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The Dudley-Hewitt Cup is a championship ice hockey trophy awarded to the Central Canadian Junior A champion. The trophy is currently decided by round robin tournament format, at the conclusion of the playoffs of the Ontario Junior Hockey League, Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League, and Superior International Junior Hockey League, to determine the central representative at the Centennial Cup, the national Junior A championship.
The current format includes the champions of the OJHL, NOJHL, and SIJHL and a pre-selected host city, but in the past has included the champions of the Central Canada Hockey League, Quebec Junior Hockey League, and even the champion of the Callaghan Cup.
The trophy is named after George Dudley and W. A. Hewitt, who served as administrators for the Ontario Hockey Association and are inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame.
History
The trophy was first awarded in 1971.
From 1984 until 1995, the Thunder Bay Flyers of the United States Hockey League competed for the Dudley Hewitt Cup, winning four titles in 12 years.
The 2002 Dudley-Hewitt Cup marked a new chapter in Ontario hockey history. Since the mid-1990s, the OPJHL and NOJHL had squared off in a head-to-head series to determine the Central Canadian seed in the Royal Bank Cup. In 2001, a new Thunder Bay-area league, called the Superior International Junior Hockey League, was founded. Late in the 2001–02 season the CJAHL informed all three leagues that instead of a series, the Dudley would be contested through a round-robin format. Initially, both the OPJHL and NOJHL threatened to boycott the DHC. The CJAHL announced that if the OPJHL and NOJHL did not send a champion, the SIJHL champion would move on by default to the national championship. The OPJHL did not budge, but the NOJHL gave in and in January announced that their champion would play the SIJHL champion for the DHC in a best-of-three series.
The 2014 Dudley Hewitt Cup saw its fourth all-OJHL Dudley-Hewitt Cup final between the Wellington Dukes and the Toronto Lakeshore Patriots. Toronto won 2–1 advancing to the Royal Bank Cup in Vernon, British Columbia.
The City of Sudbury and the Sudbury Nickel Barons were awarded the 2016 Dudley-Hewitt Cup, but in the spring of 2015 the city withdrew as a result of the Sudbury Nickel Barons moving to Rayside-Balfour. The tournament was awarded to Kirkland Lake, Ontario, and the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners.
The 2017 Dudley-Hewitt Cup was awarded to Trenton - the same year the Royal Bank Cup was being hosted by the OJHL's Cobourg Cougars. The Trenton Golden Hawks became the ninth different OJHL team to win the Dudley-Hewitt Cup since 2003. The Aurora Tigers (2004 and 2007), Oakville Blades (2008 and 2010), and the Wellington Dukes (2003 and 2011) won the tournament twice. As of 2016, the Soo Thunderbirds appeared in their sixth tournament since 2004.
Dryden, Ontario, and the Dryden Ice Dogs of the Superior International Junior Hockey League were hosts of the 2018 Dudley Hewitt Cup.
The 2019 edition of the Dudley Hewitt Cup was hosted in Cochrane, Ontario, of the NOJHL, after the Cochrane Crunch and the Timmins Rock were the only teams to submit bids.
In early January 2019, the Wellington Dukes were awarded the 2020 Dudley-Hewitt Cup tournament, but shortly afterwards, Hockey Canada levied sanctions against the OJHL for trades made after the January 10 deadline. The OJHL was fined $50,000 and were banned from hosting the Dudley-Hewitt Cup and Royal Bank Cup tournaments for a period of five years. The 2020 tournament was then awarded to Fort Frances, Ontario, before it was cancelled entirely due to the coronavirus pandemic.
American-based team participation
In 1971, the Detroit Jr. Red Wings of the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League lost the inaugural championship in six games to the Charlottetown Islanders.
In 1973, the St. Paul Vulcans of the Can-Am Junior Hockey League were mowed down by the Pembroke Lumber Kings in the Central semi-final.
In 2007, the Soo Indians of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League finished last in the round robin. At that point, no American team had made it to either the Centennial Cup or Royal Bank Cup round robin or final series. This changed on May 4, 2013 when the SIJHL's Minnesota Wilderness defeated the OJHL's St. Michael's Buzzers 4–3 in overtime to win the Dudley and gain entry into the 2013 Royal Bank Cup. Beforehand, the City of Sudbury and the Sudbury Cubs were slated to host the 2013 tournament, but was soon allocated to the City of North Bay and the North Bay Trappers because the Cubs owners backed out.
The 2011 Dudley Hewitt Cup made history as for the first time at the interleague level, more than one American team would be in direct contention for the Central Canadian crown. Wisconsin Wilderness represented the Superior International Junior Hockey League while the Soo Eagles represented the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League. Wellington Dukes defeated host Huntsville Otters in the final.
Format
Hosts from the OJHL, NOJHL and SIJHL go through a selection process with teams and centres bidding for the rights to host.
Copeland-NcNamara Trophy champions of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League, Salonen Cup champion from the Superior International Junior Hockey League and Buckland Cup winners of the Ontario Junior Hockey League compete in a round robin hosted by a predetermined host team and city to determine the Central Canadian champion.
The winner of the Dudley-Hewitt Cup moves on to compete for the Centennial Cup Junior A national championship.
Champions
Notes
References
External links
Dudley Hewitt Cup website
Ice hockey tournaments in Canada
Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
Canadian Junior Hockey League trophies and awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley%20Hewitt%20Cup |
The Maynard tape primer was a system designed by Edward Maynard to allow for more rapid reloading of muskets.
Invention
Muskets in the early 19th century were flintlocks, which had a high rate of misfire and performed poorly in damp and humid weather. In 1807 the first percussion ignition system was patented by Alexander Forsyth based on research on fulminates conducted by Edward Charles Howard, but practical percussion lock systems did not become available until the 1820s, after Alexander John Forsyth's patent had expired.
Percussion cap systems relied on small copper caps that were filled with mercury fulminate. While they greatly improved the reliability of muskets and their performance in damp weather, the slow rate of fire of muskets was still an issue. Dr. Edward Maynard, a dentist with an interest in firearms, embedded tiny pellets of priming material in thin strips of paper, then glued a second strip of paper on top of the first, creating a "tape" of primer. The tape could be manufactured quickly and cheaply, since paper was much less expensive than copper. Maynard also developed an automatic feeding system that would advance the tape when the musket's hammer was cocked. The hammer not only detonated the primer, but would also automatically cut the paper, thus removing the spent portion of the primer tape.
Initial reception
Maynard's new system still required the musket's powder and Minié ball to be loaded conventionally into the barrel, but the tape system meant that the percussion cap no longer needed to be manually loaded onto the percussion lock's nipple. This saved the soldier a step during the reloading process, which increased the soldier's overall rate of fire.
The Ordnance Board was initially hesitant about the design, but the secretary of war, future Confederate President Jefferson Davis, was so enthusiastic about the design that it was installed on the Springfield Model 1855 rifle-musket.
Performance in the field
The Maynard tape worked well under controlled conditions, but proved to be unreliable in the field. The mechanism proved to be delicate and fouled easily with mud and debris. The tape had been advertised as waterproof, but moisture tended to be its worst problem. The paper strips were susceptible to adverse weather and even humidity. For later muskets like the Springfield Model 1861, the Ordnance Department abandoned the Maynard system and went back to the earlier percussion lock. The M1855 was designed to use either the Maynard system or standard percussion caps, and so remained functional even with the problems of the Maynard system.
Variations of the Maynard tape system are still used today in modern toy guns.
References
Pauly, Roger (2004). Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Coggins, Jack (2004). Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. Courier Dover Publications.
Early modern firearms
Ammunition
American inventions
19th-century inventions
Firearm terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard%20tape%20primer |
Norman Scott may refer to:
People
Norman Scott (admiral) (1889–1942), admiral in the United States Navy
Norman Scott (bass) (1921–1968), American opera singer
Norm Scott (1921–1957), Australian footballer for Geelong
Norman M. Scott, Canadian figure skater
Norman Josiffe, also known as Norman Scott, key figure in the Thorpe affair
Other
USS Norman Scott (DD-690)
Scott, Norman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Scott |
In algebraic geometry, the Chow groups (named after Wei-Liang Chow by ) of an algebraic variety over any field are algebro-geometric analogs of the homology of a topological space. The elements of the Chow group are formed out of subvarieties (so-called algebraic cycles) in a similar way to how simplicial or cellular homology groups are formed out of subcomplexes. When the variety is smooth, the Chow groups can be interpreted as cohomology groups (compare Poincaré duality) and have a multiplication called the intersection product. The Chow groups carry rich information about an algebraic variety, and they are correspondingly hard to compute in general.
Rational equivalence and Chow groups
For what follows, define a variety over a field to be an integral scheme of finite type over . For any scheme of finite type over , an algebraic cycle on means a finite linear combination of subvarieties of with integer coefficients. (Here and below, subvarieties are understood to be closed in , unless stated otherwise.) For a natural number , the group of -dimensional cycles (or -cycles, for short) on is the free abelian group on the set of -dimensional subvarieties of .
For a variety of dimension and any rational function on which is not identically zero, the divisor of is the -cycle
where the sum runs over all -dimensional subvarieties of and the integer denotes the order of vanishing of along . (Thus is negative if has a pole along .) The definition of the order of vanishing requires some care for singular.
For a scheme of finite type over , the group of -cycles rationally equivalent to zero is the subgroup of generated by the cycles for all -dimensional subvarieties of and all nonzero rational functions on . The Chow group of -dimensional cycles on is the quotient group of by the subgroup of cycles rationally equivalent to zero. Sometimes one writes for the class of a subvariety in the Chow group, and if two subvarieties and have , then and are said to be rationally equivalent.
For example, when is a variety of dimension , the Chow group is the divisor class group of . When is smooth over (or more generally, a locally Noetherian normal scheme ), this is isomorphic to the Picard group of line bundles on .
Examples of Rational Equivalence
Rational Equivalence on Projective Space
Rationally equivalent cycles defined by hypersurfaces are easy to construct on projective space because they can all be constructed as the vanishing loci of the same vector bundle. For example, given two homogeneous polynomials of degree , so , we can construct a family of hypersurfaces defined as the vanishing locus of . Schematically, this can be constructed as
using the projection we can see the fiber over a point is the projective hypersurface defined by . This can be used to show that the cycle class of every hypersurface of degree is rationally equivalent to , since can be used to establish a rational equivalence. Notice that the locus of is and it has multiplicity , which is the coefficient of its cycle class.
Rational Equivalence of Cycles on a Curve
If we take two distinct line bundles of a smooth projective curve , then the vanishing loci of a generic section of both line bundles defines non-equivalent cycle classes in . This is because for smooth varieties, so the divisor classes of and define inequivalent classes.
The Chow ring
When the scheme is smooth over a field , the Chow groups form a ring, not just a graded abelian group. Namely, when is smooth over , define to be the Chow group of codimension- cycles on . (When is a variety of dimension , this just means that .) Then the groups form a commutative graded ring with the product:
The product arises from intersecting algebraic cycles. For example, if and are smooth subvarieties of of codimension and respectively, and if and intersect transversely, then the product in is the sum of the irreducible components of the intersection , which all have codimension .
More generally, in various cases, intersection theory constructs an explicit cycle that represents the product in the Chow ring. For example, if and are subvarieties of complementary dimension (meaning that their dimensions sum to the dimension of ) whose intersection has dimension zero, then is equal to the sum of the points of the intersection with coefficients called intersection numbers. For any subvarieties and of a smooth scheme over , with no assumption on the dimension of the intersection, William Fulton and Robert MacPherson's intersection theory constructs a canonical element of the Chow groups of whose image in the Chow groups of is the product .
Examples
Projective space
The Chow ring of projective space over any field is the ring
where is the class of a hyperplane (the zero locus of a single linear function). Furthermore, any subvariety of degree and codimension in projective space is rationally equivalent to . It follows that for any two subvarieties and of complementary dimension in and degrees , , respectively, their product in the Chow ring is simply
where is the class of a -rational point in . For example, if and intersect transversely, it follows that is a zero-cycle of degree . If the base field is algebraically closed, this means that there are exactly points of intersection; this is a version of Bézout's theorem, a classic result of enumerative geometry.
Projective bundle formula
Given a vector bundle of rank over a smooth proper scheme over a field, the Chow ring of the associated projective bundle can be computed using the Chow ring of and the Chern classes of . If we let and the Chern classes of , then there is an isomorphism of rings
Hirzebruch surfaces
For example, the Chow ring of a Hirzebruch surface can be readily computed using the projective bundle formula. Recall that it is constructed as over . Then, the only non-trivial Chern class of this vector bundle is . This implies that the Chow ring is isomorphic to
Remarks
For other algebraic varieties, Chow groups can have richer behavior. For example, let be an elliptic curve over a field . Then the Chow group of zero-cycles on fits into an exact sequence
Thus the Chow group of an elliptic curve is closely related to the group of -rational points of . When is a number field, is called the Mordell–Weil group of , and some of the deepest problems in number theory are attempts to understand this group. When is the complex numbers, the example of an elliptic curve shows that Chow groups can be uncountable abelian groups.
Functoriality
For a proper morphism of schemes over , there is a pushforward homomorphism for each integer . For example, for a proper scheme over , this gives a homomorphism , which takes a closed point in to its degree over . (A closed point in has the form for a finite extension field of , and its degree means the degree of the field over .)
For a flat morphism of schemes over with fibers of dimension (possibly empty), there is a homomorphism .
A key computational tool for Chow groups is the localization sequence, as follows. For a scheme over a field and a closed subscheme of , there is an exact sequence
where the first homomorphism is the pushforward associated to the proper morphism , and the second homomorphism is pullback with respect to the flat morphism . The localization sequence can be extended to the left using a generalization of Chow groups, (Borel–Moore) motivic homology groups, also known as higher Chow groups.
For any morphism of smooth schemes over , there is a pullback homomorphism , which is in fact a ring homomorphism .
Examples of flat pullbacks
Note that non-examples can be constructed using blowups; for example, if we take the blowup of the origin in then the fiber over the origin is isomorphic to .
Branched coverings of curves
Consider the branched covering of curves
Since the morphism ramifies whenever we get a factorization
where one of the . This implies that the points have multiplicities respectively. The flat pullback of the point is then
Flat family of varieties
Consider a flat family of varieties
and a subvariety . Then, using the cartesian square
we see that the image of is a subvariety of . Therefore, we have
Cycle maps
There are several homomorphisms (known as cycle maps) from Chow groups to more computable theories.
First, for a scheme X over the complex numbers, there is a homomorphism from Chow groups to Borel–Moore homology:
The factor of 2 appears because an i-dimensional subvariety of X has real dimension 2i. When X is smooth over the complex numbers, this cycle map can be rewritten using Poincaré duality as a homomorphism
In this case (X smooth over C), these homomorphisms form a ring homomorphism from the Chow ring to the cohomology ring. Intuitively, this is because the products in both the Chow ring and the cohomology ring describe the intersection of cycles.
For a smooth complex projective variety, the cycle map from the Chow ring to ordinary cohomology factors through a richer theory, Deligne cohomology. This incorporates the Abel–Jacobi map from cycles homologically equivalent to zero to the intermediate Jacobian. The exponential sequence shows that CH1(X) maps isomorphically to Deligne cohomology, but that fails for CHj(X) with j > 1.
For a scheme X over an arbitrary field k, there is an analogous cycle map from Chow groups to (Borel–Moore) etale homology. When X is smooth over k, this homomorphism can be identified with a ring homomorphism from the Chow ring to etale cohomology.
Relation to K-theory
An (algebraic) vector bundle E on a smooth scheme X over a field has Chern classes ci(E) in CHi(X), with the same formal properties as in topology. The Chern classes give a close connection between vector bundles and Chow groups. Namely, let K0(X) be the Grothendieck group of vector bundles on X. As part of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem, Grothendieck showed that the Chern character gives an isomorphism
This isomorphism shows the importance of rational equivalence, compared to any other adequate equivalence relation on algebraic cycles.
Conjectures
Some of the deepest conjectures in algebraic geometry and number theory are attempts to understand Chow groups. For example:
The Mordell–Weil theorem implies that the divisor class group CHn-1(X) is finitely generated for any variety X of dimension n over a number field. It is an open problem whether all Chow groups are finitely generated for every variety over a number field. The Bloch–Kato conjecture on values of L-functions predicts that these groups are finitely generated. Moreover, the rank of the group of cycles modulo homological equivalence, and also of the group of cycles homologically equivalent to zero, should be equal to the order of vanishing of an L-function of the given variety at certain integer points. Finiteness of these ranks would also follow from the Bass conjecture in algebraic K-theory.
For a smooth complex projective variety X, the Hodge conjecture predicts the image (tensored with the rationals Q) of the cycle map from the Chow groups to singular cohomology. For a smooth projective variety over a finitely generated field (such as a finite field or number field), the Tate conjecture predicts the image (tensored with Ql) of the cycle map from Chow groups to l-adic cohomology.
For a smooth projective variety X over any field, the Bloch–Beilinson conjecture predicts a filtration on the Chow groups of X (tensored with the rationals) with strong properties. The conjecture would imply a tight connection between the singular or etale cohomology of X and the Chow groups of X.
For example, let X be a smooth complex projective surface. The Chow group of zero-cycles on X maps onto the integers by the degree homomorphism; let K be the kernel. If the geometric genus h0(X, Ω2) is not zero, Mumford showed that K is "infinite-dimensional" (not the image of any finite-dimensional family of zero-cycles on X). The Bloch–Beilinson conjecture would imply a satisfying converse, Bloch's conjecture on zero-cycles: for a smooth complex projective surface X with geometric genus zero, K should be finite-dimensional; more precisely, it should map isomorphically to the group of complex points of the Albanese variety of X.
Variants
Bivariant theory
Fulton and MacPherson extended the Chow ring to singular varieties by defining the "operational Chow ring" and more generally a bivariant theory associated to any morphism of schemes. A bivariant theory is a pair of covariant and contravariant functors that assign to a map a group and a ring respectively. It generalizes a cohomology theory, which is a contravariant functor that assigns to a space a ring, namely a cohomology ring. The name "bivariant" refers to the fact that the theory contains both covariant and contravariant functors.
This is in a sense the most elementary extension of the Chow ring to singular varieties; other theories such as motivic cohomology map to the operational Chow ring.
Other variants
Arithmetic Chow groups are an amalgamation of Chow groups of varieties over Q together with a component encoding Arakelov-theoretical information, that is, differential forms on the associated complex manifold.
The theory of Chow groups of schemes of finite type over a field extends easily to that of algebraic spaces. The key advantage of this extension is that it is easier to form quotients in the latter category and thus it is more natural to consider equivariant Chow groups of algebraic spaces. A much more formidable extension is that of Chow group of a stack, which has been constructed only in some special case and which is needed in particular to make sense of a virtual fundamental class.
History
Rational equivalence of divisors (known as linear equivalence) was studied in various forms during the 19th century, leading to the ideal class group in number theory and the Jacobian variety in the theory of algebraic curves. For higher-codimension cycles, rational equivalence was introduced by Francesco Severi in the 1930s. In 1956, Wei-Liang Chow gave an influential proof that the intersection product is well-defined on cycles modulo rational equivalence for a smooth quasi-projective variety, using Chow's moving lemma. Starting in the 1970s, Fulton and MacPherson gave the current standard foundation for Chow groups, working with singular varieties wherever possible. In their theory, the intersection product for smooth varieties is constructed by deformation to the normal cone.
See also
Intersection theory
Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem
Hodge conjecture
Motive (algebraic geometry)
References
Citations
Introductory
Advanced
Algebraic geometry
Intersection theory
Topological methods of algebraic geometry
Zhou, Weiliang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow%20group |
The canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), also known as the orange rockfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is native to the waters of the Pacific Ocean off western North America.
Taxonomy
The canary rockfish was first formally described in 1864 by the American zoologist Theodore Gill with the type locality given as California. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Rosicola. The specific name pinniger is a compound of pinnis which means "fin" and iger meaning "to bear" thought to be a reference to the longer pectoral and ventral fins of this species in comparison to the similar S. rosaceus'.
Species description
As the name suggests, this rockfish is notable for a general orange-yellow appearance, consisting of a blotchy orange pattern over a whitish or light gray background. The head has three stripes angling downwards and back, the middle one generally running across the eye, and the other two on each side of the eye. The lateral line is in a clear area. The fins are orange, with the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins somewhat pointed and larger (thus the species epithet pinniger, meaning "I bear a large fin"). Some individuals have dark blotches on the body or dorsal fin. Maximum recorded length if 76 cm (29.6 in).
Genetics
A potential PCR-RFLP genetic sex marker developed for gopher rockfish does not successfully distinguish male and female canary rockfish.
Ecology and conservation status
Young canaries live in relatively shallow water, moving to deeper water as they mature. Adults are mostly found at depths of 80–200 meters (with two recorded at 838 meters), tending to collect in groups around pinnacles and similar high-relief rock formations, especially where the current is strong. Some off Oregon have been reported living over flat rock and mud-boulder bottoms. They may move considerable distances; one individual covered 700 km in four years after being tagged and released. Juveniles feed on small crustacea such as krill larvae (and eggs), copepods and amphipods, while adults eat krill and small fishes.
They have been an important commercial species since at least the early 1880s, with fisheries off San Francisco, California and Washington state. They are caught in trawling and hook and line operations, along with a variety of other fish such as yellowtail, lingcod, and other rockfishes. The population on the U.S. West Coast were declared overfished in 2000 and a recovery plan was implemented in 2001. This stock was declared rebuilt in 2015.
In 2007, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a petition to list a distinct population segment (DPS) of canary rockfish, and four other rockfishes, in Puget Sound, as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act). (ESA). NMFS found that this petition presented enough information to warrant conducting a status review of the species. Based on the status review NMFS proposed listing this species as threatened in 2009. After a later review that included new genetic analyses, a final listing decision was made in January 2017:
References
Milton S. Love, Mary Yoklavich, Lyman K. Thorsteinson, (2002), The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific'', University of California Press, pp. 234–236
National Marine Fisheries Service canary rockfish webpage
Sebastes
Taxa named by Theodore Gill
Fish described in 1864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary%20rockfish |
Stuart Sikes is an American recording engineer.
He has won a Grammy Award in 2005 in the Best Country Album category for engineering the album Van Lear Rose by Loretta Lynn. He also produced critically acclaimed singer Cat Power's 2006 Shortlist Music Prize winning album The Greatest and has worked on albums by The White Stripes, Modest Mouse, Jets to Brazil, Dr. Zwig, The Walkmen, and The Promise Ring.
References
External links
Another GRAMMY Night For Full Sail Graduates!
American audio engineers
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Sikes |
Dan Dawson (born December 11, 1981) is a retired Canadian professional lacrosse player formally playing for the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League, Brampton Excelsiors (MSL) of Major Series Lacrosse, and is currently a free agent in Major League Lacrosse. Dawson ranks 2nd on the all-time NLL points list through of the 2022 season. He is a 7 time NLL All Pro selection. As a professional, he is a 7 time Mann Cup Canadian box lacrosse champion, and a 1 time Major League Lacrosse (field) champion (2009 Toronto Nationals. Representing Canada, Dawson has won two World Indoor (Box) Lacrosse Championship titles and was a finalist in the 2010 World (Field) Lacrosse Championship. Dawson has won two Champion's Cups as a member of the Rochester Knighthawks in 2013 and 2014.
NLL career
Dawson was drafted in the sixth round (68th overall) by the Columbus Landsharks in 2001, and played in 11 games in his rookie season with Columbus, tallying 3 goals, 3 assists and 29 loose balls. In 2003, he played in 16 games, setting career highs in goals and loose balls. In 2004, Dawson helped Team Canada beat Team USA in the Heritage Cup. During the 2004 season, he led Arizona in assists and was 2nd in points. In 2005, Dawson finished 7th in the NLL with 84 points and 2nd in goals with 48. He scored a hat-trick in his first All-Star game with the West Division. In 2005 he was named a First Team All-Pro.
Dawson was selected first overall by the LumberJax in the 2008 dispersal draft, after the Arizona Sting and Boston Blazers announced that they would not be playing in the 2008 season. After leading the LumberJax's the 2008 Champions Cup final, Dawson was again put into National Lacrosse League dispersal draft pool when Arizona ceased operations. This time, Dawson was selected first overall by the Boston Blazers.
During the 2009 NLL season, he was named a starter to the All-Star Game. Dawson and Josh Sanderson both finished the season with 74 assists, a new league record. During the 2012 NLL season, Dawson broke the assists record he shared with Josh Sanderson. However, Garrett Billings eclipsed Dawson's total with 82 and now holds the record.
After only one season in Philadelphia, Dawson was traded along with his brother Paul to the Rochester Knighthawks for four players including Paul Rabil.
Played one season with the expansion team San Diego Seals from 2018-2019.
Dawson announced his retirement on June 12, 2023 after 21 seasons in the NLL. He retired leading all-time in assists and games played, 2nd in points, and 4th in goals scored.
Canadian Professional Lacrosse
As a junior in 2002 he played for Brampton Excelsiors Jr.A, jumped to the Brampton Excelsiors (MSL) that same year and won the Mann Cup. He was signed by the Victoria Shamrocks in 2005 and helped lead them to their 8th Mann Cup victory. He won the Bill Ellison Award twice for the MVP of the 2005 WLA playoffs and the 2006 WLA playoffs.
Mann Cup
2002 - Member of Brampton Excelsiors (MSL), winners in the Mann Cup, MSL champions
2003 - Member of Brampton Excelsiors (MSL), runner up in the Mann Cup, MSL champions
2005 - Member of Victoria Shamrocks, winners in the Mann Cup, WLA champions
2006 - Member of Victoria Shamrocks, runner up in the Mann Cup, WLA champions
2008 - Member of Brampton Excelsiors (MSL), winners of the Mann Cup, MSL champions
2009 - Member of Brampton Excelsiors (MSL), winners of the Mann Cup, MSL champions
2011 - Member of Brampton Excelsiors (MSL), winners of the Mann Cup, MSL champions
Bible of Lacrosse Mann Cup Stats
International lacrosse career
2004 - Member of Team Canada, winners of the Heritage Cup (box lacrosse)
2007 - Member of Team Canada, winners of the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships in Halifax, Nova Scotia
2010 - Member of Team Canada, runner up in the World Lacrosse Championship in Manchester, England
2011 - Member of Team Canada, winners of the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships in Prague, Czech Republic
Bible of Lacrosse 2011 World Box Lacrosse Stats
Indoor.com
Statistics
NLL
Reference:
CLA
Awards
References
1981 births
Living people
Arizona Sting players
Boston Blazers players
Canadian expatriate lacrosse people in the United States
Canadian lacrosse players
Hamilton Nationals players
Lacrosse forwards
Lacrosse people from Ontario
National Lacrosse League All-Stars
Philadelphia Wings players
Portland LumberJax players
Rochester Knighthawks players
Sportspeople from Oakville, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Dawson |
Cawdor Castle is a castle in the parish of Cawdor in Nairnshire, Scotland. It is built around a 15th-century tower house, with substantial additions in later centuries. Originally a property of the Calder family, it passed to the Campbells in the 16th century. It remains in Campbell ownership, and is now home to the Dowager Countess Cawdor, stepmother of Colin Campbell, 7th Earl Cawdor.
The castle is best known for its literary connection to William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, in which the title character is made "Thane of Cawdor". However, the story is highly fictionalised, and the castle itself, which is never directly referred to in Macbeth, was built many years after the life of the 11th-century King Macbeth.
The castle is a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.
History
The earliest documented date for the castle is 1454, the date a licence to fortify was granted to William Calder, 6th Thane of Cawdor (or Calder, as the name was then often spelled). However, some portions of the 15th-century tower house or keep may precede that date. Architectural historians have dated the style of stonework in the oldest portion of the castle to approximately 1380. One curious feature of the castle is that it was built around a small, living holly tree. Tradition states that a donkey, laden with gold, lay down to rest under this tree, which was then selected as the site of the castle. The remains of the tree may still be seen in the lowest level of the tower. Modern scientific testing has shown that the tree died in approximately 1372, lending credence to the earlier date of the castle's first construction. The iron yett (gate) here was brought from nearby Lochindorb Castle, which was dismantled by William around 1455, on the orders of King James II, after it had been forfeited by the Earl of Moray.
The castle was expanded numerous times in the succeeding centuries. In 1510 the heiress of the Calders, Muriel, married Sir John Campbell of Muckairn, who set about extending the castle. Their children included Campbell, Katherine Campbell, Countess of Crawford. Further improvements were made by John Campbell, 3rd of Cawdor (c.1576 - c.1642), who purchased rich lands on Islay. By 1635 a garden had been added, and after the Restoration Sir Hugh Campbell of Cawdor added or improved the north and west ranges, employing the masons James and Robert Nicolson of Nairn.
In the 1680s Sir Alexander Campbell, son of Sir Hugh, became stranded in Milford Haven during a storm, where he met a local heiress, Elizabeth Lort of Stackpole Court. The two were married and afterwards the Campbells of Cawdor lived mainly on their estates in Pembrokeshire. Cawdor was home to younger brothers of the family who continued to manage the estates, building a walled flower garden in 1720, and establishing extensive woodlands in the later 18th century.
John Campbell of Cawdor, a Member of Parliament, married a daughter of the Earl of Carlisle in 1789, and was ennobled as Lord Cawdor in 1796. In 1827, his son was created Earl Cawdor. During the 19th century, Cawdor was used as a summer residence by the Earls. The architects Thomas Mackenzie and Alexander Ross were commissioned to add the southern and eastern ranges to enclose a courtyard, accessed by a drawbridge. In the 20th century John Campbell, 5th Earl Cawdor, moved permanently to Cawdor.
His second son James Campbell (potter)(1942-2019) was born here. John was succeeded by the 6th Earl, whose second wife, the Dowager Countess Angelika, born countess Lažanský from Bohemia, lives there still. In 2001 it was reported that the Countess had prevented her stepson from sowing genetically modified rapeseed on the Cawdor estate, and in 2002 the Countess took the Earl to court after he moved into the castle while she was away.
Gardens
The castle is known for its gardens, which include the Walled Garden (originally planted in the 17th century), the Flower Garden (18th century), and the Wild Garden (added in the 1960s). In addition, the castle grounds include a wood featuring numerous species of trees (as well as over 100 species of lichen).
Shakespeare connection
The name of Cawdor still connects the castle to Shakespeare's play Macbeth. However, the story portrayed by Shakespeare takes extensive liberties with history. The historical King Macbeth ruled Scotland from 1040 to 1057, after his forces killed King Duncan I in battle near Elgin. Macbeth was never Thane of Cawdor, this being an invention of the 15th-century writer Hector Boece. Moreover, Cawdor Castle did not exist during the lifetimes of Macbeth or Duncan, and it is never explicitly mentioned in the play. The 5th Earl Cawdor is quoted as saying, "I wish the Bard had never written his damned play!"
References
External links
Cawdor Castle (official website of Cawdor Castle)
Castles in Highland (council area)
Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)
Listed castles in Scotland
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Gardens in Highland (council area)
Historic house museums in Highland (council area)
Country houses in Highland (council area)
County of Nairn
Tower houses in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawdor%20Castle |
is a Japanese actor and voice artist from the Tokyo Metropolitan area.
Biography
Filmography
Anime
2003
Sonic X (Espio)
2004
The Prince of Tennis (Masaharu Niou)
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX (Daichi Misawa)
2005
Idaten Jump (Masa)
Ginga Legend Weed (Kyōshirō)
2006
Eyeshield 21 (Riku Kaitani)
Kekkaishi (Yoshiro Takemitsu)
Strain: Strategic Armored Infantry (Colin)
Tokko (Ajiro)
Musashi Gundoh (Kirigakure Saizō)
Red Garden (Luke)
2007
Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit (Sune)
2008
Kure-nai (Tadashi Kunō)
True Tears (Jun Isurugi)
Persona: Trinity Soul (Watanabe)
2010
Angel Beats! (Fujimaki)
Katekyo Hitman Reborn (G)
Night Raid 1931 (Kiyoshi Mitani)
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's (Breo)
2011
Kamisama Dolls (Fujima, Torimasa)
2012
The New Prince of Tennis (Masaharu Niou)
Original video animation
The Prince of Tennis series (Masaharu Niō)
Red Garden: Dead Girls (Luke)
Film animation
Only Yesterday (Shuji Hirota)
Video games
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War (Charles VII of France)
The Prince of Tennis series (Masaharu Niou)
Dubbing
City of God (Bené (Phellipe Haagensen))
One Tree Hill (Lucas Scott (Chad Michael Murray))
Shameless (Lip Gallagher (Jeremy Allen White))
Untraceable (Owen Reilly (Joseph Cross))
Live-action
Battle Royale (Hiroshi Kuronaga)
References
External links
Official blog
1979 births
Living people
Japanese male child actors
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki%20Masuda |
James Anthony Courtney (born 29 June 1980) is an Australian racing driver competing in the Repco Supercars Championship. He currently drives the No. 5 Ford Mustang GT for Tickford Racing. Courtney won the 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series driving for the Dick Johnson Racing team.
Early career
Courtney has raced and was successful in several other categories, most of which are regarded as the stepping stones to Formula One. He was World Junior Karting Champion in 1995 and world Formula A Champion in 1997. He was British Formula Ford champion in 2000 and broke the record for winning the most Formula Ford races in one season. He drove for the Jaguar Junior Formula Three team in 2001, impressively winning his first F3 race on his F3 debut. He was also a test driver for Jaguar's Formula One team. Injuries from a high-speed test crash at Monza in 2002, due to failure of the rear wing on the Jaguar F1 car, led to him missing some races in that year's British Formula 3 Championship so he could not win the title—although he was easily leading it at that stage. In 2003, he was All-Japan Formula Three champion for the TOM'S team. In 2004 and 2005 he raced in the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship for Toyota.
James Courtney is managed by BTCC/TOCA boss Alan J. Gow, who was instrumental in his European open-wheeler career leading to his testing role with Jaguar Racing. He appeared in the 2007 season of Dancing with the Stars, on the Seven Network.
Jaguar F1 testing crash
While testing for the Jaguar Racing Formula One team in Monza in 2002, the rear suspension failed on Courtney's car, sending him into the barrier at 306 km/h. The car hit with such force that it bounced back from the wall at 70 km/h, causing Courtney to suffer an impact estimated at 67G. When he regained consciousness, he found the man who had pulled him from the wreck, multiple World Champion Michael Schumacher who had been at the circuit testing for Ferrari, shouting at him, trying to translate for the Italian track marshals who could not speak English. Courtney "freaked out" when he found that he could not move the right side of his body and was bleeding from his eyes. He explained that "it took me a year to recover. I couldn't walk without getting a migraine. Anything would set it off. Noise, light, anything." Courtney also revealed that he could not see for weeks after the accident, and that he decided at that point never to be scared of having a crash again, stating "It's over if you are scared. It is all or nothing".
Supercars Championship
James Courtney debuted in V8 Supercars in 2005 with the Holden Racing Team in the endurance races with co-driving with Jim Richards but enjoyed limited success.
Stone Brothers Racing
In 2006, he joined Ford team Stone Brothers Racing to replace two-time champion Marcos Ambrose. He crashed the car on debut in Adelaide but recovered to finished third in the 2006 Bathurst 1000 and followed it up with a second place in the 2007 Bathurst 1000. On 19 July 2008 Courtney collected his first V8 Supercar race win, taking out race one of the City of Ipswich 400 at Queensland Raceway. He finished the year sixth in the championship.
Dick Johnson Racing
In 2009, he switched to Dick Johnson Racing. He was given a brand new Triple Eight Race Engineering built Ford FG Falcon and was regarded by many as a serious threat for the title. This came undone at the start of the year, with an accident marred start to the season. Courtney took wins at the new events at Townsville and Sydney and finished the year in seventh.In 2010, Courtney his best season to date, with podiums at Adelaide, Melbourne GP and Hamilton, and five race wins; two each at Queensland Raceway and Winton, and one at Sandown. He won the 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series, ahead of 2009 V8 Supercar champion Jamie Whincup. It marked the first time in 15 years that a Dick Johnson Racing entry had won the championship. In the immediate post-season, however, Courtney signed a deal to leave the team and join the Holden Racing Team.
Walkinshaw Andretti United
Since joining Walkinshaw Andretti United, Courtney has had limited success, taking just one race win at the 2011 Yas V8 400. After his win at Abu Dhabi, he struggled during the season with little success at most rounds with a best finish of 4th at Adelaide. He then achieved a 2nd at Sandown. He finished tenth in the 2011 championship with 1869 points, while his teammate Garth Tander finished fifth with 2574 points and 2011 Champion Jamie Whincup amassed 3168 points.
After the first race of the 2012 race, the Clipsal 500 on the Adelaide street circuit, he was in 28th place in the championship.Courtney retained his seat at the Holden Racing Team for 2012 alongside Garth Tander. Courtney's season started with a crash at the Clipsal 500 Adelaide in race 1 and a 25th in race 2. He then finished 18th in the first race of Symmons Plains but recorded an impressive 8th in race 2. He now sits 21st in the championship with 171 points while Tander is in 6th with 368 points.Courtney sat out the final four races of the 2013 Championship Series after a severe incident during Race 32 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit. As Courtney entered the turn 4 hairpin (Honda Corner) an out of control Alexandre Prémat, after suffering a delaminated tyre, made heavy contact to the driver's side window of James Courtney's car with the rear of his own after hitting a slight mound in the grass. The incident caused significant damage to both cars including snapping the safety bars of Courtney's car. Both cars inevitably could not compete in the next two races held on the weekend. James suffered a tear in his right quad muscle and a fractured tibia. HRT endurance co-driver Nick Percat replaced him for the final two races of the season at the Sydney 500.Courtney withdrew from the 2015 Sydney Motorsport Park Super Sprint after sustaining chest injuries whilst standing in pit lane when he was hit by an airborne piece of metal signage blown through the air by a low flying Navy helicopter. He was admitted to hospital with two broken ribs and a punctured lung. Endurance co-driver Jack Perkins substituted for Courtney while he recovered in hospital. On 26 August 2015, Courtney confirmed that he would not participate in the Sandown 500 to recover from his injuries. There was a last-minute decision at the Bathurst 1000, where he decided not to race. He returned at the Gold Coast 600, winning the 300 km race on Sunday with Perkins.
Personal life
Courtney is divorced and has a daughter named Zara, and a younger son named Cadel. Courtney was born with a twin sister, and resides near the Gold Coast, Queensland. He has done so since driving for Stone Brothers Racing in 2006. He is an enthusiast of quality watches and drives a HSV GTS.
In a short interview with "Australian Muscle Car" magazine for the November/December 2013 issue, Courtney revealed his first car was a Datsun 1200 ute powered by a turbocharged 2.0 litre engine. He described the car as "crazy" and that it would "spin the rear wheels in fifth gear, no problem". When he moved to England to pursue Formula Ford he gave the car to his father to use, who in turn gave it to his sister before it was sold, though Courtney revealed he wished he could now buy the car back.
Career results
Complete Super GT results
Complete Formula Nippon results
(key)
Supercars Championship results
Bathurst 1000 results
References
External links
Profile on Racing Reference
1980 births
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula Ford drivers
Formula Nippon drivers
Japanese Formula 3 Championship drivers
Living people
Racing drivers from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Super GT drivers
Supercars Championship drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Karting World Championship drivers
TOM'S drivers
Andretti Autosport drivers
United Autosports drivers
Jaguar Racing drivers
Dick Johnson Racing drivers
Stone Brothers Racing drivers
Racing drivers from New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Courtney |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 40, commonly referred to as Highway 40, is a south-north highway in western Alberta, Canada. It is also named Bighorn Highway and Kananaskis Trail in Kananaskis Country. Its segmented sections extend from Coleman in the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass northward to the City of Grande Prairie and is currently divided into four sections.
Route description
The southernmost section is gravel; it runs for through the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, where it then becomes the Forestry Trunk Road to Highway 541, which has a combined length of .
The second section of Highway 40 is Kananaskis Trail, which is paved and runs through Kananaskis Country for from Highway 541, over Highwood Pass, and through Peter Lougheed Provincial Park and Spray Valley Provincial Park. The highway passes Kananaskis Village before terminating at the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1).
The third section is gravel and is part of the Forestry Trunk Road, which runs from Highway 1A to Highway 579. The highway continues as the Forestry Trunk Road and Highway 734 for approximately , through the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve. The intention is that one day the entire road will be a continuous paved highway. In the past, other gravel sections were named Highway 940; the 900 series in Alberta is used for temporary names. There is no signed connection between the Kananaskis Trail section and the Forestry Trunk Road section; however, it is connected by using Highway 1, Highway 1X, and Highway 1A between Seebe and Ghost Lake.
The fourth section is and runs from the Lovett River in Yellowhead County to the City of Grande Prairie. The section south of Cadomin is gravel while the remainder is paved. The highway shares concurrency with the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), before continuing north and passing through the Hamlet of Grande Cache en route to Grande Prairie.
Major intersections
Starting from the south end of Highway 40:
Gallery
References
040
Grande Prairie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2040 |
The Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque (, ) is the state mosque of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in Shah Alam and is the country's largest mosque and also the second largest mosque in Southeast Asia by capacity. Its most distinguishing feature is its large blue and silver dome. The mosque has four minarets, one erected at each of the corners.
History
The mosque was commissioned by the late Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz, when he declared Shah Alam as the new capital of Selangor on 14 February 1974. Construction began in 1982 and finished on 11 March 1988. The mosque is also known as the Blue Mosque owing to its blue dome.
Records
The mosque has the distinction of having one of the largest religious dome in the world, measuring in diameter and reaching above ground level. The four minarets, each reaching above ground level, are the third tallest in the world, after those at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco, and the Djamaa el Djazaïr in Algiers, Algeria. In its early years, the mosque was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the tallest minaret in the world before being supplanted by the minaret at the Hassan II Mosque in August 1993. However, the mosque still maintains the distinction of having the world's tallest group of minarets.
Architecture and features
The design of the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque is a combination of Malay and Modernist styles, and elements of Malay and Islamic architecture are incorporated into the finishes of the building. Fine decorative khat (Arabic calligraphy) can be seen on the inner curve of the dome and parts of the walls. The calligraphy work was executed by the Egyptian calligrapher Shiekh Abdel Moneim Mohamed Ali El Sharkawi. Intricate aluminium grills are found on the doorways, windows, and walls of the mosque. The windows are fitted with blue stained glass to reduce the amount of light entering the hall. The resulting filtered illumination lends a bluish ambiance to the interior spaces, evoking a sense of peace and serenity. The high ceiling has triangular panels of red balau and ramin timber wood that are set in a crisscrossing pattern. The dome is constructed of aluminium and the outer surface is clad with vitreous enamel-baked triangular steel panels decorated with a rosette of verses from the Qur'an.
The main prayer hall spans two levels, is fully carpeted and air conditioned, and is one of the largest such spaces in the world. The upper gallery of the prayer hall is reserved for female worshippers, and the ground floor contains the reception area, administrative offices, conference rooms, a library, and lecture rooms. The mosque has the capacity to accommodate 12,600 worshippers and is large enough that on a clear day it can be seen from some vantage points in Kuala Lumpur.
The mosque overlooks the Garden of Islamic Arts, a landscaped park inspired by the Quranic Garden of Paradise (Jannah, ). These 14 hectares of spiritual sanctuary house nine galleries exhibiting a rich array of Islamic arts such as calligraphy, sculptures, paintings, and architecture. The site is occasionally used for traditional Islamic performances.
The design of this mosque was later adapted to the Jami Al-Azhar Jakapermai Mosque in Kalimalang, Bekasi, Indonesia.
See also
Islam in Malaysia
List of tallest domes
References
External links
Tourism Malaysia - Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque
Mosques in Selangor
Mosques completed in 1988
1988 establishments in Malaysia
20th-century mosques
Mosque buildings with domes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20Salahuddin%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Mosque |
Langley (also known as Lindon) is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Arkansas, United States. It is about 42 miles southeast of Mena, Arkansas, and is served by Arkansas Highway 84 (east-west) and Arkansas Highway 369 (north-south).
References
Unincorporated communities in Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Pike County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%2C%20Arkansas |
Daniella van Graas (born 1975) is a Dutch fashion model, cover girl, and actress. She has appeared in movies, on television, and between 1997 and 2003, on the cover of several magazines. In 2012, she was featured in the Dutch television show The Prettiest Girl in Class.
Early life and education
Van Graas grew up in Tuitjenhorn, where she attended the Sint Barbaraschool, a Roman Catholic elementary school. Her father was a teacher, her mother a homemaker. After elementary school, she attended the college prep track at the Christian High School Jan Arentsz in Alkmaar, cycling 15 kilometers (9 miles) each way daily to and from home.
Entertainment career
Modelling
At age 18, van Graas was scouted by a modelling agent at a shopping mall in Amsterdam. She moved to Paris, where she worked with Ford Modeling Agency, and then to New York.
As a model, van Graas collaborated with Armani Jeans, Aveeno, Barely There, CoverGirl, L'Oréal, Max Factor, Maybelline, Pantene, Pepsi, and H&M. She also worked with Marie Claire Netherlands. She appeared in a fashion show at the 68th Academy Awards ceremony.
Van Graas was the spokesmodel and "face" for Aveeno, "a brand that sells natural-based skin- and hair-care products"; that relationship lasted for years, ending in 2013, when Jennifer Aniston took over the role.
Van Graas appeared on the covers of the magazines Femina (2001), Fitness (March, 2003, August and December 2004, July 2010), New Woman (March and September 1998), Cosmopolitan (U.S. and U.K., April 1999), Self and Marie Claire Netherlands (December 1997). She is featured in the 2014, book Schoonheid is jezelf zijn [Beauty is being yourself], an anthology of diverse views on the nature of beauty.
Acting
Van Graas recognizes that her film acting has been largely typecast as a model in one form or another. She notes that being on set with professionals has helped her grow as an actress. She states she aspires toward a wider set of roles. "If she had the choice, she knows what she wants to play. 'Something like Charlize Theron in Monster. Arriving nicely [with a] twenty kilos [3 st 2 lb gain] and walking without care. That seems wonderful to me. But that is not really realistic.
In October 2008, van Graas appeared in the TV show Entourage. She played episodic roles and supporting roles in the films Perfect Stranger, Love by the Rules and Without, Autumn in New York.
On January 19, 2012, the TROS dedicated its third episode of the season of to van Graas. According to the TV program, she grew up in the village of Tuitjenhorn, "amidst cabbage fields and where the fair is seen as the highlight of the year" and she was deemed a "stand out".
Filmography
Movies
Television
Personal life
Van Graas is 5' 11" (180 cm). She is married to Brett Tawil, a former sports coach. The couple live in New York and have three children.
References
External links
Daniella Van Graas at the British Film Institute
1975 births
Living people
Dutch female models
Dutch film actresses
Dutch television actresses
People from Harenkarspel
21st-century Dutch actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniella%20van%20Graas |
Dwight Lodeweges (born 26 October 1957) is a Canadian–born Dutch football coach and former professional player. He is currently one of the assistant managers of the Netherlands national team. In 2020 – after Ronald Koeman left to join FC Barcelona – he was caretaker manager for two matches. On 29 June 2021 Frank de Boer resigned as coach and Lodeweges again took over on an interim basis until a new head coach was appointed.
Managerial career
After the resignation of Huub Stevens, Lodeweges was named PSV Eindhoven's head coach. He finished the season, but then left to become head coach for NEC Nijmegen, On 9 April 2009, he signed on for two years but was dismissed from the role of manager at NEC Nijmegen after the defeat 4–0 of Sunday, against PSV Eindhoven.
On 9 March 2010, he was named as the new head coach of FC Edmonton. He left the club before its first competitive match and signed to coach JEF United Chiba of J2 League on 3 December 2010.
In 2013, he signed with SC Cambuur in the Dutch premier division. He left mid-season in 2014 when it became known he had signed with their arch-rivals SC Heerenveen for the next season. With Heerenveen he became seventh in the 2014–15 season. The start of the 2015–16 season was bad, with Heerenveen at the bottom of the table. In October 2015 he was replaced.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
NASL Statistics
1957 births
Living people
Canadian men's soccer players
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch people of Canadian descent
Edmonton Drillers (1979–1982) players
Eredivisie managers
Eredivisie players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
PEC Zwolle managers
FC Groningen managers
SC Cambuur managers
SC Heerenveen managers
Netherlands national football team managers
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Minnesota Strikers (MISL) players
Montreal Manic players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
NEC Nijmegen managers
J2 League managers
JEF United Chiba managers
People from Foothills County
Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Dutch football managers
Canadian soccer coaches
SC Heerenveen non-playing staff
PEC Zwolle non-playing staff
Canadian expatriate soccer coaches
Dutch expatriate football managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20Lodeweges |
The Episcopal Academy, founded in 1785, is a private, co-educational school for grades Pre-K through 12 based in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Prior to 2008, the main campus was located in Merion Station and the satellite campus was located in Devon. The Newtown Square facility is on a campus. Episcopal Academy has been consistently ranked as a top private school in the nation by various media outlets, including The Wall Street Journal. The Academy is affiliated with the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
History
Early years
The Episcopal Academy was founded in 1785 by the Rt. Rev. William White at Old Christ Church in Philadelphia as an all-boys school, focusing on classical education in Greek, Latin, religion, mathematics, and business. It was also a pre-missionary school. Trustees included two signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as bankers, merchants, and ministers. It was founded two years after American Revolutionary War ended.
The faculty was composed of notable figures such as Noah Webster Jr., who developed the Webster Dictionaries. Its first campus was located on the east side of Fourth Street and was directed by Rev. John Andrews, D.D., the Academy's first headmaster. When Dr. Andrews and several of faculty members left in 1798 to teach at the University of Pennsylvania, The Episcopal Academy was reconstituted as a free school. In 1816 it became a Second Classical Academy, and a free school again in 1828. During some years, the Academy did not operate as an educational entity.
In 1846 the school was reconstituted, this time as a Third Classical Academy; it has operated continuously since. In 1850, the school moved to a building at Juniper and Locust streets. It operated there until 1921, when it moved to a new campus in suburban Merion, Pennsylvania, on the Main Line of the commuter railroad.
Female students
Female students attended the Academy between 1789 and 1818. It was not until 1974 that the academy implemented a gradual plan for permanent co-education at the school. In 1974, girls were admitted to kindergarten, and then to one higher grade each year thereafter. The class of 1984 was the first co-educational class to graduate from the Academy.
New campuses
Episcopal Academy was located in Merion, Pennsylvania, from 1921 until 2008, when it moved to Newtown Square, Pennsylvania.
In June 1998, the Episcopal Academy Board of Trustees directed the "active pursuit of a large tract of land in the western suburbs to serve as a long-term asset and a means of preserving future options."
After receiving a $20 million donation, the Board purchased a tract of land in Newtown Square on Darby-Paoli Road (Pennsylvania Route 252).
The $212.5 million project was completed in 2008 and opened for the 2008–2009 school year. The new campus has academic, arts, athletic, and spiritual facilities. It features keepsakes from the Merion and Devon campuses: the original stained glass windows from the Class of 1944 Chapel, a clock (which was installed on the Clark Campus Green), and several artifacts in the Crawford Campus Center.
Brailsford & Dunlavey served as the Academy's on-site program manager throughout each phase of the campus development project. The architecture firms, including Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, Gund Partnership, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, and RMJM Hillier, "coordinated the materials used as well as the landscape layout of the campus, with its pastoral central quadrangle and collegiate-village scale".
Academics
The Academy is accredited by the Pennsylvania Association of Independent Schools. The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools' "Accreditation for Growth" protocol governed accreditation until the current accreditation cycle.
Athletics
The Episcopal Academy is a member of the Inter-Academic League (Inter-Ac).
For boys, the Inter-Ac league includes the Haverford School, Malvern Preparatory School, Chestnut Hill Academy, Penn Charter, and Germantown Academy. For girls, this league includes Penn Charter, Germantown Academy, Notre Dame Academy, the Baldwin School, the Agnes Irwin School, and Springside School.
The sports requirement requires all students to participate in athletics during each of the three seasons. Freshman and sophomores are required to participate in at least two inter-scholastic sports with the option of participating in the "Fitness" option for one season. Juniors may elect to participate in the "Fitness" option for two seasons. "Fitness" consists of organized athletic activities three days a week and community service two days a week. There is also a theatre offering (both on the stage and in technical theatre) in the spring (a musical) and the fall. This counts as a "Fitness" option as well. Seniors are permitted to take a "Senior Cut", that is they do not have to participate in any athletics for one season so long as they never received an "unsatisfactory" effort grade in any sport during their four years in the upper school.
As a co-founder of the oldest High School sport's league in America, the Inter-Academic League, and in the second oldest school rivalry in the nation, (against the Haverford School, later adding Agnes Irwin School) Episcopal Academy athletic teams have gained a national reputation. The boys basketball team, coached by Daniel Dougherty, gained national attention in 2005 and 2006, with full team effort including players Gerald Henderson '06 and Wayne Ellington '06. Both were nationally ranked high school basketball players. Henderson signed to play for Duke University while Ellington signed to play for the University of North Carolina.
Facilities
Buildings
Academic Center, with the Middle School, Upper School, and Science Center.
Lower School Building
Crawford Campus Center, including the Annenberg Library
Theater with Stadium Seating
Chapel, at the Center of Campus
Athletic Center, with a competition gymnasium and pool
Stadium Football Field
Black Box Theatre
Head of School's House
Chaplain's House
Notable alumni, faculty, and others
References
Further reading
Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia:Temple University Press.
External links
School Website
Private high schools in Pennsylvania
Private elementary schools in Pennsylvania
Private middle schools in Pennsylvania
1785 establishments in Pennsylvania
Schools in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1789
Episcopal schools in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal%20Academy |
The ANAVET Cup is an ice hockey trophy, won through a best-of-seven series conducted annually by the Canadian Junior Hockey League. It is played between the Turnbull Cup champions of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League and the Canalta Cup champions of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. The winner of the ANAVET Cup earns the western region's berth in the Centennial Cup, the national Junior A championship. The series has been contested since 1971, except from 2013 to 2017, when it was replaced by the Western Canada Cup, and from 2020 to present, when it was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021) and format changes to the national championship.
The term "ANAVET" comes from the Canadian non-for-profit organization ANAVETS, or Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans in Canada.
The Western region's ANAVET Cup Champion traditionally played against the Pacific region's Doyle Cup champion for the Abbott Cup, the Western Canadian Championship. However, the Abbott Cup diminished in importance following the reorganization of the national championship in 1990. The Abbott Cup was then presented to the winner of the round-robin game, between the Pacific champion and Western champion, during the larger national competition; this practice ended, and the Abbott Cup was retired, after the 1999 season.
Champions
Champions in bold
{| cellpadding="0"
|- align="left" style="vertical-align: top"
|
{| cellpadding="1" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid gray;"
|- align="center" style="font-size: larger;"
| colspan="5" |Western Junior "A" Champions
|- style="background:lightblue;"
! Year
! MJHL Champion
! SJHL Champion
! Series
|- align="center" style="background:lightblue;"
|- bgcolor=""
|1971 ||St. Boniface Saints||Weyburn Red Wings||4–2
|- bgcolor=""
|1972 ||Dauphin Kings||Humboldt Broncos||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1973 ||Portage Terriers||Humboldt Broncos||3–2 (D)
|- bgcolor=""
|1974 ||Selkirk Steelers||Prince Albert Raiders||4–2
|- bgcolor=""
|1975 ||Selkirk Steelers||Swift Current Broncos||4–0
|- bgcolor=""
|1976 ||Selkirk Steelers||Prince Albert Raiders||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1977 ||Dauphin Kings||Prince Albert Raiders||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1978 ||Kildonan North Stars||Prince Albert Raiders||0–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1979 ||Selkirk Steelers||Prince Albert Raiders||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1980 ||Selkirk Steelers||Prince Albert Raiders||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1981 ||St. Boniface Saints||Prince Albert Raiders||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1982 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Prince Albert Raiders||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1983 ||Dauphin Kings||Yorkton Terriers||4–1
|- bgcolor=""
|1984 ||Selkirk Steelers||Weyburn Red Wings||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1985 ||Selkirk Steelers||Estevan Bruins||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1986 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Humboldt Broncos||4–3
|- bgcolor=""
|1987 ||Selkirk Steelers||Humboldt Broncos||0–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1988 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Notre Dame Hounds||0–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1989 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Humboldt Broncos||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1990 ||Portage Terriers||Nipawin Hawks||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1991 ||Winkler Flyers||Yorkton Terriers||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1992 ||Winkler Flyers||Melfort Mustangs||4–1
|- bgcolor=""
|1993 ||Dauphin Kings||Flin Flon Bombers||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1994 ||St. Boniface Saints||Weyburn Red Wings||3–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1995 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Weyburn Red Wings||4–2
|- bgcolor=""
|1996 ||St. James Canadians||Melfort Mustangs||0–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1997 ||St. James Canadians||Weyburn Red Wings||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1998 ||Winkler Flyers||Weyburn Red Wings||3–4
|- bgcolor=""
|1999 ||OCN Blizzard||Estevan Bruins||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2000 ||OCN Blizzard||North Battleford North Stars||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2001 ||OCN Blizzard||Weyburn Red Wings||2–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2002 ||OCN Blizzard||Kindersley Klippers||4–1
|- bgcolor=""
|2003 ||OCN Blizzard||Humboldt Broncos||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2004 ||Selkirk Steelers||Kindersley Klippers||3–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2005 ||Portage Terriers||Yorkton Terriers||4–2
|- bgcolor=""
|2006 ||Winnipeg South Blues||Yorkton Terriers||1–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2007 ||Selkirk Steelers||Humboldt Broncos||4–3
|- bgcolor=""
|2008 ||Portage Terriers||Humboldt Broncos||0–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2009 ||Portage Terriers||Humboldt Broncos||3–4
|- bgcolor=""
|2010 ||Dauphin Kings||La Ronge Ice Wolves||4–1
|- bgcolor=""
|2011 ||Portage Terriers||La Ronge Ice Wolves||4–3
|- bgcolor=""
|2012 ||Portage Terriers||Humboldt Broncos||3–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| colspan="4" |2013-2017: replaced by Western Canada Cup
|-
|2018 ||Steinbach Pistons||Nipawin Hawks||4–2||
|-
|2019 ||Portage Terriers||Battlefords North Stars|| 4–1||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|colspan=4 align=center rowspan=2 | 2020-2022: not awarded
|-
|}
|}
Results by team results as of 2019 ANAVET Cup* denotes team is defunct or no longer part of the league
Results by league results as of 2019 ANAVET Cup''
References
External links
MJHL website
SJHL website
CJHL website
Ice hockey in Western Canada
Ice hockey tournaments in Canada
Canadian Junior Hockey League trophies and awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANAVET%20Cup |
Lodi is an unincorporated community in northern Pike County, Arkansas, United States.
The community is on Arkansas Highway 84 between Langley (7 miles to the west) and Salem (4.5 miles to the east). Daisy on Lake Greeson is five miles to the south.
References
Unincorporated communities in Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Pike County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi%2C%20Arkansas |
Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque () is the state mosque of Johor, Malaysia. Located along Jalan Skudai, Johor Bahru, the mosque was constructed between 1892 and 1900, under the direction of Sultan Abu Bakar.
Construction
As the mosque's architect, Tuan Haji Mohamed Arif bin Punak set out to recreate colonial English Victorian architecture as noted by the minarets that take the form of British 19th century clocktowers. The mosque also features some Moorish architecture elements, along with some minor Malay influence. Tuan Haji Mohamed Arif bin Punak was supervised by the Johor government engineer Dato' Yahya bin Awalluddin who communicated the Anglophile sentiments of Sultan Ibrahim ibni Sultan Abu Bakar, the Sultan of Johor at that time. This Anglophile influence can further be seen in the British architectural influences not only on the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque but also in several others government and palace buildings in Johor constructed during the same period.
The mosque sits on top of a prominent hill, overlooking the Straits of Johor and was named for Sultan Abu Bakar, the father of Sultan Ibrahim who ordered its construction. It can accommodate 2,000 worshippers at any one time.
Transportation
The mosque is accessible by Muafakat Bus route P-101.
See also
Islam in Malaysia
References
External links
Tourism Malaysia - Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque
Mosques completed in 1900
Mosques in Johor Bahru
Mosque buildings with domes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20Abu%20Bakar%20State%20Mosque |
"Fair Harvard" is the alma mater of Harvard University. Written by the Reverend Samuel Gilman of the class of 1811 for the university's 200th anniversary in 1836, it bids the school an affectionate farewell. Of its four verses, the first and fourth are traditionally sung and the second and third omitted.
The song is set to a traditional Irish air, best known in early 19th century America as "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms", a popular song whose lyrics were written by the Irish poet Thomas Moore. The tune is occasionally wrongly credited to Sir William Davenant, whose library may have been a source of the music for later publishers. (The tune is also a newer setting of "My Lodging Is In The Cold, Cold Ground".) Horatio Alger Jr., an 1852 graduate of Harvard's Divinity School, composed his "Harvard Odes" I-IV, and Paul Laurence Dunbar originally wrote the lyrics of the "Tuskegee Song", to the tune.
The song is referenced in The Simpsons episode “The Front”.
Original version
Fair Harvard! Thy sons to thy Jubilee throng,
And with blessings surrender thee o'er
By these festival rites, from the age that is past,
To the age that is waiting before.
O relic and type of our ancestors' worth
That hast long kept their memory warm,
First flow'r of their wilderness! Star of their night!
Calm rising thro' change and thro' storm.
To thy bow'rs we were led in the bloom of our youth,
From the home of our infantile years,
When our fathers had warn'd, and our mothers had pray'd,
And our sisters had blest thro' their tears.
Thou then wert our parent, the nurse of our soul;
We were molded to manhood by thee,
Till freighted with treasure thoughts, friendships and hopes,
Thou didst launch us on Destiny's sea.
When as pilgrims we come to revisit thy halls,
To what kindlings the season gives birth!
Thy shades are more soothing, thy sunlight more dear,
Than descend on less privileged earth.
For the good and the great, in their beautiful prime,
Thro' thy precincts have musingly trod,
As they girded their spirits or deepen'd the streams
That make glad the fair city of God.
Farewell! be thy destinies onward and bright!
To thy children the lesson still give,
With freedom to think, and with patience to bear,
And for right ever bravely to live.
Let not moss-covered error moor thee at its side,
As the world on truth's current glides by
Be the herald of light, and the bearer of love,
Till the stock of the Puritans die.
1998 revision
The term "sons" was eliminated to make the song gender neutral. The first line was revised to read "...we join in thy jubilee throng" between 1997 and 1998. As a side effect of the change, the word throng, a verb in the original lyrics, became a noun.
2017 revision
In 2017 Harvard announced it was running a contest to replace the last line of the song "Till the stock of the Puritans die". In early October 2017 semifinalist potential replacement lines were announced. The final replacement line was chosen as "Till the stars in the firmament die."
References
External links
Harvard University Band audio recording
Background to the 1997/8 revision
Harvard University
American college songs
Alma mater songs
1836 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20Harvard |
The Doyle Cup is an ice hockey trophy won through a best-of-7 series conducted annually by the Canadian Junior Hockey League to determine the Pacific region berth in the Centennial Cup, the national Junior A championship. From 1971 to 2021, the series was played between the Fred Page Cup champions of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) and the Enerflex Cup champions of the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL), except from 2013 to 2017 when it was replaced by the Western Canada Cup. Its future status is uncertain because of format changes to the national championship and the BCHL's withdrawal from the CJHL after the 2020–21 season. The current trophy was donated in 1984 by Pete Doyle, a Penticton, British Columbia businessman, replacing the Pacific Centennial Cup that two leagues competed for from 1971 to 1984.
The Pacific region's Doyle Cup Champion traditionally played the Western region's ANAVET Cup champion for the Abbott Cup, the Western Canadian Championship. However, the Abbott Cup diminished in importance following the reorganization of the national championship in 1990. The Abbott Cup was then presented to the winner of the round-robin game, between the Pacific champion and Western champion, during the larger Royal Cup competition; this practice ended, and the Abbott Cup was retired, after the 1999 season.
Champions
The BCHL was known as the BCJHL until 1990
Also in 1976, 1977, and 1979 a PCJHL champion defeated the BCJHL champion at the Mowatt Cup to advance to this round.
Bolded are the champions.
{| cellpadding="0"
|- align="left" style="vertical-align: top"
|
|
{| cellpadding="1" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid gray;"
|- align="center" style="font-size: larger;"
| colspan=5 | Pacific Junior "A" Champions
|- style="background:lightblue;"
! style= | Year
! style= width="185" | AJHL Champion
! style= width="185" | BCHL Champion
! style= | Series
|- align="center" style="vertical-align: middle;" style="background:lightblue;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|colspan="4"|Pacific Centennial Cup Championship
|- bgcolor=
|1971 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Penticton Broncos ||4–3
|- bgcolor=
|1972 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Vernon Essos ||4–2
|- bgcolor=
|1973 ||Calgary Canucks ||Penticton Broncos ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1974 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Kelowna Buckaroos ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1975 ||Spruce Grove Mets ||Bellingham Blazers ||4–2
|- bgcolor=
|1976 ||Spruce Grove Mets ||Nor'Wes Caps (PCJHL) ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|1977 ||Calgary Canucks ||Richmond Sockeyes (PCJHL) ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|1978 ||Calgary Canucks ||Merritt Centennials ||2–4
|- bgcolor=
|1979 ||Fort Saskatchewan Traders||Richmond Sockeyes (PCJHL) ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|1980 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Penticton Knights ||4–0
|- bgcolor=
|1981 ||St. Albert Saints ||Penticton Knights ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|1982 ||St. Albert Saints ||Penticton Knights ||4–3
|- bgcolor=
|1983 ||Calgary Canucks ||Abbotsford Flyers ||0–4
|- bgcolor=
|1984 ||Fort Saskatchewan Traders ||Langley Eagles ||2–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|colspan="4"|Doyle Cup
|- bgcolor=
|1985 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Penticton Knights ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1986 ||Calgary Canucks ||Penticton Knights ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1987 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Richmond Sockeyes ||3–4
|- bgcolor=
|1988 ||Calgary Canucks ||Vernon Lakers ||4–0
|- bgcolor=
|1989 ||Red Deer Rustlers ||Vernon Lakers ||2–4
|- bgcolor=
|1990 ||Calgary Canucks ||New Westminster Royals||0–4
|- bgcolor=
|1991 ||Calgary Royals ||Vernon Lakers ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1992 ||Olds Grizzlys ||Vernon Lakers ||3–4
|- bgcolor=
|1993 ||Olds Grizzlys ||Kelowna Spartans ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1994 ||Olds Grizzlys ||Kelowna Spartans ||4–2
|- bgcolor=
|1995 ||Calgary Canucks ||Chilliwack Chiefs ||4–3
|- bgcolor=
|1996 ||St. Albert Saints ||Vernon Vipers ||3–4
|- bgcolor=
|1997 ||Fort McMurray Oil Barons ||South Surrey Eagles ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|1998 ||St. Albert Saints ||South Surrey Eagles ||2–4
|- bgcolor=
|1999 ||Calgary Canucks ||Vernon Vipers ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|2000 ||Fort McMurray Oil Barons||Chilliwack Chiefs ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|2001 ||Camrose Kodiaks ||Victoria Salsa ||4–2
|- bgcolor=
|2002 ||Drayton Valley Thunder ||Chilliwack Chiefs ||2–4
|- bgcolor=
|2003 ||Camrose Kodiaks ||Vernon Vipers ||4–2
|- bgcolor=
|2004 ||Grande Prairie Storm ||Nanaimo Clippers ||1–4
|- bgcolor=
|2005 ||Camrose Kodiaks ||Surrey Eagles ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|2006 ||Fort McMurray Oil Barons ||Burnaby Express ||2–4
|- bgcolor=
|2007 ||Camrose Kodiaks ||Nanaimo Clippers ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|2008 ||Camrose Kodiaks ||Penticton Vees ||4–1
|- bgcolor=
|2009 ||Grande Prairie Storm ||Vernon Vipers ||0–4
|- bgcolor=
|2010 ||Spruce Grove Saints ||Vernon Vipers ||3–4
|- bgcolor=
|2011 ||Spruce Grove Saints ||Vernon Vipers ||3–4
|-
|2012 ||Brooks Bandits ||Penticton Vees ||1–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| colspan="4" | 2013-2017: replaced by Western Canada Cup
|- bgcolor=
|2018 ||Spruce Grove Saints ||Wenatchee Wild ||1–4
|-
|2019 ||Brooks Bandits || Prince George Spruce Kings || 2–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|colspan=4 align=center rowspan=2 | 2020-2022: not awarded due
|}
|}
Notes
Results by team results as of 2012 Doyle Cup Results by league results as of 2012 Doyle CupAlberta/British Columbia Junior "A" Championship (1962–1970)Prior to the 1970–71 season, the winner of this series was a part of the Memorial Cup playoffs.1970 Not Contested*1969 Lethbridge Sugar Kings (AJHL)
1968 Penticton Broncos (BCJHL)
1967 New Westminster Royals (PCJHL)
1966 Edmonton Oil Kings (AJHL)
1965 Edmonton Oil Kings (AJHL)
1964 Edmonton Oil Kings (AJHL)
1963 Edmonton Oil Kings (AJHL)
1962 Edmonton Oil Kings (AJHL)(*) The AJHL Champion did not challenge the BCJHL Champion for the right to appear in the Abbott Cup.''
References
External links
Official Doyle Cup Website
AJHL Website
BCHL Website
CJHL Website
Ice hockey in Western Canada
Ice hockey tournaments in Canada
Alberta Junior Hockey League
British Columbia Hockey League
Canadian Junior Hockey League trophies and awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle%20Cup |
Spring Hill is the name of a ridge in the central part of the city of Somerville, Massachusetts, and the residential neighborhood that sits atop it. It runs northwest to southeast, roughly bounded by Highland Avenue, Somerville Avenue, Elm Street, and Willow Avenue. Summer Street runs along the hill's crest.
Spring Hill is a drumlin, one of many such hills in the Boston area composed of material deposited as glaciers of the Pleistocene epoch receded.
Historically agricultural in character, Spring Hill was sparsely developed until the mid-19th century. Present-day Central, Lowell, and Cedar Streets trace their origins to the mid-17th century, but few other roads broke the open space. Most development took place in the neighborhood between the 1840s and early 1900s. Spring Hill has a fine selection of Greek Revival houses and Victorians including Second Empires, Italianates, Gothic Revivals and Queen Annes. Large houses were built in the neighborhood as well as smaller workers' houses and attached houses. In the early 1900s triple-deckers filled in the remaining land.
Part of the Spring Hill neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The Spring Hill Historic District stretches from Summer, Central, Atherton and Spring Streets.
History
Spring Hill was first developed in 1843 by George O. Brastow, an influential businessman who later became the first mayor of Somerville. He lotted one of Somerville's first residential subdivisions on the hill's south side between Central and Belmont Streets. Several original houses from this development remain on Atherton Street and off Harvard Street. The well-known Boston surveyor Alexander Wadsworth helped Brastow successfully lay out this subdivision to attract substantial homes on country estates for privileged suburbanites that held proprietary and managerial jobs. Its desirability was reinforced by expansive views of Cambridge and Boston, as well as easy access to Boston via the Fitchburg Railroad. Brastow's subdivision is the centerpiece of the Spring Hill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
In 1889, a water standpipe (tower) was erected on the hill between Belmont and Lowell Streets (present-day Bailey Park), making municipal drinking water available to Somerville residents at higher elevations, and so facilitated additional housing development in the city's more elevated areas.
By the end of the 19th century, the street grid had reached its present form, and the neighborhood filled with predominantly multi-family homes. Growth was fueled by the extension of streetcar lines from Lechmere Square and industrialization along Somerville Avenue and the Fitchburg Railroad.
Spring Hill is home to Somerville Hospital, opened in 1891 on Highland Avenue, the Round House, located on Atherton Street, and the Somerville Museum, located on Central Street.
At one time this neighborhood was home to both journalist Howie Carr and Winter Hill Gang leader Howie Winter. They lived one street apart, on Madison Street and Montrose Street, respectively. This was revealed in Carr's book about Irish mobster James "Whitey" Bulger, "The Brothers Bulger."
Architecture and landmarks
There are several structures in Spring Hill that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Spring Hill developed as a primarily residential neighborhood and most of its structures reflect that:
The Enoch Robinson Round House is a cylindrical, wood-frame residential building on Atherton Street. It was built in 1856 by hardware manufacturer Enoch Robinson, and is considered an offshoot of the octagon house-style popularized by phrenologist Orson Fowler. It has been vacant and deteriorating for many years, but is under new ownership and slowly being restored.
The Martin W. Carr School, built in 1898, was originally an elementary school. The building has been converted to condominiums.
The Alexander Foster House, an Italianate-style house on Laurel Street built in 1860
The House at 16-18 Preston Road, a Colonial Revival triple-decker built in 1910
The Joseph K. James House, a Colonial Revival house built in 1893
The Lemuel Snow Jr. House, a Queen Anne style house built in 1890
See also
Winter Hill
National Register of Historic Places listings in Somerville, Massachusetts
References
External links
City of Somerville Official Website
Neighborhoods in Somerville, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Somerville, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Hill%2C%20Somerville%2C%20Massachusetts |
The history of lions in Europe is based on fossils of Pleistocene and Holocene lions excavated in Europe since the early 19th century.
The first lion fossil was excavated in southern Germany, and described by Georg August Goldfuss using the scientific name Felis spelaea. It probably dates to the Würm glaciation, and is 191,000 to 57,000 years old.
Older lion skull fragments were excavated in Germany and described by Wilhelm von Reichenau under Felis fossilis in 1906. These are estimated at between 621,000 and 533,000 years old.
The modern lion (Panthera leo) inhabited parts of Southern Europe since the early Holocene.
Historical literature, such as the Iliad of ancient Greece, features lion similes.
Characteristics
Bone fragments of fossil spelaea lions indicate that they were bigger than the modern lion and had less specialized lower teeth, reduced lower premolars and smaller incisors.
As indicated by numerous artistic depictions, modern lions in the Balkans had less developed manes, and lacked abdominal and lateral manes as well as limb hair. Οn the other hand, lions from Transcaucasia exhibited all these features.
Distribution
Pleistocene records
The oldest fossils excavated near Pakefield in the United Kingdom are estimated at 680,000 years old, and represent Panthera fossilis.
Lion fossils were excavated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Russia.
Late Pleistocene Panthera spelaea bone fragments were radiocarbon dated to between the Weichselian glaciation and the Holocene, and are between 109,000 and 14,000 years old. This lion was widely distributed from the Iberian peninsula, Southeast Europe, across most of northern Eurasia into Alaska. In Eurasia, it became extinct between 14,900 and 14,100 years ago, and survived in Beringia until 13,800 to 13,300 years ago.
Holocene records
The earliest Holocene lion remains to date were excavated in Basque Country, Spain, and are about 11,600–9,000 years old, although the dating is only context-dated and therefore regarded as not too accurate. Moreover, there are doubts if this was a modern lion or a late surviving P. spelaea cave lion. Other early Holocene lion finds, come from different places of Italy and are dated to 12,000-9,000 years old.
A neolithic lion tooth fragment representing the Atlantic Period was found in Karanovo, Bulgaria, and is estimated 6,000 years old.
In Greece lions first appeared around 6,500–6,000 years ago as indicated by a front leg bone found in Philippi. Bone fragments of the modern lion were excavated in Hungary and in Ukraine's Black Sea region, which are estimated at around 5,500 to 3,000 years old. Remains were also found in Romania and European Turkey.
Historic range of Panthera leo
In Southeast Europe, the lion inhabited part of the Balkan Peninsula, up to Hungary and Ukraine during the Neolithic period. It survived in Bulgaria until the 4th or 3rd century BC. Around 1000 BC, it became extinct in the Peloponnese. It disappeared from Macedonia around the first century AD, from Western Thrace not before the 2nd century AD and from Thessaly possibly in the 4th century AD; Themistius regretted that no more lions could be furnished for beast-shows.
In Transcaucasia, the lion was present until the 10th century. The peak of its historic range covered all of the plains and foothills of eastern Transcaucasia, westward almost to Tbilisi in modern Georgia. Northwards, its range extended through the eastern Caucasus, from the Apsheron Peninsula to the mouth of the Samur River near the current Azerbaijan-Russia border, extending to the Araks river. From there, the boundary of its range narrowly turned east to Yerevan in modern Armenia, with its northern boundary then extending westward to Turkey.
In culture
Lions feature in ancient Greek mythology and writings, including the myth of the Nemean lion, which was believed to be a supernatural lion that occupied the sacred town of Nemea in the Peloponnese. Homer mentioned lions 45 times in his poems, but this could have been due to his experience in Asia Minor.
Phalaecus, a tyrant of Amvrakia (modern-day Arta), was allegedly killed by a female lion due to his holding a newborn lion cub, after finding it on a hunting expedition. Conon refers to the myth of how Olynthus city got its name, when during around the period of the Trojan War, son of Strymon, Olynthos during a lion hunt was killed by a lion. According to Herodotus lions occurred between Achelous river and Nestus, being plentiful between Akanthos and Thermi. When Xerxes advanced near Echedorus in 480 BC, the troops' camels were attacked by lions. Xenophon stated around 400 BC that lions were hunted around Mount Kissos, Pangaio, the Pindus mountains and elsewhere. Aristotle in the 4th century BC provided some data on lion distribution, behaviour, breeding and also anatomy. According to him, lions were more numerous in North Africa than in Europe; they had approached towns, and attacked people only if they were old, or had poor dental health. Pliny the Elder mentions that European lions were stronger compared to those from Syria and Africa. In the 2nd century AD, Pausanias referred to lion presence east of Nestus in Thrace, in the area of Abdera. He also referred to a story about Polydamas of Skotoussa, an Olympic winner in the 5th century BC, who allegedly used his bare hands to kill a lion on Thessalian part of Mount Olympus; and to one about Caranus of Macedon who according to the Macedonians, raised a trophy that was thrown down and destroyed by a lion that was rushing down from Mount Olympus.
The Romans used Barbary lions from North Africa for lion-baiting, and lions from Greece for gladiatorial games.
See also
Panthera leo leo
Asiatic lion
Cape lion
Barbary lion
Panthera atrox
Cultural depictions of lions
References
External links
Panthera leo europaea
The Last European Lion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20lions%20in%20Europe |
Negombo Tamils or Puttalam Tamils are the Tamil speaking ethnic Karavas who live in the western Gampaha and Puttalam districts of Sri Lanka. They are distinguished from other Tamils from the island nation by their unique dialects, one of which is known as Negombo Tamil dialect. Other sub categories of native Tamils of Sri Lanka are Jaffna Tamils or Northern Tamils and Batticalao Tamils or Eastern Tamils from the traditional Tamil dominant North and East of the Island nation. Negombo is a principal coastal city in the Gampaha District and Puttalam is also the principal city within the neighbouring Puttalam District.
Assimilation
The main feature of the Negombo Tamils is the continuing process of assimilation into the majority Sinhalese ethnic group, a process known as Sinhalisation. This process is enabled via a number of caste myths and legends.
In the Gampaha district ethnic Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal belt, as in the neighboring Puttalam district, which until the first two decades of the twentieth century had a substantial ethnic Tamil population, of whom the majority were Catholics and a minority were Hindus.
According to L.J.B. Turner, although the distinction between Sinhalese and Tamils of the present-day Sri Lanka is so marked, in the past there was considerable fusion between these ethnic groups. According to him the results of this fusion are most obvious on the western coast between Negombo and Puttalam, where a large proportion of the villagers, though they call themselves Sinhalese, speak Tamil and are undoubtedly of Tamil descent. According to local legends, their ancestors were captives from India or imported weavers and other artisans.
This historic process was embraced by the educational policies of a local bishop, Edmund Peiris, who was instrumental in changing the medium of education from Tamil to Sinhala.
Survival of Tamil heritage
Due to the bilingualism of some residents of both these districts, especially those who are traditional fishermen, the Tamil language survives as a lingua franca amongst migrating fishermen across the island. It is estimated that the Negombo dialect of Tamil language is spoken by perhaps 50,000 people who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. This number does not include others who may speak various varieties of the Tamil language north of Negombo city towards Puttalam. Today most of those who retain their Tamil identity are Hindus and are mostly concentrated in a single coastal village called Udappu. This village has approximately 15,000 inhabitants and has become refuge for other Tamils displaced due to the Sri Lankan civil war from the rest of the country. There are also some Tamil Christians belonging to various Christian sects (mostly Catholics) who maintain their Tamil heritage throughout both these districts in major cities such as Negombo, Chilaw, Puttalam and in villages such as Mampuri.
Negombo Tamil is the fact that the Karavas immigrated to Sri Lanka much later than Tamils immigrated to Jaffna. This would suggest that the Negombo dialect continued to evolve in the Coromandel Coast before it arrived in Sri Lanka and began to get influenced by Sinhala. So, in some ways, the dialect is closer to those spoken in Tamil Nadu than is Jaffna Tamil.
Tamil heritage is also maintained in place names in both these districts. Outside of the Tamil-dominated North East, Puttalam district has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka. There are also composite or hybrid place names in both these districts. The juxtaposition of Sinhala and Tamil place names indicated the peaceful coexistence of people of both language groups as well as the gradual assimilation process. There are also numerous Hindu temples across the districts mostly dedicated to Hindu village deities such as Ayyanar, who is also worshiped as Ayyanayake by the Sinhalese people. Other deities include Kali, Kannaki and Lord Shiva, whose famous temple at Munneswaram was built by Raja Raja Cholan a Tamil king.
See also
Colombo Chettys
Bharatakula
Karave
Place names in Sri Lanka
References
External links
Migration of South Indian labor communities to South East Asia
In search of new identity, the case of Modern Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka
Tamil fishing village close to Colombo
Sri Lankan Tamil society
Negombo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negombo%20Tamils |
Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque () is a Johor's royal mosque located in Pasir Pelangi, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia. It was constructed in the 1920s. The mosque bears a similar architectural design to the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque.
See also
Islam in Malaysia
Mosques in Johor Bahru
Mosques completed in the 1920s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir%20Pelangi%20Royal%20Mosque |
Arts and Humanities Focus Program, commonly referred to as Arts, is a focus program that specializes in art and the humanities. The school opened in 1999, and is housed in a historic bottling plant along the banks of Antelope Creek in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States.
Academics
The program's current regular activities include:
An entry in Lincoln's First Friday art gallery exhibitions on the first Friday of every month, where the students show off their newest work.
Several visits to the Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery
Occasional visits to an academic lecture forum or welcoming of a guest lecturer to the program
A partnership with the Arts are Basic Aesthetic Education program
The Arts and Humanities Focus program has welcomed several speakers over the past six semesters, including actor and director Peter Riegert, New York mime Bill Bowers, DC Comics and Marvel Comics cartoonist Bob Hall, and director Rodney Evans.
Past speakers who have visited include author Daniel Quinn, author and activist Howard Zinn, and President of the ACLU Nadine Strossen.
References
External links
Arts and Humanities Focus Program website
Educational institutions established in 1999
Public high schools in Nebraska
Schools in Lincoln, Nebraska
Focus programs in Lincoln, Nebraska
Magnet schools in Nebraska
1999 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20and%20Humanities%20Focus%20Program |
The Art Conspiracy is a Dallas-based non-profit art collective.
History
The group was founded by photographer Sarah Jane Semrad and musician Jason Roberts in the fall of 2005 to help raise money for local charities while providing a forum for area artists and musicians to combine forces and promote their works. The group's inaugural gala was held on December 3, 2005, at the Texas Theater (the site of Lee Harvey Oswald's arrest) and raised over $10,000 for the Dallas chapter of the Children's Health Fund. The concept for the event included gathering 100 artists together twenty four hours prior to the event, and having them paint on a single sheet of 18" x 18" plywood. The following day, doors were opened to the long vacant theater and a crowd of close to 1000 people quickly purchased all available pieces through an auction process while local musicians performed.
Personnel
Sarah Jane Semrad – Art Co-Ordinator
Jason Roberts – Music Co-Ordinator
Andrea Roberts – Sponsorship Procurement
Cari Weinberg – PR
Shea Wood – Stage Design
Courtney Miles – Stage Design
Nyddia Hannah – Concessions
Tim Ruble – Project Manager
External links
The Art Conspiracy's Official Site – The official homepage.
American artist groups and collectives
Arts in Dallas
Arts organizations based in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Art%20Conspiracy |
Secrets and Lies, subtitled "the anatomy of an anti-environmental PR campaign", is a 1999 book by Nicky Hager and Bob Burton.
The book
The book documents the public relations information put out by Timberlands West Coast Limited in order to win public support for logging of native forests on the West Coast of New Zealand.
The material is based on a large amount of documentation leaked by a staff member from the local branch of Shandwick (now Weber Shandwick Worldwide), a global public relations company, which had been hired by Timberlands to run a secret campaign against environmental groups such as Native Forest Action between 1997 and 1999.
The book describes its tactics of surveillance of meetings, monitoring the press and responding to every letter to the editor, greenwashing, the use of SLAPPs, cleaning anti-logging graffiti and blotting out campaign posters in public places, and managing to install its pro-logging educational materials into schools.
The book alleges that almost every pro-logging letter or article was organized by this campaign.
Reception and responses
In 2000, a press council complaint was made against a letter to the editor in The Press, which argued that Hager had lied in the book. The complaint was not upheld, because the Press Council ruled that it was responsible for vetting robust debate in the letter pages.
During a general Parliamentary debate in November 2006, when the book The Hollow Men had an injunction against its publication, the MP Gerry Brownlee said of the author and the book:
The Hollow Men documents behind the scenes activities of the National Party, of which Brownlee was deputy leader at the time.
In 2009, Kerry Tankard looked back at the book in a review for Salient. She concluded that: "As a study of how PR firms help corporations to spin and manipulate public opinion, I’ve seen none better."
References
External links
Detailed rebuttal of the book by Chris Perley a New Zealand forestry and agriculture consultant.
Environment of New Zealand
New Zealand books
Environmental non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about public relations
Greenwashing
1999 in the environment
1999 in New Zealand
Potton & Burton books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets%20and%20Lies%20%28book%29 |
Wayne High School is a secondary public school located in Huber Heights, Ohio, north of Dayton, Ohio. With the high school being established in 1956, the school district was formerly known as Wayne Township Local School District. In 1981, the name changed to Huber Heights City School District when the majority of Wayne Township was turned into Huber Heights City. In February 2021, Ohio Treasurer Robert Sprague named the school one of three Ohio Compass Award honorees of the month for its financial education curriculum and partnership with Sinclair Community College with its College Credit Plus program.
Facilities
The construction of new buildings for five elementary schools, a new junior high, and a new high school was completed in 2012. Usage of the new high school building began in January 2013. Before then, there was a second junior high school which is now an independent preschool/ central district office.
The five elementary schools and single junior high that feed Wayne High School are as follows:
Charles Huber Elementary
Monticello Elementary
Rushmore Elementary
Valley Forge Elementary
Wright Brothers Elementary
Weisenborn Junior High
The old high school comprised seven separate single-story buildings connected by covered walkways: Filbrun Hall (including the cafeteria, library, music rehearsal hall, and woodworking and metalworking shops), Hawke Hall, Storck Hall, Douglass Hall, Shank Hall, Alumni Hall, and the Gymnasium and Auditorium.
The Gymnasium and Auditorium were retained for continued usage.
The new building covers approximately 292,000 square feet. The building includes a new and larger gymnasium. It also includes a new and larger cafeteria.
Athletics
Wayne High School competes interscholastically in boys and girls sports as a member of the Greater Western Ohio Conference (GWOC). The Warriors primary league rival is Centerville High School.
In its 65+ year history, Wayne's varsity football team has won several conference championships and has played in the OHSAA playoff tournament 23 times. In 1999, 2010, 2014, and 2015, the team made it to the Division I state championship game, completing the season as State Runner-Up all four times.
The football and soccer teams play home games at Good Samaritan Athletic Field at Heidkamp Stadium.
Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships
Boys track and field – 1995, 2000
Boys basketball - 2015
Boys Bowling - 2016
Notable alumni
Will Allen – former NFL safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Brian Cicero, known for Blaze and the Monster Machines (2014) and Team Umizoomi (2010).
Kelley Deal – musician, The Breeders
Kim Deal – musician, The Breeders
Dallas Egbert, sixteen-year-old child prodigy whose four-week disappearance in 1979 was incorrectly attributed to steam tunnels and Dungeons & Dragons
Marcus Freeman, former Ohio State linebacker, former NFL linebacker, current Notre Dame Football head coach
Victor Heflin – former NFL defensive back, St. Louis Cardinals
Vince Heflin – former NFL wide receiver, Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Leo Hochhauser, one of the actors from Up, Down, All Around! and Blue’s First Holiday. He also uploaded a video to his 8petsathome Youtube channel 6 years later in 2009, which featured himself in the yellow shirt in the Video Letter segment from Up, Down, All Around! watching a puppet show.
Tyree Kinnel - former University of Michigan safety, former NFL practice squad player
Trey Landers - professional basketball player, played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers
Mike Mickens – former NFL cornerback, currently cornerbacks coach for the University of Notre Dame
Braxton Miller, former Ohio State quarterback
Greg Orton, former Purdue University wide receiver, former NFL wide receiver, Super Bowl Champion with the New England Patriots.
Kyle Swords, former professional soccer player
Teresa Pace, PhD – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Fellow, past president of IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
D'Mitrik Trice - professional basketball player, played college basketball for the Wisconsin Badgers
Travis Trice - professional basketball player, played college basketball for the Michigan State Spartans
Larry Turner - former NFL offensive lineman, played college football for the Eastern Kentucky Colonels
Teri Weiss, known for Dora the Explorer (2000), A Pup Grows Up (2006) and Wonder Pets (2006).
Xeyrius Williams - professional basketball player, played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers and the Akron Zips
Jerel Worthy - former NFL defensive tackle, played college football for the Michigan State Spartans
Notes and references
External links
Wayne High School
http://www.greatschools.org/ohio/huber-heights/3956-Wayne-High-School/reviews/
Official Alumni Class web pages (free)
High schools in Montgomery County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20High%20School%20%28Ohio%29 |
Terror Squad is a 1987 action film directed by Peter Maris. The film stars Chuck Connors.
Plot
In 1987 in Libya, a crowd is rallying at an anti-American speech. The crowd excitedly waves rifles and banners, while burning an American effigy. The movie then cuts to Kokomo, Indiana, showing a regular day at the old Kokomo High School (now Central Middle School). Several students are stuck in detention after school.
Four terrorists cross the Canada–US border, and they attempt to attack the Blackriver Nuclear Power Plant (a fictitious power plant in Howard County, Indiana) with a car bomb. After this fails, the remaining three escape, pursued by several police cruisers. Chief Rawlings (Chuck Connors), the Kokomo Police Department chief, is radioed, and he and the other officers join the chase.
Two terrorists manage to survive and escape to Kokomo High School, where they hold the detention's students and teacher hostage. The Kokomo SWAT team surrounds the school, and Chief Rawlings attempts to negotiate the release of the hostages. Meanwhile, the terrorists kill several hostages that attempt to resist them. Chief Rawlings agrees to the terrorists' demand for a bus so they can get to an airport. The two terrorists drag a girl out with them, and they board the school bus. In the process, a boy running along the roof manages to jump on top of the school bus and tries to get in the bus as the terrorists lead the police on a high-speed car chase.
Eventually, the bus tips over. The lone surviving terrorist attempts to kill himself and the girl by pulling the pin on a grenade. The boy knocks him out, and he and the girl manage to escape from the bus before the grenade explodes.
Production
The majority of the film was shot in Kokomo, Indiana, with a few parts shot in Michigan City, Indiana and the opening scene shot in Istanbul). Although most of the major characters were professional actors, many residents of Kokomo were hired to work as extras or assistants on the set. Kokomo residents will notice that the paths of the car chases do not make sense; as in most films, scenes were stitched together after filming.
Cast
Chuck Connors as Chief Rawlings
Brodie Greer as Capt. Steiner
Bill Calvert as Johnny
Kerry Wall as Jennifer
Kavi Raz as Yassir
Joseph Nasser as Gamal
Budge Threlkeld as Mr. Nero
Dennis Moynahan as Norman
Ken Foree as Deputy Brown
Nathan Dyer
Lisa Beth Ross as Larissa
Baggie Hardiman as Gus
Jill Sanders
Marco Kyris as Hassan
Reception
The film received mixed reviews. Variety considers the movie interesting, despite its absurd plot. Dennis Schwartz criticized the movie for being clumsily, with poor production and one-dimensional characters.
References
External links
1987 films
Films set in Indiana
Films shot in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror%20Squad%20%28film%29 |
Browning Nagle (born April 29, 1968) is a former American football quarterback for the National Football League (NFL)'s New York Jets, Indianapolis Colts, and Atlanta Falcons. He also played as a quarterback for the Arena Football League (AFL)'s Orlando Predators and Buffalo Destroyers.
High school career
Nagle played for Pinellas Park High School, graduating in 1986.
College career
He began his college career at West Virginia the same year as Major Harris. When it became clear that West Virginia would go with Harris and an option offense, Nagle transferred to Louisville and played for Howard Schnellenberger. He was named one of the Most Valuable Players in the 1991 Fiesta Bowl, where he set many passing records, one of which was 451 passing yards vs. the Alabama Crimson Tide.
Professional career
Nagle was drafted in the second round by the Jets in the 1991 NFL Draft with the 34th pick overall, one pick after the Atlanta Falcons selected Brett Favre.
From 1991 to 1993, he played in 18 total games for New York, the most in 1992 with 14, 13 as a starter that season. He threw for a total of 2,361 yards as a Jet with 199 completions on 403 attempts with seven touchdowns and 17 interceptions over that three-year span with a win-loss record of 3–10. In 1994, he started in one game for the Indianapolis Colts throwing eight completions on 21 attempts and 69 yards with no touchdowns and one interception in his lone win of the season. Nagle signed with the Atlanta Falcons in 1995 seeing action in 1996 in five games, going 6–13 for 59 yards, one touchdown and two interceptions.
In 1999, Nagle joined the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League and made 146 completions on 275 attempts for 1,991 yards, 39 touchdowns, and nine interceptions. He played for the Buffalo Destroyers in 2000 and passed for 2,129 yards on 157 completions of 278 attempts, 35 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.
References
External links
AFL stats
1968 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Players of American football from Philadelphia
Louisville Cardinals football players
New York Jets players
Indianapolis Colts players
Atlanta Falcons players
Orlando Predators players
Buffalo Destroyers players
West Virginia Mountaineers football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning%20Nagle |
Roy Abraham Rappaport (1926–1997) was an American anthropologist known for his contributions to the anthropological study of ritual and to ecological anthropology.
Biography
Rappaport was born in New York City on 25 March 1926. He received his Ph.D. at Columbia University and held a tenured position at the University of Michigan.
One of his publications, Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People (1968), is an ecological account of ritual among the Tsembaga Maring of New Guinea. This book is often considered the most influential and most cited work in ecological anthropology (see McGee and Warms 2004). In that book, and elaborated elsewhere, Rappaport coined the distinction between a people's cognized environment and their operational environment, that is, between how a people understand the effects of their actions in the world and how an anthropologist interprets the environment through measurement and observation. Rappaport served as Chair of the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. He also was a past president of the American Anthropological Association.
Rappaport died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on 9 October 1997.
Work
Rappaport's work demonstrates the correlation between a culture and its economy, with ritual invariably occupying a central role. His Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People was published in 1968 and again in 1984. It is a classic case study of human ecology in a tribal society and the roles of culture and ritual. The research comes from his fieldwork and time spent with the Maring tribe of Papua New Guinea, who lacked hereditary chiefs or officials. Instead of treating whole cultures as separate units, Rappaport focused "on populations in the ecological sense, that is, as one of the components of a system of trophic exchanges taking place within a bounded area." (Biersack, 1999, 5). Rappaport explained his reasoning behind using populations as opposed to cultures, "Cultures and ecosystems are not directly commensurable. An ecosystem is a system of matter and energy transactions among unlike populations or organisms and between them and the non-living substances by which they are surrounded. 'Culture' is the label for the category of phenomena distinguished from others by its contingency upon symbols." (Biersack, 1999, 6).
Throughout his work, he studied how an ecosystem maintains itself through a regulatory force. He aimed to show the adaptive value of different cultural forms in maintaining the pre-existing relationship of a population with their environment. In this case, it was ritual acting as the regulator, when pigs were sacrificed during times of warfare. This was done by the tribal members to acquit themselves of debts to the supernatural. Herds of pigs were maintained and fattened until the required work load pushed the limits of the tribe's carrying capacity, in which case the slaughter began.
Rappaport showed that this ritual served several important purposes, such as restoring the ratio of pigs to humans, supplying the local communities with pork, and preventing land degradation. Rappaport found that a shrub called rumbim, was used to mark the beginning and ends of periods of warfare. The victorious Maring tribe would plant it on a designated area to mark the end of fighting, and the beginning of the slaughter. The shrub remained until the next slaughter was initiated, once the pig to human ratio became overwhelming due to competition for resources. His studies in Papua New Guinea allowed him to calculate the energy exchanges within the community, neighboring tribes, and their environment.
In contrast to studying how culture and ritual could be adaptive, Rappaport also studied how the use of culture and ritual could be maladaptive or potentially harmful to ecological systems (Hoey, 590). He argued that cultures sometimes serves their own components, such as economic or political institutions, at the expense of men and ecosystems [such that].... Cultural adaptations, like all adaptations, can perhaps and usually do become maladaptive" (Hoey, 590). Throughout his work, Rappaport tends to stress unity and try to avoid potential problems in the social system. He often said, "I've tried for unification with everything from weighing sweet potatoes to God Almighty.... That's what I'm interested in." (Hoey, 581).
Years of study on ritual and religion, along with the addition of interests in environmental issues, led to later works, such as Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. In this ambitious book, Rappaport addresses the history of humanity as part of the evolution of life as a whole. Ritual, which he defines as "the performance of more or less invariant sequences of formal acts and utterances not encoded by the performers", lays the framework for the creation and formulation of religion (Wolf, 1999, 21). A key theme is that language could not arise until some means had been established to guarantee the reliability of words. Words are cheap, intrinsically unreliable and might always deceive. Costly and repetitive ritual action - the invariance of liturgy - emerged during human evolution as the means by which communities coped with such threats, guaranteeing the reliability of words uttered by ritual performers (cf. Knight 1998, 1999).
When persons take part in a ritual, they are able to signal that they are the authority of the ritual, thus reinforcing the social contract in place. He explains the hierarchical demission of liturgical orders, in which he breaks down four elements of ritual. "Ultimate sacred postulates" form the top of the hierarchy, which are the most fundamental elements of religion. They tend to acquire sanctity over time, since they are often vague and unable to be disproven. Next, he describes cosmological axioms which describe the basic nature of the universe. Following these axioms come the rules that govern interactions and conduct. The fourth point he makes is about the understandings of the external world, where changes occur as a response to the conditions. These points he provides show these adaptive changes help to preserve the system as a whole.
Rappaport developed as a well-respected contributor to the field and its subsequent discourse by the coinage and adaptation of new anthropological concepts. He is known for his distinction between "cognized models" and "operational models," in which the former looked at reality and adaptations in how a people's culture understands nature. The cognized model, according to Rappaport, is the "model of the environment conceived by the people who act in it," (Wolf, 1999, 19). The operational model on the other hand, is one "which the anthropologist constructs through observation and measurement of empirical entities, events and material relationships. He takes this model to represent for analytic purposes, the physical world of the group he is studying.... as far as actors are concerned, it has no function," Rappaport explains (Wolf, 1999, 19).
In his article "Risk and the Human Environment", he examines the studies of risk to the "human environment," which have been legally mandated by the government for environmental and resource planning. He emphasizes variables such as economic, social and physical properties, which all must be taken into account. He provides an example of a hypothetical oil spill which severely damaged marine life. White fishermen may consider the spill an economic loss; however, for a Native American tribe, the damage would be far more devastating to their subsistence lifestyle. This article in particular stresses the need to further explore the natures of the human environment, and not make a generalization when considering possible risks (Rappaport, 1996, 65).
Works
Biersack, Aletta. (1999) "Introduction: From the "New Ecology" to the New Ecologies." American Anthropologist 101.1; 5–18.
Hart, Keith and Conrad Kottack. (1999) "Roy A. "Skip Rappaport." American Anthropologist 101.1; 159–161.
Hoey, Brian, and Tom Fricke. "From Sweet Potatoes to God Almighty: Roy Rappaport on Being a Hedgehog", American Ethnologist 34.3 581–599.
McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms (2004) Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York: McGraw Hill.
Knight, C. 1998. Ritual/speech coevolution: a solution to the problem of deception. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 68–91.
Knight, C. 1999. Sex and language as pretend-play. In R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power (eds), The Evolution of Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 228–247.
Rappaport, R.A. (1968) Pigs for the Ancestors. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rappaport, R.A. (1979) Ecology, Meaning and Religion. Richmond: North Atlantic Books.
Rappaport, R.A. (1984) Pigs for the Ancestors. 2nd edition. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Reissued Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2000)
Rappaport, R.A. (1996) "Risk and the Human Environment." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Rappaport, R.A. (1999) Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolf, Eric. (1999) "Cognizing "Cognized Models.'" 101.1;19–22.
References
External links
Biography by Julia Messerli
Obituary, The University Record (University of Michigan), October 15, 1997.
Roy Rappaport Papers MSS 516. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
1926 births
1997 deaths
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish anthropologists
Anthropologists of religion
Psychological anthropologists
University of Michigan faculty
Columbia University alumni
20th-century American anthropologists
20th-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Rappaport |
Kobolds are a fictional race of humanoid creatures, featured in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game and other fantasy media. They are generally depicted as small reptilian humanoids with long tails, distantly related to dragons.
In fantasy roleplaying games, kobolds are often used as weak "cannon fodder" monsters, similar to goblins, but may be cunning and strong in groups.
Publication and depiction history
Kobolds appeared as monsters alongside goblins, orcs, and trolls in the 1971 wargame Chainmail, as part of Gary Gygax's "fantasy supplement" inspired by The Hobbit and other fantasy novels. This supplement inspired the first editions of Dungeons & Dragons (1974), where kobolds appear again. In these early appearances, they are only described as creatures similar to goblins.
Kobolds also featured as opponents in the very first playtest run by Gary Gygax for the original D&D rules in 1972.
Kobolds were first depicted as hairless humanoids with small horns in Gygax's Monster Manual (1977) for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D), which describes them as aggressive, tribal creatures living in dark forests or subterranean settings.
In 1987, Roger E. Moore published the editorial "Tucker's kobolds" in the magazine Dragon, describing a game scenario where a horde of well-prepared kobolds uses guerrilla tactics to significantly challenge a far more powerful party of adventurers. This editorial became popular among roleplaying fans, and helped kobolds gain traction. The AD&D 2nd Edition Monstrous Manual (1993) introduced Urds, a race similar to kobolds with batlike wings.
Later editions of the game emphasized more draconic aspects, and suggest that kobolds are biologically related to dragons, and view them as an object of worship and servitude. In the 3rd edition, the original kobolds were replaced henceforth by the new draconic ones.
A notable kobold character in media adaptations of Dungeons & Dragons is Deekin Scalesinger, an aspiring bard introduced in Shadows of Undrentide expansion pack for the role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights developed by BioWare. Deekin is originally a follower of the white dragon Tymofarrar, who orders Deekin's kin to travel to a small village called Hilltop located in the Silver Marches and attack a dwarven wizard named Drogan Droganson. Deekin encounters and assists the protagonist of Shadows of Undrentide, an apprentice of Drogan, and later persuades the adventurer to take him along as a traveling companion. Deekin returns as a henchman in the second Neverwinter Nights expansion pack, Hordes of the Underdark, where he is depicted as growing in power and stature, even manifesting dragon-like abilities and features as a Dragon Disciple. Deekin makes a cameo appearance in Neverwinter Nights II developed by Obsidian Entertainment.
Reception
Screen Rant compiled a list of the game's "10 Most Powerful (and 10 Weakest) Monsters, Ranked" in 2018, calling this one of the weakest, saying "When a dungeon master has run several low-level Dungeons & Dragons adventures, they will inevitably grow weary of using the same creatures from before and will want to shake things up. That's the moment when they prepare to paint over the serial numbers and replace the goblins with kobolds."
Kobolds have been described as "[S]hort subterranean lizard-men", and the kobold was considered one of the "five main 'humanoid' races" in AD&D by Paul Karczag and Lawrence Schick.
Journalist David M. Ewalt highlighted that kobolds have often been the first combat encounter for new players of Dungeons & Dragons, from its beginnings to the current 5th edition.
Kimberley Wallace of Game Informer considered Deekin to be one of best video game characters developed by BioWare.
References
Further reading
Holian, Gary, Erik Mona, Sean K Reynolds, and Frederick Weining. Living Greyhawk Gazetteer. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2000.
Sargent, Carl. Monster Mythology. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1992.
Dungeons & Dragons creatures from folklore and mythology
Dungeons & Dragons humanoids
Dungeons & Dragons monsters
Fictional goblins
Fictional kobolds
Fictional reptilians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold%20%28Dungeons%20%26%20Dragons%29 |
This is a list of characters that have appeared in the animated science-fiction sitcom series Clone High. The series was created by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller with Bill Lawrence. It still occasionally airs reruns on Teletoon and was briefly aired by MTV and MTV2 in 2003. A second season revival, which was announced in 2021 as part of a two-season 10-episode order, premiered on Max on May 23, 2023.
Development
According to co-creator Christopher Miller, the reason for putting historical figures in a school setting was because "they're sort of mythic figures, even people with a very limited knowledge of history have some preconceived ideas about them, which is part of the fun." co-creator Phil Lord added, "The point of the whole show is that these people are not living up to their genetic forebears." The characters are meant to parody various stereotypes which were prevalent in teen dramas of the early 2000s.
Main characters
Season 1
Abe
(voiced by Will Forte) is the clone of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. He is the main protagonist of the first season. Abe is an awkward and clumsy kid who feels he is struggling to live up to the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. He is good friends with Gandhi and Joan, being oblivious to the latter's feelings towards him. He falls for Cleopatra during the first season, only to realize in the last episode of the first season that he is in love with Joan. He spends the second season trying to win her over.
Joan
(voiced by Nicole Sullivan) is the clone of Jeanne d'Arc, the devout 15th century French militant. She is the main protagonist of the second season. She is Abe's closest friend and is in love with him. His constant ignorance of this causes her a lot of frustration. She is a goth, and somewhat of an outcast at her school. She spends much of the first season trying to win over Abe, to no avail. In the last episode of the first season, she sleeps with JFK at prom after he shares an encouraging conversation with her. She begins dating him in the second season, but they eventually break up, and she admits she never lost feelings for Abe in the season finale.
Cleo
Cleopatra "Cleo" Smith (voiced by Christa Miller (season 1), Mitra Jouhari (season 2)) is the clone of Cleopatra VII, the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Cleopatra is a stereotypical mean girl, very vain and rude to those who are not as popular as her. She loses many of these traits by the end of the second season. She had a rivalry with Joan over Abe, which ended after the first season. She is a bisexual character, dating JFK and Abe in the first season, and Frida Kahlo in the second.
JFK
JFK (voiced by Christopher Miller) is the clone of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. JFK is a stereotypical popular high school jock. He is arrogant, competitive, and at times dimwitted. He initially antagonized Abe in the hopes of winning Cleo back from him, but he befriends him by the end of the second season. JFK dated Joan for a period of time in the second season. He speaks with a thick New England dialect and Boston accent that is exaggerated for comical effect, as well as constant insertions of "uh" and "err" into his sentences. He also has a penchant for using dirty jokes and innuendo. In 2020, the show had a resurgence in popularity after multiple voice clips of JFK became popular on TikTok.
Gandhi
Gandhi (voiced by Michael McDonald) is the clone of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, an activist of the Indian Revolution. Gandhi is a hyperactive and immature teenager who wants to be accepted by those around him. He is close friends with Abe and Joan. He has ADHD. His portrayal as a party animal enraged many in India, including prominent members of India's parliament. Hunger strikes at MTV's India headquarters lead to the premature cancellation of the first season of Clone High. He did not return in the second season, although he is shown to still be frozen as of the second season finale.
Gandhi's characterisation as a "party animal" meanwhile received a negative reception in India, culminating in a 150-person hunger strike held outside of MTV's Indian branch in early 2003, leading to Clone High consequently being cancelled. While Gandhi did not return in the 2023 revival of Clone High, Phil Lord stated in March 2023 that while the character would also not appear in either season of the two-season revival, that the character could return if the series was renewed for another season beyond those two.
Principal Scudworth
(voiced by Phil Lord) is a deluded and aggressive scientist. He is the man who created the clones, and he serves as the principal of their school. He is shown to have very little control over his emotions and is prone to violent outbursts. He works for the Secret Board of Shadowy Figures, although he plans to steal the clones from them in order to make his own amusement park. In the second season finale, he admits that he cares for the clones, and he feels that they're like his children.
Mr. Butlertron
(voiced by Christopher Miller), more commonly referred to as Mr. B., is the loyal robot servant and best friend to Scudworth. He serves as the assistant principal of Clone High. Mr. Butlertron is very human-like, programmed to be sentient and possesses artificial intelligence that enables him to show human emotions, have free will, and have facial expressions. He genuinely cares for Scudworth and the students, often calling people "Wesley."
The Shadowy Figure
is a ruthless and secretive government organization who employs Principal Scudworth. They are a parody of the CIA. Their ultimate aim is to use the clones for a super army to take over the world. Its chief director is referred to as The Shadowy Figure (voiced by Bill Lawrence). He is often annoyed by Scudworth's incompetence in running Clone High. In the season 1 finale, he plans to take the clones away from Scudworth on prom night. This forces Scudworth to freeze everyone in attendance at prom in a meat locker, including the Shadowy Figures, in order to save the clones and himself. In the second season, the original board is replaced by a new board, led by a woman. It is not clarified if the original board was ever unfrozen from the meat locker.
Season 2
Candide Sampson
Candide Sampson (voiced by Christa Miller) is Principal Scudworth's strict, cold-hearted superior in season 2. She was put in charge of him by the new Secret Board of Shadowy Figures. Principal Scudworth is shown to have a brief romantic interest in her, before ultimately attacking her in order to save the clones. She is Joan's foster mother in season 2.
Miller originally voiced Cleo in the original Clone High, before being recast in the role and cast as a new character in the 2023 revival due to retrospective concerns about whitewashing.
Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo (voiced by Vicci Martinez) is the clone of Frida Kahlo. She is a very laid-back character, and she enjoys painting. She is best friends with Harriet Tubman. She is queer, as she and Cleopatra begin a romantic relationship.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman (voiced by Ayo Edebiri) is the clone of Harriet Tubman. She is very preppy, and is prone to excessive worrying at times. She is Frida's best friend. She and Confucius are in a relationship.
Confucius
Confucius (voiced by Kelvin Yu) is the clone of Confucius. He is obsessed with the internet and various social media trends. He is in a relationship with Harriet.
Topher Bus
Topher Bus (voiced by Neil Casey) is the clone of Christopher Columbus, who tries to distance himself from his "clone-father" by pretending to be supportive of social movements and minority groups, as well as changing his name. This is a facade, however, as he reveals his true distaste for said groups on several occasions.
Supporting characters
The Brontë Sisters, three of JFK's frequent girlfriends.
Catherine the Great (voiced by Murray Miller (season 1), Dannah Phirman (season 2)), one of JFK's frequent girlfriends.
Genghis Khan (voiced by Lord), a friend of Abe and Gandhi. He is a stereotypical dumb character.
George Washington Carver (voiced by Donald Faison), a science geek who is obsessed with experimenting on peanuts. He and Gandhi become friends in the first season.
Glenn the Janitor (voiced by Neil Flynn), the janitor of Clone High and the adopted father of Ponce de León.
(voiced by Jeff Garcia): a Latino version of Jesus Christ.
Julius Caesar (voiced by Flynn), a good friend of JFK.
Marie Curie (voiced by Sullivan), a clone who was morbidly deformed due to the exposure to radiation that was in her clone-mother's DNA. She is a sweet girl and has a crush on Gandhi in the first season.
Paul Revere (voiced by Zach Braff), a nosy school gossip.
Peany, an anthropomorphic peanut created by George Washington Carver.
(voiced by Luke Perry), JFK's best friend. He only appears in one episode of the series.
Scangrade the Magnificent (voiced by Judah Miller), an egotistical and boastful robot, and the nemesis of Mr. B.
Thomas Edison (voiced by Andy Dick), a stereotypical nerd who is a social outcast.
Toots (voiced by Faison), Joan's adoptive grandfather. He is a blind musician. He dies at some point before the beginning of season 2.
Vincent van Gogh (voiced by Dick (season 1), Forte (season 2)), a quiet painter who is shown to dislike Gandhi. He is often injured for comedic effect.
Reception
Clone High has been praised for its high character development and strong voice acting. Charles Soloman of the LA Times wrote that, "Will Forte's ingenuous Abraham Lincoln and Nicole Sullivan's resigned Joan of Arc steal the show."
References
Clone High characters
Clone High
Clone High
Depictions of people on television
Clone High | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Clone%20High%20characters |
KYCK (97.1 FM, "97 KYCK") is a radio station broadcasting a country format serving Grand Forks, North Dakota that's licensed to Crookston, Minnesota. It first began broadcasting in 1979 under the call sign KDWZ. The station is currently owned by Leighton Broadcasting. The station's main competitor is iHeartMedia's KSNR "100.3 Cat Country".
History
KYCK signed on in 1979 as KDWZ with a Top 40 (CHR) format. In 1981, as KKXL-FM signed on with a Top 40 format, KDWZ became KYCK (pronounced as "kick") with a country music format.
External links
97 KYCK Website
Leighton Broadcasting
YCK
Country radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYCK |
ionCube Ltd. is a software company based in Hersden, Kent in the United Kingdom.
ionCube was founded in 2002, and introduced tools to prevent the source code of software written using the PHP programming language from being viewed, changed, and run on unlicensed computers. The encoding technology grew out of earlier work on the PHP Accelerator project, and at first launch included an online encoding service where PHP scripts can be uploaded and an encoded version downloaded in return, and a command line tool for Linux soon after. The tools use the technique of compiling to bytecode prior to encoding so that source code is eliminated, and runtime overheads are reduced. A PHP extension called the ionCube Loader handles the reading and execution of encoded files at run time. Unlike CPU's such as 8086, where compiled code from many years ago continues to run on its derivatives today, the virtual machine instruction set of PHP has changed over time. The ionCube Loader uses the technique of on the fly patching of compiled code in memory to achieve back compatibility of
running older files on newer versions of PHP.
The encoding products were subsequently ported to FreeBSD, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, and the range of products expanded to offer additional features such as product licensing and encryption of non-PHP files. In July 2004 a Windows GUI was introduced, no longer requiring use of the command line for Windows users.
In 2004, ionCube introduced their Package Foundry product, IPF, for Linux and Windows. IPF allows web applications to be packaged as a Windows executable installer that can automatically deploy a web application to a remote server, as well as performing various installation and configuration tasks, and launching the browser on the main page of the installed application.
ionCube also produce a product called the Bundler. Unrelated to PHP, the Bundler is a Windows and Linux tool to produce self-extracting archives for Windows.
In December 2010 ionCube released version 7.0 of their Encoder, including support for the PHP 5.3 language.
In May 2013 ionCube released version 8.0 with support for encoding the PHP 5.4 language. This was followed by an 8.1 release in October 2013 with changes including an updated GUI, enhanced security and a feature to assist selecting optimal security settings. February 2014 saw the release of Encoder 8.2 with some new features, and most notably a GUI for OS X users. As of April 18, 2014, Encoder 8.3 was released with support for encoding PHP 5.5 language features.
In May 2015 ionCube released version 9 with support for PHP 5.6 language syntax and new security features such as decrypting compiled code using algorithmically runtime generated keys rather than static keys, followed by version 10 with support for PHP 7.1 in August 2017.
Version 11 was subsequently released to support PHP 7.4 in October 2021 and version 12 for PHP 8.1 in August 2022.
ionCube24
In Q1 2015, ionCube introduced a service called ionCube24 offering realtime malware protection for PHP websites. ionCube24 uses the ionCube Loader to monitor and block any unexpected PHP code, as might be introduced by a software vulnerability exploit, before it executes. Alongside the security aspect of ionCube24, it also provides realtime PHP and Javascript error reporting, along with server monitoring from various regions including Asia, North America and Europe.
Conferences
ionCube was invited to talk about their EPIK community project and Minecraft with NetBeans JavaOne in San Francisco October 2014.
In December 2014, ionCube presented a talk at the 2014 Google Developers Group DevFest conference in Istanbul, Turkey, about how websites can be hacked and how this can be prevented, featuring a live proof of concept demonstration with an emergency light and car alarm triggered when a website intrusion was detected.
Community Initiatives
EPIK
In February 2012, ionCube launched an initiative called EPIK, aimed at Encouraging Programming In Kids for people aged 16 to 24 through a programming competition, with winners sharing part of a £1000 prize fund and having the opportunity of an IT apprenticeship.
In February 2013 the ionCube EPIK initiative was expanded, and ran a three-day coding event for young developers with age ranges from under 10 to their early 20s. Most participants had no prior experience of coding or web technologies, and with support of industry mentors from ionCube and elsewhere, teams at three regional sites in Kent conceived and developed a range of website projects over two days. Teams came together for a third day of coding at the Turner Contemporary gallery before making final presentations of their projects, mostly with live websites. Judges from ionCube and Sony awarded various prizes, including Raspberry Pi and related hardware, a future presentation to the British Computer Society, and further one-to-one industry mentoring.
Subsequent events have included a Minecraft 3D printing day in May 2013, a B9Creator 3D printer build day, and events in conjunction with Mozilla.
Involvement with Young Rewired State
On August 6 to 10 2012, ionCube hosted a week-long hackathon in Kent, South East England, as part of the Young Rewired State 2012 Festival of Code event for encouraging self-motivated young programmers. Attendees were aged from 9 to 18, and with the guidance of mentors and the remit to use some Open data, devised and produced a website called radiosight.com.
Mozilla MozFest 2016
In 2015 and 2016, ionCube helped organise the Youth Zone at Mozilla MozFest, interviewing some of the attendees and young makers at the 2016 event.
References
External links
PHP software
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IonCube |
Leptomycins are secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp.
Leptomycin B (LMB) was originally discovered as a potent antifungal compound. Leptomycin B was found to cause cell elongation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Since then this elongation effect has been used for the bioassay of leptomycin. However, recent data shows that leptomycin causes G1 cell cycle arrest in mammalian cells and is a potent anti-tumor agent against murine experimental tumors in combination therapy.
Leptomycin B has been shown to be a potent and specific nuclear export inhibitor in humans and the fission yeast S. pombe. Leptomycin B alkylates and inhibits CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance)/exportin 1 (), a protein required for nuclear export of proteins containing a nuclear export sequence (NES), by glycosylating a cysteine residue (cysteine 529 in S. pombe). In addition to antifungal and antibacterial activities, leptomycin B blocks the cell cycle and is a potent anti-tumor agent. At low nM concentrations, leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB/IκB, and it inhibits the inactivation of p53. Leptomycin B also inhibits the export and translation of many RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting the export of ribonucleoproteins.
Leptomycin A (LPA) was discovered together with LMB. LMB is twice as potent as LPA.
See also
Selective inhibitor of nuclear export
References
External links
Original data copied with permission from Leptomycin B manufacturer product page (Fermentek)
Antibiotics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomycin |
The Quebec Aces, also known in French as Les As de Québec, were an amateur and later a professional men's ice hockey team from Quebec City, Quebec.
History
The Aces were founded in 1928 by Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, the name Aces standing for Anglo-Canadian Employees with an s to form a plural. The French name was added later. The Aces played until 1971, from 1930 on playing home games at the Quebec Coliseum. Most notable of the Aces' players was the legendary Jean Béliveau, who played for the Quebec Aces in 1951-52 and 1952–53.
The Aces were Allan Cup champions in 1944, while still playing as an amateur team. The Aces turned professional the following season, joining the Quebec Senior Hockey League (1944–1953), Quebec Hockey League (1953–1959) and American Hockey League (1959–1971).
The Aces were league champions of the Quebec Hockey League in 1953–54 and 1956–57, winning the Thomas O'Connell Memorial Trophy. The Aces challenged for the Edinburgh Trophy both seasons, versus the Western Hockey League champions, losing in 1953–54 versus the Calgary Stampeders, and winning in 1956–57 versus the Brandon Regals. (Stott, Jon C. Ice Warriors: The Pacific Coast/Western Hockey League 1948–74, pp. 58, 82)
During the team's later years in the AHL, the Aces were the farm club for the Philadelphia Flyers four seasons from 1967 to 1971, giving the early Flyers teams a strong Quebec presence with players such as Andre Lacroix, Jean-Guy Gendron, Simon Nolet, Serge Bernier and Rosaire Paiement, all former Aces. The Flyers also owned the "Junior Aces" team which played in the Quebec Junior Hockey League since the 1964–65 season. The Flyers sold the junior team's assets in 1969 to group who founded the Quebec Remparts. Paul Dumont, served as the general manager of the Junior Aces. In 1971, the Flyers chose to relocate their farm team to Richmond, Virginia. The Aces became the Richmond Robins for the 1971–72 season. Not a year later, the group who owned the Remparts bought a World Hockey Association franchise from San Francisco and moved it to Quebec City to become the Quebec Nordiques which started in 1972 and in 1979, the team moved to the National Hockey League until 1995 when the team moved to Denver, Colorado to become the Colorado Avalanche.
The Aces name was revived by a team from the Ligue nord-américaine de hockey from 1997 to 1998, and 2001 to 2003. The team relocated in 2007 and is now known as Pont Rouge Lois Jeans.
Season-by-season results
1928–1936 (Quebec City Railway-Paper League)
1936–1941 (Montreal Senior Group, QAHA)
1941–1953 (Quebec Senior Hockey League)
1953–1959 (Quebec Hockey League)
1959–1971 (American Hockey League)
Regular season
Some results unavailable from 1928 to 1944.
† From 1936 to 1939, Quebec played some 4-point games against Victorias and McGill.
1936-41: Source: Ottawa Citizen, 1943–44: Ottawa Citizen
Playoffs
American Hockey League seasons only.
†One game tiebreaker to determine final playoff position.
References
External links
Quebec Aces history website
Senior ice hockey teams
Ice hockey clubs established in 1928
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1971
1928 establishments in Quebec
1971 disestablishments in Quebec
Boston Bruins minor league affiliates
Philadelphia Flyers minor league affiliates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20Aces |
This is a list of television stations affiliated with Daystar, a religious television network founded by Marcus and Joni Lamb.
References
External links
Official website
Religious television
Daystar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Daystar%20%28TV%20network%29%20affiliates |
"The Golden River" is a Disney comics story written and drawn by Carl Barks in 1957 and first published in 1958, in Uncle Scrooge #22 (Dell Comics, June 1958). It is somewhat based on the fairy tale The King of the Golden River, by John Ruskin.
Plot
Scrooge McDuck is on the verge of a nervous breakdown due to the dry climate causing the banknotes in his Money Bin to shrink, resulting in the overall money level inside the bin decreasing. This makes him feel poorer and he begins to act more and more like a miser.
At this point, Donald Duck and his nephews arrive and ask him for a donation to help fund a club for children. Scrooge throws them away to the streets (through a concealed scaffold), and rebuts further attempts from Donald to get the donation by exposing Scrooge as a tightwad. However, when his three nephews learn from Scrooge's staff the real reason of his bad mood, they try to solve his problem by suggesting to him to blow hot air into the money pile. Scrooge gladly accepts the suggestion and states that he will give them the donation if their plan works out. Unfortunately, too much air is blown, causing the Money Bin to crack open. Scrooge collapses after hearing about the repair expenses (and an untimely comment about the promised donation) and is forced by his doctor to go on vacations.
Next, the ducks find themselves in a remote cabin in a valley, close to a small waterfall, where Scrooge is supposed to relax under the watch of his nephews. One of the ducklings starts reading to him The King of the Golden River, which Scrooge scorns as an alienating fairy tale, stating that only hard work brings fortune (one of his main beliefs), not fantastic beings. As an example, he tells them that when he was young, he used to collect firewood so he could sell it to rich people at exorbitant prices. Suddenly, the nearby waterfall seems to have turned into a gold flow (like in the fairy tale). However, when the ducks reach it, they realize it's just plain water. Scrooge again turns grumpy and returns to the cabin, whilst the ducks decide to investigate further.
Donald and his nephews climb to the top of the waterfall where they find a hot spring by the shore, which issues not only hot water but also gold powder into the stream, which caused the "golden waterfall" effect. As they cannot claim the gold for themselves (as the whole area is owned by Scrooge), they instead learn how to control it and decide to use this artifice to obtain a donation from Scrooge.
Using a hollow log as a megaphone to amplify their voices, they convince Scrooge that a magic gnome controls the golden flow, and that Scrooge must be generous to the needy in order to deserve the gold. Scrooge, completely convinced, starts looking for strangers to be generous with, only finding a disguised Donald asking for the sum equivalent to the promised donation. Several funny situations follow, including a flow of frogs down the waterfall into a hopeful Scrooge holding a pan, when the ducks are unable to open the gold flow into the stream.
While the ducks realize they might have rendered the hot spring useless by their attempts to control it and lose their hope to swindle Scrooge, he quietly reflects that his attempts on generosity were not sincere but a "bribe" to the gnome in order to obtain profit from the golden river. He then sees one of the ducklings catching firewood (just like he used to do as a child), and touched by this scene he runs to him and states to the stunned duck family that he will build the club himself, instead of just donating a small sum. At this moment, to the surprise of all (but Scrooge) the waterfall starts to pour gold again. As the nephews race into it with pans, trying to explain Scrooge about the physics of the phenomenon, he calmly states that he believes (opposite to his former cynic and logic behavior) the gold stream to be controlled by the Gnome King, who will keep it flowing as long as he is generous to children.
See also
List of Disney comics by Carl Barks
External links
The Golden River in Carl Barks guidebook
Disney comics stories
Golden River, the
1958 in comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden%20River%20%28comics%29 |
"What R U Waiting 4" is a song originally performed by American actress and singer Lindsay Lohan, which was included on the Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen soundtrack in 2004; Australian singer-songwriter Tiffani Wood covered the song for her debut single, also released in 2004. The song was written by Matthew Gerrard, Bridget Benenate, and Steve Booker, whilst production was helmed by Tony Cvetkovski. "What R U Waiting 4" was Wood's first release following the disbandment of Australian girl group Bardot.
Production and recording
"What R U Waiting 4" was written by Matthew Gerrard, Bridget Benenate, Steve Booker; it was produced by Tony Cvetkovski. Lindsay Lohan originally performed the song, which was included on the movie soundtrack Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, released in February 2004. In the same year, Tiffani Wood covered the song for her debut single, utilizing a relaxed version of the instrumental in Lohan's version. Wood's version was recorded by Cvetkovski, with Cvetkovski and Wood both responsible for additional vocal arrangements on the song.
Cvetkovski and David Hemming mixed the song in Australia, while David Macquarie handled the mastering of the song.
Composition
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of C major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 92 beats per minute. Wood's vocal range spans two octaves, from G3 to E5.
Cover versions
"What R U Waiting 4" was used in the film Bratz: Rock Angelz (2005), and featured on its respective soundtrack under the name "Change the World". American singer-songwriter Natalie Grant released a cover of the song on her fourth studio album Awaken (2005).
Track listings and formats
CD single
"What R U Waiting 4" – 3:28
"The Mirror" – 3:49
"U & 1" – 3:45
"What R U Waiting 4" (Instrumental) – 3:24
Charts
References
2004 singles
Lindsay Lohan songs
Songs written by Matthew Gerrard
Songs written by Bridget Benenate
Songs written by Steve Booker (producer)
2004 songs
Warner Music Group singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20R%20U%20Waiting%204 |
Narim may refer to:
Narim people, an ethnic group in South Sudan
Narim, a fictional character in the television series Stargate SG-1
See also
Narym | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narim |
Enon may refer to:
Places
United States
Enon, Kentucky
Enon, Moniteau County, Missouri
Enon, St. Charles County, Missouri
Enon, North Carolina
Enon, Ohio
Enon Valley, Pennsylvania
Enon, Virginia
Enon, West Virginia
Elsewhere
Ænon, where John the Baptist baptised
Enon, Nova Scotia, Canada
Enon, South Africa
Enon Chapel, a Baptist chapel which stood in London in the 19th century
Enon Formation, a geological formation in South Africa
Other uses
Enon (band), an American indie band
Enon (robot), created by Fujitsu
Enon, a 2013 novel by Paul Harding
Enon Kawatani, Japanese musician
Enon Gavin (born 1971)), Gaelic footballer from Ireland
English National Opera North, now Opera North
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enon |
Agattiyam (), also spelled as Akattiyam, according to Tamil tradition, was the earliest book on Tamil grammar. It is a non-extant text, traditionally believed to have been compiled and taught in the First Sangam, by Agattiar (Agastya) to twelve students. A few surviving verses of Akattiyam are said to be quoted in medieval commentaries.
Sage Agattiyar (Agastya), in medieval commentaries of Tamil Hindu scholars, is variously credited with either creating the Tamil language or learning it from the god Siva. In contrast, according to medieval era Tamil Buddhist scholars, the sage learned Tamil from Avalokita. These legends are mentioned in Akitti Jataka and in Tamil Buddhist epics. There is no direct mention of the sage's name, or Agattiyam text, in Tolkappiyam or the bardic poetry of the Sangam literature.
Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam, which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar, is believed by various traditions to be one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar. Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that has survived.
The context of the Agattiyam is in the sangam legend. Sangam literally means "gathering, meeting, fraternity, academy". According to David Dean Shulman – a scholar of Tamil language and literature, the Tamil tradition believes that the Sangam literature arose in distant antiquity over three periods, each stretching over many millennia. The first has roots in the Hindu deity Shiva, his son Murugan, Kubera as well as 545 sages including the famed Rigvedic poet Agastya. The first academy, states the legend, extended over 4 millennia and was located far to the south of modern city of Madurai, a location later "swallowed up by the sea", states Shulman. The second academy, also chaired by a very long-lived Agastya, was near the eastern seaside Kapāṭapuram and lasted three millennia. This was swallowed by floods. From the second Sangam, states the legend, the Akattiyam and the Tolkāppiyam survived and guided the third Sangam scholars. Agastya convened this session and wrote Agattiyam. Agastya is one of the seven revered rishi of the Vedic literature, mentioned in the Rigveda.
Surviving verses
A few verses from Agattiyam have been quoted in medieval commentaries of the Tolkappiyam, Yapparunkalam virutti, and Nannūl. The Agattiyam is quoted 18 times in a 13th-century commentary on Nannūl by Mayilainātar. However, the authenticity of these verses is uncertain.
Kamil Zvelebil states: "In Mayilainātar's commentary on Nannūl, and in Cankaranamaccivāyar's gloss on the same grammar, we find sixteen short sūtras of unequal length (all in all 48 lines) which are possibly genuine fragments of an old grammar, perhaps the Akattiyam."
See also
Tolkappiyam
Sangam literature
References
Tamil-language literature
Tamil Hindu literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agattiyam |
The Voyage of Life is a series of four paintings created by the American artist Thomas Cole in 1840 and reproduced with minor alterations in 1842, representing an allegory of the four stages of human life. The paintings, Childhood, Youth, Manhood, and Old Age, depict a voyager who travels in a boat on a river through the mid-19th-century American wilderness. In each painting the voyager rides the boat on the River of Life accompanied by a guardian angel. The landscape, each reflecting one of the four seasons of the year, plays a major role in conveying the story. With each installment the boat's direction of travel is reversed from the previous picture. In childhood, the infant glides from a dark cave into a rich, green landscape. As a youth, the boy takes control of the boat and aims for a shining castle in the sky. In manhood, the adult relies on prayer and religious faith to sustain him through rough waters and a threatening landscape. Finally, the man becomes old and the angel guides him to heaven across the waters of eternity.
Background
Thomas Cole is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century and was concerned with the realistic and detailed portrayal of nature but with a strong influence from Romanticism. This group of American landscape painters worked between about 1825 and 1870 and shared a sense of national pride as well as an interest in celebrating the unique natural beauty found in the United States. The wild, untamed nature found in America was viewed as its special character; Europe had ancient ruins, while America had the uncharted wilderness. As Cole's friend William Cullen Bryant sermonized in verse, so Cole sermonized in paint. Both men saw nature as God's work and as a refuge from the ugly materialism of cities. Cole clearly intended The Voyage of Life to be a didactic, moralizing series of paintings using the landscape as an allegory for religious faith.
Unlike Cole's first major series, The Course of Empire, which focused on the stages of civilization as a whole, The Voyage of Life series is a more personal, Christian allegory that interprets visually the journey of man through four stages of life: infancy, youth, manhood and old age. The originals were done on commission and completed in 1840, but a disagreement arose with the owner about a public exhibition. In 1841–42, when Cole was in Rome, he did a second set of the series which on his return to America in 1842 was successfully exhibited in several major cities and received further attention upon Cole's unexpected death in 1848. The first set is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York, and the second set is at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
Works
The four-part series is an allegory that traces a man's voyage along the "River of Life," portraying the innocence of childhood, the confidence and ambition of youth, the trials of manhood, and the approach of death in old age. Each painting places the voyager and his guardian angel in a different part of the river and surrounding wilderness.
Art critics have ascribed a variety of potential inspirations to the work, the most obvious being the Bible's "river of life" imagery and John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, along with a variety of 19th-century poems, essays, and sermons. Cole called the series an "Allegory of Human Life" and wrote detailed descriptions of the paintings, conveying how each depicts a different stage of the man's life and spiritual development. The voyager has also been seen as a personification of America, and the series as a warning against westward expansion and industrialization.
The versions of 1842 are not exact replicas of the 1840 originals, but the alterations are generally minor. The most obvious difference is the brighter colors of the replicas, perhaps due simply to differences in available pigments.
Childhood
In the first painting, Childhood, all the important story elements of the series are introduced: the voyager, the angel, the river, and the expressive landscape. An infant is safely ensconced in a boat guided by an angel. The landscape is lush; everything is calm and basking in warm sunshine, reflecting the innocence and joy of childhood. The boat glides out of a dark, craggy cave which Cole himself described as "emblematic of our earthly origin, and the mysterious Past." The river is smooth and narrow, symbolizing the sheltered experience of childhood. The figurehead on the prow holds an hourglass representing time.
In the first version of this work, Cole shows less landscape on the right side and thus does not include the river winding to the horizon. The perspective is also different: in the original, the boat is in the foreground, while in the second, Cole moves the boat deeper in the picture and portrays more of the river in the foreground.
Youth
The second painting, Youth, shows the same lush, green landscape, but here the view widens as does the voyager's life experience. Now the youth has firm hold of the tiller as the angel watches and waves from the shore, allowing him to take control. The subject's youthful enthusiasm and energy is evident in his forward-thrusting pose and billowing clothes. In the distance, an ethereal citadel towers in the sky, a shimmering white beacon that represents the dreams and ambitions of humanity.
To the youth, the tranquil river appears to lead directly to the shimmering beacon, but at the far right of the painting one can just glimpse the river as it changes to become rough and difficult with the danger of rocks.
Cole comments on the landscape and the youth's ambitions: "The scenery of the picture—its clear stream, its lofty trees, its towering mountains, its unbounded distance, and transparent atmosphere—figure forth the romantic beauty of youthful imaginings, when the mind elevates the mean and common into the magnificent, before experience teaches what is the Real."
Manhood
Third in the series, Manhood, shows a now grown figure in the vessel, amid the tribulations of adult life. Storm clouds ominously darken the sky, wind whips at the man's clothing and rain falls in the background as the boat approaches a treacherous part of the river which has become rocky and rapid, running through a treacherous gorge marked by a gnarled, leafless tree. Gentler country lies at the bottom of the defile and the distant sky line lightens in that direction hinting of the hope of better times ahead. Among the dangers the man has not lost his faith: he has let go of his boat's tiller (which may have broken) and is part kneeling, gazing upward with hands clasped together. The vessel's figurehead now holds the hourglass while far above, behind and unseen by the voyager, his guardian angel continues to watch over from the Heavens, shining brightly through a break in the clouds. Cole writes:
Manhood contains the most differences between the original 1840 version and the revised 1842 version. The modified version shows a reduction in the wall of rocks and more of the distant sea. As in Childhood, he repositioned the boat, moving it further back in the painting and closer to the rapids. He also modified the stance of the voyager, from standing in the original to kneeling in the replica.
Old Age
The final painting, Old Age, is an image of death. The man has grown old; he has survived the trials of life. The waters have calmed, the river flows into the waters of eternity. The figurehead and hourglass are missing from the battered boat; the withered old voyager has reached the end of earthly time. In the distance, an angel descends from heaven, while the guardian angel hovers close, gesturing toward the other. The man is once again joyous with the knowledge that Faith has sustained him through this perilous life to the promise of Heaven. The landscape is practically gone, just a few rough rocks represent the edge of the earthly world, and dark water stretches onward. Cole describes the scene: "The chains of corporeal existence are falling away; and already the mind has glimpses of Immortal Life."
Cultural significance
The Voyage of Life was well received by critics and the public; the United States was experiencing the religious revival sometimes known as the Second Great Awakening. The four paintings were converted to engravings by James Smillie (1807–1885) after Cole's death and the engravings widely distributed in time for the Third Great Awakening, giving the series the prestige and popular acclaim it retains today.
Old Age was used by Swedish doom metal band Candlemass as the cover to their second album, Nightfall, and Youth for their third album, Ancient Dreams.
See also
The Course of Empire, 1833–1836 series of five paintings by Cole
List of paintings by Thomas Cole
Hubur
References
Citations
Cited works
External links
The Voyage of Life: A Chronology
The Voyage of Life at the National Gallery of Art
1840 paintings
1842 paintings
Painting series
Romantic paintings
Collections of the National Gallery of Art
Paintings by Thomas Cole
19th-century allegorical paintings
Allegorical paintings by American artists
Angels in art
Maritime paintings
Rivers in art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Voyage%20of%20Life |
Stick to Me is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Graham Parker and his first group, the Rumour.
Background
Parker, interviewed by Steve Hammer, recalled the making of the album:
Critical reception
Rolling Stone critic Dave Marsh found that Stick to Me lacks highlights on the level of the best songs from Parker's previous releases and criticized its production, which he said "obscures the songs' drive and power, making murky some of the most lucid music around."
Critical opinion of Stick to Me generally ranks it below their first two albums, Howlin' Wind and Heat Treatment. An undeniable shortcoming is the sound: the sessions suffered from a production mishap. The original recording was ruined, and all the songs needed to be rerecorded hastily. This accounts for the absence of bonus tracks on reissues – there weren't any leftovers.
Track listing
All songs written by Graham Parker except as indicated.
"Stick to Me" – 3:29
"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down" (Earl Randle) – 3:26
"Problem Child" – 3:25
"Soul on Ice" – 3:01
"Clear Head" – 2:58
"The New York Shuffle" – 2:58
"Watch the Moon Come Down" – 4:49
"Thunder and Rain" – 3:15
"The Heat in Harlem" – 7:00
"The Raid" – 2:39
Personnel
Graham Parker – vocals, guitar
Brinsley Schwarz – guitar
Bob Andrews – organ, piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Martin Belmont – guitar, backing vocals
Andrew Bodnar – bass guitar
Steve Goulding – drums, backing vocals
Additional personnel
John Altman – saxophone
Ray Beavis – saxophone
David Bedford – arrangements
John Earle – saxophone
Chris Gower – trombone
Dick Hanson – trumpet
Darryl Leeque – percussion
Charts
References
Graham Parker albums
1977 albums
Albums produced by Nick Lowe
Mercury Records albums
Vertigo Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick%20to%20Me |
Guy (or Guido) Patin (1601 in Hodenc-en-Bray, Oise – 30 August 1672 in Paris) was a French doctor and man of letters.
Patin was doyen (or dean) of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris (1650–1652) and professor in the Collège de France starting in 1655. His scientific and medical works are not considered particularly enlightened by modern medical scholars (he has sometimes been compared to the doctors in the works of Molière). He is most well known today for his extensive correspondence: his style was light and playful (he has been compared to early 17th century philosophical libertines), and his letters are an important document for historians of medicine. Patin and his son Charles were also dealers in clandestine books, and Patin wrote occasional poetry (such as a quatrain to honor Henric Piccardt (1636-1712)
On 22 March 1648, Patin wrote a famous letter commenting on the new rage of tea drinking in Paris, calling it "the impertinent novelty of the century", and mentioning the new book by
Dr. Philibert Morisset titled Ergo Thea Chinesium, Menti Confert (Does Chinese Tea Increase Mentality?), which praises tea as a panacea:
One of our doctors, named Morisset, who is much more of a braggart than a skilful man... caused a thesis on tea to be published here. Everybody disapproved of it; there were some of our doctors who burned it, and protests were made to the dean for having approved the thesis.
Naudaeana et Patiniana, ou, Singularitez Remarquables, recording conversations between Patin and his great friend Gabriel Naudé, librarian of the Bibliothèque Mazarine, was edited by Jean-Aymar Piganiol de La Force and published in Paris, 1701; a revised edition with a Preface by Pierre Bayle appeared in Amsterdam, 1703.
References
Sources
Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876, p. 1554.
Thèse de l’École des chartes de Laure Jestaz (2001)
Françoise Waquet, Guy et Charles Patin, père et fils, et la contrebande du livre à Paris au XVIIe siècle in Journal des savants, 1979, n°2. pp. 125–148.
Loïc Capron, Correspondance française de Guy Patin, édition critique en ligne sur le site de la Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé
External links
1601 births
1672 deaths
17th-century French physicians
French medical writers
Physicians from Paris
Writers from Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Patin |
Evan Hlavacek (born November 27, 1974) is a former American football wide receiver/defensive back most recently playing for the Colorado Crush in the Arena Football League.
He is now a firefighter with the Central Yavapai Fire District in Prescott Valley, Arizona.
College years
Hlavacek graduated from the University of San Diego and was a standout athlete in football, and baseball. In football, he was a three-time All-Pioneer Football League selection.
Professional career
On March 21, 2002, Hlavacek re-signed with the Indiana Firebirds.
References
External links
AFL stats from arenafan.com
1974 births
Living people
Players of American football from San Jose, California
American football wide receivers
American football defensive backs
San Diego Toreros football players
Albany Firebirds players
Indiana Firebirds players
Arizona Rattlers players
Colorado Crush players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Hlavacek |
The David N. Dinkins Municipal Building (originally the Municipal Building and later known as the Manhattan Municipal Building) is a 40-story, building at 1 Centre Street, east of Chambers Street, in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The structure was built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of the city's five boroughs. Construction began in 1909 and continued through 1914 at a total cost of $12 million ().
Designed by McKim, Mead & White, the Manhattan Municipal Building was among the last buildings erected as part of the City Beautiful movement in New York. Its architectural style has been characterized as Roman Imperial, Italian Renaissance, French Renaissance, or Beaux-Arts. The Municipal Building is one of the largest governmental buildings in the world, with about of office space. The base incorporates a subway station, while the top includes the gilded Civic Fame statue.
The Municipal Building was erected after three previous competitions to build a single municipal building for New York City's government had failed. In 1907, the city's Commissioner of Bridges held a competition to design the building in conjunction with a subway and trolley terminal at the Brooklyn Bridge, of which McKim, Mead & White's plan was selected. The first offices in the Municipal Building were occupied by 1913. In later years, it received several renovations, including elevator replacements in the 1930s and restorations in the mid-1970s and the late 1980s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building a landmark in 1966, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
Site
The Manhattan Municipal Building is located on the eastern side of Centre Street, in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the length of two city blocks, between Duane Street to the north and the Brooklyn Bridge ramps to the south. The west–east Chambers Street has its eastern terminus at Centre Street, at the center of the building's base. The site had a frontage of approximately on Centre Street to the west, on Park Row to the southeast, on Duane Street to the northeast, and on Tryon Row to the east; except for Centre Street, all of these streets have been relocated or removed. Near the Municipal Building are the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse and St. Andrew Church to the northeast; 1 Police Plaza and the Metropolitan Correctional Center to the east; Surrogate's Courthouse and Tweed Courthouse to the west; and New York City Hall to the southwest.
Prior to the Municipal Building's construction, several streets passed through the building site, which had been located at the south end of the Five Points neighborhood. New Chambers Street continued east through the center of the building, while the west-east Reade Street continued eastward through what is now the building's northern edge. City Hall Place (now Cardinal Hayes Place) originated at the intersection of Chambers and Centre Streets, crossing southwest–northeast through the building site. The area to the south of the Municipal Building was once known as Tryon Row, a one-block east–west street between Centre Street and Park Row. The Municipal Building's site was occupied by buildings including the old headquarters of the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung. Immediately to the south were two elevated railway stations: the Park Row Terminal of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (closed 1944) and the City Hall station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (closed 1953).
After the Municipal Building was finished, New Chambers Street ran through the building's central archway. Park Row bounded the building to the southeast and Duane Street abutted it to the northeast. Park Row was rerouted in the mid-20th century, and New Chambers and Duane Streets were closed in 1971 as part of the construction of 1 Police Plaza. These streets subsequently became part of a pedestrian plaza surrounding the Municipal Building and 1 Police Plaza.
Architecture
William M. Kendall of the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White designed the Municipal Building. Two of the firm's other partners, Burt L. Fenner and Teunis J. van der Bent, were tasked with leading construction, while the city's Department of Bridges supervised the project. Alexander Johnson was chief engineer, Purdy and Henderson were consulting engineers, and the Thompson–Starrett Company was the general contractor. The Mount Waldo Construction Company provided the granite, while Robert Wetherill & Co. installed the original elevators. The foundations were dug by the Foundation Company. Enormously influential in the civic construction of other American cities, the building's architectural style has been "variously described as Roman Imperial, Italian Renaissance, French Renaissance, or Beaux-Arts." Its construction marked the end of the City Beautiful movement in New York.
The Municipal Building is one of the largest governmental buildings in the world, with about of interior space and 2,000 employees. Of this, about is used for offices. The Municipal Building was the first in New York City to incorporate a subway station, the Chambers Street station, below its base. The approved building plans in 1909 also called for three basement levels within the volume not occupied by the subway station. The building features various types of sculpture and relief. These include the large gilded Civic Fame statue at the top of the building; smaller sculptural groups; and plaques and coats-of-arms representing the various governments that have ruled Manhattan.
Form
The building is shaped like a ten-sided "C", although the lot that it occupies is an irregular hexagon. The main facade, along Centre Street to the west, is long, while the eastern facade is long. The building has a width of , measured from west to east. The northeastern and southeastern sides accommodated the diagonal paths of Duane Street and Park Row, respectively. The floors' north–south axes are longer than their west–east axes; the wings of the "C" face west. This floor plan ensured that all of the building's windows would be able to receive direct sunlight and eliminated the need for an interior light court.
The Manhattan Municipal Building is 34 stories tall; the main structure consists of 26 stories, and a tower rises eight stories above the center of the structure. The top of the main structure is about or above ground level. The tower rises to around above ground level; including the Civic Fame statue, the building stands at around tall. Atop the northern and southern wings of the "C" are pavilion roofs, which are connected to the central tower with roof decks and a stone cornice. The central tower is composed of a two-story square section. Atop this is a circular section flanked by four circular turrets, one above each corner of the square. The circular section of the central tower is composed of two layers: an enclosed space surrounded by columns, atop which is a smaller peristyle.
Civic Fame
On the Municipal Building's roof is Civic Fame, a statue installed in March 1913. The statue is a gilded copper figure, made from about 500 pieces of hammered copper executed by the Manhattan firm of Broschart & Braun. The statue is variously reported to be supported on an iron skeleton and made over a steel frame. Civic Fame has been variously described as the largest or second-largest statue in Manhattan, depending on whether the larger Statue of Liberty is considered as being in Manhattan. It is similar in style to the Statue of Liberty.
The statue was designed by Adolph Alexander Weinman (1870–1952). It was commissioned by the New York City government at a cost of $9,000 () to celebrate the consolidation of the five boroughs into the City of New York. The figure is barefoot and balances upon a globe. She carries various symbolic items: a shield bearing the New York City coat of arms, a branch of leaves, and a mural crown, which she holds aloft. The mural crown has five crenellations or turrets, which evoke city walls and represent the five boroughs. The crown also includes dolphins as a symbol of "New York's maritime setting". Audrey Munson posed for the figure; she had also posed for a very large number of other important allegorical Beaux-Arts sculptures in New York, including those at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, New York Public Library Main Branch, Manhattan Bridge Colonnade, and USS Maine National Monument at Columbus Circle.
The left arm was repaired in 1928 after cracks were detected on that side. After Civic Fame's left arm broke off, fell through a skylight, and landed on the 26th-floor cafeteria in February 1935, the statue was renovated, with metal rods being used to hold up the left arm. The sculpture was refurbished and re-gilded starting in July 1974 at a cost of $294,500, as part of the interior renovations of the Municipal Building; the restoration was completed by the end of the year. In early 1991, while the facade was undergoing renovations, Civic Fame was removed for six months and re-gilded by New Jersey metalwork shop Les Metalliers Champenois. After the restoration was completed at a cost of $900,000, Civic Fame was reinstalled on the roof in October 1991 using a helicopter.
Facade
The building is divided vertically into 25 bays on its western elevation; 25 bays combined across the northeastern, southeastern, and eastern elevations; and three bays on its northern and southern elevations. Each bay contains either one or two windows on each story. The facade is made of ashlar granite, except for the details above the 23rd floor, which are made of terracotta. A three-story colonnade of Corinthian columns runs across the base along Centre Street, with the rest of the building set back behind the colonnade. The colonnade averages tall, including pedestals, and is topped by a carved entablature. The central portion of the colonnade is freestanding and is flanked by 16 three-quarter columns, each measuring about wide and tall. There is also a false colonnade on the facade above the 22nd floor.
Weinman sculpted the rectangular allegorical bas-relief panels at the base of the building, which are located above the side arches. Civic Duty, above the smaller arch to the right (south) of the center arch, shows a female representation of the city alongside a child holding the city seal. Civic Pride, above the smaller arch to the left (north), depicted the city as a woman "receiving tribute from her citizens". These are respectively topped by medallions representing Progress, a nude kneeling man with a torch in one hand and a winged sphere in the other, and Prudence, a half-nude kneeling woman holding a mirror while a serpent is curled around her right arm. The medallions each measure about wide and are placed immediately below the colonnade's architrave. There are heroic-scaled winged figures in the spandrels above the main arch: Guidance, a depiction of a female in the left spandrel, and Executive Power, a depiction of a male in the right spandrel.
The colonnade is topped by a frieze averaging high. The word "Manhattan" is inscribed on the frieze immediately above the three arches; it is flanked by inscriptions reading "New Amsterdam" and "New York". Shields relating to Manhattan's historical and current governance were also placed above the lower-story colonnade and 22nd-floor false colonnade. The shields represent the historical colony of New Amsterdam and the Province of New York, as well as the present-day county, city, and state of New York (the county of New York being coextensive with the borough of Manhattan). The shields on the lower colonnade correspond with the tops of the columns. On the facade itself, the second-story windows are flanked by six pairs of figures in relief, representing the building's original occupants.
Features
Base
A large, arched vaulted corridor is located at the center of the building's base, at the eastern end of Chambers Street, and is flanked by two smaller arched vaults. The arch measures about tall and wide. It is designed in the neoclassical style like the Arch of Constantine. The vault was large enough to accommodate New Chambers Street, which was closed in 1971 to make way for a pedestrian plaza in front of One Police Plaza and the Manhattan Municipal Building. The terracotta vault was modeled on the entrance of the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, and was also called the "Gate of the City" after William Jean Beauley painted an image of the scene. The vault separates the lobby into two sections, each with its own set of elevator banks. The second through fifth stories are also divided into two portions by the vault. When the Municipal Building opened, the vault created a wind tunnel effect, leading employees to nickname it the "Cave of the Winds".
As constructed, the first floor was devoted entirely to public space, with two open loggias and the two portions of the lobby. Underneath each loggia were two massive staircases leading to the mezzanine of the Chambers Street station. The staircase under the south loggia measured wide and could accommodate 1,280 passengers per minute, while that under the north loggia was wide and could accommodate 800 passengers per minute. The loggia under the southern wing still exists, with staircases leading to the subway from both the north and south. It is supported by a set of columns and has a ceiling of white Guastavino tiles. The loggia under the northern wing is no longer extant, having been enclosed.
The Chambers Street subway station, served by the , consists of two levels below the building: the mezzanine (shared with the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station, served by the ) and the platform level. The station opened in 1913 and was intended as the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's main subway terminal in Manhattan, but fell into disrepair after businesses moved uptown in the 1930s. When the Municipal Building was completed, there were also supposed to be new station buildings for the adjacent elevated IRT and BRT stations, designed in the same architectural style. The tracks from the Chambers Street station would have also connected directly to the elevated tracks on the Brooklyn Bridge, but the connection was never opened.
Structural features
While the layer of bedrock under the Municipal Building was quite close to the surface underneath the southern part of the building, the bedrock dropped to a depth of about under the northern portion of the site, where it would be extremely difficult to dig caissons. A layer of sand was present to a depth of , while the average depth of the bedrock under the building was about . The contract for the foundations was the largest to be awarded for a single building in the United States, with being excavated at a cost of $1.5 million. The foundations incorporated of concrete for the piers, as well as 70,000 barrels of cement.
The foundations also include 106 caissons; the southern two-thirds of the site contain 68 caissons extend to the bedrock, while the northern third contains 38 caissons that only extend to the quicksand. The caissons range in size from in diameter to across, extending to an average depth of . The maximum depth of the caissons was below grade; for the northern part of the site, the Foundation Company built larger caissons resting on sand at a depth of . While the caissons under the southern two-thirds of the building carry , the larger caissons under the northern third of the building carry only . Each caisson was positioned so that the columns above did not interfere with the subway station.
The Municipal Building's frame had of steel, which required 20 derricks to erect. The superstructure weighed a total of . The above-ground walls, and half of the beams in the superstructure, were carried by steel-plate girders at the first floor, spanning the subway station. The girders were connected to other steel beams, which distributed the building's entire weight to the caissons. Each of the first-floor girders were about deep and grouped in sets of two or three. The Municipal Building's largest girders, supporting the Chambers Street arch, were long and up to deep; these girders weighed as much as . Above the girders and caissons are 167 columns that rise through the upper stories. The largest column in the superstructure measured long and weighed .
Interior
Except for the fourth story, all of the upper floors were devoted to offices. The elevator banks and stairs were on the eastern side of the building, while the offices were concentrated along the western side and on the north and south wings. There were four staircase shafts that extended the height of the building. In addition, 33 elevators were provided in the initial construction, though this number was later expanded to 37. Of the original elevators, 32 were accessible from the lobby; they were grouped in two banks of 16 cabs each. Most of the elevators from the lobby traveled only to the 25th story, where a separate elevator connected the 25th through 37th floors. During the 1934 elevator replacements, eight of the elevator shafts were shortened to make way for office space.
Because the basement is mostly taken up by the subway station, most of the mechanical equipment is located on the fourth floor. As such, the fourth floor has a much lower ceiling than the other stories. The basement contains some space for boilers, while the elevators are controlled by a dispatching room on the 26th floor. There are also four emergency-exit staircases.
Each story was constructed with either or of rentable office space. The materials in the Municipal Building included of hollow-tile partitions, of cement flooring, of asphalt flooring in the vaults, of plastering, and of Yule marble. Other types of marble, such as Tennessee marble, were used for decorative elements such as the baseboards of the rooms. Steel was painted to resemble wood, while wooden elements were only used for door and window frames. Most of the floors are made of cement, but the fifth floor, originally used for public hearings and the municipal reference library, had of cork flooring to reduce noise. In later years, the hallways and offices were re-clad in plasterboard and sectioned into small cubicles, but the building retained such elements as its ornate marble bathrooms.
History
Previous plans
By the late 19th century, New York City governmental functions had outgrown New York City Hall. At the time, the city government's agencies rented space in various buildings from Downtown Manhattan up to Midtown Manhattan, with the number of such arrangements increasing by the year. In the 1884 annual report of the City of New York, mayor Franklin Edson declared that more space was urgently needed for governmental functions. He also noted that City Hall's "style of architecture was such that without marring its present symmetry, it couldn't be enlarged to the required extent." Edson suggested buying 280 Broadway, at the corner with Chambers Street, for use by the city government.
The government, desiring to cut down the amount of rent paid to private landlords, ultimately held four design competitions for a new, massive building that would be suitable to house many agencies under one roof. As early as 1885, a commission was empowered to look for plots of land where such a structure could be built, and by 1887, authorities were considering erecting a structure adjacent to City Hall itself, in City Hall Park. Mayor Abram Hewitt appointed a commission to study suitable plans and plots of land in 1888, although Hewitt opposed putting such a building anywhere except City Hall Park. The commissioners of the Sinking Fund initially approved a municipal building east of the Tweed Courthouse, at the park's northeastern corner. An architectural design competition was commenced for this new building, and seven architects submitted plans. Charles B. Atwood's winning proposal called for a pair of seven-story pavilions flanking City Hall. The public generally opposed the idea of development in the park, and the plan was voted down by the New York State Senate in February 1890.
The law authorizing the new building was modified in 1890 so that the new structure would be able to house other city agencies as well. Mayor Hugh J. Grant proposed a large municipal office building in early 1890, and that July, a committee of the city government was created to look for alternate sites. The committee published a report in October 1890, outlining three possible sites on Chambers Street. The first option was southwest of Chambers Street and Broadway; the second, northwest of Chambers and Centre Streets; and the third, northeast of Chambers and Centre Streets (at the current building's location). The committee recommended the third option, which would be the cheapest and offer the most floor area, as well as provide an opportunity for redevelopment at that location. However, the city government decided in March 1893 that the municipal building would instead replace City Hall, with two wings extending north to flank the Tweed Courthouse, despite the committee's recommendation and public objections to a City Hall site. The committee ultimately received 134 plans for such a new building, with six of these being selected as finalists. In response to opposition to City Hall's demolition, the New York governor signed a law in 1894 that once again prohibited the municipal building's construction. The six finalist submissions were supposed to receive monetary prizes, but ran into difficulty even collecting their awards, since the city had never formally accepted the committee's report on the finalists.
In 1899, architect George B. Post proposed a municipal office tower to be built at the northeast corner of Chambers and Centre Streets, while preserving City Hall, as part of a greater plan to rearrange Lower Manhattan's streets. The next March, state senator Patrick H. McCarren proposed a bill that would construct the municipal building on the blocks bounded by Broadway and Reade, Centre, and Chambers Streets, north of the Tweed Courthouse and west of the current building's site. The structure would replace 280 Broadway and the old Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank Building, incorporate the then-under-construction Hall of Records, and would also entail destroying the Tweed Courthouse. Several architects submitted proposals, the most elaborate of which was by McKim, Mead & White. Additionally, in 1903, the city's bridge commissioner Gustav Lindenthal hired George Post and Henry Hornbostel l as architects for a planned trolley hub at the foot of the Brooklyn Bridge, just east of City Hall. This plan also involved constructing a 45-story municipal office tower with a campanile at Chambers and Centre Streets. The municipal building and trolley hub plans were deferred by the administration of mayor Seth Low when he left office at the end of 1903.
Planning and construction
Architectural design competition
By early 1907, the Hall of Records had been completed, but there was still not enough space for the city's important files; further, the city was paying large amounts for rent in private buildings. Officials pointed out that the cramped quarters of the city government's departments posed a fire hazard, and legislation had been proposed for a new municipal building. In July 1907, Lindenthal—who had already secured a new plot of land for the Brooklyn Bridge trolley hub—was authorized by the state legislature to host a fourth and final design competition for the municipal building. The Brooklyn loop line, a four-track subway line, was planned to be built under the site as well, passing through a large five-platform station at Chambers Street.
Thirteen architects were invited to compete. They would in turn elect a jury of three architects, whose names would not be published in advance. The Commissioner of Bridges would make a final decision based on the jury's recommendation. The building had to be at least 20 stories; the superstructure could not block train tracks, stairways, or platforms; the route of Chambers Street under the building had to be preserved; and the first floor, to be used for transit and building entrances, had to be completely covered, with a ceiling of at least . The commissioner also recommended that the first story of each level be at ground level, and that an above-ground level be provided for mechanical equipment and building systems. The contestants were otherwise given "considerable freedom" for the building's design. By December 1907, several architects had submitted plans. Twelve architectural firms ultimately entered the competition, while Cass Gilbert withdrew.
The jury selected McKim, Mead & White's proposal in April 1908. The firm's design had been chosen because it provided the most space for the city government, even though it was less elaborate than some of the other submissions, such as the runner-up proposal by Howells & Stokes, inspired by 90 West Street. McKim, Mead & White had entered the contest under the encouragement of mayor George B. McClellan Jr. The firm's senior partners had been noncommittal about participating in the competition, though they named junior partner William Mitchell Kendall as the principal architect of the submission. The firm submitted plans for a building to the New York City Department of Buildings in October 1908. The city had initially intended to erect the Manhattan Municipal Building on a plot immediately to the south of the current site, bounded by Park Row, the Brooklyn Bridge, and North William Street. The final plan called for the building to be located between Park Row, Centre Street, and Duane Street, with Chambers Street running under the Municipal Building's center. The city government planned to occupy 11 of the building's 23 stories.
Construction
By late 1908, the site was being cleared. Bids for foundation work were opened in December 1908, and the contract was awarded to the J. H. Gray Company. The original building plans were rejected by the city's buildings superintendent the same month because he felt that the underlying layer of soil and sand was not strong enough to carry the building. This resulted in delays in the construction of the proposed Brooklyn loop line under the building. Ultimately, the Foundation Company was contracted to dig the foundation with caissons under a very high air pressure of . Work was done in 20 shifts of five men working for forty minutes each day; only two workers developed decompression sickness and neither of them died. In a January 1909 speech, McClellan praised the project as "one of the most important projects the City has ever undertaken". At the time, he predicted that the building would cost $8 million.
Work on the Municipal Building officially started on July 17, 1909. One observer predicted that the building's construction would result in an increase in real-estate values, similar to what the Flatiron Building had done for the Flatiron District. Foundation work was completed in October 1909, when the New York City Art Commission approved the plans. The Board of Estimate approved a revised building plan that November. Bids for the construction of the superstructure were opened on December 21, but an injunction against the awarding of the contract was placed less than an hour after the bidding process started, after a lawsuit was filed over the fireproofing material that was supposed to be used in the building. Furthermore, the presence of the sand posed issues for the superstructure, though McClellan said that he believed it was safe to build on sand. McClellan laid the building's cornerstone on December 28; unlike at other municipal projects, the ceremony was private, and the cornerstone only had the year "1907" inscribed in Roman numerals. The injunction was reversed when the cornerstone was laid.
The Pennsylvania Steel Company was contracted in early 1910 to manufacture of structural steel for the Municipal Building. Construction was interrupted by various incidents. Three workers were buried in June 1910 when temporary bracing in the foundation collapsed, though all survived; another cave-in occurred on Park Row in September 1910. A fire broke out on the 25th floor in 1911, which at the time was the highest fire the New York City Fire Department had fought. Steel frame construction took place between June 1910 and July 1911, followed by the installation of exterior walls between March 1911 and November 1912. There were delays in installing the granite facade because the original materials were found to be inferior. By 1913, the superstructure was topped out with the unveiling of Civic Pride at the top of the Municipal Building's tower.
Use
1910s and 1920s
The first sections of the Municipal Building were occupied in mid-1913. The building had not been ready at the beginning of the year, forcing some city departments to renew the leases at their existing quarters. The building had cost $12 million (), which was not repaid with interest until 1964; the interest was more than twice the original cost. The land alone had cost $6 million. Nevertheless, the structure was expected to save the city from paying $800,000 a year in rent. Upon opening, the Municipal Building housed 4,200 city employees. It was patrolled by a private police force, which monitored the building 24 hours a day, as well as a cleaning crew of 135 people. There were also telephone switchboards for inter-departmental communication, which at the time of completion were described as state-of-the-art. When the building opened, it employed 500 women and 3,700 men.
The structure was supposed to house most city agencies except the Police, Health, and Parks departments, the Aqueduct Commission, and courts. However, the Parks Department moved to the Municipal Building shortly after the structure was completed; by 1916, the building also had a court that only heard cases in which the city government was involved. Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, after taking office in 1914, criticized the usage of space in the Municipal Building as "wasteful". Some of the city departments that were scheduled to move into the building had found space elsewhere, and other city departments had been allotted less space in the building than in their previous quarters; as such, only 28 percent of the space was originally occupied. By 1915, the building was fully occupied. The New York City Board of Estimate commenced an investigation into office vacancies at the Municipal Building in 1916 after the New York Public Service Commission leased floors in other buildings.
A nonprofit organization established a cafeteria on the 26th floor in 1918; although the city provided no subsidies to the cafeteria, the cafeteria also did not have to pay rent. Radio station WNYC (AM) started broadcasting from the 24th floor in 1924, remaining there for 85 years, and a small hospital was established on the third floor in 1929. The Municipal Building's size notwithstanding, various entities had proposed to build an even larger municipal skyscraper to the west by the 1930s, but with no success.
1930s to 1960s
By 1931, Manhattan borough president Samuel Levy had requested $2 million to replace the building's elevators, which were so unreliable that some employees used the emergency stairs instead of the elevators. All of the elevators needed twice-daily inspections, and, since their manufacturer was no longer in business, the city had to make its own replacement parts for the elevators, which were described as "old and wheezy", and acting like "Coney Island roller coasters". After fourteen of the elevators were taken out of service in late 1934, architect Mitchell Bernstein filed plans in January 1935 for a $160,000 renovation of the building's elevators and offices. Work began that June and was funded partially with a $1.8 million grant from the Works Progress Administration. While the elevators were being replaced, city employees worked in three staggered shifts. Some of the shafts above the 14th floor were removed to make way for office space. The first group of seven new elevators was installed in April 1936, and the elevator-replacement project was completed at the end of 1937.
The city government conducted other renovations during the 1930s, cleaning the facade for the first time in 1936. Civic Fame at the top of the Municipal Building was refurbished during the 1930s, and green mercury vapor bulbs were installed in the north lobby. Several Civil Works Administration artists also created paintings for some of the offices. A bronze plaque, memorializing 316 firefighters who died on duty, was dedicated at the building in 1937. The city also planned to add three stories atop the building for $2.037 million; to fund this project, it received a $916,650 grant from the Public Works Administration in 1938. By the next year, the building could no longer accommodate all of the city government's agencies, several of which were located in alternate quarters surrounding Foley Square to the north. The offices in the Municipal Building included radio station WNYC on the 25th floor, the Municipal Reference Library on the 22nd floor, and the Marriage Chapel on the 2nd floor.
In 1949, the city's commissioner of public works announced that four floors would be renovated and modernized in the first phase of a planned multi-stage overhaul. The next year, the city began installing a dial-telephone system at the Municipal Building, replacing the fourteen old telephone switchboards. At the time, the 20 city agencies in the building had a collective 1,264 telephones. The new switchboards were activated in 1951, and every line in the Municipal Building was given the same 10-digit phone number with 1,426 four-digit extensions; the number was changed in 1963 when the city government consolidated about 7,000 phone extensions in Lower Manhattan. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official city landmark in 1966, and the facade was again cleaned the next year for $400,000.
1970s to present
The Municipal Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The section of Chambers Street under the building was closed to vehicular traffic around the same time, with the construction of One Police Plaza. In 1974, Wank Adams Slavin was hired to undertake a $24 million renovation of the building's interior. As part of the renovation, corridors were to be narrowed, and partitions between offices would be removed, to create more office space; vinyl floor tiles and recessed lighting were to be installed; and the outdated plumbing system was to be replaced. The project was to increase the building's capacity to 6,500 employees. During this time, Civic Fame was also renovated. The building had been cleaned by 1975 at a cost of $300,000; although the interior had not been renovated yet, more funds for the project had also been appropriated. The building still had 5,000 employees by the late 1970s, but Newsday wrote that the building had "peeling walls, musty windows and old filing cabinets". Because the air conditioning rarely worked, many employees typically left the building an hour early during the summer.
A piece of granite fell from the Municipal Building in 1987, landing on a ramp on the Brooklyn Bridge, although no one was injured. A subsequent investigation found other loose rocks on the facade, and netting was placed on the facade as a result. In 1988, workers surrounded the building with scaffolding in preparation for the first large-scale restoration of the facade, which was to begin the next year. The renovation was expected to cost $58 million and required of steel tubes to support the massive scaffolds. By then, the building housed 6,000 employees and contained 11 percent of all the office space owned by the city government. The Municipal Building had become so overcrowded that several agencies, like the Department of Buildings, had been forced to relocate. The facade restoration was undertaken by the architects Wank Adams Slavin. Another restoration of Civic Fame took place during this time, for which Wank Adams Slavin received a preservation award from the city government.
The 23rd and 24th stories were renovated in the early 1990s. The building was renamed after David N. Dinkins, New York City's first African-American mayor, upon his 88th birthday in October 2015.
Agencies
The following New York City public offices are located in the Manhattan Municipal Building:
New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services
New York City Department of Finance
New York Public Service Commission
Manhattan Borough President
New York City Public Advocate
New York City Comptroller
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
New York City Office of Payroll Administration
New York City Tax Commission
New York City Department of Veterans' Services
Field offices of the Office of the Mayor, New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (DoITT), New York City Department of Buildings, New York State Office of the Inspector General, and New York City Department of Environmental Protection.
The Office of the City Clerk was formerly housed in the Municipal Building; about 16,000 weddings were performed annually at the former Manhattan Marriage Bureau in the Municipal Building, in civil ceremonies lasting about four minutes. The City Clerk's Office relocated to nearby 141 Worth Street in 2009.
Incidents
Numerous accidents have occurred at the Municipal Building. In 1921, an elevator overturned, killing its two occupants. A pile of coal stored in bunkers underneath the building caught fire in 1942, and a 2005 fire slightly injured six firefighters. Additionally, a flood on the fourth floor in 1959 destroyed brand-new machinery that processed the pay checks for the building's workers.
Impact
Critical reception and influence
Lionel Moses, appraising McKim, Mead & White's work in 1922, said that "we have a building of 580 feet to the top of the figure, of superbly monumental character and classic beauty, every part of which attests the architectural knowledge of its designers". In particular, Moses praised the fact that the firm could create a large office building on "a comparatively small plot of irregular shape", which could still accommodate a subway station, a public street, and mechanical equipment. The 1939 WPA Guide to New York City stated that the facade "gains dignity through the bold treatment of the intermediate stories, despite the poorly related tower and the disturbing character of the Corinthian colonnade at the base". In their 2004 book New York Artwalks, Marina Harrison and Lucy D. Rosenfeld described the Civic Fame statue as "a graceful and unusually charming sculpture in the allegorical style of municipal-building decorations".
The building was also noted for its symbolism. A reporter for Newsday wrote in 1987: "It is the city not just as a metaphor—although it is certainly that, from Civic Fame (the name of the statue at the very top) right down to the stressful rumble underneath (six subway tracks where the basement would be). The Municipal Building is where the money is."
The Municipal Building was the first of several ornately-designed civic office buildings, influencing other structures such as the Terminal Tower in Cleveland, the Fisher Building in Detroit, the Wrigley Building in Chicago, and the New York Central Building in Midtown Manhattan. In particular, the base of the Municipal Building above Chambers Street was likened to the base of the New York Central Building, which spanned Park Avenue. The base also inspired the General Motors Building in Detroit, while the tower stories influenced the "Tower of Jewels", designed by Carrère and Hastings for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. The arches of the Moscow State University's main building and of 550 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan were also inspired by that of the Municipal Building.
In popular culture
The Manhattan Municipal Building appears in several films, such as a key scene of the 1996 film One Fine Day, in which Jack Taylor (George Clooney) spots Manny Feldstein (Joe Grifasi) and chases him to the roof. In "Crocodile" Dundee (1986), muggers inside the Municipal Building entrance to the subway station pull a knife on the title character (Paul Hogan) and his girlfriend Sue (Linda Kozlowski). In Ghostbusters (1984), the team leaves to confront Gozer from the building. In The Professional (1994), antagonist Stansfield, played by actor Gary Oldman, works for the DEA at the building, in office 4602. Newsday wrote in 1987 that the structure was often used for film shoots where characters jumped off the building's roof. Additionally, the music video for the song Not Afraid, rapper Eminem is depicted standing on the edge of the building's roof in multiple shots.
See also
Early skyscrapers
List of New York City borough halls and municipal buildings
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1914 establishments in New York City
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Civic Center, Manhattan
Government buildings completed in 1914
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Government of New York City
McKim, Mead & White buildings
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan%20Municipal%20Building |
The Saline River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately long, in the Southern Illinois region of the U.S. state of Illinois. The river drains a large section of southeast Illinois, with a drainage basin of . The major tributaries include the South Fork, Middle Fork and North Fork, all lying within the Saline Valley. The once meandering swampy river was important among Native Americans and early settlers as a source of salt from numerous salt springs where it was commercially extracted in the early 19th century.
History
From 1807 to 1818, Illinois paid the United States Treasury $28,160.25 in revenue. During the same time, Ohio paid $240 and Indiana, Kentucky and Missouri paid nothing. One third of the State of Illinois revenue came from the salt industry coming from African American slaves working on the Saline River in 1818.
The last concessionaire of the Saline Springs was John Crenshaw, then owner of what became known as the Old Slave House.
During the late 18th century, the river had heavy barge traffic. It was navigable for keel boats and batteaux for inland from the mouth at the Ohio River. The farthest point west that could still accommodate flat boats and barges is the largest city on the river Harrisburg, Illinois, but the river has not been used for navigation in almost a century. It is today used mainly as an oversized drainage ditch of little interest except for flood control.
Bidding for straightening and dredging began in 1930.
On June 18, 1888, an act of January 25, 1849, declaring the Saline River to be navigable, was repealed by the Illinois General Assembly. The river was deemed "impractical" for navigation due to the "anxiousness" of County residents to build bridges across it.
Watershed
The main stem of the Saline River is long and drains . The river is formed by the confluence of the South Fork and the Middle Fork east of Harrisburg. The South Fork is long and rises in northern Johnson County within the Lake of Egypt reservoir. The Middle Fork is long and rises in southwestern Hamilton County. The North Fork of the Saline River is long and joins the main stem east of Equality, having risen in central Hamilton County southeast of McLeansboro.
In 1995, stream quality was rated as "Fair" to "Good". Causes of pollution include inorganics, nutrients, siltation, organic enrichment (low dissolved oxygen) and other habitat alterations attributed to agricultural runoff, hydrologic/habitat modification and resource extraction. The North and Middle forks of the Saline River system have a degraded Indiana crayfish population due to threats to water quality from pollution, coal mining, oil extraction, siltation, stream channelization. and clearing.
The Saline River watershed is located in southern Illinois and flows in an easterly direction encompassing over . The watershed covers land within Hamilton, White, Franklin, Williamson, Gallatin, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, and Saline Counties. The mainly agricultural landscape has many small streams, creeks, and man-made lakes that flow into the Saline River which eventually enters the Ohio River where it is wide. The Lake of Egypt, an impoundment on the upper end of the South Fork Saline River, is the largest lake in the watershed, and covers .
The population of the watershed is mostly rural, but there are many small cities and villages found throughout the area then passes through the eastern section of the Shawnee National Forest. The largest population centers are the cities of Harrisburg (pop. 9,628), Eldorado (pop. 4,416), McLeansboro (pop. 2,945), and Carrier Mills (pop. 1,886). Agriculture, mining, and manufacturing are the major components of the regional economy. The cities of Equality and Harrisburg, Illinois were built on sandstone bluffs overlooking the Saline River Middle Fork Valley.
Cities and counties
The following cities and towns are drained by the Saline River:
South Fork
Carrier Mills
Goreville
Lakeview
Stonefort
New Burnside
Middle Fork
Eldorado
Equality
Galatia
Harrisburg
Raleigh
North Fork
McLeansboro
Norris City
The watershed includes all or part of the following counties:
Franklin County
Hardin County
Johnson County
Saline County
White County
Hamilton County
Williamson County
Gallatin County
Pope County
See also
List of rivers of Illinois
Tuttle Bottoms Monster
Watersheds of Illinois
References
External links
Prairie Rivers Network
Surfing the Saline River with USEPA
Real Time USGS Stream Flow
Illinois Department of Natural Resources Fact Sheet
Rivers of Illinois
Tributaries of the Ohio River
Bodies of water of Saline County, Illinois
Bodies of water of Williamson County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline%20River%20%28Illinois%29 |
Inventiones Mathematicae is a mathematical journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1966 and is regarded as one of the most prestigious mathematics journals in the world. The current (2023) managing editors are Jean-Benoît Bost (University of Paris-Sud) and Wilhelm Schlag (Yale University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
References
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1966
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Monthly journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventiones%20Mathematicae |
Spørteggbreen is a glacier in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. It is the 12th largest glacier in Norway. It lies between the Jostedalsbreen and Harbardsbreen glaciers. The glacier lies inside Breheimen National Park. The village of Jostedal lies to the west and the village of Skjolden lies to the southeast.
Grånosi (in the northeastern part of the glacier) is the highest point on the glacier at above sea level, and the lowest point is at above sea level.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
Glaciers of Vestland
Luster, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B8rteggbreen |
Ramchandra Sudhakar Rao (born 8 August 1952) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Karnataka and played one One Day International for India against New Zealand in 1976.
Early career
Sudhakar Rao grew up in Basavanagudi and studied at the National School. He stayed close to the ground near his school and would play cricket with tennis ball regularly. The sports secretary of the school, Swamy, saw Sudhakar bat during one of the sessions. Sudhakar was immediately selected in the school team and ordered to play against a rival school. It was the first time Sudhakar was playing on a matting wicket and handling a cricket ball. He made the occasion memorable by scoring a hundred.
Sudhakar Rao subconsciously modelled his batting on Gundappa Viswanath. He was a great admirer of Gundappa Viswanath from his school days and lot of Viswanath's mannerisms rubbed off on him. Sudhakar made his club debut for VV Puram Cricket Club before Viswanath's footsteps and joining him at the Spartans cricket club. Sudhakar scored well for State schools and made his way into the South Zone schools side.
Sudhakar Rao joined APS college Bangalore and while in his final year at college he made his Ranji Trophy debut against Kerala in 1972.
Ranji career
Sudhakar Rao enjoyed the 1975-76 season. He scored 449 runs in 5 innings. He had started the year with a hundred against Rest of India side that included Bishan Singh Bedi at Ahmedabad. The highlight of the season was a double century against Hyderabad. He had received the news that his mother was admitted in the hospital for a mild stroke, but he continued to play. This eventually got him selected to the Indian cricket team for the tour of New Zealand.
International career
Sudhakar Rao was selected for the Indian team on the tour of New Zealand in 1976. He started out with 32 and 25 against Northern Districts at Hamilton. He followed that with 34 and 6 against Otago at Dunedin. He made his one-day international debut against New Zealand at Eden Park. He was run out for 4 as India struggled to chase 236 in 35 overs and never played for India again.
Sudhakar Rao was selected for the following tour of the West Indies. He struggled in the side games and did not score enough runs.
Later career
Sudhakar Rao continued to be a pillar of strength to Karnataka side and was a member of the state squad which won the Ranji Trophy in 1973-74, 1977–78 and 1982-83. When he retired, he had scored 3021 runs at an average of 40.82 in the national competition.
Sudhakar Rao was also the Secretary, Karnataka State Cricket Association.
References
External links
India One Day International cricketers
Karnataka cricketers
South Zone cricketers
1952 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhakar%20Rao |
Nordre Folgefonna () is one of the largest glaciers in mainland Norway. It is the northernmost of the three glaciers that make up Folgefonna. The glacier is located on the Folgefonna peninsula in the Hardanger and Sunnhordland regions of Vestland county. The glacier lies in the municipalities of Kvinnherad and Ullensvang. Its highest point is above sea level, and its lowest point is above sea level. The glacier lies almost entirely inside Folgefonna National Park.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
External links
Glaciers of Vestland
Ullensvang
Kvinnherad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordre%20Folgefonna |
Groza may refer to:
Groza (surname), a Romanian surname
Groza, Russia, a human settlement
Groza, a tributary of the Uz in Bacău County, Romania
OTs-14 Groza, Russian assault rifle
MSP Groza silent pistol
Groza, a Uragan-class guard ship of the Soviet Navy
See also
Hroza (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groza |
Gihtsejiegņa or Gihtsejiegŋa is one of the largest glaciers in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipality of Narvik in Nordland county, about southeast of the village of Kjøpsvik, on the border with Sweden. The name of the glacier comes from the Lule Sami language. The elevation of the glacier ranges from above sea level. The highest point of the glacier sits right below the summit of the tall Bjørntoppen.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
Narvik
Glaciers of Nordland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihtsejieg%C5%8Ba |
KSNR (100.3 FM, "100.3 Cat Country") is a commercial radio station serving the Grand Forks, North Dakota area broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Fisher, Minnesota, KSNR first began broadcasting in 1976 under the call sign KOSN in Thief River Falls. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia. The station's main competitor is Leighton Broadcasting's 97 KYCK (97.1 FM).
KSNR also broadcasts University of North Dakota men's and women's basketball home games, while sister station KQHT "96.1 The Fox" broadcasts University of North Dakota men's ice hockey and football games as the flagship station, and sister station KKXL-AM "1440 The Fan" broadcasts University of North Dakota women's ice hockey.
History
The station began life at 99.3 FM as KOSN in Thief River Falls, Minnesota in 1976. KOSN broadcast only 3,000 watts. The station changed call letters to KSNR in 1983 as it flipped to an oldies format, concentrating on 50s and 60s "Golden Oldies" format. After upgrading to 100,000 watts at 100.3 FM in 1987, the station attracted listeners in Grand Forks, North Dakota, since the signal could be heard on most radios and KSNR was the only oldies station in the area until 1990.
KSNR later became "Kool 100.3" in 1995 from studios in Grand Forks after KNOX-FM flipped from Oldies as "Kool 94.7" to Classic Country as "Real Country 94.7", and KSNR as "Kool 100.3" also began playing 1970s era music after being sold. KSNR also played Christmas music from Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day annually until the format change in 2005. In 2000, Clear Channel Communications bought out KSNR and several other stations, and the format was changed to play 1960s and 1970s era music. It also became the flagship station for University of North Dakota basketball play-by-play broadcasts.
Kool 100.3 switched to country music as "Cat Country" in October 2005, competing with Leighton Broadcasting's heritage country station KYCK and classic country station KNOX-FM "Rooster 94.7". In 2006, sister station classic rock KQHT "96.1 The Fox" began shifting towards to an updated classic hits version of the former "Kool 100.3" oldies format.
In 2005, KSNR changed its city of license from Thief River Falls to Fisher, which would allow it to move its transmitter tower closer to Grand Forks in the future.
In the fall of 2012, all local personalities were removed from Cat Country in favor of Bobby Bones Show in the morning and Premium Choice radio personalities in all other dayparts. The previous local morning show was moved to sister station KQHT "96.1 The Fox", which carries an updated classic hits version of the former "Kool 100.3" oldies format. In 2016, Cat Country brought back some local personalities previously heard on the station.
On October 29, 2018, it was announced that, as iHeartMedia would lose its grandfathered ownership limits in the Brunswick and Grand Forks markets as part of its bankruptcy restructuring, the company would place
KSNR and WHFX into the newly formed Sun & Snow Station Trust, under the oversight of former Backyard Broadcasting CEO Barry Drake, as preparation for an eventual sale of the signals. On December 23, 2020, iHeart filed to reclaim KSNR from the Sun & Snow Station Trust; the re-assignment of the license was consummated on March 29, 2021.
References
External links
100.3 Cat Country website
UND Fighting Sioux game broadcast info
SNR
Country radio stations in the United States
1976 establishments in Minnesota
Radio stations established in 1976
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSNR |
Below is a list of important Persian figures in the Sassanid Empire (226-651):
List
Mani the prophet: Founder of Manichaeism.
Mazdak: Proto-socialist philosopher and founder of Mazdakism.
Bozorgmehr: Physician and minister of Khosrau I.
Purandokht (Boran): Sassanid queen.
Barbod the Great: Court musician of the king Khosrau II who created the first musical system in the Middle East, known as the Royal Khosravani and dedicated to the king himself.
Nagisa (Nakisa): The court musician who collaborated with Barbod on his famous septet piece the Royal Khosravani.
Sarkash: Though not as renowned as Barbod or Nakisa, he was a remarkable musician.
Rostam Farrokhzād: The last great general of Sassanids. While unsuccessful at repelling the Arab Muslim invaders, Iranian folklore and history consider him a hero.
Salman the Persian: One of the Sahaba. He is among The Four Companions.
References
People from the Sasanian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Persian%20figures%20in%20the%20Sasanian%20era |
Jason Peterson Bennett (born 8 October 1982) is a West Indian first-class cricketer, who took 106 wickets in his first class career. As a cricketer Bennett featured as a right-arm fast-medium pace bowler for Barbados, Combined Campuses and Colleges together with West Indies B.
References
1982 births
Living people
Barbadian cricketers
Barbados cricketers
Combined Campuses and Colleges cricketers
People from Saint James, Barbados
West Indies B cricketers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Bennett%20%28cricketer%29 |
Reggie is a given name. It may also refer to:
Reggie (album), the seventh studio album of Redman
Reggie (TV series), a short-lived 1983 series
Reggie (film), a 2023 documentary film
Reggie's, a diner frequented in the sitcom Seinfeld
Denis Reggie, American wedding photographer
an alias of James Dewees (born 1976), American rock musician who released three albums under the band name Reggie and the Full Effect
See also
Reg (disambiguation)
RGGI (pronounced Reggie), an acronym for the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Daniel Florence O'Leary (; 14 February 1801 – 24 February 1854) was a military general and aide-de-camp under Simón Bolívar.
Life
O'Leary was born in Cork, Ireland; his father was Jeremiah O'Leary, a butter merchant. In 1817, Daniel O'Leary emigrated to South America.
Unlike many of the Irish who fought for Simon Bolívar in his many campaigns to win South American independence, O'Leary had not served in the Napoleonic Wars.
In 1827 he married Soledad Soublette, the younger sister of General Carlos Soublette, with whom he had nine children.
After Bolívar's death in 1830, O'Leary disobeyed orders to burn the general's personal documents. He spent much of the rest of his life organizing them, along with writing his own very extensive memoirs (spanning thirty-four volumes) of his time fighting in the revolutionary wars with Bolívar. He died in Bogotá, Colombia. He is buried in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.
A bust and plaque honouring O'Leary were presented by the Venezuelan Government to the people of Cork and unveiled on 12 May 2010 by the Venezuelan Ambassador to Ireland, Samuel Moncada.
See also
Irish military diaspora
References
External links
Short biography on O'Leary from the Society for Irish Latin American Studies
Biography from Journal 2001 of the historical society Ballingeary Cumann Staire
Moisés Enrique Rodríguez "Under Three Flags The Diplomatic Career of Daniel Florence O'Leary", in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America 7:1 (March 2009), pp. 85–92
1800s births
1854 deaths
Irish generals
People of the Venezuelan War of Independence
Irish emigrants to Venezuela
19th-century Venezuelan writers
Military personnel from County Cork
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Colombia
Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Florence%20O%27Leary |
Peter Lawrence Chesson Jr. (born December 9, 1978 in Far Hills, New Jersey) is an American race car driver who most recently competed in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series.
Chesson drove go-karts and motorbikes while growing up on a horse farm in Bedminster, New Jersey.
Career
Chesson made his professional debut in sprint cars in 1998 and from 2000 to 2003 was a regular in the World of Outlaws winged sprint car series. In 2004 he suddenly decided to change his career path and drove in the IRL's Infiniti Pro Series winning three races and finishing fourth in series points despite missing three races. He was announced as the driver for Hemelgarn Racing's car in the IndyCar Series in 2006 with new backing from NBA star Carmelo Anthony. The partnership was dubbed "Carmelo Hemelgarn Racing". The deal was brokered through the IRL's new marketing partner, Simmons-Abramson Marketing, made up of rock legend Gene Simmons and entertainment industry vet Richard Abramson. Chesson started the first 4 races of the season, the last being the Indianapolis 500, where he and teammate Jeff Bucknum tangled on the second lap and finished in the last two positions. Chesson has numerous tattoos, including one of the 2006 Indianapolis 500 logo that he had applied in public at the Speedway during the final day of qualifying. Since the demise of his deal with Hemelgarn, Chesson did not return to the Indycar Series until the end of the 2007 season when, in another Simmons/Abramson brokered deal, Chesson was announced as the second driver for Roth Racing alongside team owner Marty Roth with both cars sponsored by fashion label Dussault Apparel. He made his 2007 debut at the final race of the season at Chicagoland Speedway and finished 19th after mechanical gremlins sidelined him for over 100 laps.
Racing record
American open–wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Indy Pro Series
IndyCar
Indianapolis 500
References
External links
P. J. Chesson's MySpace page
P. J. Chesson open wheel racing statistics at ChampCarStats.com
1978 births
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Living people
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
People from Far Hills, New Jersey
Racing drivers from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Somerset County, New Jersey
World of Outlaws drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20J.%20Chesson |
Wigram Aerodrome is located in the Christchurch suburb of Sockburn, later to be split-suburb of Wigram and now split again as Wigram Skies. It was gifted by Sir Henry Wigram for the Canterbury (NZ) Aviation Company on 20 September 1916 and originally named Sockburn Airport.
In 1923 that was then gifted to the Crown as a Royal New Zealand Air Force base.
Charles Kingsford Smith made the first Trans-Tasman flight from Sydney to Wigram on 10 September 1928.
Sir Henry Wigram continued to support the base, gifting a further 81 acres of land in 1932. But aircraft got bigger and needed longer and eventually tarsealed runways. The Crown added to the original size of the airfield and that addition was land belonging to Ngāi Tahu. That just includes where the Control Tower currently still stands.
RNZAF Wigram was home to the Central Flying School, Pilot Training Squadron, Navigation Training and recruit training. In 1953 RNZAF Wigram was the scene of the worst RNZAF crash in New Zealand when two RNZAF De Havilland Devon collided coming in to land and seven men were killed.
In the 1990s, the government wanted to rationalise their military property and a decision was made to either close Wigram or RNZAF Woodbourne near Blenheim. Despite having just been renovated at great expense, it was decide to close Wigram. The aircraft and squadrons moved to RNZAF Ohakea and recruit training went to Woodbourne. The closing parade was held on 14 September 1995.
Wigram Aerodrome maintained its aviation character, with several aviation businesses using its facilities. These included Pionair Private Aircharter, Christchurch Parachute School and Christchurch Flying School.
Three Air Training Corps units, and a Cadet Corps unit also presently occupy buildings within the aerodrome.
Christchurch's Air Force Museum of New Zealand is located at the northern side of the aerodrome. It houses a large collection of aircraft and interactive displays, and is the only museum of the RNZAF in New Zealand.
Wigram Airfield Circuit was a temporary motor racing circuit at the Wigram Airfield. The temporary motor racing circuit was long and considered as the oldest motor race circuit in New Zealand since it had been racing in 1949.
The RNZAF still owns the original gifted part of the airfield and it is now the home of the Air Force Museum and Historic Flight. But the majority of the airfield, control tower, hangars and new fire station was returned to Ngāi Tahu Property as part of a treaty settlement claim. The fire station became the home of the civilian fire service until 2018. Since 2008 the Ngāi Tahu land has become the suburb of Wigram Skies.
Closure
On 9 July 2008 Television 3 News broadcast a news item stating that Ngāi Tahu, the owners of the aerodrome (acquired as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement claim) would close Wigram Aerodrome by February 2009. Wigram airfield officially ceased operation as an airfield at 00:00 Sunday 1 March 2009 NZ Local time.
After the Christchurch earthquakes of February 2011 resulted in much of the Central Business District being off limits due to earthquake damage with office buildings largely damaged, destroyed, or inaccessible, Ngāi Tahu moved its offices to the Wigram site using a mix of prefabricated relocatable buildings, and a refurbished Control Tower building to house most of its staff until a permanent long-term solution could be found.
Housing development
In late 2009, Ngāi Tahu Property began redeveloping the Wigram aerodrome site as a new housing development. Named Wigram Skies, the development proposes 1600 residential sections, a shopping centre, and an industrial area in the east adjoining the existing industrial area. The aerodrome's old sealed runway forms the development's main street, aptly named The Runway, with other street names having an aviation, flight or sky theme. The historic control tower and hangars remain as they are heritage protected buildings.
References
External links
RNZAF Central Flying School
Air force Museum
Pionair Air Charter
Canterbury Aero Club
Photo of an Air Force refresher course at Wigram c1926
Wigram air traffic to end
Defunct airports in New Zealand
Transport in Christchurch
Transport buildings and structures in Canterbury, New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigram%20Aerodrome |
Surinder Khanna (born 3 June 1956) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Delhi and played ten One Day Internationals for India between 1979 and 1984. He was a wicket-keeper.
Born
Surinder Khanna was born at 3 June 1956 in the capital of India, Delhi.
Domestic career
Surinder Khanna played for Delhi in the Ranji Trophy. He made his debut in 1976. A century in each innings (111 and 128) in the Ranji Trophy final against Karnataka at Bangalore in 1978–79 brought Surinder Khanna into the limelight. That season, he scored 657 runs (73.00) to star in Delhi's maiden triumph in the national competition. A capable wicketkeeper and a dashing middle order batsman, Khanna was a tower of strength to Delhi for many years and played a leading role in their successes in the late 70s and early 80s.
International career
When the selectors decided to drop Syed Kirmani for the tour of England in 1979, Khanna was given the big break. He was the designated wicket-keeper for India in the 1979 World Cup. He played without much success in all the three World Cup games and the Test place went to the other debutant Bharath Reddy. He did not enjoy a very good record in the first class games, scoring but 41 runs in six games (four innings). He was dropped from the Indian team after that.
With Syed Kirmani and Bharath Reddy firmly entrenched as the two leading wicketkeepers in the country, Khanna's career seemed over. But he continued to do well for Delhi and his natural style of play suited the ODI game. He was recalled back to the Indian team for the 1984 Asia Cup held at Sharjah. He scored half centuries in low scoring encounters against Sri Lanka and Pakistan. India won the tournament and Khanna was named Man of the Series.
He was a member of the Indian team that went to Pakistan in October the same year. He played in the first ODI in which India lost to Pakistan by 46 runs. He was dropped after this game and never made it back to the Indian team.
He continued to pile on the runs for Delhi and eventually finished his career with over 5000 First Class runs. He achieved his highest score of 220 not out against Himachal Pradesh in 1987–88.
Between 1991 and 1992 he was the professional for Stewarts Melville Royal High CC in Edinburgh. During the 1991 season he scored 1098 runs at an average of 91.5. Nowadays, he is visiting AIR (All India Radio) studios as a cricketing expert during the matches.
References
External links
Delhi cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
North Zone cricketers
1956 births
Living people
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Wicket-keepers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinder%20Khanna |
Maria Moutsidis (), known professionally as Maria Mercedes, is a Greek-descended Australian television, film and stage actress. Her notable roles include the original Australian productions of the musicals Nine, Sunset Boulevard and Love Never Dies.
http://mariamercedes.com.au/
Stage
In 2014/15, Mercedes played opera star Maria Callas in the Terrence McNally play Master Class in Melbourneand the Hayes Sydney.
In 2016, she joined the cast of the Greek-Australian migration play Taxithi by Helen Yotis Patterson, allowing her, for the first time in her theatrical career, to sing in Greek.
Filmography
Filmography
FILM
Television
TELEVISION
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian film actresses
Australian musical theatre actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Mercedes%20%28actress%29 |
Baeden Ty Choppy (born 14 April 1976 in Mackay, Queensland) is a former field hockey striker from Australia, who was a member of the Men's National Hockey Team that won the bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
Since 2004, Baeden has been working as a player-coach to a hockey team competing in the North Premier League, England.
In 2017, Baeden returned to playing hockey in the Brisbane hockey league at the Kedron Wavell Wolves, re-uniting with former Olympics team-mate Matthew Smith (field hockey) who is the current top grade coach at that Club.
References
Australian Olympic Committee
External links
1976 births
Australian male field hockey players
Male field hockey forwards
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Living people
Australian field hockey coaches
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Sportspeople from Mackay, Queensland
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Indigenous Australian Olympians
Indigenous Australian field hockey players
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Field hockey people from Queensland
Sportsmen from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeden%20Choppy |
Candida Raymond (born 1950) is an Australian actress of film and television during the 1970s and early 1980s.
Early life
She attended St Ives High School in Sydney.
Professional career
As a teenager she played small guest roles in Australian television soap operas and TV series including Skippy (1969) and Riptide (1969). She also appeared in stage revues.
She attended NIDA in a class that included John Hargreaves, Wendy Hughes and Grigor Taylor.
In mid-1973, she played Jill Sheridan in Number 96 who was presented as a sex symbol in what was considered an adults only TV show, ultimately involving her in several, controversial, nude sequences,. She then played a regular character in Class of '74.
In 1975, Raymond was a regular in a comic skit segment titled "The Checkout Chicks" which in turn was part of The Norman Gunston Show (1975).
As both actress and storyline writer, she played a Jewish escapee of Europe in the WWII based TV series The Sullivans (1976).
She also appeared in a number of feature films, including Alvin Rides Again (1974), the attractive artist Kerry in Don's Party (1976), A Viennese school teacher in The Getting of Wisdom (1977), Money Movers (1978), The Journalist (1979), Freedom (1982) and Monkey Grip (1982).
In 1977 she appeared in a talk show about astrology The Zodiac Girls.
She was also in stage productions of The Rocky Horror Show and Play It Again, Sam.
In 1981, she played imprisoned journalist, Sandra Hamilton, in the TV series Prisoner. That year she said she hoped to write and produce a feature.
1985 was a busy year. Over several months, Ms Raymond was involved in filming two television mini-series simultaneously in two different cities - In Sydney, she filmed Shout! The Story of Johnny O'Keefe (1985), and in Melbourne, she was involved in The Great Bookie Robbery (1986).
In the same year, she also starred in the ABC telefilm Breaking Up, playing a 30-something mother-of-two going through a marriage break-up. For this role, she later won an Australian Film Institute Award as best Actress in a tele-movie or mini-series.
Through the 1980s and 1990s, Ms Raymond was active as a voice artist for radio and television and occasionally appeared in dramatized educational films.
Later career
Her last feature film role was as a French / Vietnamese brothel Madam in the action film A Case of Honor (1991), which was filmed on location in the Philippines.
She appears as herself in the feature documentary Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008), where she interviewed about women in Australian films of the 1970s.
Personal life
Raymond presently lives near Bowral, Australia. She is the sister of actress Victoria Raymond also of Number 96 fame as the second actress to play Bev Houghton after Abigail left the role. Raymond is active in animal rights, writing and occasionally participating in local theatre and music events.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Killara 360 Revue (1967)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1970) - Old Tote
Blood Wedding (1970) - Old Tote
Foursome (1975) - Seymour
The Rocky Horror Show (1978)
Sexual Perversity in Chicago (1980) - Nimrod
References
External links
Candy Raymond at the British Film Institute
1950 births
Living people
AACTA Award winners
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy%20Raymond |
Mark William Hager (born 28 April 1964) is a retired Australian field hockey player, who competed in two Summer Olympics for his native country. After the fourth place in 1988 he won the bronze medal with The Kookaburras at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia where he was the captain.
Coaching career
Following his playing career, Hager has been pursuing a coaching career in the sport. His achievements as a coach include:
2018 Commonwealth Games - Head Coach, New Zealand Women (Gold)
2008 Beijing Olympics – Asst Coach, Australian Men (Bronze)
2009 8 Nations – Head Coach, Australian U21 Men (Gold)
2007 Youth Olympics – Head Coach, Australia (Gold)
2005–07 Australian Institute Team – Head Coach
2005 U21 World Cup – Head Coach, Australia (Silver)
2004 Athens Olympics – Asst Coach, Australian Women (5th)
2003 Champions Trophy – Asst Coach, Australian Women (Gold)
2002 World Cup – Asst Coach, Australian Women (4th)
2002 Champions Trophy – Asst Coach, Australian Women (4th)
2001 Champions Trophy – Asst Coach, Australian Women (Bronze)
2001 U21 World Cup – Head Coach, Australian Women (Bronze)
1998-0 AHL – Head Coach, WA Thundersticks (2 x Golds)
In December 2008, Hager was appointed the coach of the New Zealand women's national field hockey team (the Black Sticks Women). Besides this he is also the head coach of Kalinga Lancers which plays in the Hockey India League(HIL)
On 11 January 2019 Hager was appointed Head Coach of England & Great Britain women's national field hockey team
Personal life
His wife Michelle Capes, sister-in-law Lee Capes, brother-in-law Michael Nobbs and niece Kaitlin Nobbs have all represented Australia at field hockey at the Olympic Games.
References
External links
Australian Olympic Committee
Mark Hager
1964 births
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Maryborough, Queensland
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic coaches for New Zealand
New Zealand women's national field hockey team coaches
Sportsmen from Queensland
University of Western Australia alumni
Coaches at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Coaches at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Coaches at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic coaches for Great Britain
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Australian expatriate sportspeople in India
Field hockey people from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Hager |
Dennis "Danger" Madalone (born September 29, 1954) is an American stunt coordinator and musician.
Career
Madalone coordinated stunts for over 400 episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. He also coordinated stunts for Castle.
In 2002, he released his song and music video, a tribute to the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, titled "America We Stand As One". Described as "the scariest music video", "saccharine" and "bizarre", the video has become an internet phenomenon.
Personal life
Madalone grew up in South Plainfield, New Jersey and graduated from South Plainfield High School in 1974.
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Italian descent
American stunt performers
Male actors from New Jersey
People from South Plainfield, New Jersey
South Plainfield High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Madalone |
MicroWorlds is a program that uses the Logo programming language to teach language, mathematics, programming, and robotics concepts in primary and secondary education. It features an object in the shape of a turtle that can be given commands to move around the screen drawing shapes, creating animations, and playing games. The program's use of Logo is part of a large set of dialects and implementations created by Seymour Papert aimed at triggering the development of abstract ideas by children through experimentation. MicroWorlds is developed by Logo Computer Systems Inc. (LCSI) and released for Windows and Mac computers.
Release History
The precursors to MicroWorlds were the programs Apple Logo, Atari Logo, and LogoWriter released by LCSI for the Macintosh, Atari 8-bit family, and IBM Personal Computer in the 1980s. The first version to bear the MicroWorlds name was released in 1993 for DOS and Mac called MicroWorlds Project Builder. Two modules were released to accompany the software called "Math Links" and "Language Arts."
MicroWorlds 2.0 was released in 1996 for Windows 95 and in 1998 for Mac. Modules for weather and plants were released in 1997, as well as an internet browser plugin to view projects in Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator without the full software installed. Spanish and Portuguese editions were released under the name MicroMundos.
MicroWorlds Pro, an advanced version intended for high school students, was released in 1999 for Windows 95/98/NT and in 2000 for Mac.
MicroWorlds EX, the current iteration of the software, was released in 2003 for Windows 98 and up (currently supported for Windows 7 and up), and in 2004 for Mac OS X. A “Robotics edition” was released for both platforms that worked with Lego RCX programmable bricks and the Handy Cricket microcontroller system. An "Exploring Math" module intended for Grades 4-7 was released in 2005 and a "Computer Science" module released in 2013. The program has been made available in French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Portuguese, Italian, Armenian, and Greek. MicroWorlds EX will not work with macOS 10.15 or higher due to requiring 32-bit support.
MicroWorlds JR, a derivative product teaching coding to young children who cannot read, was released in 2004 for Windows XP and 2005 for Mac OS X.
Features
MicroWorlds relies on Logo, a computer programming language based on words and syntax that are intended to be easy to learn and remember. The software is able to execute multiple tasks independently, can import pictures, and create multimedia projects like games and simulations.
Users write code in a dialect of the Logo programming language to move a customizable cursor (initially in the shape of a turtle), draw shapes, or to make dialog boxes appear. The user may write code in one of two areas of the program, using the program's "command module" to execute short commands immediately or the "procedure page" for more complex sets of instructions that can be stored and referenced at any time.
Reception
MicroWorlds is used as the main component of the curriculum used by OpenWorld Learning, an educational non-profit based in Denver, Colorado, that as of 2016 operated 11 elementary sites and three middle school sites in the Denver area. The organization provides a free after-school program to students interested in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) education.
References
Further reading
John Gough, "MicroWorlds as a Learning Environment: Years 5 - 7: Tools Versus Thinking", Symp. on Contemporary Approaches to Research in Mathematics, Science, Healthand Environmental Education, Deakin University December 2–3, 1996. (a pdf file)
Logo Computer Systems Inc., 1999, Logo Philosophy and Implementation. LCSI. What is Logo? And Who Needs It?
Papert, Seymour (1980). Mindstorms.New York:Basic Books.
Papert, Seymour (1993)."The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer. New York: Basic Books.
External links
, LCSI
Logo programming language family
Educational software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroWorlds |
Evert Augustus Duyckinck (pronounced DIE-KINK) (November 23, 1816 – August 13, 1878) was an American publisher and biographer. He was associated with the literary side of the Young America movement in New York.
Biography
He was born on November 23, 1816, in New York City to Evert Duyckinck, a publisher.
Evert the younger graduated from Columbia College, where he was a member of the Philolexian Society, in 1835. He then studied law with John Anthon, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He spent the next year in Europe. Before he went abroad he wrote articles on the poet George Crabbe, the works of George Herbert, and Oliver Goldsmith, for the New York Review. In 1840 he started a monthly magazine with Cornelius Mathews called Arcturus, which ran until 1842. The New York Tribune commented on the important partnership by referring to Duyckinck and Mathews as "the Castor and Pollux of Literature—the Gemini of the literary Zodiac". Duyckinck wrote articles on other authors while at home and in Europe. Between 1844 and 1846, Evert became the literary editor of John L. O'Sullivan's The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which moved from Washington, D.C., to New York in 1840.
On April 22, 1840, in Connecticut he married Margaret Wolfe Panton, and they had three children: Evert Augustus Duyckinck II, George Duyckinck, and Henry Duyckinck (1843-1870). All died young.
In 1845-46 he edited the book series "The Library of Choice Reading" and "The Library of American Books" for the Wiley & Putnam publishing house. In 1845, he assisted Edgar Allan Poe in printing his Tales collection and selected which stories to include. The collection was a critical success, though Poe was somewhat disappointed by Duyckinck's choices. In 1847 he became the editor of The Literary World, a weekly review of books written with his brother George Long Duyckinck until 1853. The two brothers became the unofficial leaders of the New York literary scene in the 1840s into the 1850s.
In 1854 the brothers were again united in the preparation of The Cyclopaedia of American Literature (2 vols., New York, 1855; enlarged eds., 1865 and 1875). He published Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith, with a memoir (New York, 1856); an American edition of Willroot's Poets of the Nineteenth Century (1858). Immediately after the death of Washington Irving, Duyckinck gathered together and published in one volume a collection of anecdotes and traits of the author, under the title of Irvingiana (1859); History of the War for the Union (3 vols., 1861-65); Memorials of John Allan (1864); Poems relating to the American Revolution, with Memoirs of the Authors (1865); Poems of Philip Freneau, with notes and a memoir (1865); National Gallery of Eminent Americans (2 vols., 1866); History of the World from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (4 vols., 1870); and Portrait Gallery of Eminent Men and Women of Europe and America. Embracing History, Statesmanship, Naval and Military Life, Philosophy, the Drama, Science, Literature and Art. With Biographies (2 vols., 1873). His last literary work was the preparation, with William Cullen Bryant, of an edition of William Shakespeare.
He died on August 13, 1878, in New York City.
Letter to Lincoln
On 18 February 1865, Duyckinck sent President Abraham Lincoln a letter. Duyckinck signed the letter "Asmodeus", with his initials below his pseudonym. His letter enclosed a newspaper clipping about an inappropriate joke allegedly told by Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Peace Conference. The purpose of Duyckinck's letter was to advise Lincoln of "an important omission" about the history of the conference. He advised that the newspaper clipping be added to the "Archives of the Nation".
Legacy and criticism
In January 1879, a meeting in his memory was held by the New York Historical Society, and a biographical sketch of Duyckinck was read by William Allen Butler.
Herman Melville, a close friend of Duyckinck's with whom he corresponded often, refers in his novel Mardi (1849) to Duyckinck's highbrow magazine Arcturus by naming a ship in the book Arcturion. Mardi'''s narrator "complained about the low literary level of its crew: 'Ay, ay, Arcturion! thou wast exceedingly dull'". Duyckinck also garnered a mention in James Russell Lowell's A Fable for Critics (1848) with the lines, "Good-day, Mr. Duyckinck, I am happy to meet / With a scholar so ripe and a critic so neat". Charles Frederick Briggs noted Duyckinck's ability in the "art of puffing", heavy praise for works that did not necessarily merit it. Edwin Percy Whipple chidingly called Duyckinck "the most Bostonian of New-Yorkers". William Allen Butler noted that Duckinck's taste in literature was too high for most readers: "While Duyckinck was the most genial of companions, and the most impartial of critics, he was too much of a recluse, buried in his books, almost solitary in life, and entirely removed from the circle of worldly and fashionable life".
Honors and memberships
Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1855.
New York Historical Society biographies
Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL, D. (1867; printed, 1871)
Henry Theodore Tuckerman (1872)
James William Beekman (1877)
John Wolfe (1872) and
Samuel G. Drake (1876)
References
Further reading
Miller, Perry. The Raven and the Whale: The War of Words and Wits in the Era of Poe and Melville. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1956. The Raven and the Whale: Poe, Melville, and the New York Literary Scene''. Johns Hopkins paperback edition, 1997.
External links
1816 births
1878 deaths
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American magazine editors
American publishers (people)
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century American biographers
American male biographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert%20Augustus%20Duyckinck |
Thomas Austin Brewer (September 3, 1931 – February 15, 2018) was an American professional baseball player. The right-handed pitcher appeared in 241 games over eight seasons (1954–1961) for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball. He was listed as tall and .
Although born in Wadesboro, North Carolina, Brewer was a lifelong resident of Cheraw, a nearby town located across the South Carolina border. He signed with the Red Sox in 1951 after attending Elon College, and in his first pro season won 19 of 22 decisions in the Class D North Carolina State League. It was his only season in minor league baseball. After two years of United States Army service during the Korean War, he made the Red Sox' varsity pitching staff for and would post seven straight seasons of double-digit wins as a Bosox hurler.
His best season came in . Brewer went 19–9 (.679) with career bests in complete games (15) and shutouts (four) and was selected to the American League All-Star squad. But he was treated roughly in the July 10, 1956, contest at Griffith Stadium. Entering the game in the sixth inning with the Junior Circuit already trailing 4–0, he allowed three runs (all earned) and three hits, including a home run to eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Stan Musial, in two full innings pitched. He also threw two wild pitches. The rival National League won the game, 7–3.
Brewer's last .500-or-above full season came in . After two losing campaigns, Brewer began to experience shoulder woes in . He worked in only ten games all year and retired at season's end. During his MLB career, he posted a 91–82 won–lost record and an earned run average of an even 4.00. He logged 75 complete games and 13 shutouts in 217 games started, with three saves out of the Boston bullpen. In 1,509 innings pitched, he gave up 1,478 hits and 669 bases on balls, with 733 career strikeouts.
After leaving pro baseball, he became the pitching coach for the Cheraw Braves High School baseball team in his hometown, where the school's baseball field was named in his honor on March 21, 2009.
References
External links
Tom Brewer at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1931 births
2018 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baseball coaches from South Carolina
Baseball players from South Carolina
Boston Red Sox players
Elon Phoenix baseball players
High Point-Thomasville Hi-Toms players
Major League Baseball pitchers
People from Cheraw, South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Brewer |
Nopiming Provincial Park is a natural provincial park in Manitoba, Canada, located on the southeast side of the province, along the boundary with Ontario.
The area was designated a provincial park by the Government of Manitoba in 1976. The park is in size. It is considered a Class II protected area under the IUCN protected area management categories. The park preserves areas that are representative of the Lac Seul Upland portion of the Precambrian Boreal Forest natural region.
The park's name comes from the Anishinaabe word noopiming, meaning "in the woods/brush" used in reference to coming off a lake and heading inland. Another translation of Nopiming from the Anishinaabe (Saulteaux) language is "Entrance to the Wilderness".
Description
The area is mostly boreal forest and Canadian Shield with many lakes and rivers. There are a few gravel roads through the park, camping facilities, hiking trails, and a few cottages. The area is very remote and the most southern herd of woodland caribou can be found here. Further to the north is Atikaki Provincial Wilderness Park with no roads. Almost the entire east side of Lake Winnipeg is wilderness, with a few First Nation communities and very few small towns.
Both Booster Lake and Springer Lake are located in Nopiming Provincial Park.
Beresford Lake
Beresford Lake () is in the park. The park has a campground that is made up of 28 sites including a boat launch. The lake is surrounded by boreal forest largely consisting of jack pine, poplar, tamarack, larch, black spruce, and birch. Wildlife present includes black bears and bald eagles. Fishing is a frequent activity, as is boating. The lakes are bordered with granite rock.
Beresford Lake was once the site of a gold mine, the Gunnar gold mine, in 1937.
Film
A film titled Nopiming Provincial Park 2 was made about forestry in the park in 2010. In the video is said "This video is part of the Developing Forest Services project funded by the Academy of Finland (project # 12340). It is intended to create dialogue about forest conflicts and use, and our conception of forests".
See also
List of protected areas of Manitoba
References
External links
Provincial parks of Manitoba
1976 establishments in Manitoba
Parks in Eastman Region, Manitoba
Protected areas of Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopiming%20Provincial%20Park |
KXDF-CD, virtual and VHF digital channel 13, is a low-power, Class A CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. Owned by Atlanta-based Gray Television, it is a sister station to NBC affiliate KTVF (channel 11) and primary MeTV and secondary MyNetworkTV affiliate KFXF-LD (channel 22). The stations share studios on Braddock Street in downtown Fairbanks, while KXDF-CD's transmitter is located northeast of the city on Cranberry Ridge.
History
KXDF-CD signed on the air on August 7, 1996, as K13XD, the area's sixth television station, four months after longtime CBS affiliate KTVF switched to NBC. It was owned by Tanana Valley Television Company alongside Fox affiliate KFXF. Before channel 13 signed on, select CBS programming had been seen on KFXF. The addition of K13XD meant that Fairbanks would finally have a station for each of the four main networks: KATN (ABC), KFXF (Fox), KTVF (NBC), and K13XD (CBS), along with KJNP-TV (TBN) and KUAC-TV (PBS).
In 2000, the station upgraded to a class A license, but retained its translator-style call sign; eventually the station branded with a contraction of its translator call as "KXD". In 2012, the station flash-cut from analog to digital, modifying its call sign to K13XD-D. The call letters were changed to KXDD-CD on November 7, 2016, and to KXDF-CD on December 16, 2016.
On November 8, 2016, Northern Lights Media, the subsidiary of Gray Television that operates Anchorage stations KTUU-TV and KYES-TV, announced that it would buy KXDD-CD, KFXF-LD and KTVF for $8 million in cash, pending FCC approval. The sale was completed on January 13, 2017.
Full-market over-the-air coverage
In addition to its own digital signal, KXDF-CD receives full-market over-the-air coverage via a high definition simulcast on KTVF's third digital subchannel (UHF channel 26.3 or virtual channel 11.3 via PSIP) from a transmitter on the Ester Dome. The simulcast is most likely a direct compensation for how on March 2, 2017, Tanana Valley Television surrendered their license for KFYF (the original full-market over-the-air distributor of the programming of KFXF-LD) back to the FCC, which cancelled it on March 10. Like KTVF does presently, KFYF had simulcast KXDF-CD on a subchannel.
Newscasts
Despite its ownership with KTVF, KXDF-CD continues to maintain a small-scale local news department separate from channel 11, airing two half-hour newscasts on weekdays at 5:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. Under its old ownership, the station's main news theme in the mid to late 2000s was the main menu theme to the 2000 video game Hitman: Codename 47.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
webcenterfairbanks.com
CBS network affiliates
1996 establishments in Alaska
Television channels and stations established in 1996
XDF-CD
XDF
Gray Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXDF-CD |
In 2004, following the popular success and numerous awards and nominations for the cable television series Monk, Varèse Sarabande released an official soundtrack on compact disc.
Containing original music composed and conducted by Jeff Beal, the 36-track album contains tracks from various first-season episodes, a special extended arrangement of the original theme, and one composition written and recorded, but ultimately not contained in an episode. The disc plays for 53:25.
Track listing
Jeff Beal's official website contains a self-proclaimed "obsessively compulsively detailed list" identifying each track's episode and context. This list is reproduced below, albeit with some spelling and typo corrections.
"Monk Theme" (extended version — this is special to the CD) This version features some solo takes Grant played on the theme when we were recording the original (pilot) version, and extra elements from the "Monk" musical palette — vibes, pizzicato strings and some drums. 02:34
"Miming Mr. Monk" (from "Mr. Monk Takes a Vacation"). This was for the end of the episode, where Tony does the whole "wrap up" in pantomime; a little "Monk" silent movie. The gag was a theme in the episode between Tony and his guest star Polly Draper. 01:34
"They're Killing Dr. Gould" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Asylum") Monk and his fellow mental patients recreate the murder of Dr. Gould in the lounge of the asylum. 01:03
"A Clean Apartment" (from Mr. Monk and the Earthquake) This was the last scene of the show, when Monk finally has a clean apartment again. This little jazz tune was first heard in the pilot episode, and was one of the tunes written for a main title theme (before the other one was chosen). 01:16
"Finding The Pebble" (from "Mr. Monk and the Psychic") Monk bolts outside from a reading meeting with Sharona and Dolly, patting himself down. He notices the pebbles in the driveway, which later become a very important clue. 00:58
"Rejection" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Carnival"). Monk, hoping for reinstatement, is rejected by the review panel. 00:40
"Trudy's Theme" (from various episodes). The sound of Trudy, first heard in the pilot episode, when Adrian goes over the crime photos in his apartment. 02:18
"I Think I Smell Gas" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") This is the very first piece of music ever wrote for "Monk." As Monk walks around a crime scene, brilliantly noticing details others miss, he also worries he forgot to turn the gas off back at his apartment. 01:49
"Keys In The Casket" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Monk drops his key ring into the casket at a funeral for the slain bodyguard. He fishes them out from the balcony with dental floss and a paperclip. 02:15
"Lucky Guy" (from Mr. Monk and the Other Woman). This theme actually played twice in the show. Once for the opening scene of the murder in the office of the attorney, and also for the murder of Grayson in the garage of Monk's new flame and possible felon, Monica Waters. 01:30
"Fat Suit Folly" (from "Mr. Monk Meets Dale the Whale"). This was the wrap-up music of the episode. Monk does the recap, while Disher rolls around in the fat suit, unable to get up! 01:43
"Monk Visits The Garage" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Monk goes back to the garage, looking for clues, which triggers a poignant recollection of Trudy's fate. 02:46
"Counting Meters" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Monk walks down a San Francisco street, counting parking meters, and is chased by mysterious car. Even in danger of his life, he still keeps count as best he can. 01:12
"Monk Interrogates Gavin" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Monk questions Gavin about his whereabouts the past few weeks. 01:13
"Remember Me?" (from "Mr. Monk and the Airplane"). Adrian gets up to visit with some of the passengers he suspects, and ends up getting locked inside the aircraft restroom! Claustrophobia and hilarity ensue. 03:05
"There Was A Struggle" (from "Mr. Monk and the Other Woman") Monk "reads" the murder scene at the Attorney's office. 01:43
"Monk Theme" (series version) This is the version most people will recognize from season one. The Emmy won for this was Monks first! 00:51
"Have Fun" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Carnival") Monk and Sharona, trying to "blend in," engage in various carnival activities. 01:05
"Pebbles And Clues" (from "Mr. Monk and the Other Woman") 01:05
"Sharpening Pencils" (from "Mr. Monk and the Red-Headed Stranger") While trying to interrogate Willie Nelson, Adrian becomes obsessed with properly sharpening his pencils. 00:48
"Zen Monk" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Monk "reads" the room from where the assassin shot the Mayor's bodyguard. This theme was used in many subsequent episodes. The musically inclined might notice the use of a whole tone scale, a deliberate musical homage to another Monk — Thelonius! 00:47
"Monk's A Hero" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Adrian emerges triumphantly and exhausted from the sewer. 00:56
"Love These Sneaks" (from "Mr. Monk and the Marathon Man") Monk proudly displays his new running shoes, a gift from the legendary marathon runner (and his idol) Tonday. 02:03
"My Hero" (from "Mr. Monk and the Other Woman") Adrian is smitten by the beautiful (and somewhat "Trudy-like") Monica Waters. 00:56
"On The Beach" (a Monk mystery track) This little variation of the Monk Theme was written for the opening of the "Vacation" episode, but never used. 00:53
"The Final Chase" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Adrian and Sharona venture down into the sewers of San Francisco to catch the killer. 03:49
"Start The Watch" (from "Mr. Monk and the Marathon Man") Monk and Sharona try to recreate the steps (and timetable) of Trevor McDowell. 01:00
"Losing It?" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Asylum") Monk becomes unglued. 00:33
"Monk Escapes" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Asylum") Adrian escapes the "quiet room", eventually ending with a rooftop. 02:32
"Worried Monk" (from "Mr. Monk and the Billionaire Mugger") 01:09
"Restaging The Murder" (from "Mr. Monk and the Candidate") Adrian recreates the assassination of the bodyguard. This music was also used as the end title of the pilot. 01:48
"Running Away" (from "Mr. Monk and the Billionaire Mugger") Monk, Sharona and "Fraidy Cop" run away from Monk's former client (who has finally paid Monk for his services). 00:54
"Finding, Looking" (from "Mr. Monk Takes A Vacation"). Adrian is sure the Maids are guilty, but he's running out of time. He and Sharona look for a clue. 01:07
"Back Safe At Home" (from "Mr. Monk Goes to the Asylum"). Adrian says goodnight to Sharona on the phone — this time he's in the right apartment. 01:03
"The Kiss" (from "Mr. Monk and the Other Woman") Monica kissed Adrian goodbye, and he doesn't even wipe it off for germs! 01:08
"Monk Theme"' (pilot version) 01:19
Credits
Composer: Jeff Beal
Producer: Jeff Beal
Executive Producer: Robert Townson
Music Editors: Helena Lea (pilot) and Jeff Wolpert (series, season one)
Master: Erick Labson
"Monk Theme" performed by Grant Geissman (guitar) and Jeff Beal.
Recorded and Mixed by Jeff Beal at Many Rooms Music, California.
Special Thanks: Dean Parisot, Rob Thompson, Jackie de Crinis, Todd Sharp, Judith Marlan, Fern Field, Nancy Mullins, Helena Lea, Robert Messinger, Andy Breckman, David Hoberman and Tony Shalhoub.
Score published by USA Network, LLC/BMI.
External links
http://www.jeffbeal.com/works/films/monk.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20060902041047/http://www.usanetwork.com/series/monk/theshow/music/music.html
http://www.usanetwork.com/series/monk/theshow/soundtrack/soundtrack.html
Television soundtracks
Monk (TV series)
2004 soundtrack albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%20%28soundtrack%29 |
New York State Route 324 (NY 324) is an east–west state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States. Officially, NY 324 begins at NY 384 in Niagara Falls and overlaps Interstate 190 (I-190, the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) south to Grand Island, where it separates from I-190 and continues southward as Grand Island Boulevard. As signed, however, NY 324 begins at the southern end of the official overlap and is contained entirely within Erie County. At the southern edge of Grand Island, NY 324 joins I-190 to cross over to the mainland, where it runs due east across three towns before reaching its eastern end at a junction with NY 5 in the town of Clarence.
NY 324 is known by two names along its routing: Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and Sheridan Drive in the northern suburbs of Buffalo. As the latter, the route serves as a major commercial strip for Tonawanda, Amherst, and Clarence. NY 324, assigned , is one of two routes to occupy part of Sheridan Drive; the other is New York State Route 325, which follows the westernmost of the street. NY 324 once extended northwest to downtown Niagara Falls; however, it was truncated to its current western terminus on January 1, 1962.
Route description
According to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), NY 324 begins at NY 384 in eastern Niagara Falls. NY 324 heads south, overlapping with I-190 (the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) across the North Grand Island Bridge to Grand Island, where it leaves the expressway at exit 20. However, as signed, NY 324 begins at the north end of Grand Island, where it splits off from the Interstate Highway as Grand Island Boulevard. South of exit 20, the official and signed routings are identical.
Maintenance of the route is split between NYSDOT, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA), and Erie County. All but the northernmost of the portion of the route that overlaps with I-190 is maintained by NYSTA. The two county-maintained sections extend from exit 20B to Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and from exit 15 to Grand Island Boulevard in Tonawanda, where NY 324 utilizes small portions of the county-owned Long Road and Kenmore Avenue, respectively. The remainder of NY 324 is maintained by NYSDOT.
From I-190 exit 20, NY 324 runs in a more southeasterly direction, serving as the main commercial strip on Grand Island, before it overlaps I-190 in order to cross the Niagara River. Once on the mainland, the structure of exits on I-190 allows only the westbound portion of NY 325 to use Grand Island Boulevard west of I-190's exit 15, following Grand Island Boulevard past the exit to an intersection with NY 266, then turning right to follow it to exit 17 to merge with I-190. The eastbound route of NY 324 is unable to do so; instead, it parts company with the Interstate Highway on the other side of the river at exit 15, where it turns north to parallel I-190 on Kenmore Avenue. The eastbound portion of Grand Island Boulevard on this stretch is maintained as reference route 950C. After , it veers east onto Tonawanda's portion of Grand Island Boulevard for to a junction with Sheridan Drive. The latter carries NY 325, a route that begins at NY 266 on the banks of the Niagara and passes through a commercial and industrial area of the town of Tonawanda. NY 324 takes on the Sheridan Drive name here and assumes a more due easterly course across northern Erie County. Though the street is signed as a state highway on both NY 324 and NY 325, most residents simply refer to this road by its local name.
Through much of this portion, the road is divided, with a tree-lined median strip. Businesses, both local and national, line both sides of the road and traffic is heavy. It crosses some other major strips such as Niagara Falls Boulevard (U.S. Route 62 or US 62), a major contributor to traffic on Sheridan due to the proximity of the Boulevard Mall, and Millersport Highway (NY 263), which feeds the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo. In Amherst it meets the Youngmann Expressway (I-290) where NY 240 (Harlem Road), reaches its northern end. Past the Youngmann development abates, green returns to the roadside and the median ends, although the road remains four-lane and high-volume. There is another pocket of development around the Wegmans supermarket north of Williamsville, which has seen some rapid growth in the last few years.
NY 324 crosses its last major route, Transit Road (NY 78), on an overpass just north of the once-thriving Eastern Hills Mall, which had been the premier mall in the Buffalo area until it began losing tenants and customers to the larger Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga. Beyond Transit, the road is still four-lane but primarily residential as it enters the Town of Clarence. After Harris Hill Road, the highway bends to the southeast once again for a final mile into its eastern end at Main Street (NY 5). This last section was widened from two lanes to four in the mid-1990s, and has seen some development but still remains lightly trafficked most of the day.
History
Sheridan Drive was constructed during the early 1920s as a town of Tonawanda project to help alleviate the anticipated growth of the village of Kenmore. Despite its construction, the new road was not without controversy. During construction, new traffic lights were put in with concrete supports were opposed heavily by the town of Tonawanda and its residents, resulting in the traffic lights not having been built for many years. The town also felt that the construction of a superhighway in the middle of the country in Tonawanda was unjustified with the average traffic in that area. After construction of Sheridan Drive was completed in 1925, a monument with a statue of General Phillip Sheridan was constructed to commemorate the new road. However, the taxpayers feeling enough money had already been spent on the road, the statue of Sheridan was never constructed and only the monument to the road's construction was completed. In order to give the road a new look, the road had large trees planted throughout what was considered a desolate area at the time.
Due to an archaic law in Erie County, the town of Tonawanda and the town of Amherst, who completed the road in 1925, were requested in 1935 to take over $2 million (1935 USD) in debts bonded for its construction. The county noted that the towns' inability to pay for the road made the new road a financial burden for the county. To make things worse, the new road did not bring the immediate influx of business that was advertised and was looking early on as a giant mistake on the part of the county and towns.
When NY 324 was assigned , it began at NY 384 (River Road; now NY 266) in the town of Tonawanda and followed Sheridan Drive eastward to NY 5 in the town of Clarence. By 1935, what is now NY 324 between Niagara Falls and Tonawanda via Grand Island was designated as NY 325. NY 324 was extended northward to NY 384 in Niagara Falls , supplanting the entirety of NY 325. The NY 325 designation was reassigned to the short piece of Sheridan Drive not designated as NY 324. The route was extended one final time by 1948 to follow NY 384 westward from the North Grand Island Bridge into downtown Niagara Falls.
NY 324 remained unchanged until January 1, 1962, when the overlap with NY 384 was removed. Although the overlap with the new I-190 on the North Grand Island Bridge was also removed from maps during the same period, and is no longer signed, this overlap was never officially removed from either NYSDOT's description of the route or the annual NYSDOT Traffic Data Report.
Major intersections
See also
Bibliography
References
External links
Transportation in Erie County, New York
Transportation in Niagara Falls, New York
324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20324 |
"I Can't Read" is a song written by David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels for Tin Machine on their debut album in 1989. The song was subsequently re-recorded by Bowie and Gabrels together in 1997, and performed live during Bowie's concerts in the late 1990s.
Background
Bowie described the song as "full of remorse and agony, I expect, it's when jobs go wrong, and home doesn't really feel warm any more, and you don't need anybody - you don't even pretend you do - and you end up in this kind of state."
Bowie recorded two new versions of the song in 1997, one for the film The Ice Storm and a different version for inclusion on his album Earthling (1997), although this latter version was not released outside of this single until its inclusion on Is It Any Wonder? (2020). The Ice Storm version was released as a single in Germany and Scandinavia by Velvel Records in December 1997. In January 1998 it was also released in Australia by Shock Records under exclusive license from Velvel Records. The single stayed in the UK Top 200 for 3 weeks, peaking at No. 73.
Track listing
1997 Single / Soundtrack version
The 1997 single contained both of Bowie's re-recorded versions of the song. The "short version" was included on the soundtrack to "The Ice Storm" and the "long version" wouldn't appear anywhere else until 2020's EP Is It Any Wonder?
CD: Velvel / ZYX 8757-8 (Germany)
"I Can't Read" (Short Version) (Bowie, Gabrels) – 4:40
"I Can't Read" (Long Version) (Bowie, Gabrels) – 5:30
"This Is Not America" (Bowie, Metheny) – 3:48
2020 Is It Any Wonder? version
"I Can't Read '97" (Bowie, Gabrels) - 5:27
Live versions
A performance from 25 June 1989 was released on the 12" and CD version of the single "Tin Machine" (1989). Another live version recorded during Tin Machine's 1991 It's My Life Tour was released on the live album Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby (1992), and a final version recorded in 1999 by Bowie and Gabrels, but without the other members of Tin Machine, was released on VH1 Storytellers (2009).
Charts
Cover versions
Tim Bowness and Samuel Smiles - Diamond Gods: Interpretations of Bowie (2001)
References
1989 songs
1997 singles
David Bowie songs
Music videos directed by Tim Pope
Songs written by David Bowie
Songs written by Reeves Gabrels
Tin Machine songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%27t%20Read |
The World of Outlaws (often abbreviated WoO) is an American motorsports sanctioning body. The body sanctions two major national touring series. It is best known for sanctioning the World of Outlaws Sprint Car Series and the World of Outlaws Late Model Series. These dirt track racing series are owned and operated by World Racing Group. The Sprint Car Series is sponsored by Monster Beverage's NOS Energy Drink and beginning in 2022 the Late Model Series will be sponsored by Case Construction Equipment.
World of Outlaws Sprint Car Series
The body sanctions a national tour of high power to weight, custom fabricated sprint cars called the World of Outlaws NOS Energy Drink Sprint Car Series. The race cars feature large adjustable wings on the top and large rear tires that transfer their power to the dirt tracks they race on. The series travels primarily the United States, but has sanctioned races in Canada, Mexico and Australia. The title sponsor is NOS Energy Drink.
The series was founded in 1978 by Ted Johnson, a former midget racer from Madison, Wisconsin. At the time sprint car racing in the United States lacked a true national series. Johnson organized the World of Outlaws sanctioning body and established a national schedule, a set of rules and a points system to crown a champion of his series.
In 2003, Johnson sold the series to Boundless Motor Sports Racing, later renamed Dirt Motorsports and currently World Racing Group. In 2004, the subscription-based streaming service DIRTVision was founded. It originally offered radio broadcasts of all races, and added video streaming to select races, until reaching the full calendar in 2018. Select races are broadcast on delay nationally on the CBS Sports Network with MavTV showing the Knoxville Nationals since 2013. Previous broadcasters include The Nashville Network and Speed Channel shown live or on delay.
Sprint car specifications
A WoO Sprint Car must weigh at least 1,425 pounds (646kg) with the driver in the car. The mandated 410-cubic inch engine (6.7 litre) produces over 900 horsepower, uses mechanical fuel injection and must run on methanol fuel. The series' specification tire manufacturer Continental AG works with the World of Outlaws to designate legal tire compounds for a circuit among different compounds available to competitors, as the tire must suitably respond to the track surface. Continental technicians will reject certain compounds at certain circuits if they are unfit for the surface or may provide an unfair advantage. The series' cars have a large top mounted wing with sideboards that face opposite directions to help produce a great amount of downforce to help the car turn and maximize grip, both in the corners and on the straightaways. The cars also have smaller wings on the nose to provide more downforce to the front wheels.
Sprint cars use "quick change" rear ends. This allows the teams to quickly change the gear ratio for different size tracks. Most cars use a torsion bar suspension system. Different size bars either soften or stiffen the suspension. Torsion bars, and specialty shock absorbers are the key ingredients in the handling of sprint cars. That coupled with the wings, tire stagger, light weight, and enormous horsepower make these cars some of the fastest race cars in the world. The monstrous power-to-weight ratios of Sprint Cars can exceed that of Formula 1 cars in the right circumstances.
Sprint Cars have a very distinct stance since they have two very different sized rear tires. The right rear tire on a sprint car is 105 inches in circumference. In contrast, the left rear tire is only between 90 and 98 inches in circumference, depending on the track size and conditions. The difference in the tire sizes is called stagger. The more stagger the car has, the sharper the car can turn, but at the expense of straight line speed.
Sprint cars do not have starters, so push trucks are used to push the cars to start the engines. Sprint Cars only have an in/out direct drive with a fixed gear ratio, no reverse gear and no clutch.
Typical race night program
Motor Heat & Wheel pack
Hot laps (practice laps)
Time trials (time trials or qualifying, usually two laps with the fastest lap being the qualifying time)
Heat races (set based on qualifying time)
Toyota Dash (sets the top three or four rows of the fastest cars for the A-main)
Last Chance Showdown (B-Main, C-Main or D-Main depending on car count)
Feature (A-Main, which can be anywhere from 25 to 55 laps)
Past Champions
Source:
Top 25 all-time A-Feature winners
Note: Includes all full-field preliminary race wins.
Those with a yellow background indicates Knoxville National winners.
Updated August 31, 2022.
World of Outlaws Kevin Gobrecht Rookie of the Year
Source:
Popular Events
Here is a list of top paying and more popular race events each year. Most are two days or more.
Final night features are usually based on points earned on the previous night's races.
An asterisk marks single-day events where the entire program is run on one day.
Notable drivers who have raced with the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars Series
Late Model Series
Operating since 2004, the Late Model Series is a racing championship series for late models.
References
External links
World of Outlaws official website
Auto racing series in the United States
Auto racing series in Canada
Dirt track racing in the United States
Open wheel racing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Outlaws |
Shane John Russell (born 4 March 1965) known as Dwayne Russell is a former professional Australian rules footballer and currently a commentator of the sport.
Born in Adelaide, Russell made his senior football debut as a sixteen-year-old in 1981 for Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), eventually becoming Port Adelaide's vice-captain, before crossing over to Victorian Football League (VFL) club Geelong in 1987. Russell played 50 games, kicking 51 goals for Geelong until he left the club at the end of the 1991 AFL season.
Russell initially considered returning to Port Adelaide to finish his career but instead coached in country Victoria for a few years before retiring from football.
Sports journalism
Russell unsuccessfully applied for a journalism cadetship in Adelaide in 1984 before starting a journalism career in Geelong in 1989. Russell became a full-time sports journalist with The Age in 1997. Covering the major sporting events of Melbourne, Russell built up a serviceable record as the number four sports writer at The Age. Following this success he was moved full-time to the paper's coverage of the AFL in 1999, including a stint as the writer for The Sunday Age Sport section in the mid-2000s.
He also joined 95.5 K-Rock in Geelong as Sports Presenter in their news updates in the "Big Mattress" breakfast show. Soon, he also co-hosted a sport/comedy segment called "On The Bench" with ex-Geelong player Billy Brownless and the Essendon fanatic "Ferret" (Russell Taylor), twice a week. A long list of Geelong players were included in "On The Bench" as special guests including Barry Stoneham, Tim McGrath and Paul Couch.
Football commentary
In 2002 Channel Nine gave Russell the main caller's role for Sunday afternoon AFL matches before being promoted to the network's calling team for Friday night matches in 2006.
His other main occupation this time was as co-host of radio station 3AW's top-rating drive-time sports show, Sports Today with Gerard Healy, a role he departed in late 2019.
After leaving the Nine Network, Russell received a contract with Fox Sports to call two weekly AFL matches for the Pay-TV provider for the 2007 AFL season and beyond, under the new AFL TV Rights Deal, of which Fox Sports covered four games weekly during the home and away season. In 2012, Russell moved to the newly relaunched Fox Footy which showed every game but covered 5 or 6 games each week.
In 2012, Russell joined the Friday night 3AW football team while continuing to host Sports Today for the station.
In 2019 Russell left 3AW to join SEN as host of its afternoon program and a football caller.
Commentary in other sports
Russell expanded his work with Fox Sports by becoming a basketball commentator in Fox's coverage of the 2009/10 National Basketball League (NBL) season. Additionally, he also provided commentary on Fox's coverage of the 2011 Australian Open tennis tournament.
References
External links
Profile at 3AW
1965 births
Australian rules football commentators
Geelong Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Australian rules footballers from Adelaide
Living people
South Australian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne%20Russell |
A rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes.
Rhizome may also refer to:
Rhizome (philosophy), a concept in the philosophies of Deleuze and Guattari
Rhizomatic learning
Rhizome (organization), an American not-for-profit arts organization
See also
Rhizoid, protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae
Mycorrhiza, a mutual symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant
Rizome, a fictional corporation in the novel Islands in the Net | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Rusk Rehabilitation is the world's first and among the largest university-affiliated academic centers devoted entirely to inpatient/outpatient care, research, and training in rehabilitation medicine for both adults and pediatric patients. The system is part of the NYU Langone Medical Center and operated under the auspices of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the New York University School of Medicine. The Rusk Institute is named in honor of its founder, Howard A. Rusk.
The Rusk Institute has been voted the best rehabilitation hospital in New York and among the top ten in the country since 1989, when U.S. News & World Report introduced its annual "Best Hospitals" rankings.
Steven Flanagan is the chairman of rehabilitation medicine and medical director of the Rusk Institute.
History
Dr. Howard A. Rusk founded the Institute for Rehabilitation Medicine in 1948. His experience treating wounded soldiers during World War II led him to develop the institute around the philosophy that the patients are to be cared for as an entire person, not only the physical disability or illness. In 1984, the institute was renamed so in his honor.
Facilities
Rusk is based out of its wing of the NYU Langone Main Campus, but additionally provides rehabilitation services at three other main locations and nearly a dozen other satellite locations:
Langone Orthopedic Hospital at 301 East 17th Street (inpatient adult rehab and inpatient and outpatient pediatric rehab)
Ambulatory Care Center at 240 East 38th Street (outpatient adult rehab)
Langone Orthopedic Center at 333 East 38th Street (outpatient adult orthopedic/musculoskeletal rehab)
See also
The New York Foundation
Muriel Zimmerman
References
External links
Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine official website
Alcohol and Drugs Recovery Center
New York University research institutes
Kips Bay, Manhattan
Rehabilitation hospitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%20Institute%20of%20Rehabilitation%20Medicine |
Northwestern High School may refer to:
Miami Northwestern Senior High School in Miami, Florida
Northwestern High School, in Sciota, Illinois, which was consolidated into West Prairie High School
Northwestern High School (Indiana) in Kokomo, Indiana
Northwestern High School (Baltimore) in Baltimore, Maryland
Northwestern High School (Hyattsville, Maryland) in Hyattsville, Maryland
Northwestern High School (Michigan) in Detroit, Michigan
Flint Northwestern High School in Flint, Michigan
Northwestern High School in Mendon, Missouri
Northwestern High School (Springfield, Ohio) in Springfield, Ohio
Northwestern High School (West Salem, Ohio) in West Salem, Ohio
Northwestern Senior High School (Pennsylvania) in Albion, Pennsylvania
Northwestern High School (Rock Hill, South Carolina) in Rock Hill, South Carolina
Northwestern High School (Wisconsin) in Maple, Wisconsin
See also
Northwest High School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20High%20School |
A rhizome is a concept in post-structuralism describing a nonlinear network that "connects any point to any other point". It appears in the work of French theorists Deleuze and Guattari, who used the term in their book A Thousand Plateaus to refer to networks that establish "connections between semiotic chains, organizations of power, and circumstances relative to the arts, sciences and social struggles" with no apparent order or coherency. A rhizome is purely a network of multiplicities that are not arborescent (tree-like, or hierarchical, e.g. the idea of hypertext in literary theory) with properties similar to lattices. Deleuze referred to it as extending from his concept of an "image of thought" that he had previously discussed in Difference and Repetition.
As a mode of knowledge and model for society
Deleuze and Guattari use the terms "rhizome" and "rhizomatic" (from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα, rhízōma, "mass of roots") to describe theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. In A Thousand Plateaus, they place it in opposition to an arborescent (hierarchic, tree-like) use of concepts, which works with dualist categories and binary choices. A rhizome works with planar and trans-species connections, while an arborescent model works with vertical and linear connections. Their use of the "orchid and the wasp" is taken from the biological concept of mutualism, in which two different species interact together to form a multiplicity (i.e. a unity that is multiple in itself). Hybridization and horizontal gene transfer are also rhizomatic in this sense.
Rather than narrativize history and culture, the rhizome presents history and culture as a map or wide array of attractions and influences with no specific origin or genesis, for a "rhizome has no beginning or end; it is always in the middle, between things, interbeing, intermezzo." The planar movement of the rhizome resists chronology and organization, instead favoring a nomadic system of growth and propagation.
In a rhizome, "culture spreads like the surface of a body of water, spreading towards available spaces or trickling downwards towards new spaces through fissures and gaps, eroding what is in its way. The surface can be interrupted and moved, but these disturbances leave no trace, as the water is charged with pressure and potential to always seek its equilibrium, and thereby establish smooth space."
Principles
Deleuze and Guattari introduce A Thousand Plateaus by outlining the concept of the rhizome (quoted from A Thousand Plateaus):
1 and 2. Principles of connection and heterogeneity: "...any point of a rhizome can be connected to any other, and must be";
3. Principle of multiplicity: it is only when the multiple is effectively treated as a substantive, "multiplicity", that it ceases to have any relation to the One;
4. Principle of asignifying rupture: a rhizome may be broken, but it will start up again on one of its old lines, or on new lines;
5 and 6. Principles of cartography and decalcomania: a rhizome is not amenable to any structural or generative model; it is a "map and not a tracing". They elaborate in the same section, "What distinguishes the map from the tracing is that it is entirely oriented toward an experimentation in contact with the real."
Arborescent
Arborescent () refers to the shape and structure of a tree. The postmodern philosophers Deleuze and Guattari used the term to characterize a certain type of thinking, exemplified by the western scientific model, where knowledge emanates from a single stem and ends in predetermined 'fruits'. The concept suggests a linear progress towards the truth, which they condemned as both unrealistic and stultifying to the imagination. It is contrasted with 'rhizomatic' thinking, which is open ended, has no central structure, and is constantly changing.
Arborescent thinking is marked by insistence on totalizing principles, binarism, and dualism. The term, first used (in western philosophy) in A Thousand Plateaus (1980) where it was opposed to the rhizome, comes from the way genealogy trees are drawn: unidirectional progress which enforces a dualist metaphysical conception, criticized by Deleuze.
Rhizomes, on the contrary, mark a horizontal and non-hierarchical conception, where anything may be linked to anything else, with no respect whatsoever for specific species: rhizomes are heterogeneous links between things. For example, Deleuze and Guattari linked together desire and machines to create the concept of desiring machines). Horizontal gene transfer is also an example of rhizomes, opposed to the arborescent evolutionism theory.
Deleuze also criticizes the generativism of Noam Chomsky, which he considers a perfect example of arborescent dualistic theory.
See also
References
Sources
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
Guattari, Félix. 1995. Chaosophy. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
---. 1996. Soft Subversions. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
External links
Rhizomes – Cultural Studies Online Journal.
Power of Networks – RSA Animate video on the "Power of Networks" by Manuel Lima (juxtaposes the tree vs. network approach).
Social networks
Social theories
Literary concepts
Philosophical analogies
Postmodern theory
Félix Guattari
Gilles Deleuze | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome%20%28philosophy%29 |
Archduke Charles of Austria most commonly refers to Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (1771–1847).
The title may also refer to:
Archduke Carl Christian of Austria (born 1954)
Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1649–1664)
Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria (1860–1933)
Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria (1888–1951)
Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria (1818–1874)
Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria (1833–1896)
Archduke Karl of Austria-Este (1785–1809)
Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1909–1953)
Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria (1839–1892)
Charles I of Austria (1887–1922)
Charles II, Archduke of Austria (1540–1590)
Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw (1590–1624)
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–1740)
Charles, Infante of Spain and Archduke of Austria (1607–1632)
Karl Habsburg-Lothringen (born 1961), current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke%20Charles%20of%20Austria%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Geraldton is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
Geraldton was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 colonial election. The district is based on the eponymous regional city.
Labor held throughout most of the twentieth century, Geraldton has since become a seat that has changed hands regularly in the last two decades.
Geography
The district has always been based on the regional coastal city of Geraldton. Electoral reform ahead of the 2008 state election necessitated an increase in the district's enrolment and thus an expansion of its boundaries, as it did for all non-metropolitan districts. This means the district now includes all outlying suburbs of the city, as well as adjacent rural areas. The district's current boundaries are identical with the former City of Geraldton-Greenough, itself a newly formed local government area.
History
Geraldton changed hands frequently between different members and parties during the early history of the seat in the late 19th and early 20th century. After 1914 however, the seat was held by the Labor Party for all but three of the next 77 years. The seat's longest serving and most famous member was John Willcock, member from 1917 to 1947 and Premier of Western Australia from 1936 to 1945.
A fairly safe to safe Labor seat for much of the 20th century, it became somewhat less safe for Labor in the 1980s. The resignation of Labor member Jeff Carr following his sacking as minister in 1991 triggered a by-election that was won by the Liberal Party's Bob Bloffwitch, the seat's first non-Labor member in more than four decades. Bloffwitch held the seat at the subsequent 1993 state election, when the Liberal Party won government. The seat changed hands with the next change of government at the 2001 state election when Labor candidate Shane Hill was elected. Hill held the seat for two terms before Liberal Ian Blayney won it with a change of government at the 2008 state election. In fact the redistribution prior to that election had turned the seat into a notionally Liberal seat.
In 2013, Blayney seemingly consolidated his hold on the seat with Labor falling to third place behind the National Party. Blayney's margin was enough for him to narrowly overcome one of the biggest swings amid Labor's decisive victory at the subsequent election in 2017, with Labor's Lara Dalton paring back his margin from a seemingly insurmountable 22.8 percent to an extremely marginal 1.3 percent. Blayney's victory marked only the second time since World War I (Bloffwitch's 1991 by-election win being the first) that Labor had been in government without holding Geraldton. Blayney defected to the Nationals in 2019, but was heavily defeated by Dalton in 2021. Dalton actually won enough votes on the first count to take the seat outright.
Members for Geraldton
Election results
References
External links
Geraldton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Geraldton |
Julieanne Newbould (born 1957) is an Australian actress who first came to prominence in the 1970s.
Newbould was 16 years old when she played Karen in the 1974 ABC telemovie Lindsay’s Boy. She then worked in several television series for the Grundy Organisation, and in 1977 played a guest role in the soap opera, The Young Doctors, and then became a popular original cast member of The Restless Years. This series started in late 1977 and Newbould left in early 1979. She later played two roles in another Grundy series, Prisoner. She appeared first in 1982 as Hannah Simpson and then 1986 as Wendy Glover. She was also a regular in the soap opera, E Street, First Appeared on E-street in 1989 as a court lawyer then later on played Virginia Travis in 1991. Her character was the first victim of "Mr Bad", in a serial-killer storyline.
Television roles
Newbould's other TV credits include Number 96 (in 1977), Homicide, Division 4, Matlock Police, Bluey, Kingswood Country, The Flying Doctors, All Saints, Farscape, Home and Away, White Collar Blue, and The Cut.
Theatre
Newbould's theatre credits include Nicholas Nickleby (Sydney Theatre Company), Tribute (Theatre Royal), Gypsy (Queensland Theatre Company) and On our Selection (Nimrod).
Personal
Since 1999, her partner has been former Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating. She has been married and has two daughters from that relationship.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian stage actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieanne%20Newbould |
Randhir Singh (16 August 1957 – 8 March 2023) was an Indian cricketer who played two One Day Internationals for India against England and West Indies in 1981 and 1983. He was born in Delhi and died in Jamshedpur, aged 65.
References
1957 births
2023 deaths
Indian cricketers
Cricketers from Delhi
India One Day International cricketers
East Zone cricketers
Odisha cricketers
Bihar cricketers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randhir%20Singh%20%28cricketer%29 |
KQHT (96.1 FM, "96.1 The Fox") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format serving Grand Forks, North Dakota, that is licensed to Crookston, Minnesota. It began broadcasting in 1985. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. KQHT primarily competes with Leighton Broadcasting's classic rock 1590 KGFK/95.7 K239BG/97.5 K248DH "Rock 95."
KQHT also broadcasts University of North Dakota men's ice hockey and football games as the flagship station, while sister station KSNR broadcasts University of North Dakota men's and women's basketball home games, and sister station KKXL-AM broadcasts University of North Dakota women's ice hockey.
Programming
In addition to its music programming, the station broadcasts play-by-play coverage of University of North Dakota football and men's hockey games. KQHT also broadcasts Premiere Networks' Casey Kasem's American Top 40 on Sunday mornings.
History
The station began life in 1985 as KLZC, and become KQHT in 1986. KQHT began as a Top 40 station in 1986 as "Magic 96" competing with XL93 (KKXL-FM/92.9). In 1998 it changed to an adult contemporary format. It renamed itself "KQ96" in 1996, and "Mix 96.1" in 1998. In the late 1980s, the on-air talent included Ross Holland (Fast Eddie Fingers) Program Manager, Steve Gunner (future Program Manager), Rick Acker, Tim Burns, and Ron Phillips (The Iceman). During that early 1990s battle with XL93, there were personalities like Magic Mark & Paul Braun, Josh Jones, Shelley Carr, "Smilin'" Wade Williams, "Jammin" Jay Murphy, Denny "Crash" Shields, Michael Knight (Mike Cruise), Pat Ebertz, Bobby Brady, Minimum Wage Mike, Harry Callahan, Kim Cooley, Jack Hammer, and Nick Logan.
In 2000, Clear Channel bought KQHT and several other radio stations in Grand Forks. KQHT changed its format to classic hits (a hybrid of classic rock and oldies music formats) calling itself as "96.1 The Fox". Clear Channel also got a contract with the University of North Dakota to broadcast Fighting Sioux basketball, hockey, and football games. Hockey and football games are broadcast on KQHT while basketball games are aired on sister station KSNR 100.3. The slogan was changed from "Classic Hits" to "World Class Rock" in 2004, and programming evolved towards a broad-based classic rock format. The station shifted to an updated classic hits version of the KSNR "Kool 100.3" Oldies format after KSNR changed from oldies to country in 2005. When competitor KNOX-FM/94.7 changed from classic country to classic rock in 2007, The Fox shifted back to a classic rock format. KQHT "96.1 The Fox" switched back to classic hits in 2010, with the "Your Station for the Classics" slogan, after KNOX-FM/94.7 changed from classic rock to Top 40 (CHR) as KZGF "Z94.7" to compete with sister station heritage Top 40 (CHR) KKXL-FM/92.9 "XL93".
References
External links
96.1 The Fox official website
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations in Minnesota
Radio stations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Minnesota
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQHT |
Stuart Cameron Carruthers (born 31 March 1970 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a former field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the Men's National Hockey Team that won the bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He now plays for the Essendon 50+ Masters team.
His wife is Lisa Powell-Carruthers and his sister-in-law is Katrina Powell.
References
Australian Olympic Committee
sports-reference
External links
1970 births
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from Melbourne
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
20th-century Australian people
Sportsmen from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Carruthers |
The Stanford Solar Car Project (SSCP) is a student group at Stanford University that designs, builds, tests, and races solar-powered vehicles. The SSCP, a student-run, donation-funded organization, has been building and racing solar-powered vehicles since 1986. It has competed and placed at The World Solar Challenge, the Global Green Challenge, and American Solar Challenge.
The Stanford Solar Car Project has historically prided itself on being a completely student-run project. There is no faculty involvement at a managerial or technical level; faculty involvement is limited to advocacy and fundraising.
The project is open to Stanford students in all fields of study and seeks to educate groups on and off campus about applied engineering and renewable energy. The project works at the Volkswagen Automotive Innovation Lab, a building shared with the Stanford DARPA Grand Challenge team, the Dynamic Design Lab, and other automotive research groups. However, work on the car continues at all times during the week, especially in the weeks and months leading up to a race.
The project's newest vehicle, Azimuth, is currently in development for the 2022-2023 season and is expected to be finished in late 2022.
Past cars
The Stanford Solar Car Project has a long history of designing and racing innovative solar-powered race cars. Past cars include SUnSUrfer, SUnBurner, AfterBurner, AfterBurner II, Third Degree Burner, BackBurner (an alumni project), Back 2 Back Burner, Solstice, Equinox, Apogee, Xenith, Luminos, and Arctan.
Apogee
The team's ninth car, Apogee, placed 4th in its class and 10th overall at the 2009 Global Green Challenge in Australia, 4th overall in the 2010 American Solar Challenge, and 10th in its class at the World Solar Challenge 2009.
Xenith
Xenith, the team's tenth car, was unveiled on August 11, 2011 and placed 11th at the World Solar Challenge 2011. Xenith is a 375-pound vehicle that is powered entirely by the sun. Xenith features a three-wheel steering system, glass encapsulated solar panels, and a high-efficiency electric motor. It has a 4-inch thin chassis made of carbon fiber composites, titanium, and aluminum. The vehicle's two front wheels are controlled by a normal rack and pinion steering wheel, and the rear wheel is controlled by a linear actuator. The vehicle can travel at 55-60 mph under sun power alone, and it can reach higher speeds when using the reserve battery pack. The vehicle is the first solar-powered car to use flexible glass for panel encapsulation. The ultra-high-efficiency silicon panels use prototype glass from Corning and cells from SunPower. The team used a custom 98% efficient motor for the vehicle. An in house developed software program allows the team to model sunlight and shadows during the race in order to plan race strategies.
Luminos
Luminos, the team's eleventh car, was unveiled in the summer of 2013. It placed 4th in the Challenger class of the World Solar Challenge 2013, the best finish by an undergraduate team. Luminos was the team's most successful vehicle to date, proving sturdy and reliable with 10,000 safe miles successfully logged.
Arctan
Arctan, the team's twelfth car, was unveiled in July 2015. It placed 6th in the Challenger class at the 2015 World Solar Challenge. Arctan was built with the intention of being a slightly more aggressive improvement on the 2013 car, with a more aerodynamically efficient design without compromising on robustness. Arctan logged even more safe test drive miles than Luminos before it and finished the race 50% closer to the top team than in 2013.
Sundae
Sundae, the team's thirteenth car, was unveiled in July 2017. It placed 9th in the Challenger class at the 2017 World Solar Challenge out of 12 teams. The car was significantly smaller, being built in accordance with the new rules for the 2017 World Solar Challenge, which only allowed for four square meters of silicon solar cells. There were more aggressive aerobody optimizations applied compared to what had been done in the past.
Black Mamba
Black Mamba was the team's fourteenth car, developed for the 2019 racing season, and utilized a sleeker, more aerodynamic design. During the 2019 World Solar Challenge, Black Mamba suffered a battery fire. The driver was able to escape and the burning battery was pulled from the frame of the car, leaving hopes that Black Mamba may be repairable for future events.
See also
Battery electric vehicle
Solar car racing
Solar cell
Composite material
List of solar car teams
References
"Stanford solar car on display before big race, " mercurynews.com, August 9, 2011
"Powered by the sun and Stanford ingenuity" news.stanford.edu, August 10, 2011
Stanford team readies solar car for Aussie Race, wired.com, August 25, 2009
Sun Racers, Popular Science, August 1990, p. 49 et seq.
The automobile and the environment, Maxine A. Rock, Chelsea House Publishers, 1992,
Speed of light: the 1996 World Solar Challenge, Photovoltaics Special Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 1997,
Batteries Included, Popular Science, June 2004, p. 50
External links
Stanford Solar Car Project
World Solar Challenge
Volkswagen Automotive Innovation Lab
Stanford University student organizations
Solar car racing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Solar%20Car%20Project |
The Round House is a cylindrical, wood-frame residential building at 36 Atherton Street in the Spring Hill neighbourhood of Somerville, Massachusetts, United States. It was built in 1856 by hardware manufacturer Enoch Robinson, and is considered an offshoot of the octagon house-style popularized by phrenologist Orson Fowler.
The exterior of the Round House features two flush stories, with a third stepped back behind a series of battlements and embrasures. Inside, the three-story structure contains a central rotunda topped with a glass skylight, with interconnected rooms branching off on each level. There are four rooms on the first floor, six rooms on the second floor and another four rooms on the third floor.
History
The home was vacant by 1970 however during a 1986 restoration program, students from Boston's North Bennet Street School did a small amount of work renovating the exterior, but the project fell apart and the house remained in a state of decay.
Historic Massachusetts (now Preservation MASS) placed the building on its list of Endangered Historic Resources for 1997.
In the early 2000s, the privately owned house was unoccupied, its windows removed to the interior of the house, and the openings were covered with plywood. Its ornamentation was largely removed, and all of the ceilings were severely damaged from water.
By April, 2007, the Round House had been purchased by a local man who is also president of a general contracting firm. Signs placed on the property in early January 2008 advertised nearby Diamond Edge Construction, and the thick brush filling the yard was largely removed. According to a letter from Brandon Wilson, executive director of the Somerville Historic Preservation Commission, the building and property would be completely restored and would function as a single family residence when complete.
References
Further reading
Letter from Brandon Wilson, Director of the Somerville Historic Preservation Commission: http://community.livejournal.com/davis_square/736223.html?thread=5901535#t5901535
Zellie, Carol (1982, rev. 1990). Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, MA. St. Paul, Minnesota: Landscape Research for City of Somerville.
Fishman, Sarah. "Plea is issued for Round House." Boston Globe, October 12, 1997. City Edition, City Weekly section, Somerville Notes, p. 4.
External links
Article from Centers and Squares
Image from ER Butler
Houses completed in 1856
Rotundas in the United States
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Somerville, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20House%20%28Somerville%2C%20Massachusetts%29 |
Anna Hruby (born 1960) is an Australian actress and voice over artist band TV commercial advertiser, who has appeared in many Australian television series and theatre productions. She is the daughter of late actress, entertainer and television personality Joy Hruby and Czech jazz pianist Zdenek Hruby.
Career
Hruby's first recurring role was in the TV miniseries Seven Little Australians. She featured in the TV serial The Young Doctors as Sandy Pearce, girlfriend of Roger Gordon in from 1977 to 1978. Hruby then achieved recognition for her role in Prisoner as Paddy Lawson.
She has also appeared in TV series such as Sons and Daughters as Tracy Kingsford, A Country Practice, All Saints, Cop Shop and mini-series such as The Harp in the South and Poor Man's Orange. She was a regular cast member on Home and Away, playing Judith Ackroyd and Fireflies, playing Rebekah Sharp.
Hruby also works as a voice-over artist in advertisements and television network promotions for Foxtel, the Channel 7. She is also the current voice artist for Telstra, Australia's largest telecommunications company. Often known as 'The Telstra Lady', she provides a majority of recorded messages for Telstra, such as "Your call could not be connected" and other menu prompts.
Filmography
FILM
TELEVISION
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian people of Czech descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Hruby |
Mike Garrigan is an American singer-songwriter from Greensboro, North Carolina, United States.
Biography
Garrigan grew up in Fayetteville, North Carolina and attended the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, where he performed in local coffee houses as a vocalist and guitarist. He is best known as the former frontman of the rock band Collapsis, which, in 2000, reached the No. 28 slot on the Billboard Modern Rock charts with the hit song "Automatic". He was also the second and final lead guitarist for the North Carolina-based band Athenaeum, replacing Grey Brewster for their second album and continuing until the band disbanded in 2004. With former Athenaeum members, Garrigan formed a new band called the "Mike Garrigan Four" (formally known as mg4), which released an EP in 2004. Since then he worked as a solo artist, while continuing to play occasional shows with Mark Kano, lead singer of Athenaeum. In 2006, he released Live at the Evening Muse, a CD/DVD of a solo acoustic show he recorded at a venue in Charlotte, North Carolina in June 2005. Several of his solo albums have been partially supported through Kickstarter, including the 2011 release The Return of Spring.
On Dec. 15, 2022, Garrigan played a prominent role in the performance celebration of the 40th Anniversary of R.E.M.'s Chronic Town held at Motorco Music Hall in Durham, NC. The primary members of the evening's band - dubbed The Maxell 90 - were Scott Carle (Garrigan's drummer from Collapsis), Tom Mills (Johnny Folsom 4), Alex Lawhon (The Roman Spring) and Andrew Brahnan (Cage Bird Fancier). Based on the success of the Motorco event, promoters announced an encore performance will take place on March 3, 2023, at the Lincoln Theatre in Raleigh, NC.
As of early 2023, Garrigan is finalizing his debut professional music video for the song "Satellites," co-written with fan and Nashville-based songwriter Jonathan Ferreri in 2021. After releasing the songs "Comatose" and "Anchors" from the sessions as stand-alone singles, "Satellites" found its way to Nashville-based filmmaker Samuel Womer who felt the song had commercial potential and approached Garrigan about making a video. Like many of Garrigan's previous efforts, the video project has been funded, in part, via a Kickstarter campaign.
Discography
As leader
Building a Hole (1994)
The Lessons of Autumn (1996)
The Promise of Summer (2002)
Live at the Evening Muse (2006) (CD/DVD – live)
The Gossman Passion (2006) (a contemporary Christian rock opera)
Voyage of the Malamander (2010) (Kickstarter project)
The Return of Spring (2011)(Kickstarter project)
Pillar of the Sun (2012) (Kickstarter project)
The Echoes of Winter (2015)
Scenes, Vol. 1 (2016) (Digital EP)
Scenes, Vol. 2 (2017) (Digital EP)
Scenes, Vol. 3 (2019) (Digital EP)
Semigloss Albatross (2020)
With Collapsis
The Chartreuse EP (1998)
Dirty Wake (Universal Records, 1999)
With Athenaeum
Athenaeum (Atlantic Records, 2001)
With mg4
Gravity Affects Me (2004)
References
External links
Official site
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from Greensboro, North Carolina
Songwriters from North Carolina
American male singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Garrigan |
ʿAin Ghazal () is a Neolithic archaeological site located in metropolitan Amman, Jordan, about 2 km north-west of Amman Civil Airport. The site is remarkable for being the place where the ʿAin Ghazal statues were found, which are among the oldest large-sized statues ever discovered.
Background
The settlement at ʿAin Ghazal ('Spring of the Gazelle') first appeared in the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) and is split into two phases. Phase I starts circa 10,300 Before Present (BP) and ends c. 9,950 BP, while phase II ends c. 9,550 BP.
The 9th millennium MPPNB period in the Levant represented a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.
In its prime era, circa 7000 BCE (9000 BP), the site extended over 10–15 hectares (25–37 ac) and was inhabited by ca. 3000 people (four to five times the population of contemporary Jericho). After 6500 BC, however, the population dropped sharply to about one sixth within only a few generations, probably due to environmental degradation, the 8.2 kilo-year event (Köhler-Rollefson 1992).
Location and physical dimensions
It is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Zarqa River (Wadi Zarqa), the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.
ʿAin Ghazal started as a typical aceramic, Neolithic village of modest size. It was set on terraced ground in a valley-side, and was built with rectangular mud-brick houses that accommodated a square main room and a smaller anteroom. Walls were plastered with mud on the outside, and with lime plaster inside that was renewed every few years.
Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major Neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of ʿAin Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.
In ʿAin Ghazal, the early Pottery Neolithic period starts c. 6,400 BC, and continues to 5,000 BC.
Economy
As an early farming community, the ʿAin Ghazal people cultivated cereals (barley and ancient species of wheat), legumes (peas, beans, lentils and chickpeas) in fields above the village, and herded domesticated goats. In addition they hunted wild animals – deer, gazelle, equids, pigs and smaller mammals such as fox or hare.
The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ʿAin Ghazal is of 259-1349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. It is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ʿAin Ghazal was likely about 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.
The diet of the occupants of PPNB ʿAin Ghazal was remarkably varied. Domesticated plants included wheat and barley species, but legumes (primarily lentils and peas) appear to have been preferred cultigens. A wide suite of wild plants also were consumed. The determination of domesticated animals, sensu stricto, is a topic of much debate. At PPNB ʿAin Ghazal goats were a major species, and they were used in a domestic sense, although they may not have been morphologically domestic. Many of the phalanges recovered exhibit pathologies that are suggestive of tethering. An impressive range of wild animal species also were consumed at the site. Over 50 taxa have been identified, including gazelle, Bos, Sus sp., Lepus, and Vulpes.
ʿAin Ghazal was in an area that was suitable for agriculture and then grew as a result of the same dynamic. Archaeologists think that throughout the mid east much of the land was exhausted after some 700 years of planting and so became unsuitable for agriculture. The people from those small villages abandoned their unproductive fields and migrated, with their domestic animals, to places with better ecological conditions, like ʿAin Ghazal that could support larger populations. As opposed to other sites as new people migrated to ʿAin Ghazal, probably with few possessions and possibly starving, class distinctions began to develop. The influx of new people placed stresses on the social fabric – new diseases, more people to feed from what was planted and more animals that needed grazing.
There are evidences of mining activities as part of a production sequence conducted by craftsmen at the site of ʿAin Ghazal, these potential part-time specialists in some way controlled access to such raw materials.
Genetics
Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1b2 has been found in 75% of the ʿAin Ghazal population, along with 60% of PPNB populations (and is present in all three stages of PPNB) and in most Natufians.
T1a (T-M70) is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from ʿAin Ghazal. Currently this is the oldest known sample ever found at any ancient site, it wasn't found among the early and middle MPPNB populations.
It is thought, therefore, that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the Fertile Crescent likely Iraq or possibly, i.e. south-eastern Anatolia.
Culture
Statues
In the earlier levels at ʿAin Ghazal there are small ceramic figures that seem to have been used as personal or familial ritual figures. There are figurines of both animals and people. The animal figures are of horned animals and the front part of the animal is the most clearly modeled. They all give the impression of dynamic force. Some of the animal figures have been stabbed in their vital parts; these figures have then been buried in the houses. Other figurines were burned and then discarded with the rest of the fire. They built ritual buildings and used large figurines or statues. The actual building of them is also a way for an elite group to demonstrate and underline its authority over those who owe the community or the elite labor as service and to bond laborers together as part of a new community. In addition to the monumental statues, small clay and stone tokens, some incised with geometric or naturalistic shapes, were found at ʿAin Ghazal.The 195 figurines (40 human and 155 animal) recovered were from MPPNB contexts; 81% of the figurines have been found to belong to the MPPNB while only 19% belonging to the LPPNB and PPNC. The vast majority of figurines are of cattle, a species that makes up only 8% of the overall number of identified specimens (NISP) count. The importance of hunted cattle to the domestic ritual sphere of ʿAin Ghazal is telling. It was seemingly of importance for individual households to have members who participated both the hunting of cattle – likely a group activity – and the subsequent feasting on the remains.
`Ain Ghazal is renowned for a set of anthropomorphic statues found buried in pits in the vicinity of some special buildings that may have had ritual functions. These statues are half-size human figures modeled in white plaster around a core of bundled twigs. The figures have painted clothes, hair, and in some cases, ornamental tattoos or body paint. The eyes are created using plaster with a bitumen pupil and dioptase highlighting.
In all, 32 of those plaster figures were found in two caches, 15 of them full figures, 15 busts, and 2 fragmentary heads. Three of the busts were two-headed.
Burial practices
Considerable evidence for mortuary practices during the PPNB period have been described in recent years. Post-mortem skull removal, commonly restricted to the cranium, but on occasion including the mandible, and apparently following preliminary primary interments of the complete corpse. Such treatment has commonly been interpreted as representing rituals connected with veneration of the dead or some form of "ancestor worship".
There is evidence of class in the way the dead are treated. Some people are buried in the floors of their houses as they would be at other Neolithic sites. After the flesh had wasted away some of the skulls were disinterred and decorated. This was either a form of respect or so that they could impart their power to the house and the people in it. However, unlike other Neolithic sites, some people were thrown on trash heaps and their bodies remain intact. Scholars have estimated that a third of adult burials were found in trash pits with their heads intact. They may have seen the newcomers as a lower class.
`Ain Ghazal people buried some of their dead beneath the floors of their houses, others outside in the surrounding terrain. Of those buried inside, often the head was later retrieved and the skull buried in a separate shallow pit beneath the house floor. Also, many human remains have been found in what appear to be garbage pits where domestic waste was disposed, indicating that not every deceased was ceremoniously put to rest. Why only a small, selected portion of the inhabitants were properly buried and the majority simply disposed of remains unresolved. Burials seem to have taken place approximately every 15–20 years, indicating a rate of one burial per generation, though gender and age were not constant in this practice.
Excavation and conservation
The site is located at the boundary between Amman's Tariq and Basman districts, next to, and named for, the Ayn Ghazal Interchange connecting Al-Shahid Street and Army Street (Ayn Ghazal is the name of a minor village just north of the road, now within Tariq district).
The site was discovered in 1974 by developers who were building Army St, the road connecting Amman and Zarqa. Excavation began in 1982, however by this time, around 600 meters (1,970 ft) of road ran through the site. Despite the damage urban expansion brought, what remained of `Ain Ghazal provided a wealth of information and continued to do so until 1989. One of the more notable archaeological finds during these first excavations came to light in 1983. While examining a cross section of earth in a path carved out by a bulldozer, archaeologists came across the edge of a large pit 2.5 meters (8 ft) under the surface containing plaster statues.
Another set of excavations, under the direction of Gary O. Rollefson and Zeidan Kafafi took place in the early 1990s.
The site was included in the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund to call attention to the threat of encroaching urban development.
Relative chronology
References
Footnotes
Further reading
External links
ʿAin Ghazal statues at Smithsonian Institution
'Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports (menic.utexas.edu)
Institut du Monde Arabe ()
UCL (University College London): The ʿAin Ghazal Statue Project ()
The Joukowsky Institute of Archaeology
Photos of Ain Ghazal at the American Center of Research
Ain Gha
zal – An Ancient Mystery
Populated places established in the 8th millennium BC
Populated places disestablished in the 5th millennium BC
Ain Ghazal
Former populated places in Jordan
Neolithic settlements
1974 archaeological discoveries
Jordan Museum collections
Megasites
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAin%20Ghazal |
The Clybourn Corridor is a shopping district in Lincoln Park, stretching into the Near North Side in Chicago, Illinois. It serves as the residential Northside's main shopping district and includes retailers like Apple Inc., Crate & Barrel & CB2, Eddie Bauer, Forever 21, and Sur La Table, among many others. The New City shopping center includes Dick's Sporting Goods, ArcLight Cinemas, a Kings Bowl, and Chicago's largest Mariano's grocery store. The development also includes an apartment tower featuring 199 units. This is part of a continuing trend of adding apartments and condos to the corridor in an effort to stem rising prices in the surrounding area.
The district is serviced by the CTA Red Line stop North/Clybourn. Apple Inc. and the CTA collaborated to redesign a former bus turnaround separating the Apple Store and CTA Station into a pedestrian plaza with Parisian park chairs and a water feature.
References
Neighborhoods in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clybourn%20Corridor |
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is a forum for the travel and tourism industry. It is made up of members from the global business community and works with governments to raise awareness about the travel and tourism industry. It is known for being the only forum to represent the private sector in all parts of the industry worldwide. Its activities include research on the economic and social impact of the industry and its organisation of global and regional summits focused on issues and developments relevant to the industry.
History
The WTTC began in the 1980s with a group of business executives led by former American Express CEO James D. Robinson III. The group was formed to discuss the travel and tourism industry and the need for more data relating to the importance of what some believed was a non-essential industry. Discussions led to the first meeting of the WTTC in Paris in 1989. The first meeting included a speech by former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger who suggested that the travel and tourism industry was not widely recognized due to its not having any organisation or structure. The WTTC was officially established in 1990.
The first annual general meeting took place in Washington, D.C., in 1991, at which time the council was composed of 32 members. These initial members agreed on the need for a common effort to promote awareness of the economic contribution made by the travel and tourism industry. The founding members provided investment and support to produce economic data that could demonstrate the importance of the industry. They shared an interest in ensuring greater interest from governments and policy-makers in order to ensure the success of travel and tourism.
Robert H Burns took over as chairman of the WTTC in 1993, at which time there were 68 members. It began releasing tourism impact information around the same time, working with Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates to develop the data. The WTTC formed a group known as the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) to compile and release the data. The TSA was recognized by the United Nations Statistical Commission in 1999. During the 1990s, the WTTC expanded the activities of the council to include education and training, air transport liberalisation, taxation, and sustainable development. The new activities led to the creation of the World Travel & Tourism Human Resources Centre in Vancouver and the World Travel & Tourism Taxation Policy Centre in the United States.
In 1997, the WTTC organised the first Global Travel and Tourism Summit in Vilamoura, Portugal. Membership in the organisation reached 100 the same year. Two more summits were held in Vilamoura in 2000 and 2003, which were followed with annual meetings held in various locations.
In 2013, the WTTC created the Hotel Carbon Measurement Initiative in partnership with the International Tourism Partnership.
Organisation and membership
The WTTC is headquartered in London. The staff are led by the president and CEO of WTTC. Seven directors head the different sections of the organisation. The WTTC members are the chief executives, presidents, or chairs of companies from different sectors and regions within the travel and tourism industry. The WTTC has two membership types: global members and regional members. It also has a category for companies that provide services to the industry, referred to as Industry Partnership.
Current and past presidents
1990–2001: Geoffrey Lipman
2001–2010: Jean-Claude Baumgarten
2010–2017: David P. Scowsill
2017–2021: Gloria Guevara Manzo
2021–present: Julia Simpson
Activities
Research
The WTTC performs and publishes research in conjunction with Oxford Economics on the economic and social impact of the travel and tourism industry. The foundation of the WTTC's research activity is a set of annually produced Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Reports. These include a global report as well as 24 regional and 184 country reports. The reports calculate the economic impact of the industry including the direct and total GDP impacts, direct and indirect employment, investment, and exports. Using models based on Tourism Satellite Accounting, the council reports one year and ten year forecasts for these impacts. This research is used by major publications including Forbes and Bloomberg News. It also supplies country indicators for the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, a report published by the World Economic Forum that ranks selected nations according to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
Summits
The WTTC organises a global summit each year, usually held in April, with a regional summit held sometime in the third quarter, with up to 1,000 individuals attending each year. Summit attendance is by invitation only.
Awards
International jury of experts mainly from WTTC founded in 1993, the annual World Travel Awards.
In 2004, the WTTC took over the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards. These awards were initially created by the Federation of Tour Operators in 1989 and taken over by British Airways in 1992. The Tourism for Tomorrow Awards are awarded in several categories to encourage and acknowledge developments in sustainable tourism.
See also
World Tourism Organization
References
International organisations based in London
Organisations based in the London Borough of Southwark
Traveling business organizations
Tourism organisations in the United Kingdom
Tourism in the United Kingdom
Transport companies of the United Kingdom
Transport companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Travel%20and%20Tourism%20Council |
Joseph Warren Scott (November 21, 1778 – April 27, 1871) Colonel in U.S. Army who lived in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
He was born to Moses Scott, the senior surgeon during the US Revolutionary War. Moses named Joseph Warren Scott I, for his friend Joseph Warren who died during the Battle of Bunker Hill. Joseph graduated from Princeton University in 1795, then married Jane Griffiths (c1780-1821) and had a daughter: Lavinia Agnes Scott, who married Richard Varick Dey. Joseph obtained a law degree, and, in 1821, he bought "The White House" in New Brunswick, New Jersey and named it Buccleuch.
In 1808, he was a Captain in the Middlesex Regiment and served in the War of 1812. In 1829, he was promoted to Colonel. He was the oldest member of the New Jersey bar when he died in New Brunswick at the age of 93.
Timeline
1778 Birth
1795 Graduates from Princeton University
1808 Captain in Middlesex Regiment
1810 Founded Bank of New Brunswick
1821 Buys "The White House" in New Brunswick from Mary Garnett and renames it "Buccleuch" on June 6
1824 Enters Jerusalem Masonic Lodge #40 in Plainfield, New Jersey on June 7
1825 Starts Cranbury Lodge #47 and Rahway Lodge #49
1827 Becomes Master Mason
1829 Promoted to Colonel
1830 Deputy Masonic Grand Master
1831 Begins Masonic Grand Master
1834 Ends Masonic Grand Master
1834 Marriage of Cornelia D. Scott, his daughter, to John David Ogilby (c1810-1851) on April 30
1837 Possible gubernatorial candidate
1850 Revitalizes Union Lodge #12 in New Brunswick, New Jersey as Union Lodge #19 on March 12
1871 Death on April 27
1871 Funeral on May 4
References
A.D. Jewett; Address delivered at the funeral of Joseph Warren Scott, May 4, 1871. Published by the American Whig Society of Princeton, New Jersey (1871)
Everett R Turnbull, Ray V Denslow; A History of Royal Arch Masonry Part Two
Francis Bazley Lee; New Jersey as a Colony and as a State: One of the Original Thirteen
1778 births
1871 deaths
Princeton University alumni
United States Army officers
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Warren%20Scott |
Kenneth "Ken" Christopher Wark (born 3 August 1961 in Sydney, New South Wales) is a former field hockey fullback from Australia, who competed in three Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1988. After winning the silver medal in 1992 he ended his career with the bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. Ken plays for local Sydney team Glebe District Hockey Club.
Married in 1985 to Kerrie Banfield
He has three children, Kiara, Kaiden and Kameeka.
References
Australian Olympic Committee
External links
1961 births
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Sydney
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
20th-century Australian people
Male field hockey defenders
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Field hockey people from New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Wark |
The 8888 Uprising (), also known as the People Power Uprising and the 1988 Uprising, was a series of nationwide protests, marches, and riots in Burma (present-day Myanmar) that peaked in August 1988. Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is commonly known as the "8888 Uprising". The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University and the Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT).
Since 1962, the Burma Socialist Programme Party had ruled the country as a totalitarian one-party state, headed by General Ne Win. Under the government agenda, called the Burmese Way to Socialism, which involved economic isolation and the strengthening of the military, Burma became one of the world's most impoverished countries. Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were nationalised, and the government combined Soviet-style central planning with Buddhist and traditional beliefs and superstition.
The 8888 uprising was started by students in Yangon (Rangoon) on 8 August 1988. Student protests spread throughout the country. Hundreds of thousands of monks, children, university students, housewives, doctors and common people protested against the government. The uprising ended on 18 September after a bloody military coup by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising, while authorities in Burma put the figure at around 350 people killed.
During the crisis, Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as a national icon. When the military junta arranged an election in 1990, her party, the National League for Democracy, won 81% of the seats in the government (392 out of 492). However, the military junta refused to recognise the results and continued to rule the country as the State Law and Order Restoration Council. Aung San Suu Kyi was also placed under house arrest. The State Law and Order Restoration Council would be a cosmetic change from the Burma Socialist Programme Party. Suu Kyi's house arrest was lifted in 2010, when worldwide attention for her peaked again during the making of the biographical film The Lady. The Tatmadaw again seized control of the country in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, which began with the imprisonment of then State Councillor Aung San Suu Kyi. The coup has led to numerous protests and demonstrations against the military-led government. Activists have compared the current coup resistance movement to the 8888 Uprising.
Background
Economic problems
Before the crisis, Burma had been ruled by the repressive and isolated regime of General Ne Win since 1962. The country had a national debt of $3.5 billion and currency reserves of between $20 million and $35 million, with debt service ratios standing at half of the national budget.
1985 and 1987 demonetisation crises
In the years leading up to the crisis, General Ne Win had imposed two instances of sudden currency demonetisation that declared certain circulated denominations of currency invalid. These instances led to instantaneous loss of savings for many Burmese citizens and economic instability. On 3 November 1985, the Burmese government declared notes of 20, 50, and 100 kyats invalid, without prior warning to the public. Prior to this, circulated denominations were of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 kyats. The stated reason for the demonetisation was to combat black market activity. The public was given only a short period of time to exchange their 20, 50, and 100 kyat bills, and only 25% of the value of surrendered bills were reimbursed. On 10 November 1985, a week after the initial announcement of demonetisation, new denominations of 25, 35, and 75 kyat bills were announced, with the 75 kyat denomination chosen to commemorate Ne Win's 75th birthday. In November 1985, students gathered and boycotted the government's decision to withdraw Burmese local currency notes. Economic problems coupled with counter-insurgency required continuous involvement in the international market.
On 5 September 1987, Ne Win announced the demonetisation of the 25, 35, and 75 kyat notes, leaving only the 1, 5, and 10 kyat bills valid. This announcement was also with no prior warning, and this time no exchange for valid tender was allowed. Roughly 60–80% of circulated legal tender was declared invalid without warning, and millions of Burmese citizens had their savings eliminated by this action. On 22 September 1987, the Burmese government introduced new denominations of 45 and 90 kyat notes. The 45 and 90 kyat denominations were chosen because the two numbers are divisible by 9, which was considered lucky by Ne Win.
Students in particular were angry at the 1987 demonetisation as savings for tuition fees were wiped out instantly. Students from the Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT) rioted throughout Rangoon, smashing windows and traffic lights down Insein Road, and universities in Rangoon temporarily closed. The government later allowed for reimbursement of up to 100 kyat so that students could return home instead of rioting in the cities. With the re-opening of schools in late October 1987, underground groups in Rangoon and Mandalay produced dissident leaflets which culminated in bombs exploding in November. Police later received threatening letters from underground groups, who organised small protests around the university campus. Meanwhile, larger protests in Mandalay involved monks and workers, with some burning government buildings and state businesses. Burmese state media reported little on the protests, but information quickly spread through the students.
Early democracy protests
After receiving Least Developed Country status from the United Nations Economic and Social Council in December 1987, government policy requiring farmers to sell produce below market rates to create greater revenue for the government sparked several, violent rural protests. The protests were fanned by public letters to Ne Win by former second in command General Brigadier Aung Gyi from July 1987, reminding him of the 1967 riots and condemning lack of economic reform, describing Burma as "almost a joke" compared to other Southeast Asian nations. He was later arrested.
On 12 March 1988, students from the RIT were arguing with out-of-school youths inside the Sanda Win tea shop about music playing on a sound system. A drunken youth would not return a tape that the RIT students favoured. A brawl followed in which one youth, who was the son of a BSPP official, was arrested and later released for injuring a student. Students protested at a local police department where 500 riot police were mobilised and in the ensuing clash, one student, Phone Maw, was shot and killed. The incident angered pro-democracy groups and the next day more students rallied at the RIT and spread to other campuses. The students, who had never protested before, increasingly saw themselves as activists. There was growing resentment towards military rule and there were no channels to address grievances, further exacerbated by police brutality, economic mismanagement and corruption within the government.
By mid-March, several protests had occurred and there was open dissent in the army. Various demonstrations were broken up by using tear gas canisters to disperse crowds. On 16 March, students demanding an end to one party rule marched towards soldiers at Inya Lake when riot police stormed from the rear, clubbing several students to death and raping others. Several students recalled the police shouting, "Don't let them escape" and "Kill them!".
Ne Win resigns
Following the latest protests, authorities announced the closure of universities for several months. By June 1988, large demonstrations of students and sympathisers were a daily sight. Many students, sympathisers and riot police died throughout the month as the protests spread throughout Burma from Rangoon. Large scale protests were reported in Pegu, Mandalay, Tavoy, Toungoo, Sittwe, Pakokku, Mergui, Minbu and Myitkyina. Demonstrators in larger numbers demanded multi-party democracy, which marked Ne Win's resignation on 23 July 1988. In a valedictory address given that day, Ne Win affirmed that "When the army shoots, it shoots to kill." He also promised a multi-party system, but he had appointed the largely disliked Sein Lwin, known as the "Butcher of Rangoon" to head a new government.
Main protests
1–7 August
Protests reached their peak in August 1988. Students planned for a nationwide demonstration on 8 August 1988, an auspicious date based on numerological significance. News of the protest reached rural areas and four days prior to the national protest, students across the country were denouncing Sein Lwin's regime and Tatmadaw troops were being mobilised. Pamphlets and posters appeared on the streets of Rangoon bearing the fighting peacock insignia of the All-Burma Students Union. Neighbourhood and strike committees were openly formed on the advice of underground activists, many of which were influenced by similar underground movements by workers and monks in the 1980s. Between 2 and 10 August, co-ordinated protests were occurring in most Burmese towns.
In the first few days of the Rangoon protests, activists contacted lawyers and monks in Mandalay to encourage them to take part in the protests. The students were quickly joined by Burmese citizens from all walks of life, including government workers, Buddhist monks, air force and navy personnel, customs officers, teachers and hospital staff. The demonstrations in the streets of Rangoon became a focal point for other demonstrations, which spread to other states' capitals. Upwards of 10,000 protesters demonstrated outside the Sule Pagoda in Rangoon, where demonstrators burned and buried effigies of Ne Win and Sein Lwin in coffins decorated with demonetised bank notes. Further protests took place around the country at stadiums and hospitals. Monks at the Sule Pagoda reported that the Buddha's image had changed shape, with an image in the sky standing on its head. On 3 August, the authorities imposed martial law from 8 pm to 4 am and a ban on gatherings of more than five people.
8–12 August
A general strike, as planned, began on 8 August 1988. Mass demonstrations were held across Burma as ethnic minorities, Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, students, workers and the young and old all demonstrated. The first procession circled Rangoon, stopping for people to speak. A stage was also erected. Demonstrators from the Rangoon neighbourhoods converged in downtown Rangoon. Only one casualty was reported at this point as a frightened traffic policeman fired into the crowd and fled. (Such marches would occur daily until 19 September.) Protesters kissed the shoes of soldiers, in an attempt to persuade them to join the civilian protest, whilst some encircled military officers to protect them from the crowd and earlier violence Over the next four days these demonstrations continued; the government was surprised by the scale of the protests and stated that it promised to heed the demands of the protesters "insofar as possible". Lwin had brought in more soldiers from insurgent areas to deal with the protesters.
In Mandalay Division, a more organised strike committee was headed by lawyers and discussion focused on multi-party democracy and human rights. Many participants in the protests arrived from nearby towns and villages. Farmers who were particularly angry with the government's economic policies joined the protests in Rangoon. In one village, 2,000 of the 5,000 people also went on strike.
A short while later, the authorities opened fire on the protesters. Ne Win ordered that "guns were not to shoot upwards," meaning that he was ordering the military to shoot directly at the demonstrators. Protesters responded by throwing Molotov cocktails, swords, knives, rocks, poisoned darts and bicycle spokes. In one incident, protesters burned a police station and tore apart four fleeing officers. On 10 August, soldiers fired into Rangoon General Hospital, killing nurses and doctors tending to the wounded. State-run Radio Rangoon reported that 1,451 "looters and disturbance makers" had been arrested.
Estimates of the number of casualties surrounding the 8-8-88 demonstrations range from hundreds to 10,000; military authorities put the figures at about 95 people killed and 240 wounded.
13–31 August
Lwin's sudden and unexplained resignation on 12 August left many protestors confused and jubilant. Security forces exercised greater caution with demonstrators, particularly in neighbourhoods that were entirely controlled by demonstrators and committees. On 19 August, under pressure to form a civilian government, Ne Win's biographer, Dr. Maung Maung, was appointed as head of government. Maung was a legal scholar and the only non-military individual to serve in the Burma Socialist Programme Party. The appointment of Maung briefly resulted in a subsidence of the shooting and protests.
Nationwide demonstrations resumed on 22 August 1988. In Mandalay, 100,000 people protested, including Buddhist monks and 50,000 demonstrated in Sittwe. Large marches took places from Taunggyi and Moulmein to distant ethnic states (particularly where military campaigns had previously taken place), where red, the symbolic colour for democracy was displayed on banners. Two days later, doctors, monks, musicians, actors, lawyers, army veterans and government office workers joined the protests. It became difficult for committees to control the protests. During this time, demonstrators became increasingly wary of "suspicious looking" people and police and army officers. On one occasion, a local committee mistakenly beheaded a couple thought to have been carrying a bomb. Incidents like these were not as common in Mandalay, where protests were more peaceful as they were organised by monks and lawyers.
On 26 August, Aung San Suu Kyi, who had watched the demonstrations from her mother's bedside, entered the political arena by addressing half a million people at Shwedagon Pagoda. It was at this point that she became a symbol for the struggle in Burma, particularly in the eyes of the Western world. Kyi, as the daughter of Aung San, who led the independence movement, appeared ready to lead the movement for democracy. Kyi urged the crowd not to turn on the army but find peace through non-violent means. At this point in time for many in Burma, the uprising was seen as similar to that of the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in 1986.
Around this time, former Prime Minister U Nu and retired Brigadier General Aung Gyi also re-emerged onto the political scene in what was described as a "democracy summer" when many former democracy leaders returned. Despite the gains made by the democracy movement, Ne Win remained in the background.
September
During the September congress of 1988, 90% of party delegates (968 out of 1080) voted for a multi-party system of government. The BSPP announced they would be organising an election, but the opposition parties called for their immediate resignation from government, allowing an interim government to organise elections. After the BSPP rejected both demands, protesters again took to the streets on 12 September 1988. Nu promised elections within a month, proclaiming a provisional government. Meanwhile, the police and army began fraternising with the protesters. The movement had reached an impasse relying on three hopes: daily demonstrations to force the regime to respond to their demands, encouraging soldiers to defect and appealing to an international audience in the hope that United Nations or United States troops would arrive. Some Tatmadaw did defect, but only in limited numbers, mostly from the Navy. Stephen Solarz who had experienced the recent democracy protests in the Philippines and South Korea arrived in Burma in September encouraging the regime to reform, which echoed the policy of the United States government towards Burma.
By mid-September, the protests grew more violent and lawless, with soldiers deliberately leading protesters into skirmishes that the army easily won. Protesters demanded more immediate change, and distrusted steps for incremental reform.
SLORC coup and crackdown
On 18 September 1988, the military retook power in the country. General Saw Maung repealed the 1974 constitution and established the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), "imposing more Draconian measures than Ne Win had imposed." After Maung had imposed martial law, the protests were violently broken up. The government announced on the state-run radio that the military had assumed power in the people's interest, "in order to bring a timely halt to the deteriorating conditions on all sides all over the country." Tatmadaw troops went through cities throughout Burma, indiscriminately firing on protestors.
Although an exact body count has not been determined as bodies were often cremated, it is estimated that within the first week of securing power, 1,000 students, monks, and schoolchildren were killed, and another 500 were killed whilst protesting outside the United States embassy – footage caught by a cameraman nearby who distributed the footage to the world's media. Maung described the dead as "looters". Protestors were also pursued into the jungle and some students took up training on the country's borders with Thailand.
By the end of September, there were around 3,000 estimated deaths and unknown number of injured, with 1,000 deaths in Rangoon alone. At this point in time, Aung San Suu Kyi appealed for help. On 21 September, the government had regained control of the country, with the movement effectively collapsing in October. By the end of 1988, it was estimated that 10,000 people, including protesters and soldiers, had been killed.
Aftermath
Many in Burma believed that the regime would have collapsed if the United Nations and neighbouring countries had refused to recognise the legitimacy of the coup. Western governments and Japan cut aid to the country. Among Burma's neighbours, India was most critical; condemning the suppression, closing borders and setting up refugee camps along its border with Burma. By 1989, 6,000 NLD supporters had been detained and those who fled to the ethnic border areas, such as Kawthoolei, formed groups with those who sought greater self-determination. It was estimated 10,000 had fled to mountains which were controlled by ethnic insurgents such as the Karen National Liberation Army, and many of them later trained to become soldiers.
After the uprising, the SLORC waged a "clumsy propaganda" campaign against those who had organised the protests. Intelligence Chief Khin Nyunt, held English-language press conferences which were aimed at giving foreign diplomats and the media a favourable account of the SLORC's response to the protests. During this period, more restrictions were imposed upon the Burmese media, denying it the relative freedom to report news which it had been able to exercise at the peak of the protests. In the conferences, he detailed a conspiracy in which the right was plotting to overthrow the regime with the assistance of "subversive foreigners" and a conspiracy in which the left was plotting to overthrow the State. Despite the conferences, few believed the government's version of events. While these conferences were going on, the SLORC was secretly negotiating with mutineers.
Between 1988 and 2000, the Burmese government established 20 museums which detailed the military's central role throughout Burma's history and the size of the military increased from 180,000 to 400,000. The Burmese government also kept schools and universities closed in order to prevent future uprisings. Initially, Aung San Suu Kyi, U Tin Oo and Aung Gyi publicly rejected the SLORC's offer to hold elections the following year, claiming that they could not be freely held while Burma was under military rule.
Significance
Today, the uprising is commemorated by Burmese expatriates and citizens. In Thailand, students also commemorate the uprising every 8 August. On the 20th anniversary of the uprising, 48 activists were arrested for commemorating the event in Burma. The event garnered much support for the Burmese people internationally. Poems were written by students who participated in the protests. The 1995 film Beyond Rangoon is a fictionalized drama which is based on the events that took place during the uprising.
The uprising led to the death and imprisonment of thousands of individuals. Many of the deaths occurred inside the prisons, where prisoners of conscience were subjected to inhumane torture and deprived of basic provisions, such as food, water, medicine, and sanitation. From 1988 to 2012, the military and the police illegally detained and imprisoned tens of thousands of leaders of the Burmese pro-democracy movement, as well as intellectuals, artists, students, and human rights activists. Pyone Cho, one of the leaders of the uprising, spent 20 years of his adult life in prison. Ko Ko Gyi, another leader of the uprising, spent 18 years of his life in prison. Min Ko Naing was placed in solitary confinement for nine years for his role as a leader of the uprising. Because the uprising began as a student movement, many of the individuals who were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, and killed by the police and the military were high school and university students.
Many of the student leaders of the uprising became lifelong human rights activists and leaders of the Burmese pro-democracy movement. Nineteen years later, many of these same activists also played a role in the 2007 Saffron Revolution. The 88 Generation Students Group, which is named after the events of 8 August 1988, organised one of the first protests which eventually culminated in the Saffron Revolution. But prior to the outbreak of large-scale demonstrations, its members were arrested and given lengthy prison sentences of up to 65 years. The activists who were arrested included prominent individuals such as Min Ko Naing, Mya Aye, Htay Kywe, Mie Mie, Ko Ko Gyi, Pyone Cho, Min Zeyar, Ant Bwe Kyaw, and Nilar Thein. Though not an 88 Generation Students Group member, a solo protester Ohn Than also joined the demonstration. All of them were released in a general amnesty in 2012. They continue to work as politicians and human rights activists in Myanmar. They also campaigned for the National League for Democracy in the 2015 general election. Pyone Cho, one of the main leaders of the 88 Generation, was elected to the House of Representatives in the 2015 Election.
Gallery
See also
All Burma Students' Democratic Front
Depayin massacre
References
Bibliography
Books and journals
Boudreau, Vincent. (2004). Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. .
Burma Watcher. (1989). Burma in 1988: There Came a Whirlwind. Asian Survey, 29(2). A Survey of Asia in 1988: Part II pp. 174–180.
Callahan, Mary. (1999). Civil-military relations in Burma: Soldiers as state-builders in the postcolonial era. Preparation for the State and the Soldier in Asia Conference.
Callahan, Mary. (2001). Burma: Soldiers as State Builders. ch. 17. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (2001). Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia. Stanford University Press.
Clements, Ann. (1992). Burma: The Next Killing Fields? Odonian Press.
Delang, Claudio. (2000). Suffering in Silence, the Human Rights Nightmare of the Karen People of Burma. Parkland: Universal Press.
Europa Publications Staff. (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Routledge. .
Ferrara, Federico. (2003). Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma during a Rangoon Summer. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(3), pp. 302–325.
Fink, Christina. (2001). Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule. Zed Books.
Fong, Jack. (2008). Revolution as Development: The Karen Self-determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy (1949–2004). Boca Raton, FL:BrownWalker Press.
Ghosh, Amitav. (2001). The Kenyon Review, New Series. Cultures of Creativity: The Centennial Celebration of the Nobel Prizes. 23(2), pp. 158–165.
Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. (1996). Skirting the regime's rules.
Lintner, Bertil. (1989). Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy. Hong Kong: Review Publishing Co.
Lintner, Bertil. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). SEAP Publications. .
Lwin, Nyi Nyi. (1992). Refugee Student Interviews. A Burma-India Situation Report.
Maung, Maung. (1999). The 1988 Uprising in Burma. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
Silverstein, Josef. (1996). The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Pacific Affairs, 69(2), pp. 211–228.
Smith, Martin. (1999). Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Zed Books.
Steinberg, David. (2002). Burma: State of Myanmar. Georgetown University Press.
Tucker, Shelby. (2001). Burma: The Curse of Independence. Pluto Press.
Wintle, Justin. (2007). Perfect Hostage: a life of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma’s prisoner of conscience. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang. Burma: Depoliticization of the Political. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (1995). Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority. Stanford University Press.
Yitri, Moksha. (1989). The Crisis in Burma: Back from the Heart of Darkness? University of California Press.
Further reading
AP. (1988). Burma Imposes Martial Law In the Capital After a Protest , The New York Times, 4 August 1988.
AP. (1988). Road To Upheaval In Politics For Burmese , The New York Times, 11 September 1988.
Cumming-Bruce, Nick. (1988). Burma's new leader imposes martial law , The Guardian, 4 August 1988.
Faulder, Dominic. (2008). Memories of 8 August 1988 The Irrawaddy, August 2008.
Kamm, Henry. (1988). Tension Reported High In Burma After Clashes , The New York Times, 2 July 1988.
Mydans, Seth. (1988). A Burmese Power Shift; Though Government Schedules Election, Decision Rests With People in the Streets , The New York Times, 12 September 1988.
Mydans, Seth. (1988). Defections Strain Burmese Military , The New York Times, 10 September 1988.
Mydans, Seth. (1988). Many in Burma Say Ne Win Continues to Pull the Strings , The New York Times, 13 September 1988.
Richburg, Keith. (1988). Youths, Monks Fight Troops in Burma; Post-Coup Deaths Reported in Hundreds. Washington Post, 20 September 1988.
Stewart, William. (1988). Burma The Armed Forces Seize Power, TIME, 26 September 1988.
Protests mark Burma anniversary , BBC News, 8 August 2003.
Burma's 1988 Protests , BBC News, 25 September 2007.
Partial list of 8888 Uprising victims, The Irrawaddy, 1 January 2003.
External links
Voices of '88, Soros.
Video – 8888s anniversary activity in London Burmese' Embassy and Downing street, and Ms Suu Kyi's Birthday, calling for democratic reform in Burma
8888 Photos, Burmese American Democratic Alliance.
Photos of the 8888 Uprising (Blogspot)
Revolutions of 1989
Internal conflict in Myanmar
Conflicts in 1988
1988 protests
Burmese democracy movements
History of Myanmar (1948–present)
Massacres in Myanmar
Politics of Myanmar
Political repression
Rebellions in Asia
1988 in Burma
Protests in Myanmar
20th-century rebellions
Aung San Suu Kyi
Military coups in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8888%20Uprising |
Zoe Bertram is an Australian actress, whose first major role was in the teen-oriented television soap opera The Restless Years as Olivia Baxter from 1977 to 1981.
Career
Bertram has guested in numerous television series and appeared in movies, as well as on stage. She is probably better known to international audiences for playing Randi Goodlove in Prisoner in 1983.
In 1991 she starred in the series Animal Park.
In 2009–2010 she appeared in a series of television advertisements for Australian Pensioners Insurance.
In July 2011, Bertram joined the cast of Neighbours as Lorraine Dowski. She re-joined the cast in the recurring role of Fay Brennan in 2017 and made her first onscreen appearance on 28 July.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian television actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%20Bertram |
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