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In Dante's Inferno, contrapasso (or, in modern Italian, contrappasso, from Latin and , meaning "suffer the opposite") is the punishment of souls "by a process either resembling or contrasting with the sin itself." A similar process occurs in the Purgatorio. One of the examples of contrapasso occurs in the fourth Bolgia of the eighth circle of Hell, where the sorcerers, astrologers, and false prophets have their heads turned back on their bodies such that it is "necessary to walk backward because they could not see ahead of them." This alludes to the consequences of predicting the future by evil means and displays the twisted nature of magic in general. This example of contrapasso "functions not merely as a form of divine revenge, but rather as the fulfillment of a destiny freely chosen by each soul during his or her life." The word contrapasso can be found in Inferno, in which the decapitated Bertran de Born declares: (XXVIII.142), which was translated by Longfellow as "thus is observed in me the counterpoise", and by Singleton as "thus is the retribution observed in me." Dante believes that De Born is in the ninth Bolgia of schismatics for causing Henry the Young King's rebellion against his father, Henry II of England. De Born is decapitated as a contrapasso for his supposed act of political decapitation in undermining a rightful head of the state. Dante inherited the idea of "contrapasso" from various theological and literary sources. These include Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica as well as medieval ‘visions’ such as Visio Pauli, Visio Alberici, and Visio Tnugdali. See also Naraka, in Indian religions where punishments resemble sins committed in life Notes Inferno (Dante) Italian words and phrases	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapasso
Edward Ray may refer to: Ed Ray (academic) (born 1944), American economist and academic administrator Ted Ray (golfer) (1877–1943), British professional golfer Eddie Ray (born 1947), former professional American football player Frank Edward "Ed" Ray (1921–2012), American bus driver who saved a group of students during the 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping Edward Wiley Ray (born 1926), record company executive, record producer and songwriter See also Edward Wray, Groom of the Bedchamber to James I Ted Ray (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ray
Mictyris is a genus of brightly coloured crabs, placed in its own taxonomical family, the Mictyridae. It inhabits the central Indo-West Pacific region. These crabs congregate on mud flats or beaches in groups of a few thousand, and filter sand or mud for microscopic organisms. They congregate during low tide, and bury themselves in the sand during high tide or whenever they are threatened. This is done in wet sand, and they dig in a corkscrew pattern, leaving many small round pellets of sand behind them. Species The genus contains eight species: The predictable behaviour of these crabs has led them to be used in experiments in a form of billiard ball computer. References External links Ocypodoidea Crustaceans	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mictyris
Ted Ray may refer to: Ted Ray (comedian) (Charlie Olden, 1905–1977), British comedian Ted Ray (golfer) (Edward Ray, 1877–1943), British golfer See also Ted Wray, Canadian politician Edward Ray (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Ray
The 18th Lo Nuestro Awards was held on February 23, 2006 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami. The nominees were announced on December 12, 2005, during a press conference televised live on the Univision Network morning show ¡Despierta América!. The show was co-hosted by René Strickler and Patricia Manterola. Nominees and winners This is the full list of nominees and winners of the 18th Lo Nuestro Award. Lifetime Achievement Award Ana Gabriel Pop Album of the Year Fijación Oral Vol. 1 – Shakira Escucha – Laura Pausini Fuego – Kumbia Kings Paso a Paso – Luis Fonsi Todo el Año – Obie Bermúdez Male Artist Luis Fonsi Alejandro Fernández Obie Bermúdez Reyli Female Artist Laura Pausini Jimena Julieta Venegas Paulina Rubio Group or Duo Shakira & Alejandro Sanz Aleks Syntek y Ana Torroja Kumbia Kings La 5ª Estación Song of the Year "La Tortura" – Shakira y Alejandro Sanz "La Camisa Negra" – Juanes "Nada Es Para Siempre" – Luis Fonsi "Víveme" – Laura Pausini "Volverte a ver" – Juanes Best New Soloist or Group of the Year RBD Lena Lu Reik Rock Album of the Year Con Todo Respeto – Molotov Andrea Echeverri – Andrea Echeverri Consejo – La Secta AllStar Consuelo en Domingo – Enjambre En el Cielo de Tu Boca – Circo Artist of the Year Juanes Circo Enjambre La Secta AllStar Song of the Year "Nada Valgo Sin Tu Amor" – Juanes "A Eme O" – Andrea Echeverri "Amateur" – Molotov "Biografía" – Enjambre "Un Accidente" – Circo Tropical Album of the Year Una Nueva Mujer – Olga Tañón Amanecer Contigo – Frankie Negrón Aquí Estamos y De Verdad – El Gran Combo Hasta el Fin – Monchy y Alexandra Ironía – Andy Andy Male Artist Marc Anthony Carlos Vives Gilberto Santa Rosa Juan Luis Guerra Female Artist Olga Tañón Brenda K. Starr Melina León Milly Quezada Group or Duo Aventura El Gran Combo Monchy y Alexandra N'Klabe Song of the Year "Bandolero" – Olga Tañón "Se Esfuma Tu Amor" – Marc Anthony "Hasta el Fin" – Monchy y Alexandra "Perdidos" – Monchy y Alexandra "Que Ironía" – Andy Andy Merengue Artist Olga Tañón La Gran Banda Los Toros Band Juan Luis Guerra Salsa Artist Marc Anthony El Gran Combo Gilberto Santa Rosa Tito Nieves Traditional Artist Aventura Andy Andy Carlos Vives Monchy y Alexandra New Soloist or Group of the Year Xtreme Ciclón Edgar Daniel T4 Mexican Music Album of the Year Diez – Intocable Directo al Corazón – Los Tigres del Norte Hoy Como Ayer – Conjunto Primavera Pensando en Ti – K-Paz de la Sierra Razón de Sobra – Marco Antonio Solís Male Artist Marco Antonio Solís Luis Miguel Pepe Aguilar Sergio Vega Female Artist Ana Bárbara Diana Reyes Isabela Mariana Group or Duo Intocable Beto y sus Canarios Conjunto Primavera K-Paz de la Sierra Song of the Year "Aire" – Intocable "Eres Divina" – Patrulla 81 "Está Llorando Mi Corazón" – Beto y sus Canarios "Hoy Como Ayer" – Conjunto Primavera "Volveré" – K-Paz de la Sierra Band of the Year Banda el Recodo Beto y sus Canarios K-Paz de la Sierra Patrulla 81 Grupera Artist Los Temerarios Marco Antonio Solís Bronco - El Gigante de América Grupo Innovación Norteño Artist Intocable Conjunto Primavera Huracanes del Norte Los Tigres del Norte Ranchera Artist Vicente Fernández Luis Miguel Ezequiel Peña Pepe Aguilar New Soloist or Group of the Year La Autoridad de la Sierra Los Elegidos Beto Terrazas Zaino Urban Album of the Year Mas Flow 2'' – Luny Tunes & Baby Ranks Chosen Few El Documental – Chosen Few Desahogo – Vico C Flow la Discoteka – DJ Nelson Los K-Becillas'' – Master Joe & O.G. Black Artist of the Year Daddy Yankee Don Omar Master Joe & O.G. Black Wisin & Yandel Song of the Year "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" – Daddy Yankee "Mayor que yo" – Baby Ranks, Daddy Yankee, Héctor "El Father", Tonny Tun Tun & Wisin & Yandel "Mírame" – Daddy Yankee "Rakata" – Wisin & Yandel "Reggaetón Latino" – Don Omar Video of the Year "Nada Es Para Siempre" – Luis Fonsi "Víveme" – Laura Pausini "Que Seas Feliz" – Luis Miguel "No" – Shakira "Desahogo" – Vico C "Nace" – Anasol Notes and references External links Premio lo Nuestro Official Web Site 2006 music awards Lo Nuestro Awards by year 2006 in Florida 2006 in Latin music 2000s in Miami	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio%20Lo%20Nuestro%202006
Mephisto – Novel of a Career is the sixth novel by German-born writer Klaus Mann, published in 1936 whilst he was in exile in Amsterdam. It was published for the first time in Germany in the East Berlin Aufbau-Verlag in 1956. The novel, a thinly disguised portrait of German actor Gustaf Gründgens, adapts the Faustian theme by having the main character, Hendrik Höfgen, abandon his conscience and continue to act and ingratiate himself with the Nazi Party to keep and improve his job and social position. An award-winning film of the same title was released in 1981. Background Klaus Mann fled to exile in March 1933 to avoid political persecution by Hitler's regime. In Amsterdam he worked for the exile magazine Die Sammlung, which attacked National Socialism. His friend and publisher Fritz Helmut Landshoff made him a "relatively generous offer", as Mann wrote to his mother on 21 July 1935. He was to receive a monthly wage to write a novel. Mann originally intended to write a utopian novel about Europe in 200 years. However, Mann discarded this idea stating that he could not write an apolitical novel at that point in history. The author Hermann Kesten suggested that he write a novel of a homosexual careerist in the Third Reich, with the director of the state theatre Gustaf Gründgens as a subject matter. Gründgens's homosexuality was widely known. In 1924, Klaus Mann, his sister Erika, Gründgens, and Pamela Wedekind had all worked together on a stage production of Mann's Anja und Esther and had toured through Germany. Gründgens and Erika Mann got engaged while Klaus Mann similarly got engaged to Wedekind. The first two got married in 1926 but divorced in 1929 and Wedekind married writer Carl Sternheim a year later. Gründgens and Mann had both belonged in the early 1930s to a strongly left-wing theatre group that in January 1933 was touring Spain. When Hitler was German Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the group was in Madrid, and Mann urged Gründgens not to return to Germany. When Gründgens disregarded Mann's advice and not only returned to Germany, but embraced the Nazi regime (for purely opportunistic reasons), Mann never forgave his former friend Gründgens. Klaus Mann was exiled in 1934; Gründgens became a renowned theater and movie director in Nazi Germany. While Mann never called Gründgens an adversary, he admitted "moved antipathy". Although he attacked Gründgens in newspaper articles, Mann hesitated to use homosexuality as a theme in the novel as he himself was gay and decided to use "negroid masochism" as the main character's sexual preference. After the novel's publication in 1936, the newspaper Pariser Tageszeitung presented it as a roman à clef. Mann resented this characterization and argued that he had not written about a particular individual, but about a type of individual. Synopsis The novel portrays actor Hendrik Höfgen's rise from the Hamburger Künstlertheater (Hamburg Artists' Theater) in 1926 to nationwide fame in 1936. Initially, Höfgen flees to Paris on receiving news of the Nazis' rise to power because of his communist past (learning from a friend that he is on a blacklist). A former co-actress from Hamburg, Angelika Siebert, travels to Berlin to convince Lotte von Lindenthal, the girlfriend (and later wife) of a Luftwaffe general, to have him pardoned. On returning to Berlin he quickly manages to win over Lotte and her general, and with his support has a wonderful career. On obtaining the role of Mephisto in Faust Part One he realizes that he actually made a pact with evil (i.e. Nazism) and lost his humane values (even denouncing his mistress as "Black Venus"). There are situations where Höfgen tries to help his friends or tell the prime minister about concentration camp hardships, but he is always concerned not to lose his Nazi patrons. Plot The Prussian Ministerpräsident (Prime Minister) celebrates his 43rd birthday in 1936 in the Berliner Opernhaus (Berlin Opera House). The party is so magnificent and extravagant that the foreign guests feel intimidated. As the propaganda minister enters the hall, his presence creates a stir. He is surrounded by an ice-cold atmosphere. Despite his disability he walks through the hall directly towards the director of the state theatre, Hendrik Höfgen. Although he hates the 39-year-old, he allows himself to be photographed conversing with him. To guarantee a good consequence of his appearance, the Ministerpräsident delays his arrival to the party. Later he enters with his wife, Lotte Lindenthal. The story then reverts to the mid-1920s: Hendrik Höfgen, Otto Ulrichs and Hans Miklas belong to the Hamburger Künstlertheater (Artists' Theatre in Hamburg). Höfgen currently works there as an actor and director, and is friends with Otto Ulrichs, as they incessantly plan a "revolutionary theatre." The Hamburger Künstlertheater is the first rung on Höfgen's career ladder. He works there 16 hours a day and often suffers from fits of excitement and nerves. He demonstrates superiority over his colleagues. When the Berlin actress Dora Martin has a guest performance, he hides in her dressing room. Although he didn't see her performance, he congratulates her for it. Hans Miklas, a follower of the NSDAP, talks negatively of Martin because of her Jewish origin. In a harbour pub in Hamburg, he gets to know Juliette Martins. Her father is an engineer from Hamburg and her mother was African, giving Juliette her dark skin. She gives Höfgen dance lessons and becomes his mistress. In the Hamburger Künstlertheater "Spring's Awakening" ("Frühlings Erwachen") is being rehearsed. Here Höfgen acts as a tyrant towards his colleagues. He adjourns the rehearsal in the afternoon because of his dance lesson. Juliette is the only person he allows to address him as Heinz – not even his family are allowed this. Höfgen is introduced to Barbara Bruckner (the daughter of Geheimrat Bruckner) by his colleague Nicoletta von Niebuhr. She encourages Höfgen to woo Barbara. To Barbara's surprise he does it, and they marry quickly. They spend their honeymoon in the Upper Bavarian lakes. Nicoletta joins them and is visited almost daily by the eccentric writer Theophil Marder. Two weeks after their return, Hendrik again meets with Juliette. Theophil Marder writes Nicoletta a telegram, saying that his feelings are hurt by his marriage; a wife must belong to her husband regardless of circumstances. Nicoletta von Niebuhr travels straight to him and gives up her job. She marries the man, 30 years her senior. In 1928, Höfgen takes a role in a comedy in Vienna. He receives his place there on the recommendation of Dora Martin, Geheimrat Bruckner and Theophil Marder. He leaves the Hamburger Künstlertheater after an argument with Hans Miklas, after he called Lotte Lindenthal a blonde cow. Through the support of Dora Martin, Höfgen receives a role in the State Theatre in Berlin. There he makes his career; his fee triples. He even sings for the evening performance of Chansons in the Music Hall. Now he spends a week at the Reichskanzlerplatz (Chancellor of the Reich) and learns to drive. Geheimrat Bruckner and his daughter Barbara come to Berlin less and less often and withdraw from Höfgen. He rents a room for Juliette in a remote corner of Berlin. Then he visits her during the week. In 1932, "Faust" is included in the play's performance listings to commemorate 100 years since the death of Goethe. Höfgen takes the role of Mephisto, which becomes his most successful part. Höfgen can hardly believe that the Nazis will come to power, but on 30 January 1933, Hitler is named as the new Reichskanzler (Chancellor of the Reich). At this time, Höfgen starts shooting a film in Madrid. Dora Martin emigrates to America. Once the shooting in Spain is finished, Höfgen doesn't return to Germany, instead travelling to Paris, because he had been warned that he was on the Nazi blacklist. After his colleague from Hamburg Angela Siebert puts in a good word for him with Lotte Lindenthal, Lotte decides to choose him as her partner for her debut performance at the Berlin State Theatre. Höfgen therefore is under the protection of the Ministerpräsident and can return to Germany. "Faust" is again written in the performance listings of the State Theatre. Höfgen tells Lotte that he would like to play Mephisto. Again, she manages to get him this part. Thanks to his patron, he organises the release of Otto Ulrichs, whom the Nazis had imprisoned in a concentration camp for his communist beliefs. Höfgen convinces him to take a job at the State Theatre. Meanwhile, Hans Miklas feels betrayed by national socialism, since in his opinion it was of no benefit to Germany. Höfgen wants the Nazis to know nothing of his relationship with the dark-skinned Juliette. He implores her to leave Germany and go to Paris. Since Juliette refuses, Höfgen finds no alternative but to allow Juliette to be arrested. In prison Höfgen tells her that he will get her sent to Paris and support her financially. In 1934, Barbara divorces Höfgen. She too lives in Paris. Nicoletta separates from her husband and returns to Berlin, to continue working as an actress. She works alongside Höfgen. The Ministerpräsident and the propaganda minister argue over the choice of the new director of the State Theatre. The Ministerpräsident wants Höfgen to take the post and the propaganda minister disagrees, but eventually gives in. Höfgen takes over the position of Cäsar von Muck, who is named president of the "Dichterakademie" (Poetry Academy). In Paris, von Muck encounters Höfgen's black lover. Out of revenge he spreads the information. The Führer engages Höfgen for a short conversation on the matter, then dismisses him, content that the issue has been dealt with. Höfgen buys a huge villa in Grunewald and calls his sister and parents to Berlin. He now marries Nicoletta to put an end to the rumours of his relationship with a black woman. Ulrichs once again works in underground communist circles. He now knows that Höfgen only lives for his fame. Ulrichs is again arrested. Höfgen begs for help from the Ministerpräsident, but he explains to Höfgen that he can no longer help and that he should say no more about it. He plays his new role of Hamlet poorly, and suffers greatly from feelings of ineptitude. The premiere is very successful and the critics are impressed. The audience no longer assesses his artistic capabilities, but rather his relationship with power. At the end of the novel, he breaks down to his mother. She knows her son's susceptibility to nervous breakdowns, but notices in his composure that his spiritual condition is deep-rooted. Lawsuit After Gründgens' death, his adopted son Peter Gorski sued the Nymphenburger Verlagsbuchhandlung, then the publisher of Mephisto in West Germany, and obtained the prohibition of publication, confirmed by the appeal judges of the Federal Court of Justice in 1968. On 24 February 1971 the constitutional complaint was rejected by an equally divided Federal Constitutional Court, which ruled that the freedom of art (Article 5 Section 3 of the Basic Law) must be balanced against late Gründgens' personal dignity (Article 1 Section 1). The case, in which two judges wrote dissenting opinions, is considered a milestone in Germany's juridical history. The novel was however still available (and importable) from the East German Aufbau-Verlag. In 1981 Rowohlt republished it in West Germany. Since the 1968 verdict concerned only Nymphenburger and Gorski never took legal action against Rowohlt, its Mephisto is still available. Characters Adaptations In 1981, Mephisto was adapted into a film directed by István Szabó, produced by Manfred Durniok, with a screenplay written by Péter Dobai and Szabó. The film received generally positive reviews and was the first Hungarian film to win an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. French playwright Ariane Mnouchkine adapted the story for the stage and was performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Barbican Theatre from 1985-1986. In an early leading role, Alan Rickman played Hendrik Höfgen. In 2013, Helen Edmundson wrote a stage adaptation of Mephisto, which was produced at the Altonaer Theater in Hamburg. References External links 1936 German-language novels 1936 German novels Roman à clef novels Novels about Nazi Germany Theatre-fiction Works based on the Faust legend Works set in theatres German novels adapted into films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephisto%20%28novel%29
The Point of View of My Work as an Author (subtitle: A Direct Communication, Report to History) is an autobiographical account of the 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard's use of his pseudonyms. Overview The work was written in 1848, published in part in 1851 (as On my Work as an Author), and published in full posthumously in 1859. This work explains his pseudonymous writings and his personal attachment to those writings. Walter Lowrie, a Kierkegaardian translator and scholar, called this an autobiography "so unique that it has no parallel in the whole literature of the world." However, Kierkegaard did make the following remarks in The Point of View that cast doubt on whether he regarded the pseudonymous writings as highly as he did his Christian writings. He published Either/Or under the pseudonym, Victor Eremita, February 20, 1843, and Two Edifying Discourses, May 16, 1843 under his own name. The Point of View is his own interpretation of his work up to 1848. He had just published Works of Love in 1847, where he attempted to explain how to love your neighbor as yourself. Criticism Benjamin Nelson wrote the Preface to Lowrie's 1962 translation of Kierkegaard's Point of View. He noted the dates the book was written and published. Consider the principal dates associated with The Point of View — 1859, the year when the work was first published, and 1848, the year when it was written. Both dates recall publications which revolutionized the worlds of thought and experience: the former, the Origin of Species, by a retiring British botanist, Charles Darwin; the latter, The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Kierkegaard’s fellow auditor — along with Bakunin, Herzen, Feuerbach and other notable figures — of Schelling’s Berlin lectures in 1841. Is it not odd that we look to this melancholy and splenetic Dane, who seemed to so many of his forward-looking contemporaries a ‘misanthropic traitor against mankind’, to be a foremost champion in the defense against the perversions of thought and existence which have been sired by the humanitarian spokesmen for ‘scientific eugenics’ and ‘scientific socialism’? Benjamin Nelson’s Preface to The Point of View by Soren Kierkegaard 1859 Lowrie translation 1962 p. xviii Notes Essential Kierkegaard, p. 449 References Hong, Howard V. and Edna H. Hong, eds. (2000). The Essential Kierkegaard. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 544. ; Søren Kierkegaard, The Point of View of My Work as An Author: A Report to History, and related writings, written in 1848, published in 1859 by his brother Peter Kierkegaard. Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie, 1962, Harper Torchbooks. pp. 170. 1859 books Books by Søren Kierkegaard Philosophy essays	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Point%20of%20View%20of%20My%20Work%20as%20an%20Author
Dr William Evans Hoyle FRSE (28 January 1855 – 7 February 1926) was a British zoologist. A specialist in deep sea creatures, he worked on classification and illustrations from the Challenger expedition from 1882 to 1888. Life Hoyle was born in Manchester, the son of William Jennings Hoyle, an engraver. He was educated at Owens College and at Exeter College and Christ Church, Oxford where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1877, Master of Arts in 1882 and a Doctor of Science, he was also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. He was the Director of the Manchester Museum from 1889 to 1909 and then was the first director of the National Museum of Wales from 1909 up to his retirement in 1926. Trained as a medical anatomist, Hoyle is most famous for his monographic studies on cephalopods from major exploring expeditions of his era including the Challenger, the Albatross, the British National Antarctic Expedition and the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. In 1883 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir John Murray, Morrison Watson, John Gray McKendrick and James Cossar Ewart. Hoyle authored many first descriptions of cephalopods, including (but not limited to) those tabled below. In 1906 he served as President of the Museums Association of Great Britain. He died in Porthcawl in Wales on 7 February 1926. Family He married twice: firstly in 1883 to Edith Isabel Sharp (d.1916); secondly in 1918 to Mrs Florence Ethel Mabel Hallett, a widow. Artistic Recognition There is a portrait of Hoyle in oils at the National Museum of Wales. References External links Hoyle Cephalopoda photo from Hoyle's cephalopod collection 1855 births 1926 deaths English malacologists Teuthologists Directors of museums in the United Kingdom People associated with Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales Manchester Museum people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Evans%20Hoyle
John Custer (born October 30, 1962) is an American record producer and musician. He produced the Grammy-nominated "Drowning in a Daydream" by Corrosion of Conformity and their fourth album, Deliverance, which is a gold album. Additionally, he has produced #1 songs on the Billboard charts and The Album Network charts as well as Hall of Fame inducted albums in national and world-wide music press. In 2014, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Carolina Music Awards. He has been called the "Indestructible Godfather of the NC Music Industry". Early life Custer is from Cary, North Carolina, the son of Janine and Donald Custer—who worked for the United States Secret Service and CIA respectively—and moved to Cary to work for the military-industrial complex part of IBM in the Research Triangle Park. Custer describes his parents as "more than cosmopolitan folk", exposing him to a wide range of musical styles. He had an early passion for music and would play his father's "forbidden guitar" every chance he could." His early musical influences include Herb Albert and the Tijuana Brass, Marvin Gaye, Ricki Lee Jones, Queen, Sex Pistols, and The Clash. The North Carolina band Nantucket was also an inspiration to Custer. In 2017, he told writer David Manconi, "I remember being at a party, seeing their records, and my jaw dropping. They were real albums on a real record label with real artwork and all that—and from here! It made you think that things were possible…." Custer graduated from Cary High School in 1981. After high school, he joined the Theatrics, a band that played the Southeastern Circuit, (Maryland down to Florida), playing covers so they could slide–in original material. He also met his first music mentor, drummer Kenny Soule from the bands PKM and Nantucket. Around the age of 22 years, Custer moved to New York City and worked as a session guitarist at the Vision Sound Studios, providing guitar tracks for national television commercials such as Coca–Cola, Ford, Jovan, Mazda, Revlon, and VH1. Custer says commercial work was "nothing but pressure" because "you'd get one shot". Back from New York In 1986, Custer played guitar in the Raleigh area band Four Hard Men with bassist Steev Adams (Pressure Boys, The Hanks), Tony Bowman on keyboards, and Chris Jenson on drums. Another configuration of this group was called Three Hard Men with Custer on guitar, Adams on bass, and Kenny Soule on drums. Over the years, Custer played with a number of short–lived bands: John Custer and Kevin, John Custer and the Malcolm Baldridge Memorial Rhythm Section, John Custer and Asylum Hill, Teresa Williams & John Custer, and his own John Custer Band. In 1990, Custer joined Jake Ferrell in a reboot of the band Subliminal Surge. Custer met Byron McCay, former guitarist of Subliminal Surge and founder/owner of JAG Studios in Raleigh. McCay had soured on the music business, but was invigorated by Custer, saying "Custer was a guitar whiz, one of the first locals to crack the Eddie Van Halen's supersonic code". At age 25, Custer began producing and developing original artists at JAG Studios. He produced a four-song cassette for the Raleigh band, The Distance, in 1989. One reviewer of The Distance's recordings noted, "Producer John Custer creates a madcap roller derby of ringing guitar riffs" on one track, and "crisp, clear aural onslaught' on another. Custer also produced a rap song for comedian Rich Hall, his own original music for the WRAL–TV's Rob and Bill's Talk Show, and demo tapes for the Raleigh bands Cry of Love, and Automatic Slim. Career Corrosion of Conformity Custer's first major project was producing the album Blind (Relativity Records, 1991) for the Raleigh punk thrash band Corrosion of Conformity (later COC). Decibel notes, "Allowing the North Carolinians ample space to find their proverbial groove was fledgling producer John Custer. When Corrosion of Conformity entered Baby Monster Studios in NYC in 1990, they were a full-on heavy metal outfit, and Custer was, to a large degree, the group's sonic tactician." COC bassist Mike Dean seems to agree, stating, "We were dabbling in metal. When [we] got up with John Custer and started really refining that stuff for Blind, that's when something really awesome started happening." An AllMusic review praised Blind as "simply one of the most important heavy rock albums of the decade". COC ended up on the major label Columbia Records because Sony/Columbia acquired half–ownership of the COC's first label Relativity. Since Blind, Custer has produced numerous COC albums, including Deliverance (Columbia, 1994), Wiseblood (Columbia, 1996), America's Volume Dealer (Sanctuary Records, 2000), In the Arms of God (Sanctuary Records, 2005), Corrosion of Conformity (Candlelight Records, 2012), Megalodon EP (Scion Audio/Video, 2012), and IX (Candlelight Records, 2014). When Wiseblood was released, one reviewer noted, "It is producer John Custer who bears the brunt of the sound's synergy... A finer sound and recording wizard cannot be had." COC member Reed Mullin said, "He [Custer ] contributes an enormous amount of stuff that isn't written in the liner notes. A lot of the writing credits are his… He's the king. He's the fifth member." The COC track "Drowning in a Daydream" from Wiseblood was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Metal Performance. After the band had worked with Custer on four albums, COC frontman Pepper Keenan was asked why they had continued to work with this producer. Keenan replied: I've talked to some really big producers and they don't know as much as John Custer. I'll bet my life on it. He's amazing but he hates the record companies. He hates dealing with egos. He's been asked to do a bunch of big things and he's like, "No f----n' way!" He is truly a musician/producer. He's like the Daniel Lanois of our little circle and he does not want to put up with that s--t. It's about songwriting, it's about getting the tones on tape and not being scared to take chances. A lot of bands, the only reason they're asking him to do 'em is 'cause they've heard COC records, but they don't understand that COC put their ass on the line to do these records and John Custer's not going to babysit somebody 'cause they want to have a certain sound. You've got to want to do that and write those things.When recording America's Volume Dealer, Custer says, "It was our first foray into ProTools, which is digital recording. We'd made everything else on tape. We got hooked on gadgets. It was a mistake to record them in that format. …We thought, 'Now we can make it sound awesome!' And it sounded less than awesome." In his review of COC's Megalodon, Rob Grissom said, "The legendary and immortal John Custer has once again produced another hardcore masterpiece and seemingly assumes his majestic role as the maestro of the North Carolina music scene." Some of Custer's high-profile collaborations for COC projects include working with Warren Haynes (The Allman Brothers Band, Gov't Mule) who played slide guitar on "Stare Too Long," James Hetfield (Metallica) who sang backup vocals on "Man or Ash", and Stanton Moore (Galactic) who played drums on the album In the Arms of God. Cry of Love In 1993, Custer produced the album Brother for Cry of Love. Cry of Love received a recording contract with Sony (later Columbia) after submitting their demo produced by Custer to the North Carolina Music Showcase in 1992. Brother was recorded over four weeks at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama. One reviewer called Brother'''s sound "loose and live". The band's guitarist Audley Freed said, "John is just a brilliant guy. He's not the anal type who will make you do 75 takes and then cut the tape up to slice together the final version. He's a very good hybrid of feel and meticulousness…John is great at letting things happen." On the September 4, 1993, Brother premiered at number 36 on the Billboard' Heartseeker Chart for new acts. Brother's first single, "Peace Pipe," went to No. 1 on Billboard Rock Radio Chart, and stayed there four weeks. "Bad Thing", one of several songs on Brother co-written with Custer, went No. 1 on the Album Network Chart and No. 2 the Billboard Rock Radio Chart. Billboard named "Peace Pipe" one of the Top 50 AOR Songs of All Time. Custer also produced and mixed Cry of Love's second album, Diamonds & Debris, which was released in 1997 by Columbia. DAG With COC and Cry of Love both signed to Columbia, Custer was hired by the label for artist development, giving him what he calls "a pathway to the A&R department". Custer's hand-picked funk–creation DIG (later DAG) was quickly signed by Columbia because of a Custer–produced a demo tape consisting of just one song. The band changed its name to DAG after discovering a preexisting band in New Jersey named DIG. DAG included drummer Kenny Soul (Nantucket, PKM), along with three members of the Raleigh band Mr. Potatohead: keyboard/vocalist Doug Jervey, guitarist Brian Dennis, and bassist/vocalist Bobby Patterson. Custer was a fifth member of sorts, writing the majority of the group's songs. DAG origins stem from Custer attending a performance of the Raleigh, North Carolina cover band Mr. Potatohead. Custer said, "When I saw them for the first time, they were nailing this 45 [Earth, Wind & Fire's 'Shining Star'] I had when I was 9 years old and it was perfect. So this music was something we had in common…that's when I got this idea for this." Custer's concept for DAG was to record old-school funk, but with original songs rather than covers. DAG's first release, Righteous (1994) was recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with Custer producing, writing or co-writing the tracks. Because of the timeline suggested by Columbia and the newness of the band, Custer says the songs were written on the spot, in the studio. True to its inspiration of 1970s funk, Righteous featured guest performances by Roger Hawkins of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section and jazz trumpeter Jeremy Davenport. The first reviews of Righteous were "glowing," praising its "undiluted funk." Vibe magazine hailed the album as "one of the best funk records since 1978. DAG's debut, Righteous, is definitely some of the most ass-grinding grooves you've heard since back in the day." Other releases by DAG and Custer include Apartment 635 (Columbia 1998) and A Guide to Groovy Lovin' (Columbia 1998). Other projects While working in artist development for Columbia, Custer produced the album Din of Ecstasy for singer–songwriter Chris Whitley in 1995, and wrote the song "Ha Ha Ha" with Sass Jordan's for her 1997 album Present (1997). Custer was shortlisted to produce the next Aerosmith album, but really wanted to help bands in North Carolina. Custer said, "Arrowsmith does not need me, but I thought there were some bands from here [North Carolina] that should have been the biggest thing ever." As a result, he decided to stay in North Carolina and see what he could make happen. Custer worked on Some Get Lucky (Lalo Records, 1994), the first album of Larry Hutcherson (Backsliders). He also co-produced Invisible and Bullet Proof (Hal Jalikakik,1995) for Automatic Slim. In 1998, Custer produced the album The Brothers' Love and Movie for the band Hipbone from Chapel Hill. Custer also produced Gran Torino Two (26.2 Music, 1999) for Knoxville's Gran Torino. Chris Ford, Gran Torino's lead singer, said the band brought in "hip producer John Custer to improve its sound". Raleigh quintet Dolo got Custer to produce their self–titled album Dolo (Really Big Record, 2000). Dolo was led by Bill Guandolo—of the Rob and Bill Talk Show that featured original music by Custer. For this project, Guandolo again turned to Custer who wrote seven of the album's ten songs. Custer says, "Dolo is a real poppy thing." In 2004, Custer recorded COC's Mike Dean's vocals for the track "Access Babylon" on Probot's self–titled album. Probot is an all-star project of Dave Grohl (Nirvana, Foo Fighters). Recording the track at JAG Studios, Dean said, "It took all of 90 minutes." In 2008, Custer produced Bull City Syndicate's first album, You Make Me Feel. Custer co–wrote their track "Bull City Groove." Custer also produced two albums by the Burlington, North Carolina band, Jive Mother Mary―the EP Jive Mother Mary (2009) and the LP All Fall Down (2009). In In 2012, Custer produced 3PLAY, the third recording of The Will McBride Group. Custer also produced Eugene, Oregon's The Sawyer Family's third album of "gruangabilly" .The Burning Tree (Scary As Hell Music, 2008), and their fourth album Sawyer Family (Ghost Owl Records, 2015). Burlington-based BIG Something are Custer's current funk–rock "protegees." He produced their album Songs from the Middle of Nowhere (2010) which was #1 on the Jambands.com radio charts for several week. Custer and BIG Something also worked together on the albums Big Something (2013), Truth Serum (2014), Tumbleweed (2017), and The Otherside (2018). When asked what it was like working with Custer as a producer, BIG Something replied, "It forced us to grow as artists and musicians…It was like getting schooled by a Rock 'n' Roll Jedi master." Some of Custer's newest projects include producing the albums for the bands Army of the Dog and The Confessor, both from Raleigh, as well as vocalist Nico Arte. Music In 2000, Custer created the pop-oriented band Brown with Reed Mullen (COC) on lead vocals and guitar, drummer Marvin Levy (The Veldt), bassist Des White (The Veldt), and keyboardist Michael Thrower (Darkstar), Custer says, "We all play basketball together―that's how this started. Then one night instead of hoops, we played music. It worked out, so we kept doing it." Brown recorded a five–track, self-released EP called Satellite, but said they had 35 other songs ready to record. Caitlyn Cary (vocals/fiddle for Whiskeytown, Tres Chicas, and solo) recorded a song with Brown. Mullen says, "I'm doing Brown because Custer and Mikey are my best friends, I've always wanted to play with them, and this is the funnest thing I have done in my life. We can go in all sorts of directions with it." However, in 2002, Brown announced that it was changing its name because there is another the band with that name in New Jersey. Furthermore, Custer said, "The band has become a heavy rock band now. It's no longer a poppy, singles–type thing…so we're gonna kinda start all over again―new name, new tunes." In 2001, Custer played lead guitar for the band Mother Soul. In 2002, he played in the on-stage band for the Raleigh Ensemble Players' version of the musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, with a reviewer noting that the band "are well rehearsed". As of 2019, Custer is scoring a movie about a funk band, and working on his own opera that will feature singers from Raleigh choirs. Soundtracks Custer has produced several tracks that were used in major film soundtracks: "Big Problems" by Corrosion of Conformity appears in Clerks starring Kevin Smith. "Mano de Mono" by Corrosion of Conformity appears in The Fan starring Robert De Niro. "Sweet Little Lass", performed by DAG and written by Custer, is featured in Bad Boys starring Will Smith. "As" performed by DAG and co-written by Custer, appears in Robert Altman's Ready to Wear starring Kim Basinger and Sophia Loren. Recognition In 1993, Custer's original music for WRAL–TV's Rob and Bill Talk Show, including "Grease of the Week" and "Welcome Back to Rob and Bill", was nominated a regional Emmy Award. In 1997, "Drowning in a Daydream" from COC's Wiseblood was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. Custer was recognized by the John Lennon Songwriting Contest for co-writing and producing Gran Torino's "Moments with You" which won the award for the Best Pop Song of the Year in 2000. Produced by Custer, Big Something's Songs from the Middle of Nowhere won the Home Grown Music Network's Album of the Year 2010; BIG Something also won the award for New Band. In 2013, Big Something's self–titled album, produced by Custer, won Album of the Year awards from Angelica Music, Endless Boundaries Radio, and the Home Grown Music Network. Custer was featured on the cover of 3 Dot Mag in January 2014. 3 Dot'' dubbed him as, "The Indestructible Godfather of North Carolina Music Industry". In 2014, Custer received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Carolina Music Awards. In January 2019, Metallica played the song "Lovely Jane" which was written by Custer, at their concert in Raleigh, North Carolina. Equipment In a 2019 interview, Custer named his favorite equipment of all time: Acoustic Guitar — Taylor Amp — Vox, the old one with sand in the back Bass — an old, old Fender Precision Bass Compression — Blackface 1176 Console — Magic Shop Neve Drum — old, old Slingerlands Drum Machine — Roland 707 (but he hasn't seen one in 25 years) Electric Guitar — Stratocaster Guitar Speaker Cabinet — Orange Amps Piano — off-brand baby grand in the New York studio Reverb — Lexicon Synthesizer — Moog Prodigy V-8 Amplifier — SS7 Vocal Mic — B & B Studios of Carrboro, N.C.'s version of U87 Personal In 2013, Custer was in a car accident and died for five minutes. He lives in Raleigh, North Carolina. Discograpy References External links John Custer interview by Stacey Cochran for The Artist's Craft John Custer interview on The Wac Stern, 2012 John Custer podcast interview, 2012 1962 births Living people People from Cary, North Carolina American record producers American rock musicians American male songwriters American rock songwriters People from Raleigh, North Carolina Guitarists from North Carolina 20th-century American musicians American session musicians Candlelight Records artists Columbia Records artists Sanctuary Records artists A&R people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Custer
"Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" is the lead single from Glassjaw's 2002 studio album, Worship and Tribute. Two differing versions were released in the US and the UK. As with many Glassjaw songs, "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" is lyrically ambiguous and oddly phrased. It mentions a nervous female and someone at an airport "addressing most littlest." It is widely speculated this song is written from the perspective of someone who is opposed to abortion, with Daryl Palumbo himself being pro-choice. Aiding the song's complexity are its many independent layers of guitar which help give it an aggressive and somewhat paranoid feel. The song was featured in the video game Legends of Wrestling II in 2002. Music video Both versions of the single contain the "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" music video which found marginal airplay on music TV networks. Directed by Patrick Hoelk, it features Vincent Gallo and has the band performing in an alley in New York City. Their loud music awakens Gallo who then begins physically confronting strangers as he walks the streets of New York. He eventually finds the alley the band is performing in, walks up to them, and unplugs their equipment just before the song is finished. He then gives them a long, angry stare as the video fades to black. An alternate ending was shot for the video in which Gallo walks up to the band, produces a pistol, and shoots each member. It was deemed too violent for TV but can be found online. Track listing US version "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" – 3:04 "Trailer Park Jesus" – 4:30 "El Mark" – 3:40 UK version "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" – 3:04 "El Mark" – 3:40 "The Number No Good Things Can Come of" – 5:05 References 2002 singles Glassjaw songs 2002 songs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan%20Bloodloss
The Diocese of St Davids is a diocese of the Church in Wales, a church of the Anglican Communion. The diocese covers the historic extent of Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, together with a small part of western Glamorgan. The episcopal see is the Cathedral Church of St David in the City of St Davids, Pembrokeshire. The present cathedral, which was begun in 1181, stands on the site of a monastery founded in the 6th century by Saint David. The diocese is divided into the three archdeaconries of St Davids, Carmarthen and Cardigan (additionally, Mones Farah was collated on 12 August 2018 as Archdeacon for New Church Communities). The bishop's residence is Llys Esgob in Abergwili, Carmarthenshire. History The history of the diocese of St Davids is traditionally traced to that saint (Dewi) in the latter half of the 6th century. Records of the history of the diocese before Norman times are very fragmentary, however, consisting of a few chance references in old chronicles, such as Annales Cambriae and Brut y Tywysogion (Rolls Series). Originally corresponding with the boundaries of Dyfed (Demetia), St Davids eventually comprised all the country south of the River Dyfi and west of the English border, with the exception of the greater part of Glamorganshire, in all some . Until 1852 the diocese also included some parishes in Herefordshire. The diocese assumed its current extent in 1923, when the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon was created from the eastern part of the diocese. The office of Bishop of St Davids has existed since the founding of the cathedral. The See is currently vacant, since the retirement of Joanna Penberthy, who was the first woman ordained a bishop in the Church in Wales. On 17 October 2023, Dorrien Davies, Archdeacon of Carmarthen, was elected to become the next Bishop; the confirmation of his election (by which he will legally become Bishop) is scheduled for 29 November and his episcopal consecration for 27 January 2024 at Bangor Cathedral. In 2019 the diocese began to reorganise its churches into 23 Ministry Areas, plus the Cathedral. This process was completed in 2021 and the ministry areas are now coterminous with the deaneries. Archdeaconries and deaneries On 12 August 2018, Mones Farah was collated as an extra archdeacon without a territorial archdeaconry: the Archdeacon for New Church Communities. Mones Anton Farah (born 1964) is a Palestinian-born Anglican priest. He trained for the ministry at Trinity College, Bristol before receiving ordination in the Church in Wales: he was deaconed on 26 June 1988 and priested on 25 June 1989. Farah served his title as assistant curate at Aberystwyth before becoming Chaplain to the University of Wales, Lampeter in 1991. He moved to England in 1998 to become a Team Vicar in Great Baddow, returning to Aberystwyth in 2014 as priest-in-charge. Alongside his current role as archdeacon, he is also a Canon of St Davids Cathedral. List of churches: Archdeaconry of Cardigan Deanery of Aberystwyth Deanery of Bro Aeron Mydr Closed churches Deanery of Bro Padarn Closed churches Deanery of Bro Teifi Closed churches in this area Deanery of Bro Wyre Closed churches in this area Deanery of Emlyn Closed churches in this area Deanery of Glyn Aeron Coastal Closed churches in this area Deanery of Lampeter Closed churches in this area Archdeaconry of Carmarthen Deanery of Bro Aman Closed churches in the area Deanery of Bro Caerfyrddin Deanery of Bro Cydweli Deanery of Bro Dinefwr Deanery of Bro Dyfri Deanery of Bro Gwendraeth Deanery of Bro Lliedi Deanery of Bro Sancler Deanery of Carmarthen Deanery of Llandeilo Archdeaconry of St Davids Deanery of Daugleddau Closed churches in the area Deanery of East Landsker Deanery of Greater Dewisland Closed churches in the area Deanery of Narberth and Tenby Closed churches in this area Deanery of Roose Deanery of South West Pembrokeshire Closed churches Deanery of The Cathedral Deanery of West Cemaes See also Bishop of St Davids References Saint Davids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese%20of%20St%20Davids
This is a list of independent Royal Australian Air Force aircraft flights. It includes flights which did not form part of a parent squadron and flying units of less than squadron status. Air ambulance units No. 1 Air Ambulance Unit RAAF No. 2 Air Ambulance Unit RAAF Air-sea rescue flights No. 111 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF No. 112 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF No. 113 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF No. 114 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF No. 115 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF Air observation post flights No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight RAAF No. 17 Air Observation Post Flight RAAF Communication units No. 1 Communication Unit RAAF No. 2 Communication Unit RAAF No. 3 Communication Unit RAAF No. 4 Communication Unit RAAF No. 5 Communication Unit RAAF No. 6 Communication Unit RAAF No. 7 Communication Unit RAAF No. 8 Communication Unit RAAF No. 9 Communication Unit RAAF No. 10 Communication Unit RAAF No. 11 Communication Unit RAAF No. 12 Communication Unit RAAF No. 13 Communication Unit RAAF No. 30 Communication Unit RAAF Forward air control flights No. 4 Forward Air Control Flight RAAF Forward Air Control Development Unit RAAF Transport flights No. 9 Local Air Supply Unit RAAF No. 10 Local Air Supply Unit RAAF No. 12 Local Air Supply Unit RAAF No. 33 Flight RAAF No. 200 Flight RAAF Governor-General's Flight RAAF RAAF Special Transport Flight RAAF Transport Flight (Japan) RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam Transport Support Flight RAAF Transport Flight Butterworth RAAF Miscellaneous flights No. 1 Long Range Flight RAAF No. 5 Flight RAAF No. 82 Wing Training Flight RAAF No. 101 Flight RAAF No. 201 Flight RAAF Antarctic Flight RAAF Lincoln Conversion Flight RAAF Seaplane Training Flight RAAF Survey Flight RAAF Target Towing and Special Duties Flight RAAF RAAF Washington Flying Unit See also References Australian Air Force independent aircraft flights Air Royal Australian Air Force lists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Royal%20Australian%20Air%20Force%20independent%20aircraft%20flights
Health impact assessment (HIA) is defined as "a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population." Overview HIA is intended to produce a set of evidence-based recommendations to inform decision-making . HIA seeks to maximise the positive health impacts and minimise the negative health impacts of proposed policies, programs or projects. The procedures of HIA are similar to those used in other forms of impact assessment, such as environmental impact assessment or social impact assessment. HIA is usually described as following the steps listed, though many practitioners break these into sub-steps or label them differently: Screening - determining if an HIA is warranted/required Scoping - determining which impacts will be considered and the plan for the HIA Identification and assessment of impacts - determining the magnitude, nature, extent and likelihood of potential health impacts, using a variety of different methods and types of information Decision-making and recommendations - making explicit the trade-offs to be made in decision-making and formulating evidence-informed recommendations Evaluation, monitoring and follow-up - process and impact evaluation of the HIA and the monitoring and management of health impacts The main objective of HIA is to apply existing knowledge and evidence about health impacts, to specific social and community contexts, to develop evidence-based recommendations that inform decision-making in order to protect and improve community health and wellbeing. Because of financial and time constraints, HIAs do not generally involve new research or the generation of original scientific knowledge. However, the findings of HIAs, especially where these have been monitored and evaluated over time, can be used to inform other HIAs in contexts that are similar. An HIA's recommendations may focus on both design and operational aspects of a proposal. HIA has also been identified as a mechanism by which potential health inequalities can be identified and redressed prior to the implementation of proposed policy, program or project . A number of manuals and guidelines for HIA's use have been developed (see further reading). Determinants of health The proposition that policies, programs and projects have the potential to change the determinants of health underpins HIA's use. Changes to health determinants then leads to changes in health outcomes or the health status of individuals and communities. The determinants of health are largely environmental and social, so that there are many overlaps with environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment. Levels of HIA Three forms of HIA exist: Desk-based HIA, which takes 2–6 weeks for one assessor to complete and provides a broad overview of potential health impacts; Rapid HIA, which takes approximately 12 weeks for one assessor to complete and provides more detailed information on potential health impacts; and Comprehensive HIA, which takes approximately 6 months for one assessor and provides a in-depth assessment of potential health impacts. It has been suggested that HIAs can be prospective (done before a proposal is implemented), concurrent (done while the proposal is being implemented) or retrospective (done after a proposal has been implemented) . This remains controversial, however, with a number of HIA practitioners suggesting that concurrent HIA is better regarded as a monitoring activity and that retrospective HIA is more akin to evaluation with a health focus, rather than being assessment per se . Prospective HIA is preferred as it allows the maximum practical opportunity to influence decision-making and subsequent health impacts. HIA practitioners HIA practitioners can be found in the private and public sectors, but are relatively few in number. There are no universally accepted competency frameworks or certification processes. It is suggested that a lead practitioner should have extensive education and training in a health related field, experience of participating in HIAs, and have attended an HIA training course. It has been suggested and widely accepted that merely having a medical or health degree should not be regarded as an indication of competency. The International Association for Impact Assessment has an active health section. A HIA People Directory can be found on the HIA GATEWAY. HIA worldwide HIA used around the world, most notably in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Thailand . The safeguard policies and standards of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World Bank, were established in 2006. These contain a requirement for health impact assessment in large projects. The standards have been accepted by most of the leading lending banks who are parties to the Equator Principles. Health impact assessments are becoming routine in many large development projects in both public and private sectors of developing countries. There is also a long history of health impact assessment in the water resource development sector - large dams and irrigation systems. Of the regional development banks, the Asian Development Bank has the longest and most consistent history of engaging with HIA. This engagement dates back to 1992, when it produced its first HIA Guidelines (ADB, 1992); this focused on the state of the art of methods and procedures at this early stage in the development of HIA. A second guidance document, a primer on health impacts of Development Project was published ten years later (Peralta and Hunt, 2003), with a focus on health risks and opportunities in development from sector-specific perspectives. Between 2015 and 2018, the Governments of Australia and the UK funded the Regional Malaria and Other Communicable Disease Threats Trust Fund (RMTF) which supported multi-country, cross-border and multisector responses to urgent malaria and other communicable disease issues, focused on the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Under the domain of promotion and prevention mainly HIA capacity development was addressed. This resulted in a new publication: Health Impact Assessment: A Good Practice Source Book (2018). See also Impact Assessment Environmental impact assessment Equality Impact Assessment Four-Step Impact Assessment Healthy development measurement tool Risk assessment Social impact assessment Health promotion Jakarta Declaration Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion Health protection Environmental health List of environmental health hazards Precautionary principle Risk assessment Population health Public health Social determinants of health References . ADB (2018), Health Impact Assessment: A Good Practice Sourcebook, Manila, Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/documents/health-impact-assessment-sourcebook . . . . . . This page uses Harvard referencing. References are sorted alphabetically by author surname. Further reading Books and edited book chapters ADB (1992). Guidelines for the Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects. ADB Environment Paper no. 11. Manila, Asian Development Bank. . . . . Peralta, G.M., and Hunt, J.M. (2003). A Primer of Health Impacts of Development Programs. Manila, Asian Development Bank. . . Includes several chapters on HIA. Journal articles . . . . . . . Journal special issues . . . . . . Manuals and guidelines . . . . . . . . . . This page uses Harvard referencing. Further reading categories are sorted alphabetically; citations are sorted by year (newest to oldest), then alphabetically by author surname within years. If citations are included in the references section they are not listed in the further reading section. HIA resource websites Health Impact Project - Funding for HIA and resources HIA Connect HIA Gateway IMPACT - International Health Impact Assessment Consortium RIVM HIA Database World Health Organization HIA Site Government HIA websites Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Health (Australia) European Centre for Health Policy (Belgium) HPP-HIA Program (Thailand) Institute for Public Health in Ireland (Ireland) Planning for Healthy Places with Health Impact Assessments (United States) San Francisco Department of Public Health (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (United States) US Environmental Protection Agency (United States) University HIA websites Monash University, SHIA@Monash (Melbourne, Australia) University of Birmingham, HIA Research Unit (Birmingham, UK) University of California, Berkeley, Health Impact Group, School of Public Health (Berkeley, USA) University of California, Los Angeles, HIA Project (Los Angeles, USA) University of California, Los Angeles, Health Impact Assessment Clearinghouse Learning and Information Center (Los Angeles, USA) University of Liverpool, IMPACT - International Health Impact Assessment Consortium Department of Public Health and Policy.(Liverpool, UK) University of New South Wales, HIA Connect, Health Inequalities, Health Impact Assessment and Healthy Public Policy Program (CHETRE), Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, Faculty of Medicine (Sydney, Australia) University of Otago, Health, Wellbeing and Equity Impact Assessment Unit, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Wellington, New Zealand) Professional associations IAIA Society for Practitioners of Health Impact Assessment (SOPHIA) Other HIA websites Health Impact Assessment - International (Email Discussion Group) This page uses Harvard referencing. External links are sorted alphabetically. Public health Human geography Impact assessment Health care quality Health economics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20impact%20assessment
The 300 m rifle three positions event was one of five free rifle events of the competitions in the Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. They were held from August 3 to August 5, 1900. 30 shooters from 6 nations competed, with five shooters per team. Medals were given for individual high scores in each of the three positions, overall individual high scores, and the scores of the five shooters were summed to give a team score. The three positions event was won by Emil Kellenberger of Switzerland. Anders Peter Nielsen of Denmark took silver, while Ole Østmo of Norway and Paul Van Asbroeck of Belgium tied for bronze. Background This was the first appearance of the men's 300 metre three-positions rifle event, which was held 11 times between 1900 and 1972. Two of the three world champions since the world championships began in 1897 were competing: Achille Paroche of France (1898) and Lars Jørgen Madsen of Denmark (1899); of the total nine medalists to date, seven competed at the Olympics. The Olympic event doubled as the 1900 world championship. Competition format The competition had each shooter fire 120 shots, 40 shots in each of three positions: prone, kneeling, and standing. The target was 1 metre in diameter, with 10 scoring rings; targets were set at a distance of 300 metres. Thus, the maximum score possible was 1200 points. Medals were also awarded for team results, adding the individual three-positions scores together. For the only time in Olympic history, medals were awarded for scores in each of the three positions. Records Prior to the competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. Emil Kellenberger set the initial Olympic record for the 120-shot format at 930 points. Schedule Results The scores from the three positions were summed, giving a total possible of 1200 points. References International Olympic Committee medal winners database De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Shooting 1900". Accessed 3 March 2006. Available electronically at . Men's rifle military three positions Men's 300m 3 positions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20at%20the%201900%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20300%20metre%20free%20rifle%2C%20three%20positions
Marco Siffredi (22 May 1979 – 8 September 2002) was a French snowboarder and mountaineer who hailed from a climbing family; his father was a mountain guide, and his older brother Pierre had died in an avalanche in their hometown of Chamonix, France. Siffredi was the first to descend Mount Everest on a snowboard, completing this feat in 2001 via the Norton Couloir. In 2002, he disappeared after making his second Everest summit, while attempting to snowboard the Hornbein Couloir; his body has never been found. First snowboard descent at Mont Blanc In his early years, Marco Siffredi made several first descents in the Chamonix valley before extending his horizons to bigger peaks. In June 1999, he made the second-ever descent of Mont Blanc on the Aiguille Verte, after Jean-Marc Boivin’s ski descent in 1989. First Everest descent Siffredi reached the summit of Everest, an mountain on May 23, 2001, with the help of oxygen along with two Sherpas who brought the equipment. He was forced to choose an alternative route to the one he considered the "Holy Grail" of snowboarding, as the Hornbein Couloir did not have enough snow. Instead, he rode down the Norton Couloir back to Advanced Base Camp (ABC) at the foot of the North Col. Then he began the descent down the Norton Couloir of the north face, but after a fastening strap on his snowboard broke due to the cold. After repairing it with help from a sherpa, Siffredi continued the descent to in two hours. The day before, on May 22, Austrian climber Stefan Gatt reached the summit alone and without using oxygen. He went on a snowboard up to along the north wall, but at that altitude he found very hard snow and decided to continue without snowboarding. There were disputes about who would be awarded the first snowboard descent of Everest, as Gatt got out first, but did not use a snowboard for about . The site everestnews.com attributed primacy to Siffredi but the site snowboarding.transworld.net recognized merits and demerits to both, so the record was shared. Second Everest descent Early in August 2002, Siffredi departed for Nepal, intending to make the first snowboard descent of Everest along the Hornbein Couloir. It was late in the season for summitting Everest, but Siffredi hoped that the passage would have more snow. On August 10, he left Kathmandu with three sherpa (Phurba, Pa Nuru and Da Tenzing), reaching base camp in Tibet on August 14. On September 7, the group reached the advanced field at . On September 8, 2002, Siffredi and the sherpas reached the summit at 2:10 p.m.. According to Phurba Tashi, however, Siffredi showed little enthusiasm for the accomplishment, commenting that he was "Tired, tired...too much climbing..." After weather conditions began to change, the Sherpas urged Siffredi not to go. Siffredi ignored their warnings and after an hour's rest, began making his way towards the Hornbein just after 3 p.m.. His sherpa companions lost sight of him periodically. At the North Col, about below Camp Three, both Sherpas reported seeing the distant image of a man stand up, then slide silently down the mountain. As they reached the point of the sighting, Siffredi's snowboard tracks were not to be seen. His body has not been found. Other achievements In May 1996, Siffredi snowboarded down the north face of the Aiguille du Midi on Mont Blanc along the Mallory track, a descent of with passages of more than a 50-degree incline. In 1998, in preparation for climbing the Himalayas, he climbed Tocllaraju in Peru () with Philippe Forte and René Robert. In 1999 he climbed Dorje Lhakpa () in Nepal and made the first snowboard descent of the mountain. Siffredi's descent of the mountain lasted about 3,000 feet, including areas of 55 degrees in steepness. He completed this feat without the use of supplemental oxygen. In autumn 2001, he climbed Shisha Pangma, Himalayas () with the intention of making the entire descent by snowboard, but strong winds prevented the attempt. See also List of people who died climbing Mount Everest References Further reading External links The Disappearance of Marco Siffredi, article from TransWorld SNOWboarding Magazine: The Disappearance Of Marco Siffredi. : Article from MountainZone.com: Steep Ascents and First Descents (Siffredi's second descent of Nant Blanc, Aiguille Verte) Trey Cook on Showboarding https://www.snowboarder.com/transworld-snowboarding-archive/snowboarding-photos/the-disappearance-of-marco-siffredi/ https://allthatsinteresting.com/marco-siffredi 1979 births 2002 deaths French male snowboarders French mountain climbers French people of Italian descent Mountaineering deaths on Mount Everest Deceased Everest summiters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Siffredi
Youth Dub is a bonus disc released in conjunction with Matisyahu's second studio album Youth. Both discs were released on March 7, 2006. Youth Dub is included with some copies of Youth and is available as a limited edition, stand-alone album. Producer Bill Laswell made a King Tubby style dub remix of Youth, adding effects and bringing to the fore the music of the backing band Roots Tonic rather than Matisyahu's vocals. Laswell was so impressed with the band that he invited them back into his studio and teamed up for an all-instrumental dub album, Roots Tonic meets Bill Laswell. The cover artwork is a papercut designed by artist Dena Levie. Track listing "Youth Dub" "Fire & Dub" "Spark Seekers" "Dub Warrior" "WP Dub" "Daughters Dub" "One Woman" "Fire of Heaven Dub" "Chop 'Em Down Dub" "Nigun" External links Official Site Youth lyrics Matisyahu albums 2006 remix albums Epic Records remix albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20Dub
The departments of Benin are subdivided into 77 communes, which in turn are divided into arrondissements and finally into villages or city districts. Prior to 1999 provinces were broken down into 84 districts, titled either urban or rural. Before independence, the six provinces were subdivided into Cercles, cantons, préfectures and villages or towns. The communes are listed below, by department: Alibori Banikoara Gogounou Kandi Karimama Malanville Segbana Atakora Boukoumbé Cobly Kérou Kouandé Matéri Natitingou Pehonko Tanguiéta Toucountouna Atlantique Abomey-Calavi Allada Kpomassè Ouidah Sô-Ava Toffo Tori-Bossito Zè Borgou Bembèrèkè Kalalé N'Dali Nikki Parakou Pèrèrè Sinendé Tchaourou Collines Bantè Dassa-Zoumè Glazoué Ouèssè Savalou Savé Donga Bassila Copargo Djougou Rural Djougou Urban Ouaké Kouffo Aplahoué Djakotomey Klouékanmè Lalo Toviklin Dogbo-Tota Littoral Cotonou Mono Athiémé Bopa Comé Grand-Popo Houéyogbé Lokossa Ouémé Adjarra Adjohoun Aguégués Akpro-Missérété Avrankou Bonou Dangbo Porto Novo Sèmè-Kpodji Plateau Ifangni Adja-Ouèrè Kétou Pobè Sakété Zou Abomey Agbangnizoun Bohicon Cové Djidja Ouinhi Za-Kpota Zangnanado Zogbodomey References Sources http://www.ambassade-benin.org/article20.html (French) Subdivisions of Benin Benin, Communes Benin 2 Communes, Benin Benin geography-related lists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes%20of%20Benin
Octavia is a Roman tragedy that focuses on three days in the year 62 AD during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another (Poppaea Sabina). The play also deals with the irascibility of Nero and his inability to take heed of the philosopher Seneca's advice to rein in his passions. The play was attributed to Seneca, but modern scholarship generally discredits this, since it contains accurate prophecies of both his and Nero's deaths. While the play closely resembles Seneca's plays in style, it was probably written some time after Seneca's death in the Flavian period by someone influenced by Seneca and aware of the events of his lifetime. Characters Octavia. Octavia's Nurse. Chorus of Romans. Seneca. Prefect. Poppaea. Agrippina (ghost). Nero. Messenger. Plot Act I Octavia, weary of her existence, bewails her misery. Her nurse curses the drawbacks which beset life in a Palace. The Nurse consoles Octavia and dissuades her from executing any revenge which she might be contemplating. The Chorus being in favor of Octavia, looks with detestation upon the marriage of Poppaea, and condemns the degenerate patience of the Romans, as being unworthy, too indifferent and servile, and complains about the crimes of Nero. Act II Seneca deplores the vices of his times, praises the simplicity of his former life, and offers his opinion that all things are tending to the worse. The philosopher warns his patron Nero but to no purpose. Nero stubbornly insists on carrying out his tyrannical plans, and appoints the next day for his marriage with Poppaea. Act III Agrippina appears from the underworld as a cruel soothsayer. She brings torches from the underworld to grace the wedding, and predicts the death of Nero. Octavia urges the populace, who are espousing her cause, not to grieve about her divorce. The Chorus however, does grieve for her sad lot. Act IV Poppaea, being frightened in her sleep, narrates her dream to the Nurse. The Nurse treating the dream as nonsense, consoles Poppaea with a shallow interpretation. The Chorus praises the beauty of Poppaea. The Messenger describes the hostile mood of the populace concerning Octavia's divorce and Nero's marriage with Poppaea. Act V Nero, boiling over with rage on account of the tumultuous rising of the populace, orders the most severe measures to be taken against them, and that Octavia, as the cause of the rising, shall be transported to Pandataria and there slain. The Chorus sings regarding popular favor, which has been destructive to so many, and after that tells of the hard fates which have befallen the Julio-Claudian dynasty. References Editions Otto Zwierlein (ed.), Seneca Tragoedia (Oxford: Clarendon Press: Oxford Classical Texts: 1986) Octavia: A Play attributed to Seneca, ed. Rolando Ferri (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries No.41, Cambridge UP, 2003) John G. Fitch Tragedies, Volume II: Oedipus. Agamemnon. Thyestes. Hercules on Oeta. Octavia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: Loeb Classical Library: 2004) Further reading F. L. Lucas, "'The Octavia', an essay," Classical Review, 35,5-6 (1921), 91-93 . P. Kragelund, Prophecy, Populism, and Propaganda in the "Octavia" (Copenhagen, 1982). T. Barnes, "The Date of the Octavia," MH, 39 (1982) 215–17. Harris, W.V., Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001). T. P. Wiseman, "Octavia and the Phantom Genre," in Idem, Unwritten Rome (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2008). Girolamo Cardano 'Nero: An Exemplary Life' Inkstone, 2012. Lauren Donovan Ginsberg, Staging Memory, Staging Strife: Empire and Civil War in the 'Octavia' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017) External links Octavia—translated, with notes, by Watson Bradshaw 1st-century plays Plays set in the 1st century Plays set in ancient Rome Plays by Seneca the Younger Tragedy plays Cultural depictions of Nero 62 60s in the Roman Empire Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger Cultural depictions of Claudia Octavia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia%20%28play%29
The southern blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena maculosa) is one of three (or perhaps four) highly venomous species of blue-ringed octopuses. It is most commonly found in tidal rock pools along the south coast of Australia. As an adult, it can grow up to long (top of the mantle to the tip of the arms) and on average weighs . They are normally a docile species, but they are highly venomous, possessing venom capable of killing humans. Their blue rings appear with greater intensity when they become aggravated or threatened. Description The blue-ringed species are known for their small size, yet the southern variety is hailed as the largest of the genus. As a result, they have been classified as their own species. From arm to arm, most of these octopuses are no larger than 20 centimeters. This is larger by roughly 5 centimeters on average with other varieties of the blue-ringed octopus. When at peace, their coloring is often a drab, mucus like color. However, once it feels sufficiently threatened, the eponymous blue-rings suddenly appear. These octopuses have an average of about 60 rings that have multilayer reflectors that allow them to flash a blue green color. These rings typically appear about 6 weeks after hatching (Mäthger et al.). For the rings to illuminate and glow, the muscles around the rings must contract while the muscles above them must relax (Mäthger et al.). This method of muscle contraction and relaxation has not been seen in other illuminating animals (Mäthger et al.) Nomenclature Like other species of the blue-ringed octopus, this variety is named for the vibrant blue rings that it displays when agitated. Range and habitat Found along the southern coasts of Australia, H. maculosa inhabits crevasses and cracks in the rocky reefs signature to this section of the Australian coast. In addition, the octopus enjoys a proximity to the plentiful forests of seagrass. Behavior Despite their highly toxic venom, southern blue-ringed octopuses tend to be passive and relatively harmless unless provoked. They generally only use their toxins when hunting or when provoked. These creatures are nocturnal, primarily active at night. They can jet out water to move more efficiently as well. In addition, it was found that southern blue-ringed octopuses have at least slightly more acute olfaction (smell) sense which may affect choice in mate (see Breeding, below). Burrowing is also normal of this species. Diet The prey of H. maculosa consists mostly of lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and shellfish, as well as the occasional small fish. H. maculosa makes use of its venom for feeding purposes. It pins down and injects it through its beak. This totally paralyzes its prey, often killing it outright. This readies it for feeding. Another tactic it uses to hunt is releasing its venom as a mist into a location where its prey is commonly found. Their prey swim into the venom and become paralyzed, allowing for an attack. Life span and reproduction H. maculosa has a very short life span with a large importance placed on reproduction. The average life span of a southern blue ringed octopus is around seven months. The octopus reaches sexual maturity at around four months old, at which time it focuses its last few months of life towards copulation and breeding. Both genders of this species are promiscuous, as they only have a limited set of gametes. The mating ritual of H. maculosa usually begins with the female initiating reproduction by changing color and posture. The male then mounts the female, inserts the hectocotylus under the mantle of the female, and releases the sperm into the female’s oviduct. For this type of octopus, there is approximately a two-month window in which a female acquires and stores sperm from multiple males. She then carries the eggs with her, as opposed to depositing them somewhere stationary. During this time period, the mother rarely moves unless disturbed. When she is forced to move, she uses only two arms for locomotion. The female also does not eat during this time period. Because of this, the mother dies shortly after the eggs have hatched. It is highly unlikely that the male or female would live beyond one year. This unusual octopus maternal care system seems to be an advanced evolutionary development of the species. While this may seem strange, females only reproduce once in their lifetime, so it is vital to them that their egg clutch survives. Once hatched, the H. maculosa grow very rapidly. The southern blue-ringed octopus also differs from other marine invertebrates in that there is no planktonic stage. The young begin hunting around one month of age- they are said to be venomous from birth, while their blue rings don’t appear until six weeks after hatching. It was found in a study by Morse and Zenger that as size of the octopus increased, so too did willingness to mate. Same-sex attempts at mating were frequently noted, which implies distinguishing between male and female is difficult even for the octopus. It is also possible females use some form of refined sense of smell to single out attractive mates. Mate and paternity choice Many studies have been done on how southern blue-ringed octopuses choose their mates and if females can choose the sperm used to fertilize her eggs (Morse et al., 2018). Researchers have been interested in this topic specifically because the female can only reproduce once in her lifetime and because she can store the sperm of her many mates (Oceana). Researchers have hypothesized that there may be cryptic female choice or sperm competition (Morse et al., 2018). In the paper, Mating Behavior and Postcopulatory Fertilization Patterns in the Southern Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena Maculosa, the authors study did not find that females choose the male sperm that will fertilize their eggs, though the "male that obtained less paternity than expected was in fact the female's full-sibling brother (Morse et al.)." Although this study did not find female selection of sperm, a separate study did find that females are picky about who they mate with. In the paper, Nocturnal Mating Behaviour and Dynamic Male Investment of Copulation Time in the Southern Blue-Ringed octopus, Hapalochlaena Maculosa (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae), Morse et al., found that females were more willing to mate with males that were larger and males that were larger attempted to mate more than smaller males. The same study also found that males would spend less time mating with females that they had already mated with. Venom What makes this octopus famous is its venom. Saliva glands of the southern blue-ringed octopus produce the deadly neurotoxin, maculotoxin. The neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), is secreted in the posterior salivary gland, which is located in the intestinal blood system of the octopus. This may provide the toxin into its bloodstream. The toxin has also been found in the eggs of this octopus. The method of poisoning is still not fully understood, but it is assumed that H. maculosa either injects the toxin into the water surrounding their prey through their saliva mixed with the toxin, or they directly bite their prey or predator with the beak-like mouth. Without immediate medical attention a bite is often fatal to humans. Various references in popular culture depict the southern blue-ringed octopus as a nefarious seadevil lying in wait to attack humans with its deadly toxins. In actuality, the venom is primarily used in hunting or for defense. There are no reported cases of unprovoked aggression towards humans. No antivenom exists. Conservation There are currently no known conservation efforts for the southern blue-ringed octopus. This being said, it is likely that H. maculosa play an important role in their ecosystem, perhaps by controlling crustacean populations, so any efforts to conserve this species would be expected to benefit other species in the same habitat. It is also suggested that because the dispersal ability of H. maculosa is limited, connectivity between different populations of the species is especially vulnerable to habitat fragmentation or geographic barriers. References External links Video of Hapalochlaena maculosa from Museums Victoria Octopodidae Molluscs described in 1883 Cephalopods of Australia Venomous molluscs Marine fauna of Southern Australia Taxa named by William Evans Hoyle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20blue-ringed%20octopus
Satan's Little Helper is a 2004 American black comedy slasher film directed and written by Jeff Lieberman. The film stars Alexander Brickel as Dougie, a nine-year-old video gamer. On Halloween, Dougie meets a serial killer and unknowingly assists him in his murders. The film, which combines black comedy with horror, is Lieberman's first film as director in 17 years, since 1988's Remote Control. Satan's Little Helper was praised by reviewers for its satire, elements of comedy and characterization. Plot Douglas 'Dougie' Whooly is a nine-year-old boy obsessed with a video game, in which he plays Satan's little helper. His sister Jenna comes home from college for Halloween, but things turn sour when Dougie finds out she brought her boyfriend, Alex, with her. After a fall out with Jenna, Dougie wanders off and finds a man dressed in a cheap costume arranging a dead body on his lawn as if it were a decoration. Dougie naively believes the man is Satan, and asks him for help in sending Alex to Hell, which "Satan" nods assent to. In the meantime, Alex comes up with the idea of bonding with Dougie by dressing as Satan for Halloween. When Dougie comes back home, he tries to lure Alex into the basement where Satan is waiting for him, but fails. Dougie ends up changing plans to instead have Alex ambushed by Satan while he and Alex go out shopping for a Satan costume, where Alex ends up being left for dead. Dougie brings Satan home, whom everyone believes to be Alex. Despite Satan becoming forcefully, physically intimate with Jenna and his unwillingness to speak, Jenna interprets these as Alex's devotion to his Satan costume. When Satan and Dougie leave to get Halloween candy, they end up shoplifting a market for candy and tools, where Satan subsequently kills a bagger who tries to stop them and the two engage in a brief physical assault spree with their shopping cart. On the way home, Satan engages in a combination of assaulting and killing several more people, including Alex's estranged dad, before he and Dougie are accosted by the police. Satan indicates to Dougie to run home while he confronts the police, who are later found to be dead. In the meantime, it is revealed that Alex has survived, who finds out from a babbling man that all the police on the island are dead and the police station is on fire. When Dougie comes back home, he tells Jenna about what he and Satan done. Still thinking that it is Alex in the Satan costume, Jenna begins to think that Alex is pushing the game too far. After he comes home, his new personality starts to frighten her, she realizes he is not Alex. Dougie's father comes home, and Satan murders him. He kidnaps their mother, which makes Jenna and Alex go after him, only to think it's Alex's dad who is responsible, but are tricked by the killer repeatedly changing costumes and putting his old one on a victim. including a Jesus costume to trick Dougie into letting him into the house multiple times by saying that it is God coming to save him. In the end, Jenna and Mrs. Whooly accidentally kill Alex and are left at home with Dougie and a police man who spray paints a 6 on their home beneath their address, 66, turning it to 666. It's the Satan Man. The movie ends in a cliffhanger. Cast Alexander Brickel as Douglas "Dougie" Whooly Katheryn Winnick as Jenna Whooly Stephen Graham as Alex Martin Amanda Plummer as Merrill Whooly Wass M. Stevens as Dean Whooly (credited as Wass Stevens) Dan Ziskie as Vernon Martin Melisa McGregor as Nicole Joshua Annex as Billy Flarin (Satan Man) Joyce R. Korbin as Mrs. Sylvia Tishbaum Anthony Ardolino as Hunter Mary Kay Adams as Fran Christian Robert Varley as He Head Joanna Beckson as She Head (credited as Joanna Bechsen) Larry 'Ratso' Sloman as Mayor Flarin Lisa Barnes as Mrs. Flarin Jim Fitzpatrick as Pinocchio Reception Variety called the film "Madly uneven", but wrote that it "delivers more than its share of exquisite creepy/funny bits but ultimately rests too much on the chubby little shoulders of a 9-year old. Still, horror buffs will delight in ingenious twists, perverse satire and gleefully off-kilter Amanda Plummer/Katheryn Winnick mother-daughter team." The website JoBlo.com gave the film an 8/10 rating, writing, "if you like your horror with a heaping dose of the blackest of black comedy, then Satan’s Little Helper will be quite the treat! The flick is a prime example of horror on a low budget done right. Characters are actually developed, jokes are skillfully executed, and the scares are delivered with flair." Dread Central called the film "Irreverent, subversive and deliciously caustic [...] a unique and daring achievement", describing it as "a satiric commentary on the influence of videogames and fiction, the distinction between fantasy and reality for a child, and the danger and power of Halloween – all in a movie filled with blood, guts and black humour." Satan's Little Helper was listed on Rolling Stone's 13 Terrifying Horror Movies You Can't Unsee. References External links 2004 films 2004 horror films 2004 black comedy films Halloween horror films Films directed by Jeff Lieberman Films shot in New York (state) Films shot in New York City 2004 comedy films American comedy horror films American serial killer films American exploitation films American slasher films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films 2000s slasher films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%27s%20Little%20Helper
A net premium valuation is an actuarial calculation, used to place a value on the liabilities of a life insurer. Background It involves calculating a present value for the contractual liabilities of a contract, and deducting the value of future premiums. Both contractual liabilities, and future premiums in this calculation allow only for mortality and interest. The key with a net premium valuation is that the premiums being valued are theoretical measures - they make no reference to the actual premiums being charged by the insurer. This technique is a well-established actuarial valuation method, that became popular because of its simplicity, consistency, and ease of calculation. New methods With the advent of computers, the more complicated so-called gross premium valuation calculation (which is also more realistic than the net premium valuation) has become much more feasible, and is displacing the archaic net premium valuation further from its historical position of prominence. See also Gross premiums written Life Assurance Term life insurance Permanent life insurance Whole life insurance Universal life insurance Variable universal life insurance Corporate-owned life insurance Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance Segregated funds Annuity Independent financial advisers Estate planning Retirement plan False insurance claims Life insurance	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20premium%20valuation
Robotman may refer to: Robotman (Cliff Steele), a DC Comics superhero and member of the Doom Patrol Robotman (Robert Crane), a Golden Age DC Comics superhero and a member of the All-Star Squadron Robotman, original name of Monty, an American syndicated comic strip by Jim Meddick "Robot Man", a 1960 song by Connie Francis "Robot Man", a 1981 song from the Rick Wakeman album 1984 featuring Chaka Khan "Robot Man", a 1975 song by Scorpions from the album In Trance See also Mr. Robot (disambiguation) Man (disambiguation) Robot (disambiguation) Roboman (disambiguation) Android (disambiguation) Metalman (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotman
The Replacements is an animated television series that aired on Disney Channel from July 28, 2006, to March 30, 2009. 52 episodes were produced. Premise The opening sequence explains that two siblings, Todd and Riley, lived in what used to be an orphanage with their birth parents' fate unrevealed. While cleaning the floors, they stumbled across a Fleemco comic book containing an ad for the Fleemco phone. They mail-ordered the ad and $1.98 for the phone—which allows them to replace any person or animal they desire—and in the process they got new parents: a British secret agent named Agent K and a professional daredevil named Dick Daring. Whenever Todd and Riley want to replace someone undesirable, they call Conrad Fleem on the Fleemco phone via a large button. Fleemco immediately replaces the person with someone whom the siblings prefer. The series follows their misadventures as they attempt to better their lives by replacing unwanted people, with said attempt usually backfiring and both learning a lesson about appreciating what they already have. Episodes Characters Main Todd Bartholomew Daring (voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Riley's 11-year-old younger brother. Todd is the lazy, troublemaking, and selfish one of the siblings. He and Riley are the adopted children of K and Dick Daring. Todd usually uses the Fleemco phone to replace people for selfish purposes. He is best friends with Jacobo and Shelton. One episode revealed he has a talent for singing. Todd loves the Monkey Cop movie series and playing the GameCone (a parody of Nintendo GameCube) video game console. He hates school, learning, and reading, which forces him to replace the librarian in another episode. His catchphrases are "Don't judge me" and "Sweet." In "Ratted Out" for the first time, Todd sings the second verse to "My Rat Buddy" at the end of the episode. In season 2, Todd still has feelings for Sierra after the one-time bond between the two in a parody of the Star Trek fan club. In the episode "Tasumi Unmasked," Todd formed his single band and battles against the mailman for his "Game Cone 4". Riley Eugene Daring (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is Todd's 13-year-old older sister. She is the kinder, more caring, and reliable sibling who enjoys school. She generally uses the Fleemco phone to replace mean or unfair adults who do not take her seriously. She is a girly girl who enjoys equestrianism, Hornet Hive Scouts (a Girl Scout-type of youth group), and pretty much any form of sugar. She has an imaginary unicorn friend named Rainbow Jumper and gets a B average in school. At one point, she was part of the journalism staff at school. She has a crush on Johnny Hitswell, and they became a couple in season 2, but Johnny breaks up with her because of her controlling attitude in "Heartbreak in the City." Riley claims she is over him, despite many people who claim otherwise. Riley, contrary to her caring and thoughtful demeanor, is often prone to jealousy. In "She Works Hard For The Movie," it's revealed Riley has an Aunt named Debbie, and her middle name is Eugene. Karen Mildred "Agent K" Daring (voiced by Kath Soucie) resembles Emma Peel. She is the siblings' adoptive British mother and is a 6'1''-tall superspy. From an outside view, it may seem she doesn't care for her kids or husband, but in fact, she loves them devotedly, even though she may express it through a recording or videotape. If something seems unfair, she fixes it very quickly. She is also bad at cooking. Her career as a spy has caused her paranoia. In the episode Abra K Dabra!, it is revealed that she has stage fright and that her middle name is Mildred. She also habitually thinks all her chores are secret missions. She plays classical violin, which Riley hates, and it puts Dick to sleep. K once took karate lessons from the evil Master Pho (Master Foe) to bust his secret evil bank-robbing karate gang. Even though she's just as logical as C.A.R. (albeit less sarcastic and violent), she seems to favor Dick over him. Even though both Dick and Agent K have contrasting personalities, they still seem to be very much in love and care for Riley and Todd as their children. Her mother is also a secret agent. Richard Marion "Dick" Daring (voiced by Daran Norris) is the siblings' adoptive father and the world-greatest daredevil. He is a semi-former stunt artist and is constantly working on new tricks. His appearance resembles that of Evel Knievel. He is also very immature and owns a teddy bear known as "Evel Bearnievel." He thinks that C.A.R. is his best friend, though C.A.R. doesn't see it that way. Dick bought Riley a mule named Prince Cinnamon Boots instead of a horse like she wanted. Like Todd, Dick isn't smart at all. In "The Spy Who Wasn't Riley," we learn that Dick has coulrophobia and tries to force Todd to be a stunt man instead of a circus clown for his career. It is also revealed in one episode that he is a better cook than K. His catchphrase is "Look out below!" C.A.R.T.E.R. (also known as C.A.R.) (voiced by David McCallum) is the high-tech family car with a British accent (like Agent K). He can do just about anything but is not always preparing to do something for the family, especially not for Dick. He often calls Dick a twit but is often indifferent to him. He never lets Dick drive him (presumably under the assumption that Dick's daredevil habits would wreck him) and scare Dick using "The Oslo Option," which consists of C.A.R.T.E.R. pulling out a large spinning buzzsaw blade from his hood. The family usually refers to him as simply C.A.R., which is most likely a parody of K.I.T.T. from Knight Rider. C.A.R also resembles the Mach Five from Speed Racer. In the episode Tasumi Unmasked, C.A.R used to be a one-man-band player but was kicked out for not being perfect. They destroyed his instruments. Also, in this episode, he had a goatee, possibly real or not. He is sarcastic, humorous, and violent. Conrad Fleem (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the mysterious owner of the Fleemco company. He processes Todd and Riley's requests whenever they call him. He has a very long mustache. His face is never shown until the episode "Irreplaceable," where he reveals himself as Todd & Riley's red-headed uncle. Supporting Tasumi (voiced by Lauren Tom) is Riley's Japanese-American best friend, who has a crush on Jacobo, as revealed in one episode when she kissed him. Tasumi's crush on Jacobo is also hinted at in "The Truth Hurts" when she passes on a note in the classroom that asks Jacobo if she liked him and was crushed when he signed maybe. She wears a pink metal suit which resembles RoboCop, but she no longer wears it during season 2. She claims her family is part of a crime-fighting team. (parody of Power Rangers/Super Sentai). She also has a list of people she hates. Riley is either on or off it. In the episode "Best friends For-Never?" it appears Riley first meets Tasumi in a broom closet when she was new at school and tried to get to homeroom but got lost. Tasumi was in the broom closet because she split her armor and was embarrassed, but Riley fixed it with the duct tape her father made her carry. In the episode "Tasumi Unmasked", it is revealed that Tasumi is in fact a Japanese pop star. She moved to Pleasant Hills in order to escape the constant adoration of her fans and live a peaceful life, as Pleasant Hills was voted as the least culturally aware town in the world and she believed that no one would recognize her. However, in order to make sure that no one recognized her, she wore a costume from a popular anime and used details from that anime in order to get a new history. That is the reason she always referred to things such as fighting giant monsters and so forth, but in reality, she never did anything of that sort. When her fans found out about this, she moved back to Japan for two weeks to record a new album until Riley replaced her band members with orangutans and she got kicked out by her new orangutan members because she has thumbs (even though orangutans do have thumbs). She came back to Pleasant Hills with Riley and no longer wears her metal suit, dumping it in the garbage. Under her metal suit, Tasumi has long black hair and a pretty face complete with a beauty mark. She wears a blue wig with her metal suit. She also has a brother named Roku. Abbey Willson (voiced by Erica Hubbard in season 1 and Tempestt Bledsoe in season 2) is Riley's other African-American best friend. Even though she hates the popular girls such as Sierra, she is seen wanting to be a part of them so bad, and habitually tells Sierra she is cool, even though she doesn't mean to. It also seems that her parents are rich. She sometimes can be hypocritical. She has a younger sister named Tiffany who dated Todd in the episode "A Little Tiff". Jacobo Jacobo (HA-CO-BO) (voiced by Candi Milo) is Todd's Mexican-American best friend (though his shirt has the colors of the flag of Spain). He has a funny-looking mouth. Jacobo loves mystery books and has a secret talent for singing. He has a crush on Agent K and is always trying to win her affections, even in the episode "Irreplaceable," when he begins to date Tasumi. Shelton Gunnar Klutzberry (voiced by Jeff Bennett impersonating Jerry Lewis) is Todd's other best friend and the stereotypical nerd at school. He is afraid of girls, and once had a relationship with Celebrity Starr. He also has an imaginary girlfriend named Zelda (since an imaginary girlfriend is all that he can handle). He often thinks of himself as cool and calls the others nerds. He becomes very muscular and handsome when he takes his glasses off, but this is not to his advantage because he cannot use contacts, and has to have heavy glasses (which causes him to appear weak and scrawny). He always seems to be where ever Todd and Riley are. He sometimes just wants to be part of a popular group. In one episode he is seen to have a giant pet tortoise. In another he and his whole family are stated to be Jewish. His voice and mannerisms are mostly similar to the famous comedian Jerry Lewis's character from the movie "The Nutty Professor". When he speaks of characteristics or actions, he clarifies them by saying "with the" and adding a list of adjectives and effects (etc. "Victory is mine... with the winning, and the accomplishing, and the rubbing it in your face!"). When he gets hurt, he usually says "Hoigle!" Buzz Winters (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a wannabe bully and is Todd's nemesis. He usually makes silly jokes then laughs at them saying "Good one Buzz!" and "I got to start writing these down!" Although he is normally a bully in some episodes they have put their differences aside and even become friends. Deep down Buzz is jealous of Todd and Riley because their father is cooler than his is, as Buzz's father used to be the coolest in the neighborhood until Todd and Riley came along. On more than one account Buzz has been mistaken for a wild boar, although, both times, this was by Dingo McGee, on "Field Trippin'" and "Volcano Island". He also has a taste for crabgrass. Like Todd, Buzz hates school, and habitually cheats. He has many secrets including his love of the theater, and what he calls his only two shames, small feet, and ice skating. Donny Rottweiler (voiced by Jess Harnell) is a professional bully who is much taller than Todd, but still attends his school. He is Buzz's mentor and Todd's other nemesis, feared because of his giant size. Johnny Hitswell (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is the subject of Riley's affection and her middle school sweet heart. Even though every girl in the school is all over him, he tends to always ignore them, except for his annual Kumquat Day card readings. He enjoys basketball and baseball, and plays on the same baseball team as Todd and Riley. It is true that he likes Riley, because he asked her out on a date and then kissed her. But in season 2, he starts dating Riley as boyfriend and girlfriend. In the second season, Johnny breaks up with Riley for being to controlling after she followed him all the way to New York with Abby and Tasumi. He once stated in a later episode that she could be smothering as she was in a conversation with her friends. By the end of the series, he really admits that he wants to get back together with Riley, but he says this while talking to her robot duplicate, and it is never shown if he and Riley do get back together. Sierra McCool (voiced by Tara Strong) is the popular girl at school, and is Riley's nemesis. She is constantly competing with Riley for the affections of Johnny Hitswell. In the second season, when Riley and Johnny become a couple, her crush on him persists, and her aim becomes to break them up so she can be Johnny's girlfriend. She has her own posse (Jennifer and Claudia) and a huge, conceited ego. She is seen to have another side in which, she is infatuated with a Star Trek parody mentioned, which Todd also likes. This advances a bond between the two, which doesn't last long when she becomes a cheerleader again. It is mentioned in the series finale that she gets her own Fleemco Phone. She has long black hair in pigtails. Principal Cutler (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the Inuit principal of George Stapler Middle School. Since he is originally from Alaska, he allows school on major snow days until Todd and Riley changed it one time. He is also very cheap and cares about money over the students, the school, and the faculty (he saves money for a vacation on Tahiti). Prince Cinnamon Boots (voiced by Daran Norris) is the Daring Family's pet mule. He was originally given to Riley by her father when she asked for a show horse. PCB has many talents but is often forgotten by his family after Dick says "I keep thinking we're forgetting something." Shelly Klutzberry (voiced by Candi Milo) is Shelton's older sister who has fewer appearances than her brother. She resembles her brother but does never change appearance when her glasses are taken off. In "Late Night with Todd and Riley" she is first mentioned as Shelton's sister and also we learn she loves Dustin Dreamlake. Though never mentioned, she presumably already had her bat mitzvah. Jennifer (voiced by Lauren Tom) and Claudia (voiced by Erica Hubbard or Tempestt Bledsoe) are two blonde-haired twin girls who are usually seen with Sierra McCool. In the episode, "The Insecurity Guard" from the first season, a common gag was for the two girls to be commenting on what they are wearing when Todd falls in a mud puddle next to them, ruining their clothes. Recurring Phil Mygrave (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is Dick's stunt coordinator and brother and Riley and Todd's uncle. He is not very good with measurements, as he doesn't use proper units of measurements, rather just "tweaking the thingy on the whatchimacallit a smidge". He has also been married several times, and has poor advice for maintaining a relationship. He was twice replaced by Riley, first when Riley felt that his setting up of Dick's stunts were unprofessional and dangerous, and nearly ruins Dick's career by making all his stunts too safe, and second when Riley tried to get Dick a better love coach, and almost ended up costing Dick his stunt secrets. His name is a play on the phrase "fill my grave", referring to his shoddy assembly of Dick's stunts, a fact only noticed by C.A.R.T.E.R. Agent B (voiced by Carolyn Seymour) is Agent K's mother and Todd and Riley's grandmother. She is the headmistress of the Royal Academy of Spies. She seems to not get along with K before the episode "London Calling", but in the episode they reconcile and B becomes a loving grandmother to Riley and Todd. Agent G (voiced by Michael York) is Agent K's father and Todd and Riley's grandfather. He is the chief inventor of the Royal Academy of Spies, and gave cool presents to Todd and Riley in the episode "London Calling". He scared Dick when he saw the five clones of Agent G, claiming that no one would like 5 fathers-in-law. Gordo Glideright (voiced by Bruce Campbell) is Dick's stunt rival. He is always trying to steal Dick's stunt secrets. He once had Phil Mygrave as his stunt coordinator, and injured himself. He also tried to steal Dick's stunt secrets during his time as Dick's love coach. Dustin Dreamlake (voiced by Jason Marsden) is a parody of pop star Justin Timberlake. Riley's idol. He danced at Riley's 13th birthday party/Also on the holiday special. Ace Palmero (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – Local news reporter of Pleasant Hills, he always refers to himself as "I, Ace Palmero". A recurring gag involves only his profile being shown on TV with the camera changing whenever he turns to face it. Dr. Hans Herkmer (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a scientist who works for the space program. He worked with Dick Daring in becoming a Space pilot in "Space Family Daring". He also was his replacement stunt coordinator in "Jumping Mad", and almost ruined his career as a stuntman by making all of Dick's stunts too safe, and replacing him with a monkey. Amanda McMurphy (voiced by Candi Milo) is a hard-hitting investigator reporter who helped Riley with the school newspaper. She also got the story on how Todd's rat was able to reverse the aging process. She eventually found out about Riley and Todd's Fleemco phones and asked them to replace her because she was tired of working for the George Stapler Middle School. Fabian Le'Tool (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is a professional male hairstylist who gives Riley a full makeover for a dance. He also prepares Todd's hair for a press conference about Todd's reversing the aging process. There is usually a running gag that reveals the fact he wears a wig (even by himself). Davey Hunkerhoff (voiced by Zac Efron) is a super hot lifeguard (and a younger spoofed version of David Hasselhoff) that Riley used to make Johnny Hitswell jealous in the episode "Davey Hunkerhoff" when he refused to notice her. However, he actually had feelings for Riley, which inevitably led to complications between the two. Skye Blossoms (voiced by Tara Strong) is a prevalent replacement. A hippie who refuses to judge people and believes the answers to all of your questions are "what you feel the answer is." Mr. Vanderbosh (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is Riley's stern teacher who sent Riley to double detention after she accidentally ripped his pants, and later gave her a quadruple detention. He also sent Riley and Tasumi to the guidance office in "Best friends For-Never". He's usually mean at times. The Kelpmans (voiced by Chip Chinery and Mary Elizabeth McGlynn) are next-door neighbors to the Darings. They were once replaced on Halloween by the Zupecks. It turned out that they worked on developing ice creams which made them too busy to prepare any Halloween decorations. Lady Lady (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a professional wrestler who settled Tasumi and Riley's feud for Todd in "Best Friends For-Never?" She is married to the Canadian knucklehead in "Serf's Up" before being interrupted by a mean guest "Abraslam Lincoln" for unknown reasons. Also appeared as one of Dr. Scorpius' minions in "Irreplaceable". Wrestler Announcer (voiced by Jim Cummings) announces the wrestling matches since Riley and Tasumi's end-of-friendship argument in "Best friends For-Never". He announced Lady Lady's Marriage to Canadian Knucklehead in "Serf's Up". Celebrity Starr (voiced by Miley Cyrus in the first appearance and Jessica DiCicco in the second appearance) – This celebrity was first found replacing Shelton's imaginary girlfriend, Zelda because Shelton had defended Riley when Sierra put a love note in Riley's locker saying it was from Shelton. Riley felt poor and had Zelda replaced with Celebrity who liked nearsighted nerds. She became so annoying that Shelton broke up with her. Even with that she vowed to never let him go causing him to lose his glasses making him a "complete hottie", which wasn't her mood and she broke up with him. In contrary to all that there was gossip going around that Shelton broke up with her, which he did. She returned to get revenge on the young nerd by making a movie to dehumanize him. She ended up casting Todd in hopes to pursue him. In the end, Todd turned her plan around and protected his friend. She instead made a movie to make fun of Todd. Also appeared as one of Scorpius' minions in "Irreplaceable". Zephremiah and Silent Joe (both voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) are a pair of twins that are friends of Todd's. They were both in Todd's boy choir. Zephremiah apparently likes sports. His twin brother, Silent Joe, is apparently sensitive and rarely talks and communicates by grunting. Joe only talks in "Boyzroq!" when he and his brother are arguing about which one is the sensitive one. Splatter Train is a fictional character in a recurring horror movie throughout the show. One of these times is when Todd has a sleepover and shows a scary movie with this character in it, (I think I can, I think I can, splatter you!), and another is in Riley's flashback where she was on a date with Johnny Hitswell at the movies. Tiny Evil (voiced by Jason Marsden) – Enemy of Agent K. He is first mentioned in "Riley's Birthday" when Agent K convinced Dustin Dreamlake to sing at her party by telling him that she needed his help capturing "the cleverly disguised spy known as Tiny Evil". Is never actually seen until a much later episode, ("Canadian Fakin'"), where he pretended to be a boy from Canada in order to infiltrate Agent K's secret room of weapons and use them against her, on Dr. Scorpius' orders. Doctor Skorpius (voiced by Dave Wittenberg) – Archenemy of Agent K and the main antagonist of the series. "Doctor" is not his title, but his first name, as shown on the address label of his "Window Washer Weekly" magazine in "The Spy Who Wasn't Riley" (Mr. Doctor Skorpius, 1 Secret Mountaintop Way). He has a scorpion tail-shaped beard and is usually seen trying to take over the world in some way. He is also known for speaking with a lisp. In "The Spy Who Wasn't Riley,", he tried to destroy Antarctica with a giant laser cannon. In another episode, he was seen relaxing on a beach that Todd and Riley happened to be on at the time. In "The Rizzle", Todd finds out that he needs glasses, but Agent K thinks he has been infected with "Dr. Scorpius' Genetically Crafted Island Eye-Fog". Goober (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker and T-Bone (voiced by Jess Harnell) are radio DJs whom Todd idolizes. Throughout the show, they will make random appearances where they host radio contests, etc. Usually these contests will involve the Party Peacock in some way. They were replaced by Buzz Winters in the episode "Phone-less In Pleasant Hills" when he found Riley's Fleemco phone. Buck Spikes (voiced by John DiMaggio) is a tough baseball coach who replaced Todd and Riley's old coach, Pops. Buck keeps pushing kids to the limit, and when they strike out, he cruelly throws them into a cage. Buck does not appear until the series finale, "Irreplaceable," as one of Dr. Scorpius' minions. 'Puter Dude 13 (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a "cool and mysterious recluse" (he's really a nerd) who runs the online interactive game, Fleemster. He was only seen in one episode where he met Todd and Riley after Todd got too obsessed with Fleemster. Heather Hartley is the "Her Girl" for Teen Swoon Magazine. She has an outrageous hairstyle and usually carries around her pet turtle on a leash. According to Tasumi, "she was on the cover because she was famous, but she was famous for being on the cover". Anyway, she was replaced by Riley after she finally got sick of everyone at her school emulating her, only to become the new Her Girl herself. Petrov (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is another enemy of Agent K. Has appeared in a few episodes where he is usually opposed by Agent K and promptly apprehended by her. Dr. Clonemaster is yet another Agent K rival. He was seen only in the episode, "The Means Justify the Trend", in a flashback of Agent K. The cause of this flashback was Riley attempting to confide in her mother about everyone in her school dressing just like Heather Hartley, (see above). After Riley told her about this, she fears that the evil Dr. Clonemaster is up to his same tricks again, and promptly leaves to fight him. Dingo McGee (voiced by Jeff Bennett and Carlos Alazraqui) is the replacement sent by Fleemco when Todd got sick of an archaeologist treating them like babies on a field trip in the episode "Field Trippin'". He's an adventurous, usually reckless, explorer who plays the didgeridoo. He also returned in a later episode where he hosted the popular TV show, Volcano Island, in which the families of Buzz Winters, Shelton Klutzberry, and Todd and Riley Daring all competed. He descends from Australia. Robo Fleem SGX (voiced by Diedrich Bader) is a giant security robot that replaced the incompetent security guard at Todd's school in "The Insecurity Guard". However, the robot later went crazy and tried to destroy Riley when she tried to return it to Fleemco. This robot is the reason where George Washington Middle School became George Stapler Middle School, because it threatened to kill a teacher if she didn't say Todd was right the George Stapler was the first president of the United States. Its head also makes cameo appearances in the School in the episodes "Ratted Out" and "She Works Hard for the Movies". Another one was manufactured by Dr. Scorpius in "Irreplaceable" to destroy Todd's friends. Mrs. Shusher (voiced by Tara Strong) is the shush-happy librarian at George Stapler Middle School. Todd got sick of her forcing everyone to be quiet, and later replaced her with a librarian who was the complete opposite of her. She returned later in the episode when her replacement was returned by Todd and Riley. Gammazor, Mecha-Gammazor, and Grammazor – All rumored enemies of Tasumi. There are pictures of them on her "list" whenever she brings it out and threatens to put Riley on it. They both possibly descend Godzilla, Mecha-Godzilla, and as a running gag, Grammazor which only appeared in the episode "Tasumi Unmasked". Garth (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is the school janitor that is constantly being replaced by Todd and (more often) Riley when they need a quick replacement. Garth is not very enthusiastic about his job and is fully lazy. He is also not very intelligent but seems to know that whenever he inconveniences the Darings, he gets to go somewhere nice (usually). He is also the leader of the school Smite Club and was also one of Doctor Scorpius's minions in "Irreplaceable." Mrs. Fragile (voiced by Kath Soucie) is a replacement who is very fragile. She becomes very upset when Buzz pronounces her name "fragile" instead of "Frah-heel-leh." She also becomes upset when she thinks Riley and Tasumi are acting dumb to take advantage of the substitute teacher. Locations Pleasant Hills is a typical US town where the show is set. The Fun O' Sphere is a very cool and popular hangout for kids like Todd and Jacobo. It features an arcade and an international food court. Todd had his German teacher replaced in order to be allowed to go there in the episode "German Squirmin'". In another episode, Buzz bet Todd 100 Fun O' Sphere prize tickets if Todd's dad could beat his dad in the Pleasant Hills Septathalon. Todd then has a vision of him buying a giant T-Rex with his prize tickets. Volcano Island is a very popular reality show where the biggest celebrities, (including Heather Hartley, Ace Palmero, Dustin Dreamlake, and Celebrity Starr) all battle for survival. In a later episode, the Winters, Klutzberry, and Daring families all competed on Volcano Island in a special family edition of the show. Camp Notalottadoe is a camp with a pretty self-explanatory name that Todd and Riley go to in Season Two of the show. Riley is made a camp counselor and given power over Todd, Shelton, and Buzz, but exploits this power and goes out for a night with other camp counselors, an action that leads to the aforementioned kids getting lost in the woods. Obrich Gardens is the local zoo in Pleasant Hills which is looked down upon by Riley as it is full of animals shoved into extremely narrowed cages. She later replaces Hiram Smeck, a worker at this zoo (who was very underpaid), which only leads to more trouble as a result. She releases all the animals, and the remainder of the episode was spent getting them back. At the end of the episode, they went to the man in charge of the zoo, Mr. Rottswillow, who, after some coaxing, agreed to let the animals roam free on his golf course instead. The Royal Spy Academy is a school located in England where people learn how to be spies. This school was attended by Agent K, and is run by her mother, Agent B. Todd and Riley secretly enrolled in this school when Agent K's father took C.A.R. back to London with him in the episode "London Calling". They later took part in a high-speed chase to get the Spyclopedia back from Clive, C.A.R.'s evil replacement, when it was taken from the Royal Spy Academy. Fleemco is a company founded in 1989 by Colonel Cadmus K. Fleem, which is run today by Conrad Fleem. Fleemco is known for its many consumer products, such as FleemSol, Fleemer steamer, OxiFleem detergent, Fleem Brite toothpaste, Fleem Dream mattresses, FleemPod MP3 player, FleemDows computers, Fleem Star Line, which operates the steamship Fleemtanic, and Fleemsoft fabric softener. It is also known for its many online websites, including Fleemster, Fleemsody, FleemBay, and Fleembly But by far the most distinguishing characteristic of Fleemco is its ability to replace any given person at any given time, depending on the preference of its customers, of course. However, a customer must have a FleemTel cellphone in order to access this Fleemco service. George Stapler Middle School is the school that both Todd and Riley attend. It used to be called George Washington Middle School, however the name was changed in the episode "The Insecurity Guard" when Todd's Robo Fleem SGX intimidated his teacher into stating that George Stapler was in fact the first president of the United States' real name instead of George Washington. Le Petit Fromage is a French restaurant where Riley went with Johnny Hitswell on a date. Todd's parents later forced him to replace the American waiters there with real waiters from France in an attempt to make Riley's date absolutely perfect. However, this didn't turn out so well, as the French waiters never showed up, and Todd and his parents therefore had to disguise themselves as the waiters instead. The restaurant's name means "small cheese" in French. Carlos & Ed's Tacos is a fast food restaurant that is first seen in "The Rizzle" when Todd imagines himself as having glasses. In his imagination, the sun reflects off his glasses and melts different letters off this sign so that it reads "Closed". It is again seen in "A Buzzwork Orange" in the flashback where Jacobo and Buzz meet. Uncle Scorpion's Taco Shack is a restaurant in Spain. Agent K travels here as she believes that this is a cleverly disguised hideout of Dr. Scorpius. Pleasant Pop Popcorn is another restaurant in Pleasant Hills that Todd destroyed with the heat vision coming from his gigantic glasses (only in his imagination, of course). Broadcast The series ran originally from July 28, 2006, to March 30, 2009, on Disney Channel in the United States. Although the series originally aired episodes on Saturdays at 8:00pm EST, it was moved to Mondays at 5:00pm EST. The show was taken completely off the air on August 27, 2011, after being aired for the last time on ABC Kids prior to its cancellation. The Replacements was shown on Disney Channel UK and Ireland, Family Channel in Canada, Disney Channel Spain, Disney Channel (Latin America), and Disney Channel Mexico. Availability The entire series of The Replacements is available on iTunes. Disney+ only has season 1 available; season 2 is absent from the service for unknown reasons and has yet to be added. References External links 2000s American animated television series 2006 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings ABC Kids (TV programming block) American children's animated comedy television series Animated television series about orphans Animated television series about siblings Animated television series about children Anime-influenced Western animated television series Disney Channel original programming English-language television shows Television series by Disney Television Animation Television series by Rough Draft Studios Television shows set in Washington (state)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Replacements%20%28TV%20series%29
Laugh to Laugh: ! is a Philippine television gag show broadcast by QTV. Hosted by Ryan Yllana, Boy 2 Quizon, Jaja Gonzales, Boom Boom Gonzales and Julia Clarete, it premiered on November 11, 2005. The show concluded on April 28, 2006. 2005 Philippine television series debuts 2006 Philippine television series endings Filipino-language television shows Philippine comedy television series Q (TV network) original programming	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh%20to%20Laugh%3A%20Ang%20Kulit%21
The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) from the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the forehead and the upper eyelid. Structure Origin The supratrochlear nerve is the smaller of the two terminal branches of the frontal nerve (the other being the supraorbital nerve). It arises midway between the base and apex of the orbit where the frontal nerve splits into said terminal branches. Course The supratrochlear nerve passes medially above the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle. It then travels anteriorly above the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It exits the orbit through the supraorbital notch or foramen. It then ascends onto the forehead beneath the corrugator supercilii muscle and frontalis muscle. It finally divides into sensory branches. The supratrochlear nerve travels with the supratrochlear artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery. Branches Before exiting the orbit, the supratrochlear nerve emits a descending branch to the infratrochlear nerve. Function The supratrochlear nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin and conjunctiva of the upper eyelid, and the skin of the inferomedial forehead. It may also provide sensory innervation to part of the periosteum of the frontal bone. Clinical significance The supratrochlear nerve may be anaesthetised for surgery of parts of the scalp. This can be used for small lesions of the scalp. It can also be used for more extensive injury to the scalp. It is often anaesthetised alongside the supraorbital artery. Etymology The supratrochlear nerve is named for its passage above the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle. Additional images References External links () () http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_47/47-2.HTM Ophthalmic nerve	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratrochlear%20nerve
Kootenay Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It encompasses five widely dispersed parks around Kootenay Lake: Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Davis Creek site), Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Lost Ledge sites), Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Midge Creek site), Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Campbell Bay site), and Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Coffee Creek site). All of the parks are located in south central British Columbia. Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Davis Creek and Lost Ledge sites) 43 hectares. Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Midge Creek site) 223 hectares. Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Campbell Bay site) 25 hectares. Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Coffee Creek site) 52 hectares. References External links Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Davis Creek and Lost Ledge sites) Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Midge Creek site) Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Campbell Bay site) Kootenay Lake Provincial Park (Coffee Creek site) Provincial parks of British Columbia Regional District of Central Kootenay Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenay%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
The greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) is one of four species of extremely venomous blue-ringed octopuses belonging to the family Octopodidae. This particular species of blue-ringed octopus is known as one of the most toxic marine animals in the world. Physical characteristics The greater blue-ringed octopus, despite its vernacular name, is a small octopus whose size does not exceed 10 centimeters, arms included, for an average weight of 80 grams. Its common name comes from the relatively large size of its blue rings (7 to 8 millimeters in diameter), which are larger than those of other members of the genus and help to distinguish this type of octopus. The head is slightly flattened dorsoventrally (front to back) and finished in a tip. Its eight arms are relatively short. There are variable ring patterns on the mantle of Hapalochlaena lunulata with varied coloration in correlation to their ambient environment, from yellow ocher to light brown or even white-ish (when inactive). The blue rings, which number around 60, are spread throughout the entirety of its skin. The rings are roughly circular in shape and are based on a darker blotch than the background color of the skin. A black line, with thickness varying to increase contrast and visibility, borders the electric blue circles. The blue rings are an aposematic adornment to clearly show to all potential predators that the octopus is highly venomous. The octopus also has characteristic blue lines running through its eyes. Flashing behavior The octopus usually flashes its iridescent rings as a warning signal, each flash lasting around a third of a second. To test the theory if blue-ringed octopuses could produce their own blue iridescence, scientists bathed the octopus samples in a wide range of chemicals that were known to affect chromatophores and iridophores. It was found that none of the chemicals used affected the octopuses' ability to produce its blue rings. It was also found that after examining the blue rings (specifically the iridophores) were seen to shift to the UV end of the spectrum which is a defining characteristic of multi-layer reflectors. It was also found that the iridophores are nicely tucked into the modified skin folds, kind of like pouches, which could be contracted by the muscles that connect the center of each ring to the rim. When the muscles then relax, the muscles around the perimeter of the ring contract which in turn causes the pouch to open to expose the iridescent flash. The octopus can then expand the brown chromatophores on either side of its ring to enhance the contrast of its iridescence. After all of the testing was complete, it was determined that the muscle contracting mechanisms was key to how the blue-ringed octopus portrayed its iridescent signaling success. Distribution and habitat The greater blue-ringed octopus is a benthic animal that has a solitary way of life and is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific, from Sri Lanka to the Philippines and from Australia to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The animal prefers shallow waters with a mixed seabed (such as rubble, reefs and sandy areas). As is true for all octopuses, it lives in a burrow and only comes out to search for food or a mate. The entrance of the shelter is littered with remains from meals (empty shells and crab shell and legs) and is easily identifiable. Diet The blue-ringed octopus diet typically consists of small crabs and shrimp. They also tend to take advantage of small injured fish if they can catch them. Its known hunting behavior consists of pouncing on its prey, seizing it with its arms, and then pulling it towards its mouth. It uses its horny beak to pierce through the tough crab or shrimp exoskeleton, releasing its venom. The venom paralyzes the muscles required for movement, which effectively kills the prey. Sex identification and mating behavior The initiation of physical contact is completely independent from sex, size, or residency status which left no notable changes of behavior based on sex alone. However, Spermatophores are only released during sexual interaction with females but not with males which indicates that upon copulation, the male can distinguish the difference on whether to inseminate or not. The copulation times between male-female are roughly 160.5 minutes, while the copulation times with the male-male interactions lasted about 30 seconds. Ultimately the studies that were conducted determined that until copulation occurs, prior to insertion of the hectocotylus, the male cannot determine the difference in sex. Reproduction The breeding season varies according to geographical area. The female lays between 60 and 100 eggs, which are kept under the female's arms during the incubation period, which lasts about a month. Newborns have a brief planktonic development passage before settling on the seabed. The mating ritual begins when a male approaches a female and begins to caress her with his modified arm, the hectocotylus. Males then climb on the female's back, at times completely engulfing the female's mantle obstructing her vision. The hectocotylus is inserted under the mantle of the female and spermatophores are released into the female's oviduct. Males die after mating. The female then lays between 50 and 100 eggs and guards them by carrying them under her arm until they hatch about 50 days later into planktonic paralarvae. The female then dies as she refuses to eat while she guards her eggs. The blue-ringed octopus is about the size of a pea when hatched then grows to reach the size of a golf ball as an adult. They mature quickly and begin mating the following autumn. Their average lifespan is about 2 years. Potential danger The greater blue-ringed octopus is capable of inflicting a deadly bite to its predators that can potentially be fatal to humans. Octopuses from genus Hapalochlaena have two kinds of venom glands that impregnate their saliva. One is used to immobilize the hunted crustaceans before eating them. The second, tetrodotoxin, is used for defense and is found in several other sea creatures such as pufferfish. Tetrodotoxin, also known as TTX, is secreted from the posterior salivary glands which is connected to the beak. The greater blue-ringed octopus is known as one of the most venomous marine animals in the entire world. For humans, the minimal lethal dose of tetrodotoxin is estimated to be about 10,000 MU, which is about 2 mg in crystal form. TTX does not decompose during heating or boiling and there is no known antidote or antitoxin for this toxin. It is believed that the TTX serves as a hunting tool for paralyzing prey as well as a defense mechanism to other predators. This toxin is a powerful neurotoxin and a strong paralytic. The bite is painless to humans but effects appear any time between 15 and 30 minutes and up to four hours, though the rate of onset of symptoms varies by individual, and children are more sensitive to the toxins. The first phase of the poisoning is characterized by facial and extremity paresthesia, and the victim feels tingling and/or numbness on the face, tongue, lips, and other body extremities. The victim may also suffer excessive sweating, severe headaches coupled with dizziness, speech problems, hypersalivation, moderate emesis, movement disorders, a feeling of weakness, cyanosis to extremities and lips and petechial hemorrhages on the body. The second phase of poisoning usually occurs after eight hours and includes hypotension and generalized spastic muscle paralysis. Death may occur between 20 minutes and 24 hours after the onset of symptoms, usually resulting from respiratory paralysis. Throughout each of the phases of poisoning, the state of consciousness of the victim is unaffected. Genetics Greater Blue Ringed Octopuses express VGSC (HlNav1) gene mutations that greatly reduce the channels TTX binding affinity which in turn render the octopus TTX resistant. TTX selectively binds and blocks the ion-conducting pore of the voltage-gated sodium channel which are responsible for the ability of an organism to move. The greater blue-ringed octopus naturally produced TTX and bears a phenotype in the genus for the resistance to TTX. It was found that the resistance was caused by a combination of amino acid substitutions in the TTX binding sites for the primary voltage-gated sodium ion channel. References External links Animal Diversity Web Octopodidae Fauna of Western Australia Venomous molluscs Cephalopods described in 1832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20blue-ringed%20octopus
Epoch, in comics, may refer to: Epoch (DC Comics), a DC Comics time-traveling character Epoch (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character, the offspring of Eon Epoch (Top Cow/Heroes and Villains), a comic series about a super-natural tournament featuring main character Jonah Wright See also Epoch (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%20%28comics%29
Jolly Bus was an English bus company operating in Sunderland from 1923 until 1995. History In July 1923, WH Jolly commenced operating a service from South Hylton to Sunderland. Following the closure of the railway it was extended from the outskirts of Sunderland into the city centre. The Jolly Bus ran from Claxheugh Road (map) in South Hylton to Evesham (map) and Sunderland city centre (map). The Jolly Bus trademark features were both the colour, cream with a brown stripe, and the rear seat, made of varnished wooden slats. WH Jolly also ran a small number of coaches. After deregulation, pressure from other services and the announcement of the Tyne & Wear Metro extension to Sunderland and South Hylton caused the company to cease operations on 1 July 1995. After the company closed the buses were sold to other companies. It is believed Duple Dominant bodied Bedford YMT KTY 23X was sold to Emsworth & District before being donated to Asia Bus Response, as a response to the Tsunami Disaster of 26 December 2004. Duple Dominant bodied Bedford YMTs BGR 683W and BGR 684W were sold to Minsterley Motors, the latter operated until at least 2006 as a school bus for Mary Webb School and Science College in Pontesbury. It has since been preserved. References External links Stuart's World Buses gallery Sunderland District Omnibuses Buses Sunderland Antiquartians Society 1923 establishments in England 1995 disestablishments in England Former bus operators in Tyne and Wear	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly%20Bus
The 15th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards, presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, were held on November 30, 2005 and were hosted by Kyra Sedgwick. The nominees were announced on October 25, 2005. Winners and nominees Special awards Celebrate New York Award Mad Hot Ballroom Gotham Tributes Matt Dillon Jim Jarmusch References External links 2005 2005 film awards	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham%20Independent%20Film%20Awards%202005
Charles Sylvester "Chick" Stahl (January 10, 1873 – March 28, 1907) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball who was among the most feared and consistent hitters in his time. Stahl was an active major-league player when he committed suicide during spring training before the 1907 season. Career In his rookie 1897 season with the Boston Americans, he batted .354, and over his first sixty-nine seasons, he averaged over .300. In 1899, he had six hits in a game, and in the 1903 World Series, he hit three triples. By 1904, including his time with the Beaneaters and the Boston Americans, Stahl had been a key part of four pennant winning teams in seven seasons. In , he was named acting manager of the Americans after his friend Jimmy Collins was suspended and decided to focus on his playing, and also due to the club's ownership opting for a change following a poor season by the club. He was officially named player-manager on December 4, 1906. In 1,304 games played, Stahl compiled a .305 batting average (1546-5069) with 858 runs scored, 219 doubles, 118 triples, 36 home runs, 622 RBI, 189 stolen bases, 470 walks, an on-base percentage of .369 and slugging percentage of .416 in 10 major-league seasons. In the 1903 World Series, he hit .303 (10-33), scoring 6 runs and recording 3 RBI, helping the Boston Americans win the first modern World Series. Managerial record Death In March 1907, Stahl died by suicide during spring training in West Baden, Indiana, by drinking four ounces of carbolic acid. The reasoning behind Stahl's suicide has remained a mystery for over a century. He was known as a carefree, fun-loving man and had many love affairs going on throughout the country. He had mentioned suicide days before in Louisville, Kentucky, prompting some teammates to take the carbolic acid from him. His final words to some of teammates were "Boys, I just couldn't help it. It drove me to it." What "it" exactly was remains a mystery. A 1908 newspaper article claims that he was despondent because he had been tasked with discharging his friend Collins from the team. Cy Young reluctantly took over as manager to start the season, but he was replaced six games into the season. Collins was traded to Philadelphia in June 1907. Stahl's widow mysteriously died a year and a half later. Just prior to her death, Julia Stahl was seen walking in a poor area of Boston while lavishly dressed. However, no bystanders seem to have seen the events of the last moments of her life. Chick Stahl was not related to Jake Stahl, despite contemporary baseball sources listing them as brothers. Stahl was mentioned along with teammates Bill Dinneen and Cy Young in the revival of the song "Tessie" (2004) by Dropkick Murphys. See also List of baseball players who died during their careers List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders References External links The Deadball Era 1873 births 1907 suicides 1907 deaths Baseball players from Indiana Major League Baseball center fielders Boston Beaneaters players Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox managers Major League Baseball player-managers Suicides by poison Suicides in Indiana Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Roanoke Magicians players People from Noble County, Indiana	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick%20Stahl
The Happy Bullets is an indie pop band from Dallas, Texas that formed in 2003. The Happy Bullets began when indie songwriters Jason Roberts and Tim Ruble met while working together at an art gallery in a suburb of Dallas. After a home recording demo was released and played on local radio, Roberts quickly recruited his wife, Andrea to learn bass guitar while lending vocal support to several of the band's more pop-oriented songs. Additional members were later added including Josh McKibben, a landlord, of The Sons of Sound, James Porter from The Tah Dahs and Drawn By Jaymz, and Kris Youmans of The Paper Chase. 2004 saw the release of The Happy Bullets first record, Blue Skies and Umbrellas and was quickly followed up in 2005 with The Vice and Virtue Ministry, engineered by Stuart Sikes (Modest Mouse, Cat Power, the Promise Ring) and released on the upstart Dallas indie label Undeniable Records. The latter gained the band critical acclaim on the national college radio circuit and led to shared bills with Mates of State, Architecture in Helsinki, and Of Montreal. In 2006, the Happy Bullets toured throughout the United States performing in Austin, Texas at the SXSW Music Festival, Athens, Georgia at the 2006 Athens Popfest, and at CMJ Music Festival in New York City. Discography Blue Skies and Umbrellas (2004) The Vice and Virtue Ministry (2005) Hydropanic at the Natatorium (2010) External links The Happy Bullets Official Website Indie pop groups from Texas Musical groups from Dallas Musical groups established in 2003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Happy%20Bullets
Route 31 is a north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It runs from Dudley on the Connecticut border to Ashby on the New Hampshire border. Route description Route 31 begins in Dudley at the Connecticut border, where it is known as Dresser Hill Road. Dresser Hill Road begins in Quinebaug, Connecticut, at Route 197 where it is a short (approximately ) local road erroneously signed as Connecticut Route 31 changing to Route 31 at the Massachusetts state line, then proceeding through Dudley and into Charlton, winding over Dresser Hill with several moderately steep grades and some tight corners. In Charlton, it intersects U.S. Route 20 a few miles east of the I-90 and I-84 interchange. This provides its only connection with an interstate highway. In Charlton, it is known as Masonic Home Road and Brookfield Road. It then passes Lambs Pond. Route 31 then enters Spencer, where it parallels the Podunk Pike (Route 49) for several miles. As Charlton Road, it passes the Spencer State Forest. In the center of Spencer, it crosses Route 9. It then turns north towards Paxton; this stretch is scenic and hilly. Several warning signs are seen here for sharp corners warning of a maximum safe speed of . After a couple long, sweeping corners through a forest of pine trees, Route 31 enters Paxton. Paxton Center School comes after a treed-in section. The intersections of Route 31, Route 122, and Route 56 comprise Paxton Center. Route 31 is variously known as West Street and Holden Street in Paxton; it runs east–west in this section. It passes over a hill past Richards Memorial Library, then uses Grove Street for approximately . In Holden, Route 31 passes Asnebumskit Pond and is bridged over Kendall Reservoir. After the intersection with Route 122A it passes Gale Free Public Library and heads north once again. The road heads into an increasingly rural area as the hills get steeper and longer. Route 31 then enters Princeton and begins climbing very steeply; it gains about in approximately . Entering the center of Princeton, it joins Route 62 and turns east to avoid going over Mount Wachusett. The mountain is instead connected by Mountain Road. After separating from Route 62, Route 31 joins Route 140 and becomes Fitchburg Road near Paradise Pond. It passes through a portion of Leominster State Forest in Westminster before an interchange with a freeway segment of Route 2. After this interchange, Route 31 becomes a city street, having shared roadway with Route 2A and a wrong-way concurrency with Route 12. It then passes through downtown Fitchburg. As it leaves Fitchburg it is called Ashby State Road. In Ashby, it connects with Route 119 before reaching the New Hampshire state border, where it becomes New Hampshire Route 31. The stretch of Route 31 from Paxton Center to Holden Center is named the Chief Robert J. Mortell Memorial Highway, after Paxton chief of police Robert Mortell, who was killed in the line of duty on February 1, 1994, in the deeply wooded area bordering Route 31. Major intersections References External links Mass. Rt. 31 endpoint photos 031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20Route%2031
Os Mutantes (, "the mutants") is the debut album by the Brazilian tropicalia band Os Mutantes. It was originally released in 1968 by Polydor and blends traditional Brazilian music styles with American and British psychedelia. The album includes a cover of The Mamas & The Papas' "Once Was a Time I Thought", translated into "Tempo no Tempo", and a cover of "Le premier bonheur du jour", previously recorded by Françoise Hardy. It was reissued in 1999 on Omplatten Records and again in 2006 by Omplatten's (and Polydor's) parent company, Universal Records. The album has received critical acclaim around the world, and was put at #12 on Mojo magazine list of "50 Most Out-There Albums of All Time". It appears at number 9 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of 100 greatest Brazilian albums of all time. It is also listed at 39 on Rolling Stone's "Top 40 Stoner albums". It also appears at number 9 on the Rolling Stones'''s 10 Greatest Latin Rock Albums of All Time. Background Os Mutantes made their public debut as a band in 1966 at a TV Record show, which went on air before the Jovem Guarda show, called O Pequeno Mundo de Ronnie Von. The band was in charge of the soundtrack, mostly playing rock versions of erudite compositions, and also covering hits of The Beatles and other bands. After their debut, the band was invited to be a part of many other shows, including Jovem Guarda itself, but they ended up being rejected because they wouldn't accept the many instruments the band would use on stage. In 1967 they met Gilberto Gil through avant-garde composer Rogério Duprat. With Gil, Mutantes recorded his songs "Bom Dia" and "Domingo No Parque" and debuted the latter at the II Festival de Música Popular Brasileira (Second Festival of Popular Brazilian Music) where the band won second prize. After that Mutantes started to get more involved with Gil's new Tropicália movement and took part in many notable events at the movement's onset. When performing their dig at Brazil's military dictatorship entitled "É Proibido Proibir" (It's Forbidden to Forbid) at the III Festival Internacional da Canção, the audience booed them. They also took part in the show Divino, Maravilhoso, which was the last major Tropicália event. The band contributed the title track to the Tropicália movement's audio-manifesto, the compilation album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis. The band also played on albums by fellow tropicalistas Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, as well as television commercials and jingles for the Shell Corporation. Os Mutantes self-titled debut LP came out in 1968 and led with the Gil/Veloso composition "Panis Et Circenses" with arrangements by Duprat. The song, which had also appeared on the Tropicália compilation, critiqued the bourgeoisie living complacently under Brazil's oppressive military rule. The band covered "Once Was A Time I Thought" (translated and renamed “Tempo No Tempo”) by California pop act The Mamas and the Papas, and rendered a version of “Le Premier Bonheur Du Jour” by French yé-yé singer Françoise Hardy, which singer Rita Lee embellished with the sound of an aerosol can shooting out bursts of FLIT bug spray. Cover versions of Jorge Ben's "A Minha Menina", Gal Costa's "Baby," and the Sivuca/Miriam Makeba international baião-inspired hit "Adeus Maria Fulô" also appeared on the record in new psychedelicized arrangements. Reception In retrospective reviews following the album's re-release more than three decades after its recording, AllMusic called the album "a wildly inventive trip that assimilates orchestral pop, whimsical psychedelia, musique concrète, found-sound environments, [as well as] fuzztone guitars and go-go basslines," concluding that "it's far more experimental than any of the albums produced by the era's first-rate psychedelic bands of Britain or America." Crawdaddy stated that non-Portuguese speakers "might have no idea what the psychedelic popsters are singing about, but the wild inventiveness and playful hooks of their debut speak loudly enough. The record was deeply influenced by the music coming out of the US and the UK at the time, but [...] Os Mutantes were breaking new ground." Author John Bush labeled the album "crazed psychedelic pop" and a "raucous, entertaining mess of a record featuring long passages of environmental sounds, tape music, and tortured guitar lines no self-respecting engineer would've allowed in the mix." Ultimate Classic Rock'' called it one of the top 25 psychedelic rock albums. Track listing Personnel Rogério Duprat: arrangement Os Mutantes Rita Lee - vocals (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), recorder, autoharp, percussion Sérgio Dias - vocals (1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11), guitars Arnaldo Baptista - vocals (1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11), keyboards, bass Special guests Dirceu: drums Jorge Ben: vocals and acoustic guitar (in "A Minha Menina") Dr. César Baptista: vocals (in "Ave, Gengis Khan") Clarisse Leite: piano in "Senhor F" Cláudio Baptista: electronics Gilberto Gil: percussion (in "Bat Macumba") References External links Os Mutantes (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) 1968 debut albums Os Mutantes albums Polydor Records albums Luaka Bop albums Música Popular Brasileira albums Portuguese-language albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%20Mutantes%20%28album%29
The Roman Unrest, or The Noble-Minded Octavia (German: Die römische Unruhe, oder Die edelmütige Octavia), commonly called Octavia, is a singspiel in three acts by Reinhard Keiser to a German libretto by . It premiered on 5 August 1705 at the Oper am Gänsemarkt, Hamburg. The work was written in response to Handel's now-lost Nero, using the same period, material and plot but with Feind substantially improving the libretto. It unites the insidious machinations of the mad emperor Nero, including the assassination plots against his stepsister and wife Octavia, the Pisonian conspiracy and its suppression, with a multicoloured sub-plot of the philosophical instructions of the wise Seneca versus the amusing observations of a clown named Davus. The action is held together by the interweaving of all these plots. It has an abundance of slippery allusions, grotesque elements like a ballet of the dead, which seems to have been taken from a Shakespearean comedy, but above all shows its librettist's opposition to happy endings beloved of his Hamburg audiences. Octavia is notable among Keisers's work for its lavish orchestration; it is the first recorded use of horns in an opera, and one aria calls for five bassoons. Roles References Notes Sources Octavia, score in a supplementary volume of the Handel Werkausgabe, editora Friedrich Chrysander and Max Seiffert, Leipzig 1902 Operas German-language operas 1705 operas Operas by Reinhard Keiser Opera world premieres at the Hamburg State Opera Cultural depictions of Nero Cultural depictions of Claudia Octavia Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia%20%28opera%29
"Just So You Know" was the second and final single released from Jesse McCartney's second album, Right Where You Want Me. The single was written by McCartney, Adam Watts, Andy Dodd and Dory Lobel, and was never released in the U.S., due to lack of support from Jesse's record label, according to an email from his manager. The single and its accompanying video tell the story about a boy who is in love with another guy's girlfriend. In Australia, the video premiered on various music video shows such as Rage and Video Hits, but has failed to enter the charts. An SMS voting-based system on Video Hits determined what version of the music video viewers would prefer to be played: a hug or kiss ending. The 'kiss' video won but was never again played on the show. A simple hug was shown at the ending of the video. The single received light radio play on Perth's Nova 93.7 and Sydney's Nova 96.9. The single was available in digital download form or from his second album Right Where You Want Me and has never been released as a physical single. McCartney recorded a French version of the song called "De Toi À Moi" (literally "From You to Me"). It was released in June as a bonus track on the French version of his third studio album "Departure". It received heavy airplay in Canada on The Family Channel. Track listing Australia & Europe Single Just So You Know (Radio Edit) 3:30 Just So You Know (Album Version) 3:53 Just So You Know (Video) 3:46 Charts References External links "Just So You Know" music video Jesse McCartney Australian website Jesse McCartney songs Pop ballads 2006 singles Songs written by Jesse McCartney Hollywood Records singles Songs written by Adam Watts (musician) 2006 songs Songs written by Andy Dodd	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20So%20You%20Know%20%28Jesse%20McCartney%20song%29
Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area is a 170,890 ha provincial park in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The park preserves the southernmost portion of the Hart Ranges and the northernmost portion of the Continental Ranges. The park also preserves significant marine fossil deposits located in the region. Geography The Kakwa River originates in Kakwa Lake, at the core of the park. It is named for Kakwa, the Cree word for porcupine. The tallest mountains are Mount Sir Alexander (3270 m) and Mount Ida (3189 m). Recreation Fishing in Kakwa Lake is permitted. Snowmobiling is permitted on trails, meadows, and along mountain sides. Kakwa Provincial Park is also the Northern terminus of the Great Divide Trail, running from the US border at Waterton Lakes National Park to a trailhead on the Walker Creek Forest Service Road. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks References British Columbia. Ministry of Employment and Investment (March 1999). Dawson Creek Land & Resource Management Plan, p.44. External links Parks in the Canadian Rockies Northern Interior of British Columbia Provincial parks of British Columbia 1987 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakwa%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area
Kalamalka Lake Provincial Park and Protected Area is a provincial park in Coldstream, British Columbia, Canada. Located within the Okanagan region, the park encompasses a land area of about of pristine natural areas in the North Okanagan Regional District. Kalamalka Lake Provincial Park and Protected Area adopted its current name from Kalamalka Lake, for which it is located on its shore. During the process of entering summer, calcium carbonate forms crystals that reflect sunlight and create the vivid blue and green colours. Temperature changes in the fall and the spring sometimes create ribbons of deep blue colour in the lake, seen from the park. The park is a preserved remnant of the natural grasslands that once stretched from Vernon to Osoyoos. There are several forests and cross-country ski trails available throughout the year, along with two archaeological sites. Mammals include coyote, deer, black bear, Columbian ground squirrel, marmot, mink, bobcat and red fox. References Provincial parks in the Okanagan Provincial parks of British Columbia 1975 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1975 Osoyoos Division Yale Land District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamalka%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area
Kekuli Bay Provincial Park, formerly Kalamalka West Provincial Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west shore of Kalamalka Lake on BC Highway 97 south of Vernon. The lake is popular for waterskiing and boating, and the park includes a boat launch, as well as a campground with a view of the lake. The park was established in 1990. Its size is about . See also Quiggly hole ("kekuli") List of Chinook Jargon placenames References Provincial parks of British Columbia Chinook Jargon place names Provincial parks in the Okanagan Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuli%20Bay%20Provincial%20Park
Kennedy Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on the SW side of Kennedy Lake, SE of Tofino, British Columbia adjacent to the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. The park has day use facilities only. See also Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve References External links Provincial parks of British Columbia Clayoquot Sound region 1995 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
Kennedy River Bog Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the south side of the Kennedy River, downstream from Kennedy Lake. See also Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve References Clayoquot Sound region Bogs of Canada Provincial parks of British Columbia 1995 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20River%20Bog%20Provincial%20Park
Kentucky Alleyne Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia. The park is located 38 kilometres south of Merritt, British Columbia. History The park was established March 5, 1981. The park is nearly surrounded by the 115-year-old Douglas Lake Ranch, Canada's largest cattle ranch. Geography The park is 190 hectares in size. Several kettle lakes, eskers and fluvial outwash deposits are solid evidence of the glacial activity that formed the landscape. Rolling grasslands and dry open forest with some large, mature Douglas fir and Ponderosa pine surround the sparkling turquoise waters of Kentucky Lake and Alleyne Lake. The park features 58 vehicle-accessible campsites and 1 group campsite. Conservation Ecosystem: aspen trees and juniper shrubs Birds: goldeneye, mallards, teal, grebe, hawks and falcons. Wildlife: jack rabbits and ground squirrels Recreation The following recreational activities are available: vehicle accessible camping, motorized boating, canoeing, kayaking, and fishing (the lakes are stocked with rainbow trout). See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of Canadian provincial parks References External links Kentucky Alleyne Provincial Park Kentucky Lake Hiking Trail Provincial parks of British Columbia Nicola Country 1981 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Alleyne%20Provincial%20Park
Keremeos Columns Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Established in 1931, the park covers a total area of . References Provincial parks of British Columbia Provincial parks in the Okanagan Similkameen Country Volcanism of British Columbia 1931 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keremeos%20Columns%20Provincial%20Park
Khutzeeymateen Provincial Park, also known as Khutzeymateen/K'tzim-A-Deen Grizzly Sanctuary, is a Class A provincial park located in the North Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. The park, within the purview of BC Parks, was established on August 15, 1994, to protect critical habitat for the region's grizzly bear population and the largest contiguous stand of old-growth Sitka spruce in the world. It was officially opened by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on August 17, 1994. Geography Khutzeeymateen Provincial Park is located in the northern Kitimat Ranges, at the head of Khutzeymateen Inlet, approximately northeast of Prince Rupert. It borders Ksi X'anmaas Conservancy to the north, Khutzeymateen Inlet Conservancy to the west, and, to the south, Khyex Conservancy, covering the Khyex River watershed. The park protects of upland and of foreshore in the drainage basin of the Khutzeymateen River. It is the first undisturbed estuary of its size to be protected along the north coast of BC. History The area that is now Khutzeymateen Provincial Park had been designated for logging when, in 1982, wildlife biologist and conservationist Wayne McCrory received an anonymous tip about a "unique valley" on the northwest coast. McCrory visited the inlet in October of that year, accompanied by bear researchers Stephen herrero and Ralph Archibald. "Overwhelmed" by what they saw, the team decided to campaign to protect it. A 300 km (185 mi) hunting ban was established around the inlet and the provincial Crown commissioned a study into ways of logging without harming grizzlies. The preserve was created at the urging, and with the assistance, of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the husband and consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. Reserchers worked with Philip, who was also President of the World Wildlife Fund, and the Lax-kw'alaams First Nation to secure its protection. The Prince, with 13 Tsimshian hereditary chiefs, opened the Khutzeeymateen Provincial Park on August 17, 1994, two days after it was established by order-in-council of the Queen's representative, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia David Lam, on the advice of his Premier, Mike Harcourt. The Khutzeymateen Inlet Conservancy was established in 2008 with the aim of enhancing and ensuring the protection of important grizzly bear intertidal and foreshore habitats throughout the inlet, as well as protecting and maintaining biological diversity and natural environments; preserving social, ceremonial, and cultural uses of First Nations (Coast Tsimshian depend on this area); maintaining recreational values; and ensuring that development or use of natural resources occurs in a sustainable manner. The park is the first area in Canada created specifically to protect grizzly bears and their habitat. Though this prevented hundreds of grizzly deaths in British Columbia each year, dozens are still killed as a result of poaching, vehicle collisions, and government-sanctioned animal control. Activities All visitors entering the sanctuary by boat are required to check-in at the K'tzim-a-deen Ranger Station, located in the inlet. Due to the ecological importance of the park, activities are limited to guided tours of the river estuary and a limited amount of controlled wildlife viewing from the inlet; shore access is forbidden. Land use is strictly prohibited. References External links Blue Book of Boats: Cruising Destination - Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary Provincial parks of British Columbia North Coast of British Columbia Wildlife sanctuaries of Canada Grizzly bears 1994 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutzeymateen%20Provincial%20Park
Kianuko Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. History The park was established July 12, 1995. This is an area of Ktunaxa-kinbasket First Nation traditional use and has high spiritual values. Conservation The park aims to protect important habitat for caribou, moose and grizzly bear, and fish. Recreation The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping and hiking, fishing, and hunting. Location Located 40 kilometres north of Creston, British Columbia. Access to the park is usually done by hiking from Lockhart Creek Provincial Park, but vehicle access to the park boundary is possible via old unmaintained forestry roads. Size 11,638 hectares in size. On Vehicle to Park Gate from Highway # 3 in Kitchener, via Goat River Rd and Skelly Creek Road. Only hiking or on Horseback into the Park is accepted. External links Kianuko Provincial Park Provincial parks of British Columbia Regional District of Central Kootenay 1995 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kianuko%20Provincial%20Park
Kickininee Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located just south of the town of Summerland in that province's Okanagan region. Originally established in 1970 with approximately of upland and of foreshore, the park today comprises approximately 48.76 ha. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Provincial parks in the Okanagan 1970 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickininee%20Provincial%20Park
Kikomun Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Kikomun Creek Provincial Park has a campground with five lakes, an abundance of the endangered painted turtles, many mountain bike trails throughout, two beautiful sandy beaches among its attractions. Geography Kikomun Creek is situated in the southern region of the Rocky Mountain Trench, on the eastern shores of a man-made reservoir along the Kootenay River. This 685-hectare park provides recreational access to Lake Koocanusa, whose name is supposedly a combination of Kootenay, Canada and United States. The park encompasses large open grasslands, ponderosa pine forests and many small lakes. The grasslands in the area were used historically as grazing areas for the horses of the Ktunaxa people and the cattle of early settlers. Throughout the park, evidence of glacial activity thousands of years ago is evident in the form of ridges, valleys and water-filled depressions. Kikomun Creek Provincial Park is located 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Fernie and 41 miles (65 km) southeast of Cranbrook in the Canadian Rockies region of British Columbia. Ecology Kikomun Creek Provincial Park is home to one of the British Columbia's largest populations of western painted turtles, which are named for their distinctive red and yellow markings on their undersides. These turtles are often seen sunbathing on logs on Hidden Lake and Surveyors’ Lake. The park's wetlands provide habitat for beaver, muskrat, long-toed salamanders, blue herons and mallards. Other wildlife in the area includes badgers, elk, black bears, coyotes, cougars and deer. For birdwatchers, the park is also home to osprey, owls, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks and American kestrels. As for plant life, the park includes many endangered plant species due to its geographic location. A program has been established to restore many of these native grasslands to the park. For those interested in fishing, Hidden, Surveyors’, Engineers, Muskrat, Skunk and Fisher Lakes contain smallmouth bass, brook and rainbow trout. Koocanusa Lake contains bull, rainbow and westslope cutthroat trout, kokanee, and mountain whitefish. Watercraft are permitted on the lakes, however powerboats are restricted to Koocanusa Lake, which also has the only boat launch. During the summer months, educational interpretive programs are offered and include such events as guided walks, slide shows and children's programs. Amenities The park provides camping, swimming, hiking, mountain biking and fishing, making it one of the most popular outdoor destinations in the East Kootenays. Surveyors’ Lake has sandy beaches, picnic areas and change houses. There are also some easy hiking trails that circle Hidden and Surveyors’ Lakes. Throughout the park, there are many old roads and railway beds that are perfect for mountain biking that lead to some interesting geological features. There are 105 vehicle accessible campsites and two group campsites. The campsites vary in size and can accommodate everything from a large RV to a single tent. Park is open May 1 to September 30; campground gate is closed but gate for boat launch access is open during off-season. This campground is also wheelchair accessible. There are two yurts available approximately 2 km from the campground and can be reserved by phone only through Discover Camping. Nearby Towns Jaffray Elko Fernie Crowsnest Pass See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks References External links Provincial parks of British Columbia Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay 1972 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikomun%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park
Kilby Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Kilby Park is located in Harrison Mills, on the Harrison River overlooking Harrison Bay in the Upper Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia. It comprises with 30 campsites and a boat launch. The park offers a sandy summer beach and fall/winter viewing of bald eagles and migrating trumpeter swans from Alaska. Kilby Historic Site Kilby Historic Site is a living history site bringing early life in the Fraser Valley to light. The heritage farm includes the 1906 General Store Museum and Manchester House Hotel & Post Office, as well as costumed interpreters, friendly farm animals and an orchard playground. The focal point is the General store, once a temperance hotel built on pilings and linked to the railway station by a ramp to its second storey. Thomas and Eliza Kilby converted it to a general store in 1906. Their son, Acton, took over the reins in 1922 and inherited the store when Thomas died in 1928. He and his wife Jessie would continue to operate and manage the store until 1977. In 1926, automobiles began to appear at Harrison Mills, and the Kilbys installed gravity-fed gas pumps that served travellers till 1977. In 1973, Acton received a plaque from Imperial Oil, rewarding him for fifty years of service. Situated on a flood plain, the General Store and other buildings were elevated and connected with boardwalks. Today, visitors can see a fascinating gallery of store products and enjoy firsthand involvement with the intriguing artefacts of the farm and its current livestock. References BC Parks Fraser Valley Guide Provincial parks of British Columbia Lower Mainland Kilby Museum Heritage sites in British Columbia History museums in British Columbia Kent, British Columbia 1973 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1973 Farm museums in Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilby%20Provincial%20Park
Kinaskan Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the south end of Kinaskan Lake along the Stewart-Cassiar Highway near Mowdade Lake and southeast of Mount Edziza. At the south end of the park, the Iskut River, of which the lake is an expansion, spills over 12.2-metre Cascade Falls. The park is approximately 800 ha. in size. See also List of British Columbia provincial parks List of lakes in British Columbia References Stikine Country Provincial parks of British Columbia Stikine Plateau 1987 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinaskan%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
The Jurakudai or Jurakutei () was a palace constructed at the order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Kyoto, Japan. History Construction began in 1586, when Hideyoshi had taken the post of , and required nineteen months to complete. Its total area was almost equal to the Imperial Palace Enclosure. It was decorated exceptionally lavishly, but had thick walls and a moat more reminiscent of fortresses such as that at Osaka. It was located in present-day Kamigyō, on the site where the Imperial palace had stood in the Heian period. In late 1587, following the Jurakudai's completion, Hideyoshi moved there from his castle at Osaka, just after his victory over the Shimazu family in Kyūshū. He made it the base for his administration and invited Go-Yōzei, the reigning emperor, to stay there in the first month of 1588. Maeda Geni, one of his Five Commissioners, studied previous receptions of emperors and the requisite protocols. The emperor was escorted by many Court nobles, mounted samurai (including Hideyoshi's foremost generals), and "innumerable men at arms". Hideyoshi rode immediately afterwards, the highest ranking Court official in his capacity as Kampaku. Within the Jurakudai itself, the great awaited the emperor, most importantly Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu. The emperor stayed in the palace for five days, and the gathered there were asked to sign an oath to the following principles: "We who are assembled here weep tears of gratitude for the presence of His Majesty." "If any evil persons should attempt to confiscate Crown estates or the property of Court nobles, we will take action against them, and we bind ourselves and our descendants to carry out this undertaking." "We swear that we will obey the commands of the Regent down to the smallest particular." Kusunoki Masatora is the source for these events, having recorded them in his diary. In 1589, the most important Court nobles and were again invited to the Jurakudai. Here Hideyoshi displayed a vast amount – approximately – of gold and silver heaped on plates; it was then distributed among those gathered. When Hideyoshi resigned from the post of Kanpaku in 1591, his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu assumed the position; he took up residence at Jurakudai with Hideyoshi's other nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu. Hidetsugu hosted a second visit for Go-Yōzei. However, Hideyoshi began to construct his new castle in 1594 and when Hidetsugu was forced to commit seppuku in 1595, the Jurakudai was dismantled, with many parts being moved to Fushimi and reassembled. Some buildings of the Jurakudai survive, among them the Hiun-kaku at Nishi Hongan-ji, the Karamon at Daitoku-ji, and the front gate at Myōkaku-ji (all in Kyoto). Recent excavations have yielded some tiles bearing gold leaf. See also Golden Tea Room References External links Houses completed in 1587 Buildings and structures in Kyoto Former palaces in Japan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurakudai
Kin Beach Provincial Park is a Class C provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located just northwest of Kye Bay, to the north of Comox, British Columbia. As a Class "C" park, it is managed locally by a park board. References Mid Vancouver Island Provincial parks of British Columbia 1966 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park
King George VI Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was established by Order in Council on May 3, 1937, named in commemoration of the coronation of George VI. in area, the park was originally established to provide a rest area and campground for travellers on BC Hwy 22 entering Canada from the United States, the site's facilities were repeatedly vandalized until they were finally removed by BC Parks and the site left to revert to its natural state. There are no facilities in this park, nor any trails. The park's stands of old-growth Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) shelter it from neighbouring mixed-use areas and serve as habitat for cavity nesting birds, such as barred owls, pileated woodpeckers and red-naped sapsuckers. See also Monarchy in British Columbia Royal eponyms in Canada References BCGNIS listing "King George VI Park" BC Parks website Provincial parks of British Columbia West Kootenay 1937 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20George%20VI%20Provincial%20Park
Kingfisher Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located 15 km southeast of Sicamous and west of Mabel Lake in the Monashee Mountains. The park is 440 hectares and was created to enhance the viability of the Kingfisher Creek Ecological Preserve. References BC Parks infopage Monashee Mountains Provincial parks of British Columbia Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park
Kiskatinaw Provincial Park is a provincial park located in Peace River Regional District in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on May 1, 1962 to protect a prominent horseshoe-shaped incised meander in the Kiskatinaw River where a historic curved bridge crosses the river along the original alignment of the Alaska Highway. History In 1942, following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the governments of Canada and the United States initiated the construction of the Alaska Highway to link the U.S. territory of Alaska with the rest of the North American road network. The initial alignment of the highway called for the construction of a curved, banked, wooden trestle bridge across a horseshoe-shaped incised meander of the Kiskatinaw River. Construction of the bridge took only nine months to complete. It has a length of and a nine-degree curve. On May 1, 1962, the site of the bridge and the incised meander were protected within Kiskatinaw Provincial Park. In 1978, the British Columbia Ministry of Highways and Public Works constructed a new bridge 3 kilometres (1.86 mi) west of the original bridge and realigned the Alaska Highway there. The bridge is accessible to vehicles and remains the only surviving curved, banked trestle bridge in Western Canada. Ecology The park is forested with balsam poplar, white spruce and trembling aspen. Moose and deer may be viewed around the campsite. Squirrels, chipmunks and various songbirds are more common visitors. Recreation The following recreational activities are available: vehicle accessible camping and swimming. The primary purpose of the park is to provide weekend recreational opportunities for local residents. The secondary purpose of the park is the provide a stopover point for tourists travelling the Alaska Highway. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of Canadian provincial parks References External links Peace River Regional District Provincial parks of British Columbia 1962 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskatinaw%20Provincial%20Park
Kitimat River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on May 17, 2004, and is 57 ha. in size. References North Coast of British Columbia Kitimat Ranges Provincial parks of British Columbia Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitimat%20River%20Provincial%20Park
Kitson Island Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park protecting all of Kitson Island and Kitson Islet. The park is located within the asserted traditional territory of the Tsimshian and Metlakatla First Nation, at the mouth of the Skeena River in British Columbia, Canada. This park is one of a number of marine parks along the Inside Passage, protecting significant wildlife species and their habitats and the portion of Flora Bank within the park. It also features one of only a few easily accessible sandy beaches in the North Coast area. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Islands of British Columbia North Coast Regional District North Coast of British Columbia Marine parks of Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitson%20Island%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park
Kitsumkalum Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located between the Kitsumkalum River and the Zymagotitz River. References Skeena Country Provincial parks of British Columbia Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsumkalum%20Provincial%20Park
Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (, also known as Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits) is a book, by Søren Kierkegaard, published on March 13, 1847. The book is divided into three parts just as Either/Or was in 1843 and many of his other discourses were. Kierkegaard had been working toward creating a place for the concepts of guilt and sin in the conscience of the single individual. He discussed the ideas generated by both Johann von Goethe and Friedrich Hegel concerning reason and nature. This book is his response to the ideas that nature and reason are perfect. The first part of the book is a challenge to those who say they are not guilty of anything. Kierkegaard plays the questioner and asks tough questions throughout the text, such as, "What is patience? Is not patience the courage that freely takes upon itself the suffering that cannot be avoided?" "Are you now living in such a way that you are aware of being a single individual and thereby aware of your eternal responsibility before God." "Is not evil, just like evil people, at odds with itself, divided in itself?" "What is it to be more ashamed before others than before oneself but to be more ashamed of seeming than being?" "Should not he who planted the ear hear? But is not the opposite conclusion just as beautiful and convincing: Should not he whose life is sacrificing love believe that God is love?" "What means do you use to perform your work; is the means just as important to you as the end, just exactly as important?" The second part has to do with the idea that nature is perfect. He goes back to Job as he did in his Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843. He says, "The silent friends did not compare Job with themselves—this did not happen until their respect (in which they silently held him) ceased and they broke the silence in order to attack the sufferer with speeches, but their presence prompted Job to compare himself with himself. No individual can be present, even though in silence, in such a way that his presence means nothing at all by way of comparison. At best, this can be done by a child, who indeed has a certain likeness to the lilies of the field and the birds of the air." "God isolated the human being, made every human being this separate and distinct individual, which is implied in the unconditional character of those first thoughts. The individual animal is not isolated, is not unconditionally separate entity; the individual animal is a number and belongs under what that most famous pagan thinker has called the animal category: the crowd. The human being who in despair turns away from those first thoughts in order to plunge into the crowd of comparisons makes himself a number, regards himself as a beast, no matter whether he by way of comparison is distinguished or lowly. But with the lilies the worried one is isolated, far away from all human or, perhaps more correctly, inhuman comparisons between individuals." The third part deals with the concept of the abstract and the concrete examples. Kierkegaard wrote of individuals known only as A and B in his first book, Either/Or. He then made them less abstract by making A into the Young Man in Repetition (1843) and B into his guide, the psychiatrist Constantin Constantius. The same day that he published Repetition he published Fear and Trembling which showed Abraham as an individual who was alone with God as he considered whether to follow his commands. He continued writing until he came to the concrete human being named Christ and wrote about the joy there is in following Christ. He's not against the ethics of Hegel or the aesthetics of Goethe but thinks that following Christ is the one thing needful. And that double-mindedness is the beginning of the sickness of the spirit for the single individual. Structure The book begins with a dedication just as some of his Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses did, however, this book is not dedicated to his father, but to “That Single Individual”. He published these discourses and later wrote a longer dedication called The Crowd is Untruth where he wrote: This, which is now considerably revised and enlarged, was written and intended to accompany the dedication to "that single individual," which is found in "Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits." Copenhagen, Spring 1847. Walter Lowrie translated The Point of View of My Work as an Author by Kierkegaard in 1939, 1962 and included My Activity as a Writer by Soren Kierkegaard (1851) in the book. Here Kierkegaard wrote, "I attached myself again religiously to "that individual", to whom the next essential work (after the Concluding Postscript) was dedicated. I refer to Edifying Discourses in Divers Spirits, or rather the first part of that book which is an exhortation to confession. Perhaps nobody noticed it the first time I employed the category "that individual", and nobody paid much attention to the fact that it was repeated in stereotyped form in the preface of every number of the Edifying Discourses. Religiously speaking, there is no such thing as a public, but only individuals; for religion is seriousness and seriousness is the individual." This book has a preface and Kierkegaard has said to pay attention to the prefaces in his book of the same name. The book also has a dedication. Here is the first half of his preface. Kierkegaard thinks an individual must bring the occasion (the need) along with them to become the learner. On the Occasion of a Confession On the Occasion of a Confession was a postscript to the first section of Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (On the Occasion of a Confessional Service). This section has also been titled Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing. Kierkegaard asks how an individual can find out if they are on the "right" path in life. Confession and repentance before God is his answer with a warning about double-mindedness. If a single individual were to ask themself all the questions asked in this section and try to discover all the evasions used to keep from acting single-mindedly, that person would discover that it is very difficult to say I am innocent. In Works of Love (1847) he asks his reader to "Imagine an enthusiast who enthusiastically wills only one thing and enthusiastically wants to sacrifice everything for the good." Here he is writing about the inwardness of prayer. He says, He asks, "What does the conscience want to emphasize by means of the awareness that you are a single individual?" (Hong p. 132) He answers this way: To will, in the decision, to be and to remain with the good is truth's brief expression for willing to do everything, and in this expression the equality is maintained that recognizes no distinction with regard to that more essential diversity of life or of the human condition: to be acting or to be suffering, since the one who is suffering can, in the decision, also be with the good. …. With respect to the highest, with respect to willing to do everything, it makes no difference at all, God be praised, how big or how little the task. Oh, how merciful the eternal is to us human beings! Soren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 79–80 Later, in Works of Love, Kierkegaard sums up the essence of what it means to have a pure heart using a metaphors from Archimedes and the New Testament. What we Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds in the Air The first discourse (To Be Contented with Being a Human Being) deals with comparison and choice and how to trust God with the choice once made. He may have been echoing Goethe's Propylaen in which Goethe had written "The youth, when Nature and Art attract him, thinks that with a vigorous effort he can soon penetrate into the innermost sanctuary; the man, after long wanderings, finds himself still in the outer court. Such an observation has suggested our title. It is only on the step, in the gateway, the entrance, the vestibule, the space between the outside and the inner chamber, between the sacred and the common, that we may ordinarily tarry with our friends." Kierkegaard writes about nature differently than Goethe but similarly because both see Nature as teachers of humankind and Kierkegaard wrote very much about "the inner being," the soul. Kierkegaard wrote a great story about a lily and a naughty bird. It begins like this: The second discourse deals with diverting oneself from worries by "learning from the bird how glorious it is to be a human being." David F. Swenson translated several of Kierkegaard's discourses which were published in 1958 through the efforts of Paul L Holmer. Kierkegaard wrote of The Glory of Our Common Humanity. This was the second of three discourses that were all based on the text from Matthew 6 verses 24 to the end. It was titled How Glorious It Is to Be a Human Being by Howard V Hong when he translated Kierkegaard's book in 1993. The structure of the three discourses about the lilies and the birds is as follows: the first is esthetic, the second ethical, the third religious. Journal and Papers of Soren Kierkegaard VIII A 1 1847 Kierkegaard writes about the gift given to human beings that nature doesn't have, conscience. With the use of conscience we can know about time and the future. Something nature cannot know. He sums the human ability to love and the distinctiveness of nature up in Works of Love, which he published four months later. The third discourse was titled What Blessed Happiness is Promised in Being a Human Being by Howard V Hong. Kierkegaard is constantly stressing the importance there is in being a human being instead of a beast in the field because you have been given the gift of choice. "A choice. My listener, do you know how to express in a single word anything more glorious! If you talked year in and year out, could you mention anything more glorious than a choice, to have choice! It is certainly true that the sole blessing is to choose rightly, but certainly choice itself is the glorious condition." Kierkegaard began writing about this choice in his first book Either/Or where he wrote first as the aesthetic and then as the ethicist. Hegel thinks that history and philosophy should come afterwards and explain events. Kierkegaard thinks its better to come beforehand.Only one word more concerning the desire to teach the world what it ought to be. For such a purpose philosophy at least always comes too late. Philosophy, as the thought of the world, does not appear until reality has completed its formative process, and made itself ready. History thus corroborates the teaching of the conception that only in the maturity of reality does the ideal appear as counterpart to the real, apprehends the real world in its substance, and shapes it into an intellectual kingdom. When philosophy paints its grey in grey, one form of life has become old, and by means of grey it cannot be rejuvenated, but only known. The owl of Minerva takes its flight only when the shades of night are gathering. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) Philosophy of Right translated by SW Dyde Queen's University Canada 1896 edition Preface xxxHang yourself, you will regret it; do not hang yourself, and you will also regret that; hang yourself or do not hang yourself, you will regret both; whether you hang yourself or do not hang yourself, you will regret both. This, gentlemen, is the sum and substance of all philosophy. It is only at certain moments that I view everything acterno modo, as Spinoza says, but I live constantly aeterno modo. There are many who think that they live thus, because after having done the one or the other, they combine or mediate the opposites. But this is a misunderstanding: for the true eternity does not lie behind either/or, but before it. Hence, their eternity will be a painful succession of temporal moments, for they will be consumed by a two-fold regret. Soren Kierkegaard, Either/Or part I, Swenson p. 37–39It is a sign of a well brought up child to be inclined to say it is sorry without too much pondering whether it is in the right or not, and it is likewise a sign of a high-minded person and a deep soul if he is inclined to repent, if he does not take God to court but repents and loves God in his repentance. Without this, his life is nothing, only like foam. Indeed, I assure you that if my life through no fault of my own were so interwoven with sorrows and sufferings that I could call myself the greatest tragic hero, could divert myself with my affliction and shock the world by naming it, my choice is made: I strip myself of the hero's garb and the pathos of tragedy; I am not the tormented one who can be proud of his sufferings; I am the humbled one who feels my offense; I have only one word for what I am suffering—guilt, only one word for my pain—repentance, only one hope before my eyes—forgiveness. And if it proves to be difficult for me to do—oh, then I have only one prayer. I would throw myself upon the earth and appeal from morning till night to the heavenly power who rules the world for one favor, that it might be granted me to repent, for I know only one sorrow that could bring me to despair and plunge everything into it—that repentance is an illusion, an illusion not with respect to the forgiveness it seeks but with respect to the imputation it presupposes. Soren Kierkegaard, Either/Or part II, Hong p. 237–238Spiritually understood, temporality and eternity are two magnitudes that are to be weighed. But in order to deliberate the person in turn must be a third party or have a third position in relation to the two magnitudes. This is the choice: he weighs, he deliberates, he chooses. Here, however there is never any chance that the two magnitudes weigh equally much, which can of course happen with a scale, it indicates the relation as one of equality. No, praise God, that can never happen, because properly understood the eternal already has a certain overweight and the person who refuses to understand this can never begin really to deliberate. So a person deliberates before he begins. Soren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, 1847, Hong p. 306–307 Kierkegaard stresses not only having a choice but learning how to use it. He concludes, "But then in his sadness out there with the lily and the bird the worried one did indeed acquire something other than his worry to think about; he began to consider what blessed happiness is promised in being a human being. Then let the lily wither and let its loveliness become indiscernible; let the leaf fall to the ground and the bird fly away; let it become dark on the fields—God's kingdom does not change with the seasons! So let the rest be needed for a long time or a short time, let all these things have their moment when they are lacking or possessed, their moment is a subject of discussion until in death they are eternally forgotten—God's kingdom is still that which is to be sought first but which ultimately will also last through all eternities, and "if that which will be abolished was glorious, that which remains will be more glorious,: and if it was hard to live in want, then it must indeed be only an easier separation to die to want! The Gospel of Sufferings A.S Aldworth and W.S. Ferrie from Cambridge University translated The Gospel of Sufferings in 1955. The following is from his introduction. Now he begins to write of the meaning and joy there is in following Christ. It wasn't the first thing he wrote about but he did write about learning, over time, to follow Christ and while learning to also learn to confess, repent and accept as well as give forgiveness. His emphasis has been on seeking God's kingdom first (Matthew 6:33) and learning to be "silent before God". His first three texts are from Luke 14:27 Whoever does not carry his cross and come after me cannot be my disciple. Matthew 11:30 My yoke is beneficial, and my burden light. and It is said of him the Lord Jesus Christ: Although he was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered Hebrews 5:8. Acts 5:41 Kierkegaard writes about why it might not be so great to have the "distinction" of being an apostle. they went away joyful because they had been deemed worthy to be scorned for the sake of Christ's name. He concluded this way: Kierkegaard compared a pound of gold and a pound of feathers. He views the pound of feathers as a lesser weight because of the value of gold compared to feathers. He then asks the reader to decide if a pound of temporality is equal to a pound of eternity. Feathers and gold and temporality and eternity and numbers all have value in this world. He has seven different discourses in this third section. He seems to be using religious numbers generally while writing but always referring to Christianity specifically. Kierkegaard seems to have fulfilled his goal presented in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, where he said it had become clear to him that people had forgotten what it means to be religious (confession and repentance before God) and had also forgotten what it means to be a human being and had therefore also forgotten what it means to try to become a Christian. He put it this way. Criticism Edifiying Discourses in Diverse Spirits, also Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits was published on March 13, 1847, and is one of the first books in Søren Kierkegaard's second authorship. His first authorship included all of his books up to and including Two Ages: A Literary Review which was published March 30, 1846. He had just published his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments on February 27, 1846. He wrote both pseudonymous books as well as books signed by his own name. His Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses were all signed by Soren Kierkegaard as author while other books, such as, Either/Or, Repetition, and The Concept of Anxiety were published under pseudonyms. Howard V. Hong says the book had no record of sales and was not reprinted in Kierkegaard's lifetime. Previously Kierkegaard had published his own books through two different bookstores, Bookdealer P. G. Philipsen Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 and C.A. Reitzel's, Printed by Biance Luno Press Repetition. This book was published "on an honorarium basis" through another Danish book publisher, Reitzel Forlag. The publishing cost was minimum. The first section was translated into English in 1938 by Douglas V. Steere and titled Purity of Heart Is To Will One Thing. Steere also wrote the introduction to David F Swenson's 1946 translation of Works of Love. Howard V. and Edna H. Hong translated all the discourses and Princeton University Press published them in 1993. Scholars generally paid more attention to his pseudonymous writings than his discourses. Harold Victor Martin published Kierkegaard, the Melancholy Dane (1950) and had this to say about this book: Robert L Perkins of Stetson University edited The International Kierkegaard Commentary Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits in 2005. This book presents scholarly perspectives from people interested in the writings of Soren Kierkegaard. He states that A.S. Aldworth and W.S. Ferrie published Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits in three parts Purify your Hearts (1937), Consider the Lilies (1940) and Gospel of Suffering (1955), the 1955 edition was reprinted in an American edition in 1964. Gospel of Sufferings and The Lilies of the Field were translated by David F Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson in 1948. Perkin's book is in External Links below. Douglas V. Steere wrote a lengthy introduction to his 1938 publication of the first part of Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits. Purify your Heart of 1937 became Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing in the hands of Steere in 1938. He says Eduard Geismar (1871–1939), the Danish scholar, said of the book, "It seems to me that nothing that he has written has sprung so directly out of his relationship with God as this address. Anyone who wishes to understand Kierkegaard properly will do well to begin with it." Steere wrote Doors Into Life in 1948 and devoted his fourth chapter to Kierkegaard and Purity of Heart. He said, "In a strangely universal way, Kierkegaard is both ancient and modern, both a fierce desert prophet and a metropolitan sophisticate who is all too well schooled in the artifices of modern life to be deceived by them." Geismar lectured on Kierkegaard at Princeton University in 1936. He wrote the following about this book, Howard V Hong translated the wrote book in 1993 along with his wife Edna H Hong. It was translated again in 2005. Hong's 1993 introduction surmised that Kierkegaard perhaps published 500 copies of this book during his lifetime. Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions & Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits were reviewed together in 1994 by Karl Dusza for First Things Magazine He wrote: Kierkegaard wrote about the expectation of the Christian. The difference Christ made in the world is that he took away the burdens of the Christian. Kierkegaard wrote much about the consciousness of sin and wrote about the difference Christianity makes. James Collins, from Saint Louis University, wrote the following about Kierkegaard's Gospel of Suffering in 1953. "Find a point which is under fire by an atheist of the nineteenth century and which is also defended by a seventeenth century man of faith and you have found an incontrovertibly religious belief. Such is the case with suffering, which is a scandal to a Feuerbach and a matter of glory to a Pascal, but to both a distinguishing note of the Christian mode of existence. In the degree that it promotes a meditative inwardness, Christianity makes us aware of God's supreme goodness and our own distance from, and hostility towards, His holiness. A religious sense of one's own sinfulness leads neither to morbid despair nor to rationalization. It issues in a voluntary acceptance of suffering as a way of atoning for sin to God, the just judge, and a way of approaching closer to God the redeemer. In a series of discourses entitled The Gospel of Suffering, Kierkegaard establishes the relation between guilt, suffering, and the triumph of faith, much after the manner of Luther's dialectical treatment of the theme of the sinner as a believer." Notes References Sources Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits translated by Howard V & Edna H Hong. Princeton University Press, 1993. Hong, Howard V. & Edna H. The Essential Kierkegaard. Princeton University Press, 2000. D. Anthony Storm's Commentary on Discourses External links Purity of Heart Steere translation – whole text in English Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing by Sören Kierkegaard Translator's Introduction by Douglas V. Steere 1938 The Glory of Our Common Humanity David F Swenson's translation of How Glorious It Is to Be a Human Being from What We Learn From the Lilies in the Field and From the Birds of the Air The Joy in the Thought That it is not the Way Which is Narrow, but the Narrowness Which is the Way David F Swenson's translation of The Joy of it That it Is Not the Road That Is Hard but That Hardship Is the Road published 1958 from The Gospel of Sufferings, Christian Discourses The Road is the How Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits published in 1847, Hong's p. 289 Audio Reading Clifford Williams The Divided Soul: A Kierkegaardian Exploration 2009 - A Study of Purity of Heart Silvia Walsh - On Becoming a Person of Character Discussion of Kierkegaard's views on Christianity Robert L. Perkins International Kierkegaard Commentary Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits Mercer University Press, 2005 Chronology of Kierkegaard's works from Kierkegaard Internet Resources 1847 books Books by Søren Kierkegaard Christian literature Ethics books Suffering Psychology books Existentialist books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifying%20Discourses%20in%20Diverse%20Spirits
Kitty Coleman Provincial Park, also known as Kitty Coleman Beach Provincial Park, is a Class C provincial park located in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on Vancouver Island, in the Comox Valley, south of the mouth of the Oyster River just northeast of Courtenay. Unlike most provincial parks, it is a Class 'C' provincial park, meaning it is run by a local community board. The beach is directly across from the sites and provides views of Powell River and the surrounding beaches across the water. There are only pit toilets available, and no hook-up or sani-station for motorhomes. It is approximately 0.1 km2 in area. History The park was established on November 14, 1944 and was named after Kitty Coleman, a local First Nation member who left her tribe early to marry a white man. Flora and fauna There are very tall Douglas Fir trees in the southern area. Wild onions also grow in the park. References External links BC Parks infopage Mid Vancouver Island Provincial parks of British Columbia 1944 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty%20Coleman%20Provincial%20Park
Kitwanga Mountain Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on the north side of the Skeena River just west of the Gitxsan community of Kitwanga (Gitwangak). The park was established on July 23, 1997 and is approximately 720 ha. in size. See also Kitwanga Fort National Historic Site References BC Parks website "Kitwanga Mountain Provincial Park" Provincial parks of British Columbia Skeena Country 1997 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitwanga%20Mountain%20Provincial%20Park
Kleanza Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Kleanza Creek is a tributary of the Skeena River. The park occupies over an area of . The Kleanza Creek Provincial Park is located in the Coast Mountains. The characteristic landscape of this area is dominated by forests and rock canyons. The park is an historically important area. The name 'Kleanza' is the Gitxsan word for gold. In the 1890s the creek saw its first mining for placer gold. Mining for gold on the river was abandoned because it was too deep and there was too much water in it. To this day, remains of old mines can be seen in the canyons. Conservation Kleanza Creek Provincial Park provides protection to the Kleanza Creek Canyon and other crucial salmon spawning habitats, Wildlife The creek is a major migratory waterway for the Pink salmon, which return to the creek during fall. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Skeena Country Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleanza%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park
Klewnuggit Inlet Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the east side of Grenville Channel, southeast of Prince Rupert, in the Range 4 Coast Land District. The park was established on 14 June 1993, surrounds the inlet and Freda Lake, and covers , including of upland and of foreshore. Images References Provincial parks of British Columbia North Coast Regional District 1993 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1993 Marine parks of Canada Range 4 Coast Land District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klewnuggit%20Inlet%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park
Kluskoil Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the West Road River (Blackwater River) downstream from the Euchiniko Lakes. References Geography of the Chilcotin Provincial parks of British Columbia 1995 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluskoil%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
Kokanee Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park on the west shore of Kootenay Lake in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. Highway 3A bisects the park east of Nelson. Established as a BC Provincial Park in 1955, it encompasses 260 hectares of sandy beaches, deltas, and coniferous forest. Kitto (or Kitto's, or Kittos) Landing was formerly at this location. Believed to be named after Henry Richard Kitto, who farmed the land from 1910, a government wharf existed by 1912. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. hauled ore from its Molly Gibson mine to this landing. During the 1920s, the place fell into obscurity. See also Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park Kokanee (disambiguation) References External links West Kootenay EcoSociety - Kokanee Creek Visitor Centre Provincial parks of British Columbia West Kootenay 1955 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokanee%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park
Koksilah River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Location Koksilah River Park is located 4 km west of Shawnigan Lake on southern Vancouver Island. Activities The park offers hiking, fishing, swimming, picnicking, scenic views, and mountain biking. The park is officially only open for day use activities although many people camp here in the summer months. This is a popular spot for motorcycles. Burnt Bridge A gated metal bridge runs over the Koksilah River. It is called Burnt Bridge because the original (built in 1865) was destroyed in a forest fire. Burnt Bridge has been rebuilt twice. Also crossing the Koksilah River is the Kinsol Trestle, just east of the park. References External links Provincial parks of British Columbia Cowichan Valley Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koksilah%20River%20Provincial%20Park
Kotcho Lake Village Provincial Park is a provincial park in north-eastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the southern shore of the Kotcho Lake, east from the town of Fort Nelson. The park showcases traditional dwellings of the Fort Nelson First Nation of the Dene Tha. It was established in 1997, and has a total area of . See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks References Northern Rockies Regional Municipality Provincial parks of British Columbia 1997 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotcho%20Lake%20Village%20Provincial%20Park
Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area, which include to the north of the Kwadacha the Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park and Stone Mountain Provincial Park. References Northern Interior of British Columbia Provincial parks of British Columbia Parks in the Canadian Rockies Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadacha%20Wilderness%20Provincial%20Park
Lac La Hache Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on lake and near community of the same name in the South Cariboo region of that province. The park is in the Interior Douglas Fir Zone, and an old-growth stand of Douglas-fir trees surrounds the campground. Sunlight reaching the forest floor allows the growth of trembling aspen, lodgepole pine, pinegrass, bunchberry and prickly rose. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Geography of the Cariboo Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac%20La%20Hache%20Provincial%20Park
Lakelse Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located just west of Highway 37 between Terrace and Kitimat. The name is derived from the Coast Tsimshian language word "LaxGyels" - "fresh water mussel", for the mollusk that is found on the bottom of both Lakelse Lake and Lakelse River. Before Lakelse Lake became a provincial park, Hatchery Creek, which runs throughout the park, was the site of a sockeye salmon hatchery operated by the Canadian Government between 1919 and 1936. Lakelse Lake Provincial Park was established on March 16, 1956. The park is in size and is primarily used for camping, boating, canoeing, swimming and nature trail walking. The nearby Lakelse Hot Springs are located just east of the lake. References External links BC Parks - Lakelse Lake Prov. Park Provincial parks of British Columbia Skeena Country Hot springs of British Columbia 1956 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakelse%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
František Kaberle (born 6 August 1951 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman. Kaberle spent the majority of his career with HC Kladno where he won five Czechoslovak Extraliga championships and was instrumental in the team's exhibition game victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1977. He was also a member of the Czechoslovak national ice hockey team in the mid-1970s winning the World Championships twice, in 1976 and 1977. He also played at the 1980 Winter Olympics. Personal life He is the father of Tomáš Kaberle and František Kaberle, who both went on to play in the National Hockey League. References External links 1951 births Living people Czech ice hockey defencemen Czechoslovak ice hockey defencemen HC Dukla Jihlava players Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics Olympic ice hockey players for Czechoslovakia Ice hockey people from Kladno Rytíři Kladno players Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Germany Czechoslovak expatriate ice hockey people Czech ice hockey coaches Czechoslovak ice hockey coaches	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Kaberle%20Sr.
Lakelse Lake Wetlands Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located near the city of Terrace in that province's Skeena Country. It is 1214 ha. in size. References Skeena Country Provincial parks of British Columbia Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakelse%20Lake%20Wetlands%20Provincial%20Park
Lanz and Cox Islands Provincial Park (formerly Scott Islands Marine Provincial Park) is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located off Cape Scott on northern Vancouver Island. See also Triangle Island, one of the other Scott Islands Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area References Provincial parks of British Columbia Central Coast of British Columbia Northern Vancouver Island 1995 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanz%20and%20Cox%20Islands%20Provincial%20Park
Lava Forks Provincial Park is a provincial park in northern British Columbia, Canada. It is the site of Canada's most recent volcanic eruption, which occurred in 1904 at Lava Fork (see The Volcano). This park lies within the traditional territory of the Tahltan Nation. Recreation and Tourism The park is offers spectacular scenery, with especially unique volcanic landforms and features from the 1904 eruption of The Volcano. These features include lava-dammed lakes, ash dunes, pot holes containing crystal clear pools, and lava flows. Walk-In/Backcountry/Wilderness Camping is permitted. Fishing and angling is permitted provided the angler has the appropriate licenses. Location and Access The park is only accessible by helicopter. Foot access is possible, but requires multiple days of hiking. There is no water or road access to the park. The southern boundary of this park United States-Canada border, and is adjacent to the Tongass National Forest in Alaska. See also Border Lake Provincial Park Craig Headwaters Protected Area Volcanism of Western Canada References Provincial parks of British Columbia Volcanism of British Columbia Stikine Country Boundary Ranges 2001 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 2001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava%20Forks%20Provincial%20Park
Lawn Point Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The 584 ha. park is located south of Quatsino Sound on the west coast of northern Vancouver Island. It can be accessed by land via the town of Port Alice on a series of logging roads. External links Official Ministry of Environment Site BC Geographical Names: Lawn Point Park Provincial parks of British Columbia Quatsino Sound region Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn%20Point%20Provincial%20Park
Little Andrews Bay Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on Ootsa Lake in the Nechako Country in that province's Central Interior. It is 102 ha. in size. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako Nechako Country Year of establishment missing Marine parks of Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Andrews%20Bay%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park
Trichomonadida is an order of anaerobic protists, included with the parabasalids. Members of this order are referred to as trichomonads. Some organisms in this order include: Trichomonas vaginalis, an organism living inside the vagina of humans Dientamoeba fragilis, parasitic ameboid in humans Histomonas meleagridis, parasite that causes blackhead disease in poultry Mixotricha paradoxa, a symbiotic organism inside termites, host of endosymbionts Anatomy Species in this order typically have four to six flagella at the cell's apical pole, one of which is recurrent - that is, it runs along a surface wave, giving the aspect of an undulating membrane. Like other parabasalids, they typically have an axostyle, a pelta, a costa, and parabasal bodies. In Histomonas only one flagellum and a reduced axostyle are found, and in Dientamoeba, both are absent. Behavior Most species are either parasites or other endosymbionts of animals. Trichomonads reproduce by a special form of longitudinal fission, leading to large numbers of trophozoites in a relatively short time. Cysts never form, so transmission from one host to another is always based on direct contact between the sites they occupy. Treatment The preferred treatment for trichomonad infection is Metronidazole. References External links General info Metamonads	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonadida
Hestand Stadium is a 7,000-seat covered open-air stadium located in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It is the site of the annual Southeast Arkansas District Fair and Rodeo. The stadium contains of field space. It is used for other outdoor events. It is the flagship facility of the Southeast Arkansas District fairgrounds, which also include five exhibit halls totaling and four barns totalling of space. It is also used for concerts, ice shows, circuses and other events. External links Hestand Stadium Rodeo venues in the United States Sports venues in Arkansas Indoor arenas in Arkansas Buildings and structures in Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tourist attractions in Jefferson County, Arkansas Sports in Pine Bluff, Arkansas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestand%20Stadium
Bruce Alan Pearl (born March 18, 1960) is an American college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the Auburn Tigers men's basketball team. He previously served in the same position for the Tennessee, Milwaukee, and Southern Indiana. Pearl led Southern Indiana to a Division II national championship in 1995, during which he was named Division II Coach of the Year by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. In Division I, his teams have won four conference championships and three conference tournament championships, and qualified for ten NCAA tournament appearances and one Final Four. Pearl is the second-fastest NCAA coach to reach 300 victories, needing only 382 games to reach this mark (Roy Williams needed 370 games at Kansas to reach this milestone). Pearl was named Coach of the Year by Sporting News in 2006 and was awarded the Adolph Rupp Cup in 2008. He also served as the head coach for the Maccabi USA men's basketball team that won the gold medal at the 2009 Maccabiah Games. Personal life A native of Boston, Pearl attended Sharon High School in Sharon, Massachusetts. He is one of the few Division I basketball coaches who never played high school basketball, even at the junior varsity level (being the only head coach in the 2022 NCAA tournament with that distinction); a shoulder injury while playing football in his first year of high school prevented him from further pursuing sports as a player. Pearl is a 1982 graduate of Boston College, where he served as the manager of the men's basketball team. Pearl is Jewish. His Hebrew name is Mordechai, after Queen Esther’s uncle Mordechai from the Jewish holiday of Purim. Pearl was the first president of the Jewish Coaches Association, and in 2019 became the fifth Jewish head basketball coach to lead a team to the Final Four. The Algemeiner named Pearl one of 100 people positively influencing Jewish life in 2022. Coaching career Pearl has also been the head coach at Tennessee, Milwaukee and, prior to that, at Southern Indiana, where he won a Division II national championship. He also served as an assistant coach at Stanford and at Iowa under then-head coach Tom Davis. Against division rival Kentucky and in-state rival Vanderbilt, Pearl chose to wear a brightly colored orange jacket in honor of the late UT coach Ray Mears. Pearl also wore the jacket during the 2009 SEC Men's Tournament Final. Assistant Coach (1982–1992) Pearl served as an assistant coach at both Stanford from 1982 to 1986 and at Iowa from 1986 to 1992 under Coach Tom Davis. Davis had served as head coach at Boston College from 1977 to 1982 and Pearl had served as his team student-manager. Pearl/Thomas incident (1988–1989) During the 1988–89 basketball season, Pearl, then an assistant coach at Iowa, was at the center of a recruiting scandal involving Illinois. Both Illinois and Iowa were recruiting Deon Thomas, a top high school player from Chicago. Pearl lost this recruiting battle when Thomas committed to Illinois. Thereafter, Pearl called the high school student and recorded a phone conversation with Thomas, which may have been illegal depending on where Pearl originated the call. (Illinois requires prior consent of all participants to monitor or record a phone conversation according to Ill. Rev. Stat. Ch. 38, Sec. 14–2; Iowa, where Pearl was coaching at the time, only requires one party's consent to record a phone conversation.) During the conversation, Pearl asked Thomas if he had been offered an SUV and cash by Illinois assistant coach Jimmy Collins, and Thomas seemed to indicate that he had. Pearl then turned over copies of the tapes to the NCAA, accompanied by a memo describing the events. During the subsequent NCAA investigation, Thomas denied the allegations and said the story was false, that he was agreeing with Pearl only to try to get rid of him. Thomas later passed a polygraph test in which he denied Pearl's accusation of Illinois's offering cash and a car. The NCAA did not find Illinois guilty of any wrongdoing relating to Thomas's recruitment, finding that the purported evidence provided was not "credible, persuasive and of a kind on which reasonably prudent persons rely in the conduct of serious affairs." Because the investigation uncovered other violations, however, including Illinois's third major violation in six years, the NCAA cited Illinois with a "lack of institutional control" charge and implemented several recruiting restrictions and a one-year postseason ban. When Pearl and Collins were both head coaches for four years in the Horizon League, the two men never engaged in the traditional postgame handshake, reportedly due to lingering feelings over the incident. When Thomas was asked about forgiving Pearl in a 2005 interview, he was quoted as saying, "It's hard to forgive a snake." Thomas went on to become the University of Illinois's all-time leading scorer. Southern Indiana (1992–2001) In 1992, Pearl got his first head-coaching job, at Southern Indiana. He inherited a Screaming Eagles team that had won just 10 games in the previous season. Pearl posted a 22–7 record in his first season, and led the Eagles to nine straight NCAA D-II tournaments in addition to winning four Great Lakes Valley Conference titles. In 1994, USI finished with a 28–4 record en route to a loss in the D-II championship game; in 1995, the Eagles won 29 games and claimed the D–II championship behind national Player of the Year Stan Gouard. A team from the GLVC played for the National Championship every year after his first season at USI. Pearl was named the NABC Division II coach of the year after his national championship. He left USI with a 231–46 record over nine years. Milwaukee (2001–2005) Despite Pearl's success at turning Southern Indiana into a major power, it took him almost a decade to return to Division I; reportedly, he was blackballed by the Division I college coaching fraternity for his role in inadvertently revealing violations at Illinois by submitting a different accusation. Pearl took over as head coach of Milwaukee in 2001. In just four seasons, he compiled 86 wins (including a school-record 26 in 2005, and a new Horizon League record for winning percentage) and led Milwaukee to their first NCAA tournament appearances in 2003 and 2005. Pearl led them to the Horizon League tournament title in both of those years. He also led the school to its first ever NIT bid, as well as its first-ever NCAA D–I postseason victory, in 2004. Milwaukee's 2005 NCAA Tournament run capped the best season in school history, as the Panthers won both the regular season and conference tournament titles, defeating the Detroit Titans in the championship game. Using an intense full-court press, the Panthers scored two upsets in three days over Alabama and Boston College en route to the Sweet Sixteen, where they fell to eventual national runner-up Illinois. The Panthers finished their season 26–6 and were ranked in the coaches poll at the end of the season for the first time ever (#23). Pearl left UWM after the 2005 season, his fourth, as the Horizon League's leader in all-time winning percentage (51–13, 79.7%). Tennessee (2005–2011) 2005–06 On March 28, 2005, Pearl was named as the new head coach at Tennessee, succeeding Buzz Peterson. Tyler Smith had signed with the Vols under Peterson, but decided not to attend Tennessee. Jamont Gordon went to conference rival Mississippi State. Smith opted for a season of prep school before heading to Iowa, though later transferred to Tennessee and became a starter. Pearl stirred up more controversy when he released Matthew Dotson from his scholarship. Expectations were low for the Vols in Pearl's first season. Having lost their two leading scorers from a team that had been just 14–17 the previous season, Tennessee was picked to finish fifth in the six-team Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference. The season started off well, however, and Tennessee entered the national rankings in December, when it routed then No. 2-ranked Texas, 95–78. The Vols went on to lead the SEC East for virtually the entire season, with other highlights being a win over Kentucky at Rupp Arena and two wins over eventual national champion Florida. But after entering the AP Top 10 in February, the team lost six of its last nine games and dropped to a ranking of 18th. Although Tennessee won the SEC East, it was upset in the second round of both the SEC and NCAA tournaments, the latter as a no. 2 seed. The team's 22–8 record was one of the best in school history. Following the season, Pearl drew accolades from national recruiting services for signing one of the nation's best recruiting classes, featuring three top-50 recruits in Duke Crews, Wayne Chism and Ramar Smith. 2006–07 On January 22, 2007, Pearl attended a Lady Vols game with his upper body painted orange. He and a few of his players spelled out "V-O-L-S" (Pearl was the "V"). Pearl stood in front of the student section and cheered for the Lady Vols as they came out. Pearl's actions brought national media attention to the Tennessee program, and highlighted efforts to support women's collegiate athletics. Lady Vols basketball coach Pat Summitt returned the favor on Senior Night for the men's team on February 27, 2007. Before the game, Summitt came out as a cheerleader, complete with uniform, and she led the crowd in a rendition of Rocky Top. The seventh-largest crowd in school history also witnessed Pearl's squad rout the then No. 4-ranked defending and eventual national champions Florida Gators. Pearl's team went on to finish tied for second in the SEC East with Vanderbilt, earning a No. 5 seed in the NCAA tournament. The Vols crushed Long Beach State by 35 points in the first round, then rallied to upset Virginia to reach Pearl's second Sweet 16. The Vols were defeated in the next round by the nation's top-ranked Ohio State Buckeyes, losing by a point though the Volunteers led the majority of the game. Tennessee's 24 wins were then ranked third in the program's history. Pearl was rumored as a candidate for the head coaching position at Iowa, but indicated on March 27, 2007, that he was not interested in leaving Tennessee. 2007–08 On February 23, 2008, Pearl led the second-ranked Vols into in-state, undefeated rival Memphis to play the # 1 ranked Tigers. After a back and forth, emotionally heated contest, Tennessee defeated Memphis 66–62, handing Memphis its first loss of the season and its first home loss in 47 games. The win also cemented UT with a # 1 rank the following week—the first #1 ranking in the school's 100-year basketball history. One day after the rankings were posted, however, the # 1 Vols were upset by the Vanderbilt Commodores 72–69. On March 5, 2008, Pearl's team defeated the Florida Gators 89–86 to claim Tennessee's first outright SEC Regular Season Championship in 41 years. On March 16, 2008, Tennessee was chosen as a #2 seed in the East region of the 2008 NCAA basketball tournament. Pearl's Volunteers advanced to the semifinals (Sweet 16) of the East Regional, beating Pearl's former Horizon League rival and 7-seed Butler in the second round. They ended their season losing to the Louisville Cardinals by a score of 79–60. The 31 total victories that season are the most in school history. 2008–09 December 3, 2008, marked a significant date for Pearl as he was able to win his 400th game by defeating UNC-Asheville. In doing so, Pearl became the 6th-fastest basketball coach to ever reach the 400 mark and 2nd-fastest among active head coaches (behind Roy Williams). The night was also very important for the Tennessee basketball program. It marked the 35th consecutive victory at home for Pearl and the Vols, beating the previous streak of 33 wins, which extended from January 2, 1966, to February 24, 1968. In addition, Tyler Smith recorded the school's first ever triple-double when he had 12 points, 10 assists and 10 rebounds. In March Pearl would lead the Vols to their first SEC Tournament Final in 20 years, where they would lose in a controversial finish to Mississippi State. The Vols went on to earn a 9 seed in the NCAA tournament where they were eliminated by Oklahoma State 77–75 on March 20, 2009. UT announced that they and Pearl just agreed to a six-year extension for Pearl to stay with the university. 2010–11 On November 17, 2009, Pearl was able to record victory number 100 at Tennessee, the second fastest UT coach to reach the century mark, as his team defeated UNC-Asheville 124–49. The 124-point total was the most ever scored by Tennessee in a regular season game. Tennessee's 34 assists also set a school record and its 16 3-pointers tied another. On January 10, 2010, Tennessee defeated the #1 ranked Kansas Jayhawks in Knoxville, 74–68. This was the first time that Tennessee defeated a #1 ranked team at Thompson–Boling Arena. On February 27, 2010, Tennessee defeated the #2 ranked Kentucky Wildcats in Knoxville, 74–65, cementing the Vols (all 5 years that Pearl has coached) for its 5th straight NCAA tournament appearance. On Bruce Pearl's 50th birthday, March 18, 2010, Tennessee defeated San Diego State in the first round of the NCAA basketball tournament by a score of 62–59. The Vols followed this victory with a second round defeat of Ohio, 83–69, to advance to the Sweet 16 for the third time in four years and Pearl's fourth Sweet 16 in six years. On March 26, 2010, the Tennessee Volunteers advanced to their first Elite 8 in school history with a 76–73 defeat of the Ohio State Buckeyes. On March 28, the Volunteers narrowly missed a trip to the Final Four, losing 70–69 to the Michigan State Spartans in the Midwest Regional Final in St. Louis. Early in the 2010–11 season Tennessee beat nationally ranked Villanova and Pittsburgh, reaching a 7–0 record and #7 AP ranking. However, controversy from an NCAA investigation took its toll on the team. The Vols went only 4–8 in their last 12 games. After limping to an 8–8 conference record, Tennessee was blown out by 30 points in the second round of the 2011 NCAA tournament by Michigan. This was the largest margin of defeat in the history of the NCAA tournament between a #8 and #9 seed. As it turned out, this would be the last game Pearl would coach at Tennessee. NCAA investigation In the summer of 2008, Pearl invited high school junior Aaron Craft and members of his family to a cookout at his Knoxville home while Craft was on an unofficial visit to Tennessee. At the cookout, Pearl said that Craft wasn't allowed to be there under NCAA rules, but encouraged all those in attendance not to tell anyone about it. When the NCAA began an investigation of the affair, Pearl not only lied about the cookout, but also told Craft's father to lie as well. On September 10, 2010, Pearl acknowledged the violations in the Craft affair, and also admitted lying about it to the NCAA. As a result, Tennessee imposed sanctions on Pearl and his entire staff including $1.5 million in salary reduction over the coming five years and a delayed retention bonus. His off-campus recruiting was also restricted completely from September 4, 2010, to September 23, 2011. On November 20, 2010, the SEC ordered Pearl to sit out Tennessee's first eight SEC games. After finding out about additional NCAA violations, as well as a violation of the school's substance abuse policy by a player, Tennessee fired Pearl on March 21, 2011—three days after the Vols' blowout loss to Michigan. On August 23, 2011, Pearl was given a three-year show-cause penalty for lying to the NCAA, effective until August 23, 2014. This meant that the sanctions imposed on Pearl would remain in force if he was hired by an NCAA member school within that period. Specifically, he was prohibited from engaging in any "recruiting activities", which meant he could not contact recruits, although he could evaluate talent during that period. If a school chose to hire him and challenged the NCAA restrictions, it had to appear before the NCAA Committee on Infractions and "show cause" for why the sanctions imposed on Pearl should not follow him to that school. In imposing the penalty, the NCAA said that Pearl's lies turned what would have been a minor case into a major one. His assistant coaches were also given one-year show-cause orders, in effect until August 23, 2012. On August 30, 2011, Pearl accepted a position as Vice President of Marketing for Knoxville wholesaler H. T. Hackney. Auburn (2014–present) Pearl was named Auburn's head basketball coach on March 18, 2014, replacing Tony Barbee. At the time he was hired, he still had five months remaining on his show-cause order for violations at Tennessee. As a result, he could not have contact with recruits during the summer recruiting period, but could evaluate them. Pearl was greeted by 100-plus fans when he arrived at the Auburn University Regional Airport that afternoon. Pearl was formally introduced as Auburn's 20th head basketball coach at a press conference in Auburn Arena that evening. On the opportunity, Pearl said, "I’m humbled and blessed to be back in the game that I love. I don’t know how long it will take, but it’s time to rebuild the Auburn basketball program, and bring it to a level of excellence so many of the other teams on campus enjoy. I’m thrilled to join the Auburn family and appreciative of this opportunity and the challenge that awaits." Pearl signed a 6-year contract worth $2.2 million per year with a $100,000 annual escalator. Pearl won his first game as Auburn's head coach on November 14, 2014, against his former school, Milwaukee, 83–73. Despite failing to finish with a winning record for the first time in his career as a head coach, Pearl's first two seasons at Auburn were not without some significant wins. He led Auburn to the SEC tournament semifinals in 2015 as a 13 seed, and ended Auburn's 18-game losing streak to Kentucky in 2016. He earned his 500th career win as a head coach on January 18, 2017, after defeating LSU, 78–74. Before Pearl's fourth season at Auburn, his associate head coach Chuck Person was arrested on charges of corruption and bribery. Auburn elected to hold sophomores Austin Wiley and Danjel Purifoy out of games due to eligibility concerns raised over the FBI investigation. Pearl was cited as being uncooperative with Auburn's internal investigation of the program at first, though school president Steven Leath and Pearl have since come to an understanding of expectations for the investigation. Despite the scrutiny both internally and externally and losing two players due to the investigation, Pearl led the 2017–18 team to its best record since 1999 while winning the SEC regular season championship. A player, Bryce Brown, credits the recent team success to Pearl's taking them to Italy to build team 'chemistry', opponent preparation by Pearl, and the head coach's strong belief in each player. In 2019, Pearl's team tied for 4th in the conference and won the SEC Conference tournament by beating Tennessee handily in the championship game 84–64, giving Auburn their 2nd tournament championship. In the 2019 NCAA tournament, Pearl's Auburn team narrowly defeated #12 seed New Mexico State 78–77 in the first round. Auburn subsequently topped #4 seed Kansas 89–75 to advance to its first Sweet Sixteen appearance in 16 years. Auburn then beat #1 seed North Carolina 97–80 to advance to the Elite Eight, before defeating #2 seed Kentucky 77–71 in overtime to advance to Auburn's first ever Final Four. Auburn became only the second team in NCAA history to defeat the three winningest programs in college basketball history, Kansas, North Carolina, and Kentucky in the same season. Auburn lost to Virginia in the Final Four, 63–62. The 2020 season would be successful for Pearl and the Tigers with the team finishing second in the SEC with a 25-6 record prior to the cancellation of the season due to COVID-19. 2022 was a historic season for Pearl and Auburn, Pearl led the Tigers to the programs first ever #1 ranking in the AP Poll. The Tigers would win the SEC regular season championship and set a program record for regular season wins but would fall in the Round of 32 to Miami. Following the season, Pearl led the Tigers to make draft history as well. Auburn poward forward Jabari Smith Jr. was selected number three overall in the 2022 NBA draft, making him the highest draft pick in program history. Auburn center Walker Kessler was also selected in the first round at pick twenty-two, marking the first time that Auburn has had multiple players taken in the first round. Also during the 2022 season, Pearl signed an eight-year, $50.2 million contract extension. The new deal went into effect after the season and keeps Pearl at Auburn until 2030 at a $5.4 million base salary that increases by $250,000 each year. Pearl's current record at Auburn is . Head coaching record ^a Auburn was ineligible for postseason play in 2021 after imposing sanctions due to former assistant coach Chuck Person's involvement in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball corruption scandal. Footnotes References External links Bruce Pearl's memo to the NCAA 1960 births Living people 21st-century American Jews American men's basketball coaches Auburn Tigers men's basketball coaches Basketball coaches from Massachusetts Boston College alumni Boston College Eagles men's basketball coaches College basketball announcers in the United States College basketball controversies in the United States College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball coaches Jewish American sportspeople Milwaukee Panthers men's basketball coaches NCAA sanctions People from Sharon, Massachusetts Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles men's basketball coaches Sportspeople from Boston Stanford Cardinal men's basketball coaches Tennessee Volunteers basketball coaches	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Pearl
Don Andrés Almonaster y Roxas de Estrada (June 19, 1724 in Mairena del Alcor, Spain – April 26, 1798 in New Orleans, Luisiana) was a Spanish civil servant and philanthropist of New Orleans, today chiefly remembered for his numerous charitable benefactions made to the city of New Orleans. Biography Born of a noble Andalusian family, as the son of Don Miguel José de Almonester and Maria Juana Roxas de Estrada, Almonester married, first, Maria Paula Rita del Rosario Martinez, in 1748, Paula died shortly after delivering their first child, who had not survived birth. Almonester arrived to Louisiana in 1769, during its early days of Spanish rule, appointed escribano publico or notary public, which Grace King described as "an office rich in salary, perquisites, and business opportunities. He soon acquired wealth in it, or through it." Among his investments was a large tract of land downtown, purchased from Governor O'Reilly on perpetual lease. Once in New Orleans, Andres Almonaster obtained the position of notary under the orders of the governor Luis de Unzaga. After the fire of April 1771, then Almonaster with the positions of secretary, accountant and recorder of Governor Unzaga, would both have to re-plan part of this city urbanistically and constructing the main buildings of what will be the capital of Louisiana. Almonester became an alcalde or city councilman for Louisiana (New Spain)'s governing authority, the Cabildo, and afterwards bought the office of Alferez Real or royal standard bearer. He was made Knight of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III in 1796. His nearest allies appear to have been Governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró, Père Antoine (Antonio de Sedella), and the de La Ronde family, to which he later joined through marriage. Marriage Approaching his 60th birthday, Almonester wed Marie-Louise Denis de La Ronde (1758 - 1825), a renowned Creole beauty, fully half his age, in the parish church, Iglesia San Luis, in 1787 — the year before it was destroyed by fire. In the author's introduction to their daughter's Pulitzer Prize-nominated biography, Intimate Enemies, Christina Vella describes Louise as "a poor French Creole, famed for marrying her father," yet while noting the status quo in Chapter One: "The French and Spanish oligarchs of the colony... dividing the lucrative offices among themselves and circulating their wealth within careful limits by intermarriage." Family fortunes declined with the death of her father, Hardly a pauper; Louise, in fact, was the eldest child of an ennobled family of no little import whose marriage had been arranged to formalize alliances between Don Almonester and an aristocratic family transitioning from France to Nouvelle-France to French Louisiana, and then to Spanish Louisiana. Louise was the well-connected eldest child of French-Canadian Naval Officer Pierre Denys de La Ronde (1726-1772), who had been reassigned from Nouvelle-France to Nouvelle-Orleans by his godfather, future French Louisiana Governor, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, and was distinguished in the French and Indian Wars. Through her father, Louise was the great-granddaughter of Judge and celebrated French poet René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière of Maison Lotbinière; great-great niece of Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure; and a great-niece, through his wife, Charlotte Denys de La Ronde, of Claude de Ramezay, Governor of Trois-Rivières, then of Montreal. Louise's only brother, Pierre Denis de La Ronde (1762 - 1824), was, like his predecessor, enabled to wealth when he succeeded Almonester on the Cabildo, becoming the wealthiest of Louisiana plantation owners. He would later distinguish himself in the Battle of New Orleans, and is now remembered for his since misnamed Versailles, Louisiana plantation's legacy: a magnificent allée of Southern live oaks, still leading from the Mississippi River to the ruins of his former mansion. Through her mother, Louise was also the granddaughter of a powerful military officer best remembered for his years as Louisiana's esteemed royal architect and engineer, Ignace François Broutin. Louise's mother's sister, the similarly named Marie-Marguerite Madeleine Broutin, had, most unfortunately, married, in 1754, the Baron Jean-Joseph François Delfau de Pontalba; their son, Joseph-Xavier Delfau de Pontalba would later solicit the Denys family to join his only son, Célestin, in marriage to Louise and Almonester's only daughter, the future Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba. The unstable Baron would exert himself tormenting young Micaela for her fortune. Decades of misery later– despite many efforts made to separate her from his control –in the wake of her protective mother's demise, he finally attempted to murder Micaela, but succeeded only in taking his own misspent life and thus, with the tragic twist of irony, transferring the title Baroness to the indomitable daughter-in-law whose riches he had so diligently sought for his own. The murderous Baron Pontalba was wed to Louise Marie-Anne Françoise Le Breton des Chapelles, first cousin of the notorious Marie-Delphine de Macarty, better known today as Delphine LaLaurie. Following the death of Don Almonester, his widow, Louise, became well known as "a superbly competent businesswoman who had greatly increased the inheritance since Almonester's death." (Six years after Almonester's death, Louise then married Jean-Baptiste Victor Castillon. The newlywed couple are reported to have been subjected to a mob's riotous three-day Charivari in response to the youth of the bridegroom who was, contrary to the much younger ages widely reported, a mere seven years her junior, then deemed scandalous.) Legacy After the Great New Orleans Fire (1788), Don Almonester funded a public school for the city, as well as a house for the use of the clergy and the charity hospital at the then-considerable cost of $114,000. He rebuilt the buildings on either side of the cathedral, the hospital, the boys' school, a chapel for the Ursulines; and he founded the leper hospital. Almonester funded the building of New Orleans' parish church, in which he is buried. The Church of Saint Louis was dedicated in 1794, becoming a cathedral the following year, and was never pulled down as some sources may say. In 1849 the cathedral was badly damaged due to the removal of supports which led to the collapse of the center tower. This led to the 1850s remodeled structure as we know it today. Don Andres' remains still lie in the cathedral, entombed in the floor with one of his two daughters, four-year-old Andrea. New Orleans' Almonaster Avenue is named in his honor, posthumously editing the spelling of his surname from Almonester to Almonaster. References External links Almonster y Roxas, Andrés at Louisiana Historical Association's Dictionary of Louisiana Biography Biographical sketch by Grace King in New Orleans: The Place and the People (1895) 1798 deaths People of Colonial Spanish Louisiana 1728 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres%20Almonaster%20y%20Rojas
Josiah Mushore Chinamano (October 29, 1922 – 1984) fought in the Second Liberation War as a guerrilla of the Zimbabwe African People's Union. He later served as the Minister of Transport. Chinamano was second-in-command to Joshua Nkomo, and shared many of the same ideological and political beliefs. The two, along with Chinamano's wife Ruth, Joseph Msika, another leadership figure in the struggle, and Daniel Madzimbamuto, one of the longest serving detainees, and Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo were detained by the Smith administration in 1964. Their influential role at the forefront of the movement proved threatening to the Rhodesian government; the five leaders spent several years in Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp, separated from their young families. Political pressure on the Smith administration resulted in their release; Chinamano resumed his political career. Chinamano died in 1984 and was buried in the National Heroes Acre in Harare. References 1922 births 1984 deaths People of the Central Intelligence Agency Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army personnel ZANU–PF politicians Prisoners and detainees of Rhodesia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Chinamano
The Readington Township Public Schools is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Readington Township, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising four schools, had an enrollment of 1,495 students and 161.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.3:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend the Hunterdon Central High School, part of the Hunterdon Central Regional High School District, which also serves students in central Hunterdon County from Delaware Township, East Amwell Township, Flemington Borough and Raritan Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 2,844 students and 238.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. Schools Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Elementary schools Three Bridges School with 318 students in grades PreK-3 Kristen Higgins, principal Whitehouse School with 304 students in grades K-3 Ann T. DeRosa, principal Holland Brook School with 319 students in grades 4-5 Paul Nigro, principal Middle school Readington Middle School with 541 students in grades 6-8 Sharon Moffat, principal Jonathan Moss, assistant principal Administration Core members of the district's administration are: Jonathan Hart, superintendent Jason Bohm, business administrator and board secretary Board of education The district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2013) as part of the November general election. References External links Readington Township Public Schools School Data for the Readington Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Hunterdon Central Regional High School District Readington Township, New Jersey New Jersey District Factor Group I School districts in Hunterdon County, New Jersey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readington%20Township%20Public%20Schools
The men's ISSF Olympic trap was one of the shooting competitions in the shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. It was held from Sunday, July 15 to Tuesday, July 17, 1900. Thirty-one athletes from four nations competed. Roger de Barbarin took gold, René Guyot silver, and Justinien de Clary bronze. There was a shoot-off between de Barbarin and Guyot (which the former won 13–12), which de Clary did not compete in despite having scored the same as the other two in the main round. Background This was the first appearance of what would become standardised as the men's ISSF Olympic trap event. The event was held at every Summer Olympics from 1896 to 1924 (except 1904, when no shooting events were held) and from 1952 to 2016; it was open to women from 1968 to 1996. Competition format Each shooter fired 20 shots, with a point per hit. There was a shoot-off for first place. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. Roger de Barbarin, René Guyot, and Justinien de Clary set the initial Olympic record with 17 points. Schedule Results Each shooter fired at 20 targets, scoring 1 point for each target hit. Roger de Barbarin beat René Guyot 13 to 12 in a shoot-off. It was not known why Justinien de Clary was not part of that shoot-off, nor are scores beyond 14th place known. References International Olympic Committee medal winners database De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Shooting 1900". Accessed 3 March 2006. Available electronically at . Men's trap shooting Trap at the Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20at%20the%201900%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20trap
is a Japanese company that gathers and analyzes data from the digital entertainment industry, specifically focusing on the Japanese console gaming market. Business operations include publishing, market research and consulting. It is a popular website for people interested in learning the latest video game software and hardware sales figures from Japan. The company publishes "The Annual Game Industry Report" every year. Weekly sales figures On Fridays (Japan Standard Time), the official Japanese website is updated with the top fifty selling video games of the previous week, as well as hardware sales figures for the Nintendo Switch, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DS Lite, Wii, PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP, Game Boy Micro, Xbox Series X/S, Xbox, and Xbox 360. Sales numbers are only provided for the top twenty games on the list, but figures exist for the rest of the games on the list and beyond; they must be paid for and subscribed to. The English website only posts the placement rankings of games and the percentage ranking of hardware. Competition Media Create competes with Enterbrain's Famitsu and MediaWorks' Dengeki PlayStation in the market for providing Japanese game sales data. Because there are three different tracking firms, there will always be three different sales numbers for any software and hardware title. Which company to trust is a matter of debate, as none of the three major trackers are ever 100% accurate and whoever tracks the highest amount of sales for a given title fluctuates. Nintendo cites Media Create sales data during its conferences and presentations. References External links Information technology companies of Japan Research and analysis firms Video game news websites Video gaming in Japan Companies with year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20Create
The Sakhalin Husky (Japanese: 樺太犬, Karafuto Ken; Russian: Сахалинский хаски; Chinese: 库页犬, Kuye Quan) is a critically endangered landrace and sled laika associated with Sakhalin Island and adjacent areas. They are also known Karafuto Ken, Sakhalin Laika, or Gilyak Laika. While bred primarily as a sled dog, Sakhalin Huskies are also used for hunting bear and fishing. There are approximately 20 Sakhalin Huskies remaining on Sakhalin Island. Description Appearance The body of the Sakhalin Husky is elongated, with a thick double undercoat. They are tall at the withers, and they weigh up to . The tail is held straight or slightly bent to the side. Historically, the Nivkh people would dock the last 1/3 of the tail at birth to prevent dogs from grabbing each other's tails while pulling a sled. Sakhalin huskies can have black, red, gray, and brindle coloring; however, black dogs are preferred as the color is the most visible during a snow storm. Sakhalin have triangular face with amber eyes and prick ears. The Sakhalin Husky are freighting sled dogs, evokes a sense of power due to its strong skeletal structure and well-developed muscles. They can drag more than of cargo over distances as long as at speeds of They have large paws and excellent endurance that allows them to cover long distances in snowy conditions in just a few days. As a landrace, there is currently no breed standard. Temperament The Sakhalin Husky is calm and intelligent, devoted to their owners. They are not aggressive with people or other dogs. Sakhalin Huskies have high prey drives and are able to hunt and catch fish for themselves. Like other sled dogs, Sakhalin huskies need extensive exercise. 19th century mail route mushers would note the ability of Sakhalin huskies to navigate over ice flows during blizzards, even maintaining the correct course over the from Nikolaevsky-on-Amur to Alexander post on Sakhalin. Health The Sakhalin Husky is a generally healthy breed resistant to disease, living up to 20-22 years. Etymology In Russian the breed is often referred to as Сахалинский хаски or "Sakhalin husky" as well as Сахалинский Ла́йка or "Sakhalin Laika." Historic documents may also refer to them as Gilyak Laika, Gilyak being a Russian exonym for the Nivkh people. The Japanese name 樺太犬 or "Karafuto Ken" comes from the combination of Karafuto (the Japanese name for Sakhalin) and Ken (a Japanese word for dog) and hence provides the breed's geographical origin. History Early History The Sakhalin Husky was developed over centuries by the Nivkh people as a hardy, reliable sled dog and hunting dog for use on Sakhalin Island and along the adjacent shores of mainland Russia. The Nivkh were especially renowned for their expertise in dog sledding and breeding in the region, and neighboring ethnic groups often emulated their methods. Sakhalin Huskies are traditionally fed fish such as yukola, seal and bear lard. Their fur was used to make clothing for the Nivkh and the dogs would be consumed during times of famine. Lack of roads and severe winter conditions in this region often made travel prohibitive and people relied on dog sled teams as the only dependable means to transort everything from mail and food to medicine and people. When there was sufficient ice buildup, Sakhalin huskies were used to cross the Strait of Tartary between Sakhalin and the mainland in winter, the distance between the town of Rybnovsk and the mainland being around . So valuable were Sakhalin Huskies that owning a team of dogs was considered a measurement of wealth and dogs were often awarded as payment by Nivkh elders to settle debts. In 1808 and 1809 Japanese explorer Mamiya Rinzō (1780-1845), wrote in his report to the Edo shogunate: “Inhabitants [of the northern regions of Sakhalin] often use dogs. Every family, rich and poor, has dogs. They are played with and well taken care of. Often one person keeps 3-5 dogs, and even a whole family has quite a large number of them.” Rinzō also presented drawings showing people resembling modern Nivkhs traversing the snowy plains in dog sleds. Russian navigator and naval officer Gennady Nevelskoy briefly used Sakhalin Huskies during the Amur expedition of 1849-1855. Not knowing of the work of the Mamiya Rinzō forty years earlier, Nevelskoy's report was widely regarded in Russia as the first proof that Sakhalin is indeed an island. Explorers of Franz Josef Land and northern Alaska were known to use Sakhalin Huskies. After having poor success with Samoyeds during his 1901-1904 Discovery Expedition, British explorer Robert Falcon Scott hired Sakhalin musher Dmitry Girev to purchase and care for 33 Sakhalin Huskies during his ill-fated Terra Nova expedition to Antarctica. Scott notes that the Sakhalin huskies were shorter than other sled dogs and had difficulty navigating in deep snow. The dogs were unable to use their docked tails to curl up to stay warm while resting, making them more sensitive to the extreme cold of Antarctica. Scott recounts falling into a crevasse with his entire sled team except lead dog Osman. Osman was able to hold onto the edge of the crevasse with only his feet and teeth until the rest of the team could be lifted out. Osman would survive the ill-fated expedition and spend the rest of his life with Gerov, and later at Wellington Zoo, New Zealand. 20th Century: Soviet and Japanese Rule In the 1920s and 30s, Soviet policies on national minorities proved devastating to local dog populations. The Nivkh were forced into mass agricultural and industrial labor collectives called kolkhoz. Restrictions were placed on where to fish and how much fish each household could consume. Local hunters were sent to labor camps as punishment for hunting seal or bear. These policies irrevocably altered the lifestyle of the Nivkh. The traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle disappeared and with it the ability to feed and care for the Sakhalin husky, and dogs were destroyed across northern Sakhalin Island. Japanese forces invaded and occupied Sakhalin in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-05. In accordance with the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, the southern part of the island below the 50th parallel north reverted to Japanese rule, while Russia retained the northern three-fifths. In 1920, during the Siberian Intervention, Japan again occupied the northern part of the island, returning it to the Soviet Union in 1925. From 1945 to 1948, many Nivkh, who had been living under Japanese jurisdiction in the southern half of Sakhalin, were forcibly relocated to Japan along with the ethnic Japanese settlers as a result of the Soviet-Japanese War in 1945. Sakhalin Huskies brought to Japan were highly valued for their work ethic, where they were used to unload ships and provide dog sled rides to tourists. Sakhalin Huskies were used by the Red Army during World War II as pack animals for a short time, but it was found that they have a strong dietary preference for salmon and Soviet officials determined that the dogs were more expensive to feed than horses. The Sakhalin Husky was thrust into the world spotlight during the ill-fated 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. An emergency evacuation resulted in the abandonment of 15 Sakhalin Huskies at Showa Antarctic Research Station. The researchers believed that they would return in a few days and left the dogs chained up outside with a small supply of food. However, poor weather conditions prevented the relief team from reaching the outpost. Nearly one year later, a new expedition arrived and discovered that two of the dogs, Taro and Jiro, had survived and they became instant celebrities. Taro returned to Sapporo, Japan and lived at Hokkaido University until his death in 1970, after which he was stuffed and put on display at the university's museum. Jiro died in Antarctica in 1960 of natural causes and his remains are located at the National Science Museum of Japan in Ueno Park. Post-Soviet Union Dissolution With the further development of Sakhalin and advent of snowmobiles, the use of Sakhalin Husky continued to decline. By 2011, the landrace was critically endangered with only seven known individuals owned by musher Sergei Lyubykh. Japanese musher Isami Abe owned the last two Sakhalin Huskies in Japan. He notes that he attempted to import additional breeding stock prior to Lyubykh's death but bureaucratic indifference and lack of interest from the public as well as his own advancing age has impaired his efforts. Lyubykh died on the 31st October 2014. Before his death, Lyubykh notes that there were no longer enough known living specimens of the breed to provide the genetic diversity necessary for continued breeding. Despite this, he believed that the Sakhalin Husky could be revived, noting that "strong dogs still remain in the remote forest villages." He left his 7 remaining Sakhalin dogs to his student, Oleg Seliverstov. Oleg Seliverstov has continued restoration efforts with Nikolai Chalkin. Today there are approximately 20 Sakhalin Huskies living on Sakhalin Island. In Popular Culture The 1983 film Antarctica (南極物語, Nankyoku Monogatari, lit. "South Pole Story") recounts the Japanese scientific expedition to the South Pole, the dramatic rescue from the impossible weather conditions on the return journey, and the relationship between the scientists and their loyal and hard-working Sakhalin huskies. Due to difficulties in finding pure Sakhalin huskies, the dogs used in the movie were Sakhalin husky mixes. A second film from 2006, Eight Below, provided a fictionalized version of the occurrence but did not reference the breed. Instead, the film featured only eight dogs: two Alaskan Malamutes named Buck and Shadow and six Siberian Huskies named Max, Old Jack, Maya, Dewey, Truman, and Shorty. In 2011, TBS presented the TV drama, Nankyoku Tairiku, featuring Kimura Takuya. It tells the story of the 1957 Antarctica Expedition led by Japan and their Sakhalin Huskies. The breed and the expedition are memorialized by three monuments: near Wakkanai, Hokkaido; under Tokyo Tower; and near Nagoya Port. Sculptor Takeshi Ando designed the Tokyo statues and was also the creator of the replacement of the famous Hachikō statue in front of JR Shibuya Station. The Tokyo statues were later removed, to be placed at Tokyo's National Institute of Polar Research. The Sakhalin Huskies of the 1957-1958 Japanese expedition Few sources provide the names of the 15 Japanese sled dogs that were stranded, as well as the photos and descriptions of the Huskies. The names of the dogs, and their fates, are listed here: Riki: Seven-year-old male with light gray coat and white markings, leader of the team. (disappeared) Anko: Three-year-old male with brown coat and a white streak on the chest. (disappeared) Aka: Six-year-old male with dark gray coat, had a tendency to pick fights with other team members. (deceased) Kuma from Monbetsu: Five-year-old male with black coat, white socks, and white chest, sometimes served as lead dog. (deceased) Kuma from Furen: Five-year-old male with black coat and a ripple of white on the chest. Father of Taro and Jiro. (disappeared) Pesu: Five-year-old male with brown coat, black mask, and black ears, almost resembling a Belgian Tervuren. (deceased) Goro: Four-year-old male with black coat and white stripe on the face, almost resembling a Collie. Served as wheel dog of the team. (deceased) Deri: Six-year-old male with gray coat and a black saddle. (disappeared) Pochi: Four-year-old male with light brown coat and a ravenous appetite. (deceased) Moku: Four-year-old male with black coat and white socks on the front feet. (deceased) Jakku: Four-year-old male with black-and-white coat, almost resembling a Collie. (disappeared) Kuro: Five-year-old male with black coat and white markings on the face, muzzle, chest, and legs. (deceased) Shiro: Three-year-old male with snow-white coat, sometimes served as lead dog. (disappeared) Taro: Three-year-old male with black coat. Son of Kuma from Furen and older brother of Jiro. (survived) Jiro: Three-year-old male with dark brown coat, a ripple of white on the chest, and white socks. Son of Kuma from Furen and younger brother of Taro. (survived) References Further reading External links Nikolai Chalkin's Instagram Dog breeds originating in Russia Sled dogs Rare dog breeds husky Breeds originating from Indigenous people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin%20Husky
Michael Gold (April 12, 1894 – May 14, 1967) was the pen-name of Jewish American writer Itzok Isaac Granich. A lifelong communist, Gold was a novelist and literary critic. His semi-autobiographical novel Jews without Money (1930) was a bestseller. During the 1930s and 1940s, Gold was considered the preeminent author and editor of U.S. proletarian literature. Background Gold was born Itzok Isaac Granich on April 12, 1894, on the Lower East Side of New York City to Romanian Jewish immigrant parents, Chaim Granich and Gittel Schwartz Granich. He had two brothers, Max and George. Career Mike Gold published his first writings under the name Irwin Granich. He reportedly took the pseudonym Michael Gold at the time of the Palmer Raids on radicals in 1919-20 from a Jewish veteran of the American Civil War whom he admired for having fought to "free the slaves." The Masses, a socialist journal edited by Floyd Dell and Max Eastman, published his first pieces in August, 1914. "Three Whose Hatred Killed Them" is a poem about anarchists killed in a Lexington Avenue tenement by their own bomb. Gold praised their "pure intentions". Until his death, he was an ardent supporter of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and of the Soviet Union in all its phases. In 1921-22 Gold and Claude McKay became Executive Editors of Max Eastman's magazine The Liberator. In 1922, Gold wrote: "The Russian Bolsheviks will leave the world a better place than Jesus left it. They will leave it on the threshold of the final victory—the poor will have bread and peace and culture in another generation, not churches and a swarm of lying parasite minister dogs, the legacy of Jesus." In 1925, Gold visited Moscow. In 1926, he was a founding editor of The New Masses, which published leftist works and also set up radical theater groups. Gold served as editor-in-chief from June 1928 until 1934. At both The Liberator and The New Masses, he favored publishing letters, poems and fiction by ordinary workers over works by literary leftists of bourgeois backgrounds. One of the widely noted articles he wrote for The New Masses was "Gertrude Stein: A Literary Idiot". Here he charged that her works "resemble the monotonous gibberings of paranoiacs in the private wards of asylums ... The literary idiocy of Gertrude Stein only reflects the madness of the whole system of capitalist values. It is part of the signs of doom that are written largely everywhere on the walls of bourgeois society." In "Proletarian Realism" (1930), Gold said of Marcel Proust: "The worst example and the best of what we do not want to do is the spectacle of Proust, master-masturbator of the bourgeois literature." He also assailed the Pulitzer Prize winner Thornton Wilder in equally vitriolic terms. Throughout the 1920s Gold worked on his only novel, Jews Without Money, a fictionalized autobiography about growing up in the impoverished world of the Lower East Side. Published in 1930, shortly after the onset of the Great Depression, it was an immediate success and went through many print runs in its first years and was translated into over 14 languages. It became a prototype for the American proletarian novel. In his Author's Note to the novel, Gold wrote, "I have told in my book a tale of Jewish poverty in one ghetto, that of New York. The same story can be of a hundred other ghettoes scattered over all the world. For centuries the Jew has lived in this universal ghetto." The popularity of Jews Without Money made Gold a national figure and cultural commissar of the Communist Party. He was a daily columnist for its paper, the Daily Worker, until his death. Gold himself was fond of repeating a quote from the novel: "O workers' Revolution!... You are the true Messiah!" Critic Richard Tuerk has described Jews Without Money as being "the story of the education of a radical", and a "carefully worked, unified piece of work." The American Communist and labor organizer Fred Beal described Gold in Moscow in the early thirties as "sentimental revolutionist", anxious "to impress people with his 'proletarian' childhood", and with an intense detestation for liberals. As a critic, Gold fiercely denounced left-wing authors who he believed had deviated from the Communist Party line. Among those Gold denounced were screenwriter Albert Maltz and "renegade" Ernest Hemingway, who while never a Communist had been sympathetic to leftist causes but came under fire by some for his writing on the Spanish Civil War in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway responded with "Go tell Mike Gold, Ernest Hemingway says he should go fuck himself." Personal life and death Gold was once romantically involved with Dorothy Day. Gold died in Terra Linda, California, on May 14, 1967, from complications following a stroke. He was 73 years old. Legacy Gold's papers reside at the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives at New York University in New York City. Alice Neel painted Gold's portrait in 1952 and then again after his death. Works Life of John Brown. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, 1924. Proletarian Song Book of Lyrics from the Operetta "The Last Revolution." With J. Ramirez and Rudolph Liebich. Chicago: Local Chicago, Workers Party of America, 1925. The Damned Agitator and Other Stories. Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing, 1927. —Little Red Library #7. Hoboken Blues: a white fantasy on a black theme, in three acts. 1928. 120 Million. New York: International Publishers, 1929. Fiesta: A Play in Three Acts. 1929. Money: A Play in One Act. New York: Samuel French, 1930. Jews Without Money. New York: International Publishers, 1930. Charlie Chaplin's Parade. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Proletarian Literature in the United States: An Anthology. (Contributor.) New York: International Publishers, 1935. Change the World! New York: International Publishers, 1936. "Battle Hymn": A Play in Three Acts. With Michael Blankfort. New York: Play Bureau, Federal Theatre Project, 1936. The Hollow Men. New York: International Publishers, 1941. David Burliuk: Artist-Scholar, Father of Russian Futurism. New York: A.C.A. Gallery, 1944. Rhymes for Our Times. With Bill Silverman and William Avstreih. Bronx, NY: Lodge 600, Jewish People's Fraternal Order of the International Workers Order, 1946. The Mike Gold Reader. New York: International Publishers, 1954. References Further reading Berman, Paul. "East Side Story: Mike Gold, the Communists, and the Jews," Radical America, vol. 17, no. 4 (July-Aug. 1983), pp. 39–53. Bloom, James. Left Letters: The Culture Wars of Mike Gold and Joseph Freeman. Columbia University Press, 1992. Booker, M. Keith, ed. Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: Censorship, Revolution, and Writing A-Z. [3 vols.] Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. Foley, Barbara. Radical Representations: Politics and Form in U.S. Proletarian Fiction, 1929-1941. Duke University Press, 1993. Pyros, John. Mike Gold: Dean of American Proletarian Literature. New York: Dramatika, 1979. Rideout, Walter B. The Radical Novel in the United States: 1900-1954: Some Interrelations of Literature and Society. New York: Hill & Wang, 1966. James A. Michener Art Museum: Bucks County Artists - Michael Gold Rubin, Rachel (2000). 'J'ewish Gangsters of Modern Literature'', Chicago: University of Illinois Press. External links Michael Gold. Jews Without Money Full text at the Internet Archive. Michael Gold. Change the World! Full text at the Internet Archive. Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers, 1929-1998. Tamiment Library, New York University, New York City. Michael Gold. Spartacus Educational article. Michael Gold at Goodreads 1894 births 1967 deaths People from the Lower East Side Journalists from New York City Novelists from New York (state) Writers from New York City American literary critics American male journalists American male novelists American communists American Communist writers American Marxist journalists American Marxist writers American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Jewish American novelists Jewish socialists Members of the Communist Party USA 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American Jews	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Gold
I'm Telling You for the Last Time is a 1998 stand-up comedy special and the second starring Jerry Seinfeld. The special aired live on HBO on August 9, 1998, from the Broadhurst Theatre in New York City. It was then released as an album on cassette and CD by the same title that same year. In 1999, a VHS and DVD titled Jerry Seinfeld: I'm Telling You for the Last Time - Live on Broadway was released. The recording was taped just a couple of months after the show Seinfeld went off the air. Entertainment Weekly said about the album: "On its own, the CD is a more than respectable stand-up disc; Seinfeld's riffs ... are worthy of preservation." I'm Telling You for the Last Time was nominated for a 1999 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album. After recording this special/album, Seinfeld vowed never to use old material again referencing his repeated use of "bits" from Seinfeld. Album Track listing "Intro/Phones" "Cab Drivers" "Air Travel" "Florida" "Halloween" "Supermarkets" "Drugstores" "Doctors" "Men and Women" "Chinese People" "McDonalds" "Olympics" "Scuba Diving" "No. 1 Fear" "Sky Diving/The Helmet" "Clothing" "Late TV" "Crooks" "Horses" "Bathroom" "Q+A" Production At the beginning of the special, there is a pre-taped bit of a funeral where Jerry is burying his old material. Mourners include fellow comedians, George Carlin, Robert Klein, Garry Shandling, Ed McMahon, Paul Reiser, Jay Leno, George Wallace, Larry Miller, and Alan King. In addition to the physical formats, the audio album can be streamed on Spotify. Awards In 1999, the special was nominated for 2 Primetime Emmy Awards in Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special and Outstanding Technical Direction/Camera/Video for a Special. The American Comedy Awards nominated Jerry for the Funniest Male Performer in a TV Special and the Directors Guild of America Awards nominated Marty Callner for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Musical/Variety. Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Jerry Seinfeld: 'I'm Telling You for the Last Time' at the Internet Movie Database Jerry Seinfeld albums HBO network specials 1990s American television specials 1990s in comedy Comedy albums by American artists Stand-up comedy albums Spoken word albums by American artists Live albums by American artists Live comedy albums 1990s comedy albums 1998 debut albums 1998 live albums 1999 video albums Stand-up comedy concert films 1998 in New York City Universal Records live albums Stand-up comedy on DVD 1990s English-language films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Telling%20You%20for%20the%20Last%20Time
USS Graffias (AF-29), a , is the only ship of the United States Navy to have this name. The name Graffias is another name for the star Beta Scorpii in the constellation Scorpius. The Graffias was originally laid down in 1943 as Topa Topa, a Maritime Commission type (C2-S-E1) hull under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1610) at the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, Chickasaw, Alabama. The ship was acquired by the United States Navy on 19 February 1944 and subsequently converted by the Bethlehem Steel Company, Baltimore, Maryland. The Graffias was commissioned at Baltimore on 28 October 1944. Initial operations After a brief shakedown along the East Coast, Graffias sailed for the Pacific on 25 November as a unit of ServRon Ten. Reaching Ulithi on 31 December, she discharged her valuable cargo of provisions and returned to San Francisco, California, a month later. Laden with foodstuffs and provisions for the staging areas and the front, Graffias made two more San Francisco-Ulithi voyages through May 1945. The refrigerator-cargo ship returned to Pearl Harbor on 31 May and from there sailed again to Ulithi with provisions, returning to Hawaii on 14 July. After repairs at Pearl Harbor, Graffias sailed to Adak, Alaska, reaching port on 18 August. With the Japanese capitulation, she began a new task: bringing desperately needed provisions to the starving island and to American occupation forces. Graffias reached Ominato, Honshū, on 9 September, and after replenishing American bases at Wakayama, Nagasaki, and Sasebo, sailed for the United States with home and discharge-bound passengers. Putting in at Seattle on 26 October, she disembarked her passengers and checked into Bremerton Navy Yard for overhaul. By January 1946, Graffias was well embarked on the routine which she was to follow until the Korean War, replenishing scattered American bases across the Pacific. Taking on cargo at Seattle or San Francisco, she would discharge provisions at such far-flung points as Wake Island, Eniwetok, Kwajalein, Bikini, Okinawa, the Philippines, Guam, Saipan, Formosa, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Yokosuka. These Pacific replenishment cruises, whose duration was 2½ months on the average, were supplemented by periodic overhauls and participation in various fleet exercises. Korean War When war broke out in Korea in June 1950, Graffias sailed to Sasebo, Japan, her new home port, to begin the vital task of provisioning United States and United Nations ships and troops. For three years she shuttled between Sasebo and various at sea replenishment areas to effect cargo transfer, as well as making frequent stops along the Korean coast. As the conflict ended with an armistice in August 1953, Graffias remained on duty with the 7th Fleet to continue her task of replenishing ships and troops. Replenishment cruises took her across the ocean to Hong Kong and Formosa as well as Okinawa and the Philippines. During the intensification of the Quemoy-Matsu situation in the summer of 1955, and thereafter, Graffias made frequent stops at Formosa to provision American and Chinese Nationalist forces as well as an enlarged 7th Fleet. In the decade that followed, Graffias operated almost continuously out of Sasebo supplying American naval ships in Far Eastern ports especially, in the Philippines, Formosa, Hong Kong and Vietnam. She departed Sasebo on 26 February 1964 for her new home port of San Francisco. Vietnam War Following a thorough overhaul, she headed westward again on 27 June and reached Yokosuka on 13 July. On the last day of July, she sailed for Subic Bay after the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Following the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August, Graffias was ordered to the area to provide logistic support. A week later, she replenished the two destroyers and subsequently supplied many other ships of the 7th Fleet. After setting a replenishment record during the deployment by transferring supplies at an average rate of 168.9 short tons per hour, Graffias steamed home via Hong Kong, Yokosuka, and Pearl Harbor, arriving in San Francisco on 12 October. Following two deployments to the Far East in 1965, supporting the Allied forces in Vietnam, Graffias operated along the Pacific Coast in 1966 until sailing for the western Pacific on 10 December. On the last day of 1966 she departed Yokosuka to resume underway replenishment operations supplying ships of the 7th Fleet fighting off Vietnam in 1967. Graffias returned to her homeport in April 1967 after a port call in Hawaii where one of her boilers was repaired. She sailed again in August 1967 to the western Pacific and the waters off the coast of Vietnam, under the command of Captain Thomas B. Hayward. Captain Hayward departed Graffias in June 1968 for duty in Washington, D.C.. The ship returned to its home port for Christmas on 23 December 1967, the ship's first Christmas in the United States since 1949. Graffias again set sail in late July 1968 to support the war effort off the coast of Vietnam, returning to San Francisco in November 1968. Graffias was decommissioned in 1969. Graffias earned eight battle stars for Korean War service and seven campaign stars for Vietnam War service. References navsource.org: USS Graffias AF-29 Hyades-class stores ships Ships built in Chickasaw, Alabama 1943 ships World War II auxiliary ships of the United States Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States Korean War auxiliary ships of the United States Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Graffias
The 2011 Pan American Games, officially the XVI Pan American Games, was an international multi-sport event that was held from October 14–30, 2011, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Some events were held in the nearby cities of Ciudad Guzmán, Puerto Vallarta, Lagos de Moreno and Tapalpa. It was the largest multi-sport event of 2011, with approximately 6,000 athletes from 42 nations participating in 36 sports. Both the Pan American and Parapan American Games were organized by the Guadalajara 2011 Organizing Committee (COPAG). The 2011 Pan American Games were the third Pan American Games hosted by Mexico (the first country to do so) and the first held in the state of Jalisco. Previously, Mexico hosted the 1955 Pan American Games and the 1975 Pan American Games, both in Mexico City. The 2011 Parapan American Games were held 20 days after the Pan American Games have ended. Following PASO tradition, Jalisco governor Emilio González Márquez and then Guadalajara mayor Alfonso Petersen Farah received the Pan American Sports Organization flag during the closing ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event was officially opened by the President of Mexico Felipe Calderón. Brett Fraser, a swimmer from the Cayman Islands, won the first Pan American Games gold medal for his country, while Saint Kitts and Nevis won its first ever Pan American Games medal of any kind. Organization Bidding process PASO selected the city unanimously as the host for 16th Pan American Games on Friday, June 2, 2006, at its 44th general assembly held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Guadalajara was the only city to officially bid for the 2011 Pan American Games. This may have been in part due to no announced and/or open candidature period for the event. Guadalajara initially bid for the 2003 Pan American Games which were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. San Antonio, United States, which bid for the 2007 Games, declined to bid for the 2011 games. Infrastructure and budget Inspired by the 2003 Santo Domingo Games, Guadalajara used the Games as a cost-effective way to build sports infrastructure, according to Ivar Sisniega, Guadalajara 2011 international relations and sports director. Guadalajara, a metropolitan area of five million people, is a destination for cultural and business travellers. Horacio de la Vega, marketing director for Guadalajara 2011, cited the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona as the inspiration for infrastructure improvements. "Barcelona wasn't Barcelona before it got the Olympic Games. In a more modest sense, we are doing the same in Guadalajara", he said. The budget was estimated at US$200 million, of which $180 million was for sports infrastructure. Some of the funding went to general street improvement and public transportation. Dr. Carlos Andrade was the head of the organizing committee. However, as the Games drew closer to starting, it was revealed that the costs of building the venues and the athletes' village had more than tripled to US$750 million. The city planned to build a new convention center and undertake road improvements. Additional plans called for transit improvements, a performing arts theater (Auditorio Telmex) and a new public library. Guadalajara increased the number of available hotel rooms by 5,000 for the games. By April, Guadalajara 2011 had made over US$50 million revenue from television rights and sponsors, which was more than the previous games in Rio de Janeiro. The organizing committee had aimed for a revenue of about $70 million by the end of the Games. The organizing committee also expected to sell about one million tickets, which went on sale on May 13, 2011. In June 2011, four months before the games, Carlos Andrade stated that no construction concerns remained for Guadalajara. He said that all 23 stadiums being built would be ready for the start of the games. Marketing Marketing for the games began in 2007 at the closing ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro with a handover ceremony to the next host city. The state and national governments arranged for signs and billboards. Two TV networks, Televisa and TV Azteca, signed contracts to broadcast the Games and to advertise them. Famous athletes from Mexico, including diver Fernando Platas and golfer Lorena Ochoa, were also named ambassadors to promote the games. The organizing committee also signed a marketing deal with SKY México, which operates in several countries. The network created a channel dedicated to the games. Classes were suspended in Guadalajara during the games to give students the chance to attend. Sponsors There were four official sponsors for the Games: Scotiabank, Telcel, Nissan and Telmex. Accordingly, some of the venues were named after these sponsors, such as the Scotiabank Aquatics Center, Nissan Gymnastics Stadium, Telcel Tennis Complex and the Telmex Athletics Stadium. Children International was also an official benefactor of the Pan American Games. "Second tier" and "third tier" sponsors included Technogym and others. Mascots The mascots for the 2011 Pan American Games and the 2011 Parapan American Games were Huichi, Gavo, and Leo. The organizing committee unveiled the mascots at the Plaza Andares Amphitheater in Guadalajara on November 28, 2009, and the mascots were officially named on February 10, 2010. The co-creators of the mascots were José Luis Andrade (Leo), Ángel Barba Barrera (Huichi), and Fernando Sanchez (Gavo). Each received $2,584. The mascots represented the state of Jalisco and the city of Guadalajara. Gavo — A blue agave (agave azul) plant that is representative of the region which is famous for its tequila production. Huichi — A deer, to represent the southern part of the state Leo — A lion, to represents the strong people of Guadalajara. The lion is present in the city's coat of arms. Venues The aquatic centre has two Olympic-size pools and a diving platform. The athletic facility was expanded to 15,000 during the Games and then was converted back to 5,000 seats. Puerto Vallarta hosted sailing, marathon swimming, triathlon, and beach volleyball. Other cities that co-hosted the event are Tapalpa (mountain biking), Ciudad Guzmán (rowing and canoeing) and Lagos de Moreno (baseball). The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Omnilife Stadium, which was constructed in 2010 for the Chivas football team. Originally, the bigger and older Jalisco Stadium was scheduled to host the ceremonies, but the organizing committee decided to move to the newer and more technologically advanced Omnilife stadium. By moving the ceremonies to the Omnilife Stadium organizers also allowed for a parade to be held through the streets of Guadalajara and an increase in the use of projections and fireworks. Other venues that already existed in Guadalajara included the Weightlifting Forum and the CODE Dome. Most other venues for the games had to be constructed or expanded temporarily to host the games. 10 new venues were planned including a volleyball arena, covered velodrome, shooting range, and a basketball arena. The 3,500-seat gymnastics stadium, which cost $5.5 million, opened in March 2008. In total about 35 different venues were used, with a majority of them being newly built specifically for the games. Torch relay The Pan American Torch Relay brought the torch from Mexico City to the Estadio Omnilife for the Opening Ceremony. The flame arrives just in time for the opening ceremony. The relay took the torch through all 32 Mexican states on a 50-day route starting on August 26 at the pyramids of Teotihuacan outside Mexico City. About 3,500 runners carried the torch on the 15,000-kilometer route. The torch arrived in Puerto Vallarta on October 9, Ciudad Guzmán on October 11, Tapalpa on October 12, Lagos de Moreno on October 13 and Guadalajara on October 14. The torch relay was sponsored by local nutrition company Grupo Omnilife. The torch design depicted agave leaves protecting the Pan American flame. It was designed by Vatti, the same company that designed the torch for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The torch relay was organized by the Mexican Olympic Committee. The Games Opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the games took place on October 14, 2011, at 8:00 pm CDT (01:00 UTC, October 15) at Omnilife Stadium. The opening ceremony was produced by Five Currents, who also produced the 2002 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony. Participating teams All 41 members of PASO competed at the Games. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, which had planned to continue functioning after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, had its membership withdrawn by the IOC Executive Committee at the IOC session in July 2011. However, it took steps to allow athletes to compete at the 2011 Pan American Games under the PASO flag. The number of competitors qualified by each delegation is indicated in parentheses. Sports 36 sports were contested in Guadalajara. With sports such as diving, a sub-discipline of aquatics, included, the number goes up to 40 sports. Futsal, which was added as a sport for the 2007 Pan American Games was dropped from the program. Rugby sevens replaced futsal at the games, appearing on the games program for the very first time. Racquetball and basque pelota also returned to the program after missing the last games in Rio de Janeiro. There were 361 medal events in total. The 2011 Pan American Games had qualification standards for every sport just like the Olympic Games. 15 out of the 26 current Summer Olympic sports, including canoeing, handball, and modern pentathlon, will use the Pan American Games as a qualifier for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport. Aquatics Basque pelota (10) () Canoeing (12) () Cycling () BMX (2) Mountain biking (2) Road (4) Track (10) Field hockey (2) () Gymnastics () Artistic (14) Rhythmic (8) Trampoline (2) Calendar Medal table The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below with the host nation, Mexico, being highlighted. The design of the medals is intended to represent the heart of the agave plant and thus represent the Jalisco region. Closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the games took place on October 30, 2011, beginning at 8:00 pm CST (02:00 UTC, October 31) at Omnilife Stadium. As per tradition, the Pan American Sports Organization flag was handed over to the mayor of the next host city, Rob Ford of Toronto. Concerns and controversies Security Guadalajara, due to the ongoing Mexican Drug War, has seen escalating violence. Some countries, including the United States and Canada, expressed concerns about the safety and security of the region. Scott Backmun of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) raised concerns about the city's ability to host the games in light of the drug war. Due to the increased safety issues the USOC had its own security plan for the games. During a meeting of the USOC in March 2011, chief security officer Larry Buendorf gave a report to the rest of the committee in which he said, "We’re going to prepare for Guadalajara like we would any other Games. A lot of that is just preparing your athletes for the individual environments that they’re going into. Everybody is quite aware of the violence that has happened. We’re obviously concerned about it, and at the end of the day, I think we have a good security plan in place to try to protect our athletes". After grenades were thrown near a nightclub entrance in two separate incidents in February 2011, organizers said they were making security a priority and arranged for police and members of the armed forces to patrol in Guadalajara throughout the games. Athletes' village The athletes' village was behind schedule for the entire time it was under construction, and in May 2011, about five months before the start of the games, the courts ordered work on the village to halt when residents of Zapopan said the construction would adversely affect their drinking water supply. Carlos Andrade Garin, the director of the organizing committee, said even a short delay in construction would mean the games would have to be canceled. According to Garin, "we have some crabs [people who don't want to go forward] who don't like our state to grow, who don't like us having a great event, whose own related interests are more important than those of the community. Unfortunately, you can't do anything against this kind of people, except get on with our own job." After many delays, organizers finally asserted that the athletes' village would be finished no later than September, only a month before the games were to begin. The village was expected to be handed over to COPAG by August 22, 2011. Venue delays Another concern with the Games was that venue construction had fallen behind. In 2009, two years before the start of the games, the athletes' village was still not under construction and the aquatics and athletics stadiums fell way behind schedule. Some venues and the athletes village were finished only a few weeks before the start of the games, including the Telcel Athletics Stadium and the beach volleyball stadium in Puerto Vallarta. This meant that not all disciplines could have a test event before the games began. Organizers guaranteed that all the sports venues being built for the games would be ready before September 2011. Many of the venues were scaled down, including the Telmex athletics stadium, which had the number of seats halved. During the election of the host city of the 2015 Pan American Games, PASO president Mario Vázquez Rana said that if Guadalajara did not address the delays, Toronto, the host of the next games, would step in and replace Guadalajara as host. In August 2011, the athletics stadium was further delayed by constant rain which prevented the installation of the track. This development put the test event scheduled for September at risk of being cancelled. Several days before the opening ceremony, the organizing committee announced that they were optimistic that the venues would be ready by the start of the games. Allegation of tainted meat The German National Anti-Doping Agency warned athletes that some meat in Mexico had tested positive for the stimulant clenbuterol. However, Games officials said that food served at the athletes' village would be tested to ensure it contained no drugs or contaminants. See also 2011 Parapan American Games References External links Guadalajara 2011 - XVI Pan American Games - Official Report (Part 1) at PanamSports.org Guadalajara 2011 - XVI Pan American Games - Official Report (Part 2) at PanamSports.org 2011 in multi-sport events 2011 in Mexican sports International sports competitions hosted by Mexico Sport in Guadalajara, Jalisco 2011 in North American sport 2011 in South American sport Multi-sport events in Mexico Pan American Games October 2011 sports events in Mexico 21st century in Guadalajara, Jalisco	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Pan%20American%20Games
Richard "Rick" Limoges (born January 1, 1956) is a retired Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Windsor—St. Clair in the House of Commons of Canada from 1999 to 2000. Limoges was elected as a councillor for Ward 5 of the City of Windsor in 1985 at the age of 29, at that time the youngest person to have been elected to the municipal council. He was notable for having been one of the first area candidates to use his photo on his campaign signs, featuring his trademark moustache. Following the death of Windsor—St. Clair MP Shaughnessy Cohen on December 9, 1998, Limoges resigned from the city council to stand as the Liberal Party candidate in the resulting by-election, which was held on April 12, 1999. Limoges won by a margin of just 91 votes over New Democratic Party candidate Joe Comartin. Limoges was succeeded on Windsor City Council by Eddie Francis, who later became Windsor's mayor. In the 2000 federal election, however, Comartin defeated Limoges for the seat by a margin of 401 votes. Limoges ran again in the 2004 election, and was defeated by a wider margin of 3,818 votes. He was a candidate for mayor of Windsor in the 2010 municipal election, received 40% of the popular vote but lost to Francis. Limoges was a member of the Assessment Review Board of Ontario from 2007 to 2017, co-owner of Sandy's Riverside Grill (http://www.sandyspub.com) along with his wife Sandy since August 2005 and majority shareholder, President of River's Edge Tap & Table from January 2015 until April 2020. (http://www.riversedgewindsor.com), both restaurants in the Riverside area of Windsor, ON. He is also co-author of peer reviewed scientific publications, including: Jassim S. A. A. and Limoges R. G. 2017. BOOK: Bacteriophages: Practical Applications for Nature's Biocontrol https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319540504 References External links 1956 births Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Liberal Party of Canada MPs Windsor, Ontario city councillors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Limoges
The Beginning Was the End is a 1971 pseudo-scientific book written by Oscar Kiss Maerth (October 8, 1914 – August 26, 1990) which claims humankind evolved from cannibalistic apes. The book has been criticized in relation to racialist and pseudohistorical claims. Background Maerth was a Hungarian-born entrepreneur, philosopher and writer. He studied the living habits of people living close to nature in Southeast Asia. In doing so, he pursued questions about the causes of emergence and development of human beings, their intelligence and behavior. After emigrating from Hungary to South America, Maerth lived in Hong Kong for many years, later moving with his wife Elisabeth and three children to Lake Como in Northern Italy, where he bought the Villa Passalacqua in Moltrasio. He bequeathed the villa and much of his fortune to the Omnia Mundi Foundation. The foundation was registered in 1975 with 50,000 Swiss francs as initial capital. The foundation was dissolved after the death of the founder. Publication Maerth rose to prominence in 1971 as the author of The Beginning was the End, a book he wrote in 1967 in seclusion at the Tsin San Buddhist monastery in Guangdong Province, China. In this book, he advocated the thesis that humans descended from apes, which systematically consumed the brains of their fellow species for many thousands of years. As a result, their brain volume gradually increased. Ultimately, humans came into being through cannibalism. It was first published in West Germany as Der Anfang war das Ende – Der Mensch entstand durch Kannibalismus (Econ Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf und Wien, 1971), then translated by Judith Hayward and published in Great Britain by Michael Joseph, Ltd, 1973 and re-issued by Sphere Books, Ltd, London in 1974, . It has been translated into eight languages. Synopsis The Beginning Was the End claimed that modern humans devolved from a species of brain-eating apes. According to Maerth, this diet increased the apes' brain size, sex drive, and aggression, but suppressed their purported innate psychic ability, eventually causing insanity. Maerth offered no evidence for his theories, basing them largely on his alleged meetings with cannibals in Java and New Guinea and his experiences eating raw ape brains in a restaurant in Southeast Asia. He hints at having activated his latent psychic abilities through altering the shape of his skull in the manner of Incan tribes and/or trepanation, and his theories claimed to be mostly derived from the resulting divine inspiration. The frontispiece of Maerth's book says that after his travels in Asia, South America and Australia he settled in Italy where he lived with his wife and three children on Lake Como, where he was involved in the restoration of Villa Passalacqua. While future volumes were promised in the course of the text, none ever appeared, with the exception of The Speech of Moltrasio, a very rare 8 page pamphlet. Criticism The book contains no references whatsoever, rather it is based on alleged conversations with present-day cannibals, the eating of ape brain by the author and direct 'insight' from deep meditation. Many parts have been deemed by some as being outright racist, particularly the photographic plates comparing various ethnic faces (primarily Arab and African) to apes. He says that blacks have smaller brains than whites and that contemporary cannibal tribes are seeking to remedy this discrepancy by consuming brains in a frantic attempt to catch up, though he estimates that it would take them roughly 100,000 years to do so. Popular culture The book's legacy comes largely from the new wave band Devo, who incorporated several elements of the book into their concept of "de-evolution" and even adopted the book's title for their short film, In the Beginning was the End: The Truth About De-evolution. Bassist/synth player/vocalist Gerald V. Casale said of the book, "It's a better story than the Bible as far as DEVO's concerned." The cover of the 1989 album Now It Can Be Told is based on the cover of the US paperback edition. See also Artificial cranial deformation Devolution (biology) Lamarckism Man into Wolf Monkey brains (cuisine) Polygenism Stanisław Szukalski Trepanation Zermatism Notes References Kossy, Donna (2001). Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes. Feral House. ISBN 0922915652 External links The Mystery of the Apple, an Italian comic book illustrating Maerth's theories WE MUST REPEAT: CRITICAL EDITION OF DEVO'S "JOCKO HOMO" German TV interview with Oscar Kiss Maerth (English subtitles) (c.1971) 1971 non-fiction books Non-fiction books about cannibalism Pseudoscience literature Race-related controversies in literature	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beginning%20Was%20the%20End
Wakes Cove Provincial Park is a provincial park in the northeast corner of Valdes Island, located in the Gulf Islands in British Columbia, Canada. The park is only accessible by boat, and can be found on Marine Chart #3475 for further navigation details. History The park was created in June 2002. The park is named for British retired naval Captain Baldwin Wake who purchased land in the area in 1876. The land continued to be owned by his descendants until the 1920s. Captain Wake went missing while sailing his sloop. Remains of his boat and belongings washed up on Thetis Island, but his body was never recovered. Leisure use Currently the park has no facilities for overnight camping, and its intended use, as stated by BC parks, is picnicking and hiking, with a view towards the development of expanded facilities in the future. The BC government has created a purpose statement and zoning plan for the park. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Provincial Parks of the Gulf Islands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakes%20Cove%20Provincial%20Park
Hamilton (postcode 5373) is a small township in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. It is about 120 km northeast of Adelaide, South Australia, about 23 km north of Kapunda. Once a stop for the mining carts going from Adelaide to Burra, but now just a small agricultural district. Hamilton was the birthplace of Albert Percy Blesing in 1879, MP for Northern from 1924 to 1944. He served as Minister for Agriculture, Local Government and Afforestation in the government of Thomas Playford IV. This now shrinking town used to be a very vibrant one with its own football, netball and cricket teams all of which now are non-existent. The Hamilton tennis club is still running and plays in the Julia & Light Tennis Association. The park at Hamilton is called Gill Park and is named after the Gill family which was prominent in the district. The Hamilton school opened in 1860 by the local residents. The school contributed to the development of the township, as it provided local access to primary education. The nearest town, Kapunda, was too far to travel daily to school with 19th century transport. The Hamilton school closed in 1948 and the remaining students and teacher transferred to Kapunda Primary. The Dutton Memorial Church of St Matthew was built in 1896 (replacing a more modest building of 1857) and financed by one man, Henry Dutton (1844–1914) of nearby Anlaby Station as a memorial to his brother Frederick, and to Henry's wife Helen and their daughter Ethel, who died accidentally on Granite Island. Henry Dutton was occasional lay reader and, an accomplished musician, played the organ, a magnificent instrument for such a small town. The church is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. The historic Anlaby Station complex is located within the modern boundaries of Hamilton. Anlaby Homestead and the Anlaby Shearing Shed, Slaughterhouse, Shearers' Quarters and Manager's House are both separately listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. References Towns in South Australia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%2C%20South%20Australia
See also the Africa section of: Nafir The kakaki is a three to four metre long metal trumpet used in Hausa traditional ceremonial music. Kakaki is the name used in Chad, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin Niger, and Nigeria. The instrument is also known as malakat in Ethiopia. An ancient instrument, the kakaki was predominant among Songhai cavalry. Its sound is associated with royalty and it is only played at events at the palace of the king or sultan in Hausa societies. It is used as part of the sara, a weekly statement of power and authority. Kakaki are exclusively played by men. See also Hausa music fanfare Wazza References Chad - Arts and Literature BBC article at Internet Archive The Orchestra in the African Context Brass instruments West African musical instruments Hausa music Nigerien musical instruments Nigerian musical instruments Chadian musical instruments Burkinabé musical instruments Ethiopian musical instruments Hausa musical instruments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaki
Malakat may refer to: Kakaki, metal trumpets used in the traditional musics of various African cultures Ma malakat aymanukum, an Arabic phrase that appears in the Qur'an	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakat
James Ronald "Bunkie" Blackburn (April 22, 1936 – February 28, 2006) was a NASCAR racecar driver. Career Blackburn's father owned and operated the Fayetteville, North Carolina racetrack. He later competed at the historic Nashville Speedway USA against many future legendary drivers. In 1967, he was part of a three driver crew that set a world speed record of 174 mph in a Smokey Yunick Z-28 Camaro at the Bonneville Salt Flats in a USAC/FIA event. NASCAR career Blackburn won the 1968 Daytona 300 from the pole. He had 14 Top-10 and 4 Top-5 finishes in the Grand National Division. He drove in the series from the late 1950s to the early 1970s for Smokey Yunick and Petty Enterprises. He almost won the 1961 Dixie 400 at Atlanta Motor Speedway in relief for Junior Johnson. He took Johnson's car to the lead with 5 laps to go after Fireball Roberts ran out of gas. However, Blackburn also ran out of gas on the final lap to hand the victory to David Pearson. He retired after a racing injury. External links Obituary at nascar.com 1936 births 2006 deaths NASCAR drivers Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina Racing drivers from North Carolina	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkie%20Blackburn
The Marlin Model 60, also known as the Marlin Glenfield Model 60, is a semi-automatic rifle that fires the .22 LR rimfire cartridge. Produced by Remington Arms in Huntsville, Alabama formerly in Mayfield, Kentucky, formerly by Marlin Firearms Company of North Haven, Connecticut, it was in continuous production from 1960 to 2020 and the company says it is the most popular rifle of its kind in the world. Major features include a micro-groove barrel, a cross-bolt safety, hardwood stock with Monte Carlo comb, and brass or blued steel inner magazine tube. The Marlin Model 795 is a very similar rifle and based on the Marlin Model 60, changed only to accept a detachable box magazine. History The Marlin Model 99 was developed in 1959 by Ewald Nichol. Internally, it was essentially what would become the Model 60 in 1960. However, major differences were visible from the exterior. The Model 99 featured a walnut stock, and the receiver, instead of being grooved for tip-off scope mounts like the Model 60 would be, was factory-tapped to accept screw-on scope mounts. The Model 99 was offered from 1959 through 1961, and a lower priced version, Model 99G, was offered under Marlin's Glenfield line. The Marlin Model 60 was developed in 1960 from the Model 99 design. The primary difference was that the stock was made of birch instead of walnut to reduce the recurring production costs for the more expensive wood. Marlin also moved away from their practice of using steel inner tubes with their tubular magazine. They moved back to brass inner tubes as other companies had done. This, instead of the steel tubes often seen on earlier Marlin .22 rifles, eliminated the rust problems that the all-steel tubular magazines had experienced which helped make the inexpensive Marlin rifle as durable as more expensive .22 caliber rifles. The Model 60 additionally featured a 16-groove rifled barrel, utilizing Marlin's trademarked Micro-Groove rifling technology, which had been developed in 1953. This rifling, with its precision-crowned muzzle, gave the Model 60 an inherent, enhanced accuracy over competing rifles, which used traditional deep grooved rifling, because the bullet was not as severely deformed while traveling down the barrel, and downrange. The Model 60 has a manual "fully open" bolt hold position, activated by pushing the charging handle inwards towards the gun when it is in the fully retracted, open breech position. To close the bolt with the manual bolt hold-open engaged, the charging handle must be pulled out, away from the gun, before the bolt will go forward. Since 1985, the Model 60 has also included a patented automatic "last-shot" bolt hold-open. This latter feature is a safety feature that locks the bolt half-way open after the last cartridge is fired, thereby allowing the safe inspection of the now-open action. This also notifies the user when the gun is empty. During the late-1980s, the capacity of the rifle was reduced to a 15-round maximum limit, to meet New Jersey's firearms law for semi-automatic guns. For a few years in the mid-1980s the Model 60 rifles had both the "last shot hold open" feature and also held 18 rounds in the tube magazine. Those rifles with those two features are among the most sought after Model 60s. The redesigned magazine tube was visibly shorter than the barrel, which is how rifles from this period can be easily identified. Then, in the early 2000s the length of the barrel was reduced from 22 to 19 inches (559 to 483 mm), to match the length of the reduced length magazine. This had the effect of reducing the length of the rifle from 40.5 to 37.5 inches (1029 to 953 mm). (The photo above is of the 40.5 inch (1029 mm) version, the rifle having been manufactured in 1982.) Non-removable tubular magazine-fed rifles were never subject to the 10 round limit of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Marlin also manufactured models for export, which had various capacities to comply with foreign firearms regulations. Despite slight design changes since 1960, there is general backwards compatibility of nearly all internal parts. Some notable parts that are year-specific are the feed throat mechanisms, magazine tubes, firing pins, and hammers. In 2020 Marlin was sold to Sturm, Ruger & Co. when Remington Arms assets were sold off. Production of the Model 60 ceased at this time. Ruger relaunched Marlin in fall of 2021. As of January 2022, Ruger announced it has no plans to resume production of the Model 60. Features The action design is a self-loading, straight blowback operation, with right-side ejection. The receiver top has a serrated, non-glare finish. The receiver is held in the stock by front and rear machine screws through forearm and the trigger guard respectively (later models add a wood screw behind the trigger guard to reinforce the wrist of the stock). The receiver is grooved for a scope mount. For use without a scope, the barrel features an adjustable open rear light and a ramp front sight. The charging handle is used to load the first round from the magazine and can be retracted and pushed in as a manual bolt hold-open feature. Current model has an automatic "last-shot" bolt hold-open device with an external lever in the front of the trigger guard to release the bolt. Earliest Model 60s did not have a bolt hold-open; first the manual, then in the mid-1980s the automatic "last shot" hold-open were added. The rifle has an easily accessible cross-bolt safety located above the trigger. When disassembled, the trigger guard with trigger and safety remains in the stock. Marlin uses their proprietary Micro-Groove rifling in the Model 60. The twist rate is 1:16 inches, right-hand. Micro-Groove rifling uses 16 small lands and grooves rather than 4, 6 or 8 deeper grooves used in most rifles. This increases the accuracy of the rifle by lessening deformation of fired bullets traveling down the barrel. Although the Model 60 is one of the least expensive .22 semi-automatic rifles sold, it has the reputation of being one of the most accurate rifles out of the box, with no modifications necessary. Unlike some competing .22 semi-automatic rifles, such as the Ruger 10/22, there are relatively few aftermarket accessories sold for the utilitarian Model 60. The Model 60 has been sold in over thirty-five variants, and is one of the fastest-selling sporting rifles ever, as of 1983. While earlier .22 semi-automatic rifles were often designed to function with .22 Short, .22 Long and .22 Long Rifle interchangeably, the Model 60 is optimized for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge only. Uses The Model 60 is well-suited for small-game hunting and vermin control, as well as for serious but low-cost target practice while preparing for hunting with larger rifles. The relatively large ammunition capacity is adequate for casual recreational target shooting ("plinking"), plus the low price and ease of handling makes it well-suited as a first rifle by young hunters just learning to use a semi-automatic rifle. Versions and year of manufacture The Model 60 is currently available in nine distinct versions: The production of Marlin Model 60's was moved to Huntsville, Alabama. This move took place in 2016 and 2017. Rifles now are labeled on the barrel with the new location as Huntsville, Alabama USA. Model 60, the basic rifle (shown in picture) Model 6082, US Cavalry Commemorative version issued in 1982, basic rifle Model 60C, the basic rifle in a camouflage version Model 60SN, the basic rifle with a black fiberglass stock Model 60SB, the rifle in a weather-proof stainless steel version Model 60DL, the basic rifle in a Monte Carlo walnut stock Model 60SS, the rifle in a nickel-plated, stainless steel version with a grey/black laminate stock Model 60SSK, the rifle in a nickel-plated, stainless steel version, with black fiberglass stock Model 60S-CF, the rifle in a nickel-plated, stainless steel version, with a black carbon-fiber-patterned stock Model 60DLX, the newest Marlin 60, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Model 60. Has a premium walnut stock and gold fill on the roll marks, otherwise same as base model. Historically, there were also other versions that were sold: Marlin Model 99 - this was the first version of the Model 60, offered in a walnut stock, 1959 to 1961 Marlin Model 99DL - Deluxe model with Monte Carlo walnut stock and a butt plate end cap with white line spacer. Gold tone trigger and trigger guard, 1961 - 1964 Marlin Model 99C - Similar to 99, but Micro Groove barrel and only trigger was gold tone. Receiver was grooved for rimfire tip off scope mounts. Originally smooth wood stock, checking was added in 1971. The pattern was changed several times later. 1961 - 1978 Marlin Model 990 - Deluxe version of the 99C with an American walnut stock. 1979 - 1987 Marlin Model 99G - Very similar to the 60 Marlin Model 99M1 - styled to resemble the US Army M1 carbine, with eighteen-inch barrel, handguard, barrel band, nine-shot magazine even with the end of the stock, and receiver sight mounted on the scope grooves. Marlin Model 989M2 - styled like the 99M1, but with a box magazine. Glenfield Model 99G - precursor of the Model 60G. Glenfield Model 60G - Similar to the 99C, but with a birch stock instead of walnut. 1960 - 1965 Glenfield Model 60 - one of the Model 60 versions manufactured from 1966 to 1982 Glenfield Model 65 - manufactured in 1968; it was essentially identical to the Model 60 with the exception of a brass exterior magazine tube; it was made for Oklahoma Tire & Supply Co. Glenfield Model 75 - Carbine version. Shorter 16" barrel and nine shot mag tube. No bolt release lever in trigger guard. Supplied with sling swivels. Glenfield Model 75C - carbine version, same as the Glenfield Model 75 but the 75C has a 14+1 capacity. Marlin Model 120 "Revelation" - Manufactured for Western Auto Supply in the early 1960s, had a brass dot front sight instead of the hood sight, and the barrel is stamped WESTERN AUTO SUPPLY CO. There was a 20th Anniversary edition of the Model 60 Produced in the early 1980s by Marlin. It was sold by various retailers until stock ran out, at least until 1982. Marlin Model 600 - Made specially for Big 5 Sporting Goods between 1986 and 1989. This model is very rare because of the short production run, and little info is known. Came with a supremely durable gold-plated metal trigger instead of the standard polymer trigger, and a stainless steel breech bolt in lieu of the blue steel breech bolt on the Model 60. Model 60SSBL, the nickel-plated, stainless steel version of the M60 had a blue/grey laminate stock and was sold exclusively at Cabela's. Marlin Model 60W NRA 125th Anniversary Edition .22 LR. The rimfire, tube-fed, semi-automatic rifle is chambered for .22 LR only & has Micro-Groove rifling. The NRA 125th Anniversary Edition (c. 1996) featured a walnut finished stock, golden finish trigger, & golden medallion on stock stamped with 'Safety - Ethics - Sportsmanship'. Iron sights. 15-round capacity of .22 LR. 22" barrel. 5.45 lbs. Other private-label versions were manufactured for Montgomery Ward, Coast to Coast Stores, and Cotter & Company. See also Marlin Firearms Ruger 10/22, a competing .22 caliber semi-automatic rifle, similar to the Marlin 795 which uses a box-magazine. Savage Model 64F, a competing .22 caliber semi-automatic rifle. References Marlin Model 60, American Rifleman, NRA External links Marlin Firearms Co. Marlin Firearms Company firearms Rifles of the United States .22 LR semi-automatic rifles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin%20Model%2060
Cantil may refer to: Several different venomous snake species within the Agkistrodon genus Tani Cantil-Sakauye (born 1959), 28th Chief Justice of California Cantil, California, small town in the United States Cantil, an alternate name of the drug mepenzolate The Portuguese name of a certain type of wine bottle, more commonly known under its German name Bocksbeutel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantil
Leonard Wolf (March 1, 1923 – March 20, 2019) was a Romanian-American poet, author, teacher, and translator. He is known for his authoritative annotated editions of classic gothic horror novels, including Dracula, Frankenstein, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and The Phantom of the Opera, and other critical works on the topic; and also for his Yiddish translations of works ranging from those of Isaac Bashevis Singer to Winnie-the-Pooh. He is the father of Naomi Wolf. Life and career Born in Vulcan, Romania (Transylvania), Wolf was originally named 'Ludovic', which was changed upon his arrival in the United States in 1930 with his mother, Rose-ita, older brother, Maxim (Mel) and younger sister, Shirly. He wrote and published numerous poems, short stories, book reviews and articles, and was part of the Berkeley Renaissance of the late 1940s and 1950s. He was a professor of English at San Francisco State University (SFSU) until moving to New York around 1980, focussing on teaching poetry. He is the author of several books including A Dream of Dracula, Blood Thirst, 100 Years of Vampire Fiction (editor), Bluebeard : The Life and Crimes of Gilles De Rais, Doubles, Dummies and Dolls : Twenty-One Terror Tales of Replication (editor), Dracula : the Connoisseur's Guide, False Messiah, Horror - A Connoisseur's Guide To Literature And Film, Monsters: Twenty Terrible and Wonderful Beasts From The Classic Dragon And Colossal Minotaur To King Kong And The Great Godzilla, Quiromancia/ Chiromancy, The False Messiah, Voices from the love generation (Little, Brown, 1968), The Glass Mountain: A Novel (Overlook Press, 1993), The Passion of Israel [By] Leonard Wolf. Interviews Taken and Edited in Collaboration with Deborah Wolf, Wolf's Complete Book of Terror (editor), and Vini-Der-Pu: A Yiddish version of Winnie the Pooh (Dutton 2000). Wolf lived in New York. He was commissioned by Farrar, Straus & Giroux to write a biography of Isaac Bashevis Singer. The Treehouse: Eccentric Wisdom from My Father on How to Live, Love and See, by his daughter Naomi was published by Simon & Schuster in 2005. He died on March 20, 2019, in Corvallis, Oregon. Happening House While teaching at San Francisco State University in 1967, Wolf founded Happening House, one of many organizations that originated with the hippies of the Haight Ashbury district. It was conceived as an alternate university, an arts center and a place of learning. It often planned and sponsored social events such as softball games and free concerts. In collaboration with the Haight Ashbury Switchboard it had intermittent connections with the Haight Ashbury Free Clinic. Notes References External links Leonard Wolf at Fantastic Fiction 1923 births 2019 deaths People from Vulcan, Hunedoara 20th-century American novelists American male novelists American horror writers American non-fiction crime writers American academics of English literature Romanian emigrants to the United States Romanian Ashkenazi Jews Jewish American writers San Francisco State University faculty American film historians Translators from Yiddish 20th-century translators American male short story writers 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers 21st-century American Jews	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Wolf
"Righteous Brothers", also titled "The Righteous Brothers" on the season 2 DVD, is the eighteenth episode and season finale of the second season of the American television sitcom Arrested Development. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 17, 2005. The episode, directed by Chuck Martin, was written by producer Jim Vallely and series creator and executive producer Mitchell Hurwitz. An extended version of the episode was released as a special feature on the DVD home release. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics. At the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards, Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely received the Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series award for this episode. Plot Having been told that the house is sinking and that an inspector is on the way, Michael tells George Sr. that he needs to move out of the attic. Having made a music CD with his puppet Franklin, Gob asks Michael if he heard it. Michael assures Gob that he did. Realizing that George Sr. doesn't want to leave the attic, Gob knocks him out with ether, and drives him in the stair car to the police station to turn him in. Seeing that the Franklin CD he made for Michael hasn't been opened, Gob makes it seem as if Michael drove George Sr. to the station. After signing an affidavit stating that he doesn't know where his father is, Michael is arrested after a security camera photo shows Gob holding a picture of Michael on his face, making it seem as if Michael had met with his father earlier in the day. Meanwhile, George Michael and Ann protest the American remake of the film Les Cousins Dangereux, in which two cousins fall in love. Maeby, who created the remake, is told by producers to cut down the movie into a mere 52 minutes. At home, George Michael and Maeby share a kiss on the living room couch, and after jokingly saying that they "didn't get swallowed up into hell," the house fully sinks. Gob arrives, wanting to retrieve his father who he put underground the house, only to realize George Sr. had escaped earlier in the day. Earlier, George Sr., having escaped, knocked out his brother Oscar, shaved his head, and placed him in the police station's bathroom. He then witnessed Gob arriving outside the police station and starting a fight with Michael. George Sr., stopping the fight, stated that he was turning himself in, only to lead the cops into the bathroom where Oscar was located, which resulted in Oscar being arrested. On the next Arrested Development... Having burnt his hands on the family Cornballer, which erased his fingerprints, Oscar has trouble explaining to the cops who he really is. Having broken up with Lindsay, Tobias decides to quit his job at the Bluth Company and move to Las Vegas with his new girlfriend Kitty. Having arrived at Las Vegas, Tobias is told that his dream job has been filled in by a mysterious man, who happens to be George Sr. Reception Critical reception The A.V. Club writer Noel Murray wrote that the season finale didn't feel much like a finale, saying that "there’s a fumbling-for-an-ending aspect to “Righteous Brothers” that keeps it from being one of the classic Arrested Developments. Chalk it up to the reduced episode order, which makes this finale feel like a big finish and just an ordinary episode, all at once." In 2019, Brian Tallerico, writing for Vulture, ranked the episode 42nd out of the 84 total episodes of Arrested Development. Accolades "Righteous Brothers" was honored at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards. Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely received the Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series award for writing the episode, and Jeffrey Tambor was nominated for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series award for his supporting role as George Bluth Sr. References External links Arrested Development episodes 2005 American television episodes Emmy Award-winning episodes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous%20Brothers%20%28Arrested%20Development%29
Peter Breiner (born 3 July 1957) is a Slovak pianist, conductor, and composer. Biography Early life and studies Breiner, born in Humenné, Czechoslovakia, began to play the piano at age four. When he was nine, he enrolled at the conservatory in Košice, Slovakia, where he studied piano, percussion, composition, and conducting. He subsequently moved to Bratislava, where he attended the Academy of Performing Arts, continuing his composition studies under the tuition of Alexander Moyzes. He graduated from the academy in 1982. Career Breiner has recorded over 260 albums as conductor, composer, arranger, and pianist. He is known for his arrangements, such as Baroque versions of the Beatles and similar adaptations of Elvis Presley, as well as arrangements of popular Christmas music. His 2004 release of all the national anthems of the world was used at the Athens Olympic Committee as the music for medal ceremonies at the games. He has collaborated with other notable musicians, including Peter Lipa, Gustav Brom, and Milan Markovič. In 1998, he published his first book, titled Javorové listy, and in 2015, his second book, Iný glóbus nemáte?, came out. Since 2006, he has collaborated with violinist Stanislav Palúch and accordionist Boris Lenko as the trio Triango. His triple-CD Janáček Operatic Suites, released on Naxos, was ranked as one of Chicago Tribunes Top Ten Classical CDs of 2009. Breiner has also had a career as a television personality. In the early 2000s, his talk show on STV, called Do You Have Something Against That?, was temporarily banned, due to accusations of being exceedingly controversial. On 1 January 2018, Slovak President Andrej Kiska presented Breiner with the Order of Ľudovít Štúr. In 2022, Breiner started a collaboration with the streaming company OnAir, conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, resulting in three films of Stravinsky ballets (The Firebird, Petrushka, The Rite of Spring). Personal life Breiner lived in Toronto, Canada, from March 1992 to June 2007. From June 2007 to June 2020, he resided in New York City, and since July 2020, he lives in London, England. Awards and recognition Friends of Slovakia prize – for the promotion of Slovak culture in the United States (2014) Order of Ľudovít Štúr (2018) See also The 100 Greatest Slovak Albums of All Time References External links Instant Encore page with recordings, concert dates, bio, and links Collection of Peter Breiner pictures Biography at osobnosti.sk 1957 births Living people People from Humenné Slovak people of German descent Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada Slovak composers Canadian male classical composers 21st-century Canadian conductors (music) 20th-century Canadian conductors (music) Canadian male pianists Slovak classical pianists Male composers Slovak conductors (music) Male conductors (music) Slovak expatriates in the United States 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians Slovak male musicians Slovak male writers Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava alumni Order of Ľudovít Štúr	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Breiner

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