started to travel to the United States, and when he was knighted he found it easier to call himself "Sir John" than "Sir Hrothgar". His surname was assumed by a seventeenth-century forebear after the prophet Habakkuk, it being a Welsh custom at that time to take patronymics from the Bible.
He was educated at Barry County School and St John's College, Cambridge (scholar and Strathcona Student, starred first class degree in History 1936). (He was not, as sometimes erroneously stated, connected with Jesus College, Cambridge). He began to study for a PhD under John Clapham, but his progress was interrupted by the Second World War. In 1938, he was elected a Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, a position he held until 1950. He worked at Bletchley Park 1940–42 and the Board of Trade 1942–46, during which period he still found time to carry out research at the Public Record Office and in the archives of country houses. After World War II, he was from 1946 until 1950 Director of Studies and Librarian of the college and Lecturer in the Faculty of Economics. In 1973, Pembroke College elected him to an Honorary Fellowship. From 1950 until 1960, he was editor, with Michael Postan, of The Economic History Review.
In 1950, he moved to Oxford, where he would remain for the rest of his life. At the age of just thirty-five he had been appointed Chichele Professor of Economic History in the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow of All Souls College. He held this appointment until 1967, when he became Principal of Jesus College. He also served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1973–77) and Pro-Vice-Chancellor (1977–84). He retired in 1984 and was Ford Lecturer in the following year. All Souls re-elected him to a fellowship in 1988. He was also President of University College, Swansea from 1975 until 1984 and an honorary fellow of the college from 1991. He was Visiting Professor at Harvard University 1954/5 and at University of California, Berkeley (Ford Research Professor) 1962/3.
Habakkuk was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1965 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1966. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in 1976. In the same year he began a four-year term as President of the Royal Historical Society. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters honoris causa by the Universities of Wales (1971), Cambridge (1973), Pennsylvania (1975), Kent (1978), and Ulster (1988).
He was a member of the Advisory Council on Public Records 1958–70, the Social Science Research Council 1967–71, the National Libraries Committee 1968–69, the Administrative Board of the International Association of Universities 1975–84, and the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts 1978–90. He was Chairman of the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom 1976–77, the Advisory Group on London Health Services 1980–81, and the Oxfordshire District Health Authority 1981–84. He was president of the Royal Historical Society (1977–1981),
Habakkuk married Mary Richards (died 2002), whom he met during the war and who later studied History at Cambridge, in 1948. They had a son and three daughters. He died, from renal failure and myelodysplasia, at the house of one of his daughters, Little Orchard, Scot Lane, Chew Stoke, in Somerset, England, on 3 November 2002.
Publications
John Habakkuk, Marriage, debt, and the estates system: English landownership 1650–1950 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).
John Habakkuk, Population growth and economic development since 1750 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1971).
John Habakkuk, Industrial organisation since the Industrial Revolution (Southampton: University of Southampton, 1968).
John Habakkuk, American and British technology in the nineteenth century: the search for labour-saving inventions (Cambridge University Press, 1962).
John Habakkuk et al., Lectures on economic development=Études sur le développement économique (Iktisat Fakültesi nesriyatı no. 101, Istanbul: Faculty of Economics, Istanbul University, and Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University, 1958).
H.J. Habakkuk, 'English Landownership, 1680–1740', Economic History Review 1st series 10.1 (February 1940), pp. 2–17.
See also
Habakkuk thesis
References
Further reading
Boyd, Kelly, ed. Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing. Vol. 1 (Taylor & Francis, 1999) 505–6.
Debrett's People of Today (12th edn, London: Debrett's Peerage, 1999), p. 816.
Thompson, F.M.L. ed. Landowners, Capitalists, and Entrepreneurs: Essays for Sir John Habakkuk (Oxford University Press, 1994).
External links
Sir John Habakkuk: Biographical Memoir
Obituary
Catalogue of Habakkuk's papers concerning a proposed history of the Iron and Steel Board, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1915 births
2002 deaths
People from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Harvard University staff
Principals of Jesus College, Oxford
Economic historians
Fellows of the British Academy
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Presidents of the Royal Historical Society
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Pro-Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Academic journal editors
Chichele Professors of Economic History
20th-century British historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Habakkuk |
Bill Gilmour or Billy Gilmour may refer to:
Bill Gilmour (director) (born 1939), Scottish television director
Bill Gilmour (politician) (born 1942), Canadian politician
Billy Gilmour (born 2001), Scottish footballer
Billy Gilmour (ice hockey) (1885–1959), Canadian ice hockey player
See also
Billy Gilmore (died 1978), American musician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Gilmour |
Alois P. Swoboda (1873–1938) was an American quack and physical culture mail-order instructor. Swoboda claimed that his exercise system combined with drinking four pints of water a day would cure almost any illness.
Biography
Swoboda was born in Vienna on March 8, 1873, and immigrated to the U.S. in 1881 with his father, Adolf Swoboda. They settled in Omaha, Nebraska, where he quickly found work in the local bathhouses. Swoboda subsequently worked in Omaha meatpacking factories but did not receive medical training, etc., despite insinuations of a formal education.
Conscious evolution
Swoboda throughout his career advertised his pseudoscientific ideas under the names "System of Physiological Exercise", "Swoboda's System" and "Conscious Evolution". He described conscious evolution as "based upon a discovery in the cells of the body which I made, and which has revolutionized the effect of exercise."
His mail order advertisements promised to cure practically all diseases. He argued that his system was the only natural method for obtaining health as it rejuvenates cells, organs and tissue in the body. He also advertised his system as restoring youth, no matter the age. His exercise course did not use apparatus or exercise equipment. He charged $20 for his complete course which consisted of six tension exercise lessons, such as flexing the forearm. He also promised his readers that they have the guarantee of United States government that his system works. This false statement was later dropped.
Swoboda managed to dupe Woodrow Wilson into using his exercise system during 1901 and 1902. Swoboda's system was advertised in Harper's Weekly, Pearson's Magazine and Popular Mechanics.
The Journal of the American Medical Association, noted in 1918:
In brief, the case against the so-called Swoboda System may be summed up by saying that "Conscious Evolution" is a meaningless phrase whose apparent use is to obtain money by misleading and deceiving the public, that the Swoboda exercises are new or original; that the entire Swoboda scheme is quackery of the "physical culture" type.
Oil stocks and religion
From an article in Time magazine:
Alois P. Swoboda, mass-advertising "culture rhythm" man, was enjoined in Brooklyn from selling oil stock to members of his cult by a letter describing one "Dahlgran," alleged oil well locater. Eighteen months ago, Dr. Swoboda took in $70,000 for the stock; no oil has yet appeared. Said the letter: "This man Dahlgran through his power is to serve Swoboda and Swobodians. Dahlgran has located for me what he considers a very extensive oil pool ... and is positive that the first well will be an enormous gusher. ... I personally do not care for wealth for my own sake, but merely to aid Swobodians."
No oil was found.
One of Swoboda's most enthusiastic backers was Elbert Hubbard, claimed as an "uncle" by L. Ron Hubbard, the latter of whom turned many of Swoboda's teachings into what is now Scientology.
References
External links
"The Propaganda for Reform". Journal of the American Medical Association.
1873 births
1938 deaths
American bodybuilders
American exercise and fitness writers
American exercise instructors
People associated with physical culture
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
Strength training writers
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois%20P.%20Swoboda |
The International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) is an annual academic conference in the field of computer science sponsored by the ACM SIGPLAN, in association with IFIP Working Group 2.8 (Functional Programming). The conference focuses on functional programming and related areas of programming languages, logic, compilers and software development.
The ICFP was first held in 1996, replacing two biennial conferences: the Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA) and LISP and Functional Programming (LFP). The conference location alternates between Europe and North America, with occasional appearances in other continents. The conference usually lasts 3 days, surrounded by co-located workshops devoted to particular functional languages or application areas.
The ICFP has also held an open annual programming contest since 1998, called the ICFP Programming Contest.
History
2012: 17th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming in Copenhagen, Denmark (General Chair: Peter Thiemann, University of Freiburg; Program Chair: Robby Findler, Northwestern University)
See also
Related conferences
FLOPS: International Symposium on Functional and Logic Programming
IFL: International Symposia on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages
ISMM: International Symposium on Memory Management
MPC: International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction
PLDI: Programming Language Design and Implementation
POPL: Principles of Programming Languages
PPDP: International Conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming
TFP: Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming
TLCA: International Conference on Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications
TLDI: International Workshop on Types in Language Design and Implementation
SAS: International Static Analysis Symposium
Related journals
Journal of Functional Programming
Journal of Functional and Logic Programming
Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems
References
External links
ICFP main site
ICFP 2023 conference
ICFP Programming Contest
Computer science conferences
Functional programming
Programming languages conferences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Functional%20Programming |
The Pacific Coast Championships was an annual men's tennis tournament founded as the Pacific States Championships or the Pacific Coast Sectional Championships also known as the Pacific Coast International Championships. It was the second-oldest ongoing tennis tournament in the United States and ran from 1889 until 2013. Its final edition, known by its sponsored name SAP Open, was an ATP World Tour 250 series event on the Association of Tennis Professionals tour and played indoors on a hard court surface at the SAP Center at San Jose.
History
The tournament began in 1889 as the Pacific Coast Championships at the Old Del Monte Lodge in Monterey, California and was won by William H. Taylor. It is the second-oldest tennis tournament in the United States, predated only by the U.S. Championships (current US Open). The tournament predates the Australian Open and the French Open. The following year, 1890, the tournament moved to the Hotel Rafael in San Rafael where it was held until 1900 when it relocated to the Berkeley Tennis Club in Berkeley. Barry MacKay bought the tournament in 1970 at Berkeley. In 1972 and 1973 the event was hosted by the Round Hill Country Club in Alamo. The tournament's location moved indoor to the Cow Palace in 1974 and changed venues to what is now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium. before coming to San Jose in 1994, shortly after the HP Pavilion was built.
Before tennis' open era, the tournament had both men's and women's events. During World War II, it had special servicemen competitions.
Earlier title sponsors include Redwood Bank, Fireman's Fund, Transamerica, Volvo, and Comerica. More recently, it was the Sybase Open from 1994 through 2001 and the Siebel Open from 2002 through 2004. The tournament was known as the SAP Open from 2005 until the last edition in 2013.
Silicon Valley Sports and Entertainment who bought half of it from Barry MacKay when the tournament moved to San Jose and the other half in 1995. SVS&E also owns the San Jose Sharks. MacKay owned and ran the tournament from 1970 until 1995.
The 2013 event was the last held in the Bay Area. Future tournaments will be held in Rio de Janeiro. After McKay sold the venue, the SAP Open was downgraded to an ATP 250-level event with fewer highly ranked players entering. The highest ranked player for the 2013 SAP Open was Milos Raonic, ranked 13th.
Multiple winners
Singles tournament
Men who have won the singles tournament more than once are: William H. Taylor, Samuel Hardy, Sumner Hardy, George F. Whitney, Melville H. Long, Maurice McLoughlin, George C. Janes, William Johnston, Fred Perry, Don Budge, Robert Riggs, Ted Schroeder, Barry MacKay, Stan Smith, Arthur Ashe, John McEnroe, Michael Chang, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Mark Philippoussis, Andy Roddick, Andy Murray, and Milos Raonic.
Women who have won the single's tournament more than once are: Helen Wills Moody, Helen Jacobs, Edith Cross, Alice Marble, Margaret Osborne duPont, Dorothy Head Knode, Darlene Hard, and Margaret Court.
William Johnston has the most singles tournament wins with ten victories.
Overall winners
The players who have won the most combined singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles in this tournament are:
John McEnroe – 14
William Johnston – 10 (all in singles)
Don Budge – 9
Helen Wills Moody – 9
Peter Fleming – 7 (all in doubles)
Past finals
Men's singles
Women's singles
From 1948 through 1950, the Pacific Coast Championships were combined with the U.S. Women's Hardcourt Championships.
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
See also
Pacific Southwest Championships – tournament held in Los Angeles from 1927 through 2012.
References
External links
2000 results
2005 results
Defunct tennis tournaments in the United States
Indoor tennis tournaments
Hard court tennis tournaments in the United States
Sports in San Jose, California
1889 establishments in California
2013 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Coast%20Championships |
True hermaphroditism, sometimes referred to as ovotesticular syndrome, is an outdated term for an intersex condition in which an individual is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue. Commonly, one or both gonads is an ovotestis containing both types of tissue.
Although it is similar in some ways to mixed gonadal dysgenesis, the conditions can be distinguished histologically.
Etymology
The term derives from the , from , which derives from Hermaphroditos (Ἑρμαϕρόδιτος), the son of Hermes and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. According to Ovid, he fused with the nymph Salmacis resulting in one individual possessing physical traits of both sexes; according to the earlier Diodorus Siculus, he was born with a physical body combining both sexes. Usage of the term dates back to the third century BC. The word hermaphrodite entered the English lexicon in the late fourteenth century.
Symptoms
Gynecomastia (present in 75% of cases.)
History
The first medical attempts to document cases appeared in the 16th century. Up until the Late Middle Ages individuals with these conditions were viewed as monsters.
Causes
There are several ways in which this may occur.
It can be caused by the division of one ovum, followed by fertilization of each haploid ovum and fusion of the two zygotes early in development.
Alternately, an ovum can be fertilized by two sperm followed by trisomic rescue in one or more daughter cells.
Two ova fertilized by two sperm cells will occasionally fuse to form a tetragametic chimera, if one male zygote and one female zygote fuse.
It can be associated with a mutation in the SRY gene.
Karyotypes
In ovotesticular syndrome, XX is the most common (55-80% of cases); most individuals with this form are SRY negative.
Next most common are XX/XY (20-30% of cases) and XY (5-15% of cases), with the remainder being a variety of other chromosomal anomalies and mosaicisms.
Some degree of mosaicism is present in about 25%.
Encountered karyotypes include 46XX/46XY, or 46XX/47XXY or XX & XY with SRY mutations, mixed chromosomal anomalies or hormone deficiency/excess disorders, 47XXY.
Less than 1% have XX/XY chimerism.
Prevalence
True hermaphroditism represents 5% of all sex disorder differentiations.
The exact number of confirmed cases is uncertain, but by 1991 approximately 500 cases had been confirmed.
It has also been estimated that more than 525 have been documented.
Fertility
The gonad most likely to function is the ovary. The ovotestes show evidence of ovulation in 50% of cases. Spermatogenesis has only been observed in solitary testes and not in the testicular portions of ovotestes. According to a 1994 study, spermatogenesis has only been proven in two cases. One of the two cases, having XX,46/XY,46 mixture had fathered a child.
It has been estimated that 80% of cases could be fertile as females with the right surgeries.
Documented cases of fertility
There are extremely rare cases of fertility in "truly hermaphroditic" humans.
In 1994 a study on 283 cases found 21 pregnancies from 10 true hermaphrodites, while one allegedly fathered a child.
As of 2010, there have been at least 11 reported cases of fertility in true hermaphrodite humans in the scientific literature, with one case of a person with XY-predominant (96%) mosaic giving birth. All known offspring have been male. There has been at least one case of an individual being fertile as a male.
There is a hypothetical scenario, in which it could be possible for a human to self-fertilize. If a human chimera is formed from a male and female zygote fusing into a single embryo, giving an individual functional gonadal tissue of both types, such self-fertilization is feasible. Indeed, it is known to occur in non-human species where hermaphroditic animals are common. However, no such case of functional self-fertilization or true bi-sexuality has been documented in humans.
Society and culture
Having ovotesticular syndrome of sexual development can make one inadmissible for service in the United States Armed Forces.
M.C. v. Aaronson
The U.S. legal case of M.C. v. Aaronson, advanced by intersex civil society organization interACT with the Southern Poverty Law Center, was brought before the courts in 2013. The child in the case was born in December 2004 with ovotestes, initially determined as male, but subsequently assigned female and placed in the care of South Carolina Department of Social Services in February 2005. Physicians responsible for M.C. initially concluded that surgery was not urgent or necessary and M.C. had potential to identify as male or female, but, in April 2006, M.C. was subjected to feminizing medical interventions. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "The reconstruction of female genitalia was more readily performed than the reconstruction of male genitalia, so ambiguous individuals often were made to be female." He was adopted in December 2006. M.C. identified as male at the time the case was brought, at age eight. The defendant in the case, Dr. Ian Aaronson, had written in 2001 that "feminizing genitoplasty on an infant who might eventually identify herself as a boy would be catastrophic".
The defendants sought to dismiss the case and seek a defense of qualified immunity, but these were denied by the District Court for the District of South Carolina. In January 2015, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed this decision and dismissed the complaint, stating that, it did not "mean to diminish the severe harm that M.C. claims to have suffered" but that in 2006 it was not clear that there was precedent that the surgery on a sixteen-month-old violated an established constitutional right. The Court did not rule on whether or not the surgery violated M.C.'s constitutional rights.
State suits were subsequently filed. In July 2017, it was reported that the case had been settled out of court by the Medical University of South Carolina for $440,000. The university denied negligence, but agreed to a "compromise" settlement to avoid "costs of litigation."
See also
46,XX/46,XY
Intersex people and military service in the United States
References
External links
Congenital disorders of genital organs
Rare diseases
Intersex variations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20hermaphroditism |
This article is a list of Arizona Diamondbacks broadcasters. The following is a historical list of the all-time Arizona Diamondbacks broadcasters:
Television Analysts
Rod Allen, Television Analyst (1998–2002)
Bob Brenly, Television Analyst (1998–2000, 2013–present)
Joe Garagiola, Television Analyst (1998–2012)
Luis Gonzalez, Television Analyst (2012–present)
Mark Grace, Television Analyst (2004–2012)
Steve Lyons, Television Analyst (2003–2004)
Jim Traber, Television Analyst (2001–2003)
Television Play-by-Play
Steve Berthiaume, Television Play-by-Play (2013–present)
Thom Brennaman, Television Play-by-Play (1998–2006)
Greg Schulte, Radio and Television Play-by-Play (1998–present)
Daron Sutton, Television Play-by-Play (2006–2012)
Rich Waltz, Television Play-by-Play (2022–present)
Radio
Rod Allen, Radio Analyst (1998–2002)
Thom Brennaman, Radio Play-by-Play (1998–2006)
Tom Candiotti, Radio Analyst (2006–present)
Mike Ferrin, Fill-In/Secondary radio play-by-play (2016–2021)
Chris Garagiola, Fill-In/Secondary radio play-by-play (2022-present)
Jeff Munn, Fill-in/Secondary Radio Play-by-Play (2001–2015)
Ken Phelps, Radio Analyst (2004)
Greg Schulte, Radio Play-by-Play (1998-present)
Miguel Quintana, Spanish Radio Play-by-Play (1998–present)
Victor Rojas, Radio Analyst (2003)
Richard Saenz, Spanish Radio Analyst (2001–present)
Oscar Soria, Spanish Television and Radio Analyst (2000–present)
Jim Traber, Radio Analyst (2001–2003)
See also
List of current Major League Baseball broadcasters
Arizona Diamondbacks
Broadcasters
Fox Sports Networks
Bally Sports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Arizona%20Diamondbacks%20broadcasters |
The Lagos Accord was a peace agreement signed on August 21, 1979, by representatives of eleven warring factions of the Chadian Civil War, after a conference in Lagos, Nigeria. The accord established the procedures for setting up the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), which was sworn into office in November, 1979. By mutual agreement, Goukouni Oueddei was named president, Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué was appointed vice-president, and Hissène Habré was named minister of national defense, veterans, and war victims. The distribution of cabinet positions was balanced between south (eleven portfolios), north, center, and east (thirteen), and among protégés of neighboring states.
A peacekeeping mission of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), to be drawn from troops from Republic of the Congo, Guinea, and Benin, was to replace the French. This force never materialized in any effective sense.
The participants of GUNT deeply mistrusted each other, and they never achieved a sense of coherence. As a result, the various factional militias remained armed. By January 1980, a unit of Habré's army was attacking the forces of one of the constituent groups of GUNT in Ouaddaï Prefecture, and the Chadian conflict soon reached new heights of intensity with widespread destruction of life and property.
See also
Kano Accord
FROLINAT
History of Chad
Sources
Library of Congress Country Study
External links
Frustrations of Regional Peacekeeping: The OAU in Chad, 1977-1982
Full texts of Peace Agreements for Chad
1979 in Chad
Peace treaties of Chad
Treaties concluded in 1979
1979 in Nigeria
20th century in Lagos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%20Accord |
The Mon–Fayette Expressway is a partially-completed tolled freeway that is planned to eventually link Interstate 68 near Morgantown, West Virginia with Interstate 376 near Monroeville, Pennsylvania. The ultimate goal of the highway is to provide a high speed north–south connection between Morgantown and the eastern side of Pittsburgh while revitalizing economically distressed Monongahela River Valley towns in Fayette and Washington counties, serving as an alternative to Interstate 79 to the west, as well as relieving the PA 51 alignment from Pittsburgh to Uniontown.
Although it is being built to Interstate Highway standards, there is debate as to whether or not the freeway will become part of the Interstate Highway System. At least one proposal was to give it the Interstate 97 designation (unrelated to the existing I-97 in Maryland), while others have been to make it a spur route of I-68. In the interim, the highway uses state highway designations instead, as it does not parallel an existing U.S. Route for its entire length, though it does parallel and at times run concurrent with U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 119 for portions of its length. The route, in its three jurisdictions, uses the number 43 for familiarity, and is thus known as West Virginia Route 43 (WV 43), Pennsylvania Route 43 (PA 43), and PA Turnpike 43. Most of the route is maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, while the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation maintains small portions of the highway near Uniontown, and the West Virginia Division of Highways maintains the short section in West Virginia. Despite the numerous agencies overseeing the highway, it is one continuous highway.
South of Jefferson Hills, the Mon–Fayette Expressway is complete. Construction to complete the highway to Duquesne began on May 22, 2023, with plans existing to extend the road further to Monroeville.
Route description
West Virginia
The Mon–Fayette Expressway begins at a diamond interchange with I-68 in Cheat Lake in Monongalia County, West Virginia, heading north as a four-lane freeway signed as WV 43. The highway passes near some residential development and comes to an interchange with Bowers Lane that provides access to County Route 857. Following this, WV 43 curves northeast and runs through forested areas, turning to the north.
Pennsylvania
The Mon–Fayette Expressway crosses the state line into Pennsylvania, where it becomes PA Turnpike 43, which is maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC). The freeway heads through Springhill Township in Fayette County, passing through forested areas with some fields. The first interchange in the state is at Gans Road, which provides access to US 119 to the west and PA 857 to the east.
Here, PA Turnpike 43 becomes a toll road and continues northeast through more rural areas, where it crosses into Georges Township and comes to a diamond interchange with Rubles Mill Road that accesses PA 857 a short distance to the east. Past this interchange, the highway comes to the Fairchance mainline toll plaza before it curves north and then northwest. The route passes to the west of an industrial park before reaching an interchange with Big Six Road which provides access to US 119 and PA 857.
At this point, the Mon–Fayette Expressway becomes toll-free and maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), signed as PA 43. The roadway continues through farmland and woodland as it bypasses Fairchance to the west. Farther north, PA 43 comes to an interchange with US 119 and the northern terminus of PA 857, at which point the road becomes US 119. PA 43 continues as an unsigned concurrency with US 119 for around Uniontown, with a sign saying that PA 43 traffic should follow signs for US 119 through Uniontown. A short distance later, US 119 and the unsigned PA 43 cross together into South Union Township and reach an interchange with the US 40 freeway, at which point US 40 merges with US 119 and the unsigned PA 43, joining the concurrency. The three routes bypass Uniontown to the west on the freeway, running between farmland and woods to the west and residential neighborhoods to the east. The highway comes to a diamond interchange with Walnut Hill Road, where it curves northwest and passes near more homes. US 40/US 119/unsigned PA 43 curves northeast and reaches a trumpet interchange providing access to PA 21 in a commercial area. A short distance later, the freeway comes to an interchange with the western terminus of US 40 Business, at which point US 40 splits to the northwest. US 119 and the unsigned PA 43 continue northeast on the freeway into North Union Township, where they run between rural areas to the northwest and residential areas to the southeast. The unsigned concurrency ends as PA Turnpike 43, again a toll road maintained by the PTC, splits from US 119 at an interchange that also serves PA 51.
The Mon–Fayette Expressway heads northwest through rural areas with some nearby development. The highway reaches a diamond interchange with Old Pittsburgh Road which provides connections to US 40 and PA 51. Past this interchange, the tollway crosses into Menallen Township and runs through a mix of farmland and woodland. Farther northwest, PA Turnpike 43 comes to an interchange at Keisterville-Upper Middletown Road, which provides access to US 40 to the southwest. The Mon–Fayette Expressway enters Redstone Township, where it reaches the Redstone mainline toll plaza. The highway continues northwest through rural land and comes to a diamond interchange with US 40. Following this, the toll road heads northwest through rural areas to the south of Brownsville, crossing the Dunlap Creek into Luzerne Township. Here, PA Turnpike 43 reaches the Telegraph Road exit and curves to the northwest.
The Mon–Fayette Expressway crosses the Monongahela River on the Mon–Fayette Expressway Bridge into Centerville in Washington County, where it curves north and comes to an interchange with PA 88. At this point, the road becomes toll-free again, though still owned by the PTC and signed PA Turnpike 43. PA 88 also joins the freeway for a short concurrency, with the road heading northeast through forested areas. The highway comes to a cloverleaf interchange with US 40, at which point PA 88 splits to the east to follow US 40 and PA Turnpike 43 continues northeast on the Mon–Fayette Expressway, entering California. The road continues through fields and woods, reaching an interchange with Malden Road that provides access to PA 88 Truck. The tollway continues north through dense woodland, bypassing the center of California to the west. The median widens as the highway comes to the exit for Elco Hill Road, after which it once again becomes a toll road. The median narrows again as PA Turnpike 43 curves northwest and comes to the California mainline toll plaza. A short distance later, the Mon–Fayette Expressway enters Fallowfield Township and comes to a cloverleaf interchange serving I-70.
Past this interchange, the toll road winds north through more woodland and reaches a diamond interchange at Coyle Curtain Road, which provides access to the communities of Charleroi and Donora to the east. PA Turnpike 43 heads into Carroll Township and makes a sharp curve to the west, continuing through more rural areas. The tollway curves north again near a mine and comes to the PA 136 exit. The Mon–Fayette Expressway crosses the Mingo Creek Viaduct into Union Township and continues north through wooded areas with some fields and mines. Farther north, the highway comes to a diamond interchange serving Finleyville-Elrama Road. Past this interchange, PA Turnpike 43 curves to the northeast. The tollway enters Jefferson Hills in Allegheny County, where it continues through more rural areas. The toll road reaches the Jefferson Hills mainline toll plaza and continues northeast, with the median widening and the road narrowing to one lane in each direction as it comes to a bridge over PA 51. The Mon–Fayette Expressway continues a short distance to its current northern terminus, where the traffic lanes turn west as Jefferson Boulevard and head to PA 51.
Tolls
The Mon–Fayette Expressway is a toll road for most of its length, and utilizes all-electronic tolling using toll-by-plate (which uses automatic license plate recognition to take a photo of the vehicle's license plate and mail a bill to the vehicle owner) or E-ZPass. Unlike the Pennsylvania Turnpike mainline and the Northeast Extension, which uses long-distance tickets, the Mon–Fayette Expressway collects fixed tolls at regular intervals. In addition, auxiliary toll plazas exist on certain on- and off-ramps. In 2008, the PTC retrofitted all toll plazas to accept E-ZPass, and Express E-ZPass lanes are available at the newer toll plazas.
The Mon–Fayette Expressway has four mainline toll barriers located in Fairchance, Redstone, California, and Jefferson Hills. , the Fairchance and California barriers charge $4.40 using toll-by-plate and $1.80 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles while the Redstone and Jefferson Hills barriers charge $5.30 using toll-by-plate and $2.70 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles. There are also ramp toll plazas at the northbound exit and southbound entrances at exit 4, 15, and 18, the southbound exit and northbound entrance at exits 22 and 26, and the northbound exit and southbound entrance at exits 39, 44, and 48. The ramp tolls cost $3.20 using toll-by-plate and $1.40 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles.
All-electronic tolling was planned to be implemented on the Mon–Fayette Expressway, along with the remainder of the Pennsylvania Turnpike system, in the later part of 2021. However, in March 2020 the switch was made early as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In West Virginia, legislators have flip-flopped a few times regarding whether their section will be a toll road. When tolls were first proposed, West Virginia had planned to work with the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission to collect tolls at the existing Pennsylvania mainline plaza, but this plan was not accepted by the West Virginia Legislature. Instead, West Virginia planned to construct a toll plaza north of Goodwin Hill Road. West Virginia officials also contemplated whether to use all-electronic tolling or a more traditional tolling scheme. In the end, tolling plans were scrapped by West Virginia's legislature. Rejection resulted from concerns related to camera enforcement, billing, and operational costs. However, West Virginia reserves the right to levy tolls in the future if these issues are settled.
History
Early history
The Mon–Fayette Expressway was originally proposed in the 1950s as a way to link the coke- and steel-producing towns situated in the Monongahela River Valley, thus providing a supplement to existing rail and river passages. Running along the existing PA Route 48, the highway was initially referred to as “New 48” and right-of-way clearance began in the early 1970s. PennDOT initiated construction in 1973, and the first segment opened in 1977. This segment consisted of a partial cloverleaf interchange at U.S. Route 40 and a stretch of four-lane highway that spurred south of the new interchange toward Fredericktown. Despite severe financial constraints, PennDOT built the remainder of the ramps at the U.S. 40 cloverleaf along with a separate stretch of highway near California in the early 1980s.
Limited funding caused the project to be placed on hiatus in the early 1980s. During this time, the coke and steel industry that originally inspired the route experienced an economic downturn and near collapse. Rather than cancel the project, local leaders touted it as a means of stimulating the distressed economy; providing a link from the City of Pittsburgh to West Virginia along which manufacturing facilities and other industry could be located. The project was redesignated as the Mon–Fayette Expressway, a portmanteau of Monongahela River Valley and Fayette County, two of the areas the new road would connect. The project was designed to be completed in phases with the most controversial segment, PA 51 to Pittsburgh, scheduled to be completed last.
Chadville Demonstration Project
In 1985, the Mon–Fayette Expressway project was transferred to the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC) under Act 61 legislation. While PennDOT assessed preliminary engineering and right-of-way options in the 1970s and early 1980s, the PTC accelerated design work and began unveiling detailed plans in earnest by the late 1980s. Funding appropriated through the PTC allowed construction to resume in 1988, and on October 12, 1990, the entire stretch from U.S. Route 40 to Interstate 70 opened to traffic. Initially, the PTC did not have adequate funding to construct new sections, but Representative Austin Murphy secured congressional funds that directed PennDOT to build a stretch of the expressway south of Uniontown. Aside from being part of a larger project, the new segment was designed to provide high speed access between the Uniontown bypass, Fairchance, and a new business park. This section, dubbed the Chadville Demonstration Project, opened in November 1992.
The section of the highway from US 40 to I-70 was signed PA 43 Toll until 2000.
Mason-Dixon Link
In the early 1990s, the Pennsylvania General Assembly dedicated a portion of state fuel excise tax revenue to the PTC. This new revenue stream initially provided the funding to complete an section from the southern terminus of the Chadville Demonstration Project to the West Virginia state line as well as a section from the Interstate 70 interchange to Pennsylvania Route 51 in Jefferson Hills. On March 1, 2000, most of the section between the Chadville Demonstration Project and the West Virginia state line opened to traffic.
J. Barry Stout Expressway
Named formally for the PA State Senator who pushed to expand the state's highway system, the J. Barry Stout Expressway segment connects Interstate 70 with Route 51. Construction began in 1995 and the entire segment from Interstate 70 to Route 51 was open by April 12, 2002. The Joe Montana Bridge, named after the Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback who grew up in the immediate area in nearby Monongahela, Pennsylvania, is located along the route.
Uniontown-to-Brownsville
In 2006, construction began on a stretch connecting the oldest section of the expressway near Fredericktown to the northern terminus of the Chadville Demonstration Project. Known locally as the "Uniontown-to-Brownsville Project," limited funding necessitated a two-phased approach to completion. The first phase involved construction of an section of expressway running parallel to a hazardous stretch of U.S. Route 40 between Brownsville and Uniontown. Phase 1 opened on October 23, 2008. The second phase consisted of a section that connects first phase of this project to the oldest portion of the expressway near Fredericktown, as well as the Mon–Fayette Expressway Bridge crossing the Monongahela River. Additionally, the second phase includes a directional T interchange at U.S. Route 119 in Uniontown. On December 13, 2010, the U.S. 119 interchange opened to traffic, and the remainder of Phase 2 opened with a soft launch on July 16, 2012. A formal ribbon-cutting ceremony was held on August 2, 2012. Completion of Phase 2 brought an uninterrupted stretch of highway between I-68 and the current northern terminus at Pennsylvania Route 51 in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania.
West Virginia Route 43
In West Virginia, construction commenced in 2000 but progressed slowly due to limited funding. By the end of 2003, only the Rubles Run Bridge and two pieces of highway totaling little more than were completed. Over the next few years, construction inched ahead. By 2009, the Morgan Run Bridge was finished, and local roads near Cheat Lake were re-built to accommodate the expressway. The final contracts to build the Cheat Lake and Interstate 68 interchanges were respectively awarded in December 2008 and July 2009, partly as a result of an ARRA fund infusion. On July 11, 2011, officials in West Virginia opened their section of the Mon–Fayette Expressway. Likewise, the PTC opened the southernmost in Pennsylvania, which sat unused for over a decade. Noteworthy features on the West Virginia section include two high-level bridges, along with the I-68 interchange, which is a hybrid design that utilizes both high-speed ramps and at-grade intersections. A second phase for this interchange is planned, but that project will not be undertaken until traffic volumes merit. If the second phase is built, the I-68 interchange will be upgraded to a directional T.
Future
The remaining of highway in Allegheny County between PA 51 and I-376 has yet to be constructed. After a review of several alternative alignments designated by colors (green, yellow, orange, and blue), a series of public meetings hosted by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission sought feedback from residents likely affected by the expressway's construction. The preferred route was identified as running parallel to PA 837 through the communities of Clairton and Duquesne, crossing over the Monongahela River near Kennywood Park, and then continuing along the northern side of the river through Braddock, Rankin, and Glen Hazel, finally connecting to I-376 at Oakland. A western spur would be located near the crossing and continue north through Turtle Creek and Monroeville to I-376 in Wilkins. The addition of the spur allows for an alternative to I-376 that would bypass the often congested Squirrel Hill Tunnel. The western spur would have continued the PA Turnpike 43 routing while the eastern spur would have continued the PA Turnpike 576 routing from the routes' planned junction approximately south of Finleyville Elrama Road. Kennywood acquired nearly of property for a potential expansion of the park on the condition that the leg to Monroeville is built.
After environmental clearances were obtained and right-of-way acquisition had begun, the project was placed on hold due to lack of funding. Current estimates for this section are in the neighborhood of $3.6 billion and funding has not been identified. A public-private partnership was explored but nothing feasible resulted. It is unlikely that any new construction will commence in the near future unless a new tax is imposed or private funding identified, although funding was secured for the section of PA Turnpike 576 in between Interstate 79 and its current eastern terminus at US 22, bringing hope for an eventual completion of the Mon–Fayette Expressway.
In July 2013, the Allegheny County portion of the expressway was again the subject of news articles indicating that a change in approach may be taken. This revised approach would allow for completion of the expressway to Monroeville. The spur to Pittsburgh would not be constructed but rather the East Busway would be extended to Monroeville to allow for park and ride into downtown Pittsburgh. Another option currently being considered is to open the Busway to high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) traffic.
In May 2013, a raise in the oil tax cap in Pennsylvania was proposed in the Pennsylvania General Assembly to fund additional transportation projects, including completing the Mon–Fayette Expressway and the Southern Beltway, as part of a larger transportation bill to help fund projects in the state. Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett signed a modified version of the bill into law, known as Act 89, on November 25, 2013, after much debate in the General Assembly that nearly killed the bill before it was passed. Act 89, which local politicians acknowledged that without passage would have killed the remaining segments of the Mon–Fayette Expressway, is expected to provide funding to complete the Southern Beltway all the way to the Mon–Fayette Expressway and provide a little less than half of the $2.2 billion (as of December 2013) needed to complete the Mon–Fayette Expressway, as well as the option for P3 funding. It was also acknowledged that like the Uniontown-to-Brownsville Project, the final leg may be built in multiple phases in order to preserve funding for other projects in the state. The second leg of the Southern Beltway, which will proceed in construction as had already been announced, will be the first portion of the two highways that will be built with the new funding available, with a planned opening to I-79 in 2019.
In December 2014, it was reported that the Mon–Fayette Expressway and the Southern Beltway might get additional funding through foreign investors who obtain an EB-5 visa in exchange for investing at least $500,000 for public projects. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission will use EB-5 funding for the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project first before determining if it will use such funding for other projects.
On June 18, 2015, the PTC announced that the segment for the Mon–Fayette Expressway from Jefferson Hills to Monroeville will receive some Act 89 funding and will return to the design phase. The other leg of the Mon–Fayette Expressway into Pittsburgh was officially canceled outright, citing cost and local opposition. It is currently unclear whether this road will be designated PA Turnpike 43 or PA Turnpike 576.
In March 2018, the PTC released its plans for the expressway from PA 51 in Jefferson Hills to PA 837 in Duquesne. This section is currently in the final design phase , with construction expected to begin in 2024. Construction on the section of the expressway between PA 837 in Duquesne and I-376 in Monroeville is expected to follow, but may be delayed due to funding shortfalls resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
In May 2019 a proposal was made for an expressway to run from the Mon–Fayette Expressway to PA 885 near the Glenwood Bridge. In March 2021, a PTC engineer said that preliminary work on the Mon–Fayette Expressway from Jefferson Hills to PA 837 would begin after the projected completion of the Southern Beltway later that year. The PTC was in the process of acquiring 256 land lots in the Mon–Fayette Expressway's right-of-way, including condemning some land in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, that belonged to Kennywood amusement park. In June 2021, PTC officials told Pennsylvania state legislators that construction on the section to Duquesne could begin as early as 2022. The first construction contract to build the section between PA 51 and Coal Valley Road in Jefferson Hills is expected to be awarded by the end of 2022 while construction on the portion of road from Coal Valley Road to Camp Hollow Road in West Mifflin is expected to begin in 2023. Work on the segment to Duquesne was projected to continue through 2027.
In January 2023, the PTC announced that a $1.3 billion expansion of the expressway would begin in 2023. The PTC held a formal groundbreaking ceremony on May 22, 2023.
Exit list
Related roads
In the 1990s, the Mon–Fayette Expressway project was expanded to include another highway, the Southern Beltway. The Southern Beltway is planned to be a high-speed east–west link between the Mon–Fayette Expressway, Interstate 79, U.S. Route 22, Interstate 376, and Pittsburgh International Airport. A section of the beltway between Pittsburgh International Airport/Interstate 376 and U.S. Route 22 opened to traffic in 2006. The new road has been designated as Pennsylvania Route 576. A section between U.S. 22 and I-79 is expected to be open by 2021, with the third section being between I-79 and a section of the Mon–Fayette Expressway near Finleyville, Pennsylvania just south of the current northern terminus.
In order to provide access to certain interchanges within the Uniontown-to-Brownsville project, the PTC had to build several toll-free connectors, the most notable of which extended a four-lane section of U.S. Route 40 near Brownsville, eliminating a forty-year-old freeway stub in the process. Near Uniontown, the PTC constructed a four-lane road, named Northgate Highway, between U.S. Route 40 and Pennsylvania Route 51. In addition, a new connector was added to join Telegraph Road and Bull Run Road in Luzerne Township, potentially opening many acres of land to future development. The aforementioned access roads were necessary to provide access to exits 22, 15, and 26 respectively, but these routes were also designed to improve local connections and accommodate any future economic development in the interchanges' immediate vicinity.
See also
References
External links
Pennsylvania Highways: PA 43
Pennsylvania Highways: PA Turnpike 43
Interstate 79 to Mon/Fayette Expressway Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
(May 10, 2006)
Mon/Fayette Expressway, Uniontown to Brownsville Project
PA Route 51 to I-376 of the Mon Fayette Expressway
Toll roads in Pennsylvania
Limited-access roads in Pennsylvania
Transportation in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Monongalia County, West Virginia
Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Fayette%20Expressway |
"Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" is the second single from the album Tyrannosaurus Hives by The Hives. Released as an Enhanced CD with B-side tracks in 2005, "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" was considered a hit for The Hives, and appeared on several compilations.
Background
The guitar riff for "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" is borrowed from a song by The Monkees 1966 hit "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone", which was written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The chord sequence, which has been described as being jerky and monotonous by Marc Spitz of Spin magazine, is similar to the song "Kicks" by Paul Revere & the Raiders. "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" has also been said to sound like Devo, and embraces the "garage rock" sound.
Other than appearing on the album, it was released on 4 January 2005, as a 7" single and Enhanced CD along with the songs "Born To Cry" and "Little Lil", both of which did not appear on Tyrannosaurus Hives. "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" was included on the soundtracks of a couple video games, namely the Madden NFL 2005 and the MotoGP '06 soundtracks, as well as on several other compilations.
A video for "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" was made, and it was included on the single in QuickTime format.
The Hives also went on tour during the winter of 2004 in order to promote "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" and the release of Tyrannosaurus Hives. The song is generally considered an enjoyable moment in their live performances, where Almqvist's stage antics are found particularly entertaining. "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" remains a favorite among fans.
Reception
"Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones" reached number 44 on the UK "Top 75" charts, during the week of 30 October 2004. The music video debuted on MTV Europe's Top 20 list on 4 December 2004 at number 19. It peaked at number 16 on 18 December 2004, and remained on the charts for 4 weeks, departing on 8 January 2005.
Reviews among critics were mixed; James Snodgrass of NME said "'Two-timing touch and broken bones' might as well be 'too dumb, and Dutch, and broken bones'. Heather Phares of AllMusic liked the speed of the song in comparison with those it was structurally built from, saying that it "cut(s) right to the chase". It has also been said to be a straightforward song which embodies The Hives' sound, and one of the highlights of Tyrannosaurus Hives.
Track list
Information on Enhanced CD track listing.
Information on 7" track listing.
Chart performance
Personnel
Howlin' Pelle Almqvist (Per Almqvist)lead vocals
Nicholaus Arson (Niklas Almqvist)guitar
Vigilante Carlstroem (Mikael Karlsson)guitar
Dr. Matt Destruction (Mattias Bernvall)bass guitar
Chris Dangerous (Christian Grahn)drums
Michael Ilbertmixing
Pelle Gunnerfeldtproduction
Appearances
Promo Only: Modern Rock Radio (2004)
Tyrannosaurus Hives (2004)
Absolute Rock in the UK (2005)
Two Timing Touch and Broken Bones (2005)
Madden NFL 2005 Soundtrack (2005)
MotoGP Soundtrack (2006)
Punk Rock (Universal) (2006)
Big...in UK (2007)
Information on appearances.
References
Sources
2005 singles
The Hives songs
2004 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Timing%20Touch%20and%20Broken%20Bones |
Armand Vallin Feigenbaum (April 6, 1920 – November 13, 2014) was an American quality control expert and businessman. He devised the concept of Total Quality Control which inspired Total Quality Management.
Biography
Feigenbaum, known as “Val”, received a bachelor's degree in industrial administration from Union College, his master's degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his Ph.D. in Economics from MIT. He was Director of Manufacturing Operations at General Electric (1958–1968), and was later the President and CEO of General Systems Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, an engineering firm that helps companies define business operating systems. Feigenbaum wrote several books and served as president of the American Society for Quality (1961–1963). He worked closely with his brother, Donald S. Feigenbaum.
He died on November 13, 2014, at the age of 94.
Key ideas
Val Feigenbaum's contributions to the quality body of knowledge include:
"Total quality control is an effective system for integrating the quality development, quality maintenance, and quality improvement efforts of the various groups in an organization so as to enable production and service at the most economical levels which allow full customer satisfaction."
The concept of a "hidden" plant or factory, popularised in the 1970s: the idea that so much extra work is performed in correcting mistakes that there is effectively a hidden plant within any factory, potentially 20-40% of the total capacity.
Accountability for quality: because quality is everybody's job, it may become nobody's job. Central to this idea is that quality must be actively managed and have visibility at the highest levels of management.
The concept of quality cost: the cost of achieving quality plus the cost of absence of quality.
The time lag between the introduction of total quality initiatives inside the major companies within a country and their observed economic impact: for example, Japanese companies introduced quality initiatives in the 1950s which took effect in the Japanese economy in the 1970s and likewise the United States' quality initiatives from the 1980's saw an economic impact in the 1990s.
Quality is neither a department, nor a technique nor a philosophy. It is a fundamental way of managing.
Bibliography
References
External links
ASQ Feigenbaum Biography page
1920 births
American business theorists
American chief executives
2014 deaths
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
National Medal of Technology recipients
Quality experts
Union College (New York) alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20V.%20Feigenbaum |
William Boteler (fl. 1640s and 1650s) was a member of the Parliament of England. After the English Civil War, he was appointed Major-General for Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire and Rutland during the Rule of the Major-Generals.
Early life
He was born in Barnwell, Northamptonshire, the son of Noel or Neville Boteler; Ivan Roots considers that the clergyman Edward Boteler (died 1670) was his brother.
Political career
In April 1640, Boteler was elected MP for Bedford in the Short Parliament in a double return and was taken off. He became a Colonel of Horse (cavalry) in the New Model Army. He was zealous and uncompromising in his hostility to his religious and political enemies, and was a severe persecutor of Quakers in Northamptonshire. In 1656 he advocated that James Nayler should be stoned to death for blasphemy. Boteler was also aggressive in his persecution of Royalists in his area, unlawfully imprisoning the Earl of Northampton for failing to pay his taxes.
Boteler represented Bedford in the First Protectorate Parliament, and he represented Northamptonshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament from 1656 to 1658. Early in 1658, Boteler replaced William Packer as commander of Cromwell's regiment of horse.
Legal problems
Boteler was not returned to Third Protectorate Parliament in 1659, and his record as a Major-General in Northamptonshire, et al., was severely attacked, he was nearly impeached, by MPs in that Parliament. At the Restoration he was declared exempt from pardon, making him liable for legal punishment, but he was not prosecuted. He lived at Oatlands Park, Walton-on-Thames and became a lawyer. In 1665, he was arrested on suspicion of plotting against Charles II, and, ironically, was arrested in 1670 for attending an unlawful prayer meeting. The date of his death is not known.
Notes
References
Further reading
New Model Army generals
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Roundheads
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
Politicians from Northamptonshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Boteler |
Hemet-Ryan Airport is three miles (6 km) southwest of Hemet, in Riverside County, California.
Hemet-Ryan is a main Cal Fire Air Attack Base, also used for civil purposes, Civil Air Patrol meetings, and more. It is home to a Riverside County Sheriff's Office aviation unit and a Mercy Air Air ambulance. The airport is named after the late T. Claude Ryan.
History
The airfield opened in September 1940 for the United States Army Air Corps. It was assigned to the West Coast Training Center (later Western Flying Training Command) as a primary (level 1) pilot training airfield. Later it was activated as an Air Corps Training Detachment with Ryan School of Aeronautics conducting primary flight training under control of 5th Flying Training Detachment. Known sub-bases and auxiliaries were:
Banning Auxiliary Field (Unknown location)
Highland Auxiliary Field (Unknown location)
Ryan Auxiliary Field #1
Ryan Auxiliary Field #2
Ryan Auxiliary Field #3
Valle Vista Auxiliary Field
Gibbs Auxiliary Field
Flight training was performed with PT-17 Stearmans as the primary trainer, along with Ryan PT-21 Recruits. Over 14,000 army cadets were trained to fly. New Ryan PT-25s were delivered to the field by WAFS in July 1943.
The airport was inactivated in December 1944 with the drawdown of AAFTC's pilot training program, the airfield was declared surplus and turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers. Later, the airfield was discharged to the War Assets Administration. The facility eventually became a public airport owned and operated by Riverside County.
For over 50 years (about 1959–2009), Hemet-Ryan was a popular site for operating sailplanes (gliders). Sailplane Enterprises, a commercial glider flight school, operated there from 1969 to 2009. The Cypress Soaring club was based there from 1969 to 2009. Orange County Soaring Association (OCSA) also used Hemet-Ryan as its home base from 1991 to 2009. On September 30, 2009, the Riverside County Economic Development Agency closed Hemet-Ryan to glider operations. OCSA filed a complaint with the FAA pursuant to Title 14 CFR Part 16 against the County of Riverside. On February 11, 2011, the FAA ruled that the closure was in violation of Federal law and Federal grant obligations. The County declined to appeal the ruling. On November 18, 2016, the Cypress Soaring Club returned to Hemet-Ryan and resumed sailplane operations on runway 4-22. As of November 2019, Cypress Soaring has seven sailplanes and a Cessna 182, used for aerotowing, based at Hemet-Ryan Airport.
On August 6, 2023, during the 2023 California wildfire season, two firefighting helicopters crashed into each other in Cabazon, California, having taken off from Hemet-Ryan Airport about fifteen minutes earlier.
Ryan Air Attack
Ryan Air Attack is a joint Air Attack / Helitack base operated by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Riverside Unit). It is one of 19 tanker bases strategically located throughout California. The base provides initial attack aircraft service to over of private, state, and federally owned lands. Up until 1998, Ryan was statistically the busiest air tanker base in the United States, delivering an average of 1.5 million gallons of retardant annually. Currently two S-2 Trackers, an OV-10 and a UH-1H are stationed at the base. The base has served as the primary air attack base for many wildfires, including the Old Fire and Cedar Fire in 2003 and the Esperanza Fire in 2006.
History of Ryan Air Attack
The United States Forest Service commenced air tanker loading operations in 1957, and in 1959 California Division of Forestry (now Cal Fire) began their operation at Ryan field. Both agencies maintained separate parking, loading and mixing areas but the initial stages of a joint base operation had begun. In 1969, the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the California Division of Forestry (CDF) truly merged into a joint agency air attack base sharing the base operation, responsibilities and facilities. The joint base concept successfully continued operation until 1998 when the USFS moved their air tanker base operations to the larger and recently vacated Norton Air Force Base.
From the beginning of Ryan Air Attack Base, Cal Fire and the USFS used privately owned contracted World War II vintage aircraft. The type and sizes of aircraft varied based on vendor, availability of flyable airframes and spare parts. As the years counted off and the flight hours increased these airplanes became static museum displays or were robbed for parts to keep the dwindling fleet flying. Because of the dwindling air tanker fleet, Cal Fire acquired excess U.S. Navy Grumman S-2A submarine hunting aircraft. These planes were converted from military use to firefighting aircraft using a design developed by Hemet Valley Flying Service. The first two aircraft build-ups were completed by Hemet Valley Flying Service and tested at Ryan Air Attack Base. The basic aircraft design has been in continuous state service since 1975.
In 1977 Cal Fire began a two-week pilot helitack program using a contracted helicopter. Headed up by Captain Emil Derdowski and two firefighters, the program was eventually extended to a total of four weeks. The success of this pilot program brought on line the Hemet-Ryan Helitack Base using a full-time contract helicopter staffed with three captains and nine firefighters operating out of Ryan Air Attack Base.
In 1992 Cal Fire acquired several larger Bell UH-1H helicopters with Hemet-Ryan Helitack receiving one of the first buildups. A year later, the OV-10 replaced the Cessna 337 as Air Attack 310 based at Ryan. In June 2001, Cal Fire replaced the older S-2As at Ryan with Tanker 72 and 73. The new tankers are S-2F3AT Turbine Tanker conversions with upgrades including constant flow 1200 gallon tanks and turbine engines allowing for better capabilities and performance.
Future of Ryan Air Attack
In June 2007 The Hemet-Ryan Airport was approved $2.5 million from the Riverside County Board of Supervisors and over $25 million from the state for the redevelopment of the air-attack facilities. The upgrades would include extending the runway from to to accommodate heavier firefighting aircraft such as the MAFFS C-130. The runway expansion would take place on the southwest portion of the complex and require re-alignment of bordering Stetson Avenue and Warren Road. The new base would also include a , 22-bed barracks building, a three-bay vehicle storage facility and shop; a , two-story operations building containing pilot facilities, administration and dispatch center; a , two-bay open-shade canopy and an helicopter/ OV-10 enclosed hangar. Also planned are new public and secured staff parking areas, six fire-retardant loading pits to handle inter-agency aircraft, along with equipment tanks, pumps and piping used to mix and deliver fire retardant.
Because of critical need, the strategic location of the base and proven performance and handling of large wildfires, Cal Fire and the state consider the project top priority in the list of firefighting capital improvements.
Construction was to begin in 2008, but as of 2010, Cal Fire is still waiting for the promised state funds. Meanwhile, Cal Fire has been drawing plans and preparing to open the project to contractor bidding, and the Riverside County Economic Development Agency has agreed to manage the project.
Facilities
Apart from hosting Cal Fire air attack operations, the Hemet-Ryan is also home to a Riverside County Sheriff's Office aviation unit. In August 2010 the airport became home to an emergency medical helicopter operated by Mercy Air. The airport also hosts a biennial air show with the next one being in 2011.
In 2008 the airport had 75,444 general aviation aircraft operations, average 206 per day. 236 aircraft were then based at the airport: 48% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, <1% jet, 4% helicopter, 36% glider and 2% ultralight. Air Hemet Piper Navajos flew to Los Angeles international Airport LAX in 1985.
See also
California World War II Army Airfields
References
airfieldsdatabase.com
Other sources
Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
External links
Hemet-Ryan Flight School, LLC
Hemet-Ryan Airshow
Airports in Riverside County, California
Hemet, California
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California
USAAF Contract Flying School Airfields
Military in Riverside County, California
Aerial firefighting
1940 establishments in California
Airports established in 1940
USAAF Western Flying Training Command | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemet-Ryan%20Airport |
The Porticus Octavia (Latin for the "Octavian Portico"), also known as the Portico of Octavius, was a portico in ancient Rome built by Gnaeus Octavius in 168 BC to commemorate his capture of Perseus of Macedonia during the Third Macedonian War. It stood between the Theatre of Pompey and the Circus Flaminius beside the Porticus Metelli. Pliny describes it as a double portico with bronze Corinthian capitals, for which it was also called the Corinthian Portico (). It may have been the earliest use of this architectural order in Rome and is possibly to be identified with remains on the Via S. Nicola ai Cesarini, represented in the Severan Marble Plan (frg. 140). Velleius Paterculus called it "by far the loveliest" () of the porticoes of his time.
The portico surrounded the Temple of Hercules Musarum ("Hercules of the Muses") which the consul and censor Marcus Fulvius Nobilior erected . It may have replaced or refurbished the portico that he supposedly erected around his temple at the time of its construction.
In 33 BC, Octavian (the future Augustus) recovered the military standards lost by Gabinius to the Illyrians and displayed them at the Porticus Octavia. Octavian and his stepbrother L. Marcius Philippus then entirely rebuilt it and the temple within to commemorate the conquest of Dalmatia. Cassius Dio (XLIX.43) confounded this Porticus Philippi ("Portico of Philippus") and the adjacent Porticus Octaviae, which Octavian established around the same time over the former Portico of Metellus. The Porticos of Octavius and Philippus have both left few traces.
See also
List of ancient monuments in Rome
References
External links
Platner and Ashby
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century BC
Octavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porticus%20Octavia |
The Hexie Mountains are a desert mountain range located in Joshua Tree National Park, in southern California.
Geography
The range is located in the higher northern Mojave Desert area of the park. They are north of the Cottonwood Mountains, and south of the Pinto Mountains. The Eagle Mountains lie to the east of the Hexie Mountains.
Natural history
Numerous washes drain the Hexie Mountains, including Porcupine Wash and Fried Liver Wash. These host a mixture of low and high desert animals and plants. A herd of desert bighorn sheep also live there.
History
There were attempts to mine and mill gold at many sites, including Ruby Lee Mill, and none were successful. Native petroglyphs can also be found in the Hexie Mountains.
'Hexie Mountains' is the title of the eleventh song on the sophomore album Bronco by country artist Orville Peck.
References
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of Riverside County, California
Mountain ranges of Southern California
Joshua Tree National Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexie%20Mountains |
Nicholas dePencier Wright (born May 20, 1982) is a Canadian business lawyer and politician. He was the founding leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia and was the founding Executive Director of the Canadian animal advocacy organization Animal Justice. He is currently founder and CEO of foreign affairs publication Geopolitical Monitor and was an elected member ("Bencher") of the governing body of the Law Society of Ontario (2019-2023).
Background and education
Wright was born in Toronto, Ontario. He attended Lakefield College School before moving to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he received an honours degree in philosophy from the University of King's College, Halifax and an MBA and a law degree from Dalhousie University. He has since additionally earned an LLM in tax law from Osgoode Hall Law School.
Politics
On March 5, 2006, Wright became the leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia at the Party's founding convention—after winning a contested nomination vote over long time Green Party of Canada candidate and organizer Sheila Richardson.
On December 19, 2006, Wright announced that he would be stepping down as leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia upon the completion of his term, which ended in May 2007.
On May 1, 2019 Wright was elected 'Bencher' of the Law Society of Ontario as a representative for Toronto
Elections
In the 2006 federal election, Wright ran for the Green Party of Canada for the riding of Halifax and received 3.9% of the popular vote (1,948 votes), losing to NDP incumbent and former NDP federal and provincial leader Alexa McDonough.
Wright then led the Green Party of Nova Scotia through the 2006 Nova Scotia general election. He ran as a candidate for the district of Halifax Citadel and received 4.18% of the popular vote (292 votes), losing to NDP candidate Leonard Preyra.
On October 27, 2014, Wright ran for City Council in Toronto's Ward 20, losing to Joe Cressy.
On June 22, 2015, Wright was nominated Green Party of Canada candidate for Toronto's University—Rosedale for the 2015 federal election. In the election, Wright received 3% of the popular vote (1,423 votes), losing to Liberal candidate Chrystia Freeland.
On May 1, 2019, Wright successfully ran for 'Bencher' to become part of the governing body of the Law Society of Ontario as part of a slate that sought to depoliticize the organization and reduce spending and membership fees.
Post-elections
Wright practices business law in Toronto. He frequently appeared in the media for his work in support of animal protection and civil liberties.
Electoral record
References
External links
Wright Business Law, Nick Wright's Toronto Business Law Practice
Geopolitical Monitor, foreign affairs publication
Animal Justice, animal advocacy organization
Green Party of Nova Scotia site
Nick Wright writes about seal hunt.
Living people
Lakefield College School alumni
Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election
Nova Scotia political party leaders
Politicians from Toronto
Schulich School of Law alumni
Leaders of the Green Party of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia candidates for Member of Parliament
Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election
University of King's College alumni
1982 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Wright%20%28politician%29 |
Richard Lynn Scott ( Myers; born December 1, 1952) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Florida since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 45th governor of Florida from 2011 to 2019.
Scott is a graduate of the University of Missouri–Kansas City and the Dedman School of Law at Southern Methodist University. In 1987, after serving in the United States Navy and becoming a law firm partner, he co-founded Columbia Hospital Corporation. Columbia later merged with another corporation to form Columbia/HCA, which eventually became the nation's largest for-profit health care company. Scott was pressured to resign as chief executive of Columbia/HCA in 1997. During his tenure as chief executive, the company defrauded Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal programs. The Department of Justice won 14 felony convictions against the company, which was fined $1.7 billion in what was at the time the largest healthcare fraud settlement in U.S. history. Following his departure from Columbia/HCA, Scott became a venture capitalist and pursued other business interests. In 2009, he founded Conservatives for Patients' Rights.
Scott ran for governor of Florida in 2010. He defeated Bill McCollum in a vigorously contested Republican primary election, and then narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Alex Sink in the general election. Scott was reelected in 2014, defeating former governor Charlie Crist. He was barred by term limits from running for reelection in 2018, and instead ran for the United States Senate.
Scott won the 2018 US Senate election, defeating Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson. The initial election results were so close that they triggered a mandatory recount. The recount showed that Scott had won by 10,033 votes; Nelson then conceded the race. Scott took office following the expiration of his term as governor of Florida on January 8, 2019. He is running for reelection in 2024.
Early life and education
Rick Scott was born Richard Lynn Myers in Bloomington, Illinois, on December 1, 1952. Scott never met his biological father, Gordon William Myers, who was described by Scott's mother, Esther J. Scott (née Fry; 1928–2012), as an abusive alcoholic. Scott's parents divorced in his infancy.
In 1954, Esther married Orba George Scott Jr. (died 2006), a truck driver. Orba adopted Rick, who took his stepfather's surname and became known as Richard Lynn Scott. Scott was raised in North Kansas City, Missouri, the second of five children. His family was lower-middle-class and struggled financially; Esther Scott worked as a clerk at J. C. Penney, among other jobs.
Scott graduated from North Kansas City High School in 1970. He attended community college and enlisted in the United States Navy in 1970. Scott was in the Navy for 29 months and served on the as a radarman.
Scott attended college on the G.I. Bill, and graduated from the University of Missouri–Kansas City with a Bachelor of Science in business administration. He earned a juris doctor degree by working his way through Southern Methodist University. He was licensed by the Texas Bar to practice law on November 6, 1978.
Career
Scott made his first foray into business while working his way through college and law school, initially buying and reviving a failing doughnut shop (the Flavor Maid Do-Nut) by adding workplace delivery instead of relying on foot traffic. He later bought and revived another doughnut shop. After graduating from law school, Scott worked as an attorney at the law firm of Johnson & Swanson in Dallas, Texas.
Columbia Hospital Corporation
In 1988, Scott and Richard Rainwater, a financier from Fort Worth, each put up $125,000 in working capital in their new company, Columbia Hospital Corporation; they borrowed the remaining money needed to purchase two struggling hospitals in El Paso for $60 million. Then they acquired a neighboring hospital and shut it down. Within a year, the remaining two were doing much better. By the end of 1989, Columbia Hospital Corporation owned four hospitals with a total of 833 beds.
In 1992, Columbia made a stock purchase of Basic American Medical, which owned eight hospitals, primarily in southwestern Florida. In September 1993, Columbia did another stock purchase, worth $3.4 billion, of Galen Healthcare, which had been spun off by Humana Inc. several months earlier. At the time, Galen had approximately 90 hospitals. After the purchase, Galen stockholders had 82% of the stock in the combined company, with Scott still running the company.
Columbia/HCA
In April 1987, Scott made his first attempt to buy the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA). While still a partner at Johnson & Swanson, Scott formed the HCA Acquisition Company with two former executives of Republic Health Corporation, Charles Miller and Richard Ragsdale. With financing from Citicorp conditional on acquisition of HCA, the proposed holding company offered $3.85 billion for 80 million shares at $47 each, intending to assume an additional $1.2 billion in debt, for a total $5 billion deal. After HCA declined the offer, the bid was withdrawn.
In 1994, Columbia Hospital Corporation merged with HCA, "forming the single largest for-profit health care company in the country." Scott became CEO of Columbia/HCA. According to The New York Times, "[in] less than a decade, Mr. Scott had built a company he founded with two small hospitals in El Paso into the world's largest health care company – a $20 billion giant with about 350 hospitals, 550 home health care offices and scores of other medical businesses in 38 states."
Fraud investigation and settlement
On March 19, 1997, investigators from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Health and Human Services served search warrants at Columbia/HCA facilities in El Paso and on dozens of doctors with suspected ties to the company. Eight days after the initial raid, Scott signed his last SEC report as a hospital executive. Four months later, the board of directors pressured him to resign as chairman and CEO. He was succeeded by Thomas F. Frist Jr. Scott was paid $9.88 million in a settlement, and left owning 10 million shares of stock then worth more than $350 million. The directors had been warned in the company's annual public reports to stockholders that incentives Columbia/HCA offered doctors could run afoul of a federal anti-kickback law passed in order to limit or eliminate instances of conflicts of interest in Medicare and Medicaid.
During Scott's 2000 deposition, he pleaded the Fifth Amendment 75 times. In settlements reached in 2000 and 2002, Columbia/HCA pleaded guilty to 14 felonies and agreed to a $600+ million fine in what was at the time the largest health care fraud settlement in U.S. history. Columbia/HCA admitted systematically overcharging the government by claiming marketing costs as reimbursable, by striking illegal deals with home care agencies, and by filing false data about use of hospital space. It also admitted to fraudulently billing Medicare and other health programs by inflating the seriousness of diagnoses and to giving doctors partnerships in company hospitals as a kickback for the doctors referring patients to HCA. It filed false cost reports, fraudulently billing Medicare for home health care workers, and paid kickbacks in the sale of home health agencies and to doctors to refer patients. In addition, it gave doctors "loans" never intending to be repaid, free rent, free office furniture, and free drugs from hospital pharmacies.
In late 2002, HCA agreed to pay the United States government $631 million, plus interest, and $17.5 million to state Medicaid agencies, in addition to $250 million paid up to that point to resolve outstanding Medicare expense claims. In all, civil lawsuits cost HCA more than $2 billion to settle; at the time, this was the largest fraud settlement in U.S. history.
Venture capitalist
After leaving Columbia/HCA in 1997, Scott launched Richard L. Scott Investments, based in Naples, Florida (originally in Stamford, Connecticut), which has stakes in health care, manufacturing and technology companies. Between 1998 and 2001, he purchased 50% of CyberGuard Corporation for approximately $10 million. Among his investors was Metro Nashville finance director David Manning.
In 2006, CyberGuard was sold to Secure Computing for more than $300 million. In February 2005, Scott purchased Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. (CSP) in Detroit, Michigan. In July 2006, CSP purchased Budd Plastics from ThyssenKrupp, making CSP the largest industrial composites molder in North America.
In 2005–2006, Scott provided the initial round of funding of $3 million to Alijor.com (named for the first three letters of his two daughters' names), which offered hospitals, physicians, and other health care providers the opportunity to post information about their prices, hours, locations, insurance accepted, and personal backgrounds online. Scott co-founded the company with his daughter Allison.
In 2008, Alijor was sold to HealthGrades. In May 2008, Scott purchased Drives, one of the world's leading independent designers and manufacturers of heavy-duty drive chain-based products and assemblies for industrial and agricultural applications and precision-engineered augers for agricultural, material handling, construction and related applications. Scott reportedly has an interest in a chain of family fun centers/bowling alleys, S&S Family Entertainment, in Kentucky and Tennessee led by Larry Schmittou, a minor league baseball team owner.
America's Health Network (AHN)
In July 1997, Columbia/HCA Healthcare purchased a controlling interest in America's Health Network (AHN), the first 24-hour health care cable channel. They pulled out of the deal on the day of the closing because Scott and Vanderwater were terminated, causing the immediate layoffs of more than 250 people in Orlando. Later that same year, Scott became majority owner of AHN.
In 1998, Scott and Vandewater led a group of investors who gave AHN a major infusion of cash so that the company could continue to operate. By early 1999, the network was available in 9.5 million American homes.
In mid-1999 AHN merged with Fit TV, a subsidiary of Fox; the combination was renamed The Health Network. Later that year, in a deal between News Corp. and WebMD, the latter received half-ownership of The Health Network. WebMD planned to relaunch The Health Network as WebMD Television in the fall of 2000, with new programming, but that company announced cutbacks and restructuring in September 2000, and, in January 2001, News Corp. regained 100% ownership. In September 2001, Fox Cable Networks Group sold The Health Network to its main rival, the Discovery Health Channel, for $155 million in cash plus a 10% equity stake in Discovery Health.
Solantic
Solantic, based in Jacksonville, Florida, was co-founded in 2001 by Scott and Karen Bowling, a former television anchor Scott met after Columbia bought what is now Memorial Hospital in 1995.
Solantic opened its first urgent care center in 2002. It provides urgent care services, immunizations, physicals, drug screening, and care for injured workers. The corporation attracts patients who do not have insurance, cannot get appointments with their primary care physicians, or do not have primary care physicians. Solantic is an alternative to the emergency department care that these types of patients often seek, or for not seeing a doctor at all. In 2006, Scott said that his plans for Solantic were to establish a national brand of medical clinics.
In August 2007, the company received a $40 million investment from a private equity firm and said that it expected to open 35 clinics by the end of 2009, with annual revenues of $100 million once all these clinics were open, compared to $20 million at the time. As of March 2009, Solantic had 24 centers, all in Florida.
Solantic was the target of an employment discrimination suit that claimed that there had been a policy to not hire elderly or obese applicants, preferring "mainstream" candidates. It was settled for an undisclosed sum on May 23, 2007. Scott responded to Salon regarding the claims of discrimination pointing out that "currently 53 percent of Solantic's employees are white, 20 percent black and 17 percent Hispanic."
Pharmaca
In 2003, Scott invested $5.5 million in Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacies, which operates drugstores/pharmacies in the Western United States that offer vitamins, herbal medicine, skin products, homeopathic medicines, and prescriptions.
Other work
In the 1990s, Scott was a partner of George W. Bush as co-owner of the Texas Rangers.
Early political career
Conservatives for Patients' Rights
In February 2009, Scott founded Conservatives for Patients' Rights (CPR), which he said was intended to put pressure on Democrats to enact health care legislation based on free-market principles. As of March 2009, he had given about $5 million for a planned $20 million ad campaign by CPR.
Governor of Florida
Elections
2010
On April 9, 2010, Scott announced his candidacy for the 2010 Republican Party nomination for governor of Florida. He ran against Democratic nominee Alex Sink.
Susie Wiles, former communications chief to Jacksonville Mayor John Peyton, served as Scott's campaign manager, and Tony Fabrizio was his chief pollster. It was reported on May 7 that Scott's campaign had already spent $4.7 million on television and radio ads. His first video advertisement was released to YouTube on April 13.
During the primary campaign, Scott's opponent, Bill McCollum, made an issue of Scott's role at Columbia/HCA. Scott countered that the FBI had never targeted him. Marc Caputo of the Miami Herald contended that a 1998 bill sponsored by McCollum would have made it more difficult to prosecute Medicare fraud cases, and was counter to his current views and allegations. Scott won the August primary with approximately 46.4% percent of the vote to McCollum's 43.4% By the date of the Tampa debate between Scott and Sink (October 25, 2010), Scott had spent $60 million of his own money on the campaign compared to Sink's reported $28 million. Scott campaigned as part of the Tea Party movement.
The Fort Myers News Press quoted Scott as saying he spent roughly $78 million of his own money on the campaign, although other figures indicate he spent slightly over $75 million. He won the general election, defeating Sink by around 68,000 votes, or 1.29%. He took office as the 45th governor of Florida on January 4, 2011.
2014
In October 2011, Scott announced that he would run for reelection in 2014. His political funding committee, Let's Get to Work, had raised $28 million for his campaign as of May 2014.
As of early June 2014, Scott had spent almost $13 million since March on television advertisements attacking former governor Charlie Crist, who then appeared to be the likely Democratic nominee, and who was eventually nominated. The ads resulted in a tightening of the race, mainly due to a decline in Crist's favorability ratings, while Scott's favorability ratings did not increase.
By late September 2014, Scott's television ad spending had exceeded $35 million and in mid-October reached $56.5 million, compared to $26.5 million by Crist. On October 22 it was reported that Scott's total spending had exceeded $83 million and he announced that, having previously said he would not do so, he would invest his own money into the campaign, speculated to be as much as $22 million.
Crist hoped to draw strong support from Florida's more than 1.6 million registered black voters, an effort that was challenging given his previous political career as a Republican. A September 2014 Quinnipiac University poll revealed his support among black voters was 72%, well below the 90% analysts believed he needed to defeat Scott.
Scott and Crist met in an October 15 debate held by the Florida Press Association at Broward College. Scott refused to take the stage for seven minutes because Crist had a small electric fan under his lectern. The incident was dubbed "fangate" by media sources such as Politico. On November 4, 2014, Scott and Carlos Lopez-Cantera won the general election against Crist and Annette Taddeo-Goldstein by 64,000 votes. The Libertarian candidates, Adrian Wyllie and Greg Roe, received 223,356 votes.
Tenure
During Hurricane Irma, Scott led Florida through the largest mass evacuation in U.S. history. Unemployment, taxpayer debt, and crime declined statewide during his tenure. He signed a repeal of Florida's 1985 growth management laws, reduced funding for water management districts, reduced oversight at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and supported increased funding for Everglades restoration. Scott supported permanent tax cuts and "focused on job numbers rather than on running state agencies or making sweeping policy changes".
Scott had a 26 percent approval rating in December 2011, the lowest among U.S. governors, but it steadily increased during the rest of his governorship. It stood at 45 percent in August 2015, and at 57 percent in April 2017. In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma later that year, Scott's approval rating saw a high of 61 percent. Shortly before he left office, his ratings had fallen to 47 percent approving and 41 percent disapproving.
Death penalty
In 2013, Scott signed the Timely Justice Act (HB 7101) to overhaul the processes for capital punishment in Florida. The Supreme Court of the United States struck down part of this law in January 2016 in Hurst v. Florida, declaring, in an 8–1 decision, that a judge determining the aggravating facts to be used in considering a death sentence with only a non-binding recommendation from the jury based on a majority vote was insufficient and violated the Sixth Amendment guarantee of a jury trial.
The Florida Legislature passed a new statute to comply with Hurst v. Florida, changing the sentencing method to require a 10-juror supermajority for a sentence of death with a life sentence as the alternative. In October 2016 this new sentencing scheme was struck down by the Florida Supreme Court in a 5–2 ruling, which held that a death sentence must be issued by a unanimous jury. The Florida Supreme Court ruled the law "cannot be applied to pending prosecutions" which means that until the Florida legislature acts, there is no procedure or law allowing a prosecutor to seek the death penalty; but it leaves open the status of sentences passed under the twice-struck down provisions, also left open by the January 2016 United States Supreme Court Hurst decision. The Court granted Hurst a new sentencing hearing after the same Supreme Court decision.
During Scott's tenure, Florida executed more inmates (28) than had been executed under any other governor in the state's history.
Donald Trump
In the 2016 Republican primaries, Scott endorsed Trump after Trump won the Florida primary. Scott chaired a pro-Trump super PAC in the 2016 election. Unlike many other establishment Republicans, Scott praised Trump as tough on terrorism and as an outsider during the 2016 Republican convention.
When Trump "sparred with the Muslim father of a slain U.S. soldier", Scott said "I'm never going to agree with every candidate on what they're going to say". When the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape was publicized, in which Trump spoke of grabbing women "by the pussy", Scott rebuked Trump, saying, "I'm not following politics closely right now, but this is terrible. I don't agree with anyone talking like this about anyone, ever".
Drug testing for welfare recipients
In June 2011, Scott signed a bill requiring those seeking welfare under the federal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program to submit to drug screenings. Applicants who fail a drug test may name another person to receive benefits for their children.
In an interview with CNN host Don Lemon, Scott said, "Studies show that people that are on welfare are higher users of drugs than people not on welfare" and "the bottom line is, if they're not using drugs, it's not an issue". PolitiFact said this comment was "half true". Government researchers in 1999–2000 reported "that 9.6 percent of people in families receiving some type of government assistance reported recent drug use, compared to 6.8 percent among people in families receiving no government assistance at all."
Preliminary figures from Florida's program showed that 2.5% of applicants tested positive for drugs, with 2% declining to take the test, while the Justice Department estimated that around 6% of Americans use drugs overall. The law was declared unconstitutional, with the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upholding that ruling in December 2014. The Scott administration declined to appeal the decision to the US Supreme Court.
Economy
In Scott's 2010 gubernatorial campaign, he promised to "run the state like you run a business". In his gubernatorial platform, he pledged to create 700,000 jobs in the state; PolitiFact ruled in 2018 that Scott's job creation pledge was a "Promise Kept".
Under Scott, Florida's job creation far outpaced the rest of the nation, while wages were below-average and poverty rates were above-average. During his tenure as governor, Florida employers created nearly 1.5 million jobs, and the state's employment grew 20.3%, compared to 12.5% growth for the U.S. as a whole. Florida's household income is lower than the national average, with a widening gap. At 15.8%, the state's poverty rate is slightly above the national rate of 14.7%.
Education
In his 2010 gubernatorial campaign, Scott vowed to expand school choice. PolitiFact rated this a "Promise Kept" due to Scott's push to expand school choice as governor. School choice legislation signed by Scott includes the creation of the Hope Scholarship Program, which subsidizes the cost of private school or allows a transfer to another public school for students who were bullied.
In December 2012, Scott announced a plan to encourage students to pursue majors in engineering and science by reducing tuition for some majors.
In 2016, Scott signed a bill allowing parents to pick any public school in the state for their children, regardless of traditional attendance lines or county boundaries.
In 2017, Scott signed a $419 million public school bill that included charter school expansion. The bill was supported by House Republicans, school choice proponents, and conservative political groups and it was opposed by superintendents, school boards, parent groups, and teachers unions.
During the summer of 2017, Scott signed a bill (HB 989 and SB 1210) that would allow any Florida resident to "challenge the use or adoption of instructional materials" in public schools. Proponents of the bill argued that it would allow parents to be more proactive in their child's education. Opponents of the bill argued that it would allow more censorship, especially for scientific topics like global warming and evolution.
Environment
Scott rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, saying "I'm not a scientist". The quote or paraphrases thereof became talking points for some Republican political candidates in the 2014 election campaigns.
When questioned by the press on March 9, 2015, in Hialeah, Florida, Scott did not say whether he believes global warming is a problem or whether Florida's Department of Environmental Protection has made or is making preparations for its potential consequences.
In March 2015, accusations were made that Scott's administration had instructed Department of Environmental Protection officials to avoid the terms "climate change" or "global warming" in official communications. Scott denied that his administration had banned the terms.
Scott cut $700 million from Florida's water management districts over his tenure as governor. The cuts stirred controversy in 2018 when Florida faced a water contamination crisis.
Financial disclosures
In 2017, Donald Hinkle, a Democratic activist and lawyer, filed a lawsuit claiming that Scott had not disclosed sufficient information about his wealth and holdings and may have underestimated his net worth. Scott appealed to a three-judge panel of the First Circuit Court of Appeals. The appeals court granted a writ of prohibition barring the circuit judge from taking any further action in the case. The five-page ruling agreed with Scott that only the Commission on Ethics "has constitutional authority to investigate Mr. Hinkle's complaint."
Gun laws
As of February 2018, Scott had an A+ rating from the NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF), indicating a record of supporting gun rights. The NRA-PVF endorsed Scott in 2010 and 2014, stating in 2014 that he had "signed more pro-gun bills into law–in one term–than any other governor in Florida history".
In 2011, Scott signed the Firearm Owners' Privacy Act (informally called "Docs vs. Glocks"), which made it illegal for doctors and mental health professionals to ask patients about their gun ownership unless they believed "that this information is relevant to the patient's medical care or safety, or the safety of others." Provisions of the law, including the part forbidding doctors from asking about a patient's gun ownership, were struck down as unconstitutional in 2017 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
On June 9, 2017, Scott signed an expanded version of Florida's stand-your-ground law into law.
In February 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, Scott stated his support for raising the minimum age to purchase a firearm from 18 to 21; at the time of the shooting, 21 was the minimum age to buy a handgun, but rifles could be purchased at age 18. He also announced his support of a ban on bump stocks. Scott said, "I want to make it virtually impossible for anyone who has mental issues to use a gun", requesting $500 million in funds for mental health and school safety programs. In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act, which incorporated many of the measures Scott supported. It raised the minimum age for buying firearms to 21, established waiting periods and background checks, provided a program for the arming of some teachers and the hiring of school police, banned bump stocks, and barred potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns. In all, it allocated around $400 million. Scott signed the bill into law on March 9. That same day, the National Rifle Association filed a lawsuit in federal court challenging the law's provision banning gun sales to people under 21. NRA spokesperson Marion Hammer said, "We filed a lawsuit against the state for violating the constitutional rights of 18- to 21-year-olds."
Health care
Scott has been a harsh critic of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), but in his 2018 Senate campaign stopped harshly criticizing the bill. In 2017, he said that people with preexisting conditions should be protected. In June 2018, when the Trump administration sought to remove provisions of Obamacare protecting people with preexisting conditions, Scott declined to criticize the administration, saying he did not know enough about it to comment.
Scott has taken a number of positions on Medicaid expansion. For much of his first term as governor, he opposed Medicaid expansion in Florida, saying it was too costly. In 2013, he came out in support of Medicaid expansion, and reiterated his support in 2014 when he was up for reelection. After being reelected, Scott reversed his position and adamantly fought against efforts by the Florida Senate to pass Medicaid expansion in 2015. Scott rejected the Medicaid expansion because of his renewed fiscal concerns, saying it is "hard to understand how the state could take on even more federal programs."
Scott has been accused of having fueled an HIV epidemic while governor, by ensuring that Florida returned $54 million in unspent federal HIV-prevention grants and blocking $16 million in CDC grants to Miami-Dade and Broward counties. The effect of this rejection of federal funds combined with Scott's stance on Medicaid expansion has been described as "helping explain why the state’s HIV epidemic became almost peerlessly severe during Scott’s time in office", with the state accounting for 13% of the country's HIV diagnoses in 2017. Scott has opposed most federal grants due to his fiscal conservatism.
Hurricane Irma
Scott's handling of Hurricane Irma boosted his profile in advance of his U.S. Senate campaign, with The Hill writing that his "aggressive approach to Irma, which saw him order an extensive evacuation ahead of the storm and coordinate disaster relief efforts as the storm came ashore, has sent his political stock even higher" and that Scott's "preparedness has impressed Republicans and some Democrats."
An investigation by WFOR-TV found that after Hurricane Irma, Scott ignored existing debris removal contracts and instead issued emergency contracts for hurricane clean-up efforts. Florida state officials sent an email to several companies on September 11 inviting them to hand in bids for debris clean-up by the next day. State officials believed new contracts were needed to speed up the removal process given the severity of Hurricane Irma. On September 13, state officials decided to use the services of MCM and Community Asphalt, firms owned by contributors to the Republican Party and Scott's campaigns. According to the television station, the emergency contracts cost $28 to $30 million more than the existing contracts.
Immigration and refugees
In 2010, Scott ran for governor as an immigration hard-liner. At the time, he favored similar laws as Arizona's controversial Arizona SB 1070 which targeted illegal immigrants, and criticized Florida lawmakers for not being tougher on illegal immigrants. Scott called for police to check individuals' immigration status. By 2014, PolitiFact wrote that Scott had "abandoned promises to get tough on illegal immigration." Over time, he moderated his views on immigration.
In 2011, Scott opposed giving in-state tuition for illegal immigrants, but reversed course in 2014 and signed a bill giving DREAMers in-state tuition in an effort to place limits on how much state institutions can raise tuition each year. In 2013, Scott vetoed legislation that would have given DACA-eligible immigrants the ability to obtain temporary driving licenses. By 2018, he spoke in favor of giving DREAMers a path to citizenship.
In June 2018, Scott opposed the Trump administration family separation policy, which involved separating children from their parents, relatives, or other adults who accompanied them in crossing the border, sending the parents to federal jails and placing children and infants under the supervision of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In a letter to United States secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, Scott wrote: "I have been very clear that I absolutely do not agree with the practice of separating children from their families. This practice needs to stop now."
Scott's administration awarded Comprehensive Health Services, Inc. (CHSi) a tax incentive package of $600,000 to expand in Cape Canaveral, Florida. CHSi runs the Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children which detains minor migrants, including those separated from families at the border.
Medical marijuana
After voters approved a constitutional amendment to legalize medical marijuana, Scott signed a bill passed by the legislature which allowed the use of medical marijuana but not smokeable medical marijuana. A judge ruled the ban on smokeable medical marijuana unconstitutional. Scott appealed the decision.
Predictive policing
On September 3, 2020, the Tampa Bay Times released an investigative report into Scott-appointed Pasco County Sheriff Chris Nocco's "predictive policing" program, which relies on unproven algorithms. The program is designed to use counter-terrorism and other military "intelligence" tactics to prevent property damage. Nocco was a Republican insider with limited law enforcement experience at the time he was appointed by Scott, in 2011.
Redistricting amendments
In the 2010 elections, Florida voters passed constitutional amendments banning gerrymandering of congressional and legislative districts. In February 2011, Scott withdrew a request to the United States Department of Justice to approve these amendments, which, according to The Miami Herald, might delay the implementation of the redistricting plan because the Voting Rights Act requires preclearance of state laws likely to affect minority representation. Scott said he wanted to make sure the redistricting was carried out properly.
Several advocacy groups sued Scott in federal court to compel him to resubmit the acts to the Justice Department.
Transportation
On February 16, 2011, Scott rejected $2.3 billion in federal funding to develop high-speed rail between Tampa and Orlando. He cited California's experience with high-speed rail, namely much lower than expected ridership and cost overruns that doubled the final price. In response, a veto-proof majority in the Florida Senate approved a letter rebuking Scott and asking the Department of Transportation to continue funding. On March 1, 2011, two Florida state senators filed a petition with the Florida Supreme Court to compel Scott to accept the rail funds on the grounds that he lacked constitutional authority to reject funds that had been approved by a prior legislature. On March 4, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that Scott's rejection of the rail funds did not violate the Constitution of Florida.
In March 2011, Scott moved to have the Florida Department of Transportation amend its work plan to include $77 million for dredging PortMiami to a depth of 50 feet. Once the port is dredged, Panamax-sized vessels coming through the expanded Panama Canal could load and unload cargo there.
In 2018, Scott reversed course and supported a high-speed rail project between Tampa and Orlando when the company All Aboard Florida sought to get taxpayer-backed funding from state and federal governments. He argued that new budget surpluses following the recession could help fund the project. Scott and his wife had invested at least $3 million in the parent company of All Aboard Florida, which had made donations to Scott's political campaigns.
Voting rights
Scott frequently sought to implement voter IDs as governor, with numerous courts ruling against him in voting rights cases. He signed into law bills that created barriers to registering new voters, limited early voting, ended early voting on the Sunday before Election Day (known as "souls to the polls" in African-American churches), and restricted the ability of ex-felons to restore their voting rights. In 2012, Scott attempted to purge non-citizens from voter rolls just before the election; a court stopped him from doing so, and it was revealed that legitimate voters were on the voter rolls. The Tampa Bay Times noted that under Scott's tenure, Florida had the longest voting lines of any state in the 2012 election. After harsh criticism, he expanded early voting hours, and allowed early voting on the Sunday before Election Day.
In 2016, Scott refused to extend registration deadlines after ordering evacuations due to Hurricane Matthew; courts ultimately extended the deadline. He signed legislation into law that rejected mail ballots where signatures on the ballot envelope did not match signatures in files; in 2016 a court struck down the law. In 2014, Scott blocked a request by the city of Gainesville to use a facility at the University of Florida as a site for early voting. In July 2018, a judge ruled against Scott's prohibition of early voting on campus, saying the ban showed a "stark pattern of discrimination." In 2013, Scott ordered Pinellas County to close down sites where voters could submit mail ballots. In 2012, a court ruled that Scott could not place heavy fines on groups that registered voters but failed to submit the registrations within 48 hours.
Scott rolled back automatic restoration of rights for nonviolent crimes, giving former felons a five- to six-year waiting period before they can apply for a restoration of voting rights. Of the approximately 30,000 applications from former felons to have their voting rights restored during his tenure, Scott approved approximately 3,000. A 2018 investigation by the Palm Beach Post found that during his governorship, Scott restored the voting rights of three times as many white men as black men, and that blacks accounted only for 27% of those granted voting rights despite blacks being 43% of those released from state prisons in the past 20 years. The percentage of blacks among those whose voting rights were restored was the lowest in more than 50 years, and Scott restored a higher share of Republican voting rights than Democrat voting rights than in almost 50 years. A clemency board set up by Scott held hearings on applications, but there were no standards on how to judge the worthiness of individual applications. In March 2017, seven former felons filed a class action lawsuit arguing that the clemency board's decisions were inconsistent, vague and political.
In February 2018, a U.S. District Court described Scott's process as arbitrary and unconstitutional, and ruled that he had to create a new process to restore felons' voting rights. The ruling said that Scott and his clemency board had "unfettered discretion" to deny voting rights "for any reason," and that "to vote again, disenfranchised citizens must kowtow before a panel of high-level government officials over which Florida's governor has absolute veto authority. No standards guide the panel. Its members alone must be satisfied that these citizens deserve restoration." The Brennan Center for Justice described the clemency rules issued by Scott in 2011 as among the most restrictive in the country.
U.S. Senate
Elections
2018
After months of speculation about a potential run, Scott officially announced on April 9, 2018, that he would challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Bill Nelson in the 2018 election.
Scott defeated Rocky De La Fuente in the Republican primary. In the general election, Scott's involvement in a large Medicare fraud case stirred controversy. Scott responded with ads accusing Nelson of having cut Medicare benefits and stolen from Medicare; fact-checkers found that both of Scott's assertions were false. During the campaign, Scott called Nelson a "socialist", an assertion PolitiFact described as "pants-on-fire" false. Scott sought to avoid mentioning Trump and at times criticized or distanced himself from actions of the Trump administration, whereas in the past he had used his friendship with Trump to boost his profile and had been an early and vocal supporter of Trump in 2016. Trump endorsed Scott for Senate.
The initial election results showed Scott leading Nelson by 12,562 votes, or 0.15% of the vote. Under Florida law, a manual recount is triggered if election results show a margin of less than 0.5% of the vote. Both candidates filed lawsuits in connection with the recount. After the recount, Florida elections officials announced on November 18, 2018, that Scott had prevailed. Scott received 50.05% of the vote to Nelson's 49.93%; the margin of victory was 10,033 votes out of 8.19 million votes cast. Nelson then conceded. It was the most expensive Senate race in the nation in 2018. After the race, Scott's Super PAC, New Republican PAC, received criticism from across the political spectrum for its aggressive practices and was the subject of several FEC complaints for multiple violations of federal election law; the Super PAC's finances are chaired by hedge fund billionaire Ken Griffin, who personally donated at least $10 million to the PAC.
Tenure
The Senate term for the 116th Congress began on January 3, 2019, but Scott's term as governor ended on January 8. On December 4, 2018, Scott's office announced that he would finish his term as governor and not resign early. Scott attended the ceremonial swearing-in of his successor as governor, Ron DeSantis, on the morning of January 8, 2019, in front of Florida's historic Old Capitol. Scott left the ceremony early to fly to Washington, D.C., and was sworn in to the Senate by Vice President Mike Pence later that afternoon.
Trump administration
In January 2019, Scott encouraged Trump to declare a national emergency to build a border wall if Congress would not give him the funds to do so. In February 2019, when Trump declared a national emergency, Scott applauded the decision.
In April 2019, amid calls for an American military intervention in Venezuela, Scott said that the Maduro regime was perpetrating a "genocide" and that the U.S. was "not aggressive enough" about the situation. Fact-checkers and experts described Scott's assertion of a genocide as false and misguided. Scott called on the U.S. to position its military assets to be prepared to respond to events in Venezuela.
In May 2020, Scott voted for an amendment co-sponsored by Senators Steve Daines and Ron Wyden that would have required federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies to obtain federal court warrants when collecting web search engine data from American citizens, nationals, or residents under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).
After Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020, Scott sided with Senator Mitch McConnell and called on her replacement to be voted on before that year's presidential election.
After Donald Trump lost the 2020 presidential election while making false claims of fraud, Scott voted to object to seating the electors from Pennsylvania but voted against the other objection raised for seating the electors from Arizona. Both objections were rejected by the Senate, 92–7 and 93–6, respectively.
Biden administration
In April 2021, Scott ran unopposed for the chairmanship of the National Republican Senatorial Committee and was formally selected on November 10, 2020, succeeding Senator Todd Young.
In March 2021, Scott voted against the American Rescue Plan Act; after it passed, he called upon Florida and other states to reject federal assistance from the package.
In May 2021, Scott voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.
On March 10, 2022, Scott was one of 31 Republicans to vote against a $1.5 trillion spending bill that included $13.6 billion in military assistance for Ukraine's defense, arguing that it was filled with lawmakers' "pet" projects. On March 17, he was one of more than two dozen Senate Republicans who demanded that President Biden send Ukraine more support.
In August 2022, Scott published an open letter encouraging job seekers not to apply for newly funded positions at the IRS, vowing that Republicans, if they took control of Congress in January 2023, would quickly "defund" those jobs. The letter to job seekers included the statement, "The IRS is making it very clear that you not only need to be ready to audit and investigate your fellow hardworking Americans, your neighbors and friends, you need to be ready and, to use the IRS’s words, willing, to kill them."
On November 14, 2022, Scott announced he would attempt to challenge incumbent Mitch McConnell for the position of Senate Minority Leader in the 118th United States Congress, the first challenge McConnell had faced for the position since winning it in 2006. Scott said, "the status quo is broken and big change is needed" and that Senate Republican leadership needed "to listen to [Republican voters'] calls for action and start governing in Washington like we campaign back at home", in the wake of the party's failure to gain Senate seats in that year's elections. Scott received 10 votes to McConnell's 37, with one senator voting "present". The vote was held by secret ballot; senators who publicly confirmed voting for Scott included Mike Braun, Josh Hawley, Ted Cruz, Ron Johnson, and Lindsey Graham.
Scott was among the 31 Senate Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.
Notable Senate bills that Scott has sponsored or co-sponsored include the Sunshine Protection Act, which makes daylight saving time in the United States permanent; the PROTECT Kids Act, which cuts federal funding to schools that allow students to change their preferred pronouns and keep their sexual orientation from their parents; the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022; and the END FENTANYL Act. Scott also expressed support for "automatic" capital punishment of school shooters in the wake of the Covenant School shooting in Nashville.
Plan to Rescue America
On February 22, 2022, Scott released his controversial 11-Point Plan to Rescue America in response to Democratic criticism that Republicans were unwilling to provide any kind of agenda should they win the House and/or Senate that year. Particularly singled out were a proposal that would force all Americans to pay at least some income tax "to have skin in the game" and one that would make all federal legislation sunset within five years. While the latter proposal did not mention any specific legislation, Social Security and Medicare were singled out elsewhere as programs that could be affected. Other proposals in the plan included closing the United States Department of Education, punishing universities that practice affirmative action, stripping all funding from sanctuary cities, completing the Trump wall, reducing the size of the federal government and its workforce, mandatory voter ID, increasing police funding and law and order policies, mandating the Pledge of Allegiance in schools, allowing legal action against social media platforms for deplatforming, banning transgender women from participating in women's sports, banning the supposed teaching of critical race theory, expanding religious freedom, and various attacks on "wokeness" and diversity training.
Democrats, including President Biden, strongly attacked the plan. The Republican response was mixed. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell criticized the provisions on income tax and sunsetting federal legislation, and Senator John Cornyn said the plan "is not an approach embraced by the entire Republican conference" and not something that should be focused on until after the election. Senator Ron Johnson said he supported Scott for releasing his platform and agreed with most of it. Senators Mike Braun and Tommy Tuberville also praised the platform.
On June 8, 2022, Scott released a revision of the plan that replaced the income tax proposal with a proposal not to provide government assistance to "able-bodied Americans under 60 [without] young children or incapacitated dependents" who are not working. He also added a 12th point containing various tax proposals and clarifying that the plan "cuts taxes", in response to Biden's criticisms of his income tax proposal.
Abortion
Scott is pro-life. He supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade in June 2022, saying that Roe v. Wade was "flawed legal reasoning" and that the Supreme Court had defended "human dignity" and federalism.
Committee assignments
Scott has served or is serving on the following committees:
Current
Armed Services
Subcommittee on Airland
Subcommittee on Cybersecurity
Subcommittee on Personnel
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management
Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management
Budget
Aging (Special)
Previous
Commerce, Science and Transportation (served until February 2023)
Caucus
Senate Republican Conference
Net worth and investments
Scott's net worth was estimated at in 2010, $84 million in 2012, and $133 million in 2013. On July 1, 2015, it was reported that Scott's net worth had grown to $147 million, $149 million on December 31, 2016, and $232 million on December 31, 2017. For August 2018, his net worth was estimated at $255 million. Based on financial disclosure reports covering 2020, Business Insider reports that Scott has a minimum net worth of just over $200 million, making him the wealthiest member of Congress.
Creation of "blind trust"
Early in his gubernatorial tenure, Scott said he created a blind trust for his holdings to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest. In October 2018, The New York Times reported that the trust in question was blind in name only, and that there were various ways in which Scott could know what his precise holdings were. The holdings in question included investments in companies and funds that Scott could have had an impact on through his administration's policies. The trust in question was managed by one of Scott's former personal assistants from before he became governor.
In February 2019, Scott announced that he would no longer keep his holdings in a trust.
Controversial investments
In 2017, Scott and his wife held stocks in firms that did business with the Maduro government in Venezuela and a shipping firm with close ties to Russia. Scott had been a harsh critic of the Maduro regime and chastised companies that invested in Venezuela, saying, "Any organization that does business with the Maduro regime cannot do business with the state of Florida." By 2018, Scott and his wife no longer held stocks in the firms with links to Russia or Venezuela.
In a July 2018 financial disclosure statement, Scott and his wife reported earnings of at least $2.9 million in hedge funds registered in the Cayman Islands, a well-known tax haven. The financial statement said that the assets were held in a blind trust and a 2018 campaign spokesperson said Scott did not have a role in selecting particular investments.
Scott and his wife invested at least $3 million in the parent company of All Aboard Florida, a rail investment company that proposed to build high-speed rail between Orlando and Tampa. In 2018, Scott supported the efforts of the company to build the rail and get taxpayer-financing. He had previously, early in his tenure as governor, rejected $2.3 billion in federal funding to develop high-speed rail between Tampa and Orlando. Scott stated the original project was fiscally irresponsible given the recession, and he supported a public-private partnership approach when the state's finances were in order.
Scott was an investor in the firm Conduent Inc., which was awarded a $287 million Florida contract in 2015 to manage SunPass, the toll program in the state of Florida. Due to glitches in SunPass, motorists were charged bank fees and overdraft charges, and the Florida Department of Transportation was criticized for failing to take action. Scott, a Conduent investor, defended the department's handling of the SunPass controversy.
Personal life
On April 20, 1972, Scott, then aged 19, married his high school sweetheart, Frances Annette Holland (born May 11, 1952), who was also 19 years old. The couple has two daughters and six grandsons. They live in Naples, Florida, and are founding members of Naples Community Church.
Electoral history
Awards and honors
Time magazine, America's 25 Most Influential People, June 1996
Financial World magazine, silver award for the CEO of the Year, 1995
Columbia University School of Nursing, Second Century Award for Excellence in Health Care (1995)
Notes
References
External links
U.S. Senate website
Campaign website
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1952 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American politicians
American adoptees
American Christians
American health care chief executives
American venture capitalists
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Dedman School of Law alumni
Republican Party governors of Florida
HCA Healthcare people
Living people
People from Naples, Florida
People from North Kansas City, Missouri
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Republican Party United States senators from Florida
Texas lawyers
Florida lawyers
United States Navy sailors
University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Scott |
Antonio Rocco (1586–1653) was an Italian priest and philosophy teacher (he graduated under Cesare Cremonini), and a writer. Ever since 1888 when he was identified as its anonymous author, he is best known for his satirical homosexual text, L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola, written in 1630 and published in 1652.
The work was immediately suppressed, and only ten copies survived the attempts to destroy the whole print run. The survival of the work led to, in 1862, to its translation and publishing in Italian. Again the work elicited immediate condemnation. It was denounced by the police as a liber spurcissimus (a most filthy book) and largely destroyed.
Bibliography
In universam philosophiam naturalem Aristotelis paraphrasis textualis exactissima; necnon quaestiones omnes desiderabiles ad mentem Joannis Duns Scoti subtilis, Varisco, Venezia 1623.
In Aristotelis Logicam paraphrasis textualis, & quaestiones ad mentem Scoti. Una cum introductione in principio, & tractatu de secundis intentionibus, Varisco, Venezia 1627.
Esercitationi filosofiche di d. Antonio Rocco filosofo peripatetico. Le quali versano in considerare le positioni, & obiettioni, che si contengono nel Dialogo del signor Galileo Galilei Linceo contro la dottrina d'Aristotile, Francesco Baba, Venezia 1633.
Animae rationalis immortalitas simul cum ipsius vera propagatione ex semine, via quadam sublimi peripatetica, non hactenus post Aristotelem signata vestigijs, exercitationis philosophicae illibataeque veritatis gratia indagatur ab Antonio Rocco. Philosophicorum operum tomus sextus, Philip Hertz, Francofurti 1644.
D.P.A., L'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, no date and publisher, but 1651. Also as: Antonio Rocco, L'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, Salerno, Roma 1988 e 2003 (critical edition by Laura Coci).
De Scurcula Marsorum... In logicam, atque universam naturalem philosophiam Aristoteles paraphrasis textualis exactissima; nec non quaestiones desiderabilis ad mentem Joannis Duns Scoti doctoris subtilis. Quod quidem opus est lectura eiusdem Antonij habita in florentissima Academia Peripateticorum Innouatorum Venetijs, Francesco Baba, Venezia 1654
Facultas rationalis sive logica universa in duas partes distributa, et ad usum studiosae iuventutis ordinata, Venetiis, apud Franciscum Salerni, & Ioannem Cagnolini, 1668.
Della bruttezza; Amore è un puro interesse (edited by F. Walter Lupi), ETS, Pisa 1990.
Eduardo Melfi, Figure della mancanza: il discorso "Della Bruttezza" di Antonio Rocco, in G. Nocera (editor), Il segno barocco (Atti del congresso, Siracusa, 17-19 dicembre 1981), Bulzoni, Roma, 1983, pp. 263–278.
Giovanni Dall'Orto, Antonio Rocco and the background of his "L'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola". In: "Among men, among women", Amsterdam, 22-26/6/1983, pp. 224–232.
Aldrich R. & Wotherspoon G., Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, from Antiquity to WWII, Routledge, London, 2001.
Italian Renaissance writers
1586 births
1653 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Rocco |
Acquaviva Platani (Sicilian: Acquaviva Plàtani) is a hill town and comune in the province of Caltanissetta.
The name of the town (meaning "Living Water" in Italian) is derived from the numerous natural springs in the area. Until 1862, the town was called simply Acquaviva; the appositive Platani was added to distinguish it from the other three Italian towns named Acquaviva. Platani is the name of the river which flows nearby.
The economy is based on agriculture: the production of wheat, olives, almonds, and pistachios are important. Also, cattle and horse breeding, along with sheep farms provide income.
Sights include the Torre dell'Orologio (clock tower) which was built in 1894, and the 17th century Chiesa Madre (Mother Church), dedicated to Santa Maria della Luce.
Salvatore Quasimodo, who spent part of his childhood at Acquaviva Platani, writes about the town in his poem "Che vuoi pastore d'aria?", which was included in the Nuove Poesie collection
References
Municipalities of the Province of Caltanissetta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaviva%20Platani |
Steven Stanley Muchnick (1945-2020) was a noted computer science researcher, best known as author of the 1997 treatise on compilers, "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation."
Background
In 1974, Muchnick was awarded a PhD in computer science from Cornell University. After graduation, he became a professor at the University of Kansas, located in Lawrence, Kansas. During his tenure at that institution, he wrote several research papers, many of which were published in the Journal of the ACM.
Muchnick eventually departed from his teaching profession. He then went on to apply his knowledge of compilers as a vital member of the teams that developed two computer architectures — PA-RISC at Hewlett-Packard and SPARC at Sun Microsystems.
Upon completion of the initial work on each architecture, he served as the leader of the advanced compiler design and implementation groups for these systems.
Later Muchnick became involved in the prevention of HIV infections. In 2010 he was a member of the San Francisco HIV Prevention Planning Center.
References
Cornell University alumni
University of Kansas faculty
American computer scientists
Living people
Hewlett-Packard people
Sun Microsystems people
1945 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Muchnick |
North Lindsey College is a further education college in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, England, situated on the A18.
Structure
North Lindsey College is an associate college of the University of Lincoln providing a range of further education and higher education courses. The college comprises 69 departments and occupies an area of . It has two local centres in Ashby and Barton.
College funding decisions are made by the Yorkshire and the Humber Learning and Skills Council in Bradford.
History
The college was established in 1953 as North Lindsey Technical College. Its main building opened in 1964. In 1971 the college became the North Lindsey College of Technology – at that time it was run by Lindsey Education Committee (based in Lincoln). Humberside Education Committee in Beverley took over the administration of the college in 1974.
At that stage it had five departments:
Business and Management Studies
Construction
Engineering
General Studies
Science and Metallurgy
Mathematics and Computing
A college library was built in 1978, and a refectory in 1980. An art and design department opened in 1987. In 1989 it became North Lindsey College. The college logo was designed by local graphic designer and tutor in the art and design department Carole Van Hoffelen and featured a framed 'S' made from 5 parallel lines, symbolic of the local steelworks.
In 2003 the college began producing a newsletter called Clippings, which publishes around 2-3 times year.
In May 2010, an atrium was constructed at the front of the main entrance of the main building, and was opened in September 2010.
During August 2010, the oldest building on the college campus was demolished.
In September 2016, student lanyards were introduced to improve safety to all persons on campus.
Courses
Courses range from basic GCSE to Higher National Diploma to Animal Management, and include National Vocational Qualification courses on the Train to Gain scheme. They also offer BA (Hons) degrees.
References
External links
North Lindsey College official website
EduBase
2008 Ofsted Report (PDF)
University of Lincoln
Further education colleges in Lincolnshire
Education in Scunthorpe
Educational institutions established in 1953
1953 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Lindsey%20College |
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.
This superfamily includes the turrids, the terebras (also known as auger snails or auger shells) and the cones or cone snails. The phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly established. Several families (especially the Turridae), subfamilies and genera are thought to be polyphyletic.
In contrast to Puillandre's estimate, Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008) estimated that the superfamily Conoidea contains about 10,000 species. Tucker (2004) even speaks of 11,350 species in the group of taxa commonly referred to as turrids. 3000 recent taxa are potentially valid species. Little more than half of the known taxa are fossil species. Many species are little known and need more investigation to find their exact systematic place.
Most species in this superfamily are small to medium, with shell lengths between 3 mm and 50 mm. They occur in diverse marine habitats from tropical waters to the poles, in shallow or deep waters, and on hard to soft substrates.
The superfamily is known for its toxoglossan radula, which is used to inject powerful neurotoxins into its prey. This makes these species powerful carnivorous predators on annelid, other mollusc and even fish.
Within the superfamily there are four somewhat different varieties of radula. The radula types are as follows:
Type 1 Drilliidae type: five teeth in each row with comb-like lateral teeth and flat-pointed marginal teeth
Type 2 Turridae s.l. type: two or three teeth in a row with the marginal teeth being of the duplex or wishbone form.
Type 3 Pseudomelatomidae type: two or three teeth in a row with curved and solid marginal teeth.
Type 4 hypodermic type: two hollow, enrolled, marginal teeth in each row with an absent or reduced radular membrane.
In 2009, a proposed new classification of this superfamily was published by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio. In 2011, a new classification of this superfamily was published by Bouchet et al. Both classifications were based upon cladistical analyses and included modern taxonomic molecular phylogeny studies.
Families
1993 taxonomy
Families and subfamilies included within the superfamily Conoidea according to Taylor, et al. 1993
Clavatulidae Clay, 1853
Conidae Fleming, 1822
Coninae – cone snails
Clathurellinae
Conorbiinae
Mangeliinae
Oenopotinae
Raphitominae
Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1964
Strictispiridae McLean, 1971
Terebridae Mörch, 1852 – auger shells
Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) – turrids
This same classification was accepted by Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005
2009 taxonomy
In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology (i.e. shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees. In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre et al. and others. This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do not resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails and creates a number of new families. For Tucker and Tenorio’s classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods) see Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009.
2011 taxonomy
The original classification, Taylor et al. 1993 (and Bouchet & Rocroi in 2005) was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article. The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008. They recognize fifteen families: Conidae, Terebridae, and the polyphyletic family Turridae resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera). The authors follow tentatively the classification for the family Conidae as presented by Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 who divided the monogeneric family Conidae into 82 genera. However, there is no final opinion on this issue yet, as a new molecular phylogeny of the Conidae is in preparation. There are a number of genera within the Conoidea that could not be assigned to any family.
In 2012, a new lineage in the Conoidea was revealed, leading to the creation of a new family Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 that includes one genus Bouchetispira Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 and one species Bouchetispira vitrea Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012, which was found on an isolated sea mount off New Caledonia. This is probably the sole survivor of a larger clade.
Recognized families in the Conoidea (as of 2020):
Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012
Clathurellidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858
Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Cochlespiridae Powell, 1942
Conidae Fleming, 1822
Conorbidae de Gregorio, 1880
† Cryptoconidae Cossmann, 1896
Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Fusiturridae Abdelkrim, Aznar-Cormano, Fedosov, Kantor, Lozouet, Phuong, Zaharias & Puillandre, 2018
Horaiclavidae Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev & Puillandre, 2011
Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Marshallenidae Abdelkrim, Aznar-Cormano, Fedosov, Kantor, Lozouet, Phuong, Zaharias & Puillandre, 2018
Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Strictispiridae McLean, 1971
Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838)
Conoidea (unassigned)
Genera not assigned to a family:
† Amuletum Stephenson, 1941
† Austroclavus Powell, 1942
† Austrotoma Finlay, 1924
Bathyferula Stahlschmidt, Lamy & Fraussen, 2012
† Campylacrum Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Clinuropsis Vincent, 1913
† Cosmasyrinx Marwick, 1931
Cryptomella Finlay, 1924
Echinoturris Powell, 1935
Eoscobinella Powell, 1942
† Eothesbia Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Eoturris Finlay & Marwick, 1937
Hemipleurotoma Cossmannn, 1889
† Insolentia Finlay, 1926
Mangaoparia Vella, 1954
Maoricrassus Vella, 1954
† Marshallaria Finlay & Marwick, 1937
† Moniliopsis Cossmann, 1918
Notogenota Powell, 1942
† Orthosurcula Casey, 1904
Parasyngenochilus Long, 1981
† Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924
Pleurotomoides Bronn, 1831
† Pseudoinquisitor Powell, 1942
† Rugobela Finlay, 1924
Sinistrella Meyer, 1887
Tahudrillia Powell, 1942
† Tahuia Maxwell, 1992
† Turrinosyrinx Hickman, 1976
Veruturris Powell, 1944
† Zeatoma Maxwell, 1992
Families and subfamilies brought into synonymy
Acusidae Gray, 1853: synonym of Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Clavidae Casey, 1904: synonym of Drilliidae Olsson, 1964
Clionellidae Stimpson, 1865: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Conilithidae Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conidae Fleming, 1822
Crassispirinae McLean, 1971: synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Cytharinae Thiele, 1929: synonym of Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Daphnellinae Casey, 1904: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888: synonym of Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Melatomidae Gill, 1871: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904: synonym of Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904
Oenopotinae Bogdanov, 1987: synonym of Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883
Pervicaciidae Rudman, 1969: synonym of Terebridae Mörch, 1852
Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Pleurotomidae: synonym of Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838)
Pseudotominae Bellardi, 1875: synonym of Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Pusionellinae Gray, 1853: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Taraninae Casey, 1904: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Taranteconidae Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conidae Fleming, 1822
Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942: synonym of Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875
Turriculinae Powell, 1942: synonym of Clavatulidae Gray, 1853
Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003: synonym of Borsoniidae Bellardi, 1875
Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971: synonym of Pseudomelatomidae Morrison, 1966
Genera (not assigned to a family) brought into synonymy
† Acamptogenotia Rovereto, 1899 : synonym of† Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875
Defrancia Millet, 1826: synonym of Pleurotomoides Bronn, 1831
Fusosurcula Is. Taki, 1951: synonym of † Orthosurcula Casey, 1904
† Lirasyrinx Powell, 1942: synonym of † Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924
† Tholitoma Finlay & Marwick, 1937: synonym of † Cosmasyrinx (Tholitoma) Finlay & Marwick, 1937 represented as † Cosmasyrinx Marwick, 1931
† Waitara Marwick, 1931 : synonym of Thatcheria Angas, 1877
References
Secondary sources
External links
Neogastropoda
Gastropod superfamilies
Marine gastropods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoidea |
Friden Calculating Machine Company (Friden, Inc.) was an American manufacturer of typewriters and mechanical, later electronic calculators. It was founded by Carl Friden in San Leandro, California, in 1934.
History
In 1957, Friden purchased the Commercial Controls Corporation of Rochester, New York. This gave them the Flexowriter teleprinter, an electric typewriter capable of being used as part of unit record equipment developed in World War II for the Department of the Navy to automatically type "regret to inform you" letters to the survivors of fallen servicemen, the predecessor to modern computers. The Flexowriter could be attached to Friden calculators and driven by paper tape to produce bills and other form letters which had names of customers and amounts of bills filled in automatically. Friden eventually expanded into production of a few models of early transistorized computers.
Friden introduced the first fully transistorized desktop electronic calculator, the model EC-130 in June 1963, designed by Robert "Bob" Appleby Ragen. This machine had a 13-digit capacity and a 5-inch CRT display. It used a magnetostrictive delay-line memory, to save money on expensive transistors. The EC-130 sold for $2,200 (), or about three times the price of comparable electromechanical calculators of the time. It was the first calculator to use reverse Polish notation (RPN), which eliminated the need for parentheses to specify the order of operations in complex calculations. The successor model EC-132, introduced in April 1965, added a square root function.
In 1965 the company was purchased by Singer Business Machines, part of Singer Corporation, but continued operation under the Friden brand name until 1974.
The Singer – Friden Research Center in Oakland, California, later moved to Palo Alto, California (1965 to 1970), was unable to develop a pocket-sized calculator to compete with the corresponding new Japanese products, such as the Busicom, based on Intel 4004 in 1971, Casio Mini and Sharp EL-805 in 1972.
References
Further reading
External links
Friden tribute web site (archived 2019)
Friden STW-10 Electromechanical calculator sold from 1949 to 1966
Friden Flexowriter combination typewriter and paper tape punch, designed by IBM during the 1940s and bought out by Friden in the late 1950s (Retrieved April 10, 2007)
Friden EC-130 Electronic calculator (1963)
Friden EC-132 Electronic calculator (1965)
Singer/Friden 1152 Electronic printing calculator with DTL logic
Singer/Friden 1162 Electronic calculator with DTL logic and CRT display
Friden/Singer 1112 with 507 transistors and twelve digit Nixie tube display, designed and built by Hitachi
Mechanical calculator companies
Electromechanical calculator companies
Electronic calculator companies
Companies based in San Leandro, California
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1974
Manufacturing companies established in 1934
1934 establishments in California
1974 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friden%2C%20Inc. |
ESPN Radio College Gameday is a day-long talk radio show on ESPN Radio covering the day's college football games. It is heard every Saturday during the season from noon until 7 p.m. ET. Some programs originate from the ESPN studios in Bristol, Connecticut; others are on location from game sites, just like College GameDay on television. The show, which began in 2000, is hosted by Matt Schick and analysts Brad Edwards and Trevor Matich, former NFL player. The show is produced by Steve Coughlin. Students and fans are welcomed and encouraged to stop by and watch the games on several high-definition monitors, and possibly take home T-shirts or mini-footballs which are being distributed to the crowd. Beginning in 2006, the show offered a new segment in which a fan conducts inspections of tailgate sites near the broadcast location. This segment airs only when the show is on the road.
Personalities
Current
Matt Schick: (host, 2018–present)
Brad Edwards: (analyst, 2010–present)
Trevor Matich: (analyst, 2007–present)
Former
Chris Fowler: (host, 2000–2004)
Kirk Herbstreit: (analyst, 2000–2004)
Todd McShay: (analyst, 2005–2009)
Dave Revsine: (host, 2005–2006)
Gerry DiNardo: (analyst, 2005–2006)
Scott Reiss: (host, 2007)
Ryen Russillo: (host, 2008–2014)
Doug Kezirian: (host, 2015–2017)
See also
College GameDay (football)
References
External links
ESPN Show page
ESPN Radio
American sports radio programs
College GameDay Radio Tour
College football on the radio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN%20Radio%20College%20GameDay |
Friden may refer to:
People
Anders Fridén (born 1973), Swedish vocalist and songwriter
Carl Friden (1891–1945), Swedish-born, American mechanical engineer and businessman
Yue Xia Wang Fridén (born 1962), Swedish-Chinese table tennis player
Other uses
Friden, Inc., an American company
Friden, Derbyshire, a village in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friden |
Dave Mackintosh is a Scottish drummer, best known as the former drummer for the power metal band DragonForce. Mackintosh also appeared on The Power Cosmic and Atlantis Ascendant albums by the symphonic black metal band Bal-Sagoth.
On 3 June 2014, it was announced that Mackintosh had left DragonForce to "pursue his first love of progressive rock" and is currently the drummer for Soulweaver.
As of 2023 Dave plays in a Rush tribute band called La Villa Strangiato.
Influences
He is influenced by Neil Peart, Mercury Caronia, Mike Portnoy, Tommy Aldridge, Charlie Benante, Ingo Schwichtenberg, Nicko McBrain and Vinnie Paul.
References
External links
Living people
DragonForce members
English heavy metal drummers
British heavy metal singers
21st-century British drummers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Mackintosh |
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil. The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens. It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks. PPM occurs when this atrophy is incomplete. It generally does not cause any symptoms. The strands can connect to the cornea or lens, but most commonly to other parts of the iris. Attachment to the cornea can cause small corneal opacities, while attachment to the lens can cause small cataracts. Using topical atropine to dilate the pupil may help break down PPMs.
In dogs, PPM is inherited in the Basenji but can occur in other breeds such as the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Chow Chow, Mastiff, and English Cocker Spaniel. It can also be observed in cats, horses, and cattle.
References
External links
Dog diseases
Disorders of iris and ciliary body | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent%20pupillary%20membrane |
Glenn Bruce Hamm Jr. (May 30, 1936 in Dayton, Ohio – August 15, 1980) was an artist who worked and lived in Richmond, Virginia, USA.
He earned a BFA and MFA from Carnegie Mellon and a Ph.D. from Purdue University. Hamm taught art at Carlow College from 1963 to 1964, West Virginia University from 1965 to 1969 and Virginia Commonwealth University until his death from Lou Gehrig's Disease in 1980.
He is the author of the art instruction book, Painting the nude.
He is the father of the journalist Xeni Jardin and of the Virginia disc jockey Carl M. Hamm.
Virginia Commonwealth University's Art Department offers an annual academic award in his name.
References
1936 births
1980 deaths
Artists from Dayton, Ohio
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
Purdue University alumni
Virginia Commonwealth University faculty
Neurological disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from motor neuron disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20B.%20Hamm |
Robertas Poškus (born 5 May 1979) is a Lithuanian professional football manager and a former player.
Career
Club
In 15 years he left for Germany, played there for several years for the team of Hamburger SV. From 2002 to 2005 he appeared in the FC Krylia Sovetov Samara "Wings of the Soviets". 30 June 2003, played for the team of foreign players of the Russian championship. In the summer of 2005 he moved to FC Zenit Saint Petersburg. In February 2009, he moved to FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast [2], serving in the First Division of Russia [2], which included 12 matches and scored 2 goals, after which, on 21 August, he was discarded [3]. In the 2009/10 season he became the champion of Azerbaijan in the Inter Baku. In the 2012/13 season, played for FC Sibir Novosibirsk.
Since 2013 – the head coach of the club "Klaipedos Granitas", performing in the First League of Lithuania.
Managerial
In June 2017, Poškus became the head coach of the Amkar Perm youth team.
Career statistics
Club
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 11 October 2011
International goals
Honours
Kareda Siauliai
Lithuanian Football Cup: 1999
Polonia Warsaw
Polish Cup: 2001
Krylia Sovetov Samara
Lithuanian Footballer of the Year: 2003
Inter Baku
Azerbaijan Premier League: 2009–10
References
External links
Profile on Inter Baku's Official Site
1979 births
Living people
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuania men's international footballers
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
FK Atlantas players
A Lyga players
Hamburger SV players
Hamburger SV II players
FK Žalgiris players
Widzew Łódź players
Polonia Warsaw players
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
Russian Premier League players
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Rostov players
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
Shamakhi FK players
FC Sibir Novosibirsk players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
FK Kareda Kaunas players
Men's association football forwards
Lithuanian football managers
FK Jonava managers
Lithuanian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertas%20Po%C5%A1kus |
Tuscarora Creek in Berkeley County, West Virginia, is an tributary of Opequon Creek, which drains into the Potomac River in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Located in the tip of the Mountain State's Eastern Panhandle, Tuscarora Creek flows through the city of Martinsburg before draining into Opequon Creek near the Van Metre Ford Bridge. The stream's headwaters are on the eastern flanks of North Mountain, upstream from Poor House Farm Park.
The creek was named after the Tuscarora Indians.
See also
List of West Virginia rivers
References
Rivers of Berkeley County, West Virginia
Rivers of West Virginia
Tributaries of the Potomac River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora%20Creek%20%28Opequon%20Creek%20tributary%29 |
Lasell University (LU) is a private university in Auburndale, Massachusetts. Lasell offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in the liberal arts, sciences, and professional fields of study.
History
Lasell was founded in 1851 as the Auburndale Female Seminary by Williams College Professor of Chemistry, Edward Lasell, after he took a sabbatical from his job in Williamstown to teach at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, where the experience inspired him to invest more personally in women's education. He died of typhoid fever during the first semester, but his school proved highly successful as a first-rate educational institution and was soon renamed Lasell Female Seminary in his memory.
Its name later changed to Lasell Seminary for Young Women and, in 1874, governance was given to a board of trustees and Principal Charles C. Bragdon. Bragdon further expanded the faculty to make Lasell renowned as a more academically rigorous institution, a prestigious school with a highly scientific approach to domestic work, art, and music. As an innovative institution, known for a radical approach to women's education at the time, Lasell also administered the Harvard exams and offered law courses for women.
Lasell also offered two years of standard collegiate instruction as early as 1852 and is cited as having been the "first successful and persistent" junior college in the United States. In 1932, the college changed its name to Lasell Junior College, and the school officially began offering associate degrees in 1943. In 1989, Lasell adopted a charter to become a four-year institution (it no longer offers any two-year undergraduate degrees), and began admitting male students in 1997. Lasell also began offering master's degrees in 2002.
Lasell faced controversy in 2000 when seven former students sued and claimed that the nursing program, which had been discontinued in 1999, had been a sham. The following year, the college built Lasell Village, an elderly education facility in which residents paid to live and attend classes. Although the college argued that the property was in line with its non-profit mission and exempt from property taxes, the city successfully sued the college for not paying property taxes for the property.
In September 2010, a settlement was also filed in Suffolk Superior Court stipulating that Lasell would have to pay $191,314 to over 1,000 students over a conflict of interest in their Financial Aid Department. The investigation was done by the office of Attorney General Martha Coakley.
The college explored merging with Mount Ida College, another liberal arts institution located in Newton, in February 2018. The reasons given for the proposed merger were to help keep tuition cost as low as possible and maintaining academic quality.
In 2019, the institution's application to become a university was approved by the State Board of Education and it changed its name to Lasell University.
The university's financial challenges came to light in 2023 when several academic programs - global studies, sociology, English, history, and fitness management - were eliminated and 4 faculty and 12 staff members let go. Lasell had a $12 million budget deficit in 2022-2023 and declining undergraduate enrollment since 2011.
Academics
Lasell has been accredited by the Commission on Institution of Higher Education (CIHE) of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) since 1932 and offers bachelor's degrees in the liberal arts and professional disciplines. Through its "Connected Learning" program, students work on off-site projects and assignments. Lasell also offers graduate degrees in education, communication, sport management, athletic training, criminal justice, human resources, marketing, management (MS and MBA), and rehabilitation science.
In 2018, U.S. News & World Report listed Lasell College among only five other colleges with having 100 percent of its graduating seniors participate in an internship experience.
According to U.S. News & World Report, Lasell University has been ranked 9th for the category, "Great Schools at Great Prices" and ranked 25th for the "Best Regional College" in the North. Lasell ranked at 123 out of baccalaureate colleges in the United States for the Washington Monthly College Guide, ranking at number 3 specifically on "a combined measure of the number of staff supporting community service, relative to the total number of staff; the number of academic courses that incorporate service, relative to school size; and whether the institution provides scholarships for community service."
Solstice Low-Residency MFA Program
In 2022, Lasell acquired the Solstice Low-Residency MFA Program from Pine Manor College, where it had been hosted since 2006. Solstice is four-semester Master of Fine Arts program in creative writing. In the low-residency format, students complete five 10-day, on-campus residencies and four semesters in which they work with their faculty mentors remotely from their homes. Residencies occur in January and July and start the spring and fall semesters, respectively. Solstice students may concentrate in fiction, creative nonfiction, poetry, comics & graphic narratives, or writing for children and young adults.
Campus
The Lasell campus covers roughly in the Newton, Massachusetts, village of Auburndale, adjacent to the Lasell Neighborhood Historic District. There are approximately 58 buildings, 27 of which are student dormitories.
The campus is located about half a mile from the Auburndale Commuter Rail station on the Framingham/Worcester Line, and about one mile away from the Riverside MBTA Station on the Green Line's D train, which takes commuters into the downtown Boston area. A shuttle runs regularly between the campus and Riverside Station.
Student life
Of the 1,600 students who attend Lasell, 73% live on campus, 40% come from out-of-state (undergraduate students), and 22% are students of color. Roughly 36% of students at Lasell are male.
Athletics
Lasell University is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III athletics. The Lasell Lasers compete as members of Eastern College Athletic Conference, the North Atlantic Conference, and the Great Northeast Athletic Conferences in baseball, basketball, volleyball, soccer, cross-country, field hockey, softball, lacrosse, and track and field as inter varsity sports. In 2009, a mascot was introduced: Boomer the Torchbearer, named for the industrialists who sponsored Lasell's founding. Additionally, the school has a popular women's and men's rugby club, and has intramural sports such as flag football in the fall, as well as basketball in the winter.
Organizations
The student newspaper is called the 1851 Chronicle in reference to Lasell's founding year, and the student yearbook is called the Lamp. Polished Magazine is made by Lasell students/ A student-run online college radio station began operation in the fall of 2004; in 2016, the radio station began broadcasting on FM as WLAS-LP (102.9).
Notable people
Alumni
Annie Montague Alexander – explorer, naturalist, paleontological collector, philanthropist
Martha Atwood – operatic soprano
Sarah Lord Bailey – elocutionist and teacher
Ada Langworthy Collier – poet, writer
Nancy Donahue – fashion model
Elizabeth Jane Gardner – American painter
Louisa Venable Kyle – historian, author, journalist
Faculty
James Anderson – government defense official and academic
Anna Barrows – pioneering woman in the field of home economics
Todd J. Leach – president of Granite State College, began his academic career at Lasell
Mary Johnson Bailey Lincoln – considered one of the pioneers of the domestic science movement in the United States, taught at Lasell from 1885 to 1889
Florence Jepperson Madsen – contralto singer, vocal instructor, and professor of music
George McKendree Steele – educator and Methodist minister, former president of Lawrence University
Lucy Johnston Sypher – children's book author
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges in Newton, Massachusetts
Great Northeast Athletic Conference schools
Universities and colleges established in 1851
1851 establishments in Massachusetts
Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell%20University |
The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (, codified at 42 U.S.C.A. § 5801) is a United States federal law that established the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, a single agency, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, had responsibility for the development and production of nuclear weapons and for both the development and the safety regulation of the civilian uses of nuclear materials. The Act of 1974 split these functions, assigning to the Energy Research and Development Administration (now the United States Department of Energy) the responsibility for the development and production of nuclear weapons, promotion of nuclear power, and other energy-related work, and assigning to the NRC the regulatory work, which does not include regulation of defense nuclear facilities. The Act of 1974 gave the Commission its collegial structure and established its major offices.
A later amendment to the Act also provided protections for employees, and whistleblowers, who raise nuclear safety concerns. Whistleblowers who believe they suffered retaliation for their protected activities have to file a written complaint with the United States Department of Labor (DOL) within 180 days of the first notice of the adverse action. The whistleblowers would later have a choice to have their claim heard by a DOL administrative law judge or to file a lawsuit in court and seek a trial to a judge or jury.
External links
Information from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER)
Government Accountability Project
Project On Government Oversight (POGO)
National Whistleblower Center
Workplace Fairness FAQ for environmental whistleblowers
Tate & Renner article on whistleblowers under U.S. federal law
Whistleblower Employee Protection Website
U.S. Department of Labor Whistleblower Program & information
1974 in law
93rd United States Congress
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
United States federal energy legislation
United States federal environmental legislation
United States federal government administration legislation
1974 in the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Reorganization%20Act%20of%201974 |
Robert Morrison "Bob" Rees (1938 – November 1, 2005) was an advertising executive and journalist who wrote for the Honolulu Weekly and Honolulu Advertiser.
Rees was born in San Diego. After graduating from Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley, Rees worked as an advertising executive with Doyle Dane Bernbach on campaigns for Volkswagen, Porsche, and Audi. He later moved to Hawaii, teaching at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Rees was a freelance writer, especially for the alternative paper, the Honolulu Weekly. He also hosted the Hawaii Public Radio program Talk of the Islands and television show Counterpoint.
In his journalistic career in Hawaii, Rees often stirred controversy, questioning among others, politicians and certain figures in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. For his work in Honolulu Weekly, Rees received two AAN awards. He died in Kailua, Oahu.
Articles
"Who's Listening to Bob Rees?", Hawaii Business, December 1994
References
External links
Honolulu Star-Bulletin obituary of Robert Rees
"A Kind of Conscience," Honolulu Weekly obituary
1938 births
2005 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Rees%20%28journalist%29 |
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2011–2021, 2022-2286i, 2296a-2297h-13, is a United States federal law that covers for the development, regulation, and disposal of nuclear materials and facilities in the United States.
It was an amendment to the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and substantially refined certain aspects of the law, including increased support for the possibility of a civilian nuclear industry. Notably, it made it possible for the government to allow private companies to gain technical information (Restricted Data) about nuclear energy production and the production of fissile materials, allowing for greater exchange of information with foreign nations as part of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace program, and reversed certain provisions in the 1946 law which had made it impossible to patent processes for generating nuclear energy or fissile materials.
The H.R. 9757 legislation was passed by the 83rd U.S. Congressional session and signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower on August 30, 1954.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission described the Atomic Energy Act as, "the fundamental U.S. law on both the civilian and the military uses of nuclear materials."
See also
Arms Control and Disarmament Act of 1961
Atomic Energy Act
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
Notes and references
External links
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as enacted (details) in the US Statutes at Large
Nuclear Regulatory Legislation compilation of statutes and materials through the 112th Congress from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Foreign relations of the United States, 1952–1954 from the Office of the Historian of the US Department of State
1954 in American law
Arms control
Military disbanding and disarmament
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
United States Atomic Energy Commission
United States federal criminal legislation
United States federal energy legislation
83rd United States Congress
1954 in the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20Energy%20Act%20of%201954 |
Carl Friden (April 11, 1891 – April 29, 1945) was a Swedish-born, American mechanical engineer and businessman who founded the Friden Calculating Machine Company (Friden, Inc.).
Background
Carl Mauritz Fredrik Friden was born in Alvesta in Kronoberg County, Sweden. A company biography of Carl Friden from the 1960s or before stated that he was born Carl Bengtsson, but later took Fridén as his surname.
In 1912, he graduated as a mechanical engineer from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Friden became a mechanical engineer representing the Swedish Match Trust. In 1913, Friden traveled to in London, England, to assemble match machines for his company. In 1914, he traveled to Australia with the same purpose in mind, but was stranded there when World War I broke out. In the interim he worked on his ideas for designing a more reliable calculator. Two years later he headed to San Francisco on an American steamer to get part way home, but that is where he stayed. He found his place in the Marchant Calculating Machine Co. of Oakland within a year. When the U.S. Government made Marchant discontinue its current model because it violated some German patents, Carl Friden filled the void with his own model.
Friden became the chief designer of the Marchant Calculating Machine Company. While there he introduced his new design which reduced the number of calculator parts by one-third, thus increasing their reliability. Friden continued to develop the modified-pinwheel machines at Marchant during the 1920s. His machines were robust and quickly became popular.
Friden Calculating Machine Company
Carl Friden left the Marchant Calculating Machine Company during the Great Depression in 1934 to establish his own calculator company at San Leandro, California. Four investors came to the firm's aid with funds to add to Carl Friden's limited finances. These investors were Walter S. Johnson and his brother-in-law Charles T. Gruenhagen (1885–1968), both executives with the American Forest Products Corporation, together with their associates, J. B. Lewis of the American Box Company and C. A. Webster of the Stockton Box Company. Both companies were affiliated with American Forest Products Corporation.
Carl Friden already had a number of patents to his credit, including an early calculating machine. Friden's company introduced a calculator that included a square root function in 1952, then went on in 1963 to introduce the model EC-130, a fully transistorized electronic calculator. In 1963 the company was purchased by the Singer Corporation.
Personal
Friden married Hildur Victoria Svenson in 1914 in Stockholm, Sweden. They had two children, Stanley Mauritz Victor Friden (1917) and Barbro Friden. Carl married his second wife Emita Alatorre in 1940 and had two children: Eric Donald Friden (1941) and Linda Marlice Friden (1943). They lived together in Pleasanton, California at their ranch Calmita Acres where they entertained celebrities including Jack London, Ernest Lawrence, Robert Oppenheimer as well as various Scandinavian dignitaries.
Carl Friden was the first president of the Swedish Club of San Francisco and was instrumental in founding the Department of Scandinavian at the University of California, Berkeley. The Order of Vasa was conferred upon Carl Friden by King Gustaf V of Sweden in April 1945 in recognition of his distinguished achievements. He has been described as one of the Bay Area's most prominent Swedish-Americans and is discussed in Muriel Beroza's book Golden Gate Swedes. He was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a Lutheran, and a Republican.
Carl Friden died of cancer in 1945 and was buried at the Chapel of the Chimes in Oakland, California.
References
Related reading
Beroza, Muriel Nelson (2000) Golden Gate Swedes: The Bay Area and Sveadal (Range of Light Works)
External links
Friden tribute website. Retrieved March 4, 2006
1891 births
1945 deaths
People from Alvesta Municipality
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
American manufacturing businesspeople
Swedish emigrants to the United States
American Lutherans
People from San Leandro, California
20th-century American inventors
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century Lutherans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Friden |
The Mayo Echo was a controversial, free, weekly tabloid newspaper circulated in County Mayo, Ireland during the 2000s. The paper was first published in 2004 and closed in April 2009.
Circulation
The newspaper claimed to have one of the largest distributions of the 'five county' newspapers, "eventually reaching more than 24,000 copies every week." (from page 2 of the last online edition - edition 221, 15 April 2009). The paper was delivered door-to-door in Ballina, Castlebar, Westport and Claremorris and was also published online every week in PDF format.
Style
The newspaper formed a reputation for tackling controversial subjects using blunt language, and publishing articles criticising what it considered to be examples of corruption or malpractice in local government and other local organisations - in fact, the last online issue had an apology on the front cover relating to an earlier story (dated 30 April 2008) alleging that a local councillor acted improperly when handling planning matters relating to business premises.
As might have been expected, the relationship between the Mayo Echo and the local council (Mayo County Council) was not amicable, and, in the last online edition, editor Tony Geraghty stated that there had been a three-year boycott of the paper by the Council. It is understood that the Mayo Echo was not available in the Mayo County Library and the Council operated an advertising boycott.
A Mayo Echo piece which claimed that hundreds of people would be relocated from troubled housing estates in Limerick to Mayo was described as "off the wall".
Lough Lannagh article, May 2008
In May 2008, the Mayo Echo published an article about alleged gay activity at a local beauty spot in the town of Castlebar. The article sparked hot debate in the local and national press, on national radio and online forums - mainly over its association of the word "pervert" with homosexuality, and the fact that photographs were printed of one person allegedly involved, with their vehicle number plate clearly visible.
Tony Geraghty, editor of the Mayo Echo, objected to some comments about the original article published on the regional bulletin board at http://www.castlebar.ie/. He contacted the website requesting that the comments be removed and that an apology be published. An apology was published and the comments were removed, but new comments appeared, including one allegedly threatening to burn the Mayo Echos offices into the ground. Geraghty then issued a threat of legal action against the website and, as a result, the entire site was removed by the site managers and replaced with a commentary on the events. Geraghty then demanded a list of the names of all the site moderators and contributors, but the site managers refused this request. In quick succession, a campaign website was set up (savecastlebarie.org - no longer online), and groups were formed on Facebook and Myspace. Eventually, Geraghty dropped his threat of legal action and the full website at http://www.castlebar.ie/ returned shortly afterwards.
References
External links
Mayo Echo — website of the newspaper
Castlebar.ie web site (shut down as of 3 June 2008, reopen as of April 2009)
Facebook group relating to the shut down of castlebar.ie
MySpace group relating to the shut down of castlebar.ie
RTE (Ireland's national radio broadcaster) podcast covering a broadcast about the controversial article published in the Mayo Echo in May 2008 (MP3) References to Web site shut down at 33:45 and 41:00
2004 establishments in Ireland
2009 disestablishments in Ireland
Castlebar
Defunct newspapers published in Ireland
LGBT history in Ireland
Mass media in County Mayo
Newspapers published in the Republic of Ireland
Newspapers established in 2004
Publications disestablished in 2009
Weekly newspapers published in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%20Echo |
Perfect Sound Forever (1991) is the third EP by American indie rock band Pavement. It was released as a 10" on Chicago's Drag City recording label. Its songs were later made available on the Drag City compilation Westing (by Musket & Sextant).
Background
The EP's name came from a line in Sony's 1982 advertising campaign for the first compact discs, which assured potential buyers of the ultimate in both fidelity and longevity.
Village Voice writer Michaelangelo Matos noted Perfect Sound Forever and the band's 1990 EP, Demolition Plot J-7, as "epochal to ... sloppy early-'90s undergrads."
Track listing
All tracks were written by Stephen Malkmus and Scott Kannberg.
"Heckler Spray" – 1:06
"From Now On" – 2:03
"Angel Carver Blues/Mellow Jazz Docent" – 2:30
"Drive-by Fader" – 0:28
"Debris Slide" – 1:56
"Home" – 2:23
"Krell Vid-User" – 1:26
Personnel
Pavement
Stephen Malkmus – lead vocals, guitar
Scott Kannberg – backing vocals, guitar, bass
Gary Young – drums
References
Jovanovic, Rob (2004). Perfect Sound Forever: The Story of Pavement. (Boston) Justin, Charles & Co. .
External links
Perfect Sound Forever at Drag City
1991 EPs
Pavement (band) albums
Drag City (record label) EPs
Lo-fi music EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20Sound%20Forever%20%28EP%29 |
The long-nosed snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei) is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to North America. It has two recognized subspecies. The other species in the genus were previously considered subspecies.
Etymology
The specific name, lecontei, commemorates American entomologist John Lawrence Le Conte (1825-1883).
Description
The long-nosed snake is distinguished by a long, slightly upturned snout, which is the origin of its common name. It is tricolor, vaguely resembling a coral snake, with black and red saddling on a yellow or cream-colored background. Cream-colored spots within the black saddles are a distinct characteristic of the long-nosed snake. It differs from all other harmless snakes in the United States by having undivided subcaudal scales. The total length (including tail) of adults is usually , but the maximum record total length is .
Behavior
R. lecontei is a shy, nocturnal burrowing snake. It spends most of its time buried underground.
Diet
The long-nosed snake feeds on lizards, amphibians, and sometimes smaller snakes and infrequently rodents.
Reproduction
R. lecontei is oviparous, laying clutches of 4-9 eggs in the early summer, which hatch in the late summer or early fall.
Defense
The long-nosed snake is not apt to bite, but will release a foul smelling musk and blood from the cloaca as a defense mechanism if harassed.
Habitat
The preferred natural habitats of the long-nosed snake are desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna.
Geographic range
R. lecontei is found in northern Mexico from San Luis Potosí to Chihuahua, and into the southwestern United States, in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Subspecies
Western long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei lecontei
Texas long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus
In captivity
The long-nosed snake is not often found in the exotic pet trade as it frequently rejects rodent-based diets that are most readily available for captive snakes.
References
External links
USGS: Rhinocheilus lecontei
WhoZoo: Long-nosed Snake
NatureServe Explorer: w/ 2 RangeMaps: Rhinocheilus lecontei. Click "DISTRIBUTION" for maps.
Further reading
Baird SF, Girard C (1853). Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpents. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (Rhinocheilus, new genus, p. 120; R. lecontei, new species, pp. 120–121).
Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . (Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 649-650 + Plates 593, 609).
Conant, Roger, Bridges, William (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Rhinocheilus lecontei, p. 86 + Plate 14, Figure 41).
Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. . (Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 392-393 + Plate 37).
Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. (paperback). (Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 164–165).
Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp. (paperback). (Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 370–371 + Plate 44 + Map 155).
Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Genus Rhinocheilus, p. 630-633 + Figure 19 on p. 69). (species Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 633–644, Figures 183-187, Map 48).
Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. ("LONG-NOSED SNAKE", Rhinocheilus lecontei, pp. 101, 156).
Rhinocheilus
Fauna of the Southwestern United States
Reptiles of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles described in 1853
Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed%20snake |
Jason Euringer is a Canadian musician.
A guitarist/vocalist and bass player, he frequently appears on recordings by artists in the Kingston, Ontario scene, including Weeping Tile, Sarah Harmer and Luther Wright and the Wrongs. Harmer's 1999 album Songs for Clem included a cover credit for Euringer.
He also appears in Harmer's 2006 documentary film Escarpment Blues.
References
Canadian male guitarists
Living people
21st-century Canadian guitarists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Euringer |
The Sultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon: Kasultanan nu Magindanaw, Jawi: كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو; Filipino: Sultanato ng Maguindanao) was a sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte), Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region. Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to the bay of Sarangani. During the era of European colonization, the Sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders.
History
According to the Yuan annals of 1304 in the Nanhai Zhi, a polity known as Wenduling (文杜陵) may have been the predecessor state of Maguindanao. Wenduling was invaded by then Hindu-Buddhist Brunei (Pon-i), until it rebelled and successfully broke away after the Majapahit invasion of the latter. Islamization then happened afterwards.
Islamization and founding
Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and then Sharif Kabungsuwan of Johor in what is now modern day Malaysia, preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestral animist beliefs. The brothers parted ways, with Tabunaway heading to the lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Maguindanaons and the indigenous peoples was forged through the two brothers.
As Shariff Kabungsuwan preached Islam in the area, which was earlier Hindu-influenced from Srivijaya times, at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang. He exiled some of his people who apostatised to Cotabato. He subsequently married into the families of local chieftains and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao, with its seat in Slangan (the western part of present-day Cotabato), making him virtually Sultan of the whole island. The sultanate was largely centered around the Cotabato Valley.
Asraf Mohamad Samalan Dipatuan Qudratullah Fahar'uddin Nasiruddin, popularly known as Kudarat and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest sultans who controlled Mindanao. In his island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin and after his reign was buried there. His grandson Abd al-Rahman continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.
The Maguindanao Sultanate also had a close alliance with the Ternate Sultanate, a sultanate in the Moluccas region of Indonesia. Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Maguindanao during the Spanish-Moro Wars.
Nevertheless, its power was reduced when the Confederate Sultanates of Lanao, declared independence from the Maguindanao Sultanate.
During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend its territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire coastal Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuaded Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguindanao and Sulu itself.
Chinese gongs, yellow as a color of royalty, and idioms of Chinese origin entered Mindanao culture. Royalty was connected to yellow. The color yellow was used by the Sultan in Mindanao. Chinese tableware and gongs were exported to the Moros.
Merchant Chinese were tranquilly residing alongside the Moros in Maguindanao.
Government and politics
Similar to neighboring sultanates, Maguindanao was decentralized; every town remained autonomous and ruled by their rajas, datus, etc. However, aspects of centralized authority lay in some sectors of governance absolutely controlled by the sultan. (TBE)
Administration
Diplomacy
Maguindanao maintained close relations with Ternate, Sulu, and Brunei, but developed a rivalry with Buayan. However, Buayan would become a de facto subject state under Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. (TBE)
Economy
Since the ratification of a peace treaty between Muslims and Christians in 1645 by Kudarat and Zamboanga governor Francisco de Atienza Ibañez, the following period of relative stability ushered an economic golden age as Maguindanao reopened its harbors to international trade, first based in Kudarat's capital of Simuay (present-day Sultan Mastura).
Maguindanao's economy was principally driven by two sectors: trade exports of raw materials like agricultural and jungle produce, and slave labor; it did not maintain a market large enough for imported spices, gold, silk, and other exotic goods. Consequently, this model largely relied on annual outgoing trade expeditions led by Chinese nakodas accompanying trading chiefs most frequently to Ternate and Manila, and regularly to Amboina, Makassar, Batavia and elsewhere in Java, and around Sumatra.
Within Maguindanao, the sa ilud principalities served as entrepôts for both domestic and foreign trade and the sa raya region as its breadbasket. Several economic reforms were made under Kudarat: wax was monopolized in Sarangani and the Davao Gulf ports, and restricted trade in the former only by permission with a license from the Sultan himself. He also acquired shahbandars to oversee the trade and commodities sectors.
Exports
The most important exports were rice, wax, tobacco, and clove and cinnamon barks, alongside coconut oil, sago, beans, tortoiseshells, bird's nests, and ebony hardwood.
Slavery
Several policies of attraction
Slave raids across islands and mountains
Escaped slaves accommodated at Simoay
Included Malays, Bugis, Ternatans, Ambonese, Burmese, Makassarese, even from as far as coastal India
Only Sultan permits slave sales, otherwise risk beheading
Pagali method
Culture and society
Demographics
At its peak, Maguindanao maintained a diverse mosaic of indigenous ethnicities and communities; besides the Maguindanaon themselves, under various forms of vassalage were Iranun (including Maranao), Sama-Bajau, Subanon, Sarangani, and Kalagan peoples, while in more mutual yet interdependent trade-based relationships were highlander Tirurays and Manobos.
Maguindanao
Iranun
The Iranun peoples settled along the coasts of the entire Illana Bay, including the Pulangi and Simuay deltas and Polloc harbor, and further inland along the shore of Lake Lanao as Maranaos. Although they were autonomously led by their datus, they were vassals of the Sultan from paying tributes and formal acknowledgements. During Barahaman's reign, their population was estimated to be around 90,000-100,000.
Alongside the Bajaus, they were the most important allies of the Maguindanao; the sultanate heavily depended on their vast manpower to maintain the status quo throughout the region. Paradoxically, however, they were also perceived by Maguindanao royalty as the least trustworthy of all groups; they were apparently notorious for rogue activities, and several punitive expeditions were made to quell minor Iranun uprisings. European traders were sometimes advised to sail south of the predominantly Iranun Polloc area into the Simuay River if heading towards the capital for safety, and were denied permanent trading posts for the same reason.
Sama-Bajau
The Sama-Bajau, or simply Badjaos, of Maguindanao were primarily based around the Simuay delta, though they were nomads who lived on the shorelines and did not live in permanent settlements like the Iranun; additionally, they were particularly barred from living within the capital itself, though nearby.
Small in numbers, they were typically fishermen who supplied sea produce for trading vessels and Maguindaon land dwellers, sometimes sailing as far as the Tomini Gulf for catches. However, they were also called upon for a variety of other jobs ranging from supplying boats, joining slave raiding expeditions, and as boat rowing entourage for royalty and other esteemed officials alongside more dangerous jobs as the Sultan's envoys, interpreters, tribute collection from the coastal settlements, and as river guardians.
Subanon
The Subanon peoples of the Zamboanga peninsula were also vassals of the sultanate. Aside from offering manpower, they were entrusted with two main roles: production and trade of local cinnamon (Cinnamomum mindanaense) and maintaining storage networks for the Maguindanao's hardware, especially cannons.
Tiruray
The Tirurays of the southern Tiruray Highlands and its coast held a mutual but interdependent position with the sultanate largely defined by trade. Trade pacts were established between Magindanaon datus and Tiruray neighborhoods through seketas teel ("cutting rattan together"). They largely traded forest and some agricultural produce like wax, tobacco, as well as manpower.
Manobo
Manobos comprise a variety of different highland peoples in the northern and western mountains surrounding the Cotabato Basin, and like the Tirurays, held largely mutual trade relationships with the sultanate. Manobo territories were outside the margins of any Maguindanao control and considered too dangerous. Consequently, trade activity was restricted to only between them and the royal family and principal datus. They mostly traded gold for clothing.
Sarangani
Since its capture in 1625, the people of the Sarangani islands were subjugated by Maguindanao through various enforced trade policies in that area, and may be considered slaves of the sultanate than merely subjects.
Aside from serving as the Sultan's primary warehouse, Kudarat restricted their trading activities with foreigners through his personal permission for a license, except for several Chinese in wax trading. The islands' crossroads position served various professions for the sultanate, from ship repair, agricultural produce, wood, water, and manpower.
Kalagan
Otherwise known in historical accounts as simply peoples of the Davao Gulf area, Kalagans were also subject to similar protectionist trade restrictions by Maguindanao since Kudarat's reign. Maguindanao since shared control of the area with Kandahar (Sangir) until usurpation by the former during Sultan Barahaman's rule.
Probably only the town of present-day Davao and nearby settlements were subjugated and paid tribute. Like Sarangani, they offered manpower and agricultural and forest goods.
Kalangan, another settlement elsewhere in the region, had its own tributaries inland and did not pay tribute to Maguindanao, but provided food and traded wax and lower prices for visiting Maguindanaon traders.
Other groups
(TBE)
List of Sultans of Maguindanao
Historical records document 24 Sultans of Maguindanao.
Pretenders
As of May 2018, there are three major royal families in Maguindanao. Each having an enthroned sultan under the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom of Buayan, and Domain of Allah Valley.
Genealogy
See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Sultanate of Buayan
Four States of Lanao
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Ternate
Sultanate of Johor
References
External links
Laarhoven, Ruurdje. "WE ARE MANY NATIONS: THE EMERGENCE OF A MULTI-ETHNIC MAGUINDANAO SULTANATE." Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 14, no. 1 (1986): 32–53. WE ARE MANY NATIONS: THE EMERGENCE OF A MULTI-ETHNIC MAGUINDANAO SULTANATE.
http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v31.pdf
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Filipino royalty
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
1508 establishments in the Philippines
Maguindanao
1508 establishments in Asia
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao
Maguindanao | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate%20of%20Maguindanao |
UEF may refer to:
Underwater Explorers' Federation, a Hungarian diver certification organization
Unified Emulator Format
Uniform energy factor for water heaters
Union of European Federalists
United Earth Federation, one of the fictional factions of the video game Supreme Commander
University of Eastern Finland
Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEF |
Perfect Sound Forever: The Story of Pavement is a 2004 biographical book written by Rob Jovanovic about the 1990s indie rock band Pavement. It was published by Justin, Charles and Company.
Reviews
The book was reviewed in Stylus Magazine, Publishers Weekly, and The Pitch. In the Pitch, Michael Vennard wrote that "even though the book glosses over the bulk of the band's later existence in favor of focusing on Pavement's development, Perfect Sound Forever is still a quick and enjoyable read for Pavement fans, casual and hardcore alike."
References
Books about rock music
2004 non-fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20Sound%20Forever%20%28book%29 |
Upham is an inhabited, unincorporated community and place in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. It has gained recognition for being near the site for the Spaceport America facility being developed by the New Mexico Spaceport Authority. This will be Virgin Galactic's world headquarters and mission control location.
Upham is located approximately 30 miles east of Truth or Consequences, and 45 miles north of Las Cruces, in the southern part of the state above sea level. Virgin Galactic is the first space tourism company to develop commercial flights into space.
Sub-orbital commercial space launches began in 2007.
Education
Truth or Consequences Municipal Schools is the school district for the entire county. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools.
References
External links
Google map of Upham, New Mexico
New Mexico Spaceport blog by Mike McConnell
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in Sierra County, New Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upham%2C%20New%20Mexico |
VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) is a major ground-based gamma-ray observatory with an array of four 12 meter optical reflectors for gamma-ray astronomy in the GeV – TeV photon energy range. VERITAS uses the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope technique to observe gamma rays that cause particle showers in Earth's atmosphere that are known as extensive air showers. The VERITAS array is located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, in southern Arizona, United States. The VERITAS reflector design is similar to the earlier Whipple 10-meter gamma-ray telescope, located at the same site, but is larger in size and has a longer focal length for better control of optical aberrations. VERITAS consists of an array of imaging telescopes deployed to view atmospheric Cherenkov showers from multiple locations to give the highest sensitivity in the 100 GeV – 10 TeV band (with sensitivity from 50 GeV to up to 50 TeV). This very high energy observatory, completed in 2007, effectively complements the Large Area Telescope (LAT) of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope due to its larger collection area as well as coverage in a higher energy band.
Specifications and design
VERITAS is constructed of four 12 m diameter Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes with an approximate separation of between each adjacent telescope. Each telescope comprises a large, steerable optical reflector and a high-speed photomultiplier tube camera. Multiple telescopes in an array are needed for stereoscopic observations of the Cherenkov light produced in extensive air showers. These stereoscopic observations allow precise reconstruction of the particle shower geometry, thus giving greatly improved angular and energy resolution compared to a single telescope. The angular direction of the incoming shower is determined by finding the central axis of the spread of the shower on each telescope and tracing those axes until they cross. The intersection of these axes determines the incoming direction of the primary particle (cosmic ray or gamma ray) that initiated the air shower in the upper atmosphere. It also determines the shower core position, i.e. the extrapolated position of the primary particle on the ground had it not interacted. The energy of the primary particle is determined from the total amount of Cherenkov light measured in each telescope, along with the distance of that telescope from the shower core.
Each of the individual telescopes has a 12 m diameter aperture and a 3.5 degree field of view. The telescopes are built on a Davies-Cotton optical design, which uses a spherical reflector and is straight forward to construct and align. This design does cause some time spread in the arrival of Cherenkov photons at the camera, but this spread is small (~ 4 nanoseconds). The reflector consists of 350 individual mirror facets, hexagonal in shape, mounted on a rigid optical support structure. The camera on each telescope has 499 individual pixels (high-speed 26 mm-diameter photomultiplier tubes). VERITAS, like other IACTs, is sensitive to primary particles that produce sufficient atmospheric Cherenkov light to be detectable at the ground. Its full range of sensitivity is from 50 GeV to 50 TeV (although the spectral reconstruction does not start until at least 100 GeV, depending on source strength). The energy and angular resolution depend on the energy of the incident gamma ray but at 1 TeV the energy resolution is ~17%, and the angular resolution is 0.08 degrees (65% containment radius). The entire array has a peak effective area of 100,000 square meters above 1 TeV. A very weak astrophysical source with a gamma-ray flux only 1% of the Crab Nebula can be detected by VERITAS in under 25 hours of observation. Stronger sources can be detected in significantly less time.
In order to distinguish between the background events (i.e. hadronic showers and muons) or noise (i.e. starlight and moonlight) and the targeted data (i.e. electromagnetic showers produced by gamma rays), VERITAS uses a three-level trigger system. Level one corresponds to a level crossing on each pixel using constant fraction discriminators. Level two is a pattern selection trigger, which selects photon-like showers, which have compact shapes, and eliminates most of the background showers, which produce more random shapes in each camera. Level three is the array trigger which looks for a coincidence in the arrival time of the shower at multiple telescopes.
The Cherenkov light that is produced by gamma rays in the upper atmosphere is very dim, so VERITAS observes best under clear, dark skies. Observations are not possible under cloudy or rainy skies, or when the Moon is very bright. However, observations are regularly made when the Moon is dim or moderate in brightness (typically less than 60% illumination). The total yearly observation time is typically around 1,200 hours (of which around 200–250 hours is during brighter moonlight with illumination between 20 and 60%). The observatory does not generally collect data in July or August due to local monsoon conditions.
History
VERITAS was designed to explore the very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray sky above 100 GeV, following up on the success of the Whipple 10 m gamma-ray telescope. The Whipple telescope pioneered the use of an imaging Cherenkov camera, coupled with a large 10 m diameter reflector, to make the first definitive detection of a VHE gamma-ray source, the Crab Nebula in 1989. Subsequently, the HEGRA telescope on La Palma demonstrated good sensitivity above 1 TeV using an array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. VERITAS combines the benefits of stereoscopic observations in an array with large reflectors for a low energy threshold. Compared to the Whipple telescope, VERITAS employs larger 12 m diameter reflectors, improved optics and light collection efficiency, and a finer pixelated camera. Both the recording (using 500 MS/s custom-made Flash-ADCs) and trigger electronics (using a sophisticated three-level system) were significantly improved compared to earlier instruments. VERITAS was conceived in the 1990s, along with three other imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACT) arrays: CANGAROO-III, H.E.S.S. and MAGIC. VERITAS is currently the only IACT array operating in the western hemisphere.
The first proposal for VERITAS (called VHEGRA at the time) was submitted by Trevor Weekes (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)) to the Smithsonian Institution in 1995; this proposal described an array of nine 10 m diameter Cherenkov telescopes. In 1998, the first VERITAS collaboration meeting was held at the University of Chicago. In 2000, the concept of VERITAS as a seven telescope array was recommended by the 2000 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics as a moderate-sized project. Delays were incurred due to difficulties with two proposed sites in Arizona (Montosa Canyon at the base of Mount Hopkins and Kitt Peak) and due to a reduction in available funding. The proposal for a four telescope array (now with 12 m diameter reflectors) was favorably reviewed in 2002 and construction of VERITAS started in 2003 at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. An initial prototype telescope was completed as Telescope #1 and saw first light in 2004. The construction of Telescope #2 was completed in 2005 and first stereo observations started that year. Telescopes #3 and #4 were completed by early 2007 and the first light celebration for the full for telescope array was on 27-28 April 2007. Regular science operations for VERITAS started in September 2007. The construction of VERITAS was largely funded in the U.S. by Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution. Additional construction funding was provided by Enterprise Ireland (now Science Foundation Ireland) and the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council in the United Kingdom.
Improvements and upgrades to VERITAS have been made periodically since 2007. Telescope #1 was moved in the summer of 2009 to a new location for better array geometry (and improved gamma-ray sensitivity). Between 2009 and 2011 an upgrade program was carried out that improved the alignment of the VERITAS mirror facets and replaced the level 2 trigger system. Furthermore, in the summer of 2012 all of the camera photomultiplier tubes were upgraded to high-quantum-efficiency tubes, which again increased the sensitivity, especially near the low end of the gamma-ray energy range. Compared to its initial design sensitivity, the actual achieved sensitivity of VERITAS is significantly better with the time required to detect weak gamma-ray sources reduced by more than a factor of two.
In June 2017, a celebration was held at the Whipple Observatory to celebrate ten years of VERITAS science.
Science
VERITAS has a broad science program that combines key aspects of astronomy, exploring the universe in the new waveband of VHE gamma rays, and physics, searching for new particles of phenomena beyond the standard model of particle physics. The basic questions pursued include: understanding cosmic particle acceleration in our Galaxy (with special emphasis on understanding the origin of cosmic rays) and beyond our Galaxy, probing extreme environments near compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes, the nature of dark matter and the intergalactic magnetic field, and whether the speed of light is constant at these extreme gamma-ray energies. The VERITAS observational program includes Galactic sources such as supernova remnants, pulsars, pulsar wind nebulae, binary systems and the enigmatic gamma-ray source at the Galactic Center. Extragalactic sources include active galactic nuclei, starburst galaxies, and gamma-ray bursts. An important component of VERITAS observations is that associated with multi-wavelength and multi-messenger follow up, including fast radio burst (FRB), high energy neutrino, and gravitational wave events. VERITAS has an extensive dark matter program, in which indirect searches are conducted to find VHE gamma rays resulting from the annihilation of dark matter particles. Most of these searches target the Galactic Center and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Starting in 2017, the VERITAS science program was expanded to include observations in the optical waveband through high-time-resolution measurements of asteroid occultations and stellar intensity interferometry.
As of 2020, VERITAS research had led to 58 Ph.D.'s and more than 100 peer-reviewed publications. As shown in the figure, VERITAS has detected 63 astrophysical sources of very high energy gamma rays (as of January 2020). The first VERITAS source catalog had only six sources.
Some of the scientific highlights of VERITAS include:
2008: discovery of the first blazar of the intermediate frequency peaked BL Lacertae (IBL) type at very high energies, W Comae followed by a second IBL 3C 66A.
2009: discovery of the first starburst galaxy to emit at gamma-ray energies, the Cigar Galaxy or M 82. This result was significant because it represented the first extragalactic object detected where the gamma rays are thought to be produced through typical astrophysical processes found in our Galaxy, as opposed to extreme processes found in the jets of active galactic nuclei.
2010; detection of extended gamma-ray emission from the Jellyfish Nebula or IC 443, followed by detailed morphological studies by VERITAS which, when combined with data from Fermi-LAT, provide strong evidence for the acceleration of cosmic rays by a Galactic supernova remnant.
2011: discovery of a new and unexpected component of gamma-ray emission above 100 GeV from the Crab Pulsar, seriously challenging existing pulsar models.
2011: discovery of TeV gamma-ray emission from the Tycho supernova remnant,; this remnant resulted from one of the few historical supernovae in our Galaxy.
2013: locating the gamma-ray emission in the jet of an active galactic nucleus, through the combination of VHE gamma-ray observations made by VERITAS and high angular resolution observations made by the Very Long Baseline Array.
2015: detection of TeV gamma rays from the quasar PKS 1441+25 at a redshift value ~ 1, indicating the general transparency of the universe to photons at these energies.
2018: detection of VHE gamma rays from direction of the BL Lac object TXS 0506+056, that is coincident with the high-energy neutrino event IC 170922A reported by the IceCube neutrino telescope.
2019-2020: direct measurement of stellar angular diameters by an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope and demonstration of stellar intensity interferometry with a modern telescope system.
VERITAS researchers have also pioneered the use of an IACT to carry out Citizen Science. To improve the detection of muon events, the Muon Hunter project was created on the Zooniverse platform. The project showed images taken with VERITAS and citizen volunteers had to classify the images as muon or non-muon events. The researchers then trained a machine learned algorithm that performed better than the standard analysis. In Muon Hunter 2.0 the project will try to improve the result with a different machine learning approach.
Collaboration
The VERITAS collaboration was officially formed by the signing of a teaming agreement in 2000 between nine member institutions in three countries. The member institutions were: Iowa State University, Purdue University, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Chicago, University of Utah, and Washington University in St. Louis in the U.S., University of Leeds in the U.K. and National University of Ireland Dublin in Ireland. A tenth member institution, McGill University in Canada, was added with an updated agreement in 2008. Representatives from the member institutions form the VERITAS Executive Council (VEC), that serves as the ultimate decision-making authority within the collaboration.
In 2008, the collaboration was enlarged by the addition of collaborating institutions that have representation on the VERITAS Science Board, that directs the science program of VERITAS. The initial collaborating institutions were: Adler Planetarium, Barnard College, Cork Institute of Technology, DePauw University, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Grinnell College, National University of Ireland, Galway, University of California, Santa Cruz, University of Iowa and University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
As of 2019, the VERITAS collaboration consists of ~80 scientists from institutions in Canada, Germany, Ireland and the U.S. The participating institutions are: Barnard College, Columbia University, Cork Institute of Technology, DESY, Georgia Institute of Technology, Iowa State University, McGill University, National University of Ireland, Galway, Purdue University, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, University College Dublin, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Santa Cruz, University of Chicago, University of Delaware, University of Iowa, University of Minnesota, University of Utah, and Washington University in St. Louis. There are also non-affiliated and associate members from a number of other institutions.
The chair of the VERITAS Science Board is the Spokesperson. There is a Deputy Spokesperson to assist in the leadership of the collaboration. A chronological list of the VERITAS Spokespersons and Deputy Spokespersons is given in the table below. Starting in 2007, the Spokesperson/Deputy Spokesperson served a two-year term and may be re-elected.
As of 2019, the following agencies provide operational funding for VERITAS: the National Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution in the U.S., the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in Canada, the Helmholtz Association in Germany.
See also
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
High Energy Stereoscopic System
IACT
List of astronomical observatories
MAGIC (telescope)
References
External links
Official VERITAS Site
Gamma-ray telescopes
Cosmic-ray telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Arizona
Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS |
Sher 25 is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Carina, located approximately 25,000 light years from the Sun in the H II region NGC 3603 of the Milky Way. It is a spectral type B1Iab star with an apparent magnitude of 12.2. Its initial main sequence mass is calculated at 60 times the mass of the Sun, but a star of this type will have already lost a substantial fraction of that mass. It is unclear whether Sher 25 has been through a red supergiant phase or has just evolved from the main sequence, so the current mass is very uncertain.
The name derives from the original cataloguing of stars in NGC 3603 by David Sher. This catalogue entry is more fully referred to as NGC 3603 Sher 25 to distinguish it from stars potentially numbered 25 by Sher in other clusters (eg. NGC 3766). The same star was numbered 13 by Melnick, Tapia, and Terlevich (MTT 13) and 5 in a Hubble Space Telescope survey by Moffat, Drissen, and Shara (NGC 3603 MDS 5).
It is speculated that Sher 25 is near the point of exploding as a supernova, as it has recently thrown off matter in a pattern similar to that of supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, with a circumstellar ring and bipolar outflow filaments.
Regular variations in the doppler shift of the star's spectral lines with a period of a few days may be due to orbital motion about a companion star, or to pulsations of the star's surface.
References
External links
NGC 3603
Carina (constellation)
B-type supergiants
Luminous blue variables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher%2025 |
Rob Jovanovic is an author, most notable for his 2004 biography about the indie rock band Pavement, Perfect Sound Forever: The Story of Pavement. Jovanovic has also penned volumes on Beck, Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers, Nirvana, Big Star, Kate Bush and R.E.M.
Books
Adventures in Hifi: The Complete R.E.M. (2001)
Perfect Sound Forever: The Story of Pavement (2004)
Big Star: The Short Life, Painful Death, and Unexpected Resurrection of the Kings of Power Pop (2005)
Seeing The Light: Inside The Velvet Underground (2012)
God Save The Kinks (2013)
References
American biographers
American male biographers
Living people
American writers about music
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Jovanovic |
Billy Clyde Gillispie ( ; born November 7, 1959), also known by his initials BCG and Billy Clyde, is an American college basketball and current men's basketball coach at Tarleton State. Gillispie had previously been head coach at UTEP, Texas A&M, Kentucky, and Texas Tech.
After leading both UTEP and Texas A&M to postseason appearances one year after poor seasons, Gillispie became the only college basketball coach to be in charge of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) program with the biggest turnaround in two consecutive seasons. Gillispie was known as an excellent recruiter who managed to put together four straight top-25 recruiting classes. In his three seasons at Texas A&M, the Aggies achieved three consecutive 20-win seasons for the first time in the program's history.
Early years
Gillispie was born November 7, 1959, in Abilene, Texas, the middle child and only boy among five children of Clyde, a cattle truck driver, and Winifred Gillispie. He grew up in Graford, Texas, a town of 494 people located about 65 miles west of Fort Worth. As a child, Gillispie worked as a paperboy, delivering copies of The Fort Worth Press. At Graford High School, Gillispie played point guard for the basketball team and was a standout athlete in his graduating class of 20 students. He attended Ranger College, playing basketball and baseball for them from 1978 to 1980, before transferring to Sam Houston State University to work as a student assistant for their basketball team under coach Bob Derryberry, a former classmate of Gillispie's father. Derryberry moved to Southwest Texas State University (now Texas State University–San Marcos) the following year, and Gillispie accompanied him, spending three years as a graduate assistant. Gillispie received his degree in education from Southwest Texas State in 1983.
Coaching career
Early positions
Gillispie spent the next few years building a coaching resume, spending two years as an assistant high school basketball coach before becoming a head coach at Copperas Cove High School in 1987. From 1987 to 1993, Gillispie held three high school head coaching positions. He was nominated for Texas Association of Basketball Coaches (TABC) high school coach of the year for his 1992–1993 season with Ellison High School in Killeen, Texas, which set school records for winning percentage and points scored and ended the season ranked 4th in the state.
After a year as an assistant coach at South Plains College, in 1994, Gillispie moved to Division I college basketball as an assistant coach and recruiting coordinator at Baylor University under head coach Harry Miller. Miller and Gillispie had coached against each other in the same high school district as late as two years earlier, with Miller at Temple High School. The Baylor Bears' 1996 recruiting class was ranked as high as number six in the nation. After three years at Baylor, Gillispie moved to the University of Tulsa to be an assistant coach under Bill Self. Tulsa reached the elite 8 in the 2000 season. When Self moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Gillispie followed, working as an assistant there for the next two years. During those two seasons, Fighting Illini won back-to-back Big Ten Conference titles for the first time in 50 years, advancing to the Elite Eight in the 2001 NCAA Tournament and to the Sweet 16 in the 2002 NCAA Tournament. With Gillispie's assistance, Illinois landed a top 10 recruiting class in 2002.
Through Gillispie's eight years as an assistant, he was a member of coaching staffs that won five conference championships in six years. As part of Bill Self's staff, he was a member of the only coaching staff in NCAA history to lead two different schools to the Elite Eight in successive seasons.
UTEP
Gillispie was hired as the head coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) in 2002.
2002–2003
In his first season as a head coach, the UTEP Miners finished a dismal 6–24. Despite the poor showing, Gillispie put his recruiting expertise to work so that his first recruiting class ranked in the top 25 in the country and included Filiberto Rivera, the 2003 National Junior College Player of the Year, and Omar Thomas, the all-time leading scorer in junior college basketball.
2003–2004
In the exhibition games preceding the 2003–04 season, Gillispie's UTEP Miners defeated the Harlem Globetrotters 89–88, after the Globetrotters had already defeated many college teams including the then-defending national champion, Syracuse Orange. It was the first defeat the Harlem Globetrotters had suffered in 289 games.
Although the Miners were predicted to finish ninth in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) for the 2003–04 season, UTEP instead captured their first conference title in 12 years. The team finished 24–8 and received a bid to the 2004 NCAA tournament. The 18-win improvement was the best in Division I basketball that season, and one of the best in Division I history. As a result of their success, the Miners built a huge home following, ranking first in the NCAA in increased attendance. After his second season with the Miners, Gillispie was named Texas coach of the Year by the TABC and was a finalist for National Coach of the Year honors.
Texas A&M
After two years at UTEP, Gillispie was approached to interview for the head coach position at Texas A&M University, vacant after the forced resignation of Melvin Watkins, whose team had gone 7–21 and failed to win a Big 12 Conference game in the 2003–04 season. Athletic Director Bill Byrne needed to revitalize the program, which had only one winning season in the previous eleven years, and desired a new head coach with the ability to "recruit the heck out of Texas". Gillispie agreed to take the job only after he was sure that the predominantly football-focused school was actually committed to winning, becoming the first native Texan to be the head basketball coach at Texas A&M since J. B. Reid was hired in 1930.
2004–2005
Gillispie asked for a budget large enough to allow them to play confidence-building non-conference schedules, rarely venturing out of Reed Arena in the first two seasons. Using the padded non-conference schedule to their advantage, the Aggies won the first eleven games of Gillispie's debut season before finishing the season 21–10, a fourteen-game improvement over the previous season. Although the Aggies were picked to finish last in the Big 12 Conference, they finished 8–8 in conference play, winning games against the number 9 Texas Longhorns and number 25 Texas Tech Red Raiders on their way to becoming only the third college team to ever finish .500 in league play after being winless the previous season. For the first time in eleven years, the team received a postseason bid. The Aggies' two wins in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) were their first postseason wins in 23 seasons. With the best first-season record of any head basketball coach in Texas A&M history, the Aggies had the most season wins since the 1979–80 team had won 26 games. The Aggies were named the country's most improved team, making Gillispie the only coach in history to lead the most improved team in consecutive seasons. As a result of his success, he was the consensus selection for Big 12 Conference Coach of the Year. and was selected to serve as a court coach at the 2005 USA Men's World University Games Team Trials.
2005–2006
Although the Aggies lost Antoine Wright to the NBA draft following the 2004–05 season, the team did not suffer the predicted drop-off, and actually broke a streak of twenty-five years without being ranked in the poll. The Aggies finished the regular season with a 21–8 record, including a 10–6 conference record and a fourth-place finish in the Big 12, the best finish and most wins for Texas A&M since the formation of the conference in 1996. For the first time since 1987, Texas A&M received a bid to the NCAA tournament. As a twelfth-seeded team, the Aggies upset the Big East Conference champion Syracuse Orange in the first round of the tournament but then lost in the second round to eventual Final Four participant, the LSU Tigers, by the score of 58–57 on a three-pointer that LSU made in the final seconds of the game. Following the season, Gillispie was named the Big 12 Conference Coach of the Year by several major newspapers and was named the Texas College Coach of the Year by the TABC.
2006–2007
The Aggies began the 2006–07 season deemed capable of contending with the Kansas Jayhawks for the Big 12 Conference regular-season crown and were picked to finish second in the Big 12 media and coaches' polls. In their twelfth attempt, on February 3, 2007, Texas A&M became the first Big 12 Conference team in the South Division to beat the Jayhawks at Allen Fieldhouse, moving them into sole possession of first place in the conference standing. Less than forty-eight hours later the Aggies defeated their archrivals, the #25 ranked Texas Longhorns, marking their 21st straight win at home.
The 2006–07 Aggies ended the regular season ranked #7 by the Associated Press and #6 in the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' poll. The Aggies set a school record for most consecutive weeks in the top 25, reaching a school high number 6 ranking. On March 4, 2007, Gillispie was awarded his second Big 12 Conference Coach of the Year award for leading the Aggies to a 13–3 conference record and a second-place finish behind the Kansas Jayhawks. The 2006–07 post-season, the Aggies advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the NCAA tourney. Their post-season hopes ended with a one-point loss (65–64) to the Memphis Tigers at the Alamodome in San Antonio on March 22, 2007.
Kentucky
Hiring
On April 5, 2007, University of Kentucky athletic director Mitch Barnhart was given permission by Texas A&M to speak with Gillispie about the program's basketball coach opening, vacated by Tubby Smith.
On April 6, 2007, the announcement was made that Gillispie had accepted the position. He drew criticism for the way he left Texas A&M by having alerted the Aggie players of his decision to take the Kentucky job via text message, while en route to the introductory press conference in Lexington.
On April 6, 2007, Gillispie was formally announced as the new head coach of the University of Kentucky by UK athletic director Mitch Barnhart. He fielded questions from the media during a press conference held at UK's new practice facility, the Joe Craft Center. He expressed his excitement and joy to have been given the honor and the opportunity to coach what former Kentucky Wildcats head coach Rick Pitino referred to as the "Roman Empire" of college basketball. "I'm very, very grateful and honored to be here, but we have a lot of work to do." Gillispie became only the sixth head coach in the last 76 years at the school.
Gillispie signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Kentucky on April 6, 2007 which outlined his salary and benefits. The memo also stated that contract negotiations would be concluded with "every reasonable effort" within 60 days. Gillispie and the university never signed a formal contract.
Recruiting
Between April 29 and May 7, 2008, Billy Gillispie made recruiting waves by snagging commitments from five players spread over five different classes, most notably the commitment on May 1 of Thousand Oaks, California 8th-grader Michael Avery. Avery, a member of the class of 2012, gave the University of Kentucky its earliest basketball commitment in the history of the program. The commitment also earned national scrutiny for Coach Gillispie and the university, but there were no violations of the NCAA recruiting rules. During his tenure at Kentucky, Gillispie snagged numerous high-profile recruits. These included three 5-star recruits according to Scout.com (Patrick Patterson, Daniel Orton & Dominique Ferguson) and five 4-star recruits (Alex Legion, DeAndre Liggins, Darius Miller, Kevin Galloway and Jon Hood). Legion later transferred to Illinois early in the 2007–08 season.
2007–2008
Wildcat fans packed Rupp Arena for Big Blue Madness (the first practice of the season and the program's major publicity event) to catch a glimpse of their new coach in action. In his first few months he signed two high-profile recruits, Patrick Patterson and Alex Legion. Patterson had previously been recruited by the Duke Blue Devils, Florida Gators, and Kentucky Wildcats (by former coach Tubby Smith) before signing with Gillispie. Alex Legion would transfer 6 games into his first season at Kentucky. Gillispie's first season got off to a rocky start, being routed 84–68 by unranked Gardner Webb in Rupp Arena in the second game of the season. This loss dropped the Wildcats from the AP Top 25 poll, where they did not return for the remainder of the season. The Wildcats improved their record during conference play, achieving a 12–4 record and on March 11, Gillispie was named Co-Southeastern Conference coach of the year along with Bruce Pearl of the Tennessee Volunteers.
2008–2009
On November 14, 2008 Gillispie's Kentucky team opened the 2008–09 season with another loss at home, this time to the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Keydets, by a score of 111–103. However, on November 30, 2008, Gillispie led Kentucky to a 54–43 come from behind victory over the West Virginia Mountaineers to win the Findlay Toyota Las Vegas Invitational championship. Although his Wildcats had trailed for the entire game, Billy made halftime adjustments that stymied coach Bobby Huggins' Mountaineers, eventually allowing Kentucky to overcome a 14-point deficit well into the second half – holding the Mountaineers to only 17-second-half points. Although neither team was ranked, the win was considered an upset victory for Coach Gillispie and his Wildcats after the VMI loss and was the first in-season tournament championship win for the University of Kentucky since winning the Great Alaska Shootout in late 1996.
After a 5–0 start in the SEC conference schedule, however, Gillispie's team dropped three straight games to the Ole Miss Rebels, South Carolina Gamecocks and Mississippi State Bulldogs, with the latter two losses coming at home. Some Kentucky fans vociferously booed Gillispie during the Mississippi State game. Kentucky rebounded against the Florida Gators with a 68–65 victory at home. Jodie Meeks hit a contested fade-away three-pointer with less than 5 seconds left to give Kentucky the lead. Nick Calathes had an opportunity to tie the game after being fouled with 0.6 seconds left by Kevin Galloway, but missed all three free throws (the last intentional) to seal the Wildcats' win.
Kentucky also had two lopsided victories over SEC East regular season champion Tennessee. Although Gillispie continued to take the blame for the Wildcats' woes, he was also a victim of some of his youthful and inexperienced recruits' underperformance and the lack of consistent play at the point guard position. Gillispie continued to publicly encourage his players and praise their work ethic despite the team's inconsistent play during the 2008–09 season. Such encouragement manifested itself in Gillispie's public statements about his players after close losses.
Kentucky missed the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 1991, and received a 4th seed in the NIT, defeating UNLV and Creighton in the opening and second rounds before losing to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish in the quarterfinals. Kentucky finished the year with an 8–8 record in conference and 22–14 overall. The record tied for the second-most losses ever in the program's history.
Firing
Gillispie was fired as the Wildcats' head coach on March 27, 2009. Athletic director Mitch Barnhart told Gillispie that his firing was not related to on-court performance, but was due to a general feeling that Gillispie was "not a good fit" for UK. According to Barnhart, the "incompatibility" between Gillispie and UK specifically manifested itself in Gillispie's failure to sign a formal contract two years after his hiring. As mentioned above, Gillispie had coached for two years on a "Memorandum of Understanding," not a contract; UK initially considered it the equivalent of a series of one-year contracts. UK had offered Gillispie a seven-year contract, but Gillispie had never signed it.
Lawsuit and settlement
On May 27, 2009, Gillispie filed a lawsuit against the University of Kentucky Athletic Association for breach of contract and fraud stemming from the firing. The suit was filed in Gillispie's home state of Texas, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Gillispie was seeking $6 million, the amount he claimed the university owed him on the remaining years on the deal, punitive damages, attorney fees, and a jury trial. The next day, the university filed a countersuit against Gillispie in Franklin Circuit Court in Frankfort, Kentucky's state capital. In the countersuit, UK sought a judge's order that Gillispie's memorandum of understanding was not a formal contract.
On October 13, 2009, UK and Gillispie agreed to settle the dispute. Under the agreement, Gillispie got $2.98 million while UK paid over $265,000 in mediation costs.
Texas Tech
On March 20, 2011, Gillispie was named the 14th head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders. Gillispie replaced Pat Knight after Knight failed to make the NCAA tournament and compiled a 16–42 Big 12 Conference record over his three and a half seasons as head coach. Gillispie was introduced at a press conference on March 23, 2011 at the United Spirit Arena. On February 11, 2012, Gillispie won his first Big 12 game as the coach of the Red Raiders, who beat the Oklahoma Sooners, 65–47. He finished the 2011 season 8–23.
In October 2011, Gillispie exceeded the 20-hour practice limit set by the NCAA. Both Gillispie and assistant coach Bubba Jennings were reprimanded by Texas Tech in January 2012. The secondary violation was reported to the NCAA, and the organization approved the self-imposed penalty of a 12-hour, 20-minute reduction in practice time. The violation was not reported to the public until September 2012, when allegations of misconduct surfaced in the media.
Allegations of player mistreatment
Before the start of the 2012–13 basketball season, allegations surfaced from former and current players accusing Gillispie of mistreatment. Fifteen players departed prematurely in the year after Gillispie arrived, a very high number for a college basketball program in a major conference. Also leaving were two strength coaches and two directors of basketball operations; some 30 persons overall. The allegations include forcing injured players to practice, keeping players Ty Nurse and Dejan Kravic in doubt about their scholarship status, and reneging on promises to potential new coaching staff hires. Shortly after the allegations were initially reported and he was due to meet with athletic director Kirby Hocutt about the allegations, Gillispie was hospitalized for six days with heart-attack like symptoms and high blood pressure after calling EMS. He left the hospital on September 6. Another call to EMS was made September 10, but did not require hospitalization. On September 11, Gillispie took an indefinite medical leave, and checked himself into the Mayo Clinic. He was treated there for 'kidney problems' and 'abnormal headaches', and told to live in a stress-free environment for 30 days. Assistant head coach Chris Walker took over the day-to-day operations of the basketball team.
Departure
On September 20, 2012, Gillispie resigned as head coach at Texas Tech, citing health concerns. His contract was honored through the end of the 2012 calendar year. Walker was named interim coach for the 2012–13 season.
Ranger College
In April 2015, it was announced that Gillispie would become the new basketball coach and athletic director at Ranger College, a junior college and his alma mater.
After using ineligible players and other violations, his 2015–16 Ranger College men's basketball team forfeited all games from that season and were placed on probation by the NJCAA for the 2016 – 2017 season. On December 7, 2016, Gillispie announced his immediate retirement from coaching, citing severe health issues related to his blood pressure. In May 2017, however, Gillispie returned to the sidelines at Ranger.
Tarleton State
On March 30, 2020, Gillispie was named the head coach at Tarleton State, and will guide the team during its transition from Division II to Division I in the Western Athletic Conference.
Personal life
A February 11, 2007, The Dallas Morning News article described Gillispie as a self-professed workaholic during his time at Texas A&M. Despite the fact that he had three assistants who watched opponents' game film and summarized it for him, he sometimes watched as many as fifteen of an opponent's games, often working as late as 2 or 3 a.m. to ensure he had adequate time to devote to the task. He stated that his eight-year marriage ended because he could not find a balance between work and home. With the sheer number of hours he spent working, Gillispie often did not have time to even shop for groceries, once going as long as six months without any food in his refrigerator.
On August 27, 2009, Gillispie was arrested at 2:45 am in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky for driving under the influence. A passenger in the 2009 Mercedes Benz C300, Charles O'Connor, was arrested and charged with alcohol intoxication. According to the police report, an officer saw the vehicle swerving and stopped the driver. The officers who were at the scene smelled a strong odor of alcohol, describing Gillispie's eyes as being red and glassy, with his speech slurred. When asked about his proof of insurance, Gillispie stated that it was in a golf bag in his trunk. He then refused a blood test and a breathalyzer on the scene and was subsequently arrested and taken to the Franklin County jail. Gillispie pleaded not guilty. A judge had scheduled a trial for February 10, 2010 in the case. However, on November 2, 2009, Gillispie changed his plea to guilty under a plea agreement. He was fined $1,028 and must complete an alcohol and drug education course before his Kentucky driver's license can be renewed. He has had two prior DUI arrests, the first in 1999 when he was arrested for driving while intoxicated and improper use of a lane in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He eventually pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of reckless driving. He was arrested again in 2003 in his first year at the University of Texas at El Paso on suspicion of drunken driving, although it was later dismissed based on a lack of evidence.
In September 2009, it was reported that Gillispie had entered an alcohol rehabilitation program and had checked himself into the John Lucas After Care Program in Houston.
Head coaching record
College
Junior college
*31 wins forfeited for 2015–2016. They do count as losses; on court record was 31–7.
References
1959 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Baseball players from Abilene, Texas
Basketball coaches from Texas
Basketball players from Texas
Baylor Bears men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in Texas
Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball coaches
Ranger Rangers baseball players
Ranger Rangers men's basketball coaches
Ranger Rangers men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Abilene, Texas
Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball coaches
Texas State Bobcats men's basketball coaches
Texas State University alumni
Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball coaches
UTEP Miners men's basketball coaches
Tarleton State Texans men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Gillispie |
Loco is a 1984 computer game developed by Antony Crowther and released by Alligata for the Commodore 64. Loco is a clone of the 1982 Sega arcade game Super Locomotive. Ports for the ZX Spectrum and Atari 8-bit family were released in 1986. The ZX Spectrum port was developed by Richard Stevenson, David Wright and Nigel Speight.. The music for the game is a C64 remake of Jean-Michel Jarre's Equinoxe 5 and 6 by Ben Daglish.
Crowther's subsequent Suicide Express is related to Loco, though not an official sequel.
Reception
In July 1984 Loco was awarded game of the month by Personal Computer Games magazine.
References
External links
Loco at Lemon64
Loco at Atari Mania
1984 video games
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
ZX Spectrum games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Alligata games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loco%20%28video%20game%29 |
This is a partial listing of prominent political families of Pakistan given in alphabetical order.
Azhar
Mian Muhammad Azhar (Governor of Punjab, 1990-1993, Mayor of Lahore 1987-1991, founder of PMLN-Q)
Hammad Azhar (Previous Finance Minister of Pakistan)
Babar
Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan
Naseerullah Babar
Farhatullah Babar
Bangash
Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan.
Bhuttos
Shah Nawaz Bhutto - The Dewan of Junagadh and the Father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Member Bombay Council).
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, son of Shah Nawaz (President (1970–1973); Prime Minister (1973–1977))
Mumtaz Bhutto, cousin of Zulfikar, (chief of Bhutto tribe, former chief minister and Governor of Sindh, Federal Minister of Pakistan)
Nusrat Bhutto, wife of Zulfikar (former minister without portfolio)
Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar (Prime Minister, 1988–1990 and 1993–1996), assassinated December 27, 2007.
Murtaza Bhutto, elder son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the brother of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. He was assassinated.
Shahnawaz Bhutto, son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He died under mysterious circumstances.
Ameer Bux Bhutto, son of Mumtaz Bhutto, Vice President of Sindh National Front and ex-Member of Sindh Assembly.
Fatima Bhutto, daughter of Murtaza Bhutto.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, son of Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari, party chairman.
Bakhtawar Bhutto Zardari, daughter of Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari, Party Chairman
Bukharis
Zulfi Bukhari, Special Assistant to Prime Minister Imran Khan
Altaf Bukhari, Member in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
Uzma Zahid Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab
Zehra Batool, Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Syed Basit Sultan Bukhari, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Ajiaz Hussain Shah Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh
Syed Samsam Bukhari, Former Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Syed Ata-ul-Muhaimin Bukhari, President of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
Syed Yawer Abbas Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Nayyar Hussain Bukhari, Senior leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
Ejaz Hussain Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Chaudhary Jatt
Ch Muhammad Saqlain (He was elected for the third term as Member, Provincial Assembly of Punjab in general elections 2008 independently. Former MPA is now PTI's candidate for the constituency NA-66 Jhelum-I).
Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi (A parliamentarian who played a major role in the restoration of democracy and human rights in Pakistan)
Chaudhry Shujat Hussain (Prime Minister of Pakistan - 2004)
Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi (Chief Minister of Punjab - October - 2002 to October 2007)
Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain, Former Federal Minister of Human Resources
Chaudhary Moonis Elahi, MNA, Federal Minister for Water Resources
Chaudhary Salik Hussain, MNA, Federal Minister of Board of Investment & Special Initiatives
Chaudhary Hussain Elahi, MNA
Chaudhry Fawad Hussain, Former Federal Minister of Information & Broadcasting
Chaudhary Rajput
Asiya Azeem Chaudhary (She was elected for her second term as Member, National Assembly of Pakistan on August 17, 2022). She was previously Member of the 12th National Assembly of Pakistan from 2002 till 2007.
Chattha Jatt
Hamid Nasir Chattha, Former Speaker of the National Assembly.
Gabol
Allah Bakhsh Gabol, Member Bombay Legislative Assembly 1928, Member Sindh Legislative Assembly 1937 and Mayor of Karachi for two terms.
Nabil Gabol (Grandson of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh and son of Ahmed Khan Gabol), Member Sindh Assembly 1988, 1993, 1997; Member National Assembly 2002, 2008 and Federal Minister for Ports and Shipping.
Gandapur
Inayatullah Khan Gandapur, former chief minister of KPK (1973–1975). Served as KPK finance minister between 1972 and 1973.
Ikramullah Gandapur, former Minister of Agriculture in KPK, important leader in Kulachi area.
Israrullah Khan Gandapur, member of KPK assembly from 2002 to 2013. Served as minister of Law, Parliamentary Affairs, and Human Rights.
Aghaz Ikramullah Gandapur, youngest ever member of KPK assembly, elected in 2018 following death of his father.
Ali Amin Gandapur,Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan
Gujjars/Chaudhry
Akhtar Ali Vario, Former MNA/MPA/Minister C&W /Minister for Excise /Chairman Standing Committee Narcotics/Chairman District Council Sialkot
Choudhary Khush Akhtar Subhani, Provincial Minister population welfare/Prisons/Housing & Physical Planning/Environmental Planning
Tariq Subhani, MPA
Armaghan Subhani, MNA/ Ex MPA/provincial minister
Adil Pervaiz Gujjar, MPA-PTI, son of Pervaiz Sultan MPA Sammundari, Faisalabad
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Former President of Pakistan
Chaudhry Muhammad Jaffar Iqbal, Senior Vice-President of PML-N.
Qamar Zaman Kaira, Former Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan and Minister of Information.
Tanveer Ashraf Kaira, Former Minister of Finance and General Secretary of PPP Punjab.
Shafqat Mehmood, Federal Minister of Education/ E -Information and Petroleum.
Chaudhry Zaka Ashraf, Former Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board and the owner of ZTBL.
Malik Abrar Ahmad, MNA chairman PHA.
Sardar Muhammad Yousuf, Religious minister.
Fayyaz Ul Hassan Chohan, Former Information Minister, Punjab
Chaudhry Amir Hussain, Former Speaker National Assembly
Nawabzada Ghazanfar Ali Gul, Former MNA/Minister
Chaudhry Muhammad Akhlaq, Minister of Special Education, Punjab
Jadoon
Iqbal Khan Jadoon, Former Chief Minister, NWFP
Amanullah Khan Jadoon, Former Minister of Petroleum and Gas.
Kakazai (Loi Mamund)
Ghulam Muhammad, (Governor General Of Pakistan)
Malik Barkat Ali (Politician, Lawyer and Journalist)
Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, Ex-Federal Minister for Railways, Pakistan
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, National Leader, Khilafat Movement, India, 1930s
Abdul Aleem Khan
Kharal
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, Ruler (nawab) of Jhamra, chieftain of the Kharal tribe.
Ghulam Mustafa Khar, Former Governor of Punjab and former Chief Minister of Punjab.
Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar, Former Member of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Hina Rabbani Khar, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Member of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Malik Ghulam Raza Rabbani Khar, Former Member of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Malik Ghulam Arbi Khar, Former Member of National Assembly of Pakistan
Khalid Ahmed Kharal, Former Federal Minister of Information of Pakistan.
Malik Ghulam Raza Rabbani Khar, Member of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Rai Ghulam Mujtaba Kharal, Former Member of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Rai Usman Khan Kharal, Former Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.
Rai Haider Ali Khan Kharal, Former Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.
Khattaks
Habibullah Khan Khattak
Ali Kuli Khan Khattak, Military General
Ghulam Faruque Khan
Nasrullah Khan Khattak
Ajmal Khattak
Afrasiab Khattak
Parvez Khattak
Khattar
Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan CSI, early member of the Punjab legislature in the 19th c
Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE, Premier/CM of the Punjab 1937-1942.
Sir Liaqat Hayat Khan, KCSI, Prime Minister of Patiala state in British India.
Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan, senior political figure and close associate of MA Jinnah.
HE Izzet Hayat Khan, former Pakistani ambassador to Tunisia
Ghulam Sarwar Khan, Minister of Petroleum and (Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
Tahir Sadiq Khan,(Member National Assembly of Pakistan) and former district nazim Attock
Muhammad Zain Elahi, Former (Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
Khokhars
Ghazanfar Ali Khan - Former Minister of Food, Agriculture and Health, Ambassador to Iran 1948-1952, to Turkey 1952-1953, to India 1954-1956 and to Italy 1956-1957.
Riaz Khokhar (Former Foreign Secretary of Pakistan serving from June 2002 to February 2005)
M. Nawaz Khokhar (Former Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan)
Malik Ahmad Khan Bhachar (Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
Afzal Khokhar (Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
Malik Saif ul Malook Khokhar (Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
Malik Muhammad Ali Khokhar (Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar (Member Senate of Pakistan)
Karam Elahi Bandial (Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
Malik Ali Abbas Khokhar (Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
Malik Karamat Khokhar (Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
Leghari
Farooq Leghari (ex President of Pakistan)
Jamal Leghari
Awais Leghari
Muhammad Mohsin Khan Leghari
Rafique Haider Khan Leghari
Muhammad Arshad Khan Leghari
Marwats
Habibullah Khan Marwat, Justice of the West Pakistan High Court, first & second Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan, acting President of Pakistan, when the President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry went abroad, Pakistan's Interior Minister and also Chief Minister of West Pakistan. Was elected to the first ever Legislative Council of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province NWFP), first as a member and later Deputy Speaker.
Shah Nawaz Khan, ex-Chief Justice of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He was also Governor of NWFP.
Mazari
Sardar Mir Balakh Sher Mazari ( Tumandar Mazari Tribe(1930-Present), Former Care taker Prime minister of Pakistan)
Shaukat Hussein Mazari (Former MPA, Punjab Assembly, former Deputy-Speaker, former provincial ministerPunjab Assembly)
Sardar Atif Hussein Mazari (Former MPA, Punjab Assembly)
Sardar Saleem Jan Mazari (Former MNA, former Provincial Minister from Sindh and former district Nazim Kashmore)
Sardar Ehsan ur Rehman Mazari ( MNA Kashmore)
Sardar Mir Dost Muhammad Mazari (Former MNA & Minister for water power, MPA & Deputy speaker Punjab assembly)
Mian Family of Baghbanpura
Justice Mian Shah Din, (1868–1918), Elected President of the All-India Muslim League(March 1908), Member of the Simla Deputation in 1906, First Muslim Judge in British India, Poet and Writer.
Sir Mian Mohammad Shafi, KCSI, CIE (1869–1932), one of the founding fathers & President All India Muslim league (Punjab)
Justice Sir Mian Abdul Rashid (29 June 1889 – 6 November 1981), Kt, KCSI, was the first Chief Justice of Pakistan 1947, legal philosopher, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan
Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz, Politician of Punjab in the 1920s
Mian Iftikharuddin, Politician, owner of Pakistan Times and Daily Imroz, 1947–1962
Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz (1896–1979) politician in Pakistan, first woman to preside over an Asian legislature. Founder All India Women Muslim League in 1935
Mumtaz Shahnawaz (1912-1948) - young woman political activist and author, who died in a tragic plane crash at the age of 35
Mohmand
Muhammad Ali Khan Mohmand
Babar Ali Khan Mohmand
Myer Minhas Rajput
Raja Muhammed Sarfraz Khan, MLC Punjab 1929, MLA 1937-58
Muhammed Akbar Khan, Pakistan's first four star general
Iftikhar Khan, Pakistan's first designated army chief
Iffat Liaqat Ali Khan, Ex- Chairman Task Force Pakistan
Sher Ali Khan, Minister Minerals and Mines Punjab
Raja Riaz Ahmad Khan, Ex-Senior Minister Punjab, MNA
Raja Yassir Humayun Sarfraz, Minister for Higher Education & IT, Punjab
Noon family
Feroz Khan Noon (former Prime Minister of Pakistan, former Foreign Minister of Pakistan, former Chief Minister of Punjab)
Malik Adnan Hayat Noon (former MNA)
Malik Anwar Ali Noon (former MNA)
Malik Amjad Ali Noon (former District Nazim)
Viqar un Nisa Noon (former Federal Minister as well as a prominent social worker)
Rana Muhammad Qasim Noon (Member of National Assembly NA-159 2018-23, MNA 2013-18, Former Minister)
Qazi family
Members of Qazi family (), of Sindh in politics:
Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid (Qazi Abid), a four-time Federal Minister, Sindh Provincial Minister, and son of Qazi Abdul Qayyum
Fahmida Mirza, Speaker of the National Assembly, former Acting President of Pakistan, three-time Member of the National Assembly, and daughter of Qazi Abid
Zulfiqar Mirza, Sindh Provincial Home Minister, former Member of the National Assembly, and nephew of Qazi Abid, Qazi Azam, and Qazi Akbar.
Pir Mazhar Ul Haq, Senior Minister and Education Minister in the Sindh Provincial Cabinet, a three-time Sindh Provincial Minister, and grandson of Qazi Muhammad Akbar
Marvi Mazhar, a former Member of the Provincial Assembly in Sindh and daughter of Pir Mazhar Ul Haq.
Qureshi
Shah Mahmood Qureshi
Mustafa Qureshi
Zain Qureshi
Makhdoom Qureshi
Akhtar Aly Kureshy
Moin Qureshi
Rana
Rana Abdul Rauf, MPA District Bahawal Nagar
Rana Chander Singh, was a Pakistani politician and a federal minister. He was one of the founder members of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Umerkot, seven times with PPP between 1977 and 1999
Rana Hamir Singh, a Pakistani politician who has been member of Provincial Assembly of Sindh.
Rana Mashood Ahmad Khan, Deputy Speaker of the Fourteenth Provincial Assembly of the Punjab in Pakistan
Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan, 16th Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Acting Governor of Punjab in 2011.
Rana Muhammad Afzal
Rana Phool Muhammad Khan, Ex Minister of agriculture, Ministry of Health, Law Minister of Pakistan, Caretaker Chief Minister of Punjab
Rana Sanaullah Khan, 39th Interior Minister of Pakistan
Rana Tanveer Hussain, (Member of National Assembly) (Ex Federal Minister)
Rao
Rao Mohammad Hashim Khan, Member of National Assembly, ex-Chairman Public Accounts Committee
Rao Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Member of National Assembly
Rao Sikandar Iqbal, Ex-Federal Minister
Rao Qaiser Ali Khan, Ex-MNA
Rao Muhammad Afzal Khan, MPA from Sahiwal District Tehsil Depalpur
Rao Jamil Akhtar Khan, Tehsil Nazim Okara
Rao Farman Ali Pakistan Army
Rao Qamar Suleman Pakistan Air Force
Saifullah Khan family
Begum Kulsum Saifullah Khan, member of Majlis-Shoora of General Zia-ul-Haq
Salim Saifullah Khan, Senator of Pakistan, President Pakistan Muslim League
Anwar Saifullah Khan, MPA, Senator, and former federal minister, and son-in-law of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.
Humayun Saifullah Khan, MNA.
Sharif (Butt)
Nawaz Sharif, Ex Prime Minister of Pakistan(exile from country by gen. Musharaf in 1999 thru Martial Law)
Shahbaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan (exile from country by gen. Musharaf in 1999 thru Martial Law)
Hamza Shahbaz Sharif, Son of Shahbaz Shareef, (Member of National Assembly of Pakistan,Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)
Hussain Nawaz son of Nawaz Sharif (Prime Minister of Pakistan)
Maryam Nawaz, daughter of Nawaz Sharif and wife of Rtd. Captain Safdar
Soomro
Khan Bahadur Allah Bux Soomro, Twice Chief Minister of Sindh
Elahi Bux Soomro, remained Member of National Assembly of Pakistan, Speaker National Assembly of Pakistan, Federal Minister
Rahim Bux Soomro, Minister Sindh
Mohammad Mian Soomro, remained President of Pakistan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, Senate of Pakistan and Governor of Sindh
Swati Family of Mansehra
Swati is the biggest land-owning family of District Mansehra and District Battagram which controls the politics of these two districts dating back to pre-partition India.
Khan Haji Faqeera Khan Swati — MLA of Indian National Congress from Mansehra II in 1937 Indian provincial elections, royal "Khan of Malakpur Village", maternal grandfather of Azam Swati, leader of Khudai Khidmatgar Movement in Hazara
Khan Khudadad Khan Swati, Freedom Fighter of Pakistan Independence Movement, member of All India Muslim league, former Minister of Health West Pakistan and Ex- Chief of Siran Valley.
Babar Saleem Khan Swati (MPA of Mansehra II, current Khan Of Mansehra City)
Azam Khan Swati (Senator, former federal Minister of Railways, former federal minister of Narcotics Control, former federal minister of Science and Technology, current Chief of Sherpur, Mansehra District)
Khan Khudadad Khan Swati (Freedom Fighter of Pakistan Independence Movement, member of All India Muslim league, former Minister of Health West Pakistan and Ex- Chief of Siran Valley Mansehra)
Saleh Muhammad Khan Swati (MNA of Mansehra District)
Laiq Muhammad Swati (He is the Ex-MNA current MPA of Torghar District which was former part of Mansehra District. He is also the younger brother of Azam Swati)
Nawab Zada Wali Muhammad Khan(He remained MPA of Battagram District which was former part of Mansehra District)
Reham Khan Swati (BBC journalist, former wife of Imran Khan, belongs to landlord family of Baffa Mansehra)
Abdul Hakeem Khan Swati (Ex-Governor Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa Province, uncle of Reham Khan, Ex- Khan of Baffa Pakhal)
Waji-Uz-Zaman Khan Swati ( Current royal Chief of Agror Valley, Mansehra)
Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan (Former MLA of Indian National Congress, served as the Interim Minister (sic) for Industries, Freedom fighter and an Active Member of Pakistan Muslim League and former Chief of Sum village, Mansehra)
Haroon Khan Badshah (Member of Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ex-provincial Minister for Agriculture Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa)
Bashir Khan Jehangiri Swati (17th Chief Justice of Pakistan)
Mufti Kifayat Ullah Khan Swati (Ex-MNA Mansehra III, famous religious scholar)
Muhammad Nawaz Khan Swati (current MNA of Battagram)
Abrar Ahmed Swati ( Famous Pakistani Cricketer)
Ghulam Ghaus Hazarvi (Well Known Islamic Scholar and Politician)
Haji Muhammad Yousaf Khan Swati( 8 times elected MPA of Battagram I, Current Khan of Trand Village)
Tanoli
Mir Painda Khan
Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed Current Nawab of State of Amb
Ibrar Hussain current MPA and ex Forest Minister
Tareen/Tarin
Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, senior Muslim League figure.
Ayub Khan, ex military dictator, second President of Pakistan (1958 – 1969)
Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan, first female minister in the history of Pakistan
Sardar Bahadur Khan, ex CM and minister
Gohar Ayub Khan, former Speaker of the National Assembly and ex Foreign Minister
Omar Ayub Khan, ex Minister of State for Finance
Jehangir Khan Tareen, ex minister and political leader of the PTI party
Shaukat Tarin, ex Federal Minister for Finance
Yousuf Ayub Khan, politician and businessman
Zardari
Hakim Ali Zardari, the patriarch of Zardari family.
Asif Ali Zardari, son of Hakim Ali Zardari and husband of Benazir Bhutto, President of Pakistan
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, son of Asif Ali Zardari and Benazir Bhutto, Chairman Pakistan Peoples Party(see also Bhutto family above)
Azra Peechoho, daughter of Hakim Ali Zardari
Faryal Talpur, daughter of Hakim Ali Zardari, Former Nazima Nawabshah District, MNA
Zia-ul-Haq Family
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (President of Pakistan, 1978–1988)
Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (Member of the National Assembly)
See also
First Families of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan
References
Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pakistani%20political%20families |
Orestas Buitkus (born 11 April 1975) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer. A midfielder, he stands 1.76 m tall and weighs 74 kg.
As of May 2006 Buitkus has scored 6 goals in 29 appearances for the Lithuanian national team. He has previously played for Rubin Kazan, Skonto Riga, Baltika Kaliningrad, FBK Kaunas and Banga Gargždai. He last played for FK Tauras Tauragė.
External links
1975 births
Living people
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
Lithuania men's international footballers
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Skonto FC players
Russian Premier League players
Sportspeople from Klaipėda
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Men's association football midfielders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestas%20Buitkus |
KJAZ (94.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Point Comfort, Texas, United States. The license is held by Roy Henderson's S Content Marketing, LLC. As of December 2008, the station did not have an approved transmitter site and was officially "Silent".
History
According to the FCC history, this station was licensed as KAJI in 1994. The station acquired the KJAZ callsign on December 14, 2005..
The station's first request to "Remain Silent" occurred in 2001, the first of 13 such requests that the FCC has approved.
References
External links
Current KJAZ station
KJAZ San Francisco
In the Spirit of KJAZ
Spirit of KJAZ Shoutcast
JazzWest - KCSM Scores Old KJAZ Library
JAZ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJAZ |
Antoine DeRay Davis is an American stand-up comedian and actor.
Life and career
Davis was born in Chicago, Illinois. He began his career in comedy clubs. Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, he won the Comedy Central Laugh Riots Competition and appeared on the Cedric the Entertainer Tour. Known for his role as Ray the Hustle Guy in Barbershop and Barbershop 2: Back in Business, Davis has also appeared in other films, including Semi-Pro, 21 Jump Street, and How High 2. Davis' television roles and appearances have included programs such as Comedy Central's Reno 911, BET's ComicView, FOX's Empire, MTV's Wild 'n Out and Short Circuitz, FX's Snowfall, and HBO's Entourage. He hosted his first game show, Mind of a Man, on Game Show Network, and later appeared on the Oxygen reality show Living with Funny. He is also the host of the revival of Hip Hop Squares produced & narrated by Ice Cube.
The comedian also sounds on several skits on rapper Kanye West's albums The College Dropout and Late Registration, impersonating Bernie Mac in the former album's opening track "Intro", and appearing as the lead of the fictitious fraternity "Broke Phi Broke." Davis, also appeared in West's music video for "Through the Wire." Other music video appearances for Davis include Lil' Flip's "Game Over (Flip)", Chris Brown's "Yo (Excuse Me Miss)," Three 6 Mafia's "Doe Boy Fresh", Outkast's "Roses", and Cassie's "Long Way 2 Go."
Filmography
Film
Television
Stand-up Special
References
External links
Official DeRay Davis website
American stand-up comedians
Living people
American male film actors
African-American male comedians
American male comedians
African-American game show hosts
American game show hosts
Male actors from Chicago
African-American male actors
American male television actors
Comedians from Illinois
21st-century American comedians
21st-century African-American people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay%20Davis |
Ryden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Rydén (born 1988), Swedish climber and skier
Folke Rydén (born 1958), Swedish journalist
George Ryden (born 1940), Scottish football player
Hope Ryden (1929–2017), American photographer, filmmaker and wildlife activist
Hugh Ryden (born 1943), Scottish football player
John Ryden (1931–2013), Scottish football player
Kalen Ryden (born 1991), American soccer player
Kent Ryden, Professor of American and New England Studies
Mark Ryden (born 1963), American surrealist painter, brother of KRK Ryden
Su Ryden, American politician (Colorado representative)
Susanne Rydén (born 1962), Swedish soprano
Vassula Rydén (born 1942), Egyptian-Swiss Christian mystic and author | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryden |
PSTU may refer to:
Patuakhali Science and Technology University, a university in Bangladesh
Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado (United Socialist Workers' Party), a Brazilian political party
Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores Unificado (United Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina)), an Argentine political party
Perm State Technical University, a university in Perm, Russia
Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, a university in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTU |
Hemet Unified School District is a school district in Hemet, California which covers; Hemet, East Hemet, Valle Vista, Anza, Winchester, and Idyllwild . Christi Barrett is the district's Superintendent, having succeeded Dr. Barry L. Kayrell, EdD in June 2016. Stacey Bailey is the president of the Board of Education.
Schools
Preschools
Hemet Preschool
Elementary schools
Bautista Creek Elementary School
Cawston Elementary School
Cottonwood School(K-8)
Fruitvale Elementary School*
Hamilton School(K-6)
Harmony Elementary School
Hemet Elementary School
Idyllwild School (K-8)
Jacob Wiens Elementary School
Little Lake Elementary School*
McSweeny Elementary School
lRamona Elementary School
Valle Vista Elementary School
Whittier Elementary School
Winchester Elementary School
Hemet Dual Language Academy
Middle schools
Acacia Middle School*
Cottonwood Middle School*
Dartmouth Middle School*
Diamond Valley Middle School
Hamilton Middle School (Secondary Campus)
Idyllwild*
Rancho Viejo Middle School
Western Center Academy*
High schools
Hemet Senior High School*
West Valley High School
Hamilton High School
Tahquitz High School
Western Center Academy*
Alessandro High School*
K-12 Schools
The Academy of Innovation*
References
External links
School districts in Riverside County, California
Hemet, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemet%20Unified%20School%20District |
The Mad Doctor is a Mickey Mouse cartoon released in 1933. It is known as the first appearance of the title character "The Mad Doctor", or "Dr. XXX". It was the 52nd Mickey Mouse short film, and the second of that year.
Plot
The plot centers on the title character, a mad scientist who has kidnapped Mickey's dog, Pluto. Mickey tries to rescue him before the doctor can perform his experiment: putting Pluto's head to the body of a chicken in order to see if a puppy will hatch from an egg (that is if the end result will "bark or crow or cackle"). Mickey battles his way through booby traps and animated skeletons before eventually getting caught and strapped onto a table to get cut open by a buzz-saw, forcing Mickey to suck in his belly, trembling. The scene then fades to Mickey asleep in bed and suddenly woken up by a fly, whose buzzing resembles the whirring of the saw. Not yet realizing the events were only a nightmare, Mickey shouts for Pluto, who eagerly jumps onto Mickey's bed with his doghouse and chain still attached to his collar.
Voice cast
Mickey Mouse: Walt Disney
Pluto: Pinto Colvig
The Mad Doctor: Allan Watson
Reception
The short's horror genre overtones made it unusual for a Mickey Mouse cartoon. Some theaters refused to show it, believing it to be too scary for kids. At one time, for this reason, it was banned entirely in the United Kingdom, as well as Nazi Germany. Due to the perceived scariness, the short was never reissued.
On February 10, 1933, The Film Daily said: "One of the liveliest animated cartoons to come along, and plenty comical."
Later Analysis
Further study of the short suggests that it serves as a spoof of Universal's Horror films of the time, in particular Frankenstein and the horror genre more broadly. Other analysis purports that the short is an examination of "the machine age and its discontents" as Mickey encounters the "horror of science technology" when facing The Mad Doctor. The short is also indicative of the evolution of Mickey's character from a more mischievous one to an "innocuous hero, devoid of obvious desire and aggression" as the character selflessly attempts rescuing Pluto. To this end, Mickey is only allowed to engage in the "surreal and absurd situations" that the short portrays by having the ending reveal that it was all a dream.
Legacy
A photo of the Mad Doctor can be seen on a hospital wall during the Roger Rabbit short Tummy Trouble. In 1988, a cel from the short featuring Mickey looking down "a staircase of skeletons and included the background scenery" sold at an auction for $63,800. In 1992, more artwork from the short was sold at auction for $18,700.
Video games
The Mad Doctor short also served as the basis for, and title of, the second level in the video game, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse. A depiction of the Mad Doctor is also used as the cover art for the game, and the Mad Doctor is a boss that Mickey must defeat. He also appears as a major character in Epic Mickey and its sequel. The video game Kingdom Hearts III features a Game & Watch style mini-game based on the short.
Home media
The short was released on December 2, 2002 on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White.
See also
Mickey Mouse (film series)
References
External links
1933 films
1933 animated films
1930s science fiction films
1933 horror films
Censorship in Germany
1930s Disney animated short films
Disney controversies
Films directed by David Hand
Films produced by Walt Disney
Mad scientist films
Mickey Mouse short films
Films about nightmares
Film controversies
Film censorship in the United Kingdom
Film controversies in the United Kingdom
American black-and-white films
Animated films about animals
American science fiction horror films
1930s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mad%20Doctor%20%281933%20film%29 |
Visitation School, also known as Visitation or Vis, is an independent, all-girls, Roman Catholic, college-preparatory, school in Minnesota. It is located in Mendota Heights near Saint Paul. Visitation is a coeducational school for grades Montessori PreK-grade 5, and all-girls for grades 6-12. Visitation is the only all-girls secondary school in Minnesota.
A brother school, Saint Thomas Academy, is located across the street and many classes and after school activities involve both schools. Depending on the sport or activity, some of its rival schools are Cretin-Derham Hall, Breck School, St. Paul Academy and Summit School, and The Blake School.
History
Visitation was founded by Sisters of the Visitation in 1873, who traveled up the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri at the request of some prominent businessmen in St. Paul who wished for a strong, Catholic education for their daughters. This may have been P. F. McQuillan, whose three daughters attended the school. It was founded in St. Paul, and later moved to its current location. The current location of the school in Mendota Heights, MN, is the school's fourth location. Several peacocks have historically resided at the Mendota Heights campus.
The Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary was founded in France in 1610. The founders of the order are St. Francis de Sales and St. Jane de Chantal from whom the order gained its Salesian spirituality.
There are sister school locations in St. Louis, MO and Washington, D.C., as well as monasteries in other areas throughout the U.S. The school is coeducational from preschool through grade 5, but becomes single-gender in sixth grade. Prior to the 2017-18 school year, it was co-ed from preschool to sixth grade, and all-girls from seventh grade onwards. To coincide with this change, Saint Thomas Academy added its inaugural (all-boys) sixth grade. Visitation is the only all-girls Catholic secondary school in Minnesota.
The first graduating class at Visitation had only four members; the class of 2019 is made up of 77 young women.
Athletics
Visitation offers 13 varsity sports:
Softball
Track & Field
Lacrosse
Golf
Swimming and Diving
Basketball
Ice Hockey
Nordic Skiing
Alpine Skiing
Volleyball
Soccer
Tennis
Cross Country
VISTA Productions
VISTA Productions is the combined theater troupe of The Convent of the Visitation School and Saint Thomas Academy. They put on three main productions a year, including a fall drama, a winter dance piece/improv show and a spring musical. VISTA Productions also is a participant in the Spotlight Program, a High School Theater Recognition Program sponsored by the Hennepin Theater Trust. In the spring of 2014, VISTA Productions received ten awards from this program including the award for Outstanding Overall Production of a Musical for their production of Shrek the Musical. The next year, their production of "The Drowsy Chaperone" also received numerous awards from Spotlight, once again including "Outstanding Overall Production of a Musical" and "Outstanding Overall Performance of a Musical."
References
External links
Visitation's Official Website
The Robette's Official Web Page
Notes and references
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Visitation schools
Educational institutions established in 1873
Private middle schools in Minnesota
Private elementary schools in Minnesota
Catholic secondary schools in Minnesota
Girls' schools in Minnesota
Schools in Dakota County, Minnesota
1873 establishments in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation%20School |
North Coast Rocketry was a model rocket company founded in 1983 in Cleveland, Ohio by Chris Pearson and Matt Steele. Dan Kafun added as a partner in 1989.
History
North Coast Rocketry was the first "full-service" mid-power rocket company, that is, they sold model rocket kits, parts, adhesives, parachutes and motors. They originally licensed their rocket kit designs from Korey Kline of Ace Aeronautics. They later developed their own line of unique High Power rockets and introduced some technologies and designs that were "cutting edge" for their time. Later the NCR catalog also included rocket kits from the fledging company Lots of Crafts (later LOC/Precision) for several years.
To augment their product line, NCR was also a dealer for Class "C" Aerotech motors and Class "B" Vulcan motors in the mid to late 1980s. NCR sold a limited selection of disposable motors beginning in 1984 that were called "North Coasters". The North Coaster motors were manufactured by Aerotech under a special agreement with NCR, who had sole distribution rights. The motors were shipped to North Coast Rocketry near with no end caps or labels, and final processing was conducted by North Coast Rocketry.
The North Coasters rocket motor line consisted of the E28 (24mm), F41 and G60 (29mm) motors. They were phased out late in 1987 due to supply issues. North Coast planned to make reloadable motors, and a few prototype cases were made, but the propellant shipping issues of the early 1990s stopped their development. NCR reloadable motor design was said to be so simple, using color-coded parts, that assembly could be done by someone who knew nothing about rockets and who hadn't read one word of the instructions. The reloadable motor technology was never actually put into production.
North Coast Rocketry also sold the "Whirlwind" composite model rocket motor, which was the first smokey composite motor available. This motor was made exclusively for NCR by Rocket Development Corporation (RDC), which was the same company that introduced the "Enerjet 8" composite rocket motor to the model rocketry world in the late 60's.
In the late 80's, NCR became the first rocket company of any kind to have a 800 toll-free phone number for ordering. They were also the first to take orders by phone, fax or e-mail and accept credit cards for payment.
North Coast Rocketry became the sponsor of the early Large and Dangerous Rocket Ship (LDRS) launches held in Medina, Ohio from 1982 to 1986. In 1987 the use of the name was given to the Tripoli Rocketry Association (TRA) to use for their annual national high-power sport launch. The launch continues to this day, however, LDRS has never returned to Ohio.
North Coast Rocketry was moved to Salt Lake City, Utah in 1992. During this time, NCR branched out into making composite motors based on potassium perchlorate that would produce a pink flame during the burn.
North Coast Rocketry was subsequently purchased by Estes Industries' around 1995-1996 and served as Estes' mid/high-power model rocketry division. The NCR motor technology was changed by Estes to the more industry-standard APCP (ammonium-perchlorate) composite propellant). All Estes versions of the NCR models used the F62 Dark Star motors, which emitted a dark black smoke trail. These motors were made specifically for NCR rockets and were slightly smaller in diameter than their competitor's motors. The motor was unique in that it had a molded aft thrust ring on the motor. A G70 motor was announced but never produced.
The "North Coast Rocketry by Estes" line of mid-power rocket kits was very popular and command high-prices on the kit collector market today. Especially in-demand is the "Maxi X-Wing" and "Interceptor G" kits.
Estes discontinued the NCR line of rocket kits, motors and other products in 2000. Since the brand has been discontinued, when building the kits today, many people modify the motor mounts to use industry-standard 29mm size motors.
NCR also sold a heavy duty launch pad, launch controller and relay system. They were also the first to sell rocket electronics, manufactured by John Fleischer of Transolve. These included the first rocket altimeter, a radio tracker, a beeper, a variable timer for staging and recovery system deployment and a strobe light.
NCR sold a series of rocketry technical reports, authored by Chris Pearson and Matt Steele, with collaboration of Scott Dixon of Vulcan Systems and John Fleischer of Transolve. These reports were later adopted by the National Association of Rocketry as their technical report series. The Tripoli Rocketry Association also published these same reports in their official monthly publication, the Tripolitian.
At NARAM-53 (the National Association of Rocketry's Annual Meet) in Cincinnati in July 2011, Matt Steele (one of the principals of the former North Coast Rocketry) announced that he had sufficient rights to the name and products and that he and his daughter would be bringing the company back to life with a website going live on October 1, 2011. He said the initial kits would be based on 2.6" tubing, and would not be "three fins and a nose cone".
Models
Early models
Aires XL
Avatar
Avatar Arrow
Big Brute
Black Hole Betty
Brighthawk
Corporal
D Region Tomahawk
Eliminator
Hobgoblin
Juno 1
Korona
Lance Beta
Magna
Mini-Katana
Katana
Mini-Spoil Sport
Spoil Sport
Orion
OSC Pegasus
Outlaw (Radio Controlled Boost Glider)
Patriot
Phantom 1800
Phantom 2600
Phantom 4000
Phantom 4000HD
Quasar NG
Rotaroc A
Rotaroc B/C
Rotaroc D
SA-14 Archer XL
Stiletto A
Stiletto B
Sonic Seduction
Super-Sonic Seduction
Mini-Viking
Viking
Estes era
Big Brute
Bomarc
Eliminator
Interceptor G
Lance Beta
Patriot
Phantom 4000
SA-14 Archer XL
Star Wars X-Wing Fighter
External links
Company website
1986 NCR Catalog
1992 NCR Catalog
Model rocketry
Companies based in Ohio
Companies based in Colorado
Companies based in Utah
1989 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Coast%20Rocketry |
Champions
American League: Boston Americans
National League: New York Giants
World Series: New York (NL) declined challenge by Boston (AL)
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Events
January
January 4 – The New York Highlanders of the American League announce plans to play on Sundays at Ridgewood Park in Queens, NY, but the National League Brooklyn Superbas object the proposal. By the time Sunday's games are legal only in the cities of Detroit, St. Louis, Chicago and Cincinnati.
February
February 29 – Pepper Martin is born in Temple, Oklahoma. Amazingly, with more than 19,000 different Major League Baseball players in the sport's history, between 1836 and 2018, only 11 have been born on a Leap Day. Dubbed as the Wild Horse of the Osage because of his daring and aggressive baserunning abilities, Martin played as a third baseman and an outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals in a span of 13 seasons between 1928 and 1944, earning two World Series titles, four All-Star Game selections and four National League stolen bases titles. But Martin is probably best known for his heroics in the 1931 World Series, when he led the Cardinals in average (.500), hits (12), doubles (4), runs (5), RBI (5), stolen bases (5) and added one home run in the seven-game triumph over the highly favored Philadelphia Athletics, making also a running catch to cut a ninth-inning rally by the Athletics in the decisive Game 7.
March
March 16 – Buddy Myer is born in Ellisville, Mississippi. A two-time All-Star and American League champion bat, Myer was the second baseman of the Washington Senators club when they won their last AL pennant in 1933. He posted a .330/.389/.406 slash line with 2,131 hits in 1,923 games. Notably, Myer walked more than twice as many times as he struck out (965-to-428) during 17 seasons from 1925 through 1941, including a stint with the Boston Red Sox in 1927 and 1928. Myer was often cited as one of the few Jewish baseball stars and was chosen for the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, but he was a member of the Baptist church.
April
May
May 5 – Cy Young pitches a perfect game, as the Boston Americans defeat the Philadelphia Athletics, 3–0, at Huntington Avenue Grounds. This is considered the List of Major League Baseball perfect games#Modern era first perfect game in the modern era.
May 11 – Following his perfect game against the Philadelphia Athletics six days before, Cy Young of the Boston Americans pitched another six hitless innings against the Detroit Tigers, until Sam Crawford stroked a single to end the string. Before his perfection start, Young had already pitched eighth consecutive innings without allowing a base hit. On April 25, he pitched two innings at Philadelphia, then he hurled six innings in relief against the Washington Senators. As a result, the record books credited Young with 23 consecutive hitless innings based on these four games, which is considered a record in Major League Baseball history. No one has ever equaled that mark.
May 21 – Boston Americans shortstop Bill O'Neill made history when he committed six errors in a 13-inning, 5–3 loss to the St. Louis Browns at Huntington Avenue Grounds, to set a 20th-century single-game record.
May 27 – New York Giants first baseman Dan McGann set a Major League Baseball record with five stolen bases in a single-game, a feat not matched until Davey Lopes did it for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1974, and not surpassed until Atlanta Braves' Otis Nixon stole six bases in 1991.
June
June 11 – Chicago Cubs pitcher Bob Wicker pitches nine innings without allowing a hit. He surrenders a hit in the 10th inning, but it would be the only hit he allows in the game. The Cubs would go on the beat the New York Giants, 1–0, in 12 innings.
June 20 - Duff Cooley of the Boston Beaneaters hits for the cycle in the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies in a 9-0 Boston victory.
June 23 – Kip Selbach of the Washington Senators ties a record by committing 3 errors from the outfield in one inning.
July
July 16 – New York Highlanders right-handed starter Jack Chesbro steals home plate in the bottom of the 10th inning, scoring a walk-off run while winning his own game against the Detroit Tigers, 9-8, at Hilltop Park. Chesbro, who entered the game in relief duties, led off the inning with a single, moved to third base on a pair of outs, then achieved this rare feat. Chesbro, a notorious spitballer, set a Major League pitching record with 41 wins in 1904.
August
August 17 – Boston Americans pitcher Jesse Tannehill tosses a no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox in a 6–0 win at South Side Park.
August 24 – New York Highlanders left fielder Willie Keeler collects two home runs against the visiting St. Louis Browns in a 9–1 win at Hilltop Park. Both drives are inside-the-park.
September
September 1 - The New York Giants selected Moonlight Graham in the Rule five draft. This is the same Moonlight Graham that is fictionalized in the movie Field Of Dreams.
September 5 – At the Polo Grounds, the New York Giants swept a doubleheader from the Boston Beaneaters in front of 37,000 fans. Christy Mathewson won a pitching duel with Kaiser Wilhelm in the opener, 1–0, when Jim Delahanty scored on a triple by Tom Needham in the bottom of the ninth inning. The second game of the Labor Day twin-bill was won on a Sam Mertes single in the bottom of the ninth that brought Red Ames with the winning run. The climax to the successful day inspired a group of fans to carry Giants manager John McGraw off the field on their shoulders; McGraw was dropped during the excitement and suffered a sprained ankle.
October
October 3 – Christy Mathewson of the New York Giants strikes out 16 in a 3–1 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals at Polo Grounds. His 16 strikeouts set a new record in the major leagues as he finishes the game in one hour and 15 minutes.
October 4 – New York Giants outfielder Sam Mertes hits for the cycle in a 7–3 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals at Polo Grounds.
October 7 – George Stovall hit a home run off his brother Jesse Stovall. That particular feat was a Major League first and an event that remained unduplicated until Rick Ferrell hit a homer off Wes Ferrell in 1933 then Joe Niekro went deep against Phil Niekro in 1976.
October 8 – Jack Chesbro earned his 41st victory of the season as the New York Highlanders defeated the Boston Americans, 3–2. The 41 wins by a pitcher in a season are a modern record in Major League history. Previously, the future Hall of Famer won his 14th consecutive game on August 10 (a record at the time), pitched 30 consecutive complete games at a time, and would complete 48 of his 51 starts of the season.
October 10 – The regular season ends with a doubleheader at Hilltop Park in New York City. The Boston Americans clinched the American League pennant in the opener with a 3–2 victory over the New York Highlanders, while New York won the second game, 1–0, in 10 innings. It would also be the last time for a full century that the Boston AL team, who would later formally become the Boston Red Sox in 1908, would beat the New York AL team in a pennant-deciding game.
Postseason
The World Series was cancelled due to a business rivalry between the two leagues. During spring training, New York Giants owner John T. Brush said that there will never be a series between two clubs based in the same city, in response to a preseason offer from New York Highlanders co-owner Frank J. Farrell. Nevertheless, the Boston Americans pennant victory over the Highlanders had historical significance in several ways. Although Boston had won instead, Brush and team's manager John McGraw refused to face the Americans in what would've been the second World Series. Brush announced "There is nothing in the constitution or playing rules of the National League which requires its victorious club to submit its championship honors to a contest with a victorious club in a minor league," according to his biography at SABR. The resulting backlash by the press caused Brush to take a stance and lead the committee to formalize the rules governing the future World Series. This would be the last time for 90 years that a World Series was not played, when it was canceled on September 14 of 1994 due to an MLB Players Association strike. It would also be the last time for 100 years that the Boston AL team, who would later formally become the Boston Red Sox in 1908, would beat the New York AL team in a pennant-deciding game until the 2004 American League Championship Series.
November
December
Births
January
January 1 – Ethan Allen
January 3 – Bill Cissell
January 7 – Clay Roe
January 10 - Lou Dials
January 13 – Bunny Hearn
January 16 – Jo-Jo Morrissey
January 18 – Len Koenecke
January 19 – Jimmy Boyle
January 20 – Denny Sothern
January 22 – John Milligan
January 24 – Neal Finn
January 26 – George Blaeholder
January 28 – Dutch Hoffman
January 29 – Ray Hayworth
February
February 7 – Andy Reese
February 9 – Roy Mahaffey
February 10 – Hal Anderson
February 13 – Cecil Bolton
February 13 – Charlie Fitzberger
February 15 – Oscar Estrada
February 27 – Chick Fullis
February 27 – Bud Teachout
February 29 – Pepper Martin
March
March 5 – Lou Rosenberg
March 16 – Buddy Myer
March 21 – Frank Sigafoos
March 21 – Red Rollings
March 22 – Bob Elson
March 30 – Ripper Collins
March 31 – Sam Dailey
March 31 – Red Rollings
April
April 1 – Jack Cummings
April 9 – Guy Cantrell
April 9 – Fred Frankhouse
April 11 – Dutch Ussat
April 30 – Neal Baker
April 30 – Tony Murray
May
May 9 – Paul Hinson
May 9 – Brad Springer
May 16 – Abe White
May 18 – Red Smith
May 20 – Pete Appleton
May 22 – Ed Morgan
May 25 – Buz Phillips
May 26 – Frank Ragland
May 26 – Bill Shores
June
June 4 – Lefty Atkinson
June 7 – Dusty Boggess
June 12 – Bill Foster
June 13 – John O'Connell
June 15 – Ed Pipgras
June 15 – Pid Purdy
June 15 – Hank Winston
June 24 – Bobby Reeves
July
July 2 – Pete Susko
July 3 – Luke Hamlin
July 4 – Ed Cotter
July 4 – Mel Ingram
July 5 – Bump Hadley
July 9 – Art Daney
July 14 – Max West
July 15 – Ray Wolf
July 18 – Marty Karow
July 19 – Mark Koenig
July 26 – Bill Dreesen
August
August 5 – Vic Frazier
August 6 – Herb Cobb
August 14 – Les Cox
August 17 – Augie Walsh
September
September 4 – Bud Morse
September 6 – Willie Underhill
September 10 – Arlie Tarbert
September 16 – Edgar Barnhart
September 25 – Paul Hopkins
September 26 – Jess Cortazzo
September 30 – Johnny Allen
October
October 2 – Tom Angley
October 5 – Sam West
October 7 – Chuck Klein
October 9 – Gordon Slade
October 13 – Howie Carter
October 15 – Bill Lewis
October 16 – Boom-Boom Beck
October 24 – Harry Smythe
October 25 – Andy Cohen
October 26 – Monk Sherlock
October 27 – Frank Bennett
October 28 – Liz Funk
October 28 – Joe O'Rourke
October 31 – Allyn Stout
November
November 1 – Johnny Burnett
November 4 – Earl Mattingly
November 5 – Ollie Sax
November 15 – George Cox
November 16 – Mike Smith
November 19 – Elmer Tutwiler
November 24 – Billy Rogell
December
December 5 – Ray Fitzgerald
December 12 – Ray Boggs
December 13 – Bill Windle
December 16 – Joe Berry
December 20 – Spud Davis
December 23 – Howie Williamson
December 25 – Bill Akers
December 25 – Lloyd Brown
December 27 – John Shea
December 29 – Bill Sweeney
Deaths
January–March
January 1 – George Radbourn, 47, pitcher who played briefly for the 1883 Detroit Wolverines.
January 31 – Dan Mahoney, 39, catcher and first baseman for the 1892 Cincinnati Reds and 1894 Washington Senators.
March 22 – Art McCoy, 39, second baseman who played in two games with the 1889 Washington Nationals.
March 25 – Harry Arundel, 49, pitcher who played with the Brooklyn Atlantics (1875), Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1892) and Providence Grays (1884).
March 28 – George Seward, 53 [?], outfielder who played in part of three seasons for the St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875, 1882) and New York Mutuals (1876).
March 31 – Nathan Menderson, 83, executive with the Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association
April–June
April 11 – Shorty Fuller, 36, shortstop for the Washington Nationals, St. Louis Brown Stockings and New York Giants from 1888 to 1896, who scored more than 100 runs in the 1890 and 1891 seasons.
April 18 – Charlie Ziegler, 29, infielder for the 1889 Cleveland Spiders and 1900 Philadelphia Phillies.
April 20 – John Galvin, 61, second baseman for the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics.
April 20 – Gus McGinnis, 33, pitcher and outfielder who played with the Chicago Colts and Philadelphia Phillies in 1he 1893 season.
April 27 – Bobby Cargo, 33, shortstop for the 1892 Pittsburgh Pirates.
May 4 – Frank Quinlan, 35, catcher and outfielder who appeared in two games for the 1891 Boston Reds.
May 25 – John Hayes, 49, outfielder who hit .143 in five games for the 1876 New York Mutuals.
June 3 – Bill Pfann, 41 [?], pitcher for the 1884 Cincinnati Reds.
June 6 – Chippy McGarr, 41, third baseman who hit .269 in 827 games for several teams over the course of 10 seasons from 1884 to 1896.
June 19 – Marshall Quinton, 52, catcher who played from 1884 to 1885 for the Richmond Virginians and Philadelphia Athletics teams of the American Association.
July–September
July 24 – Ernie Mason, 34 [?], pitcher and outfielder for the 1894 St. Louis Browns of the National League.
August 22 – Charlie Dewald, 36, pitcher for the 1890 Cleveland Infants.
September 20 – Jack Neagle, 46, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Quakers, Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Alleghenys from 1879 to 1884.
October–December
October 16 – Mike Slattery, 37, center fielder who hit .251 in five seasons and was a member of the New York Giants World Champion teams of 1888 and 1889.
October 25 – Cornelius Van Cott, 66, owner of the New York Giants from January 1893 to January 1895.
October 28 – Sam Field, 56, catcher who hit .146 for three different teams between 1875 and 1876.
November 2 – Henry Austin, 60, outfielder and a .243 batter in 23 games for the 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes.
November 4 – Charlie Reilley, 47 [?], catcher who hit .210 from 1879 through 1884 for the Troy Trojans, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Wolverines, Worcester Ruby Legs and Boston Reds.
November 4 – Jim Shanley, 50, outfielder who played two games for the 1876 New York Mutuals.
November 7 – Fred Carroll, 40, catcher and outfielder from 1884 to 1891, who hit a career .284 average in 754 games with the Columbus Buckeyes and for the Pittsburgh teams Alleghenys, Burghers and Pirates.
November 20 – Dell Darling, 42, catcher and a career .240 hitter for three teams of three different leagues from 1887 to 1891.
December 13 – Bob Murphy, 37, pitcher who posted a 4–9 record for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Gladiators during the 1890 season.
December 18 – John Clapp, 53, catcher and manager for several teams from 1872 through 1883, who hit a career .283 average in 588 games, including three .300 seasons.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%20in%20baseball |
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) (circum-: around ; ventricular: of ventricle) are structures in the brain characterized by their extensive and highly permeable capillaries, unlike those in the rest of the brain where there exists a blood–brain barrier (BBB) at the capillary level. Although the term "circumventricular organs" was originally proposed in 1958 by Austrian anatomist Helmut O. Hofer concerning structures around the brain ventricular system, the penetration of blood-borne dyes into small specific CVO regions was discovered in the early 20th century. The permeable CVOs enabling rapid neurohumoral exchange include the subfornical organ (SFO), the area postrema (AP), the vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT — also known as the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)), the median eminence, the pituitary neural lobe, and the pineal gland.
The circumventricular organs are midline structures around the third and fourth ventricles that are in contact with blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and they facilitate special types of communication between the central nervous system and peripheral blood. Additionally, they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. Highly permeable capillaries allow the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to sample from and secrete to circulating blood. CVOs also have roles in body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
CVOs can be classified as either sensory or secretory organs serving homeostatic functions and body water balance. The sensory organs include the area postrema, the subfornical organ, and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis, all having the ability to sense signals in blood, then pass that information neurally to other brain regions. Through their neural circuitry, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the pituitary gland, the median eminence, and the pineal gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral blood using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.
Circumventricular organs contain capillary networks that vary between one another and within individual organs both in density and permeability, with most CVO capillaries having a permeable endothelial cell layer, except for those in the subcommissural organ. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, enabling a neuroendocrine role.
Although the choroid plexus also has permeable capillaries, it does not contain neural tissue; rather, its primary role is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and therefore is typically not classified as a CVO.
Sensory organs
Area postrema
Anatomy
The area postrema is located in the caudal medulla oblongata near the junction of the brainstem and the spinal cord. In humans and in most other mammals that have been studied, it consists of swellings on either wall of the fourth ventricle. In rodents and lagomorphs, however, the area postrema forms a midline structure dorsal to the obex. When viewed histologically for its capillary distribution and morphology, the area postrema has numerous subregions separated according to capillary permeability, rates of blood flow, and duration of blood transit through respective capillary beds.
Function
Relatively little is known about the function of the area postrema in humans. However, there is strong evidence that the area postrema acts as the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting, which is triggered by the presence of noxious stimulation from the blood. There is also evidence that the area postrema is the site at which angiotensin stimulates glucose metabolism, presumed efferent neural activity, blood pressure control, and thirst. The area postrema also has integrative capacities that enable it to send major and minor efferents to sections of the brain involved in the autonomic control of cardiovascular and respiratory activities.
Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
Anatomy
Classified as a sensory circumventricular organ (along with the SFO and AP), the vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT) is situated in the anterior wall of the third ventricle. Characteristically of the CVOs, it lacks the tight endothelial blood brain barrier. The vascular organ is further characterized by the afferent inputs from the subfornical organ (SFO), the median pre-optic nucleus (MnPO) region, the brainstem, and even the hypothalamus. Conversely, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis maintains efferent projections to the stria medullaris and basal ganglia.
As a major player in the maintenance of the mammalian body fluid homeostasis, the VOLT features the primary neurons responsible for osmosensory balance. These neurons, in turn, feature angiotensin type I receptors, which are used by circulating angiotensin II to initiate water intake and sodium consumption. In addition to the angiotensin receptors, the neurons of the VOLT are also characterized by the presence of a nonselective cation channel deemed the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, or TRPV1. Though there are other receptors within the TRPV family, a study by Ciura, Liedtke, and Bourque demonstrated that hypertonicity sensing operated via a mechanical mechanism of TRPV1 but not TRPV4. Despite a significant amount of data, the anatomy of the VOLT is not yet fully comprehended.
Function
As previously mentioned, the vascular organ of lamina terminalis features neurons responsible for the homeostatic conservation of osmolarity. In addition, the fenestrated vasculature of the VOLT allows the astrocytes and neurons of the VOLT to perceive a wide variety of plasma molecules whose signals may be transduced into other regions of the brain, thereby eliciting autonomic and inflammatory reactions.
In experiments, mammalian VOLT neurons were shown to transduce hypertonicity by the activation of the TRPV1 nonselective cation channels. These channels are highly permeable to calcium and are responsible for membrane depolarization and increased action potential discharge. Stated simply, an increase in osmolarity results in a reversible depolarization of the VOLT neurons. This can be seen through the predominantly excitatory effects of ANG on the VOLT through the TRPV1 receptor. In this context, it is worthy to note the VOLT neurons typically feature a resting membrane potential in the range of -50 to -67 mV with input resistances ranging from 65 to 360 MΩ.
Despite a solid understanding of the VOLT’s role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis, other functions are less understood. For example, it is thought that the VOLT may also play a role in the regulation of LH secretion via a negative feedback mechanism. It is also hypothesized that the VOLT may be the mechanism through which pyrogens function to initiate a febrile response in the CNS. Finally, VOLT neurons have been observed to respond to temperature changes indicating that the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis is subject to different climates.
Subfornical organ (SFO)
Anatomy
The subfornical organ is a sensory CVO situated on the underside of the fornix and lacking a BBB, the absence of which characterizes the circumventricular organs. Protruding into the third ventricle of the brain, the highly vascularized SFO can be divided into 3–4 anatomical zones, especially by its capillary density and structure. The central zone is composed exclusively of the glial cells and neuronal cell bodies. Conversely, the rostral and caudal areas are mostly made of nerve fibers while very few neurons and glial cells can be seen in this area. Functionally, however, the SFO may be viewed in two portions, the dorsolateral peripheral (pSFO) division and the ventromedial core segment.
As an important mechanism of both energy and osmotic homeostasis, the SFO has many efferent projections. In fact, SFO neurons have been experimentally shown to broadcast efferent projections to regions involved in cardiovascular regulation including the lateral hypothalamus with fibers terminating in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei, and the anteroventral 3rd ventricle (AV3V) with fibers terminating in the VOLT and the median preoptic area. It seems that the most essential of all these connections is the SFO’s projections to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Based on their functional relevance, the SFO neurons can be branded as either GE, featuring nonselective cation channels, or GI, featuring potassium channels. While the afferent projections of the SFO are considered less important than the various efferent connections, it is still notable that the subfornical organ receives synaptic input from the zona incerta and arcuate nucleus.
Study of subfornical organ anatomy is still ongoing but evidence has demonstrated slow blood transit time which may facilitate the sensory capability of SFO, enabling increased contact time for blood-borne signals to penetrate its permeable capillaries and influence regulation of blood pressure and body fluids. This observation coincides with the fact that SFO neurons have been shown to be intrinsically osmosensitive. Finally, it has been established that SFO neurons maintain resting membrane potential in the range of -57 to -65 mV.
Function
The subfornical organ is active in many bodily processes including, but not limited to, osmoregulation, cardiovascular regulation, and energy homeostasis. In a study by Ferguson, both hyper- and hypotonic stimuli facilitated an osmotic response. This observation demonstrated the fact that the SFO is involved in the maintenance of blood pressure. Featuring an AT1 receptor for ANG, the SFO neurons demonstrate an excitatory response when activated by ANG, therefore increasing blood pressure. The induction of the drinking response via the SFO can be antagonized, however, by the peptide, ANP. Additional research has demonstrated that the subfornical organ may be an important intermediary though which leptin acts to maintain blood pressure within normal physiological limits via descending autonomic pathways associated with cardiovascular control.
Recent research has focused on the subfornical organ as an area particularly important in the regulation of energy. The observation that subfornical neurons respond to a wide range of circulating energy balance signals, and that electrical stimulation of the SFO in rats resulted in food intake supports the SFO’s importance in energy homeostasis. Additionally, it is assumed that the SFO is the lone forebrain structure capable of constant monitoring of circulating concentrations of glucose. This responsiveness to glucose again serves to solidify the SFO’s integral role as a regulator of energy homeostasis.
Secretory organs
Subcommissural organ
Anatomy
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a small secretory organ located on the ventral surface of the posterior commissure near the anterior entrance of the cerebral aqueduct. It differs from other CVOs in that it does not have highly permeable capillaries. Its role as a neuroendocrine structure associated with the ventricular system qualifies it for classification as a CVO. Related to its secretory function, the SCO is partially composed of ependymal cells. These ependymocytes are characterized by elongated cell bodies that contain secretory materials and are covered in cilia. The most prominent of these is the glycoprotein SCO-spondin.
Function
One function of the SCO is the secretion of the glycoprotein SCO-spondin, which is released into the third ventricle where it aggregates to create Reissner's fiber. Reissner's fiber is a long fibrous projection that travels caudally through the Sylvian aqueduct and terminates in the spinal cord. This fiber is thought to contribute to the maintenance of the patency of the Sylvian aqueduct.
While the function of the subcommissural organ remains under investigation, it may be part of the mechanism of aldosterone secretion and CSF detoxification, along with osmoregulation. The SCO is innervated by many systems, the most common of which is associated with the serotonergic system, which influences water and sodium intake. During water deprivation, it will also reduce its innervation to the SCO. The reduction of input to the SCO causes a marked decrease in RF production. This finding implies that the subcommissural organ and its associated Reissner's fiber are integral parts of fluid electrolyte balance and water homeostasis.
Pituitary neural lobe
The pituitary gland is subdivided into lobes the anterior pituitary, the intermediate pituitary, and the posterior pituitary (also known as the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis (or neural lobe), respectively). Each one functions as a separate endocrine organ.
The pituitary neural lobe consists of axonal projections that directly extend from cell bodies in the hypothalamus through the infundibulum. Under neurohumoral control, it secretes oxytocin and vasopressin, thereby qualifying it as a circumventricular organ with both neural and secretory functions.
The anterior pituitary contains non-neural secretory cells derived from oral ectoderm which are indirectly controlled by "releasing hormones" from the median eminence of the hypothalamus, through the hypophyseal portal circulation.
The intermediate lobe (also called pars intermedia) synthesizes and secretes a hormone stimulating melanocytes under neural control by the hypothalamus. It is not commonly included among circumventricular organs.
The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull.
Median eminence
The median eminence (ME) is located in the inferior portion of the hypothalamus and is ventral to the third ventricle. While some publications do not list the ME as a CVO, when it is considered to be a circumventricular organ, it is classified as a secretory organ. The median eminence is rich in fenestrated capillaries, allowing for the passage of proteins and neurohormones. More specifically, the median eminence allows for the transport of neurohormones between the CSF and the peripheral blood supply. The major cell type that makes up the median eminence are specialized ependymal cells known as tanycytes. These contribute to the organ's ability to selectively allow macromolecules to pass from the central to the peripheral neuroendocrine systems. Ventromedial subregions of the bilateral hypothalamic arcuate nucleus display relatively high capillary permeability, indicating this nucleus may have moment-to-moment regulatory roles for sensing and neurally conveying hormonal signals.
Tanycytes line the floor of the third ventricle and can be characterized by a singular long projection that delves deep inside the hypothalamus. Tanycytes have been evolutionarily linked to radial glial cells of the central nervous system. The tanycytes of the median eminence are often found along the fenestrated peripheral capillaries. They are tightly packed on the capillaries, forming a seal between the third ventricle and the median eminence. This seal can be attributed to the tight junctions observed between tanycytes and functions to restrict the travel of molecules between the median eminence and the third ventricle. The median eminence is also closely linked to the transport of GnRH between the median eminence and the anterior pituitary. Neuronal projections of GnRH neurons actually end at the median eminence, allowing for its release into the portal blood system.
Pineal gland
Anatomy
Gross anatomy
The morphology of the pineal gland varies greatly among mammals. The most commonly used classification for this gland takes into account its location relative to the diencephalon and the third ventricle of the brain, as well as its size and shape. Under these conditions, the human pineal gland is classified as type A. A type A pineal gland rests proximally to the posterior section of the diencephalon. It is located within 1-2mm of the midline of the brain.
The pineal gland starts to develop during the second month of gestation. In the average adult, the dimensions are as follow: 5-9mm in length, 1-5mm in width and 3-5mm in thickness. Its average weight is 100–180 mg.
The pineal gland consists of a central core made up of small lobes and a cortex that possesses a diffuse distribution of neurons. The principal cell type of the pineal is the pinealocyte sensu stricto. This type of cell has a prominent nucleus and a granular appearance.
Vascularization and innervation
The level of vascularization in the pineal gland is high. It receives a large supply of blood from branches of the posterior choroidal arteries that derive from cerebral arteries in the posterior mesencephalon.
The pineal gland is innervated by fibers from the peripheral parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, in addition to fibers from the central nervous system. The most important set of fibers involved are the unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglia, which also form the bilateral nervi conarii. The second set of fibers enters the pineal gland anteriorly via the commissural peduncles. The third set of fibers is myelinated and forms the ventro-lateral pineal tract.
Function
The pineal gland is considered a secretory organ and its activity shows circadian oscillations. Its main function – secretion of the hormone melatonin – rests when there is no input from the primary circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Melatonin production is controlled by the previously mentioned circadian timing and is suppressed by light. Pineal tumors can affect sexual development, but the mechanism has yet to be established.
Other pineal substances
Other peptides aside from melatonin have been detected in the pineal. They are most likely associated with a type of innervation deemed "pineal peptidergic innervation." These include vasopressin, oxytocin, VIP, NPY, peptide histidine isoleucine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and somatostatin.
References
Ventricular system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumventricular%20organs |
See also
Florida
List of municipalities in Florida
List of former municipalities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of census-designated places in Florida
References
USGS Fips55 database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20Florida%3A%20T-V |
Heterodon is a genus of harmless colubrid snakes endemic to North America. They are stout with upturned snouts and are perhaps best known for their characteristic threat displays. Three species are currently recognized. Members of the genus are commonly known as hognose snakes, hog-nosed snakes, North American hog-nosed snakes, and colloquially puff adders (though they should not be confused with the venomous African vipers of the genus Bitis).
Description
Adults grow to in total length. The body is stout and the head is slightly distinct from the neck. The latter is expandable, the anterior ribs being capable of spreading to flatten that portion of the body, similar to a cobra. The tail is short and the anal scale divided. The dorsal scales are keeled with apical pits in 23-25 rows. The rostral scale is projecting, upturned, recurved and keeled dorsally. There are usually 1-20 accessory scales (azygous) that separate the internasals and the prefrontals. A subocular ring is present with 8-12 ocular scales. There are 7-8 upper labials and 9-13 lower labials. The ventrals number 114-152 and the subcaudals 27-60.
The color pattern is extremely variable. H. nasicus tends to be sandy-colored with black and white markings, while H. platirhinos varies from reds, greens, oranges, browns, to black depending on locality. They are sometimes blotched and sometimes solid-colored.
Members of this genus have enlarged rear maxillary teeth, two on each side, and possess a slightly toxic saliva. In a few cases involving bites from H. nasicus, the symptoms reported have ranged from none at all to mild tingling, swelling and itchy skin. Nevertheless, they are generally considered to be very harmless to humans.
Hognose snakes' most distinguishing characteristic is their upturned snout, which is believed to aid in digging in sandy soils.
Behavior
When threatened, the hognose snake will flatten its neck and raise its head off the ground, similar to a cobra, and hiss. It may sometimes feign strikes, but is extremely reluctant to bite. This behavior has earned the hognose snake several nicknames, such as "blowing adder", "flathead", "spreading adder", or "hissing adder". If this threat display does not work to deter a would-be predator, the hognose snake will often roll onto its back and play dead with its mouth open and tongue lolling, going as far as to emit a foul musk from the cloaca. Emission of cloacal musk is considerably less likely than in many other species. If the snake is rolled upright while in this state, it will often roll over again as if to insist that it is really dead.
Unfortunately due to their appearance and impressive defensive display, hognose snakes are commonly mistaken to be copperheads and subsequently killed. This is especially true in the southeastern regions of the United States, where copperheads are especially prevalent by comparison to other areas it shares with the hognose.
Feeding
The bulk of the Heterodon species diet is made up of rodents and lizards. H. platirhinos is an exception, and specializes in feeding on toads, having an immunity to the toxins that toads secrete.
Captivity
Hognose snakes are frequently found in the exotic pet trade. H. nasicus are often considered to be the easiest to care for, and captive-bred stock is easily found. H. platirhinos is commonly found, but their dietary requirements can be a challenge for some keepers.
Species
* Not including the nominate subspecies
References
External links
Further reading
Goin, Coleman J.; Olive B. Goin; George R. Zug. (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. . (Heterodon, pp. 149, 167, 328-329.)
Latreille, P.A. In Sonnini, C.S. and P.A. Latreille. (1801). Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dessinées d'apres nature; Tome IV. Seconde Partie. Serpens. Paris: Crapelet. 410 pp. (Genus Heterodon, p. 32.)
Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis. 1941. Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 365 pp. ("THE HOG-NOSED SNAKES (Heterodon)", pp. 115–118, Figures 25. & 26. + Plate 11 on p. 331.)
Zim, H.S., and H.M. Smith. 1956. Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar Species. A Golden Nature Guide. Simon and Schuster. New York. 160 pp. ("HOG-NOSED SNAKE", "Heterodon nasicus and H. platyrhinos [sic]", pp. 81, 156.)
Heterodon
Snake genera
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodon |
Tong Shui Road (Chinese: 糖水道) is a road on reclaimed land in North Point on Hong Kong Island. The road runs from Victoria Harbour at its northern end to a T-junction with King's Road in the south. An exit slip road from the Island Eastern Corridor merges into and is named for Tong Shui Road. The North Point terminus of Hong Kong Tramways lies in the road, at the end of the adjoining Chun Yeung Street, home to North Point Market. Tong Shui Road Public Pier extends from the road's northern end, near Hotel Vic, on the site of the former North Point Estate.
History
Tong Shui in Chinese means sugar water. It was associated with Sugar King Kwok Chun Yeung (郭春秧; Kwik Djoen Eng in Hokkien) in the early 20th century. He had planned to build a sugar refinery on (two) plots of land he reclaimed, immediately to the west of today's Tong Shui Road. When the reclamation was completed, the sugar price dropped drastically, so he cancelled the plan and built a residential block instead. Also named after him within the reclaimed area is Chun Yeung Street (春秧街). Nearby Java Road is so named for the source of his sugar.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
吾土吾情﹕荔園引入摩天輪, Sing Pao, published on March 19, 2005. (in Chinese)
Roads on Hong Kong Island
North Point
Hong Kong Tramways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Shui%20Road |
EMKA Racing was a British racing team founded in 1980 by Steve O'Rourke, manager of the band Pink Floyd. The team occasionally ran under the name of EMKA Productions, the name of O'Rourke's management company. The team's name comes from O'Rourke's two daughters, Emma and Katheryne. O'Rourke and EMKA concentrated on sports car racing with brief interludes into British Formula One until 1985 when the team was broken up before returning again in 1991. The team was finally dissolved in early 2004 following O'Rourke's death. The team had won the drivers championship for O'Rourke and Tim Sugden in the British GT Championship in 1997 and 1998.
History
1980–1985
Following Steve O'Rourke's years of amateur auto racing, he had succeeded in entering the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans where he took a respectable 12th-place finish in a Ferrari 512BB. With Pink Floyd's scheduling becoming less of a conflict, O'Rourke was able to fully concentrate on racing and formed EMKA Racing, a division of his EMKA Productions record label, for the 1980 season. Debuting at the Six Hours of Silverstone, he took a seventh-place finish before taking 23rd at Le Mans.
Now established, O'Rourke purchased a BMW M1 and signed driver Derek Bell as his co-driver. Collaborating with Michael Cane Racing the team took a second-place finish at Silverstone before suffering problems at Le Mans with drivers David Hobbs and Eddie Jordan, future owner of Jordan Grand Prix. For Brands Hatch, the team took a third-place finish although O'Rourke himself did not drive the car.
For 1982, Derek Bell was replaced on the team by Nick Mason, drummer for Pink Floyd, who had been participating the past few years with the Dorset Racing team. The team did not see much success. In the same year, O'Rourke and EMKA also entered the British Formula One series for two races with a Williams FW07, scoring a third place at Thruxton Circuit.
For 1983, EMKA's success was recognised by Aston Martin, with the two reaching an agreement to run sportscars built by Michael Cane Racing and powered by Aston Martin engines. The first chassis, known as an EMKA C83/1, was designed by Len Bailey and used a production-based Aston Martin V8 engine as its powerplant. O'Rourke was joined in the cockpit by Tiff Needell and took 17th place at Le Mans in their debut year.
For 1985 the EMKA ASTON-MARTIN was modified by Michael Cane Racing with design work being done by Richard Owen and continued support from Aston Martin. O'Rourke and Needell took an eleventh-place finish at Le Mans which saw the entry briefly leading the race in the opening hours. The EMKA Aston Martin failed to finish any of the other races it appeared at that season. Steve O'Rourke decided to take a break from international motorsport.
1991–2003
O'Rourke would briefly return to racing in 1993, entering an old Porsche 935 in the new British GT Championship. However come 1995 he would bring EMKA Racing back full-time. Initially using his 935, he later purchased a new Porsche 911 GT2, which saw an eleventh-place finish at Silverstone in the BPR Global GT Series event. Joined by Guy Holmes, he would participate in the bulk of the 1996 BPR Global GT Series season, with best finishes of 18th at both Monza and Paul Ricard. He also made his first return to Le Mans since 1985, although his car would last a mere 32 laps before retiring.
For 1997, EMKA Racing would return to the British GT Championship. O'Rourke and co-driver Tim Sugden would take a best finish of second at Donington Park en route to taking the GT2 class drivers championships by the end of the season. With this success, O'Rourke made the decision to move to the more powerful GT1 class for 1998, purchasing a used McLaren F1 GTR. The team managed two wins in British GT at Oulton Park and Spa-Francorchamps, again earning them the championship in their class. The duo would also be joined by Bill Auberlen for Le Mans, earning a fourth-place finish, O'Rourke's personal best.
The team continued to campaign the McLaren F1 GTR in British GT in 1999, winning the round at Silverstone. Unfortunately the team would not be able to manage to win the drivers championship, finishing fifth instead. The top GT class would be abandoned in 2000 making the team's McLaren illegal, so O'Rourke joined EMKA Racing with fellow British team GTC Competition and moved the duo to the international FIA GT Championship's lower N-GT class, running a new Porsche 911 GT3-R. The team would have a best finish of second in class at the A1-Ring and would finish fourth in the teams championship.
The co-operation with GTC Competition and EMKA continued to campaign their Porsche in the N-GT class in 2001, again scoring their best result at the A1-Ring with a fourth-place finish in class. Unfortunately in the teams championship they managed to tie for eighth place, down from the previous year. The team would return again to British GT for 2002, with two third-place finishes at Brands Hatch and Castle Combe Circuit.
Citing health concerns, O'Rourke would retire towards the end of the 2002 season, with Martin Short taking over O'Rourke driving position alongside Tim Sugden as the team went into 2003. The team once again switched back to the FIA GT Championship's N-GT class, but with greater success. At the third round at Pergusa, the team won the N-GT class. This led to Porsche taking interest in the team and offering factory driver Emmanuel Collard. This led to a second class win at Anderstorp, and eventually fourth place in the N-GT team championship.
Demise
Mere days after the end of the FIA GT season, Steven O'Rourke would pass away in the United States due to a stroke. The team, which had received strong support from Porsche for preparation for the 2004 season, was unable to survive without O'Rourke's leadership. The team would fold prior to the start of the 2004 season, with its assets being sold off, including O'Rourke's racing cars such as his McLaren F1 GTR and the EMKA-badged Group C cars. Tim Sugden would also move on to the GruppeM team.
See also
EMKA Aston Martin
External links
Aston Martin Picture Gallery – EMKA Aston Martin
Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
Aston Martin
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
FIA GT Championship teams
British GT Championship teams
World Sportscar Championship teams
Auto racing teams established in 1980
Auto racing teams disestablished in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMKA%20Racing |
Sickle cell trait describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle cell disease that occur in a person who has two copies of that allele (is homozygous). Those who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin (the two alleles are codominant with respect to the actual concentration of hemoglobin in the circulating cells).
Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder wherein there is a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein of the red blood cells, which causes these cells to assume a sickle shape, especially when under low oxygen tension. Sickling and sickle cell disease also confer some resistance to malaria parasitization of red blood cells, so that individuals with sickle-cell trait (heterozygotes) have a selective advantage in environments where malaria is present.
Symptoms and signs
Sickle cell trait is a hemoglobin genotype AS and is generally regarded as a benign condition. However, individuals with sickle cell trait may have rare complications. For example, in November 2010, Dr. Jeffery K. Taubenberger of the National Institutes of Health discovered the earliest proof of sickle-cell disease while looking for the virus of the 1918 flu during the autopsy of an African-American soldier. Taubenberger's autopsy results showed that the soldier had had a sickle-cell crisis that contributed to his death even though he had only one copy of the gene. There have been calls to reclassify sickle cell trait as a disease state, based on its malignant clinical presentations. Significance may be greater during exercise.
Association with other medical conditions
Malaria
The sickle cell trait provides a survival advantage against malaria fatality over people with normal hemoglobin in regions where malaria is endemic. The trait is known to cause significantly fewer deaths due to malaria, especially when Plasmodium falciparum is the causative organism. This is a prime example of natural selection, evidenced by the fact that the geographical distribution of the gene for hemoglobin S and the distribution of malaria in Africa virtually overlap. Because of the unique survival advantage, people with the trait become increasingly numerous as the number of malaria-infected people increases. Conversely, people who have normal hemoglobin are more likely to succumb to the complications of malaria.
The way in which sickle cell protects against malaria is attributed to several different things. One of the more common explanations is that the sickle hemoglobin inhibits the plasmodium parasite from infecting the red blood cells which reduces the number of malaria parasites to infect the host. Another factor is the production of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme, which is highly present in the sickle hemoglobin. This enzyme produces carbon monoxide which has been proven to protect against cerebral malaria.
Established associations
Hematuria
Hyposthenuria
Renal medullary carcinoma, a cancer affecting the kidney, is a very rare complication seen in patients with sickle cell trait.
Renal papillary necrosis (only considered "possible" by some sources)
Splenic infarcts at high altitude. Surgery may not always be necessary.
Sudden deaths during physical exertion in African-American US army recruits, and athletes
Urinary tract infection
Suggested
Probable: complicated hyphema, venous thromboembolic events, fetal loss, neonatal deaths, and preeclampsia
Possible: acute chest syndrome, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and anemia in pregnancy
Insufficient evidence: retinopathy, cholelithiasis, priapism, leg ulcers, liver necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and stroke. An association with complicated migraines has been suggested.
There have been reports of pulmonary venous thromboembolism in pregnant women with sickle cell trait, or men during prolonged airflight, and mild strokes and abnormalities on PET scans in children with the trait.
Sickle cell trait appears to worsen the complications seen in diabetes mellitus type 2 (retinopathy, nephropathy and proteinuria) and provoke hyperosmolar diabetic coma nephropathy, especially in male patients.
Genetics
Normally, a person inherits two copies of the gene that produces beta-globin, a protein needed to produce normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin A, genotype AA). A person with sickle cell trait inherits one normal allele and one abnormal allele encoding hemoglobin S (hemoglobin genotype AS).
The sickle cell trait can be used to demonstrate the concepts of co-dominance and incomplete dominance. An individual with the sickle cell trait shows incomplete dominance when the shape of the red blood cell is considered. This is because the sickling happens only at low oxygen concentrations. With regards to the actual concentration of hemoglobin in the circulating cells, the alleles demonstrate co-dominance as both 'normal' and mutant forms co-exist in the bloodstream. Thus it is an ambiguous condition showing both incomplete dominance and co-dominance.
Unlike the sickle-cell trait, sickle-cell disease is passed on in a recessive manner. Sickle cell anemia affects about 72,000 people in the United States. Most Americans who have sickle cell anemia are of African descent. The disease also affects Americans from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America, Turkey, Greece, Italy, the Middle East and East India.
Sickle-cell disease and the associated trait are most prevalent in Africa and Central America, which is attributed to natural selection: the sickle-cell trait confers a survival advantage in areas with a high occurrence of malaria, which has a high death rate among individuals without the trait.
There also have been studies that show changes in the globin genes. There have been noted changes in the beta-globin sequence, to what is known as the sickle hemoglobin.
The significance of the sickle-cell trait is that it does not show any symptoms, nor does it cause any major difference in blood cell count. The trait confers about 30% protection against malaria and its occurrence appears to have risen tremendously in Africa, India and the Middle East. Some findings also show the reduction of the sickle-cell trait in those who retain much more fetal hemoglobin than usual in adulthood. Fetal hemoglobin likely plays a role in the prevention of sickling. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels have been observed in populations where sickle-cell disease is prevalent.
Whole genome sequence analysis has identified a single origin of the sickle trait, with one haplotype ancestral to all sickle-cell variants. This haplotype is thought to have originated in the Sahara during the Holocene Wet Phase around 7,300 years ago. Sickle cell variants descended from this ancestral haplotype comprise five haplotypes named after toponyms or ethnolinguistic groups (the Arabian/Indian, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic/Bantu, and Senegal variants), and another designation earmarked for atypical sickle-cell haplotypes. Their clinical importance is because some are associated with higher HbF levels (e.g., Senegal and Saudi-Asian variants tend to have milder disease).
In athletes
In some cases, athletes with sickle cell trait do not achieve the same level of performance as elite athletes with normal hemoglobin (AA). Athletes with sickle cell trait and their instructors must be aware of the dangers of the condition during anaerobic exertion especially in hot and dehydrated conditions. In rare cases, exercise-induced dehydration or exhaustion may cause healthy red blood cells to turn sickle-shaped, which can cause death during sporting activities.
While more research is necessary on the topic, the correlation found between individuals with sickle cell trait and an increased risk of sudden death appears to be related to microcirculatory disorders, during exercise. In recent years the NCAA has partnered with the ACSM and issued a joint statement, warning athletes about both the prevalence and the potential risk factors of sickle cell trait. The NCAA has also recently encouraged athletes to become aware of their sickle cell trait status, as the trait itself does not typically result in symptoms under normal conditions but can become dangerous during extreme physical activity similar to the daily training that athletes undergo.
Normal hemoglobin (and hemoglobin S in the presence of oxygen) contains a deformability characteristic that allows erythrocytes to essentially squeeze their way into smaller vessels, including those involved in microcirculation to the capillaries within muscle tissue as well as blood supply embedded within organ tissues. When hemoglobin S is deprived of oxygen, it can polymerize, which is what is proposed to cause the "sickled" cells. The sickled erythrocytes present a decreased deformability when compared to normal erythrocytes, leading to distress in circulation into the smaller vessels involved in microcirculation, particularly, in this case, the capillaries embedded in muscle tissue.
The resulting microvasculatory distress in capillaries specific to muscle tissue can cause acute rhabdomyolysis and necrosis within the muscle cells. The inflammation and leakage of intracellular material resulting from muscle cell necrosis releases a particular protein, myoglobin, into the blood stream. While necessary in muscle tissue to bind iron and oxygen, myoglobin circulating through the bloodstream can break down into smaller compounds that damage kidney cells, leading to various complications, such as those seen in sickle cell trait athletes during high levels of physical exertion.
Because of the link between deformability and sickled cells, deformability can be used to evaluate the amount of sickled cells in the blood. Deformability of the erythrocytes that cause the microcirculatory distress can be demonstrated through various other hemorheological characteristics. In order to determine the deformability of erythrocytes multiple factors including blood and plasma viscosity and hematocrit (a calculation of the percent of red blood cells present in the blood) are measured.
Alpha-thalassemia
Alpha-thalassemia, like sickle cell trait, is typically inherited in areas with increased exposure to malaria. It manifests itself as a decreased expression of alpha-globin chains, causing an imbalance and excess of beta-globin chains, and can occasionally result in anemic symptoms. The abnormal hemoglobin can cause the body to destroy red blood cells, essentially causing anemia.
In endurance-trained individuals with sickle cell trait the presence of alpha-thalassemia has been shown to act protectively against microvasculatory distress before, during, and after exercise.
Signs, symptoms, and prevention
Because of the microcirculatory distress, a telltale sign or symptom of a potential sickling collapse is cramping. Specifically to sickle cell trait, cramping occurs in the lower extremities and back in athletes undergoing intense physical activity or exertion. In comparison to heat cramps, sickling cramps are less intense in terms of pain and have a weakness and fatigue associated with them, as opposed to tightly contracted muscles that lock up during heat cramps.
A sickling collapse comes on slowly, following cramps, weakness, general body aches and fatigue. Individuals with known positive sickle cell trait status experiencing significant muscle weakness or fatigue during exercise should take extra time to recover and hydrate before returning to activity in order to prevent further symptoms.
A collapse can be prevented by taking steps to ensure sufficient oxygen levels in the blood. Among these preventative measures are proper hydration and gradual acclimation to conditions such as heat, humidity, and decreased air pressure due to higher altitude. Gradual progression of exertion levels also helps athletes' bodies adjust and compensate, gaining fitness slowly over the course of several weeks.
See also
Ryan Clark (American football)
References
External links
Hereditary hemolytic anemias
Autosomal recessive disorders
Health in Africa
Disorders of globin and globulin proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle%20cell%20trait |
Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing is a biography of musician Elliott Smith by Benjamin Nugent. It was published by Da Capo Press on October 30, 2004, just past the one-year anniversary of Smith's death. The book contains interviews with two of the musician's producers, Rob Schnapf and David McConnell, and friends such as Pete Krebs, and Bill Santen, but does not contain any original interviews with Smith, his family or his close friends.
Critical reception
The book received mixed reviews, with Publishers Weekly remarking that while "Nugent manages to patch together the major beats of Smith's life, he can offer little meaningful insight" and that Smith's fans "will be disappointed by this short and shallow biography." PopMatters cited that Nugent "fails on a very basic level to discriminate between his privilege as a fan of Smith's unforgettable music and his responsibilities as a journalist writing an objective study of Smith's life" and the book "is murky, indistinct and woefully incomplete." CNN said in their mixed review that "Nugent sometimes gets a little too insider-y—too many details about too many '90s indie bands—and his insistences on Smith's sense of humor, though no doubt true, ring hollow." Many of the book's detractors complained about the absence of original testimony from Smith's family and close friends such as Joanna Bolme, Neil Gust, Sam Coomes and Janet Weiss. Ironically, many of his close friends granted interviews for the December 2004 issue of SPIN just as Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing was sent to print.
Perhaps the most damning review of the book came from LA Weekly's Alec Hanley Bemis, who himself is ironically thanked in the acknowledgement section of Nugent's book. He graded Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing as "shallow", "sloppy", "a quickie", reliant on "second-degree friends and third-party accounts" and includes "fact checking that doesn't extend far beyond Google." He cited one particular passage wherein he argued Nugent incorrectly wrote that Smith spent an evening partying in New York City with hip hop mogul and Def Jam Records founder Russell Simmons, when he was actually hanging out with the drummer from the indie rock band The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Russell Simins. Bemis goes on to say that Nugent "failed to realize the Blues Explosion's drummer happens to be named Russell Simins, a profoundly inconvenient homonym for a writer hurriedly transcribing interviews and rushing a book into print. The biography is filled with many such errors and approximations." The Simmons/Simins mistake was not corrected in subsequent editions of the biography.
However, Jim DeRogatis wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times that Nugent "did his research and left few stones unturned in telling Smith's relatively short and very sad story", and the Austin Chronicle stated that Nugent "opens a window of insight into our reluctant hero."
Author response
In a paperback edition released a year later, Nugent used a new afterword to respond to his critics, revealing that his publisher had given him an option of two deadlines: either on the first anniversary of Smith's death, or on the release date of Smith's posthumous album From a Basement on the Hill. Nugent aimed for the release of the album, but when it was revealed the album was to coincide with the anniversary of Smith's death, he had no choice but to rush the book to completion.
References
2004 non-fiction books
Books about Elliott Smith
Music books
Da Capo Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Smith%20and%20the%20Big%20Nothing |
Darius Žutautas (born 30 September 1978) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer. A defender, he stands tall and weighs .
Career
Žutautas is an active member of the Lithuanian national team. He has previously played for Banga Gargždai, Žalgiris Vilnius, FK Panerys Vilnius, Swit Nowy Dwor, Dinamo Moscow, Kaunas before leaving for Russia in 2005 and joining Alania Vladikavkaz. After the club was relegated to a lower league, Žutautas returned to Lithuania and signed a contract with Atlantas Klaipėda until July 2006. Later, after having an unsuccessful short spell at Tavriya Simferopol, he resigned with Atlantas until the end of the season. In 2010 the defender played for Platanias F.C. in Greek Gamma Ethniki (Third Division).
He joined Bergsøy IL in 2011, a Norwegian third division team.
Coaching
He also trains Bergsøy G16, which he really enjoys.
Personal life
His older brother Giedrius Žutautas was also a professional footballer.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
Lithuania men's international footballers
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FK Panerys Vilnius players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Russian Premier League players
Khazar Lankaran FK players
People from Gargždai
Men's association football defenders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius%20%C5%BDutautas |
Sportsworld was an Australian sports information program shown on Seven Network. The program was broadcast from 9.00am–11.00am following Weekend Sunrise on Sunday mornings, from Seven's Martin Place streetfront studios in Sydney.
Prior to its final format, Sportsworld had usually been shown on Sunday mornings since its debut in the 1990s. Its host then was Bruce McAvaney. It was then revamped to a sport panel show in which Johanna Griggs hosted alongside Paul Salmon out of Seven Melbourne. In 2004, it was revamped into a chat style show with Johanna Griggs and Sandy Roberts. Matthew White replaced Roberts in late 2004. The program's final season was 2006; it was not renewed due to budget concerns and time constraints due to AFL and V8 Supercars, two sports which the Seven Network were to regain the broadcasting rights to in 2007.
Presenters
Presenters on this show included:
Garry Wilkinson
Rex Mossop
Kylie Gillies
Johanna Griggs
Rex Hunt
Dixie Marshall
Bruce McAvaney
Sandy Roberts
Paul Salmon
Matthew White
Cameron Williams
External links
Sportsworld at the National Film and Sound Archive
Seven Network original programming
Seven Sport
Australian sports television series
1990 Australian television series debuts
2006 Australian television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsworld%20%28Australian%20TV%20series%29 |
Professor Donald Cornwallis Treadway Trefusis (1921–2008) is an eccentric fictional character created by Stephen Fry.
He initially appeared as an occasional contributor of "wireless essays" to Ned Sherrin's BBC Radio 4 programme Loose Ends in 1986. Trefusis was portrayed as a senior tutor at the fictional St Matthew's College and professor of philology at the University of Cambridge. He is an important character in the novel The Liar. Transcripts of the Loose Ends broadcasts were published as essays in Paperweight.
In addition to a propensity for taking very liberal positions on a range of social issues, as when he states his credentials as "a lover of truth, a worshipper of freedom, a celebrant at the altar of language and purity and tolerance," the greetings and salutations to his broadcasts almost always consist of a non-sequitur (e.g. "Hugely so to you all [...] And if you have been, then it was").
In 2009 Trefusis returned from the grave in a new audio series The Dongle of Donald Trefusis. He also manifested on Twitter.
Notes
External links
The Dongle of Donald Trefusis homepage.
Trefusis, Donald
Fictional professors
Fictional linguists
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Fictional English people
Literary characters introduced in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Trefusis |
Lieutenant General Sir Horace Clement Hugh Robertson, (29 October 1894 – 28 April 1960) was a senior officer in the Australian Army who served in the First World War, the Second World War and the Korean War. He was one of the first graduates of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, to reach the ranks of major general and lieutenant general.
During the First World War, Robertson served with the 10th Light Horse in the Gallipoli Campaign, including the disastrous Battle of the Nek, where much of his regiment was wiped out. He later participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, where he captured a Turkish Army general, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
During the Second World War, Robertson led the 19th Infantry Brigade at the Battle of Bardia and accepted the surrender of the Italian Navy at Benghazi. Later, he commanded the 1st Armoured Division in Western Australia. In the final weeks of the war he commanded troops in the closing stages of the New Britain Campaign and the Aitape–Wewak campaign. At the end of the war, he accepted the surrender of Japanese Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi.
Following the war, he commanded the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in the Occupation of Japan and the British Commonwealth Forces Korea in the Korean War. Robertson was a key figure in establishing the Australian Armoured Corps. Its headquarters in Darwin is named Robertson Barracks in his honour.
Early life
Horace Clement Hugh Robertson was born in Warrnambool, Victoria, on 29 October 1894, the sixth child of John Robertson, a state school teacher, and his wife Anne née Grey. Horace was educated at a state school in Outtrim, from May 1905 to April 1910, when he went to The Geelong College. Horace was nicknamed "Red Robbie" by his fellow schoolboys after his hair colour, in contrast to his older brother John, or "Black Robbie".
In October 1911 Robertson took the entrance examination for the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and was accepted into the second intake of cadets in 1912. His class was due to be commissioned on 1 January 1916, but the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 caused it to be graduated early. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in both the Permanent Military Forces (PMF) and the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 3 November 1914.
On 7 November 1914, Robertson married Jessie Bonnar in a private service at a registry office in Collingwood. The ceremony was kept secret, because at the time junior officers required the Army's permission to marry, and at age 20 Robertson would not have received it. Later they would claim that they had been married in 1916. Their marriage produced no children.
First World War
Major General William Bridges decided that the Duntroon cadets, none of whom had yet finished their training, should be split up and posted to the various units of the AIF as regimental rather than staff officers. Robertson was posted to the 10th Light Horse as its machine-gun officer. He was one of seven members of his class in the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. By the end of August 1915, three of them would be dead.
The 10th Light Horse was concentrated at Claremont, Western Australia, before departing for the Middle East on the transport Mashobra in February 1915. After arriving at Alexandria, Egypt, in March 1915, the regiment moved to Mena Camp near Cairo. In May, the 3rd Light Horse Brigade began moving, without horses, to Gallipoli, preceded by the machine-gun sections, which embarked at Alexandria on 8 May 1915. At Gallipoli, the machine guns were brigaded together to provide additional firepower. Robertson's machine guns were in support during the disastrous Battle of the Nek on 7 August 1915, during which much of the 10th Light Horse became casualties. Afterwards, Robertson was promoted to captain and became second in command of A Squadron. He assumed command of C Squadron on 28 August, and led it in the fighting at Hill 60 the next day.
The 10th Light Horse was reorganised after returning to Egypt in January 1916, and Robertson assumed command of B Squadron, with the AIF rank of major from May 1916. This was as far as he could go, for Duntroon graduates could not be promoted above major in the AIF. This was the result of an AIF policy aimed at giving them a broad a range of experience, which would benefit the post-war Army, while not allowing an accumulation of young officers of high rank, for whom the reduced post-War Army would not have sufficient posts. His substantive rank remained that of lieutenant; he would not be promoted to the substantive rank of captain in the PMF until 30 September 1920, and promotion to major would not come until 1 July 1932. At the Battle of Magdhaba, his colonel was wounded and Robertson took over command of the 10th Light Horse. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his actions during this battle. His citation read:
Robertson's men took many Turkish prisoners, including a senior officer of engineers who insisted that he would only surrender his sword to the Australian officer in charge. He was disappointed to discover that it was Robertson, a youthful major, but handed it over anyway.
In February 1917 Robertson was attached to the Desert Column as a staff officer. From there, he was sent to staff school in Egypt. However, on 7 March he suffered a broken leg in a riding accident and was hospitalised for two months. He returned to the staff school in May and finally graduated on 17 June. He was then posted to the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division as a General Staff Officer (Grade 3). In March 1918, he was posted to Headquarters Delta Force in Cairo. This was disbanded in April and Robertson became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (DAAG) at AIF Headquarters in Cairo. In January 1919, he became Assistant Adjutant General (AAG). He returned to Australia in July 1919. In addition to his Distinguished Service Order, he was twice mentioned in despatches, and awarded the Order of the Nile (4th Class) by the Sultan of Egypt.
Between the wars
On returning to Australia, Robertson became brigade major in the 7th Light Horse Brigade. In September 1920 he was posted to the staff of the 3rd Military District and then the 2nd Cavalry Division and the 3rd Division. In April 1922 he sat for and passed the entrance examination to the Staff College, Camberley, where his class included Majors Arthur Percival, John Smyth and Georges Vanier, and Lieutenant Colonel Harry Crerar. Robertson eventually became the first Australian to graduate with an A-grade pass.
Afterwards, Robertson went on to attend a series of shorter training courses in Britain. He attended the School of Musketry at Hythe, Kent; the Machine Gun School at Netheravon, Wiltshire; the Artillery College at Woolwich; the Anti-Gas School at Porton Down; the Anti-Aircraft School at Westerham, Kent; and the Royal Tank Corps School at Woolwich. He returned to Australia in 1925 to become Chief Instructor at the Small Arms School at Randwick, New South Wales in 1926. Following the retirement of General Sir Harry Chauvel in 1930, Robertson was posted to the 7th Infantry Brigade as its brigade major. In 1931 he became brigade major of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in Queensland. He returned to Sydney in February 1934 as General Staff Officer (Grade 2) at the 2nd District Base. In June 1934, he was appointed Director of Military Art at the Royal Military College, which had been transferred to Victoria Barracks, Sydney, as a cost-cutting measure during the Great Depression. It returned to Canberra in 1937, and Robertson returned with it.
Robertson was finally breveted as a lieutenant colonel in June 1936. The rank became substantive in July 1937. Like other regular officers, Robertson was opposed to the "Singapore strategy", and therefore to the defence policy of the government of the day, and said so publicly in the British Army Quarterly. Robertson argued for a local defence of Australia by land and air units. The naval theorist, Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond, responding to Robertson's arguments in an editorial, pointed out that local defence would fragment the British Empire's defence effort and could not secure the sea lanes. However, in view of the weakness of the Royal Navy, Richmond was forced to concede that Robertson's approach was not unreasonable.
Second World War
Libya
In March 1939, Robertson was appointed commander of the 7th Military District, which encompassed the Northern Territory. It was his first command since the First World War. He was promoted to the temporary rank of colonel in August 1939, and this became substantive in November. The job involved cooperation with the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force, and the administration of a company of regular soldiers known as the Darwin Mobile Force. After the Second World War began in September 1939, Robertson became responsible for supplying the 7th Military District's quota of volunteers for the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF). A strike on the waterfront saw Robertson committing troops to help unload cargo.
On 4 April 1940, Robertson joined the Second AIF himself, with the rank of brigadier, and was allocated the AIF service number VX20321. He was appointed to command the 19th Infantry Brigade, which was then being formed from units made surplus by the reduction of the 6th Division from 12 infantry battalions to nine. All three of its battalions, the 2/4th, 2/8th and 2/11th Infantry Battalions, were initially commanded by over-age officers, but the commander of the 2/4th was replaced by Ivan Dougherty in August. Initially, Dougherty received a cool reception from Robertson, who was disappointed at being unable to select his own battalion commanders, but Dougherty soon made such a good impression that when Robertson went on leave in October 1940 he recommended that Dougherty act as brigade commander, despite the fact that he was the youngest and most junior of Robertson's battalion chiefs.
The Battle of Bardia brought to the fore the simmering hostility between regular officers and reservists. Frank Berryman, the 6th Division's General Staff Officer (Grade 1), and Alan Vasey, the Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General (DA&QMG), were eager for Robertson to do well and show that Staff Corps officers could make good commanders, and if that could be done at the expense of an old-style reservist like Stanley Savige, so much the better. They pushed for Robertson's 19th Infantry Brigade, then in reserve, to be committed when the attack by Savige's 17th Infantry Brigade slowed down. The abrupt manner in which this was done generated antipathy between Robertson and Savige.
The 19th Infantry Brigade then advanced on Tobruk. The attack on this fortified town proceeded along similar lines to that on Bardia, with the 16th Infantry effecting a break-in of the position, but this time the 19th Infantry Brigade was to carry out the exploitation phase. Robertson's contribution to the plan was to increase its tempo, so that the attack would be carried through without pause, the exploitation being carried out before the initial break-in was complete. Robertson accepted the surrender of the fortress commander, Generale di Corpo d'Armata Pitassi Mannella, and later Admiral Massimiliano Vietina, the Italian naval commander. Comments by "a sunburnt red-headed Australian brigadier" made headlines in Britain, where senior officers rarely spoke to the media, but did not endear Robertson to his critics, who felt that his ego was out of control. Following the entry of the 19th Infantry Brigade to Benghazi on 7 February, Robertson declared "give me two stout ships and a bearing on Rome and we'll dine in the hall of the caesars".
For this campaign, Robertson was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), but later that month he was hospitalised for varicose veins in the leg he had broken in 1917. He was replaced as commander of the 19th Infantry Brigade by Alan Vasey. When Robertson recovered he was given responsibility for the training of AIF reinforcements in the Middle East. Robertson's service in the field and his long experience in training troops made him an ideal candidate for the post. For his services, Robertson was mentioned in despatches a third time.
Defence of Australia
Around the time of the outbreak of war with Japan, many senior officers with distinguished records in the Middle East were recalled to Australia to lead militia formations and fill important staff posts. One of these was Robertson, who was recalled to take command of the 1st Cavalry Division in January 1942. In March 1942, an unusual event occurred. Major Generals Alan Vasey and Edmund Herring, and Brigadier Clive Steele, fearing that Gordon Bennett or John Lavarack was about to be appointed Commander in Chief, approached the Minister for the Army, Frank Forde, with a proposal that in view of the danger of an invasion of Australia, all officers over the age of 50 be immediately retired and Robertson be appointed Commander in Chief. This reflected an extraordinary endorsement of Robertson by his colleagues, but such favourable opinion was not universally held. Sydney Rowell later explained that:
The "revolt of the generals" collapsed with the welcome news that Blamey was returning from the Middle East to become Commander in Chief. In the reorganisation of the Army that followed, Robertson was appointed to command the 1st Armoured Division. Initially, the 1st Armoured Division had a key role in the defence of Australia as a mobile reserve, but it was only partly trained and equipped, representing another major challenge to Robertson as a trainer of troops. When the prospect of an invasion of Australia became remote, the 1st Armoured Division was sent to Western Australia in January 1943, where it became part of Bennett's III Corps. The area became a backwater and the 1st Armoured Division was slowly broken up and then disbanded. To recoup some of the nation's investment in training for armoured warfare, Robertson arranged for 25 officers to be seconded to the British 7th Armoured Division in Europe. Following the disbandment of the 1st Armoured Division, Robertson took over command of the 2nd Division, the other division in Western Australia, and then, upon Bennett's retirement, III Corps in April 1944. This too was disbanded in June 1944 and Robertson took over Western Command.
Because the Army reached its greatest extent in 1942 and shrank in size thereafter, Blamey was faced with a limited number of senior appointments and more senior officers than he needed to fill them. He faced public and political criticism over "shelving" senior officers, including Robertson. That Robertson and Bennett, two troublesome potential rivals of Blamey's, had been sent to Western Australia did not escape comment. However, it was always more likely that Robertson would be the one recalled. Nevertheless, Blamey had serious concerns about Robertson's health, after the latter was hospitalised with internal haemorrhaging in July 1944 and sent to the eastern states to convalesce. While there he joined Vasey and Brigadier Bertrand Coombes, the Commandant of Duntroon, in conducting an inquiry into the future training and organisation of the Royal Military College. Their report, submitted to Blamey in January 1945, called for a number of reforms, the most significant being that the postings of regular officers should alternate between staff and regimental duties.
New Guinea
In April 1945, Robertson returned to the field, replacing Alan Ramsay as commander of the 5th Division, which was then engaged in the final stages of the New Britain Campaign. In July, Robertson became commander of the 6th Division, leading it through the final days of the Aitape–Wewak Campaign. On 13 September 1945, Robertson accepted the surrender of Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, and his Japanese Eighteenth Army. In December 1945, Robertson took over command of the First Army, becoming one of a select number of Australians to command such a formation, at least on paper, with the rank of lieutenant general. For the final campaigns, Robertson was mentioned in despatches a fourth time.
Post-war career
British Commonwealth Occupation Force
Robertson returned to Australia in March 1946 to take over Southern Command. In June he was appointed to replace Lieutenant General John Northcott as commander of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) in the occupation of Japan. Northcott had negotiated the Northcott-MacArthur agreement in January 1946 with General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, which governed the terms and conditions under which the BCOF would occupy part of Japan. They agreed that the BCOF would serve under American command, with American policy being followed. It remained to make the occupation work. Robertson had a poor relationship with the British component commander, Major General David Tennant Cowan, who resented being placed under an Australian officer. "It did not occur to me", Robertson later wrote, "that officers of the British and Indian armies looked upon us from Australia and New Zealand as they looked upon Indians, and were prepared to do anything to avoid being publicly commanded by us."
The British government's principal interest in Japan was to renew pre-war trade concessions, and to secure new ones; it was particularly interested in the port city of Kobe. The Americans blocked these attempts. Robertson clashed repeatedly with Lieutenant General Sir Charles Gairdner, the official representative of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Gairdner was nominally senior in rank to Robertson until March 1947, when Robertson was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general, backdated to January 1944. Robertson resisted Gairdner's requests for BCOF aircraft for personal purposes.
Korean War
By mid-1950, the BCOF was winding down. All the contingents other than the Australians had departed, and the Australians were preparing to leave. For his services as commander of the BCOF, Robertson was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division) (KBE) in the King's Birthday Honours List. Robertson intended to travel to London to be invested by King George VI but his plans were disrupted by the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950. Robertson passed on to the Australian government requests from MacArthur for BCOF assistance, which were agreed to. He committed the frigate and No. 77 Squadron RAAF but, although authorised to do so, he hesitated to deploy the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, as he considered the risks too great.
Robertson built up what became the British Commonwealth Forces Korea (BCFK). While the British government had hoped to have the Americans supply all their logistic support, Robertson realised that this was impossible. The US Army was being stretched to its limit just supporting itself and the army of the Republic of Korea, and British Commonwealth equipment was different in many respects. The British Army then scrambled to meet its own logistic needs, creating ad hoc arrangements and requesting support from Robertson and MacArthur. The Chief of the General Staff, Sydney Rowell, sent a cable to his British counterpart, Field Marshal Sir William Slim, warning of "a bugger's muddle in which the only people to suffer will be the soldiers". Slim agreed; a Maintenance Area was established in Korea to support Commonwealth forces there, which drew some resources from American sources, such as petrol, oil and lubricants, engineer stores, casualty evacuation and port operations, and the rest from BCOF in Japan.
Once again, the British government did not wish to entrust its interests in Japan to a foreign officer, so the British Chiefs of Staff appointed Air Vice Marshal Cecil Bouchier as their representative at MacArthur's headquarters. His brief made it clear that he had no responsibility or authority over the BCOF or Commonwealth forces in Korea. After rashly ordering the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade to Pusan without transport or heavy equipment, much to Robertson's annoyance, Bouchier did attempt to confine himself to acting solely as a liaison officer. Following the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur, Robertson held a press conference in which he defended the general and his conduct of the war. This constituted an implicit condemnation of the British government's policy. Soon after, during the Battle of the Imjin River, Robertson was consulted by the Americans about the possible consequences of the loss of the 1st Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment, and he advised them not to endanger the rest of the I Corps line with a rescue attempt. For his services in the Korean War, he was awarded the American Legion of Merit, and the South Korean Order of Military Merit.
Later life
Robertson was recalled to Australia in November 1951, replacing Sir Edmund Herring as Director General of Recruiting. In January 1953, Robertson took over Southern Command again. This put him in uncomfortably close proximity to Rowell, however, and the two clashed over a number of minor issues. Robertson turned 60 on 29 October 1954, and retired the next day, after racking up 3,985 days of active service in 43 years in the Australian Army. From 1954 to 1960, he was honorary colonel of the Royal Australian Regiment. In retirement Robertson served on the committee of the Metropolitan Golf Club and was president of the Victorian branch of the Royal Empire Society for a time. He commenced writing his memoirs, which he promised would be "the million pound libel". The fate of the papers he gathered for it and the unfinished manuscript itself is unknown.
On 28 April 1960 he suffered a ruptured aorta and died at the Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg. His sudden death came as a shock to many. A funeral with full military honours was held at Scots' Church, Melbourne. For pall bearers, he had eight generals: Leslie Beavis, Allan Boase, Cyril Clowes, Hector Edgar, Ragnar Garrett, Edmund Herring, Sydney Rowell and Colin Simpson. Frank Kingsley Norris carried his decorations while the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 1st Armoured Regiment provided honour guards for the largest military funeral since Blamey's in 1951. Afterwards, he was buried with his wife, who had died in 1956, at Springvale Botanical Cemetery. The Robertson Barracks was later named in his honour.
Notes
References
|-
|-
1894 births
1960 deaths
Military personnel from Victoria (state)
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian generals
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian military personnel of the Korean War
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
People educated at Geelong College
People from Warrnambool
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea)
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Robertson |
Mary Catherine "Taffy" Nivert-Danoff (born October 25, 1944) is an American songwriter and singer. She is best known for co-writing "Take Me Home, Country Roads", which was popularized by John Denver, and for being a member of the Starland Vocal Band.
Biography
Mary Catherine Nivert was born 25 October 1944 in Washington, D.C. She received her nickname Taffy from her elder brother who, unable to pronounce her middle name as a young child, would call her Mary Tafferine. Nivert began singing along with the radio in high school. She was discovered by a bartender in Georgetown after he heard her singing to a jukebox. The bartender asked if she wanted to join a vocal group, and through this, she met her future husband Bill Danoff.
Nivert began performing with Danoff as Fat City in the late 1960s. Initially a folk duo, the two later married and recorded four albums, the latter two credited to Bill & Taffy.
In 1970, while traveling along Clopper Road to Nivert's family reunion in Gaithersburg, Maryland, Danoff began writing what would become "Take Me Home, Country Roads". The couple planned to complete the song and sell it to Johnny Cash. However, when Fat City opened for John Denver at The Cellar Door in December 1970, they decided to show it to him. Denver, who had injured his thumb in a car crash hours before, arrived at Danoff and Nivert's apartment in the early hours of the morning, where the trio finished the song. The next night, they performed the completed song, with Nivert holding the lyric sheet, and it went on to become a hit song for Denver on RCA Victor in early 1971. It was included on his album Poems, Prayers, and Promises along with "I Guess He'd Rather Be in Colorado," also written by Danoff and Nivert. Additionally, Danoff and Nivert sang backup on four of the album's tracks.
Danoff and Nivert married in 1972. In 1976, the couple paired with Jon Carroll and Margot Chapman to form the Starland Vocal Band. Signed to John Denver's record label Windsong Records, they were most famous for the hit song "Afternoon Delight". The group released several albums before breaking up in 1981. Danoff and Nivert later divorced.
Until 2011, Nivert lived in the Washington, D.C. area, where she occasionally performed with Danoff and the rest of the Starland Vocal Band. She later settled in Safety Harbor, Florida.
Discography
Albums
Fat City
Reincarnation (ABC, 1969)
Welcome to Fat City (Paramount, 1971)
John Denver with Bill Danoff - Taffy Nivert
Victory Is Peace (Tomorrow Entertainment ER-7209-LP, 1972)
Bill & Taffy
Pass It On (RCA, 1973)
Aces (RCA, 1974)
Starland Vocal Band
Five albums; details at SVB page
Singles
John Denver with Fat City
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" / "Poems, Prayers And Promises" (RCA, 1971)
Bill & Taffy
"Pass It On" / "Didn't I Try" (RCA UK, 1973)
"Maybe" / "How Lucky Can You Be" (RCA Germany, 1974)
"Maybe" (stereo) / "Maybe" (mono) (RCA promo, 1974)
Starland Vocal Band
Ten singles; details at SVB page
References
1944 births
American women singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Living people
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.
Starland Vocal Band members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffy%20Nivert |
The hair hang is an aerial circus act where performers (usually young women) are suspended by their hair, performing acrobatic poses and/or manipulation. Some believe the act originated in South America; others claim the act hails from China. Performers hang suspended by their hair, which is tied into a hairhang rig; the techniques used to tie the performer's hair, and the acrobatic techniques involved in the act are key.
Many people underestimate the tensile strength of hair. A single strand can potentially carry a weight of up to ; in theory, with proper technique, a full head of human hair could eventually hold between 5,600 kg and 8,400 kg (12,345 to 18,518 lbs) without breaking individual hairs or pulling out any follicles. However, the act still hurts, especially for new performers.
Hair hanging acts are prominently featured in the Cirque du Soleil touring productions Volta and Bazzar. In 2020, American violinist Lindsey Stirling hung from her hair while playing her signature piece Crystalize as part of her Home for the Holidays virtual concert.
See also
Circus skills
Iron jaw (circus)
References
External links
Circus Hair-Hang Performer
Proyecto Otradnoie
Aerial Arts FAQ (Simply Circus)
Simply Circus Hair Hang page
"Daniela Valoskova: 'I have been hanging by my hair for twenty years, it always hurts'". Novinar
Capilotractées - Galapiat Cirque
Circus skills
Human hair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair%20hang |
Martin Neil Baily (born January 13 1945) is an economist at the Brookings Institution and formerly at the Peterson Institute. He is best known for his work on productivity and competitiveness and for his tenure as a cabinet member during the Clinton Administration. He was one of three members of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1994 to 1996, and chairman of the Council from 1999 to 2001. He currently co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Center's Financial Regulatory Reform Initiative and serves as a senior advisor at Albright Stonebridge Group.
Baily was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (1979–89) and subsequently professor of economics at the University of Maryland (1989–96). He was vice chairman of a National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council panel investigating the effect of computers on productivity. Baily co-founded the microeconomics issues of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. He was a principal at McKinsey & Company's Global Institute (1996–99) and has been a senior adviser to McKinsey since 2002. He joined the board of The Phoenix Companies in 2005 and is an academic adviser to the Congressional Budget Office and associate editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Baily earned his Ph.D. in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and his undergraduate degree at Cambridge University (UK), and taught at MIT and Yale University. He is the author of numerous books and articles and coauthor with Jacob Kirkegaard of Transforming the European Economy (2004).
Activities
Congressional testimony:
On April 18, 2013, Baily testified before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade in a hearing about the Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 (H.R. 2052; 113th Congress), which he was in favor of. The legislation would instruct the United States Department of Commerce to research and report to Congress about the possibilities for increasing foreign direct investment in the United States.
References
External links
Category :1945 births
Living people
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
McKinsey & Company people
Yale University faculty
21st-century American economists
Clinton administration cabinet members
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers
Brookings Institution people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Neil%20Baily |
The New Vic Theatre is a purpose-built theatre in the round in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire. The theatre opened in 1986, replacing a converted cinema, the Victoria Theatre in Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent.
History
In the early 1960s, Stephen Joseph was searching for a permanent base for his Studio Theatre company which specialised in theatrical productions in the round. He found it in a disused cinema in Hartshill which was converted for theatrical use and opened as a playhouse on 9 October 1962. The first resident director was Peter Cheeseman who remained in control for 36 years, bar a period in 1967–68 when he was temporarily replaced by the management.
The company soon established a reputation for innovative productions of both new and classic works. A particular focus was on plays with a local subject, such as The Knotty, about the North Staffordshire Railway, The Fight for Shelton Bar, about the closure of a local steelworks, and Jolly Potters.
The first production of a play by Peter Terson took place there in 1964; he was writer in residence for 18 months and wrote 22 plays for the Victoria.
As well as drama, the venue was also used for classical and other music. The square layout of the performance area and audience created an excellent acoustic for chamber music. The Lindsay String Quartet performed there regularly in the 1970s.
By 1985, over 280 productions had been staged. The need had been felt for a larger, purpose-built building from the very start, and this was created in nearby Newcastle-under-Lyme and opened its doors in 1986 after many years of fundraising, negotiation with local councils and construction. The new venue took the name The New Victoria Theatre, often abbreviated to "New Vic", and this shortened name was formally adopted later. Whereas the old theatre had a seating capacity of 389, the main auditorium in the new theatre has a capacity of just over 600, with the audience surrounding a central stage as before. The musical acoustics are good and the Lindsay String Quartet performed there regularly, as they had done at the old theatre.
The theatre continues to keep close to its Potteries roots. One of the plays in its re-opening season was by local playwright Arthur Berry.
In 1998, Peter Cheeseman retired as Artistic Director, and was succeeded by Gwenda Hughes. In 2007, she was succeeded by current Artistic Director, Theresa Heskins.
References
External links
official website
pen drawing of the Victoria Theatre, Hartshill, 1975
Theatres in Staffordshire
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Producing theatres in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Vic%20Theatre |
Boxing is a video game interpretation of the sport of boxing developed by programmer Bob Whitehead for the Atari VCS (later renamed to the Atari 2600). It was published by Activision in 1980. It's one of the first video games developed by Activision. The game is based on Boxer, an unreleased 1978 arcade game from Whitehead's previous employer, Atari, Inc. Boxer was written by Mike Albaugh who also wrote Drag Race for Atari, a game cloned by Activision as Dragster.
Gameplay
Boxing shows a top-down view of two boxers, one white and one black. When close enough, a boxer can hit his opponent with a punch (executed by pressing the fire button on the Atari joystick). This causes his opponent to reel back slightly. Long punches score one point, while closer punches (power punches, from the manual) score two. There are no knockdowns or rounds. A match is completed either when one player lands 100 punches (a "knockout") or two minutes have elapsed (a "decision"). In the case of a decision, the player with the most landed punches is the winner. Ties are possible.
While the gameplay is simple, there are subtleties, such as getting an opponent on the "ropes" and "juggling" him back and forth between alternate punches.
Reception
Boxing was reviewed by Video magazine in its "Arcade Alley" column where it was described as "demonstrat[ing] Activision's willingness to strike out boldly in new directions" and praised for keeping things from "becoming needlessly complex" by making automatic punch-type selection for the player.
Legacy
Boxing was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service in 2010.
In 2011, an extended academic version of the game, called Clever Boxer, was developed as a benchmark for Game AI.
See also
List of Atari 2600 games
List of Activision games: 1980–1999
References
External links
Boxing at AtariAge
1980 video games
Activision games
Boxing video games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Top-down video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20%281980%20video%20game%29 |
Ghon's complex is a lesion seen in the lung that is caused by tuberculosis. The lesions consist of a Ghon focus along with pulmonary lymphadenopathy within a nearby pulmonary lymph node. A Ghon's complex retains viable bacteria, making them sources of long-term infection, which may reactivate and trigger secondary tuberculosis later in life.
In countries where cow milk infected with Mycobacterium bovis has been eliminated (due to culling of infected cows and pasteurization), primary tuberculosis is usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and almost always begins in the lungs. Typically, the inhaled bacilli implant in the distal airspaces of the lower part of the upper lobe or the upper part of the lower lobe, usually close to the pleura. As sensitization develops, a 1 to 1.5 cm area of gray-white inflammation with consolidation emerges, known as the Ghon focus. In most cases, the center of this focus undergoes caseous necrosis. Tubercle bacilli, either free or within phagocytes, drain to the regional nodes, which also often caseate. This combination of parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement is referred to as the Ghon complex. During the first few weeks, there is also lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination to other parts of the body.
In approximately 95% of cases, development of cell-mediated immunity controls the infection.
Differentiation
The Ghon complex undergoes progressive fibrosis, often followed by radiologically detectable calcification (Ranke complex), and despite seeding of other organs, no lesions develop. Although they are often confused, Ranke complex and Ghon complex are not synonymous. The Ranke complex is an evolution of the Ghon complex (resulting from further healing and calcification of the lesion).
The Ghon complex is named after Austrian pathologist Anton Ghon; the Ranke complex is named in honour of German pulmonologist Karl Ernst Ranke.
References
Gross pathology
Lung disorders
Tuberculosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghon%27s%20complex |
Gneisenaustraße is a station on the in Berlin, Germany.
History
Built by Alfred Grenander, the station opened on 19 January 1924 as the terminus of the extension of the north-south U-Bahn (today's lines U6 and U7) from Hallesches Tor, before the eventual extension to Neukölln. The station is named after August von Gneisenau, a 19th-century Prussian Generalfeldmarschall.
Until February 28, 1966, the line formerly designated as C1 operated from Gneisenaustrasse to Britz-Süd via Neukölln in one direction and to Tegel via Friedrichstrasse in the other. With the commissioning of the route from Mehringdamm to Möckernbrücke the next day, this changed the U6 and U7 so that the line now called Line 7 ran between Möckernbrücke and Britz-Süd. The extension from Britz-Süd to Rudow opened in 1972, and Möckernbrücke to Rathaus Spandau in 1984.
In 1968 the 80-meter platforms were extended to 110 meters to allow the use of longer six-car trains. At the same time, the plaster walls were abandoned in favor of a green tile paneling. Due to these changes the station lost much of its original appearance.
References
U7 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneisenaustra%C3%9Fe%20%28Berlin%20U-Bahn%29 |
Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic church built in 1901 by a German Lutheran congregation southwest of the Walker's Point neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded in 1884 by thirteen families who were peacefully released from St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church. Services were initially conducted in a private residence. Later in 1884, Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church erected a wooden building east of the present church. This structure housed both church and school until 1901 and the school until the early 1970s.
The church was designed by architect Frederick Velguth in the German Gothic Revival style and built in 1901. Akin to Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church across the Menomonee River, it features a landmark spire and sandstone details on the façade. Construction of the church started early in 1901 and was almost complete for the December 1, 1901 dedication, although the heating system was not finished and the trumpets froze in the cold church.
In 1884, the church called the Rev. Heinrich Bergmann, then 25, as pastor. He served until his death in 1923. Bergmann's son, the Rev. Paul Bergmann, then served until his death in 1941.
The interior of the large, red-brick church is a century of art. Pews from the 1884 church are in the balcony. The 1901 pews are on the main floor, next to the large stained-glass windows from the same era. The altar, pulpit, lectern and a false door, as well as the roof and the cross atop the steeple are from the late 1940s.
The ceiling of the church, which contains gold leafing, is from 1984, as are the crosses painted on the walls behind the altar and many of the light fixtures.
One unique feature of the church is the basement windows, cut in the west wall at an angle to maximize the afternoon sun.
Notes
External links
Wisconsin Synod profile
Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church Website
Clergy Honors Pastor. Milwaukee Journal, September 11, 1911
Growing Pains in two South-Side Congregations: St. Peter's Ev. Lutheran Church & Christ Ev. Lutheran Church
1987: A Landmark Year for Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Churches in Milwaukee
Lutheran churches in Wisconsin
19th-century Lutheran churches in the United States
Churches completed in 1901
National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod churches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Evangelical%20Lutheran%20Church |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 39, commonly referred to as Highway 39, is an east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It extends from Highway 22, approximately east of Drayton Valley, to Leduc where it ends at Highway 2. Highway 39 is about long.
Highway 39 also connects with the communities of Breton, Warburg, Thorsby, and Calmar; while most of the small communities are now bypassed, Highway 39 still travels along Main Street in Calmar.
History
Highway 39 was originally constructed as a link between Leduc and Breton, where it ended at Highway 12 (now Highway 20). In 1955, a ferry across the North Saskatchewan River started operations southeast of Drayton Valley, resulting in Highway 57 following present-day Highway 616 to Breton. It proved to be short-lived as in 1957, the Highway 57 was realigned across a new bridge, terminating with Highway 39 in Alsike. In the 1960s, a section of Highway 39 between Breton and Alsike was renumbered to Highway 12, resulting in Highways 12, 39, and 57 once again terminating at a common point, this time in Alsike. In 1980, the Highway 22 designation was extended north, which included a section of Highway 57 being renumbered; the remaining section of Highway 57 became part of Highway 39.
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
039
Leduc, Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2039 |
The Marchant Calculating Machine Company was founded in 1911 by Rodney and Alfred Marchant in Oakland, California.
The company built mechanical, and then electromechanical calculators which had a reputation for reliability. First models were similar to the Odhner arithmometer. In 1918, employee Carl Friden designed a new model in response to patent challenges. It was a great success, and Friden became the chief designer until he left in 1934 to found his own company. In 1958 the company was acquired by the Smith Corona typewriter company in a diversification move that proved unsound; the company, which was now known as SCM, tried to stay competitive by introducing the SCM Cogito 240SR electronic calculator (designed by Manhattan Project veteran Stan Frankel) in 1965. Within a few years a tidal wave of cheaper electronic calculators had devastated their business, and by the mid-1980s, SCM's typewriter business, too, had been ruined by the advent of inexpensive personal computers used as word processors.
Calculator design
The first Marchant calculators differed greatly from their later Silent Speed Proportional Gears machines, which were by far the fastest of their type, running at 1,300 cycles per minute. These machines are of considerable technical interest, and are far better known than the earliest ones. Their mechanical design was very unusual in that their result dials (sums, differences, and products) moved at speeds proportional to the digit in the corresponding column of the keyboard. A '1' in the keyboard caused its dial to move the slowest, while a '9', the fastest. Probably the only other such machine was the European Mercedes Euklid, which had a very different (and apparently much simpler) design.
Carrying to the next higher order was done (effectively) by a 10:1 gear ratio, rather like traditional watthour-meter dials. This was probably unique in a calculator.
While running consecutive 'add' cycles to develop a product in multiplication, much of the mechanism was running at constant speeds. All other mechanical calculators had result dials that moved only at one speed, but for different amounts of time, naturally for longer times when larger digits were to be entered. They started quickly, ran at one speed, and stopped quickly. (They also had mechanisms to prevent overshoot (known as coasting) when they stopped.)
In the Marchant, each column had its own mechanism that might be described as a nine-speed pre-selector transmission. Once engaged, that was what made the dials move at speeds proportional to the digit in that column. This meant that the machine contained, in all, several hundred individual gears.
Carries from lower-order digits came in via one planetary differential per dial. If one held down the + bar, in neighboring columns to the left (with zeros for them in the keyboard), one could see two or maybe three higher-order dials moving at the speeds one would expect.
Watthour meter dials, like the hour hand of a clock, make no attempt to point to the correct digit, if the dial to the right is between, for example, 3 and 7, or so. Such misalignment would be intolerable in a calculator's dials, so each of the Marchant's dials had a constant-lead ("snail") cam attached. Omitting important details, this cam determined the amount of movement needed to realign the result dials. That correction was applied by a second spur-gear differential, again, one per dial.
Some calculators that had been serviced had dials that were mispositioned by (probably) 3.6 degrees; the gears weren't quite meshed correctly when reassembled.
The calculator was very complicated compared to, for example the Friden STW, a machine notable for its relative internal simplicity. Much of the Marchant's control mechanism was beneath the keys, and had about 25 "layers" of levers, linkages, latches, and such. It had three driveshafts, extending across the mechanism. Most other calculators had only one.
Most mechanical calculators capable of fully automatic division (and there were many), subtracted until the accumulator went into overdraft ("subtracted one time too many"), then added once to restore the value in the accumulator. The Marchant, however, contained a chain of analog comparators to anticipate the overdraft, and prepare for the next quotient digit.
The Marchant mechanism, internally, differed profoundly in many respects from other makes of calculators of the same general variety. By virtue of sophistication (and complexity), it gained a considerable speed advantage, compared to other designs.
External links
SCM Marchant Cogito 240SR calculator
Stanley Frankel, Recirculating Memory Timing, filed February, 1964, issued June, 1970
Marchant Figurematic calculator Detailed technical description, with numerous photographs, by an engineer
1911 establishments in California
1958 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1911
American companies disestablished in 1958
Computer companies established in 1911
Computer companies disestablished in 1958
Defunct companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Electromechanical calculator companies
Mechanical calculator companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchant%20Calculating%20Machine%20Company |
Italian Germans (; ) are German-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to France during the Italian diaspora, as well as the communities of Italians in Switzerland. Most Italians moved to Germany for reasons of work, others for personal relations, study, or political reasons. Today, Italians in Germany form one of the largest Italian diasporas in the world and account for one of the largest immigrant groups in Germany.
It is not clear how many people in Germany are of Italian descent, since the German government does not collect data on ethnicity. However, based on the German "microcensus," which surveys 1% of the German population annually and includes a question on the nationality of the surveyees' parents, the number is at least 873,000 people. The total number (i.e. including third generation German Italians and above) is approximately 1,200,000 people.
History
Pre-unification (to 1871)
Large numbers of Italians have resided in Germany since the early Middle Ages, particularly architects, craftsmen and traders. During the late Middle Ages and early modern times many Italians came to Germany for business, and relations between the two countries prospered. The political borders were also somewhat intertwined under the German princes' attempts to extend control over all the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Germany down to Northern Italy. During the Renaissance many Italian bankers, architects and artists moved to Germany and successfully integrated in the German society.
German unification to end of World War II (1871–1945)
Germany was a comparatively minor destination of Italians during the waves of Italian emigration after Italian unification and the resulting breakdown of the feudal system, with most leaving for the Americas. Between 1876, the year Italy began keeping track of people leaving the country permanently, and 1915, around 1.2 million Italians moved to Germany. For comparison, a total of 14 million Italians emigrated to various parts of the world during this period.
Post-World War II (1945–1990)
With Germany's post-World War II economic boom (Wirtschaftswunder), the country signed a number of immigration treaties with other mostly European nations starting in 1955 with Italy, which allowed immigrants to move to Germany in large numbers to work and live. The treaty allowed companies experiencing labor shortages to request the transference of Italian workers via the Italian Ministry of Labor. Italy had signed a number of such treaties with other countries in Europe, Oceania and South America in the 1950s to alleviate widespread unemployment. The biggest sectors for which migrants were recruited to Germany were mining, construction and manufacturing. Companies recruiting Italian workers were concentrated primarily in Germany's southeast, especially the industrial states of Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria and Hesse. Today, these regions are home to the country's biggest Italian-German communities.
In 1973, due to that year's oil crisis and a resulting recession, Germany annulled the immigration treaties it had signed. However, by then the European Coal and Steel Community (later the European Economic Community), of which both Italy and Germany were members, had established freedom of movement for workers (beginning in 1968). As a result, Italians continued to be able to move to Germany for work with relative ease. An estimated 2 million Italians moved to Germany between 1956 and 1972 alone, especially from southern and northeastern Italy. The majority of Italians that came with this first wave of immigration were men without families; most intended to return there in the medium term, although a great many ended up settling in Germany permanently. From the early 1970s onward, many of these workers' families joined them. The total number of Italians who moved to Germany between 1955 and 2005 is estimated at 3−4 million.
Initially seen as temporary "guest workers" by both Germany and Italy, almost no effort was made at first to ease the assimilation of immigrants into German society. Adults were not encouraged to learn German and schools were instructed to encourage students' ties to their parents' culture to promote their eventual return. Nonetheless, Italian immigrants gradually began to integrate. While most of the Italians among the 1955–1973 wave of immigrants were employed as laborers in the mining, construction and manufacturing sectors, they began to diversify into more skilled employment, especially in the automotive and electronics industry and mechanical engineering. A growing market for Italian cuisine among the local German population also led many to open restaurants. These trends contributed to the gradual upward mobility of Italian immigrants and their descendants.
After reunification (1990–present)
Socioeconomic indicators on immigrant groups in Germany are generally hard to come by, since most studies collect data only on the basis of citizenship, which excludes German citizens of Italian descent. However, a study in 2005 showed that Italian-German students remain over-represented in the lower tier of German secondary education (Hauptschulen) and underrepresented in the middle and highest tiers (Realschulen and Gymnasiums). They also remain underrepresented in company leadership positions, the civil service, and white-collar employment. Nevertheless, the gaps are much less extreme than during the era of the biggest waves of arrivals in the mid-20th century, demonstrating the strides the Italian-German community has made since. Although Italians are among the most popular immigrants in Germany, they are often poorly integrated and have little contact with Germans. However, since the reporting of failed integration in the media and measures to promote integration are mostly limited to immigrants from muslim countries, integration problems and disadvantages, especially in terms of education, are increasingly often not clearly perceived among Italian migrants.
This may also be due to the fact that the Italians, like the other southern Europeans, are comparatively well integrated economically and can successfully compensate for their educational deficits in working life. As a result, people with an Italian migration background almost reach the values of the natives in some labor market indicators. Youth unemployment is even lower than that of the autochthonous Germans. The proportion of those dependent on public services also fell from over eleven to under eight percent between the first and second generation.
Among the German cities Wolfsburg and Ludwigshafen had the highest share of Italian migrants in 2011 according to German Census data.
Social integration
Historically, Italians have had a significant impact on the development of the fine arts in Germany, from the Romanesque and Gothic to contemporary fashion and design. Since the late 1950s, Italians have also had a very large influence on German gastronomy and food culture; many Italian dishes are now everyday dishes in Germany. There have also been acquisitions at the level of popular culture, such as the foundation of the Bensheim Passion or the Stations of the Cross in Saarlouis.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Italian guest workers were often subjected to severe discrimination. Before entering the country, they had to endure sometimes degrading procedures in Italian emigration centres, where they were tested for their ability to work. In Germany, workers were isolated from the local population in cramped barracks, with around four people sharing a 13-square-metre room. In front of some German restaurants there were signs saying "Dogs and Italians not allowed".
However, unlike other large immigrant groups in Germany, relatively few Italians have acquired German citizenship.
According to a study by the weekly Die Zeit, pupils of Italian descent in German schools fare worse than members of other large immigrant groups. According to this, approximately 48% of pupils of Italian origin attend the Hauptschule and 8.6% attend the Sonderschule. Although Italians are among the most popular immigrants in Germany, they are often poorly integrated and have little contact with Germans. However, as reports of lack of integration in the media and measures to promote integration are mostly limited to immigrants of Islamic culture, the problems and disadvantages of integration, especially in terms of education, are often not clearly increasing perceived among Italian migrants.
This may also be due to the fact that Italians, like other Southern Europeans, are relatively well integrated economically and can successfully compensate for their educational deficits in working life. As a result, people with an Italian migration background nearly match native values in some labor market indicators. Youth unemployment is even lower than that of native Germans. The share of employees in public services also fell from over 11% to under 8% between the first and second generations. There are many Italian-German associations scattered throughout the territory, and there is a monthly magazine in Italian language called Corriere d'Italia.
German stereotypes about Italians
Given the differences in culture and mentality between Germans and Italians, the Italian community in Germany has sometimes been the victim of prejudice in the last century.
There are several derogatory terms such as Spaghettifresser, i.e. "spaghetti eaters", Katzelmacher, i.e. "kitty-factory" in reference to the prolificity of some groups of immigrants such as the Italians, Mafiamann, which means mafiosi. Some forms of anti-Italianism were manifested by Germans nostalgic for Nazism who considered Italians "traitors" to the Armistice of Cassibile, and this is also testified by the filing, in 2006, of a criminal case against Ottmar Muhlhauser, a German officer responsible for the shooting of a hundred Italian soldiers in the massacre of the Acqui Division, motivated by the fact that the soldiers killed were traitors.
But even the German mass media have sometimes given a negative image of Italians. In 1977, the cover of the magazine Der Spiegel was entitled Pistole auf spaghetti, which represented an image of a plate of spaghetti with a pistol on it, in reference to the "Years of Lead" which bloodied Italy in that period. Another example of insulting Italians was a 2008 TV spot by the German electronics department store chain Media Markt, which showed an Italian fan named Toni (imitated by the German comedian Olli Dittrich) a "womanizer" and crook with sunglasses and gold chain around the neck. The commercial was subsequently withdrawn.
Notable people
Activists
Horst Fantazzini (1939–2001), anarchist
Bruno Tesch (1913–1933), antifascist
Arts
Joseph Ignaz Appiani (1834–1903), painter
Alexander Calandrelli (1834–1903), sculptor
Maximilian Dasio, painter
Bonaventura Genelli, painter
Janus Genelli, painter
Luigi Mayer (1755–1803), painter
Alexander Molinari (1772–1831), painter
Conrad Schnitzler (1937–2001), musician
Business
Daniela Cavallo, business executive
Johann Maria Farina, perfumier
Friedrich Grillo, businessman
Gaetano Medini, chef
Joseph Anton von Maffei, industrialist
Henriette Wegner, philanthropist
Astor family
Entertainment
Tatjana Gürbaca, opera director
Francesco Stefani (1923–1989), TV director
Actors
Mario Adorf, actor
Gedeon Burkhard, actor
Tristano Casanova, actor
Hardy Krüger Jr., actor
Oliver Masucci, actor
Denis Moschitto, actor
Krista Posch, actress
Franka Potente, actress
Elisabeth Röhm, actress
Roberto Saccà, actor
Tonio Selwart (1896–2002), actor
Chiara Schoras, actress
Lisa Vicari, actress
Models
Janine Habeck, model
Musicians
Nino de Angelo, singer
Lou Bega, singer
Ferruccio Busoni, composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and piano teacher
Mandy Capristo, singer
Johann Peter Cavallo (1819–1892), pianist
Franz Danzi (1763–1826), composer & conductor
Daniel Küblböck (1985-2021), singer
Toni Landomini, rapper, better known as Toni L
Francesca Lebrun (1756–1791), singer & composer
Pietro Lombardi, singer
Sarah Lombardi, singer
Bruno Maderna, conductor and composer
Daniele Negroni, singer
Oonagh, singer
Nevio Passaro, singer-songwriter
Mille Petrozza, guitarist & singer
Raphael Ragucci, rapper, better known as RAF Camora
Calogero Randazzo, rap music producer, better known as
Andrea Renzullo, singer
Roberto Saccà, opera singer
Daniel Sluga, rap music producer, better known as
Enrico Di Ventura, rapper, better known as
Giovanni Zarrella, singer and TV presenter
Journalism (print & multimedia)
Giovanni di Lorenzo, journalist
, TV presenter
Ingo Zamperoni, TV presenter and journalist
Military
Albrecht Brandi (1914–1966), naval commander
Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945), admiral
Wilhelm Crisolli (1895–1944), general
Politics & law
Heinrich von Brentano (1904–1964), politician
Lars Castellucci, politician
Udo Di Fabio, legal scholar & judge
Manuel Gava, politician
Victor Perli, politician
Fabio De Masi, politician
Thilo Sarrazin, politician
Tino Schwierzina, politician
Anne Spiegel, politician
Jessica Tatti, politician
Leo von Caprivi, general and statesman
Science
Johannes Agnoli (1925—2003), political scientist
Bernhard Bolzano, mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest
Franz Brentano, philosopher & psychologist
Lujo Brentano, economist
Angela D. Friederici, linguist & neuropsychologist
Vittorio Hösle, philosopher
Romano Guardini, Catholic priest, author, and academic
Rocco Guerrini (1525—1596), military engineer
Marcello Pirani, scientist
Philipp J. J. Valentini, explorer & archaeologist
Sports
, basketball player and manager
Rudolf Caracciola, racing driver
Stefano Caruso, ice dancer
Johnny Cecotto Jr., racing driver
Sandro Cortese, motorcycle racer
Marcello Craca, tennis player
Laura Dell'Angelo, tennis player
Matthias de Zordo, javelin thrower
Cathleen Martini, bobsledder
Alexandra Mazzucco, handball player
Pasquale Passarelli, wrestler
Graciano Rocchigiani, boxer
Ralf Rocchigiani, boxer
Giovanna Scoccimarro, judoka
Lorenzo Suding, mountain bike racer
Christian Thun, boxer
Football players
Alessandro Abruscia
Domenico Alberico
Sergio Allievi
Marcos Álvarez
Marcel Appiah
Angelo Barletta
Frank Benatelli
Rico Benatelli
Christian Brucia
Marco Calamita
Daniel Caligiuri
Marco Caligiuri
Giovanni Cannata
Massimo Cannizzaro
Guerino Capretti
Giuseppe Catizone
Stefano Celozzi
Fabio Chiarodia
Stefano Cincotta
Diego Contento
Cataldo Cozza
Davis Curiale
Diego Demme
Giovanni Federico
Marco Fiore
Antonio Fischer
Roberto Floriano
Franco Foda
Sandro Foda
Daniele Gabriele
Salvatore Gambino
Gianluca Gaudino
Maurizio Gaudino
Giuseppe Gemiti
Baldo di Gregorio
Vincenzo Grifo
Adriano Grimaldi
Nicola Guglielmelli
Angelo Hauk
Fabio Kaufmann
Gianluca Korte
Raffael Korte
Bruno Labbadia
Giuseppe Leo
Michele Lepore
Gino Lettieri
Mattia Maggio
Gaetano Manno
Vincenzo Marchese
Luca Marseiler
Gianluca Marzullo
Roberto Massimo
Lukas Mazagg
Fabian Messina
Fabio Di Michele Sanchez
Giuliano Modica
Riccardo Montolivo
Fabio Morena
Oliver Neuville
Massimo Ornatelli
Silvio Pagano
Vincenzo Palumbo
Antonio Pangallo
Raoul Petretta
Marco Pezzaiuoli
Kevin Pezzoni
Giuseppe Pisano
Gustav Policella
Massimilian Porcello
Leandro Putaro
Giuseppe Reina
Michele Rizzi
Calogero Rizzuto
Stefano Russo
Antonio Di Salvo
Nicola Sansone
Flavio Santoro
Gian Luca Schulz
Nico Schulz
Yomi Scintu
Maurizio Scioscia
Sandro Sirigu
Elia Soriano
Roberto Soriano
Giovanni Speranza
Domenico Tedesco
Mike Terranova
Marco Terrazzino
Raffael Tonello
Nicolò Tresoldi
Mattia Trianni
Camillo Ugi
Angelo Vaccaro
Enrico Valentini
Felice Vecchione
Luciano Velardi
Maurizio Vella
Marco Villa
Fabio Viteritti
Writers
Gisela von Arnim (1827–1889), writer
Bernard von Brentano (1901–1964), writer & journalist
Christian Brentano (1784–1851), writer
Clemens Brentano (1778–1842), poet and novelist
Hans Carossa (1878–1956), writer
Ralph Giordano (1923–2014), writer
Oskar Panizza (1853–1921), writer
See also
Germany–Italy relations
References
Bibliography
Johannes Augel, Italienische Einwanderung und Wirtschaftstätigkeit in rheinischen Städten des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, Bonn, L. Röhrscheid, 1971.
Gustavo Corni, Christof Dipper (eds), Italiani in Germania tra Ottocento e Novecento: spostamenti, rapporti, immagini, influenze, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006, .
Marco Fincardi, Emigranti a passo romano: operai dell'Alto Veneto e Friuli nella Germania hitleriana, Verona, Cierre, 2002, .
Malte König, Racism within the Axis: Sexual Intercourse and Marriage Plans between Italians and Germans, 1940–3, in: Journal of Contemporary History 54.3, 2019, pp. 508-526.
Brunello Mantelli, Camerati del lavoro. I lavoratori emigrati nel Terzo Reich nel periodo dell'Asse 1938-1943, Scandicci, La Nuova Italia, 1992.
Claudia Martini, Italienische Migranten in Deutschland: transnationale Diskurse, Hamburg, D. Reimer, 2001, .
Edith Pichler, Ethnic economics: the Italian entrepreneurs in Germany, in: Chiapparino, F. (ed.), The Alien Entrepreneur, Milano, 2011, pp. 54-82.
Edith Pichler, 50 anni di immigrazione italiana in Germania: transitori, inclusi/esclusi o cittadini europei?, in: Altreitalie, International journal of studies on Italian migrations in the world, Nr. 33, pp. 6-18. Torino, 2006.
Edith, Pichler, Junge Italiener zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion. Eine Fallstudie. Berlin, 2010.
Edith, Pichler, Dai vecchi pionieri alla nuova mobilità. Italiani a Berlino tra inclusione ed esclusione, in: De Salvo, E./Ugolini, G./Priori, L. (eds), Italo-Berliner. Gli italiani che cambiano la capitale tedesca, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 2014.
External links
Italian emigration in Germany during the 20th century (in German)
Germany
Germany
Ethnic groups in Germany
Germany–Italy relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians%20in%20Germany |
Marchant is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Adio Marchant (born 1987), English singer and songwriter known professionally as Bipolar Sunshine
Alison Marchant, Australian politician
Chesten Marchant (died 1676), last monoglot Cornish speaker
David R. Marchant, glacial geologist
Edward Dalton Marchant (1806–1887), American artist
George Marchant (1857–1941), Australian soft-drink manufacturer and philanthropist
Henry Marchant (1741–1796), American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress (1777 to 1779)
Sir Herbert Stanley Marchant, 20th Century British diplomat and writer
Jeremy Marchant Forde (born 1966), English biologist
John Le Marchant (British Army officer, born 1766) (1766–1812), English major-general
Sir John Le Marchant (British Army officer, born 1803) (1803–1874), English general and Governor of Newfoundland
Julio Marchant (born 1980), Argentine football (soccer) player
Katy Marchant (born 1993), British track cyclist
Kenny Marchant (born 1951), Republican member of US House of Representatives
Maria Elise Allman Marchant (1869–1919), New Zealand school principal
Stephen Marchant (1912–2003), Australian geologist and amateur ornithologist
Stephen Marchant (actor), Irish actor
Todd Marchant (born 1973), American ice hockey player
Tony Marchant (playwright) (born 1959), British playwright and television dramatist
Willim "Frenchie" Marchant, Northern Irish loyalist and Ulster Volunteer Force member
See also
Joker Marchant Stadium, baseball field located in Lakeland, Florida
Marchant Calculator, American company, founded in 1911 by Rodney and Alfred Marchant
Marchand
Merchant (surname)
French-language surnames
Occupational surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchant |
Bark-binding is a disease in trees that causes the bark of the plant to become hardened and tough, restricting the growth of the trunk. It is caused by a sudden restriction of the tree's growth, the rubbing of livestock against the trunk, or by lichens and other parasites on the bark. It is possible to prevent the disease by keeping the tree away from animals and keeping it sprayed, thereby preventing the growth of parasites. It can be cured by slitting the bark, cutting it along the grain of the tree, or by scraping away all of the diseased bark.
References
Bibliography
Crabb, George. The Book of Knowledge: Or, An Explanation of Words and Things Connected with All the Arts... Leavitt & Allen. 1858.
Tree diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark-binding |
Riverside Girls High School is a secondary, public, day school for girls, located in Huntleys Point, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was founded in 1934, celebrating its 80th Anniversary in 2014.
Riverside is divided into two groupings. The Junior section consists of the 7th to the 10th grades. The Senior section consists of 11th and 12th grade classes.
Riverside Girls High School has remarkable waterfront views. The school's motto is "Facta Non Verba" meaning 'Deeds Not Words'.
Extra-curricular activities
Other extracurricular activities include:
Students Representative Council
Drama Soiree
Sports
Concert Band – the concert band is entered into competitions every year, such as Macdonalds festival
Stage (jazz) Band
Choir
Peer Mediation dispute settlement Program, and the NSW Law Society Peer Mediation SCRAM Competition
Peer Support Program with Year 7 and 10
Mock Trial
Amnesty International group
Public Speaking Club
Dance Company and Ensemble
Lite (Religious meet)
SIFE (Students in Free Enterprise) Business Competition
Drama Club and Environment Club
Notable alumni
Muriel Lylie Porter OAM (née Carter) – Journalist and author; Anglican laywoman
Connie Mitchell – Australian pop singer, member of Sneaky Sound System
Casey Burgess – Member of popular children's performance group (Hi 5)
Karen Moras – Olympic swimmer, Bronze Medallist, Mexico
Gia Carides – Actress
Leeanna Walsman – Actress, looking for Alibrandi, Wentworth
See also
List of Government schools in New South Wales
References
External links
Public high schools in Sydney
Girls' schools in New South Wales
Educational institutions established in 1934
1934 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside%20Girls%20High%20School |
St Peter Mancroft is a parish church in the Church of England, in the centre of Norwich, Norfolk. After the two cathedrals, it is the largest church in Norwich. It was originally established by the then Earl of East Anglia, Ralph de Gael between 1066 and 1075. It was later rebuilt, between 1430 and 1455. It stands on a slightly elevated position, next to the market place.
St Peter Mancroft is a member of the Greater Churches Group.
Description
The present building was begun in 1430, on the site of an existing church, and consecrated in 1455. It is an ambitious building, 180 feet long and ashlar faced with a tower at the west end. It is a Grade I listed building.
It has a Norman foundation dating from 1075, a 1463 font, a 1573 Flemish tapestry and medieval glass. The North transept displays a remarkable collection of church silver (one of the finest of any parish church in the country) including the Gleane and Thistle cups, as well as memorabilia associated with its most famous parishioner, the physician-philosopher Thomas Browne, author of Religio Medici (1642). The small lead-covered spire with flying buttresses was added by A.E. Street in 1896.
In 1850 two L-shaped trenches accommodating a number of acoustic jars were discovered beneath the wooden floor on which the choir stalls had previously stood. The earthenware jars were built into its walls at intervals of about three feet, with the mouths facing into the trenches.
Bells
St Peter Mancroft has a ring of fourteen Whitechapel bells in the western tower, eleven of which date from 1775 and the latest of which dates from 1997. St Peter Mancroft is important in the history of change ringing because in 1715, 5040 changes of Plain Bob Triples were rung for the first time, in 3 hours and 17 minutes, as recorded in an inscription in the tower. Subsequently, the first complete peals to the change ringing systems known as Grandsire and Stedman were also rung in St Peter Mancroft.
Supernatural folklore is linked to the bells in St Peter Mancroft. In the story "Our Bells" authored by Mark Knights, which featured in the undated booklet (circa 1894) "Norfolk Stories", Knight writes:
The story tells of how a nobleman, fallen upon hard times, unwittingly tries to rob his own brother, but stays his hand after hearing the moving and beautiful Christmas Eve peal of bells. He subsequently assists in the ringing of the New Year's Eve peal, and bequeaths a sum of money to ensure that a jug of spiced ale is made available to future bell-ringers on that date. The story is recounted by a ghostly descendant of the sexton who was in residence when these events occurred.
In 2018 the Mancroft Ringing Discovery Centre was opened, to promote the history of the bell-tower and to train a new generation of bell-ringers.
Incumbents
Hugh Casselton 1572 - 1588
William Wells 1598 - 1620
Thomas Tenison 1670 - 1680
John Connould 1683 - 1708
John Jeffrery 1714 - 1723
Charles John Chapman 1805 - 1826
John Watson Bowman 1826 - 1848
Charles Turner 1848 - 1878
Sidney Pelham 1879 - 1881
Henry Neville 1881 - 1884
Frederick Baggalley 1884 - 1890
William Pelham-Burn 1890 - 1901
Frederick James Meyrick 1901 - 1929
Hugh McMullan 1929 - 1940
Vacant 1940 - 1945
John Waddington 1945 - 1958
Kenneth Wilkinson Riddle 1959 - 1960
Frank Sydney Jarvis 1960 - 1965
William John Westwood 1965 - 1975
David Sharp 1975 - 1998
Peter W Nokes 1999 - 2015
Robert Avery 2015 - 2017
Ian Bentley 2017 - 2018
Edward Carter 2018 – present
Choir
There was once a large male voice choir which disbanded in 2000, though music is still an essential part of worship with the majority of the services being sung by one of the choirs at the Church. The baroque style organ, one of the finest of its kind, means that St Peter Mancroft is also an exceptional concert venue with many concerts being held all the year round.
Organ
A new organ by Peter Collins was installed in 1984. The specification can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
Organists
William Pleasants 1708 - 1717 (son of Thomas Pleasants, organist of Norwich Cathedral)
Humphrey Cotton 1717 - 1720 (afterwards organist of Norwich Cathedral)
George Baker 1720 - ????
Samuel Cook ???? - 1780
Edward Beckwith 1780 - 1793 (acting organist from 1769)
John Christmas Beckwith 1794 - 1808 (afterwards organist of Norwich Cathedral)
John Charles Beckwith 1809 - 1819 (son of the above)
Alfred Pettet 1819 - 1837
Samuel Critchfield, Junior 1837 - 1851
James Harcourt 1851 - 1877 (afterwards organist of Wymondham Abbey 1880 - 1881)
Edward Bunnett 1877 - 1908
Richard John Maddern-Williams, F.R.C.O 1908 - 1922 (formerly assistant at Wells Cathedral)
Frank Edward Newman 1922 - 1926
Richard John Maddern-Williams, F.R.C.O 1926 - 1941
Charles Joseph Romaine Coleman 1942 - 1959 (and jointly assistant organist at Norwich Cathedral)
Kenneth Ryder 1963 - 2005
Matthew Pitts 2006 - 2009
Julian Haggett 2009–present
Assistant organists
Charles Robert Palmer 1899 - 1901
W. Percy Jones 1910 - ca. 1921 - ????
Andrew Benians
Roger Rayner
Tim Patient 1990 - 2005
References
External links
Book review article about the medieval stained glass in the church https://web.archive.org/web/20080704061719/http://www.vidimus.org/archive/issue_1_2006/issue_1_2006-04.html
Saint Peter Mancroft
15th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Norfolk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Peter%20Mancroft |
Wolverine (James Howlett) is a fictional character appearing in books published by Marvel Comics. He is an alternative version of Wolverine that appears in the Ultimate Marvel imprint, in stories separate from the original character. Created by writer Mark Millar and artist Adam Kubert (based on the original character created by Roy Thomas, Len Wein and John Romita Sr.), Ultimate Wolverine first appeared in Ultimate X-Men #1 (February 2001).
Fictional character biography
Early years
Wolverine suffered from amnesia. As a result, what little was known about his early life was both suspect and unverifiable. It is believed that, at one point, Wolverine had a wife or girlfriend, but she was supposedly murdered by Sabretooth. As both Wolverine's and Sabretooth's memories had been tampered with in the past (most commonly by the Weapon X), this claim was highly suspect; however, Wolverine did own a wedding ring that served as his only link to his past. He also owned dogtags. One side read 'Logan' and the other side 'Wolverine'.
Captain America recognized Wolverine as James Howlett, a paratrooper he had made several jumps with during World War II. He was called "Lucky Jim" because he always survived, no matter how gravely he was injured. Dum-Dum Dugan also recognized him as Jim although how he knew him has not yet been specified.
Ultimate Origins depicts Nick Fury and Kingpin's unnamed grandfather as looting a house for its goods only to be caught and taken hostage. Tests were conducted on Fury to see if he was a candidate to become a super soldier, and a little over a year later Howlett was also tested but escaped. Howlett's newly activated mutant abilities kicked in. This was considered the dawn of the mutant race, and Howlett was named "Mutant Zero." At some point in later years he was captured by Erik Lensherr's parents in a plan to 'cure' the mutant gene. When Lensherr discovered the plot he helped to free Wolverine, but not before killing his mother and father. Years later he was experimented on by Weapon X who gave him his adamantium claws by Malcolm Colcord.
Weapon X
Wolverine was kidnapped by John Wraith, a mutant-hating commando, and head of the Weapon X Project. His memory was erased and was given the fake name "Logan". He was often tortured and tormented by Wraith and his guards. It was during this time his skeletal structure was bonded with Adamantium. While being deployed in the desert during the Gulf War, the vehicle he was in was ambushed, and Wolverine was set loose from his cage. He slaughtered the enemies and came across Nick Fury, the only other survivor, who was injured. Logan carried him back to base, though he was then shot and caged once again. Wraith was surprised that his "living weapon" still retained his humanity.
A couple years later, Logan broke out of Weapon X with the help of Fury, who never forgot about the man who saved his life.
Logan later traveled to the Balkan Mountains. After being overwhelmed by a snow storm, he was taken in by a woman named Magda aka "The Witch of Wundagore". While recovering, Logan had intercourse with Magda, but was interrupted by her current boyfriend Eric Lensherr. Using his powers, Lensherr quickly dispatched Logan- hurling him from the mountain forcing him to wander in the wild alone.
Years later, Wolverine joined Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy, and eventually became Magneto's elite assassin.
Joining the X-Men
Eighteen months later, Logan was assigned to infiltrate the X-Men and assassinate Professor X. He was accepted into their ranks, and quickly seduced Jean Grey in order to further entrench himself within the team. However, Wolverine accidentally fell in love with Jean, and was devastated when she left him upon discovering his connection to the Brotherhood. Wolverine eventually betrayed Magneto, abandoning his initial mission and truly joined the X-Men after coming to understand and believe in Xavier's cause.
Seeking answers to Wolverine's past (and to liberate imprisoned mutant test subjects), the team traveled to the site of the Weapon X Project. There they encountered Wraith - and Sabretooth. Sabretooth burned the files on Wolverine - and thus destroyed the only record of his past - in front of his eyes, leading up to the first match-up between the two. At first, Sabretooth appeared to be winning, until Wolverine scored a dirty hit (slashing Sabretooth in the groin). The battle culminated with Sabretooth's plunge off of a cliff and the complete dismantlement of the Weapon X Project.
Unfortunately, by this time, Jean had begun a relationship with Cyclops, leading to a deep rift growing between the two men. Their rivalry came to a head when Xavier sent the two of them on a mission to the Savage Land, hoping to end their enmity. However, the reverse occurred: Wolverine allowed Cyclops to fall to his death, believing he would then be able to continue his relationship with Jean.
Miraculously, Cyclops survived, and returned, revealing Wolverine's hand in his disappearance. Cyclops blasted Wolverine to the ground, and then shocked everyone by offering to let him remain on the team (his only chance of redemption).
This experience had a profound effect upon Logan. He realized how badly he had betrayed his friends and ceased his antisocial, ruthless ways, and even developed a deep and abiding sense of responsibility. He also displayed a protective side for the younger X-Men, namely Rogue, and even eventually formed a bond of friendship - or at least mutual respect - with Cyclops.
Wolverine's nemesis was far from destroyed as Sabretooth returned as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy, replacing Wolverine at Magneto's side. After a fierce battle, Sabretooth began to taunt Wolverine, saying that he could never be killed, could recover from any injury, and would always return to haunt Wolverine - to which Wolverine responded by decapitating him on the spot.
Wolverine later began a half-hearted relationship with Storm, which he quickly ended. However, they both still harbored feelings for one another, and on a future "date", the couple were attacked by a revived Sabretooth (sporting a scar around his neck).
Sabretooth began to explain how he managed to survive thanks to a few little threads Wolverine neglected to cut, but was rendered comatose for several months. He engaged Wolverine in a brief encounter, until Storm separated the two, inadvertently allowing Sabretooth to take her hostage. Sabretooth said he hadn't come to fight, and revealed that, since his resurrection, his original memories had begun to return. He had become able to determine which memories were fake, as well. He also claimed that Wolverine was his biological father. This claim is unverified.
Ultimate Wolverine Vs. Hulk
Wolverine was contacted by Nick Fury, who was concerned that the Hulk may have survived S.H.I.E.L.D.'s attempt to execute him. Fury assigned Wolverine to find the Hulk, who S.H.I.E.L.D. believed to be in Tibet, and eliminate him. Wolverine tracked down the Hulk in Tibet, where he greeted him. To Wolverine's surprise Banner is in complete control of himself as the Hulk. Hulk and Wolverine exchange words, with Hulk belittling Wolverine's intelligence, and also revealed that Fury ordered the Ultimates to kill Logan if he ever abandons the X-Men. Logan then informed Hulk that Betty Ross wants him dead, angering Hulk. Wolverine is about to leave but then asked if he could ask Betty out which infuriated Hulk to attack Wolverine.
After a vicious exchange, the Hulk gained the upper hand and proceeded to rip Wolverine in half. Wolverine survived, and began the long climb up a mountainside to retrieve his legs. Unfortunately for Logan the Hulk is already there when Wolverine arrives. Hulk says that he will eat one of his legs in order to force Wolverine to leave Hulk alone, but Wolverine says that he will never stop chasing Bruce until he kills him. Then She-Hulk arrives and confronts an angry Hulk, Wolverine reattaches his legs as Hulk attacks an atomic bomb sent by Fury. Fury then decapitated Wolverine, demanding information, which Logan did not completely give. Locked in the Triskelion, Wolverine met Forge (a former Brotherhood member), and the two escaped. Wolverine reunited with Betty Ross in a hotel room. Ross transformed into She-Hulk and attacked Wolverine, but Wolverine quickly stabbed She-Hulk, which left her in critical condition. Ross begged Wolverine to spare Bruce, but he refused
Later, Logan went to the airport where Bruce was, got on the same plane, and sat next to him. Logan put a collar made by Forge on Bruce, telling him that if he turns into Hulk while the collar is on him, he will choke to death. Bruce asks why Logan simply won't just kill him and get it over with, and Logan says that he didn't want to kill Bruce, he wanted to kill the Hulk. Bruce said that he did not deserve the treatment and that he was a good person, but Logan replied that he is a bad person and that it is irrelevant what either person deserves.
Bruce said that he does not believe that Logan is a bad person and will prove it. Bruce then said that he wouldn't change, and then jumped out of the airplane emergency exit in mid-flight. Logan jumped out after him screaming at him to turn into the Hulk or the fall would kill him. Bruce said that he would only change if Logan would cut off the collar, or else Logan would have to deal with the fact that he simply let "Bruce," and not the "Hulk" fall to his death. Logan, not wanting to be responsible for Bruce's death, shows his moral side and breaks the collar. Bruce transforms into the Hulk, holds Logan, and lands on his feet with no harm done to either of them. Nick Fury showed up and told them that they were free to go. Fury angrily warns Wolverine that he is now on his %^&* list, but Wolverine states that he is on humanity's %^&* list. Hulk let Fury go, who then left. In the middle of the desert, Hulk and Logan calmly discuss getting back to civilization, and Hulk agrees to pick up Logan and jump to the nearest town to drop him off.
Pre-Ultimatum / Banshee
Wolverine found out that he was dosed with Banshee and goes to Peter Parker for help. He discovered that he wasn't actually dosed, but that properties of the drug were derived from him. Because certain members of the X-Men like Angel, Colossus, Dazzler, Nightcrawler, and Rogue became Banshee addicts with Angel gaining a humanoid eagle form, Colossus getting strong enough to move his metallic form, Dazzler creating solid light constructs, Nightcrawler teleporting greater distances, and Rogue touching things without draining it's lifeforce, the non-addicted members were forced to fight them and prevent them from using it. When Jean fell unconscious, he violently attacked Colossus, but soon cooled off. He then discovered that Xavier and Magneto were responsible for the creation of the power-enhancing drug and that Moira MacTaggert was distributing it. Moira fought him, though he destroyed the facility in which Banshee was produced in.
Ultimatum and Death
Wolverine is forced to travel to the Savage Land to find the brainwashed Multiple Man and kill him, to stop the waves of Multiple Man suicide bombers worldwide. He vows to do the same thing to Magneto. When the X-Men and the Ultimates finally confront Magneto, Wolverine charges towards his foe, slashing him multiple times before Magneto overrides Iron Man's armor and Cyclops' visor to unleash full strength blasts from both to incinerate Wolverine. Believing him to be dead, Magneto gets too close to gloat before Wolverine. The nearly fleshless Wolverine jumps up and stabs his claws into Magneto's chest, mortally wounding him. Magneto rips the Adamantium from Wolverine's bones, killing Wolverine, leaving just a severely charred skeleton and an arm of flesh due to his healing factor not working. Cyclops would later avenge Wolverine's death by killing Magneto Shadowcat returns to Triskelion to find Wolverine's fleshless arm (the one that was left in Magneto after Wolverine was killed). Shadowcat returns to the site of the mansion with Wolverine's arm and adds it to the grave of the fallen X-Men.
Legacy
After Wolverine's death, it was revealed he had a biological son with Magda named Jimmy Hudson. Hudson inherited the claws, healing factor, and facial hair of his father and in addition to these he inherited a unique ability of his own an ability to coat his bone claws with a liquid metal similar to adamantium. After the Ultimate Universe is destroyed, Hudson moves into Earth-616.
Powers and abilities
Wolverine has a healing factor that allows him to recover from wounds fairly quickly. Wolverine's healing factor makes him capable of surviving without his legs or even his head attached to his body. Wolverine's healing factor was not strong enough in the end to defend Wolverine from having himself be obliterated by Magneto who tears the adamantium from his body. Wolverine's mutant power in the Ultimate Universe has been described as the ability to "survive" as opposed to just "heal". It is commonly thought that Wolverine's death in Ultimatum was counter to continuity, as previously Wolverine had survived being ripped in half, decapitation, and a nuclear explosion.
Wolverine also has a keen sense of smell and is able to detect lies.
Other versions
In an alternate future labeled Earth-2107, Logan goes by the name Cable.
Howlett known as Cable's life was identical to the present time Wolverine, until Apocalypse arrived and battled the X-Men. Many of the team died during the battle, and Apocalypse absorbed Cable's healing factor and ripped off his left arm. Some time after the battle was over with Apocalypse the victor, Cable's left arm was used against him and it scarred his face. Because of his lack of healing factor, the scarring on his face remained. Cable then spent the next three decades fighting Apocalypse until he finally found a way to travel back in time, and as soon as he could Cable traveled back 30 years to correct the past.
Cable traveled from the future, appearing before Charles Xavier. Cable prepared to kill Xavier, claiming it to be necessary. However, he hesitated, allowing Charles to defend himself telekinetically.
Xavier asked Cable how he was blocking Charles' telepathy, but the man refused to reveal how, calling it a "secret". Cable then tossed a small device at Xavier, which attached itself to his head and (painfully) rendered him powerless. However, Kitty then arrived, and phased Cable through the floor. Cable stabbed her in the gut, and warned her not to become solid again, not even enough to remove the knife, or she will bleed to death. He then apologized for putting her in this situation. Cable proceeded to face each of the X-Men, defeating them all: he knocked Colossus unconscious, deflected Cyclops's blasts with his metal arm (burying Cyclops in rubble), defeated Jean Grey with the same device he used against Xavier, and attacked Storm with a device that turned her own powers against her.
When he was attacked by Wolverine, he held his own for a while, until the X-Man flew into a rage, attacking Cable mercilessly, until he was pushed back, speechless from the claw marks crossing his chest.
Cable was then revealed to have unsheathed claws identical to Wolverine's from his organic arm. As the X-Men believed the Professor to be dead, Cable actually transported him back to the future to prepare him for the battle with Apocalypse. Bishop, who had pretended that he was against Cable, was trying to build an X-team strong enough to defeat Apocalypse under orders of the US Government. When they returned to the present, S.H.I.E.L.D. was attacking Apocalypse, who defeated them with ease.
While Apocalypse was able to repel all attacks with ease, the armored Xavier/Onslaught convinced Jean to aid as Cable in his own armor pleads to Bishop and his team. Meanwhile Jean was momentarily shocked about the professor being back, and Jean, Cyclops, Toad, and Iceman were no longer in Apocalypse's control due to Xavier's honed abilities. Cable revealed that he and Bishop were in it together all along and that Professor X was the key to stopping Apocalypse. Wolverine jumped in at the end of Cable's explanation and told them all to start fighting. Professor X and Jean shared a tender moment on a rocky peak, told her what to do and then Apocalypse jumps in. Xavier tried to wipe out Apocalypse psychically, but Cable's plan backfires as Apocalypse somehow resisted. Apocalypse destroyed Xavier's helmet, giving him a bloody nose, and as he was about to kill Cable, Xavier used his enhanced telekinesis but to little effect.
As Apocalypse was about to kill Xavier, Jean begged the Phoenix God to help him, to which it told her it knew she would eventually beg for it. The Phoenix was then unleashed and Jean destroyed Apocalypse, reverting him back into Nathaniel Essex/Sinister, followed by her making sure no one remembers Apocalypse except for the X-Men. The people who had died came back to life and Wolverine's body/healing factor were fully restored, effectively diverting the possibility of his becoming this version of himself.
In other media
Television
In X-Men: Evolution, Wolverine (voiced by Scott McNeil) sports the Ultimate version of his costume in Seasons 3 & 4.
Video games
Wolverine appears in the video game Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Keith Szarabajka. When Venom attacks a bar, Wolverine comes out of the bathroom to find Venom and engages him in battle after finding out that Venom used Wolverine's motorcycle to smash up the bar. Venom manages to defeat Wolverine.
The Ultimate Marvel costume of Wolverine has been featured in a variety of X-Men video games, normally as an alternate costume. These include X-Men Legends, X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, and X2: Wolverine's Revenge.
References
External links
Wolverine of Earth-1610 at Marvel Wiki
Canadian superheroes
Characters created by Adam Kubert
Characters created by Mark Millar
Comics characters introduced in 2001
Fictional assassins in comics
Fictional Canadian Army personnel
Fictional Canadian people in comics
Fictional Canadian secret agents
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters from Alberta
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with amnesia
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional fist-load fighters
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional mercenaries in comics
Fictional motorcyclists
Fictional super soldiers
Fictional World War II veterans
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman senses
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics military personnel
Marvel Comics superheroes
Time travelers
Ultimate Marvel characters
Ultimate Wolverine
X-Men members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine%20%28Ultimate%20Marvel%20character%29 |
Church of Our Lady of Light may refer to:
Church of Our Lady of Light, Chennai, India
Church of Our Lady of Light (Lagoa), Portugal
Church of Our Lady of Light (Lisbon), Portugal
Loon Church, Nuestra Señora de la Luz Parish Church (also Our Lady of Light Parish Church), Bohol, Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%20of%20Light |
Leighton Road () is a main road in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It begins east of Causeway Road and ends at the west of the junction with Morrison Hill Road and Canal Road.
History
Part of the road skirts Leighton Hill to its north while part of it runs along Lee Garden (a property of the Lee Hysan family), known as Jardine's Hill (owned by Jardine-Matheson) in early colonial days. The area adjacent to the road is relatively quiet compared to the business centre of East Point of Causeway Bay.
Features
A branch road, Wong Nai Chung Road leads to the Happy Valley Racecourse and the upscale residential area of Happy Valley.
No. 8. Crowne Plaza Hong Kong Causeway Bay Hotel, an InterContinental Hotels Group-franchised hotel, has been located there since 2009.
No. 66. Po Leung Kuk headquarters
No. 77. Leighton Centre (), owned by Hysan Development Company, is a grade A office building.
No. 101. Zoroastrian Building (). A first building was erected in the 1930s. The current building was built in 1993.
No. 111. Lee Garden Six
No. 133. Lanson Place Hotel ()
No. 140. St. Paul's Convent School
Craigengower Cricket Club
Gallery
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Causeway Bay
Hong Kong Tramways
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Wan Chai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton%20Road |
The Automatic Proofreader is a series of checksum utilities published by COMPUTE! Publications for its COMPUTE! and COMPUTE!'s Gazette magazines and various books. These programs allow home computer users to detect errors when entering BASIC type-in programs. They display a checksum for each line which can be compared against the one printed in the magazine; if they are the same then the line was typed correctly.
The program was initially published for use with the Commodore 64 and VIC-20 in 1983. The Automatic Proofreader was later made available for the Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, IBM PC, and IBM PCjr.
Commodore versions
The Automatic Proofreader was first introduced in October 1983 for the Commodore 64 and VIC-20. This first version had separate versions for the VIC and 64; the following month, they were combined into a single listing designed to work on both systems. This version of the Proofreader would display a byte-sized numeric value at the top left corner of the screen whenever a program line was entered.
The initial version of the Proofreader, however, had several drawbacks. It was loaded into the cassette buffer (memory area), which was overwritten whenever a program was loaded or saved using the Datassette. This caused difficulties if a cassette user had to resume work on a partially completed listing. A complicated method had to be used to get both the Proofreader and the program listing in memory at the same time. Also, the checksum method used was relatively rudimentary, and did not catch transposition errors, nor did it take whitespace into account.
Because of this, the New Automatic Proofreader was introduced in February 1986. This version used a more sophisticated checksum algorithm that could catch transposition errors. It also took spaces into account if they were within quotes (where they were generally significant to the program's operation), while ignoring them outside of quotes (where they were not relevant). Also, the decimal display of the checksum was replaced by two letters.
The New Automatic Proofreader was designed to run on any Commodore 8-bit home computer (including the C16/Plus/4 and C128), automatically relocating itself to the bottom of BASIC RAM and moving pointers to hide its presence. It was continuously published until COMPUTE!'s Gazette switched over to a disk-only format after the December 1993 issue.
References
Apple II software
Atari 8-bit family software
VIC-20 software
Commodore 64 software
Commodore 128 software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Automatic%20Proofreader |
William Henry Fry (August 10, 1813 – December 21, 1864) was an American composer, music critic, and journalist. Fry was the first known person born in the United States to write for a large symphony orchestra, and the first to compose a publicly performed opera. He was also the first music critic for a major American newspaper, and he was the first known person to insist that his fellow countrymen support American-made music.
Biography
William Henry Fry was born on August 10, 1813, in Philadelphia. His father, William Fry, was a prominent printer and, along with Roberts Vaux and Robert Walsh, ran the National Gazette and Literary Register, a major American newspaper at the time—edited by Robert Walsh from 1821 to 1836. William Henry had four brothers—Joseph Reese, Edward Plunket, Charles, and Horace Fry. He was educated at what is now Mount Saint Mary's University in Emmitsburg, Maryland. After returning to Philadelphia to work for his father, he studied composition with Leopold Meignen, a former band leader in Napoleon Bonaparte's army and the music director of the Musical Fund Society orchestra. He eventually became secretary of the Musical Fund Society.
Fry's operatic compositions include Aurelia the Vestal, Leonora (based on the 1838 play The Lady of Lyons), and Notre-Dame of Paris (based on the 1831 novel by Victor Hugo). Leonora was a very successful production at its premiere in 1845 and second run the following year. Leonora is also significant as it was the first grand opera written by an American composer. The opera was written for Ann Childe Seguin who took the title role when it opened.
After a six-year sojourn in Europe (1846–52), where he served as foreign correspondent to the Philadelphia Public Ledger, Horace Greeley's New York Tribune, and The Message Bird (later known as the New York Musical World and Times), Fry gave a series of eleven widely publicized lectures in New York's Metropolitan Hall. These dealt with subjects such as the history and theory of music as well as the state of American classical music.
In addition to his operas, Fry wrote seven symphonies that have extra-musical themes. His Santa Claus: Christmas Symphony of 1853, which was very well received by audiences but derided by many of Fry's rival critics, may be the first orchestral use of the saxophone, invented barely a decade before. His 1854 Niagara Symphony, written for Louis Jullien's orchestra, uses eleven timpani to create the roar of the waters, snare drums to reproduce the hiss of the spray, and a remarkable series of discordant, chromatic descending scales to reproduce the chaos of the falling waters as they crash onto the rocks.
Fry's other works, including Leonora (New York debut in 1858) and Notre-Dame of Paris (1864, Philadelphia), received mixed reviews along partisan lines: conservatives tended to dislike Fry's music, whereas political progressives highly enjoyed it. His other musical works included the Overture to Macbeth, the Breaking Heart, string quartets and sacred choral music.
From 1852 until his death in 1864, Fry served as music critic and political editor for the New York Tribune.
Death
William Henry Fry died at age 51 on December 21, 1864, in Saint Croix in the Virgin Islands. His death was apparently from tuberculosis "accelerated by exhaustion." He is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.
Compositions
Opera Leonora (1845)
Santa Claus, Christmas Symphony (1853)
Hagar In the Wilderness, Sacred Symphony (1853)
Niagara Symphony (1854)
Stabat Mater: An Oratorio (1855)
Overture to Macbeth (1864)
The Breaking Heart (aka Adagio, Adagio sostenuto)
According to music historian David Mason Greene, much of Fry's musical output was lost after his death.
Writings
In addition to his journalistic output, Fry wrote one book, Artificial Fish-Breeding, published in 1858.
Modern editions
Fry, William Henry. "Santa Claus: Christmas Symphony (1853)." Edited by Sam Dennison. In Three Centuries of American Music: A collection of American sacred and secular music, Volume 9: American orchestral music, 1800–1879. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1992.
This edition is part of a larger multi-volume set and contains a newly copied version of the Santa Claus Symphony, based on the manuscript held in the Fleisher Collection, now at the Free Library of Philadelphia. The introduction includes a short biography of Fry as well as specific information about the composition of the symphony and its critical reception. Also included in the volume are orchestral works by Fry's musical contemporaries: Philip Trajetta, Charles Zeuner, Anthony Philip Heinrich, George Frederick Bristow, Dudley Buck and Fry's teacher Leopold Meignen.
Fry, William Henry. "Christmas Symphony." Transcribed for concert band by Charles Fernandez. Los Angeles: Trone Music, 2013.
References
External links
Encyclopedia of World Biography on William Henry Fry
Liner notes by Kile Smith for recording of Fry's Santa Claus Symphony, Overture to Macbeth, Niagara Symphony and The Breaking Heart (Naxos 8.559057)
American male classical composers
Musicians from Philadelphia
American opera composers
Male opera composers
American Romantic composers
1813 births
1864 deaths
Tuberculosis deaths in the United States Virgin Islands
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
American music critics
New-York Tribune people
19th-century American journalists
19th-century classical composers
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
Journalists from Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia
American male journalists
19th-century American composers
19th-century American male writers
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
19th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Fry |
William Fry may refer to:
W. A. Fry (1872—1944), Canadian sport administrator and newspaper publisher
William Henry Fry (1813–1864), American composer
William Fry (Victorian politician) (1909–2000), Australian politician of Higinbotham Province, Victoria
William Fry (Tasmanian politician) (1912–1965), Australian politician of Launcestion, Tasmania
William Fry (sociologist), professor at Youngstown State University
William Mayes Fry (1896–1992), World War I flying ace
William Thomas Fry (1789–1843), British engraver
William Fry (British Army officer) (1858–1934), Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
William H. Fry (died 1929), wood carver and gilder
See also
William Frye (disambiguation)
Will Fries (born 1998), American football offensive guard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Fry |
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