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Mournful Congregation is a funeral doom metal band from Adelaide, South Australia, which was founded in 1993, and has included members of Chalice, Cauldron Black Ram and Esoteric.
History
Beginnings (1993–2009)
During the 1990s the band released three demos; the last of these Tears From A Grieving Heart was re-released on vinyl in 2001. All of the band's demo releases were included, alongside their side of the split single with Worship, The Epitome of Gods and Men Alike, on the double CD The Dawning of Mournful Hymns released in 2002. Another 7" split single with the band Stabat Mater, A Slow March to the Burial, was released in 2004. 2005 saw the release of the band's first LP release The Monad of Creation. Despite the LP's release date, some of the material dates back to the band's earliest period of recordings in 1994. In 2009, the band performed live for the first time in their fifteen-year existence. They played four Australian shows, followed up by a further 17 shows throughout Europe to promote their album The June Frost, released that year.
Compilations and The Book of Kings (2011–2018)
The group issued a compilation album, The Unspoken Hymns, in September 2011. Mathias Bloodaxe of VoltageMedia felt it has "some of Mournful Congregation's best work... it is aimed at introducing one of Australia's best bands onto American audiences. The compilation features songs [and versions of songs] only previously available on long sold out limited vinyl splits, and being someone who generally loathes best of compilations, I find this a very worthy release."
Their fourth studio album, The Book of Kings, followed in November 2011 via Obsidian Records. MichaelO'Brien of The Metal Forge rated the album at 9.5 out-of ten he explained that they had "A mature and damn near flawless album... [and] reaffirmed their place within the upper tier of the doom genre with what is easily their best and most mature work to date." They undertook a tour of the United States west coast.
Mournful Congregation's fifth album The Incubus of Karma was released on 23 March 2018.
Discography
Demos
Weeping (1994)
An Epic Dream of Desire (1995)
Split albums
Let There Be Doom... / The Epitome of Gods and Men Alike (2002-with Worship)
A Slow March to the Burial (2004-with Stabat Mater)
Ascent of the Flames / Descent of the Flames (2007-with Stone Wings)
Four Burials (2008-with Otesanek, Loss, and Orthodox)
Studio albums
Tears from a Grieving Heart (2002)
The Monad of Creation (2005)
The June Frost (2009)
The Book of Kings (2011)
The Incubus of Karma (2018)
Compilation albums
The Dawning of Mournful Hymns (2002)
The Unspoken Hymns (20 September 2011)
Weeping/An Epic Dream of Desire (2012)
Extended plays
Concrescence of the Sophia (2014)
The Exuviae of Gods, Part I (2022)
The Exuviae of Gods, Part II (2023)
Members
Current
Damon Good – vocals, guitar (1993–present), bass (1993–2000, 2000–2008)
Justin Hartwig – guitar (1999–present)
Ben Petch – guitar, drums, vocals (1993–1996), guitar (2008-2011, 2017-present)
Ben Newsome – bass (2008–present)
Tim Call – drums (2015–present)
Former
Adrian Bickle – drums (1997–2003, 2004-2015)
Stuart Prickett – guitar live (2011–2016)
Sean Graetz – guitar (2000)
Mark Bodossian – bass (2000)
Denny Blake – drums (2003)
Timeline
References
External links
Official Homepage
South Australian musical groups
Australian doom metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Australia
Funeral doom musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mournful%20Congregation |
This is a list of notable horror punk bands.
45 Grave
Aiden
AFI
Argyle Goolsby
Ashestoangels
Balzac
Blitzkid
Calabrese
Christian Death
Creeper
The Creepshow
The Cryptkeeper Five
Death Wolf
DieMonsterDie
Doyle
Dr. Chud's X-Ward
Energy
Flesh Roxon
Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13
Gorgeous Frankenstein
Gotham Road
Grave Robber
The Groovie Ghoulies
Haunted Garage
Misfits
Miss Vincent
Mister Monster
Mourning Noise
Murderdolls
Nekromantix
The Nerve Agents
Nim Vind
The Other
Our Time Down Here
Salem
Samhain
Schoolyard Heroes
Screaming Dead
Son of Sam
Stellar Corpses
Tiger Army
TSOL
The Undead
Wednesday 13
The Young Werewolves
Zombina and the Skeletones
See also
List of psychobilly bands
References
External links
Horror 'n' Roll
Horror punk groups
Lists of punk bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20horror%20punk%20bands |
Melissa Holbrook Pierson (born December 14, 1957) is a writer and essayist of non-fiction.
Biography
Pierson was born in Akron, Ohio. She attended Vassar College, receiving her BA in English Literature in 1980. Her MA, also in English Literature, was awarded in 1984 by Columbia University. She is a lifelong motorcycle enthusiast and this is reflected in many of her books. Her works are often explorations of personal experience, extended into general social commentary and history. She is a longtime book, film, and photography critic, and reviewed film on video for Entertainment Weekly, 1990 - 1999.
When asked in an interview, "Do you consider yourself a travel writer, a kind of 'place writer', a nature writer, or—" Pierson answered, "All of those things. I don't think of myself as fitting into a category. But I had to be careful in all of my books not to repeat things, because I have these ideas, and though the subjects were disparate, the same idea would come up through different portals."
The Place You Love is Gone was described by Anthony Swofford in The New York Times Book Review as "the punk rock girl sitting in the rear pews at church, offering a counter narrative: what she says about the patriarchy and the raping of the land (and the Indians and dairy farmers and denizens of small towns in upstate New York) is true but the priests (elected politicians and water managers and ambitious city planners) wish her parents would drag the girl home; the organ player pipes louder in order to drown the punk's anti-establishment rant."
Selected works
Books
Essays
"Memory City", published in Place (2020 - 2021)
"Air and Ice, 1994", published in Tin House (May 9, 2018)
"Losing Home", published in Orion Magazine
“Guided by the Stars", published in Moto Guzzi: 100 Years, ed. Jeffrey Schnapp (Rizzoli, 2021)
“My Fifteen Minutes", published in Howl: A Collection of the Best Contemporary Dog Wit (Crown, 2007), “Bark” Editors
“Whippets", published in Taking Things Seriously (Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), eds. Joshua Glenn & Carol Hayes
“The Hunted", published in All the Available Light (Simon & Schuster, 2002), ed. Yona Zeldis McDonough
“To the Edge: Motorcycles and Danger", published in The Art of the Motorcycle (Guggenheim Museum, 1998)
References
Bibliography
1957 births
Living people
Motorcycling writers
American female equestrians
American atheists
Vassar College alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa%20Holbrook%20Pierson |
Serpentine-Jarrahdale was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 2005 to 2008.
The district was named for the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale, which in turn is named for the communities of Serpentine and Jarrahdale in Perth's south-eastern hinterland.
Geography
Serpentine-Jarrahdale was based in the south-eastern corner of the Metropolitan Region Scheme and was a mix of outer suburban communities and rural hinterland. It took in almost all of the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale, as well as the less urban parts of the City of Armadale. In addition, the district also contained some of Perth's southern suburbs, stretching as far north as Atwell, Jandakot and Canning Vale.
History
Serpentine-Jarrahdale was created for the 2005 state election. In territory, the district replaced much of the abolished Roleystone. However, only 41% of its voters came from Roleystone. The other 59% were previously part of the district of Southern River, which was radically redrawn.
Serpentine-Jarrahdale was abolished ahead of the 2008 state election. Much of the district's territory went to the radically redrawn Darling Range, whilst its eastern sections were added to Southern River and formed part of new seats of Jandakot and Kwinana.
The district's representative for its sole term was Liberal MP Tony Simpson. Simpson contested and won Darling Range at the 2008 election.
Members for Serpentine-Jarrahdale
Election results
External links
Former electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Serpentine-Jarrahdale |
Dibrugarh University is a collegiate public state university in the Indian state of Assam. It is located at Dibrugarh, Assam, India. It was set up in 1965 under the provisions of the Dibrugarh University Act, 1965 enacted by the Assam Legislative Assembly.
Location and Campus
The Dibrugarh University Campus is located at Rajabheta, Dibrugarh city and is spread over an area of 500 acres. The NH15 (old NH37) bisects the main campus from the other, the latter primarily comprising teacher's and officer's residence.
The Dibrugarh district is well known for its vast mineral resources (including oil, natural gas and coal), flora and fauna and many tea plantations. The diverse tribes with their distinct dialects, customs, traditions and culture make this area attractive to students of anthropology and sociology, art and culture.
Accreditation
It is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, with an 'A' Grade in 2017. This accreditation status is valid for a period of five years. Dibrugarh University is a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU).
Academics
Centre for Computer Science and Applications
The Centre for Computer Science and Applications, previously known as Centre for Computer Studies (CCS), originated in a Computer Centre established in 1976, which taught a "Six-month Certificate Course on Computer Programming". In 2004 it was upgraded to the Centre for Computer Studies and started "Post-Graduate Diploma in Computer Application (PGDCA)". BCA was introduced in July 2004 and MCA and B.Sc IT in January and July 2007. The center has three computer laboratories as well as its own library.
The MCA programme of CCS is approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). It is also an accredited study centre for Indira Gandhi National Open University.
Admission to CCS is based on a state level Common Admission Test (CAT). Candidates are then called for a personal interview, counseling and admission. In addition, some programmes have requirements for passing 10+2 level with mathematics and/or statistics at some threshold mark in aggregate.
Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology
The Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology (DUIET) was established in 2009 as a constituent institute and an integral part the university. The institute was established with due approval from the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi and necessary permission from the Assam state government.
The first session of the institute commenced in August 2009 with an intake capacity of 60 in each of the following disciplines to a B.Tech. degree:
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
DUIET is located in the Dibrugarh University campus. It has excellent infrastructure and facilities. The administration of DUIET is headed by Dr. M.C.Bora who is the institute director.
Centre for Management Studies
The Centre for Management Studies (CMSDU) is a management school that is part of Dibrugarh University. It started functioning from 3 February 2003, with the first batch of Master of Business Administration (MBA) students enrolled into the two-year programme. The three-year Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and the three-year MBA (part-time) classes started in 2004. 2006 saw the launch of the one-year PGDTM (Post Graduate Diploma in Tourism Management) Programme. It is also running a Ph.D. programme which can be pursued both part-time as well as full-time.
Centre for Juridical Studies
The centre for juridical studies is a Centre of Dibrugarh University that imparts both undergraduate and Post Graduate legal education. The centre was established in the year 2006. The Centre runs BALL.B (H) and LL.M (Constitutional Law, Corporate Law and Criminal Law Groups) courses.
Eligibility:
For B.A.LL.B. (H): A candidate for admission to the Five- year B.A.LL.B. (Hons) Course shall have passed the Higher Secondary Examination (10+2) or an equivalent examination securing at least 45% in aggregate of the total marks. Provided that there shall be a relaxation of 5% marks for SC/ST/OBC candidates.
For LL.M.: A candidate to take admission into LL.M. Course must have 50% marks in aggregate in 3 year LL.B. or 5 year B.A.LL.B. (H) Course recognized by University Grants Commission (UGC) and Bar Council of India (BCI). The candidates appearing in final year examination of the aforesaid Programmes may also apply but at the time of admission they must produce the mark sheet and pass Certificate in original.
Admission Procedure:
The admission to the aforesaid programmes will be made only on merit basis through an admission test and (viva-voce/wherever applicable) to be conducted by the university. Admission cannot be claimed by any applicant as a matter of right.
Note: In case of LL.M only, on being selected for admission, the applicant has to appear before admission committee at the Centre for Juridical Studies, Dibrugarh University with all original certificates, mark sheets and other requirements on scheduled date and time. If any selected candidate is unable to appear personally, he may send his authorized representative with the required documents. If any applicant fails to deposit prescribed fee within the stipulated time, his/her admission will automatically stand cancelled.
If any selected candidate or his authorised representative does not appear before Admission Committee on scheduled date and time, his/her candidature shall be deemed to be cancelled without any intimation in writing.
Affiliated colleges
Its jurisdiction extends over nine districts – Charaideo, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Jorhat, Lakhimpur, Majuli, Sivasagar, Tinsukia.
Notable alumni
Sarbananda Sonowal, Indian Politician and Minister
P. A. Sangma, Indian Politician
Anuradha Sharma Pujari, Indian Journalist and Author
Manas Robin, Indian singer and composer
Zubeen Garg, Indian singer and actor
Amitava Roy, Former Supreme Court Judge
Simanta Shekhar, Indian singer, composer and music producer
Ranking
Dibrugarh University was ranked in the 101–150 band overall in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2020, 84th among universities in 2020 and 38th in the pharmacy ranking in 2021.
References
External links
Dibrugarh University Official homepage
Dibrugarh
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Assam
Universities in Assam
State universities in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarh%20University |
Tourism in Israel is one of the country's major sources of income, with a record 4.55 million tourist arrivals in 2019. Tourism contributed NIS 20 billion to the Israeli economy in 2017, making it an all-time record. Israel offers a plethora of historical and religious sites, beach resorts, natural sites, archaeological tourism, heritage tourism, adventure tourism, and ecotourism. For practical reasons, this article also covers tourism in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and the occupied Golan Heights, since it is closely interconnected with the mass tourism in Israel.
In 2017, the most popular paid tourist attraction is Masada. The most visited city was Jerusalem and the most visited site was the Western Wall. The largest percentage of tourists came from the United States accounting for 19% of all tourists, followed by Russia, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Italy, Poland, and Canada.
Religious tourism is very popular in Israel and in the West Bank. As of 2007, the two most visited Jewish religious sites were the Western Wall and the grave of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai; The most visited Christian holy sites are the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the Church of the Nativity in the West Bank town of Bethlehem, and the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth, Israel.
The most visited Islamic religious places are the Masjid Al-Aqsa (the Temple Mount) in Jerusalem, and the Ibrahimi Mosque at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in the West Bank town of Hebron.
Most-visited cities
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the most-visited city with 3.5 million tourist arrivals annually as of 2017. One of the oldest cities in the world, it is the proclaimed capital of, and largest city of Israel, if the area and population of Israeli-occupied East Jerusalem are included. It is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions – Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – and hosts many historical, archaeological, religious and other attractions.
West Jerusalem was built starting in the 1800s with the expansion beyond the Old City walls, gradually expanded throughout the British Mandate, and continued after the creation of Israel in 1948. Selected tourist attractions in this area are:
The German Colony, a Temple Society settlement, with a colorful mix of architectural styles.
Mea Shearim, established in the nineteenth century and inhabited largely by ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, retains the flavor of an Eastern European shtetl.
Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum.
Ein Karem, the traditional birthplace of John the Baptist, is one of the four most-visited Christian pilgrimage sites in Israel.
Mount Zion, the traditional resting place of King David.
Mount Scopus, site of the Hebrew University and standing at 2710 feet or 826 meters above sea level, offers a panoramic view of the city. Both the Temple Mount and the Dead Sea are visible from this location.
East Jerusalem was captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-day War and considered by the international community as Palestinian territory held under Israeli occupation, although it was effectively unilaterally annexed in 1980 under the Jerusalem Law. It is the location of:
The Old City of Jerusalem, traditionally divided into four quarters: the Armenian Quarter, Christian Quarter, Muslim Quarter and Jewish Quarter. Most importantly, the Temple Mount (known in Arabic as Haram ash-sharīf, the Noble Sanctuary), site of the ancient Temple in Jerusalem with only the Western Wall at its foot remaining, and now with the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque.
The Mount of Olives and Kidron Valley: with its lookout point, Tomb of Absalom, and other Jewish tombs and burial grounds dating back 3000 years, and churches, Gethsemane, church of all nations, Dominus Flevit, and the Church of Maria Magdalene (Russian orthodox church). Various locations have been proposed as the Tomb of Jesus and/or as Golgotha, the nearby hill where he was crucified. Traditionally both have been believed to be in the vicinity where the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands. Immediately south of the Jewish Quarter lies the City of David with archaeological digs including the Siloam Tunnel.
The controversial status of East Jerusalem has been an issue when attempting to market Jerusalem to international tourists. In 2009, 2010, and again in 2015, the UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled against a series of Israeli Ministry of Tourism advertising campaigns that displayed images and information about tourist sites located in East Jerusalem. The Authority wrote in its ruling that "the status of the occupied territory of the West Bank was the subject of much international dispute, and because we considered that the ad implied that the part of East Jerusalem featured in the image was part of the state of Israel, we concluded that the ad was likely to mislead." Israel rejected the ruling, with the Ministry of Tourism releasing a statement that said the ad provided "basic, accurate information to a prospective UK visitor". The ruling from 2009 also included criticism about Gaza, the West Bank and the Golan Heights being shown as part of Israel.
Tel Aviv
With 2.3 million tourist visits in 2013, Tel Aviv is Israel's second-largest city and a cosmopolitan, cultural and financial global city. The city's greater area is the largest with 3 million inhabitants. Tel Aviv exhibits a UNESCO world heritage area of Bauhaus architecture. The nearby historical city of Jaffa is experiencing a tourism boom. In 2010, National Geographic ranked Tel Aviv as one of the world's ten best beach cities.
Tel Aviv is called the "city that never sleeps" by the locals because of its vibrant nightlife scene. Tel Aviv was named "the gay capital of the Middle East" by the Out magazine.
Safed
Safed is one of the four holy cities in Judaism, where much of the Jerusalem Talmud was written and the study of kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) developed. Famous for its artisans. The grave of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai is in nearby Meron.
Around the city, there are many nature reserves and archaeological sites notably the ancient synagogues.
Acre (Akko)
Old City and its Knights Hall
Al-Jazzar Mosque
(Baháʼí) Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh, resting place of Bahá'u'lláh as well as a Unesco world heritage historical town.
Haifa
Carmel
(Baháʼí) Shrine of the Báb, its terraces, and the Baháʼí World Centre and the buildings (a Unesco world heritage).
Stella Maris Monastery
Tel Shikmona
Cave of Elijah
Mahmood Mosque
Tiberias
Tiberias is one of the four holy cities in Judaism, overlooking the Sea of Galilee.
Saint Peter's house at Capernaum, Tabgha and the Mount of Beatitudes.
Nazareth
Nazareth is known as the 'Arab capital of Israel'.
Visit Nazareth's old city and historical sites around the city
Jesus's hometown and the site of many of his reported acts and miracles.
Many churches, including The Church of the Annunciation, the largest church building in the Middle East. In Roman Catholic tradition, it marks the site where the Archangel Gabriel announced the future birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:26–31).
Starting point for the Jesus Trail, a network of hiking routes connecting many sites from Jesus's life and ministry.
Beersheba
Settlement of Beersheba attributed to the patriarch Abraham. Regional capital of the Negev desert. It serves as a starting point for exploring such sites as the Ramon Crater or the UNESCO world heritage Nabataean Incense Route (Shivta, Avdat, Mamshit).
Eilat
Eilat, Israel's southernmost city, located on the Red Sea coast, is a hot, sunny year-round travel destination. Popular destination for skin and scuba diving, with equipment for hire on or near all major beaches, the Eilat Mountains are similar to those in Sinai and there are trail roads for hiking, where one can also find animals like dorcas gazelle, rock hyrax, striped hyena and Nubian ibex. Eilat has big hotels and various attractions such as camel riding, and the Eilat's Underwater Observatory Marine Park.
Ramon Airport opened in 2019 replacing the previous Eilat Airport and Ovda Airport. It is Israel's second busiest airport and served by a number of direct flights to and from Europe.
Ashkelon
Ashkelon is a city between Gaza City in the Gaza Strip and Ashdod. The city offers many hotels and Mizrahi Jewish restaurants. Local drink Arak Ashkelon is also popular among tourists.
Tel Ashkelon is a big archaeological site, includes ruins from many different periods such as Canaanites, Philistines, Persians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Muslims and Crusaders.
Ashkelon has no active pilgrimage site but it was one of the places where the head of Husayn ibn Ali before transferred to Cairo was located, the mosque was destroyed in 1950 but in 2001 a small compound built on the site for Shia Islam pilgrims from India who visiting the site, there is also a well believed by Muslims and Christians alike which is one of Abraham's wells.
The sand dunes between Ashkelon to Ashdod and between Ashkelon to the Gaza Strip are popular attractions on this area of the sea coast.
Landmarks outside cities
Masada
Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel situated on top of an isolated rock plateau (akin to a mesa) on the eastern edge of the Judaean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. Herod the Great built palaces for himself on the mountain and fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BCE. According to Josephus, the Siege of Masada by troops of the Roman Empire towards the end of the First Jewish–Roman War ended in the mass suicide of the 960 Jewish rebels and their families hiding there. Masada is located east of Arad. Masada is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Israel's most popular tourist attraction only second to Jerusalem.
Caesarea
Caesarea's ancient city includes Roman and Crusader ruins, such as the amphitheater and hippodrome, where live concerts of classical and popular music are frequently held, as well as the harbor from which St. Paul was taken as a prisoner to Rome.
It is one of Israel's biggest archaeological sites.
Beit She'an
Beit She'an (Scythopolis) was a Roman Decapolis city. One of the largest archaeological sites in the Middle East.
Beit She'arim
Beit She'arim National Park was an ancient Jewish Necropolis, it is having many tombs of Jews with many significant signs like animals and menorah, it is also includes a Jewish city and an ancient synagogue ruins.
Biblical tells
There are around 200 biblical Tells in Israel. Tel is an archaeological site that is not created by nature but by ruined human settlements. The biblical tells are from the Bronze Age and located on ancient cities that are mentioned in old testament. the chosen cities are Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo and Tel Be'er Sheva which are also UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These tels also have some of the most ancient water systems in the world. Other biblical tells around Israel include Jerusalem, Tel Arad, Tel Gezer and Tel Lachish.
Mount Carmel prehistoric caves
Sites of human evolution at Mount Carmel – Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve is a site of human evolution at Mount Carmel in Haifa, Northern Israel. It has four caves such as Me’arat HaTanur (the Oven Cave; also known as Tabun Cave), Me’arat HaGamal (the Camel Cave), Me’arat HaNahal (the Stream Cave) and Me’arat HaGedi (the Young Goat Cave). The site was proclaimed as universal value by UNESCO in 2012.The site indicates the prehistoric man's settlements and unique evidence of a first burial.
Negev Incense Route
Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev – The Negev incense route located between Jordan's Petra and Palestine's Gaza, the Nabataeans have built many fortresses, caravanserai but especially known for their four important cities of Avdat, Mamshit, Shivta, and Haluza that located on this important trade route, the Negev Incense Route is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Ancient synagogues
Israel is the birthplace of Judaism and cradle of Jewish history includes many ancient synagogues from the Second Temple Period and Byzantine-Muslim periods from Northern to Southern Israel.
Among the more impressive synagogue remains are those from Capernaum, Magdala, Masada, Anim, Bar'am, Gush Halav, Beit Alpha, Hukok, Nabratein, Ein Gedi, Caesarea, and Hamat Tiberias.
Additional synagogues can be found in the Israeli-occupied territories of the West Bank, for example Susya and Herodium, and the Golan Heights, such as Gamla and Umm el Kanatir.
Muslim shrines
Next to the ancient city of Arsuf stands the Sidna Ali Mosque, which is still in use and holds the tomb of Muslim holy man. The Nabi Musa shrine, believed to be the tomb of Musa (Moses) according to a local Muslim tradition, is located near the West Bank city of Jericho.
Avshalom Stalactites Cave
Avshalom Cave, also known as Soreq Cave or Stalactites Cave, is a 5,000 m2 cave on the western side of Mt.Ye'ela, in the Judean hills, in Israel, unique for its dense concentration of stalactites
Some of the stalactites found in the cave are four meters long, and some have been dated as 300,000 years old. Some meet stalagmites to form stone pillars
Mount Karkom
Har Karkom ("Mountain of Saffron" in Hebrew), or Jabal Ideid in Arabic is a mountain in the southwest Negev desert in Israel, halfway between Petra and Kadesh Barnea. On the basis that the Israelites travelled across the Sinai peninsula towards Petra in a fairly straight line, a number of scholars have contemplated the possibility of Har Karkom being the Biblical Mount Sinai. Following this theory, Emmanuel Anati excavated at the mountain, and discovered that it was a major paleolithic cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings.
Although, on the basis of his findings, Anati advocates the identification of Har Karkom with Mount Sinai,[1][2] the peak of religious activity at the site may date to 2350–2000 BC, and the mountain appears to have been abandoned perhaps between 1950 and 1000 BC; the exodus is sometimes dated between 1600 and 1200 BC. However, no archaeological evidence has been supported by scholars to maintain a date of 1600–1200 BC. Anati instead places the Exodus, based on other archaeological evidence at around 2300 BC
Ancient Ashkelon
Tel Ashkelon is a big archaeological site, includes ruins from many different periods such as Canaanites, Philistines, Persians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Muslims and Crusaders.
Ancient Beit Guvrin and Maresha
Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park is a national park in central Israel, 13 kilometers from Kiryat Gat, encompassing the ruins of Maresha, one of the important towns of Judah during the time of the First Temple, and Beit Guvrin, an important town in the Roman era, when it was known as Eleutheropolis.
There are many Muslim saints which are buried in the area, the most known of them is Prophet Muhammad's companion Tamim al-Dari
In 2014 UNESCO has recognized it as a World Heritage Site.
Crusader castles
Israel's territory corresponds in part to the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem and boasts many castles and city fortifications from that time, although none were left intact by conquerors and the tooth of time. Most of them were built by the Crusaders and some by their Muslim enemies, and the most well-known of them are the cities of Acre and Caesarea, and the castles of Belvoir, Montfort, Arsuf, Sepphoris.
Israel also currently has control over the Arab-built Nimrod Castle in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
Sea of Galilee
Sea of Galilee is home to many Christian and Jewish holy shrines, the Jewish holy shrines are in Tiberias (click for taking a look of the sites), and the Christian sites are outside Tiberias, some of them are archaeological sites, the sites are – Magdala, Capernaum, Tabgha and the Mount of Beatitudes, there are also another archaeological sites such as Kursi, Hippos, Hamat Tiberias, Tel Bet Yerah, Khirbat al-Minya and Chorazin.
it is also have a collection of fauna and flora.
Mount Arbel and the Horns of Hattin
Mount Arbel lies near the Sea of Galilee and is a national park with a fortress and synagogue and cliff hiking.
The fortress was built by Jewish zealots and then in the Ottoman era by Fakhreddine II on the cliffs of the mountains, the ancient synagogue was built in the 5th century and survived little bit after the Islamic period started.
The nearby area is the site of Horns of Hattin famous for his Islamic victory of Saladin at the Battle of Hattin and nearby this is the shrine of prophet shuaib, Maqam al-Nabi Shu'ayb is the holiest shrine for Druze faith; the Druze are making a big Ziyarat every year in April.
Rosh Hanikra grottoes
The Rosh HaNikra grottoes are cavernous tunnels formed by sea action on the soft chalk rock. The total length is some 200 metres. They branch off in various directions with some interconnecting segments. In the past, the only access to them was from the sea and experienced divers were the only ones capable of visiting. Today a cable car takes visitors down to see the grottos. A kibbutz, also named Rosh HaNikra, is located nearby. The Israeli city Nahariya is located about 10 km (6 miles) south of Rosh HaNikra.
you must take a cable car to get into the grottoes.
The Cable car is situated very close to the Lebanese border.
Makhtesh craters of the Negev desert
A makhtesh is a geological landform considered unique to the Negev desert of Israel. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon. Other makhteshim are Makhtesh Gadol, Makhtesh Katan and Mount Arif.
Ancient city of Sepphoris
Sepphoris was an ancient Jewish city with synagogue, villas, baths, water tunnels, a Crusader fortress and more. An old Christian tradition places there the house of Saints Anne and Joachim, the parents of the Virgin Mary.
Timna
Hula Valley
Hula Lake Park, known in Hebrew as Agamon HaHula, is located in the southern part of the Hula Valley, north of the nature reserve. It was established as part of a JNF rehabilitation project. In the early 1990s part of the valley was flooded again in the wake of heavy rains. It was decided to develop the surrounding area and leave the flooded area intact. The new site has become the second home for thousands of migrating birds in the autumn and spring. The lake covers an area of one square kilometer, interspersed with islands that serve as protected bird nesting sites. It has become a major stopover for migrating birds flying from Europe to Africa and back, and also a major birdwatching site. In 2011, Israeli ornithologists confirmed that Lake Hula is the stopover point for tens of thousands of cranes migrating from Finland to Ethiopia every winter. In Israel, farmers set out food for them to keep them from damaging crops near the lake.
Tel Dan
Ein Gedi
Ein Gedi is a special nature reserve, known for its big number of friendly Nubian ibex and rock hyrax, waterfalls, and there are some archaeological finds on the trail.
Ein Gedi is an oasis in the desert which is good for relaxing and for those who want to take refuge from the hot Judean Desert, located near the Dead Sea
Keshet Cave
A big natural arch in Israel's Upper Galilee, which was a cave that was destroyed due to geological reasons over the years. Today only the arch remains and is a popular attraction for professional hiking.
Nahal Ayun
Ein Avdat
Bird watching
Israel is among the world's leading destinations for birdwatching, with birders and ornithologists heading especially for the annual migrations that funnel through Eilat and the Hula Valley.
National parks and nature reserves
Israel has 67 national parks and 190 nature reserves. Some of them are located at archaeological sites. Beit Guvrin-Maresha is a large archaeological complex in the Judean Mountains. Sepphoris is an ancient Roman town with elaborate mosaics and a historic synagogue. Ein Gedi, a desert spring, is a starting point for tours to Masada and the Dead Sea.
Hiking trails
Israel National Trail – a hiking path that crosses the entire country of Israel. Its northern end is at Dan, near the international Syrian and Lebanese borders in the far north of the country, and it extends to Eilat at the southernmost tip of Israel on the Red Sea, a length of approximately 940 km (580 mi). The trail takes about 30–70 days to finish if hiked continuously.
Jerusalem Trail – trail, connects the Israel National Trail with Jerusalem and the area of the Old City.
Jesus Trail – a hiking and pilgrimage route in the Galilee region of Israel that traces routes Jesus may have walked, connecting many sites from his life and ministry. The trail begins in Nazareth, and passes through Sepphoris, Cana (Kafr Kanna), the Horns of Hattin, Mount Arbel Cliffs, the Sea of Galilee, Capernaum, Tabgha, the Mount of Beatitudes, Tiberias, the Jordan River, Mount Tabor, and Mount Precipice.
Golan Trail – a route from the slopes of Mt. Hermon to the southern Golan Heights. It passes many towns and settlements including Majdal Shams, Nimrod, Masade, Buq'ata, Odem, Merom Golan, and Ein Zivan.
Valley of Springs Trail – a route in and around the Jordan Valley, terminating in Beit She'an and on Mount Gilboa near Kibbutz Meirav. The trail connects numerous springs (for which the area is famous) and other historical and natural attractions.
Sea to sea trail – an hiking trail in Northern Israel that goes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Sea of Galilee.
Kibbutzim
A network of kibbutzim dot the countryside, some offering guesthouses and country lodging. They are undergoing a process of modernization and re-organization. Well known in Israel for great contributions to Israeli history, politics, the army, and Zionism. Long-term visitors, both Jewish and non-Jewish, can volunteer on Kibbutzim in exchange for food and lodging.
Museums
With over 200 museums, Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world, with millions of visitors annually.
Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel's national museum, attracts 800,000 visitors a year.
Tower of David Museum of the History of Jerusalem
Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial
Tel Aviv Museum of Art
Diaspora Museum
Haifa Museum of Science and Technology
Restaurant culture
As part of its hospitality industry, including hotels, restaurants and wineries, one of the most vibrant restaurant cultures in the Mediterranean region has developed in Israel since the 1990s, catering to both tourists and citizens. Professional training for Israeli chefs, hotel owners, sommeliers and vintners is of a high standard, and top hotel chefs have international education and experience.
There are thousands of restaurants, casual eateries, cafés and bars in Israel, offering a wide range of choices in food and culinary styles. In addition to Middle Eastern specialties, there are restaurants offering a wide selection of ethnic food, including Italian, French, Greek, Russian, Ethiopian, Balkan, Thai, Chinese, American and fusion cuisine.
Places to eat out that are typically Israeli include falafel stands or kiosks, which also offer extras like French fries, fried eggplant, salads and pickles with the falafel, and the hummusia, which specializes in hummus, and offers only a limited selection of extras. The Misada Mizrahit (literally, "Eastern restaurant") is an inexpensively priced restaurant that serves a basic selection of meze salads followed by grilled meat with French fries, fried kibbeh and simple desserts, while Steakiyot are restaurants which serve a meze of salads, followed by skewered grilled meats, particularly meorav yerushalmi and kebabs or sometimes by kibbeh stew like kibbeh in okra and tomato stew, beet stew.
Cafés are common in urban areas and function as meeting places both for socializing and conducting business. They commonly serve coffee, tea, fruit juice and soft drinks and almost all serve baked goods and sandwiches; many also serve light meals. Most have outdoor seating to take advantage of Israel's temperate weather, and Tel Aviv is particularly well known for its café culture. Tea is also served in cafés, from plain brewed Russian-style with sugar, to tea with lemon or milk, and Middle Eastern-style with mint (nana). There is also a strong coffee drinking culture in Israel and coffee is prepared in many ways, such as instant (nes), iced, latte (hafuḥ), Italian-style espresso, or Turkish coffee.
Wineries
Enotourism is a growing part of the tourism sector in Israel. In early 2008, it was announced that a wine park would be created on the slopes between Zichron Ya'akov and Binyamina in order to promote tourism in the area and enotourism in Israel in general.
Hot springs
Hamat Gader
Tiberias hot springs
Yoav hot springs (Hamei Yoav)
Israeli-occupied territories
In March 2021, the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations published a report that stated: "tour operators across Europe and North America are deceptively offering unsuspecting consumers misleading package tours to Israel and Palestine. These tours are labelled as destined to ‘Israel’ but actually include locations in the occupied Palestinian territory (OPT), and in the occupied Syrian Golan. Many include illegal Israeli settlements, which are the source of a wide range of serious human rights violations suffered by Palestinian communities and the Palestinian people as a whole."
West Bank tourism
West Bank tourism has been controlled by Israel since the territory was occupied in 1967. Territory that had been off-limits to Israeli citizens was now made available for tourism, and Israel established numerous amenities in these territories and East Jerusalem to make it more appealing to Israeli and foreign tourists. Despite that, Israeli citizens are generally restricted from traveling to parts of the West Bank under Palestinian Authority control. Today, The Palestinian Authority and Israeli tourism ministries work together on tourism in the Palestinian territories in a Joint Committee on Tourism.
Bethlehem - Burial place of the matriarch Rachel and birthplace of King David and of Jesus. Around 1.3 million tourists visited the city in 2008. Popular sites in the city and around include: The Church of the Nativity, a church built over the cave that tradition marks as the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth; The Manger Square; Shepherd's Field in Beit Sahour; Solomon's Pools; and the Salesian Cremisan Monastery.
Herodium - A fortress built by Herod the Great. It is administered by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority.
Hebron – The second-holiest city in Judaism and the place where the Tomb of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs is located, according to Jewish and Islamic tradition. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Judah before David moved it to Jerusalem.
Jericho – Tourism increased by nearly 42.3% in the first three-quarters of 2008 as crossing between areas under PA control and Israel became less restricted.
Qumran – An ancient Jewish site where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered. It is administered by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority.
Nablus – Also known as Shechem, where Joseph's Tomb and Jacob's Well can be found.
Golan Heights tourism
The Golan Heights were captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War and are recognized by the international community as Syrian territory held by Israel under military occupation. However, in 2019 the United States recognized Israeli sovereignty of the area. In an act ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council, Israel applied civilian law to the territory in 1981.
For ease of touring, the Golan can be divided into the north with most of its popular destinations and the south where the administrative capital is located. Travel guides recommend renting a car or joining an organized tour. Although it is slower, some travelers chose to hitchhike throughout the region. Accommodations are typically through bed and breakfasts or cabins called zimmers.
The first Israeli ski resort was established in the Golan. Nature trails and other attractions were established by Israel in order to further entrench its presence in the territory and to attract tourists. As much of the Golan's land is not arable, many of the Israeli settlements established focused on tourism as a way of generating income.
The Golan has national parks which provide extensive hiking options. Most of these are maintained by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Land mines from previous wars pose a risk when clearly marked and fenced off areas are disregarded.
The Mount Hermon ski resort is popular during the winter months. This is the first Israeli ski resort in the Golan.
The area produces wine and the Golan Heights Winery is a large producer. The winery has a visitor's center and tours.
Archaeology in Katzrin, Gamla, Nimrod Fortress, Rujm el-Hiri, Umm el Kanatir
Seas and lakes
Mediterranean coastal strip
Sunny beaches and hotel resorts
Dead sea
The lowest point on the Earth's surface and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world, famous for its buoyancy and medicinal qualities
Red Sea
Sunny beaches and hotel resorts, popular destination for SCUBA diving and water sports
Sea of Galilee
Sunny beaches and hotel resorts
Important Christian and Jewish holy sites
Many archaeological sites.
Dive tourism
Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world. About 250,000 dives are performed annually off Eilat's 11 km coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area. In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease. Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21–25 °C, little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 meters visibility.
Medical tourism
Israel is emerging as a popular destination for medical tourists. In 2006, 15,000 foreign visitors travelled to the country for medical procedures, bringing in $40 million of revenue. The advantages of Israel for health tourism include good natural resources; stable, comfortable climate all year round; a progressive medical systems, and scenic locations which have a calming effect on patients. Medical tourists choose Israel for several reasons. Some come from European nations such as Romania where certain procedures are not available. Others come to Israel, most commonly from the United States, because they can receive quality health care at a fraction of the cost it would be at home, for both surgeries and in-vitro fertilization treatments. Other medical tourists come to Israel to visit the Dead Sea, a world-famous therapeutic resort. The Israel Ministry of Tourism and several professional medical services providers have set out to generate awareness of Israel's medical capabilities.
Tourist demographics and economic contribution
According to the Israeli Ministry of Tourism, in 2009 54% of the 2.7 million visitors to Israel were Christian. Jewish tourists accounted for 39%. Revenue from tourism in 2009 totalled $3.3 billion. In 2010, tourism constituted 6.4% of the country's GDP. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that real GDP growth for tourism in Israel is expected to average 5.0% per annum over the years 2010–2020. The contribution of tourism to Gross Domestic Product is expected by WTTC to rise from 6.4% (US$12.0 billion) in 2010 to 7.2% ($22.1 billion) by 2020. The contribution of the industry to employment is 223,000 jobs in 2010, 7.9% of total employment. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 6.5% of total exports (US$4.8 billion) in 2010. Investment in tourism is estimated at US$2.3 billion or 7.6% of total investment in 2010. The Israel Travel & Tourism economy is ranked number 51 in absolute size worldwide, of the 181 countries estimated by the WTTC.
Tourism abroad by Israelis
Offsetting the economic contribution by tourists visiting Israel is the larger number of Israelis touring abroad. In 1993, for example, "tourism brought $750 million into the country, but Israeli tourists spent $2 billion abroad." Statistics published a decade later reported "some 2 million Israelis touring the world."
International recognition and awards
In 2005, Ernst & Young conducted a comprehensive research study on Israeli tourism. The report, entitled "A New Market Strategy for Israeli Tourism" was published in November 2006. The researchers felt that increasing the number of international tourists by 2011 from 1.9 million to 4–5 million was a feasible goal. The report stated that Israel's most attractive feature for international markets was its religious culture and history and the great diversity it offers within a very small country. According to the researchers, Israel's different cultures and religions, its diverse landscapes, the contrasts between cities (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv), and combination of European, North African and Middle Eastern culture produced a "very high density of experience." The report recommended that Israel adopt appropriate marketing strategies to counter any perceived negative imagery associated with political developments.
In 2010, Israel won the title of "most outstanding stand" in all categories at the world's largest tourism fair, ITB, held in Berlin. The Israeli stand won the title of "best presenter" in the Near East and Middle East for the third time in a row.
Most visited sites
Free
In 2009, the most visited Jewish religious site in Israel were the Western Wall, and the second-most visited Jewish religious site in Israel was the grave of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai at Mount Meron.
Paid
The most popular paid tourist attraction is the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo. The top paid sites of 2012 were listed by Dun & Bradstreet Israel were as follows"
Foreign visitor arrivals
Total number of tourists in Israel in 2018 was 4,113,100. This was an increase of 14% over the previous year.
See also
Visa policy of Israel
List of caves in Israel
Culture of Israel
Economy of Israel
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website of the Israeli Ministry of Tourism
Israel.travel
Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism%20in%20Israel |
The Gewehr 88 (commonly called the Model 1888 commission rifle) was a late 19th-century German bolt-action rifle, adopted in 1888.
The invention of smokeless powder in the late 19th century immediately rendered all of the large-bore black powder rifles then in use obsolete. To keep pace with the French (who had adopted smokeless powder "small bore" ammunition for their Lebel Model 1886 rifle) the Germans adopted the Gewehr 88 using its own new Patrone 88 cartridge, which was also designed by the German Rifle Commission. The rifle was one of many weapons in the arms race between the Germanic states and France, and with Europe in general. There were also two carbine versions, the Karabiner 88 for mounted troops and the Gewehr 91 for artillery. Later models provided for loading with stripper clips (Gewehr 88/05s and Gewehr 88/14s) and went on to serve in World War I to a limited degree. Unlike many German service rifles before and after, it was not developed by Mauser but the arms commission, and Mauser was one of the few major arms manufacturers in Germany that did not produce Gewehr 88s.
Design
In 1886, fifteen years after their defeat by German forces in the Franco-Prussian War, the French Army introduced the new Lebel magazine rifle firing an 8 mm high-velocity projectile propelled by the new smokeless powder. This made Germany's rifle, the Mauser Model 1871, obsolete due to its large and slow 11 mm round propelled by black powder. The practical result was that the French rifle had greater accuracy and range, and needed cleaning much less often, giving French troops a tactical advantage over the German Army. In response the German Army's Rifle Testing Commission developed the Gewehr 88 which was adopted for service in 1888. For this reason the Gewehr 88 is also known as the "commission rifle," or "Kommissionsgewehr".
Cartridge
The first step was to select a new cartridge. This began by adapting a Swiss design, resulting in the Patrone 88 or M/88 of 1888, an 8 mm rimless "necked" cartridge (bullet diameter 8.08 mm/.318 in) loaded with an 8.08 mm (.318 in) 14.6 g (226 gr) round-nose bullet propelled by a single-base smokeless powder. In 1905, the 8 mm M/88 cartridge was replaced by the 7.92×57mm Mauser S Patrone (ball cartridge) which was loaded with a new 8.20 mm (.323 in) 9.9 g (154 gr) spitzer bullet and more powerful double-base smokeless powder, resulting in nearly 40% higher muzzle velocity and 30% more muzzle energy.
Receiver and magazine
The Gewehr 1888 is a further development of the receiver and bolt of the Gewehr 1871 combined with a Mannlicher magazine. It has a receiver with a "split bridge" (i.e., the bolt passes through the receiver and locks in front of the rear bridge); a rotating bolt head; and the characteristic Mannlicher-style "packet loading" or "en-bloc" system in which cartridges are loaded into a steel carrier (an en bloc clip) which is inserted into the magazine, where it holds the cartridges in alignment over a spring. As shots are fired the clip remains in place until the last round is chambered, at which point it drops through a hole in the bottom of the rifle. This system was used in almost all Mannlicher designs and derivatives, and while it allows for speedy reloading, it also creates an entry point for dirt. To settle a patent infringement claim by Steyr-Mannlicher, Germany contracted the Austro-Hungarian company to be one of the manufacturers of Gewehr 88s, and Mannlicher together with Otto Schönauer derived from the Mauser-Schlegelmilch design a whole family of turn-bolt actions, the last of which was serially produced until 1970s.
Bolt and barrel
The commission rifle's bolt action design was a commission modified Mauser action. The barrel design and rifling were virtually copied from the French Lebel. The rifle has an odd appearance as the entire 'floating' barrel is encased in a sheet metal tube for protection, but with the tube removed the rifle looks rather modern. This tube was intended to increase accuracy by preventing the barrel from directly contacting the stock, but in practice it increased the risk of rusting by providing a space for water to be trapped if the rifle was exposed to harsh conditions. The Karabiner 88 utilized a different bolt handle, which resembled those found on commercial sporting rifles.
Service history
Some early models had flaws due to rushed ammunition production. This was used in 1892 by the then notorious anti-Semitic agitator Hermann Ahlwardt, member of the German Reichstag, to spread an anti-semitic conspiracy theory. Many of the Gewehr 88-rifles were produced by the armament manufacturer Loewe & Company, whose chairman was Jewish entrepreneur Isidor Loewe. Isidor Loewe also held a controlling interest in the Waffenfabrik Mauser. According to Ahlwardt's claims, Loewe would either deliberately supply the German army with insufficient rifles, or, along with other Jews, secretly exchange rifles with flawed ones after they had passed the reliability tests. Ahlwardt accused Loewe of being a spy for France, and denounced the rifle as a Judenflinte ("Jews' musket"). After these claims were found insupportable, Ahlwardt was sentenced to 4 months in prison for malicious falsehood.
Part of the production run was exported to China (see lower) or Latin America (for example Brazil army use them in War of Canudos in 1896–1897). The commission rifle saw field service with Germany's colonial expansion, including in China during the Boxer Rebellion (with the Gewehr 88s and the unlicensed Hanyang 88 copies also being used by the opposing Chinese troops), and served as a front line weapon for German troops during World War I until 1915 when the supply of Gewehr 98s increased. When Germany replaced the 88 with the Gewehr 98, many of the rifles were given to Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire during World War I because both states had a shortage of rifles (however, it was used extensively by the Turkish Army even through the 1930s and 1940s). Many Gewehr 88 rifles stayed in active service in second-line units, reserves, and in armies allied with the Germans through and well past World War I.
Most of the Gewehr 88s seen in the US are the ones that were given to the Turkish forces in World War I and have been modified from the original design. The Turks issued these and updated versions at least as late as the 1930s. Gewehr 88/05 rifles were also used by Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia (for example as modified guard shotgun), and Poland. Gewehr 88 rifles have been used widely during post World War I revolutions, uprisings and wars (on both sides of the Russian Civil War, the German Revolution of 1918–19, the Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20), the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19), the Silesian Uprisings, the Turkish War of Independence, the Polish–Soviet War, by the Ulster Volunteers and by Lithuanians in the Lithuanian Wars of Independence). About 5,500 Gewehr and Karabiner 88s were delivered to the Lithuanian Army in 1919–1920 (granted by Germany and sold by France and the UK). Used by the paramilitary Rifle Union, the rest were kept in the storage and were re-barreled before World War II. Inter-war Germany used Gewehr 88 rifles only for the militia. Gewehr 88 rifles were also used in the Spanish Civil War by both sides. At the beginning of World War II some Gewehr 88 rifles were still in use, by second line units or paramilitary organizations (or partisans) in Poland and Yugoslavia. Some of the ex-UVF rifles were used by Home Guard in the United Kingdom in 1940. Ethiopean rifles (some ex-UVF rifles also found their way there) also saw action during the East African Campaign. These rifles were also used by the German Volkssturm in 1944–1945.
China also used this rifle extensively during the Qing dynasty and the Republican era. China first bought Gewehr 88 rifles for the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 and after that started production of the unlicensed Hanyang 88 copy. In the beginning of the 20th century China bought for a second time a large number of original Gewehr 88 rifles. During the following 50 years, the rifle and its Hanyang 88 copy were used in the Xinhai Revolution, the Chinese Civil War and the War of Resistance against Japan and proved more than adequate against the Japanese Arisaka Type 38 rifle, though the latter was newer by 30 years. The last time they saw action in Chinese service was during the Korean War, where some of them were captured and taken to the US as souvenirs.
The rifle was adopted during a period of rapid development in firearms technology, and marked Germany's shift to a smokeless powder. This explains why its period as the primary German service rifle was just over a dozen years, but it remained in limited service for much longer. In 1898 a Mauser design was adopted, the Gewehr 98, which was the culmination of a series of Mauser models in the 1890s. It was a superior replacement using the same ammunition with a stronger powder charge. However, this rifle soon had to be converted to fire the new Spitzer round that Germany adopted after the turn of the century. With these modifications the newer design remained in use until the end of World War II.
The Gewehr 88 was also sometimes made into very elegant sporting rifles by gunsmiths in Germany. Examples of these usually show first-class workmanship and special features such as folding sights and altered bolt handles. Some Karabiner 88 carbines are known to have been produced in 7×57mm Mauser instead of the usual M/88 or the 7.92×57mm Mauser chambering. These were likely intended for sale in South America, where use of the 7×57mm cartridge was widespread. All known 7×57mm Karabiner 88s were produced by Haenel.
Variants
At the time of adoption, the M/88 "Patrone 7.9 mm" was loaded with a 14.6 g (226 gr) round nose bullet that measured 8.08 mm (.318 in) in diameter. In 1894/95 the German Army changed the barrel specifications from 7.9/8.1 mm to 7.9/8.2 mm hoping to improve accuracy and Gewehr 88 rifles made from that date on had different bores. The 8.08 mm (.318 in) bullet diameter however remained unchanged. After 1895 most Gewehr 1888 rifles were regrooved.
In 1903, the Germany Army adopted a new service cartridge that fired lighter bullets measuring 8.20 mm (.323 in) in diameter. From then on, many Gewehr 88 rifles were rechambered to fire the new 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge becoming Gewehr 88 S rifles. This rechambering required more work as the 7.92×57mm Mauser chambering required a wider chamber throat to take the thicker brass of the new 1903 pattern cartridge. 7.92×57mm Mauser adapted rifles have the receiver marked with a large "S" rollmark. From 1905 the rifles were also converted to use the Gewehr 98 type stripper clip by adding stripper clip guides to the top rear of the receiver and altering the magazine becoming Gewehr 88/05 rifles.
After the start of World War 1, some of the remaining Gewehr 88 S rifles were modified to the Gewehr 88/14 standard, which was generally similar to Gewehr 88/05 but with cruder workmanship. Some 88's were sold to various nations or armed groups, or captured in combat and therefore a wide variety of markings can be found such as Bulgarian stars, English proofs, Turkish crescents and symbols, Polish eagles etc. Gew 88's were re-serialized by the army capturing them in some rare cases (i.e.; Greece/Turks) or/and when they were re-barrelled. The markings found on Gew 88's are very extensive and therefore are a topic of their own.
Modern ammunition use
The maximum operating pressure for the Gewehr 88 commission rifle is less than that of any 8 mm Mauser rifle, as the makers of the Gewehr 88 did not fully understand the greater energy of smokeless powder compared to black powder.
Shooters planning to use modern 8 mm ammunition in a Gewehr 88 slug their bore and chamber as there are four different possible bores and grooves and chamber dimensioning combinations found on the Gewehr 88 rifle. High performance and hence high pressure or military ammunition designated for machine gun use cannot be fired safely in a Gewehr 88 commission rifle.
Defects
Although the packet loading system proved to be a design shortcoming, it is not uncommon to encounter a Gewehr 88 today which still retains it. Some of them were modified to use the stripper clips used with the Gewehr 98 by milling a slot into the left side of the action and adding stripper clip guides on the top of the receiver. Through this slot projects a bar which retains the cartridges in place against the magazine spring's pressure. The hole in the bottom of the rifle is often covered with a small piece of sheet metal.
Unlike many rifles designed later, the bolt head of this rifle is able to be removed from the bolt body. This piece could be removed during disassembly, and was frequently lost. Additionally, both the ejector and the extractor that are attached to the bolt head are prone to falling out if care is not taken during disassembly and reassembly.
Users
: obtained after 1896 from German and Belgian arms dealers
: captured carbines were issued to second-line soldiers, such as car drivers
: Used by Volkssturm
Haganah
Irish Republic
Malayan National Liberation Army: Karabiner 88 variant, supplied by Soviet Union only in small numbers
Republic of China: Nationalists, warlords and anti-Japanese guerillas used the Hanyang 88, a copy of the Gewehr 1888
About 5,500 rifles and carbines from 1919–1940
: Acquired approximately 2,000 through Poland during the Spanish Civil War
: received during World War I, leftover Ottoman stock used in Turkish War of Independence
: Used by Home Guard
Ulster Volunteers
Conflicts
First Sino-Japanese War
Revolta da Armada
Federalist revolution
War of Canudos
Second Boer War
Boxer Rebellion
Herero Wars
Maji Maji Rebellion
Mexican Revolution
Mexican Border War
Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
Xinhai Revolution
World War I
Easter Rising
Warlord Era
Russian Civil War
German Revolution of 1918–19
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
Polish–Soviet War
Irish War of Independence
Silesian Uprisings
Turkish War of Independence
Lithuanian Wars of Independence
Sheikh Said rebellion
Ararat rebellion
Constitutionalist Revolution
Chinese Civil War
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Spanish Civil War
Dersim rebellion
Second Sino-Japanese War
Sudeten German uprising 1938
World War II
1948 Palestine war
Malayan Emergency
Korean War
Gallery
See also
List of infantry weapons of World War I
References
External links
1888 establishments in Germany
1899 disestablishments in Germany
Early rifles
8 mm firearms
7.92×57mm Mauser rifles
Bolt-action rifles
World War I German infantry weapons
Weapons of the Ottoman Empire
Rifles of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewehr%201888 |
Choi Sai Woo Park () is an urban park located near the top of Braemar Hill at Braemar Hill Road, Hong Kong. The park serves as a social hub for the neighbourhood.
History
The park was named after the Choi Sai Woo Reservoir, which was formerly located in the park. According to the commemorative plaque in the park, the reservoir was built by Taikoo Sugar Company Limited in 1894; it was the largest and the last of the five private reservoirs built by the company. During the drought and bubonic plague outbreak that started in 1894, the reservoir once supplied water to Tai Ping Shan District. It was filled in to create the current park site. In World War II it was the scene of bitter fighting as the Japanese advanced towards Wong Nai Chung Gap to split the defence of Hong Kong into two.
The park was built at a cost of $9.5 million and opened by the Urban Council in August 1986. It was designed to retain most of the existing mature trees and shrubs on site. An opening ceremony, officiated by Urban Councillor Kim Cham and the Director of Urban Services, was held on 16 January 1987.
Facilities
Choi Sai Woo Park is a landscaped garden with a total area of 2,400 m2 providing some country freshness among a number of housing estates and schools. Located next to prestigious new housing developments and with several schools in the area, it serves the community as a place of rest. There are two small basketball courts in the Park. The garden area is located at the very bottom level of Choi Sai Woo Park abutting the car parking lot of TutorTime. It is mainly planted with bamboo. There is a children's playground located at the top of the park. A pagoda adjoins the playground. A number of amenities including restaurant or tea shop "cha chaan teng", Wan King, TutorTime and 7-Eleven outlets, are in the vicinity.
See also
List of reservoirs of Hong Kong
List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong
Braemar Hill Mansions, an adjacent housing estate
References
Braemar Hill
Urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong
Reservoirs in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%20Sai%20Woo%20Park |
Southern River is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the state of Western Australia.
The district is a marginal seat based in the southern suburbs of Perth.
Geography
Southern River is an electorate situated in Perth's southern suburbs. The district includes the suburbs of Southern River and Huntingdale, as well as parts of the suburbs of Canning Vale and Gosnells.
History
Southern River was first contested at the 1996 state election. The seat was won by Liberal Party candidate Monica Holmes who defeated Labor candidate Judyth Watson, the latter being at the time member for the abolished Kenwick. Holmes was defeated at the 2001 state election by Labor candidate Paul Andrews.
The redistribution ahead of the 2005 state election shifted Southern River eastward, making the seat safer for the Labor Party. That election saw Paul Andrews defeat Monica Holmes a second time, with a much wider margin in large part due to the redistribution changes. The next redistribution saw much of the previous changes reversed, making Southern River once again a marginal seat. With Labor's hold on the seat now much more tenuous, Andrews was defeated at the 2008 state election by Liberal candidate Peter Abetz. Abetz held the seat through the 2013 state election but lost to Labor's Terry Healy at the 2017 state election.
Members for Southern River
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Southern River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Southern%20River |
SouthernUnderground is the second studio album by American hip hop trio CunninLynguists. It was released on April 1, 2003 via FreshChest Records. Recording sessions took place at Deacon's Crib in Lexington, Kentucky. Production was handled by member Kno, who also served as executive producer, Domingo, Freshchest Prose and RJD2. It features guest appearances from Cashmere The PRO, Masta Ace, Supastition and Tonedeff.
As well as resident vocalist Deacon the Villain and DJ/vocalist Kno, the group employed Mr. SOS to accompany on vocals for much of the album. In addition to these three, other artists from the QN5 record label appear, including Tonedeff.
It is best known for its single "Seasons", featuring Masta Ace, that details that history of hip hop comparing different eras to seasons of a year. It also has some political songs, such as "Dying Nation", "War" and "Appreciation", which takes a somber, storytelling approach to the September 11 attacks.
It also includes the song "Falling Down", which is based on Falling Down, a film about a man violently making his way across Los Angeles.
Track listing
Personnel
Ryan "Kno" Wisler – vocals, scratches (tracks: 3, 11, 15), producer (tracks: 1, 3-8, 10, 11, 13-16), re-mixing (track 14), executive producer
Willis "Deacon the Villain" Polk II – vocals
David "Mr. SOS" Diaz – vocals (tracks: 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 15)
Tony "Tonedeff" Rojas – vocals (track 3), additional vocals (tracks: 10, 11)
Duval "Masta Ace" Clear – vocals (track 9)
R. "Cashmere The Pro" Johnson – vocals (tracks: 10, 14), co-producer (track 14)
Kamaarphial "Supastition" Moye – vocals (track 10)
Loyal Johnson – additional vocals (track 11)
DJ Tommee – scratches
Domingo Padilla – producer (track 2)
Ramble "RJD2" Krohn – producer (track 9)
Gene Gaudenzi – producer (track 12), engineering, mastering
Joe LaPorta – producer (track 12), engineering, mastering
References
External links
2003 albums
CunninLynguists albums
Albums produced by RJD2
Albums produced by Domingo (producer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthernUnderground |
Arenigs is an informal term for a group of mountains in central Snowdonia, in north Wales. They are not strictly defined, but normally include at least the following peaks:
References
Mountains and hills of Snowdonia
Mountains and hills of Gwynedd
Mountains and hills of Conwy County Borough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenigs |
Full House is an album by the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery, released in 1962.
History
The performance was recorded live at Tsubo in Berkeley, California, on June 25, 1962. The session featured a quintet that included Wynton Kelly on piano, Johnny Griffin on tenor saxophone, Paul Chambers on bass, and Jimmy Cobb on drums.
The album was released on the Riverside Records label. A 1987 CD reissue in the Original Jazz Classics series was followed by a later reissue in 2007 featuring additional bonus tracks.
Track listing
Original issue
"Full House" (Wes Montgomery) – 9:14
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe) – 3:18
"Blue 'n' Boogie" (Dizzy Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) – 9:31
"Cariba" (Wes Montgomery) - 9:35
"Come Rain or Come Shine" (Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen) – 6:49
"S.O.S." (Montgomery) – 4:57
1987 CD
"Full House" (Wes Montgomery) - 9:16
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Lerner, Loewe) - 3:29
"Blue 'N' Boogie" (Gillespie, Paparelli) - 9:38
"Cariba" (Wes Montgomery) - 9:41
"Come Rain or Come Shine [Take 2]" (Arlen, Mercer) - 6:57
"Come Rain or Come Shine [Take 1]" (Arlen, Mercer) - 7:18
"S.O.S. (Take 3)" (Wes Montgomery) - 5:03
"S.O.S. (Take 2)" (Wes Montgomery) - 4:49
"Born to Be Blue" (Tormé, Wells) - 7:27
2007 reissue by Riverside
"Full House" (Wes Montgomery) - 9:16
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Lerner, Loewe) - 3:29
"Blue 'N' Boogie" (Gillespie, Paparelli) - 9:38
"Cariba (Take 2)" (Wes Montgomery) - 9:41
"Come Rain or Come Shine [Take 2]" (Arlen, Mercer) - 6:57
"S.O.S. (Take 3)" (Wes Montgomery) - 5:03
"Cariba" (Wes Montgomery) - 8:28
"Come Rain or Come Shine" (Arlen, Mercer) - 7:21
"S.O.S." (Wes Montgomery) - 4:49
"Born to Be Blue" (Tormé, Wells) - 7:27
"Born to Be Blue (alternate take)" (Tormé, Wells) - 7:35
Personnel
Wes Montgomery – guitar
Johnny Griffin – tenor sax
Wynton Kelly – piano
Paul Chambers – bass
Jimmy Cobb – drums
References
Wes Montgomery albums
Albums produced by Orrin Keepnews
1962 live albums
Riverside Records live albums
Original Jazz Classics live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20House%20%28Wes%20Montgomery%20album%29 |
Swan Hills is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is located in the outer north-east of Perth.
Swan Hills is a marginal seat. It has been held by the government of the day on every occasion since its creation in 1989.
Geography
Based in the north-east corner of Perth's Metropolitan Region Scheme, Swan Hills covers large parts of the Swan Valley and Darling Scarp. The district takes in the communities of Aveley, Bailup, Belhus, Brigadoon, Bullsbrook, Chidlow Ellenbrook, Gidgegannup, Melaleuca, Mount Helena, Sawyers Valley, The Vines, Upper Swan and Wooroloo.
History
First contested at the 1989 state election, Swan Hills was created to replace the abolished seat of Mundaring. It was won on that occasion by Labor MP Gavan Troy, who had been the member for Mundaring since 1983. Troy retired at the 1993 state election, and the seat was picked up by the Liberal candidate June van de Klashorst when her party won government at the same election.
Two terms later, at the 2001 state election the seat again changed hands with a change of government. The new Labor MP was 24-year-old Jaye Radisich. Radisich retired at the 2008 state election, having failed to win Labor endorsement to contest a safer seat. The seat was then gained by Liberal candidate Frank Alban, continuing the pattern of seat going with the party that wins government.
Radisich died of cancer in 2012, and Labor recruited her brother, Ian Radisich, to challenge Alban at the 2013 state election. However, Alban easily won re-election as the Liberal-National government retained office with an increased majority. Alban was defeated by Jessica Shaw in the 2017 election by a large margin.
Members for Swan Hills
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Swan Hills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Swan%20Hills |
Messenger College is a private Pentecostal college in Bedford, Texas. The institution is accredited through the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) and its students are eligible for federal student aid programs. Messenger College offers Bachelor of Arts and Associate of Arts degrees. Distance learning is offered through Messenger College On-Line.
History
Joplin Era
In September 1987, Messenger College was created by the merging of two collegiate institutions. In November 1983, the Pentecostal Church of God, the sponsoring organization of the two denominational colleges in the United States, elected to merge those institutions into one college in Joplin, Missouri, the host city of its international headquarters. Southern Bible College in Houston, Texas and Evangelical Christian College in Fresno, California were closed and the resources moved to Joplin, Missouri to create Messenger College. Messenger College was opened in newly constructed facilities on of wooded property across from the international offices of the church denomination.
It is the Pentecostal Church of God's national collegiate institution, serving as the organization's educational arm for its ministers, missionaries, teachers, and other professionals to serve its constituency and others in the United States and abroad.
During the 2011 tornado that devastated the city of Joplin, Messenger College and The Pentecostal Church of God opened its doors to the people of Joplin for emergency relief, housing, and some day care services.
Dallas-Fort Worth Era
In 2012, Messenger College relocated its campus to Euless, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. In 2018, Messenger College relocated again to Bedford, Texas still in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, united once again with the campus of the Pentecostal Church of God's International Missions Center.
Academics
Major Programs
Messenger College offers two major programs, Christian Ministry and Christian Counseling.
In Christian Ministry there are seven different concentrations that can be applied to the degree: Student Ministry, Worship Ministry, Inter-Cultural Ministry, Pastoral Ministry, Biblical Studies, Discipleship Ministry, and Administration and Leadership. These concentrations allow for a deeper connection to the specific area of ministry a student is hoping to work in.
The Christian Ministry major program can be followed through a one-year certification, a two-year associates, or a four-year bachelor's degree. The Christian Counseling program can only be followed through a four-year bachelor's degree.
See also
Mizpa Pentecostal University: San Juan, Puerto Rico
Southern Bible College: Houston, Texas
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1987
Pentecostal universities and colleges
Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
Euless, Texas
Seminaries and theological colleges in Texas
Education in Joplin, Missouri
1987 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger%20College |
Bhavadevarapalle, also Bhavadevarapalli, is a village in Krishna district of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Nagayalanka mandal of Machilipatnam revenue division. It is known for the famous Bhavannarayana Temple. Because of this temple the village got its name. It is located southwest of another famous temple at Lingareddypalem.
References
Villages in Krishna district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavadevarapalle |
Kristineberg is a residential area of Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden. The land was bought by the city in 1920. Before that it was owned by Kristineberg Palace.
Kristineberg metro station is an outdoor station and was opened on 26 October 1952.
Districts of Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristineberg%2C%20Stockholm |
Yorks Wood is a Local Nature Reserve in Kingshurst, Solihull, England. It is an ancient wood of predominantly oak trees. The River Cole is located south of the wood and located within Kingfisher Country Park.
History
The first mention of the wood is in 1456. It was stated as being owned by the Mountford family and being located within Kingshurst Park. The wood received its current name in the 19th century and by the 1920s, it was under the ownership of the Scout movement. In the 1970s, the fields surrounding the wood were sold to make way for housing development. The wood was preserved in the 1960s when the Kingshurst Hall Estate was completed so that it could act as a buffer between the estate and other nearby estates. Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council bought the wood in 1984 and designated it as a Local Nature Reserve in 1991.
Nature
During May, the floor of the wood is covered in bluebells and towards the closing of the year, fungi can be seen. During spring, wood anemone, and celandine are located in different parts of the forest.
The wood is home to various species of birds, such as spotted woodpeckers and sparrowhawks, which breed throughout the year there.
The most common species of trees found growing within the wood are birch and oak. Ash and willow trees are found within the wood along with invasive species such as sycamore. As sycamore trees do not support as much wildlife as the native tree species, its presence is controlled.
References
Solihull
Local Nature Reserves in the West Midlands (county) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorks%20Wood |
Frank "Dolly" Aked (25 November 1902 – 28 January 1993) was an Australian rules football player. He played with Footscray, now known as the Western Bulldogs, being a member of the inaugural team that entered the then Victorian Football League in 1925. He was recruited from Preston as a ruckman and played mostly in that position for the majority of his career. His son Frank Aked Jr. also played four games for Footscray in the 1950s. Aked Sr.'s playing measurements were 183 cm and 86 kg, which would definitely not have him playing ruck in the modern era.
Holmesby and Main describe him as a "good mark and wonderful trier". He played one season for Hawthorn in 1933 before returning to Footscray to coach the reserves, taking them to their first ever finals appearance (being also the club's first in the VFL at any level). He was a trainer with the senior team for many years and was a well-known figure around the club for decades. He was the grandfather of Richmond and Collingwood player Allan Edwards, who played the final year of his career with Footscray in 1984.
References
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2002) The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers, Crown Content, Melbourne.
External links
A Guy Called Doll. 1984 article By Mike Ryan, Sunday Press newspaper
1902 births
1993 deaths
Hawthorn Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Australian rules footballers from Geelong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Aked%20Sr. |
Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District (SCMTD), or simply Santa Cruz METRO, provides bus service throughout Santa Cruz County, California. In , the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of .
Santa Cruz METRO also operates the Highway 17 Express service for Amtrak Thruway between the city of Santa Cruz and San Jose Diridon station, in partnership with Amtrak California and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority.
History
Santa Cruz METRO was created in 1968 as a special district within Santa Cruz County with taxing authority. Service was initially to the cities of Santa Cruz, Capitola and Live Oak. Santa Cruz METRO extended service to Watsonville, Scotts Valley and the San Lorenzo Valley in 1974.
In 1979, voters approved a measure to change the financing of Santa Cruz METRO from a property tax to a 1/2 cent sales tax.
The Amtrak Thruway Highway 17 Express service between Santa Cruz and San Jose started as an emergency bus service after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake closed Highway 17.
A strike in September 2005 lasted for 35 days and stranded up to 23,000 riders.
In 2011 fixed route service was severely cut then restored mere months later.
In 2012 Santa Cruz METRO received grant funding to construct the Judy K. Souza Operations Facility.
Routes
Route 4 – Harvey West/Emeline
Route 10 – UCSC via Main Gate – High
Route 15 – UCSC via Laurel West
Route 17 – Highway 17 Express
Route 18 – UCSC via Main Gate – Mission
Route 19 – UCSC via West Gate – Bay
Route 20 – UCSC via Main Gate – Delaware/Western
Route 35 – Highway 9/Scotts Valley
Route 35E – Highway 9/Scotts Valley via Emeline
Route 40 – Highway 1 - Davenport
Route 41 – Empire Grade - Bonny Doon
Route 42 – Davenport/Bonny Doon
Route 55 – Cabrillo – Rio Del Mar
Route 66 – Live Oak/17th
Route 68 – Broadway/Portola
Route 69A/69W – Capitola/Cabrillo/Airport
Route 71 – Soquel/Freedom
Route 72 – Green Valley – Hospital
Route 72W – Green Valley – Corralitos
Route 74S – Pajaro Valley High School/Hospital
Route 75 – Green Valley – Wheelock
Route 79 – East Lake
Route WC – Watsonville Circulator
Route 91X – Cabrillo Express
References
External links
Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District
Public transportation in Santa Cruz County, California
Bus transportation in California
Transportation in Santa Clara County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Cruz%20Metropolitan%20Transit%20District |
The Thief Lord is a children's novel written by Cornelia Funke. It was published in Germany in 2000 and translated into English by Oliver Latsch in 2002 for The Chicken House, a division of Scholastic publishing company. It was Funke's first novel published in the United States and was adapted into a film in 2006.
Plot summary
Orphaned and unwilling to be separated, brothers Prosper and Boniface Hartleib run away to Venice where they are taken in by a group of street children led by a proud orphan named Scipio, AKA "The Thief Lord." A man calling himself the Conte asks the "Thief Lord" to steal a wooden lion's wing for him.
The runaway boys' rich but shallow aunt and uncle wish to adopt only sweet-faced Boniface. They hire a detective, Victor Getz, to find them. Over the course of his investigation, Victor has several run-ins with the gang. He discovers that Scipio is actually the son of a wealthy doctor, Dr. Massimo, but the doctor is emotionally abusive, so Scipio leads a double life on the streets. Victor finds their hideout, but is ambushed and tied up by the kids, who fear he will expose them. Victor distracts the gang by sending them to Dr. Massimo's house, where they learn Scipio's secret. In the meantime, Victor escapes, leaving a note saying he would not turn them in unless they went forward with stealing the wing.
The wing belongs to a woman named Ida Spavento. At her house, Ida tells them the wing is from a magical merry-go-round, which has the ability to change a person's age. She agrees to let them have the wing if they let her accompany them to the exchange. The gang, along with Ida, goes to make the exchange the next night, leaving Boniface and Caterina "Hornet" Grimani, the gang's only girl, to guard the hideout. When they return, they find Boniface and Hornet gone and discover the money they received for the wing is counterfeit. With Victor's help, they find Hornet and Boniface. While the others stay with Ida Spavento, Prosper and Scipio return to the Conte's island home to get the money they are owed. On the island, the Conte's sister, Morosina, catches them climbing the wall and locks them inside the stables.
The next morning, Scipio and Prosper meet the Conte and Morosina, who are now both young children. They tell him that the magical merry-go-round worked. They reveal that they were the penniless servants of the nobles who lived there, and schemed to repair the merry-go-round to reclaim childhoods that had been lost to hard labor. Scipio, who hates the vulnerability of being a child, requests a ride and comes off an adult. Just as Scipio gets off the merry-go-round, the gang's fence Barbarossa arrives, intending to take his payment. As revenge for his cruel actions, Scipio (pretending to be his father) fools him into taking a ride. Barbarossa rapidly deages. He breaks the merry-go-round in panic, permanently stopping its magic, but he has become a young boy. Scipio and Prosper leave after promising the Conte that they will not talk about the merry-go-round. Barbarossa will be forced to give the Conte all the money in his shop safe.
The next day, Prosper, Scipio, and Barbarossa meet up with the gang again. They do not recognize Scipio or Barbarossa and Prosper cannot explain. With Victor and Ida's help, Barbarossa is adopted by Prosper and Boniface's rich aunt Esther. Prosper and Boniface decide to live with Ida and go to school, along with Hornet. Esther catches Barbarossa stealing her jewelry and other possessions and sends him off to boarding school, where he becomes a menacing bully and takes over the title "Thief Lord". The adult Scipio works as Victor's assistant in his detective agency and is free from his father.
Major characters
Scipio Massimo: (The Lord/God of Thieves ) He is thirteen, has dark brown eyes and raven black hair and wears a mask that he found. Scipio is clever and quick-witted, but he is hated and abused by his father.
Prosper Hartlieb: A 12-year-old orphan and brother of Boniface. He is very caring to all his friends and especially to his younger brother. Prosper has dark hair and a very serious look on his face.
Boniface Hartlieb: Also known as "Bo," Boniface is 5 year old orphan who ran away to Venice along with his brother, Prosper. He is described having "blond hair and an angelic face." He admires Scipio and wants to grow up just like him, much to his brother's dismay.
Caterina 'Hornet' Grimani: The only girl in the thief gang, she is described to be "slender, with a brown plait braided down to her hips". Her plait resembles a hornet's stinger, which is where she got her nickname, 'Hornet'. Hornet is an avid reader, and on occasion reads to the rest of the orphans. She is the only one of the children who is not afraid to stand up to Scipio.
Riccio: A runaway from an orphanage/children's home and former pickpocket of the group, he is described as "scrawny boy and at least a head shorter than Prosper, although he wasn't much younger than him". Who is nicknamed "Hedgehog" due to his brown hair always stuck out from his head in every direction, he is also noted for having bad teeth with several rotten alongside a notable gap between his front teeth.
Mosca: Abandoned by his family that no longer wanted him and group's mechanic, "described as skin was beautifully black, that it was always claimed he could hide like a shadow in the dark alleyways of the city". Wants to make enough money to finish building his boat to help in having a life on the water.
Victor Getz: A detective looking for Bo and Prosper hired by Esther and Max Hartlieb. He keeps a pair of tortoises as pets and has a number of disguises for his line of work, but slowly comes to realize that his new clients only want Bo back as a commodity than actually taking care of him and are not bothered if Prosper ends up in an orphanage.
Ida Spavento: A nice lady who looks after the kids for a while and, at the end of the book, takes in Prosper, Bo, and Hornet. She is an orphan and grew up in an orphanage.
Esther Hartlieb: Prosper and Bo's rich aunt. She wasn't particularly close to her sister and only wants Bo as he has such an angelic looking features. She regards Prosper as being too much like his mother and so couldn't care less on his outcome, whilst coming round to her husband's way of thinking in that they both should just cut their losses on both her nephews.
Maximilian Max Hartlieb: Prosper and Bo's stuffy haughty uncle. He has no time for children at all in general and is only catering to his wife's whims in having custody of Bo just to please her. He figures a dog is just a suitable companion for Bo than a sibling and expects Bo to forget about Prosper in due time, but regards Bo as also being too much like his mother as Prosper is and thus a lost cause.
Ernesto Barbarossa: An antique dealer who loves to cheat people. He ends up riding and breaking the merry-go-round and gets stuck at an age a little younger than Bo.
Conte: Conte is the Thief Lord's first client. The Conte's real name is "Renzo".
Contessa: The Conte's younger sister. Her real name is Morosina.
Doctor Massimo: Dottor Massimo is Scipio's disowned father.
Reception
American critics enjoyed The Thief Lord. Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly appreciated the Venetian setting and strong characters, though Publishers found fault with the pacing. Kirkus noted Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes as an influence via the magical carousel.
Adaptation
On May 25, 2006 Warner Brothers released a film version of The Thief Lord starring Rollo Weeks in the title role. The film was mildly successful, but suffered from comparison to adaptations of J.K. Rowling's work. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 50% rating.
References
External links
Cornelia Funke's Official Site
2000 German novels
German children's novels
German novels adapted into films
Novels by Cornelia Funke
Novels about bullying
Novels about child abuse
Novels about dysfunctional families
Novels about nobility
Novels about orphans
Novels about theft
Novels set in Venice
Works about children
Fictional gentleman thieves
2000 children's books
Children's books set in Venice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Thief%20Lord |
The electoral district of Pilbara is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Pilbara is named for the region of Western Australia in which it is located. It is one of the oldest electorates in Western Australia, with its first member having been elected to the Second Parliament of the Legislative Assembly at the 1894 elections.
History
Pilbara (historically spelled Pilbarra) was created at the 1893 redistribution in the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1893, through which three new electorates were created in mining and pastoral areas. Its first member was elected at the 1894 election, and while normally a Labor-held seat, it has been held by the Liberals and their predecessors for significant terms. In 1898, its major settlements were Marble Bar, Nullagine, and Bamboo, and it included the southern Pilbarra goldfield.
Pilbara's second member, Walter Kingsmill, was a prominent member of Leake's opposition, serving as a Minister in the Leake, James and Rason governments between 1901 and 1906. The seat was first won for Labor at a 1906 by-election, which was won by Henry Underwood against Ministerial opponent John Marquis Hopkins. He became part of the National Labor movement led by John Scaddan in early 1917, and later served in a Nationalist ministry under Henry Lefroy as a minister without portfolio. He was defeated by a Labor rival, Alfred Lamond in the 1924 election, but on Lamond's retirement at the 1933 election, the seat became the only seat to switch from Labor to Nationalist in the State in what proved to be a disastrous election for the Nationalists which relegated them to third place behind the Country Party. Labor recovered the seat in 1939, who held it continuously until the 1974 election, when Charles Court's Liberals defeated Labor premier John Tonkin's one-seat majority. Labor recovered the seat when they won government again in 1983, with the seat's first female member Pam Buchanan, who later became a minister in the Lawrence government. In 1989, she shifted to the new seat of Ashburton, and Larry Graham won Pilbara for the Labor party. He resigned from the Labor party in 2000, and served as an Independent until his retirement at the 2005 election, and Labor's Tom Stephens, who had resigned his Legislative Council seat and unsuccessfully contested Kalgoorlie at the 2004 election, won the seat, which for one term was known as Central Kimberley-Pilbara due to a redistribution. The name reverted to Pilbara at the 2008 redistribution. At the 2013 election the seat was contested by National Party leader Brendon Grylls who gained the seat with 61.5% of the two party preferred vote. After one term as the member for Pilbara, Grylls was defeated at the state election in 2017 by Labor's Kevin Michel.
Geography
As of 2014, the electorate consists of the Shire of East Pilbara, the City of Karratha, as well as the Town of Port Hedland
Before 2007, The Pilbara electorate contained the eastern parts of the Shire of Ashburton, including the mining towns of Tom Price, Paraburdoo and Pannawonica; the Town of Port Hedland including Port Hedland; the Shire of East Pilbara including Newman and Marble Bar and extending to the eastern boundary of the State; and the western and northern sections of the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku, which is relatively unpopulated (especially as it excludes the town of Warburton) was added in order to balance the land areas of Pilbara and Kalgoorlie. The area's economy is centred on mining, particularly iron ore, and a significant proportion of the voting population are Aboriginal.
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, resulted in the seat losing areas it had gained in the previous distribution, including Fitzroy Crossing and Halls Creek in the Kimberley region, but it gained the large town of Newman from the abolished Murchison-Eyre.
The 2011 redistribution, which took effect at the 2013 election, saw Pilbara gain the Shire of Roebourne from the renamed North West Central electorate, in exchange for the remnants of the Shire of Ashburton, and the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku was ceded to the Kalgoorlie electorate. That theoretically increased Labor's hold on the seat, but the popularity of the WA Nationals' Royalties for Regions policy made it marginal, so much so that, at the election, it was comfortably won by the then Nationals' leader, Brendon Grylls.
Members for Pilbara
Results
References
External links
Electoral districts of Western Australia
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Pilbara |
The influence of Edgar Allan Poe on the art of music has been considerable and long-standing, with the works, life and image of the horror fiction writer and poet inspiring composers and musicians from diverse genres for more than a century.
Classical music
In 1907, American composer Grace Chadbourne set Poe's text to music with her "Hymn for Solo Voice: At Morn, at Noon, at Twilight Dim."
André Caplet's Conte fantastique for harp and strings, published in 1924 but begun at least as early as 1909, is a musical retelling of "The Masque of the Red Death".
In 1913, Sergei Rachmaninoff set his choral symphony The Bells to a Russian translation of Poe's poem of the same name.
The American conductor and composer Leonard Slatkin composed a setting of The Raven for narrator and symphony orchestra in 1971. A lesser-known American composer, Edgar Stillman Kelley (1857–1944) wrote a piece for orchestra entitled The Pit and the Pendulum.
The American composer Philip Glass wrote the 1978 The Fall of the House of Usher to a libretto by Arthur Yorinks.
The Russian composer Nikita Koshkin wrote the 1984 piece Usher Valse (Usher Waltz) for solo guitar, depicting Usher's frenzied guitar performance in the short story "The Fall of the House of Usher". The Usher Waltz has been recorded by John Williams and Elena Papandreou.
The American composer James Poulsen composed "Five Poems of Edgar Allan Poe" for medium high voice and piano in 1986. The song cycle was orchestrated in 1998 with a commission from Jack and Dawn Taylor of Des Moines, Iowa. The Des Moines Symphony premiered the work in 1999 with Robin Roewe, tenor. The poems in the set are: 'Alone', 'Evening Star', Hymn', 'A Dream', and 'To One in Paradise.' Poulsen has also set a letter of Poe, a letter of Maria Clemm, and the valentine poem of Virginia Poe to music.
The Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara based his 1997 choral fantasy "On the Last Frontier" on the final two paragraphs of Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket.
Other operas based on stories by Poe are Ligeia, a 1994 opera by Augusta Read Thomas, and The Tell-Tale Heart by Bruce Adolphe. A ballet based on a story by Poe is Hop-Frog, a 2009 ballet by Terry Brown.
The American composer Dominick Argento wrote an opera, based on the death of Poe.
Leon Botstein, conductor of the American Symphony Orchestra—which presented a program of "Tales From Edgar Allan Poe" in 1999—noted that in the realm of classical music, as in literature, Poe's influence was felt more deeply in Europe than in America.
The American composer Emma Lou Diemer set "A Dream Within A Dream" and "Eldorado" for mixed chorus and piano. These works were published by Hinshaw Music, Inc. in 2001. Daron Hagen included settings of "A Dream Within a Dream" and "Thou Wouldst Be Loved" in the 1983 song cycle "Echo's Songs", published by E.C. Schirmer. Leonard Bernstein set "Israfel" as part of his song cycle for voices and orchestra, Songfest.
Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas set Poe's sonnet To Zante to music in 2001. Zante (or Zakynthos) is Boukouvalas's native island. After a revision of the work in 2012, it was premiered at the very same island with the composer at the piano, sung by soprano Andriana Lykouresi.
The British and American composer Tarik O'Regan uses portions of Poe's poem Israfel as the basis of his 2006 composition The Ecstasies Above for voices and string quartet.
The American composer Christopher Rouse based his 2011 symphonic poem Prospero's Rooms on the castle of Prince Prospero in "The Masque of the Red Death."
The American conductor and composer Adam Stern wrote a setting of Poe's early poem "Spirits of the Dead", subtitled "rhapsody for narrator and orchestra." The work received its world premiere in Seattle in October, 2014. Edmund Stone was the narrator, and the composer led the Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra.
American composer Daniel Steven Crafts Gothic Hauntings, for tenor and orchestra, setting Annabel Lee and Dream-Land Recorded by tenor Brian Cheney.
Classically trained American organist/composer/vocalist Kristen Lawrence created a musical setting to mirror Poe's rhythm and mood for the 18 verses of "The Raven" in her 2012 album, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven." This music was used during the National Endowment for the Arts THE BIG READ: Shades of Poe in San Diego and Burbank, California, during events designed to encourage and inspire the community through stories, music, authors, art, poetry, film, actors and dance to read the works of Edgar Allan Poe.
In 2018, American composer/violinist Edward W. Hardy composed three pieces inspired by Edgar Allan Poe: "Nevermore" for solo violin, "Evil Eye" for string quartet and "A Fantasy" for string quartet. "Nevermore" was inspired by The Raven, "Evil Eye" inspired by "The Tale-Tell Heart" and "A Fantasy" inspired by The Masque of the Red Death.
Popular music
Pop music
Frankie Laine recorded a version of Annabel Lee in 1957, which was adapted from Poe's poem by Vic Corpora and Albert Lerner.
When the Beatles compiled images for the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967, one of the most recognizable faces was that of Poe, in the center of the top row. In the same year, John Lennon wrote his famous nonsensical work "I Am the Walrus", which contained the lines, "Elementary penguin singing Hari Krishna/Man, you should have seen them kicking Edgar Allan Poe."
In 1985 synth-pop band Propaganda (ZTT label, Trevor Horn, Steve Lipson) used Poe’s poem ‘A Dream Within A Dream’ for the 1st track on their debut album ‘A Secret Wish’ with the same song title as Poe’s poem itself. The poem is used as spoken word text (by Propaganda’s Suzanne Freytag) on top of the majesticly composed track.
Pop singer Britney Spears named her 2001-2002 concert tour the Dream Within a Dream Tour, incorporating lines from that poem (and other Poe works) into her show.
Chamber pop band Antony and the Johnsons released a three-track EP titled The Lake in 2004 via Secretly Canadian Records. The eponymous title track is a musical rendition of Poe's poem of the same name.
Scarlet's Well's fifth album Black Tulip Wings (2006) features musical settings of "To One In Paradise" and "Evening Star".
Hikaru Utada wrote her 2014 song "Kremlin Dusk" about Poe's poem "The Raven".
In 2017, French pop/celtic singer Nolwenn Leroy has set Poe's poems "A Dream" and "The Lake" to music, released on her album Gemme.
In the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, Poe is referenced heavily in the lyrics of Austria's song "Who the Hell Is Edgar?" by duo Teya and Salena.
Folk, country, and blues
The American folk and protest singer Phil Ochs set Poe's poem "The Bells" to music on his 1964 debut album, All the News That's Fit to Sing.
The American folk group "the 3 D's" recorded a version of "Annabel Lee" in 1964 and included it on their New Dimensions in Folk Songs album.
Bob Dylan's 1965 song "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" makes reference to "Rue Morgue Avenue".
Poe's final poem "Annabel Lee" was set to music by composer Don Dilworth, and was recorded by Joan Baez as part of her 1967 album Joan, as well as by Spanish pop band Radio Futura.
The blues/rock band, The Yardbirds, adapted The second stanza (and a portion of the first) of Poe's "Dream within a Dream" to music.
The Irish singer-songwriter Fionn Regan, in his song, "Lord Helpy My Poor Soul", sings the lines "Lord help my poor soul, I'm down like Edgar Poe".
Rock, punk, and alternative
In 1974, English glam rock band Queen recorded the song "Nevermore" based on "The Raven" for their second album Queen II. The song appears on the Black Side of the vinyl (side 2, entirely written by Freddie Mercury).
In 1974 British band Ross released an album on RSO Records based on The Pit & The Pendulum. The lyrics of the closing track Oh, I'm Happy Now are an extract of the poem Bridal Ballad.
In 1976, the British art rock group the Alan Parsons Project released a full album, Tales of Mystery and Imagination, based on Poe's stories and poems. Opening with an instrumental named for Poe's poem "A Dream Within a Dream", the album features songs based on "The Raven", "The Cask of Amontillado", "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" (which was a Top 40 hit) and "To One in Paradise", as well as a five-part rock symphony called "The Fall of the House of Usher". Producer and engineer Alan Parsons released a remixed version of the album in 1987, featuring narration by Orson Welles; executive producer Eric Woolfson revisited the concept in a 2003 stage musical [Poe: More Tales of Mystery and Imagination].Also, in their 1980 album The Turn of a Friendly Card, there is an instrumental song called "The Gold Bug".
The American rock band The Smithereens released a song called "William Wilson", based on the Poe story of the same name, on their 1989 album 11.
American ska punk band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies released a song called "Teenage Brainsurgeon" which referenced A Descent into the Maelström and The Imp of the Perverse among other works of horror on their 1990 album Ferociously Stoned.
Peter Hammill of Van der Graaf Generator released an operatic version of "The Fall of the House of Usher" in 1991. A remixed and re-recorded version was released in 1999.
Blues Traveler featured the lyrics, "Once upon a midnight dreary", (from "The Raven") in their 1994 hit "Run-Around".
Québécois artist Jean Leloup has a song "Edgar" depicting, in a somewhat humorous way, the last times of Edgar Allan Poe, on his landmark album Le Dôme (1996).
Pop-punk band then known as A New Found Glory featured a song named "Tell-Tale Heart" on their 1999 album Nothing Gold Can Stay.
The post-hardcore band Thrice has a song "The Red Death" on their album The Illusion of Safety (2002) which in style and plot refers to the short story "The Masque of the Red Death".
Five Iron Frenzy's song "That's How The Story Ends" has several quotes from "The Raven" incorporated into it. It was released on their album The End Is Near (2003).
Poe is mentioned in the song "St. Jimmy" by Green Day on the album American Idiot (2004). The lyric says, "I am the son of a bitch and Edgar Allan Poe, raised in the city in the halo of lights."
The electronic alternative rock solo music project Latent Anxiety by Ilja Rosendahl based the song Red Death from the album Sensation (2007) upon Poe's "The Masque of the Red Death".
The White Stripes, a garage rock duo from Detroit, reference Poe's short story, "The Masque of the Red Death", with their single titled "Red Death at 6:14".
Swedish neo-glam rock band The Ark's album Prayer for the Weekend′s fourth track, "Little Disfunk You," claims the singer will be the "Murder in the Rue Morgue you're trying to solve," among other auspicious roles, including "mother" and "savior," that he hopes to play for the song's apparently emotionally repressed and sexually confused target.
The post-hardcore band Chiodos cites Poe as one of their inspirations for lyrics from their third CD, entitled Bone Pallace Ballet.
Italian rocknoir band Belladonna regards Poe as their main inspiration and have included a line from Ligeia in the booklet of their debut album, entitled Metaphysical Attraction.
The Argentinian band Soda Stereo made a song called "Corazón Delator" from Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".
The band Glass Wave included a song on their 2010 album entitled Annabel Lee, in reference to Poe's last complete poem.
The album Dying Is Your Latest Fashion by Escape the Fate makes many references to Poe's short stories, specifically in the song "When I Go Out I Want to Go Out in a Chariot of Fire" the singer, Ronnie Radke, says "your heart beats under the floor" in reference to Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".
The video for the Thirty Seconds to Mars song "Hurricane" ends with the lines from Poe's poem "Raven": "Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before".
In 2010, American Rock band Black Rebel Motorcycle Club recorded "Annabel Lee" as a Bonus track for their album Beat The Devil's Tattoo.
In late 2010, German Krautrock group Tangerine Dream recorded an album titled The Island of the Fay, which was released via online shops on March 18, 2011. The album was recorded by Edgar Froese and Thorsten Quaeschning, and introduces a guest electric violinist. The short story which the album is based upon, "The Island of the Fay", will be included in the album's liner notes.
Trevor Tanner, via Emperor Penguin Recordings, released an Apple iTunes, Digital 45, entitled "The Ballad Of Edgar Allan Poe" on July 13, 2011.
Stevie Nicks recorded Annabel Lee on her 2011 album In Your Dreams. Music by Stevie Nicks and Waddy Wachtel.
Los Angeles band, Edgar Allan Poets, is creating rock music inspired by Edgar Allan Poe and Alfred Hitchcock. The Band wrote in 2012 the song "Crow Girl" inspired by "The Tell Tale Heart".
The 2019 album "Phantoms", from Canadian pop rock band Marianas Trench, contains multiple references to Poe's work throughout, including "Eleonora", referencing Poe's short story of the same title, and "Echoes of You", referencing "The Tell-Tale Heart".
The Starcrawler track ""Bet My Brains", off their 2019 album Devour You, was inspired by Poe's short story "Never Bet the Devil Your Head".
Metal
Iron Maiden recorded a song titled "Murders in the Rue Morgue" for their second album, 1981's Killers.
The thrash metal band Annihilator dedicated one song to Poe's short tale "Ligeia" in their debut album Alice in Hell (1989)
Tool featured the lyrics "seems like I'm slipping into a dream within a dream" in the song "Sweat" on their 1992 album Opiate.
Avant-garde metal band Arcturus have a song on the album La Masquerade Infernale (1997) called "Alone" incorporating the full, unaltered text of Poe's poem "Alone".
The band Odes Of Ecstasy on their second album Deceitful Melody (2000) incorporates the full text of "The Conqueror Worm" under the title of "Abstract Thoughts."
Grave Digger's 2001 album The Grave Digger is dedicated to Poe, and some of Poe's works, including "The Raven" and "Fall of the House of Usher" are the basis of a number of songs.
Gothic metal band Tristania have a song called "My Lost Lenore." The song refers to "her raven eyes" and ends similarly to the poem "The Raven", still mourning his lost Lenore.
The song "The Poet and the Pendulum" by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish is partly inspired by Poe's short story "The Pit and the Pendulum." Poe is one of the favorite writers of the band's leader, Tuomas Holopainen.
Michael Romeo from Symphony X recorded an instrumental album called The Dark Chapter where has several songs inspired from Edgar Allan Poe including "The Cask of Amontillado", "The Premature Burial", and "The Masque of the Red Death". Symphony X would later include a reference to Poe's A Dream Within A Dream in the song "Through the Looking Glass" from the album Twilight in Olympus. Also the song "King of Terrors" from the album The Odyssey is based on and features quotes from Poe's story The Pit and the Pendulum.
The Christian heavy metal band Tourniquet wrote their song "Tell-Tale Heart" entirely as a tribute to Poe and have said that his works have inspired them throughout their tenure. The band also used a line from the story, "The Masque of the Red Death" in their song "Vanishing Lessons", from the album of the same title.
German Ambient Doomrock band The Ocean used "The City in the Sea" as lyrics, only swapping a few lines to fit rhythmical patterns of the song. It was used both due to the band's love of Poe, and the themes common to both poem and band.
The American death metal band Conducting from the Grave based the lyrics to its song "Nevermore" off of Poe's poem "The Raven".
The song "From Childhood's Hour" from Norwegian progressive metal band Circus Maximus is based on Poe's poem "Alone". Most parts of the lyrics are nearly identical to the poem itself.
German funeral doom metal band Ahab has set Poe's poem "Evening Star" to music. It is present in the deluxe re-release of their 2012 album The Giant.
The 2019 album "The Heretics", from Greek black metal band Rotting Christ, contains song named "The Raven" which quotes verses from Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven".
Several heavy metal bands have made reference to Poe in their recordings. Progressive/thrash metal band Nevermore takes its name from "The Raven". Other metal bands that have written songs inspired by Poe are: Agathodaimon, Annihilator, Crimson Glory, Ra's Dawn, Manilla Road, Donor, Hawaii, Rage, Metal Church, Stormwitch and Turbo.
"A Dream of Poe" is a gothic doom metal band that is heavily inspired by Poe's work
Rap and Hip-Hop
MC Lars heavily refers to "The Raven" in his song "Mr. Raven" on his album The Laptop EP (2004). The song includes the words, "We got EAP in the house tonight, Edgar Allan Poe. America's favorite anti-transcendentalist." He continues to refer to "The Raven" throughout.
Edgar Allan Poe was pitted against Stephen King in 2013 in Epic Rap Battles of History's Season 3 episode "Stephen King vs Edgar Allan Poe."
Musicals and scores
In the West End musical, Snoopy!!! The Musical, a musical number in act one is titled "Edgar Allan Poe". In the song, some characters are worried that their teacher is going to ask them something about Edgar Allan Poe, who they know nothing about, while other characters list facts and titles by Poe.
Spoken word
Jim Reeves recorded "Annabel Lee" in 1963 for an album of poems called Talkin' To Your Heart.
The tribute album Closed on Account of Rabies produced by Hal Willner was released in 1997, with musicians and actors such as Jeff Buckley and Christopher Walken reading Poe's works with background music.
Lou Reed released a double CD concept album called The Raven in 2003 that featured a number of musical and spoken-word interpretations of Poe, with guest appearances from various actors, including Steve Buscemi and Willem Dafoe.
Other genres
Noël Coward's parody version (Las Vegas, 1955) of Cole Porter's "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love" (1928) includes the lines: “E. Allan Poe, ho ho ho, did it / But he did it in verse / H. Beecher Stowe did it / But she had to rehearse”.
Buddy Morrow and His Orchestra recorded an album of songs based on Poe's work. The album, Poe for Moderns, was recorded by the jazz ensemble at Webster Hall in New York in 1960 and includes the following tracks: "The Murders In The Rue Morgue", "Annabel Lee", "The Gold Bug", "A Descent Into The Maelstrom", "The Bells", "The Fall Of The House Of Usher", "The Pit And The Pendulum", "Ulalume", "The Black Cat", "The Raven", and "Quoth The Raven/The Tell-Tale Heart."
In 1972, Israeli singer Shlomo Artzi recorded his own setting of the famous Hebrew translation, by Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky, of "Annabel Lee". This extraordinary translation manages to mimic the internal rhythms and complex rhyming patterns of the original English poem, and, together with Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Russian translation of "Annabel Lee", sets a very high bar in sensitive translations of poetry. This setting was released in an album "Songs of Ze'ev Jabotinsky", or, in Hebrew, משירי זאב ז"בוטינסקי (Mi'shirei Ze'ev Jabotinsky).
In 1984, the group Propaganda recited the poem A Dream Within A Dream as the designated lyrics for a song by the same name.
The song "Allan" by French singer Mylène Farmer from her album Ainsi Soit Je... (1988) is dedicated to Edgar Allan Poe.
Cuban musician Silvio Rodríguez has several songs on Poe, including "Trova de Edgardo" (1992), on the album Silvio.
Nox Arcana, an American gothic instrumental duo, pays homage to all of Poe's literary works with their 2007 album Shadow of the Raven.
The neocelt band Omnia has set "The Raven" to music on their 2007 CD Alive!.
The steampunk band Abney Park refer briefly to Poe in "The Secret Life of Dr. Calgori" on their 2008 album Lost Horizons.
Voltaire's song "Graveyard Picnic" is dedicated to Poe, and includes in the lyrics references to Poe's works, such as The Conqueror Worm, Lenore, Annabel Lee, and The Tell-Tale Heart, as well as mentioning Poe by name. He would also set Poe's poem "The Conqueror Worm" to music in his 2014 album Raised by Bats.
Greek-Cypriot songwriter and singer Alkinoos Ioannidis has written a song entitled "Edgar Allan Poe", recorded in the album O Dromos, O Hronos Kai O Ponos.
Creature Feature's first album "The Greatest Show Unearthed", features the song "Buried Alive", which is full of references to Poe's works.
Other bands or musicians that have recorded songs inspired by Poe or using lyrics by Poe include Bright Eyes, Green Carnation (in the song "Alone"), Good Charlotte, Mr. Bungle, The Crüxshadows, Roses Never Fade, Cradle of Filth, Team Sleep, Elysian Fields, The Smithereens, Symphony X, Rozz Williams, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Tiger Army, Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows, Overlord, Insane Clown Posse, Antony and the Johnsons, Marissa Nadler, Lloyd Cole, Panic! at the Disco, Michael Hurley, AFI, and Dredg.
In May 2023 singers Teya and Salena represented Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool, United Kingdom, with the song "Who the Hell Is Edgar?". The song title being a reference Poe and the song a satire of the music industry and the difficulties of being a lyricist, who are usually paid very little.
See also
For his influence on other media:
Edgar Allan Poe in television and film
For his appearances as a fictional character:
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
References
External links
American Symphony Orchestra: "Tales of Edgar Allan Poe"
Music with Poe Themes @ HouseOfUsher.net
Ballet with Poe Themes
Music
Romanticism
Musical culture
Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Allan%20Poe%20and%20music |
Shard End Lake is a man-made lake created out of an old quarry, it is managed by Kingfisher Country Park. It is Located in Birmingham, this lake holds a variety of silverfish including roach to 1 lb, perch to 2 lbs, bream and tench to 6 lbs, and carp and pike to 30 lbs.
Geography of Birmingham, West Midlands
Tourist attractions in Birmingham, West Midlands
Lakes of the West Midlands (county) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard%20End%20Lake |
Babbs Mill Lake, sometimes called Kingshurst Lake, is a man-made lake in the Kingfisher Country Park in Kingshurst, Solihull in England. The lake was created as a balancing feature in times of flooding from the nearby River Cole.
History
The lake gives its name to Babbs Mill Park, created to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977. It was designated a Local Nature Reserve in 2002.
In March 2016, Solihull Council's planning committee approved a scheme to build 52 houses on land amounting to approximately seven per cent of the reserve.
Since August 2019, Babbs Mill Lake has hosted a parkrun, a free, weekly timed 5 km run/walk, every Saturday morning at 9am.
2022 children drownings
On 11 December 2022, four children fell through ice formed on the surface. On 12 December it was confirmed that three of the children had died, with the fourth child remaining in hospital in critical condition. It was announced on 14 December that the fourth child had died in hospital. An inquest hearing held on the 19 December found that all four deaths were due to drowning; a full inquest is due to take place on 6 July 2023.
References
Solihull
Lakes of the West Midlands (county)
Local Nature Reserves in the West Midlands (county)
2022 disasters in the United Kingdom
Disasters in the West Midlands (county) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbs%20Mill%20Lake |
War & Peace Volume 1 (The War Disc) is the fifth studio album by American rapper Ice Cube. It was released on November 17, 1998, through Lench Mob Records and Priority Records. The album features production by Bud'da, E-A-Ski, Ice Cube, K-Mac, N.O. Joe and T-Mix. It is the first part from the two-album project War & Peace, the subsequent volume, War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) was released in 2000.
This album was Cube's first album in five years since his last album, Lethal Injection, while he was working on other projects. The album received generally mixed reviews and debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 180,000 copies in the first week.
Content
It moves from intense street-oriented jams to rap-metal fusions, such as the Korn featured song "Fuck Dying", to social commentary such as "Ghetto Vet."
Commercial performance
War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 180,000 copies in the first week. This became Ice Cube's fourth US top-ten album. On January 25, 1999, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million copies in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) at Discogs
Ice Cube albums
1998 albums
Albums produced by Bud'da
Albums produced by E-A-Ski
Albums produced by N.O. Joe
Priority Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20%26%20Peace%20Vol.%201%20%28The%20War%20Disc%29 |
Frank "Dolly" Aked Jr. (5 February 1932 – 24 November 1976) was an Australian rules football player. He played with Footscray, now known as the Western Bulldogs. He played four games in the early 1950s.
Aked junior's playing measurements were 180 cm and 81.5 kg.
Aked played with Yarrawonga Football Club from 1953 to 1955 and won the 1954 (80 goals) and 1955 (77) Ovens and Murray Football League goal kicking award.
Aked was a member of the 1954 Ovens & Murray Football League side that won the VCFL Country Championships.
Aked died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 44.
His father, Frank Aked Sr., also played for Footscray, commencing his VFL career in Footscray's inaugural season in 1925.
External links
References
Western Bulldogs players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
1932 births
1976 deaths
People from Preston, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Aked%20Jr. |
Rambynas is a hill on the right bank of the Neman River in Rambynas Regional Park, Pagėgiai Municipality, western Lithuania. The current hill, about above sea level and about above the Neman, is a remnant of the larger hill that was destroyed by erosion. The hill was known as sacred among locals and played a role in the ceremonies of pagan Lithuanians. It is featured in many local legends and is protected by the state as a mythological object. A large stone at the top of the hill, known as the altar stone, was destroyed by a miller in 1811. Rambynas became popular with Prussian Lithuanians at the end of the 19th century who organized various events, most notably celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals or Rasos (summer solstice), on the hill. They rebuilt the altar in 1928. The hill is popular with Lithuanian neo-pagans and hosts the annual celebrations of the summer solstice on 23 June.
Geography
The hill is located between the villages of Bitėnai and Bardinai on the right bank of the Neman River. The nearest towns are Pagėgiai and Vilkyškiai. The river serves as the border between Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. Rambynas is located about north of Neman (previously Ragnit, Ragainė) and east of Sovetsk (previously Tilsit, Tilžė).
Geographically, it is part of the long moraine ridge known as Vilkyškiai ridge formed during the last glacial period. A large landslide in length and in width occurred on 12 September 1835. Smaller landslides occurred on 21 July 1878 (about in length) and in summer 1926. Today, only its northern slope survives. The remaining hill measures in length and up to in width. It rises about above sea level and about above the Neman.
History
Early history
The hill and the surrounding area was long inhabited as evidenced by two socketed axes from the Bronze Age (1100–850 BC) found on Rambynas. Historians believe that the hill was the location of Ramigė, a fort of the Skalvians, one of the Baltic tribes. In 1275, the fort was attacked and destroyed by the Teutonic Order. The vogt of Sambia first attacked Ragnit (Neman), then crossed the river, and captured Ramigė. That signified Teutonic conquest of Skalvia. However, an exploratory excavation of about area in 2002 by found no significant cultural layer.
The name Rambynas (as Rambyn) was mentioned in 1385 and 1394 in the Die Littauischen Wegeberichte, a report of military routes into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by the Teutonic Order. The report also mentioned a sacred forest to the east of the hill. The 1422 Treaty of Melno established the border between Teutonic Order and Lithuania. The hill remained on the Teutonic side, later part of Prussia inhabited by a large Lithuanian-speaking minority (Prussian Lithuanians).
While the region officially converted to Christianity, old pagan beliefs persisted. In 1595, cartographer Caspar Hennenberger published an explanation to his map of Prussia. He mentioned that Rambynas was considered a sacred place and that women had to be clean and well dressed if they wanted to climb the hill or they would become ill. wrote in 1769 that locals performed pagan rituals on the hill despite prohibitions from the Christian priests. In 1867, , a journalist from Berlin, visited Rambynas and wrote that newlyweds would climb the hill and would leave small sacrifices. The most extensive description of the hill and its legends was provided by , a Lithuanian-language teacher in Tilsit. In 1838, he published Scenes from Lithuanian People's Lives (Szenen aus dem Volksleben der Litauer). He also described a 600-year-old three-trunk linden tree that grew near the hill and was worshiped as goddess of fate Laima's tree.
Resurgence
Gisevius' stories popularized Rambynas among Prussian Lithuanians. In 1881 or 1884, Vidūnas began organizing Saint Jonas' Festival (also known as Rasos) on the hill. However, it was a private property and thus it was difficult to host larger and more frequent events. Therefore, Birutė Society purchased a plot of land in 1896 and the same year organized a larger festival on the hill. However, Birutė lacked financial strength to pay the purchase price and the plot was transferred to . Two other plots were owned by the Garden Beautification Society in Tilsit and by the . In 1910, Prussian Lithuanians established a society that collected money to buy the entire hill and charged 10 pfennigs for the admission to the hill. There were plans to build a monument to poet Kristijonas Donelaitis on Rambynas, but they were not realized due to World War I.
After the Klaipėda Revolt in 1923, Klaipėda Region (including Rambynas) became part of Lithuania. The hill became a frequently visited location and developed into a kind of resort. The nearby village of Bitėnai had three restaurants. Celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals became grand affairs attended by many dignitaries. For example, in 1929, the celebrations were attended by a delegation from the League of Nations; its head even swore an improvised oath in the name of pagan thunder god Perkūnas. In 1928, Martynas Jankus built an altar and started keeping a guestbook, which is known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas. After World War II, authorities of the Lithuanian SSR allowed to resume the celebration of the Saint Jonas' Festivals in 1957. They even built a cement stage for events (it was demolished in 2010). German writer Johannes Bobrowski described old time celebrations on Rambynas in his 1966 novel Litauische Claviere.
Protected area
The first preserves in Lithuania were established in September 1960. Among the 89 preserves established on that date, there was a landscape preserve of Rambynas covering . In September 1992, Lithuania established 30 regional parks, including the Rambynas Regional Park with initial area of . The landscape preserve was reduced to and became an integral part of the park. However, the directory of the park was established only in 2001. The same year, Rambynas (area of ) was added to the cultural object registry as a mythological object. The new directory with funding from Phare strengthened the eroded slopes, installed paths and staircases for visitors, conducted environmental and archaeological research. In 2007–2013, the park built further paths, viewing platforms, information stands, etc. A barn of a pre-war restaurant, owned by Gustavas Volbergas, was reconstructed into a visitor center.
Altar
At the top of the hill, there was a large stone known as the altar stone. It was first mentioned by Georg Christoph Pisanski in 1769. According to an 1867 description by Otto Glagau, the stone had a flat top and measured about 15 cubits (approximately ) in diameter. The taller side measured and the lower . According to Eduard Gisevius, the stone had carvings of a sword, human hand and feet, animal footprints, and something that resembled a Greek temple. This information is dubious as Gisevius wrote many years after the destruction of the stone and no other account mentioned the markings.
The stone was broken up in 1811 by a German miller named Schwartz from the Bardehnen (Bardinai) village to make a millstone. As he could not find local help, he had to hire three German workers from Tilsit (Sovetsk). According to local legends, the workers were injured and the miller soon died. The circumstances of his demise vary: he lost his mill in a storm in 1818 and died in an accident working in another mill; he lost his business and became an alcoholic; he was found crushed and strangled by the millstone.
In 1928, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, Martynas Jankus and Juozas Adomaitis decided to build the altar on Rambynas and carve Columns of Gediminas into the top stone. In 1939, Klaipėda Region was annexed by Nazi Germany and the altar was demolished. The altar, designed to burn fire, was re-built during the Soviet era (exact circumstances are not known). In 2010–2011, Pagėgiai Municipality cleaned up Rambynas' territory, strengthened the eroded slopes, and improved the sightseeing platform. At the same time, the altar was demolished and replaced by an abstract sculptural composition by sculptor . It is meant to symbolize the Prussian trinity – Potrimpo, Perkūnas, and Peckols – and includes a small metal altar for sacred fire.
Eternal Book
In 1928, for the 10th anniversary of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, Martynas Jankus decided to create a guestbook for those who visited Rambynas. Signing in the book became an integral part of the tradition during the interwar celebrations of Saint Jonas' Festival. The book, known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas, is one of the largest in Lithuania. It measures and is thick. It weighs and is accompanied by a wooden case that weights another . The covers are wood upholstered with leather and metal corners and close with two buckles. The second page is a portrait of Grand Duke Vytautas by Adomas Varnas. The first comment was left by Vydūnas. The visitors left notes and comments in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, German, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Japanese, Hindi. The Japanese comments were left by , Assistant Secretary-General of the League of Nations.
The last entry was made on 16 March 1939, four days before the German ultimatum to Lithuania. Jankus took the book to Kaunas where it was kept by polkovnik . In 1963, it was transferred to the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania where is it kept in the rare manuscript section. In 2002, a copy was made by Dalia Marija Šaulauskaitė and is kept at the Martynas Jankus Museum in Bitėnai. Museum visitors are free to sign in the book. The copy has 1,000 pages and at is heavier than the original.
Legends
Lithuanian mythology
The sacred hill is surrounded by many legends and stories. According to one of them, the altar stone was put on Rambynas by thunder god Perkūnas who also buried a treasure of gold and silver harrow under the stone. Perkūnas then chose the hill and his home. Another story has it that the altar stone was brought by giant Rambynas, one of three sons of Nemunas, who offered it as a sacrifice to Perkūnas. The hill became a temple attended by priests (krivis) and priestess (vaidilutė). They were driven away by the Teutonic Order, but laumės cursed the stone – while the stone stood, good fortune would bless the region; if the stone was damaged, bad fortunes would follow.
Napoleon's treasure
There are many local stories and legends about a treasure supposedly buried on or near Rambynas by the retreating French Grande Armée after the unsuccessful invasion of Russia in 1812. The X Corps commanded by General Jacques MacDonald retreated from Riga via Tilsit where he spent five days. Stories circulated that in 1920, when Klaipėda Region was administered as a mandate of the League of Nations by the French, a group of Frenchmen dug up some boxes at a local cemetery. In 1930, a detailed map was purportedly discovered that showed where the treasure was buried. This inspired several expeditions in the 1930s in attempts of finding it. Another attempt was organized in summer 1974 by Soviet authorities. According to various stories, it was a direct order from Moscow. The area of excavations was guarded by Soviet troops and involved two visitors from East Germany. In July 2003, Lithuanian newspapers published a story that a treasure was found near Rambynas, but it was quickly debunked as an embellishment of a previous April Fools' Day joke. The various attempts at finding the treasure damaged the hill, local cemeteries, and several other local archaeological and cultural objects.
See also
References
External links
Virtual tour of historical and cultural heritage objects of the Rambynas Regional Park
Hills of Lithuania
Landmarks in Lithuania
Lithuania Minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambynas |
Cairo Road is the main thoroughfare of Lusaka, Zambia and the principal business, retail and service centre of the city. It is a section of the T2 road and was so named because it is a link in Cecil Rhodes' then dream of a Cape to Cairo Road through British colonies in Africa.
Cairo Road is 1.8 km long, running north–south between the Great East Road junction (also known as the "Kabwe Roundabout") and the Independence Avenue junction (also known as the "Kafue Roundabout"), and is a wide dual carriageway with an avenue of trees down the centre. It runs parallel to the main railway line which is one block to the east. As the main north–south road it became very congested. This has been partially alleviated by the expansion of Lumumba Road to the west as a by-pass, taking much through traffic. All Heavy Goods vehicles are required to use Lumumba Road (not allowed on Cairo Road) when travelling from the southern side of the CBD to the northern side of the CBD and vice versa.
Despite this, Cairo Road frequently becomes very congested, as does much of Lusaka. This is primarily due to the lack of any major ring roads and the growth of Lusaka's population.
In 2020, a new road was opened, named the Lusaka West Ring Road, in order for traffic that doesn't intend on stopping in Lusaka to bypass the city centre to the west. So, with the opening of the new road, any vehicles that have no business in Lusaka and are travelling from the south (Kafue) to the north (Chibombo) (and vice versa) on the T2 road can avoid both Cairo Road and Lumumba Road.
References
Roads in Zambia
Buildings and structures in Lusaka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%20Road |
The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine / Земаљски музеј Босне и Херцеговине) is located in central Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It was established in 1888, having originally been conceived around 1850. In 1913, the museum building was expanded by the Czech architect Karel Pařík who designed a structure of four symmetric pavilions with a facade in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The four pavilions contain the departments of archaeology, ethnology, natural history, and a library. After being closed for several years due to heavy damage during the Bosnian War, the museum has re-opened and is in the process of mounting new and pre-existing exhibits.
The museum is a cultural and scientific institution covering a wide range of areas including archaeology, art history, ethnology, geography, history and natural history. The Sarajevo Haggadah, an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.
It has a library with 162,000 volumes.
Having remained open for its entire history including during the Bosnian War in the early 1990s, the museum was closed between 2012 and 2015 due to disagreements about funding.
History and governance
Museum development
The museum is a cultural and scientific institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Though conceived in 1850 as an idea by the Ottomans when they ruled Sarajevo, it was not until the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which captured modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottomans in 1878) that the museum was officially established and built.
1888–1913
Part of the Austro-Hungarian policy goals was to raise literacy levels and maintain European-standard education. Under their administration, a Museum Society was formed on February 1, 1888, in order to further this agenda in the form of a museum. The first director of the museum was Mr. Kosta Hörmann, an advisor to the Austro-Hungarian government. Greatly influenced by the orientation of 19th-century European science heuristics and culture, the museum's collection under Hörmann grew rapidly especially in the departments of natural history and archaeology. By the early 20th century, the museum began to outgrow its original premises and in 1908, construction on a new building to house the museum's collections began. Construction on the new building completed in 1913 and the museum was officially opened on October 4 of that year. Throughout this all, the museum was funded by the Austro-Hungarian's departments of education and culture as well as by private donations and charity events led by the Museum Society.
1913–1991
With the opening of the museum in its new home in 1913 (where it still remains), its collections that varied from history, geography, archaeology (prehistoric, ancient and mediaeval), ethnology, history of art and natural history (biology, geology and mineralogy), and to some extent language, literature, statistics and bibliography, were divided into four buildings based on a new set of categories: Archaeology, Ethnology, Natural History, and the Library.
Two years later in 1914, as World War I began, the museum suspended its operations. After the end of the war in 1918, which was followed by the first union of the South Slavs, the museum resumed its operations under the administration of what was then called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later known as Yugoslavia. Under this administration, which lasted during the interwar years of 1918–45, a hegemonic centralized administration was developed in which the judicial branch of government along with the Serbian bourgeoisie, paid very little economic and cultural attention to Bosnia and Herzegovina. This led to an abrupt socio-economic, political and cultural decay in Sarajevo as it found itself in the margins of the Kingdom. The National Museum thus lost much of its funding and clout and was beginning to lose its ability to maintain and archive its artifacts. As World War II approached in 1941 (and lasted until 1945), the National Museum's troubles further developed as its opportunities to operate diminished. It was during this war-time period that the National Museum experienced the least activity and development.
After World War II, under a Socialist Yugoslavia, the National Museum made slow progress until the early part of the 1960s. Culture was declared to be of special importance for society by the Socialist Government and this period in time marked some of the National Museum's highest achievements in scientific research and publishing activities and exhibitions. (See the publications)
During this period, was significant the contribution of Museum's Natural departments in the development of the Movement “Science to Youth" – Alliance of Young Researchers of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
War years 1992–1995
The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992–95 not only ended the prolific activity of the National Museum, but it directly caused structural damage to the building. During this time, artillery shells crashed through the roof, 300 windows were broken, and many of its gallery walls torn down. Sections of the museum's artifacts and archives that could not be hidden were exposed to the elements or artillery. The museum's director at the time, Dr. Rizo Sijarić, was killed by a grenade blast on December 10, 1993, while he was arranging the holes in the museum's building to be covered by UN relief plastic sheeting. Nevertheless, it never closed completely.
1995–2012
After the end of the war, the museum reopened as a work in progress thanks to numerous donations and contributions by: the Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments and National Museum, the Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNESCO, the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport, the Institute for Planning and Construction of the City of Sarajevo, the International Peace Center in Sarajevo, Swiss museums, Swiss ICOM and the Swiss National Museum in Zurich, BHHR, Norks Folkesmuseum from Oslo, the Swedish Cultural Heritage without Borders Foundation, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Ethnography, the Museum of Islamic Art and other Swedish museums, as well as many others.
Closure 2012–2015
After 2010 the museum began to run out of funds; during 2011 the museum's 65 employees came to work for over a year without being paid.
On Thursday, 4 October 2012, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina closed its doors completely and indefinitely, the first time in 124 years. The Council of Europe noted: "After the war the different cultural groups, who define themselves as nations, have all wanted their own national cultural institutions.", leading to the neglect of the former national institutions such as the museum, the Historical Museum and the National and University Library.
Demonstrations took place to protest the closure. Several students chained themselves to a pole in the lobby and remained inside, declaring they would stay there until the museum reopened, while dozens of others held a sit-in in front of the building.
During the shutdown, staff continued to work unpaid, safeguarding the collection and the building.
2015-
The museum reopened its doors to the public in September 2015, following an agreement between the different layers of Bosnia's complex government pledging financing for the museum and six other national cultural institutions.
Departments and exhibitions
The Department of Archaeology
The Department of Archaeology includes sections for prehistory, ancient history, mediaeval history, documentation and a conservation laboratory. The archaeological collections document all aspects of human life in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Old Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. The artifacts of the collections have mainly been collected during field research, though some have been acquired by exchange, gift or purchase.
Exhibitions
Bosnia and Herzegovina in Ancient History, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages.
The Natural History Department
The Natural History Department covers the flora and fauna and the geology of Bosnia and Herzegovina and elsewhere, consisting of around 2,000,000 specimens collected from field research, exchange, gift or purchase. The department consists of a Geology Section, a Zoology Section and a Botany Section, the latter including the Botanical Garden.
Exhibitions
Botanical Garden, Pleistocene and subfossil vertebrates of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fauna of mountain rivers and streams, Cave fauna, Minerals, Rocks and ores, Flora and fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Higher fungi (Macromycetes, Medicinal plants and endemic plants of the Dinarides, Mammals, Invertebrates and Birds of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Ethnology Department
The Ethnology Department is responsible for collecting, preserving, exhibiting and studying all aspects of the material, spiritual and social culture of the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 1913, the department has been arranged to illustrate a traditional urban house in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The collection of ethnological material began when the museum was established in 1888, with the purchase of some very valuable ethnological artifacts such as sets of traditional costume. The department is engaged in museological work, scientific research and educational work.
Exhibitions
Dioramas and models, The life and Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Urban Population in the 19th century, Which shirt is mine? - temporary exhibition.
The Library of the National Museum
The Library of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina was opened in 1888 as the first scientific library in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It contains about 250,000 publications (journals, periodicals, books, newspapers) in the fields of archaeology, history, ethnology, folklore, mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology and museology. Publications are now exchanged with 341 institutions.
Herald of the Museum
The Herald of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina () is the oldest scientific journal in the country, with a first issue published on 1 January 1889. Herald was published quarterly, and its first editor was Kosta Hörmann.
Sarajevo Haggadah
The Sarajevo Haggadah, a 600-year-old Jewish manuscript, and one of Bosnia's most prized relics, is housed in a high-security glass case. The manuscript, handwritten on bleached calfskin, dates to the once-thriving Jewish community in Spain and describes events ranging from the Creation to the Jewish exodus from ancient Egypt to the death of Moses. It is estimated to be worth over 700 million dollars.
New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art offered in November 2012 to host the relic for three years, but the country's Commission for the Preservation of National Monuments rejected the offer due to the unresolved legal status of the National Museum. Additionally, moving the document to New York would have required special care, for which the funds needed to prepare for the transfer were unavailable.
Journals
Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine
Anali Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu
Publications
"Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine" I (1962), II (1964), III (1964), IV (1970)
Sergejevski, D.: "Bazilika u Dabravini" (1956)
Benac, A. & Čović, B.: "Glasinac" I (1956), II (1957)
Pašalić, E.: "Antička naselja i komunikacije u BiH" (1960)
Čulić, Z. : "Narodne nošnje u BiH" (1963)
Buturović, Đ.: "Narodne pjesme Muslimana u BiH" (1966)
Vuković, T. & Ivanović, B.: "Slatkovodne ribe Jugoslavije" (1971)
Đurović, E, Vuković, T. & Pocrnjić, Z. : "Vodozemci BiH" (1979)
Šilić, Č.: "Monografija rodova Satureja L, Calamintha Miller, Micromeria Bentham, Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije" (1979)
Trubelja, F. & Barić, LJ. : "Minerali BiH" Vol. I, Silikati (1979)
Čović, B.: "Pod kod BugojnA. Naselje bronzanog i željeznog doba u centralnoj Bosni" I: Rano bronzano dobA. (1991)
Mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
"Radimlja", (1950) Benac, A.
"Široki Brijeg", (1952) Benac A.
Sergejevski, D. "Ludmer", (1952)
Vego, M. "Ljubuški", (1954)
"Anali Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu" (1961, 1938 - 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966)
"Spomenica stogodišnjice rada Zemaljskog muzeja BiH 1888 - 1988" (1988)
Proceedings of the Scientific Conference "Minerali, stijene, izumrli i živi svijet BiH" (1988)
International Symposium "Bosna i Hercegovina u tokovima istorijskih i kulturnih kretanja u jugoistočnoj Evropi" (1988).
Notable staff
Nada Miletić - archaeologist.
Gallery
See also
National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Movement “Science to Youth" – Alliance of Young Researchers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
External links
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (in Bosnian)
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (in English)
Library of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (in English)
Digital Catalog of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in English and Bosnian)
Museums in Sarajevo
Art museums and galleries in Bosnia and Herzegovina
History museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Museums established in 1913
Museums established in 1888
1888 establishments in Austria-Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina |
In physics, a particle is called ultrarelativistic when its speed is very close to the speed of light .
The expression for the relativistic energy of a particle with rest mass and momentum is given by
The energy of an ultrarelativistic particle is almost completely due to its momentum (), and thus can be approximated by . This can result from holding the mass fixed and increasing to very large values (the usual case); or by holding the energy fixed and shrinking the mass to negligible values. The latter is used to derive orbits of massless particles such as the photon from those of massive particles (cf. Kepler problem in general relativity).
In general, the ultrarelativistic limit of an expression is the resulting simplified expression when is assumed. Or, similarly, in the limit where the Lorentz factor is very large ().
Expression including mass value
While it is possible to use the approximation , this neglects all information of the mass. In some cases, even with , the mass may not be ignored, as in the derivation of neutrino oscillation.
A simple way to retain this mass information is using a Taylor expansion rather than a simple limit.
The following derivation assumes (and the ultrarelativistic limit ).
Without loss of generality, the same can be shown including the appropriate terms.
The generic expression can be Taylor expanded, giving:
Using just the first two terms, this can be substituted into the above expression (with acting as ), as:
Ultrarelativistic approximations
Below are some ultrarelativistic approximations in units with . The rapidity is denoted :
Motion with constant proper acceleration: , where is the distance traveled, is proper acceleration (with ), is proper time, and travel starts at rest and without changing direction of acceleration (see proper acceleration for more details).
Fixed target collision with ultrarelativistic motion of the center of mass: where and are energies of the particle and the target respectively (so ), and is energy in the center of mass frame.
Accuracy of the approximation
For calculations of the energy of a particle, the relative error of the ultrarelativistic limit for a speed is about %, and for it is just %. For particles such as neutrinos, whose (Lorentz factor) are usually above ( practically indistinguishable from ), the approximation is essentially exact.
Other limits
The opposite case () is a so-called classical particle, where its speed is much smaller than and so its energy can be approximated by .
See also
Relativistic particle
Classical mechanics
Special relativity
Aichelburg–Sexl ultraboost
References
Special relativity
Approximations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrarelativistic%20limit |
Michael Bradley (died 23 November 1923) was an Irish Labour Party politician. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1922 general election, representing the Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West constituency. He did not seek re-election at the 1923 general election.
References
Year of birth missing
1923 deaths
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 3rd Dáil
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Bradley%20%28politician%29 |
Alexander Campbell (1770 – January 18, 1834) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada.
He was born in New York state in 1770. His father(?) served with Edward Jessup's Loyal Rangers during the American Revolution and settled in Edwardsburgh Township in Upper Canada after the war. He was a justice of the peace in the Johnstown District, a registrar for the Eastern District and represented Dundas in the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada. He was Sir John A Macdonald's partner as well as friend.
He died in Edwardsburgh Township in 1834.
References
Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791–1841, J.K. Johnson (1989)
1770 births
1834 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Campbell%20%28Upper%20Canada%20politician%29 |
C. maxima may refer to:
Canna maxima, a perennial plant
Cattleya maxima, a plant with a yellow stripe on its flower lip
Cecropia maxima, a plant endemic to Ecuador
Chrysoglossa maxima, a Central American moth
Citrus maxima, a plant native to Asia
Collocalia maxima, a cave-nesting swift
Coracina maxima, a bird endemic to Australia
Corylus maxima, an Old World hazel
Crocomela maxima, a Bolivian moth
Cucurbita maxima, a squash native to South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20maxima |
Brooks England is a bicycle saddle manufacturer originally based in Smethwick, West Midlands, England and now owned by Selle Royal of Italy. It has been making leather goods since 1866, when it was founded in Hockley, Birmingham. In the 1880s, the production of bicycle saddles began, the first saddle patent having been filed in 1882. In a 2014 interview with Feel Desain, a Brooks spokesperson stated that according to family legend, the company began when founder John Boultbee Brooks, a horse saddle manufacturer, tried to use a bicycle after his horse died but found the wooden seat very uncomfortable. As a result, he vowed to set about solving this problem and Brooks was born.
Raleigh Bicycle Company bought Brooks in 1962. When Raleigh collapsed in 1999, Brooks was sold and subsequently went into liquidation. John Godfrey Macnaughtan and Adrien Williams were able to buy the company and keep production in England. In 2002, they sold Brooks to Selle Royal.
Leather saddles absorb and are affected by water, unlike synthetic materials. This lets them absorb and evaporate sweat instead of becoming wet, but requires care after use in wet weather. Brooks produce a dressing, Proofide, which they recommend be applied occasionally. The composition of Proofide is mainly tallow, and includes some citronella oil, which gives it a characteristic smell.
Leather saddles are two or three times heavier than plastic or carbon-fibre designs (although the titanium versions of the Team Pro, Swift and Swallow race saddles are lighter) but, for some riders, the traditional appearance and long-distance comfort make this a worthwhile trade-off.
The saddle companies Lycett and The Leatheries were taken over by Brooks. Also, Brooks were amalgamated with Wrights Saddle Co., which they eventually absorbed.
References
External links
History of Brooks B17 models and Brooks Swallow design by Hilary Stone
Brooks Saddle Model Guide on Ebykr
Brooks England: The Eternal One on Ebykr
Cycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Smethwick
Bicycle saddle makers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%20England |
Stair Park is a public park and football stadium in the town of Stranraer, Scotland and is the home of Stranraer F.C. It is owned by Dumfries and Galloway Council and is situated next to the London Road and the railway line in the town. The park features a bandstand, all weather tennis & netball courts, skatepark, football pitch and a football stadium. The park and stadium were named after the Earl of Stair, who bequeathed the land to the local authorities.
A stand was first constructed for football in 1932. The record attendance of 6,000 was set by a Scottish Cup tie against Rangers in 1948. When Stranraer entered the Scottish Football League in 1955, a terrace cover was erected, called the Shed. There were no significant further changes until 1981, when Stair Park became the last ground in league football in either England or Scotland to install floodlights. Stair Park was significantly improved in the 1990s. 300 seats were installed in the Shed, then a new main stand with 1,524 seats was constructed. This cost £520,000 to build, with the club committee raising £120,000 of the cost and the rest financed by grants from the Football Trust and the district council.
There is not normally segregation at Stranraer matches, but there are 2,000 places for away fans. When there is no segregation away fans normally settle down in the Coo Shed. Dumfries and Galloway Council restricted the capacity of Stair Park to in July 2013, potentially affecting a 2013–14 Scottish League One match against Rangers.
References
Sources
Football venues in Scotland
Sports venues in Dumfries and Galloway
Stranraer F.C.
Scottish Football League venues
Stranraer
Scottish Professional Football League venues
Sports venues completed in 1907
1907 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair%20Park |
C. reticulata may refer to:
Camellia reticulata, a plant species native to southwestern China, in the Yunnan Province
Citrus reticulata, the mandarin orange, a tree species
Cyclaspis reticulata, a crustacean species in the genus Cyclaspis
Synonyms
Cassia reticulata, a synonym for Senna reticulata, a plant species
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20reticulata |
The Muratti Vase is an annual men's and women's football competition, inaugurated in 1905, between teams representing the Channel Islands of Alderney, Guernsey and Jersey. The larger islands of Guernsey and Jersey dominate the competition, with Alderney's sole match final championship victory – and sole victory in any tournament fixture – occurring in 1920.
History
Since its inception, the competition has been interrupted only between 1915–1919 and 1940–1946 due to the First and Second World Wars. The teams wear their island colours of green and white (Guernsey) and red and white (Jersey) and blue and white (Alderney). The competition is sponsored by Hepburns Insurance and now includes Ladies', under 21s and an under 18s competition for men.
The tournament consists of a semi-final and a final. Before the Second World War the draw for the semi-final rotated between the three islands, but since then Jersey and Guernsey have taken turns to play Alderney in the semi.
The Final is played on alternate years in Guernsey and Jersey. When in Guernsey it is played at either Footes Lane or The Track for a number of years and in Jersey at Springfield Stadium.
The first Muratti final took place at Springfield on 27 April 1905, but after two years the venue for Muratti matches in Jersey moved to Westmount until 1923 when Springfield became host in alternate years. Since 1930 Muratti matches in Jersey have been regularly held at Springfield with few exceptions.
Up until 2005 a drawn final would be replayed. Seven finals were decided on a replay. Since 2006, the game has been decided on the day and three matches have gone to extra time since then, with all these matches being decided on a penalty shoot-out.
2016 saw Jersey host the 100th final.
The 2020 & 2021 competitions were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Participants
Venues
The tournament is hosted in three venues:
Results
A full list of Muratti results. Home team listed first unless noted.
Notes
Winners by Island
updated to 2022
Records
Jersey hold the record for longest run as champions, having held the title for eight years between 1958 and 1965.
Guernsey's longest unbeaten run was a stretch of five finals between 1932 and 1936. They were prevented a sixth straight win by a tie in 1937, the only year the title has been shared. Guernsey won it in 1938 meaning they held the trophy for seven years, albeit one of those shared.
Alderney have not won a match in the competition since 1920 despite some very close performances in recent years.
The biggest victory margin is an 18–0 win by Jersey over Alderney in the 1994 semi-final.
The biggest victory margin in a final was 7–1 in 1926 when Jersey beat Alderney.
The highest scoring final was in 1957 when Guernsey beat Jersey 6–4.
Change of name
It was reported in March 2009 that the name of the competition would have to be changed due to proposed legislative restrictions on tobacco advertising in Jersey. Although the Muratti brand of cigarettes is not sold in Jersey, the name of the tobacco manufacturer linked to the name of the trophy would fall within the ban on promotion of brands.
Youth Tournaments
Men's U-16
Guernsey and Jersey under 16 men's team have competed in their own Muratti Cup since 2007. In 2018, female player Maya Le Tissier made her debut for the Guernsey team in the Muratti Cup, being the first female player to play for any Guernsey men's team. This was in light of the Guernsey women's team being disbanded the previous year.
Results
Women's tournament
The Muratti Cup is the women's equivalent of the tournament. Unlike the men's version, the women's competition is a one off match between Jersey and Guernsey only. The competition ran from its inception in 1997 to 2017 when the Guernsey women's team was disbanded. The tournament restarted in 2022.
Results
See also
Alderney national football team
Guernsey national football team
Jersey national football team
Upton Park Trophy
Inter-insular match – the equivalent event in cricket
Siam Cup – the equivalent event in rugby union
References
External links
RSSSF
Guernsey FA
Jersey FA
Alderney FC
Sport in the Channel Islands
Football in Guernsey
Football in Jersey
Football in Alderney
Recurring sporting events established in 1905
Non-FIFA football competitions
1905 establishments in Europe
1905 establishments in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratti%20Vase |
The Hosay massacre (also known as the Hosay riots or the Jahaji massacre) took place on 30 October 1884 in San Fernando, Trinidad when the British colonial authorities fired on participants in the annual Hosay procession (the local name for the Shi'a Festival of Muharram) who had been banned from entering the town.
Background
After the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire, the plantation owners of Trinidad were desperate for new sources of labour. In 1839 the British government began a programme of recruiting Indian labourers in Calcutta to be sent to Trinidad. They bound themselves to work as indentured labourers for a set number of years on the plantations. The mostly Hindu and Muslim labourers were required to work seven and a half hours a day, six days a week for three years, receiving about 13 cents a day for their work. At first, half of the recruits were women but, in 1840, the proportion was reduced to a third of the number of men. In 1844, the period of indenture was extended to five years with a guarantee that, if they wished, they would get a free passage home at the end of their service. In 1853 the law was again amended to allow the indentured labourers to re-indenture themselves for a second five-year term or, if they wished, to commute any portion of their contract by repayment of a proportionate part of their indenture fee.
Industrial unrest on the plantations was gaining momentum to be followed by a deepening depression in the sugar industry in 1884. This atmosphere was also fuelled by frequent strikes. In the previous year, met with restrictions on the use of torches the African community celebrating ‘Canboulay’ reacted and this resulted in violence.
The decision by the authorities to prohibit the Indians from entering the towns with their processions, which began, on the estates ‘were regarded by the Indians as an arbitrary and unjust measure’. The Indians protested with a petition led by the Hindu Sookhoo and 31 others.
On 26 October Administrator John Bushe consulted the Executive Council on "the final arrangements to be made for preserving order during the Hosea." Acting Colonial Secretary, Mr. Pyne informed the Inspector Commandant of Police, Captain Baker instructing him on the "deployment of police, marines, from the HMS Dido, and a volunteer force." 27 October – Captain Baker personally monitors the situation. The next day Baker reports that the Indians would make no attempt to enter San Fernando. In a series of telegrams Baker attempts to avoid an armed confrontation with the Indians, however Mr. Pyne appeared bent on such a confrontation to show the Indians who was in charge. (Shantal Ramnarine)
Events of 30 October 1884
At midday the first procession of 6,000 was sighted approaching San Fernando reaching Cross Crossing about 2:30 pm and proceeded along to the entrance of Cipero Street. There the crowd was met by British troops under Major Bowles of the First North Staffordshire Regiment. The local magistrate, a Mr. Child, read the Riot Act and when the crowd failed to disperse, Child ordered the police to fire upon them. Two volleys were fired into the crowd.
At the Mon Repos Junction of the Princes Town and Circular roads the Indian crowd was also fired upon. The procession was in sight about 3:30 pm. Captain Baker gave the order to fire a single volley of bullets after the Riot Act was read.
Death toll
Historian Michael Anthony reports that nine people were killed and 100 wounded at Toll Gate (on the south side of the town), while others were injured at Mon Repos (on the eastern side of the town) and at Pointe-à-Pierre Road on the north. Indian historian Prabhu P. Mohapatra suggests a higher figure of 22 dead, and over a hundred injured.
See also
History of Trinidad and Tobago
References
Further reading
1884 in Trinidad and Tobago
1884 riots
British Trinidad and Tobago
Conflicts in 1884
Indo-Caribbean religion
Massacres in 1884
Massacres committed by the United Kingdom
Massacres in Trinidad and Tobago
October 1884 events
Protest-related deaths
Riots and civil disorder in Trinidad and Tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosay%20massacre |
R37 may refer to:
Roads
R37 expressway (Czech Republic)
R37 (South Africa)
Other uses
R-37 (missile), a Russian missile
Renard R.37, a Belgian prototype fighter aircraft
R37: Irritating to respiratory system, a risk phrase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R37 |
A List X site is a commercial site (i.e. non-government) on UK soil that is approved to hold UK government protectively marked information marked as 'Secret' or above, or international partners information classified ‘Confidential’ or above. This changed from 'Confidential and above' with the introduction of the Government Security Classification Scheme. It is applied to a company's specific site (or facility within that site) and not a company as a whole. The term has been used since the 1930s and is equivalent to facility security clearance (FSC) used in other countries.
Locations with this status are those normally involved with defence research and manufacturing that is vital to national security. The complete list of sites is itself classified. The list is administered by Defence Security and Assurance Services (DSAS), part of the Ministry of Defence.
A similar scheme, List N, is used for sites relating to civil nuclear research or power generation, and is administered by the Office for Nuclear Regulation.
References
External links
Government of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20X%20site |
Kristineberg Palace (Kristinebergs Slott) is located in Kristineberg district of Kungsholmen in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
Kristineberg was built around 1750 for merchant Roland Schröder (1713–1773). The palace was surrounded by parks and the property included a great deal of the surrounding land. In 1864 the property was bought by the Swedish Freemasonry and additional construction on the palace was made.
Stockholm City bought the land in 1921 and started building the Kristineberg district. Today part of the former palace is used as the site of Kristinebergsskolan primary school.
References
External links
Kristinebergsskolan website
Buildings and structures in Stockholm County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristineberg%20Palace |
Vegetable kolhapuri is a dish from the city of Kolhapur in Maharashtra, India consisting of mixed vegetables in a thick, spiced gravy. It is served as a main course accompanied by breads such as chapatis.
References
Maharashtrian cuisine
Kolhapur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veg%20kolhapuri |
Vila Propício is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. It is a large producer of sugarcane.
Location
Vila Propício is located in the Entorno do Distrito Federal micro-region and has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north: Barro Alto
south: Pirenópolis and Cocalzinho de Goiás
west: Goianésia
east: Mimoso de Goiás and Padre Bernardo
Highway connections are made from Cocalzinho de Goiás and from Goianésia, which is 28 kilometers to the west. It is 195 kilometers to Brasília and 215 kilometers to Goiânia. From Goiânia take GO-080, passing through Nerópolis and São Francisco de Goiás; then BR-153 to Jaraguá; then GO-080 to Goianésia; then BR-251 / GO-230. For all distances see Distâncias Rodoviárias
Economy
The economy is based on agriculture (cotton, rice rubber, corn, and soybeans), cattle raising (69,000 head in 2006), small commercial establishments, and public administration.
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 721
Total area: 148,612 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 1,194 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 11,751 ha.
Area of pasture: 93,882 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 39,430 ha.
Health and Education
In 2007 there were no hospitals. The infant mortality rate (2000) was 21,46, well below the national average of 33.0, well the adult literacy rate was 75.2%, well below the national average of 86.4%, and one of the lowest in the state.
Human Development Index: 0.674 (2000)
State ranking: 225 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 3,385 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br.
Vila Propício first appeared in 1965 as a district of Pirenópolis, achieving municipal status in 1995.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Distâncias Rodoviárias
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila%20Prop%C3%ADcio |
Poesy an alternative anglicized term of the French word poésie meaning poetry. It may refer to:
Clémence Poésy (born 1982), French actress and fashion model
Poesy ring, gold finger rings with a short inscription on their surface
See also
Poésie (disambiguation)
Posey (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesy |
The Catholic Church in Liechtenstein is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
In 2020, 72% of the population were Catholic. In the same year there were 34 priests and 53 nuns serving 10 parishes.
Prior to 1997, the principality was part of the Swiss Diocese of Chur. In 1997, the Archdiocese of Vaduz was created, covering the whole of the principality. The first and to date only archbishop is Wolfgang Haas.
See also
Religion in Liechtenstein
References
External links
Statistics relating to the Catholic Church in Liechtenstein
Photo of the cathedral in Vaduz
Religion in Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Religious organizations based in Liechtenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Liechtenstein |
Georgina Battiscombe (21 November 1905 – 26 February 2006) was a British biographer, specialising mainly in lives from the Victorian era.
She was born Esther Georgina Harwood, the elder daughter of George Harwood, a former clergyman, Liberal Member of Parliament for his home town of Bolton, master cotton spinner, and an author and barrister. Her family had a political bent; her maternal grandfather, Sir Alfred Hopkinson, KC (the first Vice-Chancellor of Manchester University), three uncles, and her stepfather, John Murray (Principal of the University College of the South West of England, Exeter), all became MPs.
She was educated at St Michael's School, Oxford, and at Lady Margaret Hall, and once considered a political career herself. In 1932 she married Christopher Battiscombe (d.1964), a lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards. For a time they lived in Zanzibar, where Colonel Battiscombe was Secretary to the Sultan. They then lived at Durham before moving to the Henry III Tower at Windsor Castle as Colonel Battiscombe became honorary secretary of the Society of the Friends of St George's from 1958 to 1960.
Her best known books were biographies of the Victorian romantic novelist Charlotte Mary Yonge (1943); Catherine Gladstone, the wife of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1956); English churchman John Keble (1963); and Alexandra of Denmark (1969). The biography of Keble was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.
One of the reasons Battiscombe wrote about Queen Alexandra was that she and Alexandra both had the same form of deafness, otosclerosis. Battiscombe was very deaf for a large part of her life, until surgery and a hearing aid corrected this. She said that her experience gave her "some understanding of Alexandra's predicament".
Battiscombe thought that many royal biographies are factually incorrect, and that "so often the unfortunate royalties do not even receive common politeness from those who write about them".
Battiscombe also wrote biographies of Christina Rossetti (1965) and Shaftesbury (1974), and her other titles include Two on Safari (1946); English Picnics (1949); Reluctant Pioneer: The Life of Elizabeth Wordsworth (1978); The Spencers of Althorp (1984); and Winter Song, a book of poems (1992).
Battiscombe became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1964. She died in 2006, aged 100.
References
External links
Obituary in The Guardian
Obituary in The Telegraph
Obituary in The Times
1905 births
2006 deaths
British centenarians
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
20th-century British biographers
Women centenarians
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina%20Battiscombe |
Réseau Saint-Lazare is the network of railway lines originating from Saint Lazare Station in Paris. The network stretches from Paris to Normandy and encompasses suburban services. Parisian suburban rail services are operated under SNCF's brand name Transilien. Intercity services are also operated by SNCF but under the brand name Corail.
Track
Cohabitation of both intercity and suburban rail did cause problems. Junctions were not carefully planned, and extensions were simply grafted onto the existing network. The Chemins de fer de l'Ouest's suburban network was particularly touched by problems of cohabitation on the line and at stations since it had the largest suburban network in France. The problem resided in the fact that lines crossed each other, creating unnecessary bottlenecks and hold ups. In 1880, the Chemins de fer de l'Ouest operated four lines out of Saint-Lazare: the lines to Versailles Rive Droite and Argenteuil separated at Asnières whilst the lines to Saint-Germain and Rouen separated at Colombes. As they were, both lines to Argenteuil crossed those to Saint-Germain and Rouen at Asnières. The Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest thus decided create a spur, opened in 1891, from Bécon-les-Bruyères and La Garenne-Colombes. In 1892, the line to Saint-Germain was rerouted to a spur of the line to Versailles instead of the line to Poissy whilst the line to Poissy was rerouted to a spur of the line to Argenteuil, avoiding crossings. The bridge over the River Seine still had four tracks, but serving two pairs of lines. These modifications were only sufficient for a time as traffic was in constant increase, growing from 26 million passengers in 1888 to 42 million in 1898. The tunnel at Batignoles (now Pont Cardinet) was another bottleneck, so a fourth tunnel was built, but later demolished along with all save one tunnel in 1912. At that time, the Chemin de fer de l'État possessed eight tracks leaving Saint-Lazare, which were split into four groups:
Groupe I: Auteuil
Groupe II: Versailles
Groupe III: Saint-Germain
Germain IV: Normandy
The eight tracks were supplemented by two sidings, used to transfer rolling stock and locomotives, as well as a second bridge at Asnières. World War I slowed expansion and the second bridge was only built in 1921, the year when a grave accident occurred in the Batignoles tunnel and precipitated its demolition. The demolition of the tunnels as well as the transfer of the terminus of the line to Auteuil at Pont Cardinet freed up platforms at Saint-Lazare and increased tracks in the tranchée des Batignoles from eight to ten and split in five groups:
Groupe I: Auteuil, leaving Pont Cardinet
Groupe II: Versailles
Groupe III: Saint-Germain
Groupe IV: Argenteuil
Groupe V: Mantes, via Poissy
Groupe VI: Mantes, via Conflans
An eleventh track, used for servicing, was built for reversing locomotives. The pont d'Asnières was widened to accommodate the ten tracks. A saut-de-mouton (flying junction) was built between Asnières and Bois-Colombes to avoid the crossing of the groupe IV and groupe V lines.
Two joining lines were built in 1923 and 1925 at La Folie and Bezons to relieve suburban lines from goods services. The station building at Bois-Colombes was rebuilt above the railway line in 1934 as well as the quadrupling of the line as well as replacement of all the remaining level crossings by bridges or underpasses between 1933 and 1935. The line was also rebuilt on a 585 m long viaduct between Bois-Colombes and Le Stade (Gennevilliers). Other modernisation projects included the electrification of the Réseau Saint-Lazare.
Electrification
Third rail electrification
The Chemins de fer de l'Ouest had hoped to electrify parts of its lines to Saint-Germain and Argenteuil as early as 1908. Many of the construction work on the lines were initiated to alleviate operational issues but steam traction meant that without remote driving or the locomotive, engines had to be turned around the train at termini. Third rail electrification had been applied to Paris' underground and the Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans's line from Les Invalides with success.
Rolling stock chosen were two carriage 22m long EMUs of Z 1300 class resting on two bogies and compatible with rolling stock used on the line at Les Invalides. 1500 V overhead electrification had been dismissed by the French Government following World War I and so 650 V third rail electrification was chosen. A special commission had found that the Réseau État Saint-Lazare was in need of electrification on the railway lines to Saint-Germain, Versailles Rive Droite, Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche, Puteaux, Issy-les-Moulineaux and Argenteuil. The Chemins de fer de l'Ouest and then the Chemin de fer de l'État from 1909 had worked towards that goal by simplifying track layout in Paris' close suburbs.
On 24 April 1924, the third rail was switched on groupe II on the 6 km section between Paris and Bécon-les-Bruyères and on groupe IV on the 6 km section between Paris and Bois-Colombes. The press as well as the public saluted the arrival of the electric train which made some steam hauled trains look old. Indeed, some coaches in use were old 19th century double-deck passenger cars with notorious comfort. The rames standard was capable of carrying 372 seated passengers and were capable of being coupled together. They were stabled at Rueil-Malmaison, Bois-Colombes and Champ de Mars and servicing was performed at La Folie.
The 7 km long railway line to Auteuil was electrified in January 1925. The line to Saint-Germain-en-Laye was electrified up to Rueil-Malmaison (14 km) in June 1926, then extended to Saint-Germain in 1927. The line to Versailles Rive Droite was electrified in July 1928 as well as between Puteaux and Issy-les-Moulineaux, Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche in May 1931 and the 10 km long line to Argenteuil in 1936 after the quadrupling of the tracks two years earlier.
Electricity was fed to the EMUs under the third rail, as opposed to above the rail in Southern England. The third rail was fed by fourteen sub-stations themselves fed by 15000 V and 1500 V by power stations at Nanterre and Issy-les-Moulineaux. the sub-stations was partially automated in the early 1930s.
When electrification was implemented, zoned services were put in place to decrease travel time, this meant that not all trains served all stations and semi-direct trains served the further stations. This decreased travel time for users of further town. From 1926, three trains served the Saint-Germain line:
Saint Lazare-Bécon omnibus every fifteen minutes
Saint Lazare-Bécon direct then omnibus to Rueil every half-hour
Saint Lazare-Rueil direct then omnibus to Saint-Germain every half-hour (steam operated until 1927)
To maximise electrification efficiency, Bloc automatique lumineux signalling (BAL) tested between Rueil-Malmaison and Le Pecq followed by a widespread implementation on all the close suburb between 1924 and 1931.
Overhead electrification
Allied bombing in 1944 destroyed much of the railway installations and disorganised services. Operated by the SNCF since 1938, Réseau Saint-Lazare, like Réseau Nord and Réseau Est was to be electrified with overhead wire. As it had been the case with other modernisation projects, track alteration took place when it was being prepared for electrification. A fourth track was installed between Achères and Poissy in 1961 as well as a saut-de-mouton and an intermediate terminus at Poissy. A fourth track was also installed on a 6 km long stretch of line between Vernouillet and Les Mureaux. Stations at Sartrouville and Les Mureaux were expanded and a through track installed for suburban services.
25 kV electrification by overhead wiring was made live on groupe V in 1966, on 11 January between Achères and Mantes for use for goods services only and on 20 September between Gare Saint-Lazare and Achères for suburban passenger services alike.
To prepare for the arrival of overhead electrification, important structural work was done. Initiated in 1962, work ended in 1966. It included the raising of the bridge of the Place de l'Europe situated above the platforms at Gare Saint-Lazare and lowering the tracks below the bâtiment des docks, offices situated above high numbered platforms, lengthening of the platforms allocated to intercity services and the construction of the state of the art signal box, poste tout relais à transit souple (PRS). Electricity was switched on the line to Mantes via Conflans on 27 March 1967 and from Conflans to Pontoise on 14 May 1968.
Rolling stock
As a heritage of the Chemins de fer de l'Ouest and the Chemin de fer de l'État and due to its size, the Réseau Saint-Lazare inherited a number of particular and specifically designed rolling stock.
Steam traction
The following locomotives were in use for passenger duties on the Réseau Saint-Lazare:
030 T Ouest
040 TA Ouest
120 T Ouest
131 TA Ouest
141 TC Ouest
141 TD Ouest
Electric traction
The following rolling stock is in use for passenger duties on the Réseau Saint-Lazare:
SNCF Class BB 16000
SNCF Class BB 16500
SNCF Class BB 17000
SNCF Class BB 26000
Including some electric multiple units:
SNCF Class Z 1300
SNCF Class Z 1500
SNCF Class Z 6300
SNCF Class Z 6400
SNCF Class Z 20500
SNCF TGV Réseau
Diesel traction
Since the electrification of the main line to Caen and Cherbourg in June 1996, there no longer are regular services using diesel for Gare Saint-Lazare although some regional services in Normandy, part of the Réseau Saint-Lazare use DMUs and diesel locomotives.
SNCF Class BB 67400
SNCF Class T 1000
SNCF Class T 2000
SNCF Class X 4630
SNCF Class X 72500
SNCF Class X 73500
Hauled stock
Bidel passenger cars
Voiture État à 2 étages 1933-1984
Rame inox de banlieue 1970–present
Voiture de banlieue à 2 niveaux 1975–present
Depots
Trains operating in the Réseau Saint Lazare are maintained in several engine sheds or EMT:
Bâtignoles (Grandes-Lignes)
Clichy-Levallois (Transilien)
Asnières-sur-Seine (Transilien)
Achères
Mantes-la-Jolie (Freight & Transilien)
Sotteville
Caen
SNCF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau%20Saint-Lazare |
Felix Walker (born 5 March 1935) is a Swiss economist and politician of the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC).
In 1999, Walker was elected to the Swiss National Council in the Canton of St. Gallen. He presided the council's Finance Committee in 2004 and 2005. In December 2006, Walker resigned from the National Council.
External links
CVP St. Gallen: Felix Walker
1935 births
Living people
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Walker%20%28Swiss%20politician%29 |
Vinland Saga is the second full-length album by the symphonic metal band Leaves' Eyes, released in 2005. It is a concept album that tells the story of the voyage of the Norse explorer Leif Erikson and his discovery of Vinland (a.k.a. Newfoundland). The main vocals are by the Norwegian singer Liv Kristine, but some harsh vocals performed by her husband and producer Alexander Krull can be heard on the songs "Solemn Sea", "The Thorn", and "New Found Land".
A limited edition version of the album was released on 7 November 2006, which included two bonus tracks, a making-of video, an interview with Liv Kristine, as well as the music video produced for the single "Elegy" .
Track listing
Personnel
Leaves' Eyes
Liv Kristine Espenæs - lead vocals, keyboards
Alexander Krull - death grunts, keyboards, programming, samples
Thorsten Bauer - guitars, keyboards
Mathias Röderer - guitars, keyboards
Christopher Lukhaup - bass, keyboards
Moritz Neuner - drums, percussion, keyboards
Additional musicians
Robert & Johannes Suß, Norman Sickinger, Christof Kutzers, Anders Oddsberg, Steven Willems, Simone Sacco, Gunnar Sauermann, Sascha Henneberger, Markus Bruder, Jochen Steinsdorfer, Ralf Oechsle - backing vocals on "New Found Land"
Timon Birkhofer - cello and piano on "Elegy", harp on "Amhran"
Jana Kallenberg - violin
Production
Produced, engineered, mixed and mastered by Alexander Krull at Mastersound Studios
Assistant recording engineers: Mathias Röderer, Thorsten Bauer, Chris Lukhaup, Robert Suß
Charts
References
2005 albums
Leaves' Eyes albums
Concept albums
Napalm Records albums
Vinland
Albums produced by Alexander Krull
Cultural depictions of Leif Erikson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland%20Saga%20%28album%29 |
Felix Walker is the name of:
Felix Walker (American politician) (1753–1828), Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina
Felix Walker (Swiss politician) (born 1935), member of the Swiss National Council from St. Gallen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Walker |
Borrisoleigh () is a small town in County Tipperary, Ireland. At the 2016 census, it had a population of 679. It is in the ecclesiastical parish of Borrisoleigh and Ileigh in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.
Location and access
The town is part of the civil parish of Glenkeen in the historic barony of Kilnamanagh Upper. It is situated on the R498 Nenagh–Thurles road. To the east, the R501 goes to Templemore with fine views of the Devil's Bit mountain on the left hand side near Drom and Barnane. Borrisoleigh is 20 km south-east of Nenagh, 13 km north-west of
Thurles, and 10 km south-west of Templemore.
History
Borrisoleigh derives its name from the ancient territory of Uí Luighdheach in which it was situated. An annual cattle fair was held here every 27 November until the 1960s.
The first recorded settlement here was an abbey established by St. Cualan at Glean Caoin, anglicised as "Glankeen Abbey." Kilcuilan (St. Cualan's Church) was dedicated to him at a nearby holy well. A bell attributed to this saint, known as the "Bearnan Culan" or "Glankeen Bell" is now housed at the British Museum in London. A replica may be seen in the sanctuary of the parish church in Borrisoleigh.
After the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century, the O'Dwyer and DeBurgo clans established a fortress on the River Camoge as a defence against the native settlement at Ileigh. Its ruins may still be seen as you leave Borrisoleigh on the Templemore Road.
In October 1846, absentee landlord Lord Portarlington threw a banquet at the Temperance Hall in Borrisoleigh while the surrounding parish was suffering through the Great Famine. He left a meager one hundred pound donation to the local Poor Relief Committee when he returned to England.
Catholic church
The parish priest Michael Slattery was appointed as Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly in 1833. Slattery was succeeded by Father William Morris, who led 118 local men in signing the Cormack Petition in 1858. This document provides a vital snapshot of the town's population, including its largest families (in this order): Ryan, Bourke, Kennedy, Dwyer, Maher, Gleeson, Harrington, and Patterson. It also shows the top 10 male given names were: John, James, Patrick, William, Michael, Daniel, Martin, Philip, Thomas, Edmond (tie), and Jeremiah (tie).
Borrisoleigh has produced two well-known Catholic bishops: Joseph Shanahan (1871–1943) and Thomas Quinlan (1896–1970).
Church of Ireland
In 1785, a parish church for the Church of Ireland parish of Glenkeen was built in Borrisoleigh, on the site where St. Brigid's Cemetery is today. The glebe-house, which had a glebe of , was in the townland of Glenkeen. When the parish church was closed, the glebe house was sold in 1870.
Amenities
Among its attractions are some traditional shop fronts, and a 15th-century tower house. An inscribed slab inserted into the gable of one of a pair of red sandstone houses are engraved the names Richard Burke and Ellis Hurley, 1643. Walter Doolin was the architect of the church in the main street. The window and door surrounds were quarried at Drombane, away. It is similar to the stone used in Cormac's Chapel, Cashel. Borrisoleigh has a number of small shops and a small supermarket, petrol stations, pubs, a post office, hair salons, schools, a church, a community hall and GAA sporting facilities.
Economy
Borrisoleigh's economy is driven by the Gleeson Group, now owned by C&C, which markets Tipperary Natural Mineral Water, Bulmer's Cider and several other brands.
Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association club is Borris–Ileigh GAA. The club's name is distinctive and is not to be confused with the place name Borrisoleigh. Former All-Ireland champion hurlers with the club were Liam Devaney, Ned Ryan, Paddy Kenny, Seán Kenny and Jimmy Finn whose playing years were in the period 1949–1965. Noel O'Dwyer was an all Ireland medal winner in 1971. In 1987, Richard Stakelum captained Tipperary to their first Munster championship in 17 years. Also in that era, brothers Bobby and Aidan Ryan were victorious in the 1989 and 1991 All-Ireland Championships, Bobby being the victorious captain in 1989. 2010 saw two further all Ireland medal winners Paddy Stapleton and Brendan Maher.
The Borris-Ileigh club were All Ireland senior club champions in 1987. In 2016, Tipperary won the All Ireland defeating Kilkenny. Brendan Maher captained the team with Dan McCormack and Paddy Stapleton being members of the squad.
Notable people
John Ryan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
External links
Placenames Database of Ireland
Towns and villages in County Tipperary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrisoleigh |
Helen Fay Dowker (; born 9 September 1965) is a British physicist who is a current professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London.
Education
Dowker attended Manchester High School for Girls. As a student, she was interested in wormholes and quantum cosmology. Having studied the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, Dowker was awarded the Tyson Medal in 1987 and completed her Doctor of Philosophy for research on spacetime wormholes supervised by Stephen Hawking in 1990.
Career and research
Dowker completed postdoctoral research at Fermilab, at the University of California, Santa Barbara and also the California Institute of Technology.
Until 2003, Dowker was a lecturer at Queen Mary University of London.
She is currently a professor of Theoretical Physics and a member of the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial College London and a Visiting Fellow at the Perimeter Institute. She conducts research in a number of areas of theoretical physics including quantum gravity and causal set theory.
Personal life
Dowker is the daughter of physicist Stuart Dowker, who worked at the University of Manchester. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili for The Life Scientific in 2017.
She delivered the eulogy at Stephen Hawking's funeral, describing him as her "teacher, mentor and friend" and asserting that "his influence and legacy will live forever."
References
Living people
Scientists from Manchester
Academics of Imperial College London
People educated at Manchester High School for Girls
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
1965 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%20Dowker |
Seán Hayes (29 March 1884 – 24 January 1928) was a Sinn Féin member of Dáil Éireann in Ireland. He was a newspaper editor (the Cork County Southern Star of Skibbereen) and political propagandist.
John Hayes was born in Clegg, Glandore, County Cork in 1888, the son of Denis Hayes, a farmer. He joined the civil service working as a sorter in the GPO, London from 1904 to 1912, returning to work in Dublin following that time. Subsequently, working in Skibbereen for the weekly Southern Star as an editor and a manager. He was a participant in the 1916 Easter Rising at the GPO, Dublin, for which he was arrested and spent time interned in Wormwood Scrubs.
He was elected unopposed for Cork West at the 1918 general election. He did not take the seat he had won in the British House of Commons, but like other members of his party he joined the revolutionary First Dáil of 1919 to 1921. He represented the constituency of Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West from 1921 to 1923. He became a member of the pro-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin before the 1922 general election. He did not seek re-election at the 1923 general election.
Hayes was arrested by the British forces during a raid on party offices in Dublin in November 1919. As a result, he was sentenced to three months imprisonment. He was re-arrested in 1920 during the War of Independence. He was a member of the Irish Republican Army. He was also reputedly a member of Tom Barry's Flying Column in West Cork.
He married Ciss Crowley from Dunmanway, County Cork. They lived in Clontarf, Dublin. He died on 24 January 1928, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on 26 January.
References
Sources
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. III, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1979)
Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: the Irish rebellion (London 2006)
Townshend, C, The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence (London 2014)
1884 births
1928 deaths
Early Sinn Féin TDs
Members of the 1st Dáil
Members of the 2nd Dáil
Members of the 3rd Dáil
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1918–1922
Politicians from County Cork
People from Skibbereen
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n%20Hayes%20%28Cork%20politician%29 |
Augusts Kirhenšteins, formerly spelt Kirchenšteins (18 September 1872 – 3 November 1963), was a Latvian and Soviet microbiologist, politician and educator. He was the de facto prime minister of Latvia from 20 June 1940 to 25 August 1940 and Acting de facto President of Latvia from 21 July 1940 to 25 August 1940. It was Kirhenšteins' Soviet puppet government that requested the incorporation of Latvia into the Soviet Union after the occupation of the country in 1940. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1941. He was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1952.
Biography
Augusts Kirhenšteins was born on 18 September 1872 on the estate of Valtenberg Manor in Mazsalaca, in the Governorate of Livonia. He was the eldest son of the tenant Mārtiņš Kirhenšteins and his wife Baba, in a family of eleven children. Augusts Kirhenšteins' younger brother, Rūdolfs Kirhenšteins (1891–1938), went on to become a Soviet intelligence officer who was arrested and shot during the Great Terror.
In 1888, Augusts Kirhenšteins attended school at the Riga Alexander Boys Gymnasium. He then studied at the Tartu Veterinary Institute (1893-1901), publishing his first scientific work while still pursuing his studies. He joined the student fraternity Selonija, later switching to the fraternity Zemgalija. In 1901, he graduated from the institute and worked as a veterinarian in Valmiera and Limbaži. Kirhenšteins was involved in revolutionary anti-Tsarist activity in this period and after the 1905 revolution was defeated in Latvia, Kirhenšteins emigrated to Switzerland, where he lived for a while in Zürich. In 1911, he began work in Davos at the Institute for Tuberculosis Research as an assistant to the bacteriologist Carl Spengler.
During World War I, Kirhenšteins served in the Serbian army as a military veterinarian. He returned home to Latvia in 1917, later becoming a captain in veterinary units of the Latvian National Armed Forces during the Latvian War of Independence.
In 1919, he was elected as an associate professor at the University of Latvia, where he established a Microbiology Institute in the Faculty of Agriculture. In 1923, he defended his doctoral thesis, "On the Internal Structure and Development of Bacteria", writing his dissertation in French—this was the first doctoral thesis defended in Latvia. In 1923, he established a serological laboratory (Serum Station) at the University of Latvia. Working as its director, he made a major contribution to the development of science in Latvia, especially in the fields of microbiology, immunology, dairy farming and biotechnology.
In 1934, he married Olga Jansone in Bern. In addition to his scientific activities, Kirhenšteins was involved in social and political matters, in which he was a supporter of social democracy.
After the occupation of Latvia, Kirhenšteins was invited to the USSR Embassy and offered to become the head of the new Soviet puppet government in Latvia, whose primary task was to formally ask for Latvia to be admitted to the Soviet Union, which was finalized in August 1940. He was then made chairman of the Presidium of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–52), and vice-president of the Latvian Academy of Sciences (1951-1958).
He died on 3 November 1963 in Riga and was buried at the Rainis Cemetery.
Awards
Hero of Socialist Labour – by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet dated September 17, 1957 "for outstanding services in the field of biological science and social and political activity"
6 Orders of Lenin
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (03/02/1944)
3 Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
Honored Scientist of the Latvian SSR (1945)
External links
"Augusts Kirhenšteins" at the Latvian Education Informatization System (LIIS).
1872 births
1963 deaths
People from Mazsalaca
People from Kreis Wolmar
Academicians of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Deputies of the People's Saeima
Heads of state of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Prime Ministers of Latvia
Academic staff of the University of Latvia
University of Tartu alumni
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1947–1951
First convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Second convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Third convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Latvian biologists
Latvian military personnel of the Latvian War of Independence
Latvian revolutionaries
Serbian military personnel of World War I
Soviet microbiologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusts%20Kirhen%C5%A1teins |
Philip Dorland (September 9, 1755 – December 18, 1814) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada.
He was born in 1755 in Dutchess County, New York and settled in Adolphustown Township in Upper Canada. He was elected to the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada representing Prince Edward and Adolphustown but refused to take the oath of office because he was a Quaker. Peter Van Alstine was elected to the seat in a by-election. Dorland was named a justice of the peace in the Midland District in 1813.
A historical plaque on Hay Bay near Adolphustown commemorates the first Preparative Meeting of the Society of Friends in Canada which was held in Dorland's home in 1798.
He died at Wellington in 1814.
His brother Thomas represented Lennox and Addington in the Legislative Assembly from 1804 to 1812.
References
Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841, J.K. Johnson (1989)
Politicians from Dutchess County, New York
British emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Canadian Quakers
People from Lennox and Addington County
Canadian people of Dutch descent
1755 births
1814 deaths
Canadian justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Dorland |
Left communism is a form of communism with its origins in the left-wing of several parties of the Communist International. Its two main original branches were in council communism and Bordigism. This is a list of theorists and political figures who have identified themselves as left communist, communist left, Bordigist or council communist.
Council communists
Herman Gorter
Otto Rühle
Jan Appel
Paul Mattick
Guy Debord
Antonie Pannekoek
Bernhard Reichenbach
Henriette Roland Holst
Karl Schröder
Ernst Schwarz
Italian-left communists
Amadeo Bordiga
Onorato Damen
Jacques Camatte
Suzanne Voute
Left communists
Inessa Armand
Andrei Bubnov
Marc Chirik
Gilles Dauvé
Guy Debord
Willie Gallacher
Salih Hacioglu
Alexandra Kollontai
Claude McKay
Gavril Myasnikov
Ethem Nejat
Andreu Nin
Sylvia Pankhurst
Mikhail Pokrovsky
Karl Radek
Maximilien Rubel
Grigori Safarov
Natalia Sedova
Alexander Shliapnikov
See also
Left communist organizations by country
List of Left Communist organisations in the Weimar Republic
List of left communist internationals
References
Left communists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20left%20communists |
Rådmansgatan is an underground station on the Green line of the Stockholm metro. It lies below Sveavägen between its junctions with Rådmansgatan and in the district of Vasastaden and borough of Norrmalm in central Stockholm. The station has a single island platform, some below street level, and is accessed via a pair of ticket halls at each end of the station. The ticket halls are accessed via staircases and lifts from the street above.
The station was opened on 26 October 1952 as a part of the Green line section between Hötorget and Vällingby.
The station is decorated with yellow tiles. As part of Art in the Stockholm metro project, the southern entrance to the station, close to the Strindberg Museum, has enamel works dedicated to the life of August Strindberg. These were executed by Sture Valentin Nilsson and date from 1983.
Gallery
References
External links
Image of Rådmansgatan
Green line (Stockholm metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 1952
Railway stations in Sweden opened in the 1950s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5dmansgatan%20metro%20station |
A sýsla is a police district in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and formerly in Denmark and Norway.
For the historical entity see: syssel.
Faroe Islands sýsla
Norðoyar
Eysturoy
Streymoy
Vágar
Sandoy
Suðuroy
Iceland
Árnessýsla
Austur-Barðastrandarsýsla
Austur-Húnavatnssýsla
Austur-Skaftafellssýsla
Borgarfjarðarsýsla
Dalasýsla
Eyjafjarðarsýsla
Gullbringusýsla
Kjósarsýsla
Mýrasýsla
Norður-Ísafjarðarsýsla
Norður-Múlasýsla
Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla
Rangárvallasýsla
Skagafjarðarsýsla
Snæfellsnes-og Hnappadalssýsla
Strandasýsla
Suður-Múlasýsla
Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla
Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla
Vestur-Húnavatnssýsla
Vestur-Ísafjarðarsýsla
Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla
Types of administrative division
Administrative divisions in Europe
fo:Sýsla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDsla |
Hunter Ellis (born July 5, 1968 in Alexandria, Virginia) is an American military veteran and television personality.
A former naval aviator, he was first noted for his participation on Survivor before going on to host several television shows for the History Channel, including Tactical to Practical; Man, Moment, Machine; and Digging for the Truth, before hosting The CW reality show In Harm's Way. He is the current spokesperson for Atomic Beam flashlight.
Background
Part of a family with a strong tradition in the United States Navy, Ellis is the grandson of Naval Aviator and Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a bachelor's degree in political science, before entering the Navy as a commissioned officer and being designated as a Naval Aviator following completion of flight training. Ellis graduated first in his flight training class and, during his ten-year military service, he amassed 433 carrier landings and more than two thousand hours of flight time in the F/A-18 Hornet.
After resigning his commission, Ellis worked for a time as a pilot for FedEx Corporation.
Personal life
Ellis is a member of the fraternity Alpha Tau Omega. He currently resides in Austin, Texas, with his wife and two children.
Survivor
Marquesas
Ellis was a participant in the reality TV program Survivor: Marquesas, which was filmed in 2001 and aired in 2002.
He was initially cast on the Maraamu tribe, alongside Gina Crews, Peter Harkey, Patricia Jackson, Sarah Jones, Rob Mariano, Sean Rector, and Vecepia Towery. Ellis was the "leader" of the tribe, and formed an alliance with Crews, which helped him survive the first two votes, but after Maraamu lost the third immunity challenge in a row, he was voted out on day 9 as he was seen as a controlling threat by Mariano.
Career
Subsequently, Ellis became the host of several nationally televised programs. The first of these was Tactical to Practical (also known as Tactical to Practical With Hunter Ellis), which aired on The History Channel as a program that took a historical look at the development of common consumer electronic products which originated as military research projects. It lasted for three seasons, with 38 episodes airing in 2003-04.
In 2004, he began co-hosting 9 on the Town, a half-hour program airing five days a week on KCAL-TV (channel 9), an independent station in Los Angeles, California. In 2005, he began hosting another show on The History Channel, called Man, Moment, Machine. Episodes of this show focus on the historical consequences of the momentary interaction between a particular individual and a specific technology.
In 2007, Ellis became the host of Digging for the Truth, and in 2008 became host of In Harm's Way.
Ellis was a news anchor for KEYE-TV news in Austin, Texas from 2011 until he left in 2014 to focus full-time on documentaries.
Filmography
Survivor (3 episodes, 2002)
Tactical to Practical (2003) (TV)
9 on the Town (2004) (TV)
Test Drive (1 episode, 2005) (TV)
Man, Moment, Machine (13 episodes, 2005–2007)
Extreme Yachts (2006) (TV)
Digging for the Truth (8 episodes, 2007)
In Harm's Way (2008) (TV)
A Grail of Two Idiots (2012) (short)
Misirlou (2013)
Awards and recognition
In 2003, Ellis received an Emmy nomination for hosting Countdown to Survivor: The Amazon for KCBS-TV, and in 2006 he received a Los Angeles Emmy Award for hosting Hola! Survivor: Guatemala, also for KCBS. In an article published on December 1, 2003, People magazine named him one of the 20 sexiest men on cable television.
References
External links
Hunter Ellis biography at for Survivor: Marquesas at CBS.com
1968 births
Living people
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Aviators
University of Southern California people
Aviators from Virginia
Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia
American political scientists
Male actors from Austin, Texas
Survivor (American TV series) contestants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20Ellis |
Nasha Niva (, lit. "Our field") is one of the oldest Belarusian weekly newspapers, founded in 1906 and re-established in 1991. Nasha Niva became a cultural symbol, due to the newspaper's importance as a publisher of Belarusian literature and as a pioneer of Belarusian language journalism, the years before the October Revolution are often referred to as the 'Nasha Niva Period'.
In the period between 1906 and 1915 the newspaper was published on a weekly basis. From 1991 to 1995 it appeared once a month, reverting to weekly publication in 1996 and then fortnightly in 1997–1999. In 1999 the paper became a weekly again.
Nasha Niva Online (nn.by) was set up in 1997. By 2017 it became the most frequently visited website in the Belarusian language.
According to Media IQ estimation, Nasha Niva remains free of state propaganda and keeps one of the highest ratings in journalism ethics among Belarusian media. Being in open opposition to Alexander Lukashenko's regime, the newspaper was cracked down by the government numerous times, received huge fines and was excluded from state circulation. The editors and journalists were arrested, questioned and beaten by the police and KGB officers.
As of 2020 the editor-in-chief is Jahor Marcinovič, who succeeded Andrej Dyńko.
On July 8, 2021, the newspaper's website was blocked by the authorities. The editor-in-chief Yahor Martsinovich and editor Andrej Skurko were detained, their homes and the office being searched. On July 13 the publication announced its closure in Belarus due to growing pressure from the authorities. The employees were advised to move abroad. The editor's office claimed that they would try to re-launch the newspaper outside Belarus. The new website was launched on July 29, 2021; the content was uploaded from the publication's social networks and Telegram channel.
On January 27, 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus declared Nasha Niva 'an extremist formation'. On March 15, 2022, Marcinovič and Skurko were sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for estimated material damage of 10,000 Belarusian rubles ($3000).
On August 15, 2022, Naša Niva launched a Ukrainian-language Telegram channel, so that Ukrainians could obtain independent and objective information from Belarus.
On the occasion of the International Mother Language Day (February 21) in 2023, a machine-converted website edition of Naša Niva in Łacinka (that is, the Belarusian Latin alphabet) was launched.
History
1906–1915
Nasha Niva was inspired by Iskra, a political newspaper, published by the RSDLP since 1901. At the BSA conference in June 1906 Belarusian journalist Anton Łuckevič announced his intention to create a party newspaper. The co-founders were his brother Ivan and Alaksandar Ułasaŭ, a landowner from the Mihaŭka estate near Minsk, who was for many years the newspaper's publisher and editor. The name for the publication was taken from a poem by Janka Lučyna "Роднай старонцы" ("To Fatherland"). The first issue was published on 23 November 1906, under the editorship of titular counselor Zigmund Volsky. Since the fifth issue from 8 December 1906, the chief editor was Alexander Vlasov.
In the first three years, the newspaper published 960 reports from 489 areas, 246 poems by 61 authors, and 91 articles by 36 special reporters. Only in 1910 "Nasha Niva" published 666 various correspondence from 427 people. "Nasha Niva" covered a wide range of political, economic, and cultural issues. Every issue included the following sections: government actions, political review, life of the countryside, life of the city, feuilletons, the newest literary works in Belarusian, correspondence, news from Russia and Lithuania, book digest, history notes, notes on agriculture, applied mechanics, personal ad.
The newspaper saw as its main task the consolidation of a Belarusian political nation. It was also – as was observed at the time – the first source of information to be free of government interference. The editors office also strived to preserve and promote Belarusian culture. National civil society rallied around the newspaper; numerous agricultural initiatives, youth groups and publishing houses used it as a voice to promote their activities. In 1911 its circulation was about 3,000. Up to October 1912, the newspaper was printed both in Cyrillic and Latin scripts. From the 43 issue of 24 October 1912, the publication completely switched to the Cyrillic alphabet. A subscription for a year cost 5 roubles, the price for one issue was 5 kopecks.
The newspaper's defence of national interests provoked attacks by the Russian censorship throughout its existence. Even a discussion on agrarian topics organised in 1907 – including an article entitled 'The Land Question in New Zealand' – was found 'seditious' and 'disrespectful of the government'. The editor, Alaksandar Ułasaŭ, was tried and imprisoned. On several occasions, the entire run of a particular issue was confiscated and the editors were compelled to pay fines.
Editors office
Subscribers and correspondents of the newspaper became central figures of national political and intellectual life, e.g. Ciška Hartny (pseudonym of Źmicier Žyłunovič), one of the first leaders of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, or Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, political leader in the Western Belarus and author of the first printed grammar of the Belarusian language.
One of the major figures behind the formulation of the newspaper's political goals was Ivan Łuckevič from Minsk, founder of the famous Belarusian Museum in Vilnius and sponsor of numerous political and cultural projects. Working alongside him was his brother, Anton Łuckevič, whose ideas were decisive in the formation of the programme of the Belarusian Socialist Party (Hramada). He would eventually become the Prime Minister of the Belarusian People's Republic. Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski, another future Prime Minister of the Belarusian People's Republic, became secretary of the newspaper in 1909 and in the years 1912—1913 acted as its de facto editor. He was in charge of the historical agenda, which was one of the main topics in Nasha Niva. Janka Kupała, a famous poet, became the newspaper's editor in March 1914. The editors office located on , 14. Kupała continued in this role until the Autumn of 1915 when Vilnius was occupied by the Germans and normal life in Belarus came to a standstill.
By early 1909 the editors office included six permanent employees – Łuckevič brothers, Alaksandar Ułasaŭ, Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski, Janka Kupała and . In the Summer of 1909 they were joined by . However, the group was divided into two parts. Łuckevič brothers and Ułasaŭ were the so-called 'Upper House of Parliament', they used the separated room and communicated to others by notes that were put through a slot under the door. The 'Upper Parliament' strived to keep the publication alive and receive fees, while the 'Lower Chamber' performed all the everyday tasks. Their articles were published under pseudonyms, all their decisions could be overridden by the 'Upper House' veto. The tense relations between the collaborators are presumably the main reason of Siarhiej Pałujan's suicide in 1910. According to the archives, in 1909 the newspaper had subscribers even in Prague, Paris, Lviv and USA.
Anton Łuckevič, Alaksandar Ułasaŭ, Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, Źmicier Žyłunovič and Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski all fell victims of the Soviet repressions in the 1930s.
Belarusian Language
According to some research, in the early 20th century the Belarusian language was mostly used by the peasantry and neglected by intelligence and upper classes. "Nasha Niva" introduced standards of usage into the Belarusian literary language. It was actively involved in both the creation of classical Belarusian literature and the evolution of the idea of Belarusian statehood. One of the newspaper's characteristic features was the strong interactive relationship that it built with readers. There were more than three thousand permanent and temporary correspondents who submitted information to the editor. A large number of contributors from various regions of Belarus were involved in the publication of both journalistic pieces and literary works. This provided a unique opportunity to re-establish the literary language by establishing norms of usage that were the most widespread throughout the country as a whole. The newspaper thereby played an invaluable role in fixing the orthography, grammar and word-formation patterns of the modern Belarusian language. Jakub Kołas, a classic of Belarusian literature, was an active contributor to "Nasha Niva". It was also "Nasha Niva" that discovered the works of Maksim Bahdanovič and Źmitrok Biadula. It published the writings of many prominent intellectual figures, including Janka Kupała, Anton Łuckevič, Maksim Bahdanovič and Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski.
Nasha Niva realised the unpopularity of the Belarusian language among rural populations. As the main step to improve the issue it promoted education in Belarusian and advocated people's right to use their native language in schools and in church.
Issues from 1906 to 1912 used both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets simultaneously (with the subheading: Printed weekly in Russian and in Polish letters (in Latin script: Wychodzić szto tydzień ruskimi i polskimi literami)).
Publishing
The newspaper became the centre of intellectual life, it acted as the focal point for the independent cultural and social projects that grew up around it. Since 1907 the editors office has been engaged in book publishing. "Nasha Niva" performed the coordinating function of a publishing centre. Especially popular were the annual Belarusian Calendars, almanacs in which readers could find not only the usual kind of day-to-day information but also literary works. The publishing centre also published books, both original and in translation. A satirical magazine 'Krapiva' (Nettles) was published in Vilnia in 1912, and the agricultural department of Nasha Niva grew into the independent 'Sacha' (Wooden Plough) magazine published in Minsk from the end of 1913.
Under the newspaper's auspices one of "Nasha Niva" founders, Ivan Łuckevič, began to collect artefacts for the future Belarusian National Museum. Most of it is currently stored in the National History Museum of Lithuania. Staff of the newspaper helped Ihnat Bujnicki form the first Belarusian theatre company. More than 1 mln copies of the newspaper were published between 1906 and 1915. The scale of the work accomplished by "Nasha Niva" has allowed historians and researchers of culture to define early 20th century Belarusian culture as the 'Nasha Niva period' when referring to the quantitative and qualitative changes in the development of modern culture and society.
First World War
In 1914 Nasha Niva could no longer criticize the government that was at war because such opposition could be perceived as unloyalty to the state. The newspaper published articles and reports on patriotic actions of ordinary Belarusians, but its editorial position didn't demonstrate any support to the Russian military. The Russian army was described as alien as the German one.
With the outbreak of war Nasha Niva issues halved in volume. Since the Autumn of 1914, the blank spaces appeared on its pages, left by the state censors. The last issue was published in the Summer of 1915 when the majority of the staff were called to active military service.
Revival Attempt in 1920
The first attempt to revive the newspaper was made by Maksim Harecki in Vilnia in 1920. The first issue of the revived Nasha Niva, now described as a socio-political and literature daily newspaper, appeared on 28 October 1920, soon after the beginning of Żeligowski's Mutiny. From the 4th issue, the editor-in-chief was Viačasłaŭ Znamiaroǔski. In December 1920 the newspaper was banned again, this time by the Polish military censorship.
1991 Revival in Vilnius
The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the rapid growth of the independence movement in Belarus made it possible for the newspaper to be re-established. The publication of Nasha Niva was relaunched by journalist Siarhiej Dubaviec in Vilnius in May 1991.
The revived newspaper came to occupy a special place among other Belarusian periodicals. "Nasha Niva" abandoned the 'defensive strategy' and self-imposed isolation inherent to much of the Belarusian-language media of the Soviet times. The newspaper opened its pages to discussions on universal topics and published numerous translations of foreign literature. The paper discussed two topics in particular: the heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a possible model of relations between Belarus and other nations of the region. In 2000 Siarhiej Dubaviec resigned, Andrej Dyńko became the new editor-in-chief.
In 1996, the newspaper's editorial office relocated to Minsk, Belarus. The topics covered by "Nasha Niva" shifted from literature and culture towards political and social issues. In 1999 the newspaper became a weekly once more. In 2002 the volume increased from 12 to 16 pages weekly, and in 2005 to 24. At its peak the print run reached 8,000. Following pressure from the state and denial of access to the national press distribution system, "Nasha Niva" changed to a pocket format and increased the number of pages to 48. The circulation decreased to 2,200 copies.
In 2006 "Nasha Niva" decided to expand its online version, Andrej Skurko headed the web department, Andrej Dyńko became the new chief of the paper edition. In the 1990s work began on the production of a facsimile edition of the issues of the newspaper that appeared in the years between 1906 and 1915. At the same time material has been collected for the compilation of a dictionary of the language used in those early years of "Nasha Niva".
On July 31, 2023, the European Parliament passed a resolution in which it asks the European Commission and the Member States, to strengthen Belarusian media outlets, including Nasha Niva.
State pressure
Since 1995 and especially in the 2000s, "Nasha Niva" has faced pressure from the authoritarian regime of Alexander Lukashenko. The paper was persecuted for using the traditional Belarusian orthography (Taraškievica). In 1998 the newspaper won a trial in court and got permission to continue using the classical orthography. "Nasha Niva" used the classical spelling until 2008; it then shifted to the spelling taught in schools in order to 'improve communication between intellectuals and the public', as an editorial on the topic made clear at the time.
In 2005 the authorities banned distribution of the newspaper through the Belarusian postal system and the official distribution agency which delivered the paper to shops and newsstands. The circulation dropped from 3500 to 2000 copies. Only in 2006 the publication received four official warnings for not indicating the legal address. In fact, four different leaseholders broke the contracts with the editors office without any notification or explanation as soon as "Nasha Niva" notified the Information Ministry about their agreements.
Between 2006 and 2008 the newspaper had to be distributed by volunteers. For this reason, the newspaper switched to A4 format, so it would be easier to put into bags and envelopes.
"Nasha Niva" has been tried in court and fined on many occasions, with the KGB conducting searches both in the newspaper's office and the journalists personally. In 2006 the newspaper's Chief Editor, Andrej Dyńko was arrested and spent 10 days in prison. After his arrest Minsk authorities issued an official statement that the distribution of Nasha Niva in the city 'was inappropriate'. On 29 April 2006, 300 activists organized a rally in support of Nasha Niva at the Oktyabrskaya square, 10 people were arrested. In March 2008 the police attacked and arrested journalists Syamyon Pechanko and Andrei Lyankevich, while they were reporting from a rally in Minsk. Pechanko was accused for organization of the rally and received 15 days in prison.
In 2008 the Belarusian government took a course on the liberalization of the media, following requirements of European Union. At the end of 2008 "Nasha Niva" and "Narodnaya Volya" were allowed back to the state subscription and retail via newsstands. Soon "Nasha Niva" switched from bw to colour print, its circulation grew to 6000. However, as soon as in 2010 almost half of the July print run was confiscated and destroyed by the government. The censored issue had an article on Russian NTV documentary 'The Godfather' about Alexander Lukashenko which was considered a 'propaganda strike' against the Belarusian president. In December 2010 the editors office was searched by the KGB, all office equipment had been confiscated. The searches were also done in Andrej Skurko apartment.
2010s
By 2010 the web-portal Nasha Niva became the most popular internet resource in the Belarusian language. According to statistics drawn up by Google Analytics, in 2017 monthly visitors of NN.by exceeded 600,000, more than 7,000,000 pages were viewed. Approximately 84% of the visits were from Belarus, 49% are from Minsk.
In 2011, Źmicier Pankaviec was appointed editor of the weekly paper edition. "Nasha Niva" had circulation around 8000, 50% were distributed by subscription. On 11 April 2011, the terrorist bombing took place at a Minsk Underground. "Nasha Niva" covered the events and the aftermath. Later the publication was accused of making false statements by the Information Ministry. The editors office, private apartments of the staff were searched, the journalists were questioned the general prosecutor's office, and the Belarusian security service, known as the KGB. "Nasha Niva" wrote that one of the victims was left in the station up to late evening, the authorities considered that information to be false and compromising. On 27 April 2011, the Ministry of Information instituted legal proceedings to close "Nasha Niva" and Narodnaya Volya newspapers. The International resonance forces the authorities to close the cases in early June. The Ministry initiated claims on administrative offences against the newspapers, both investigations ended with 14 mln Belarusian roubles fines to the publications. According to BAJ deputy director Andrej Bastuniec, since 2012 the situation with freedom of speech and media in Belarus stagnated on a very low level.
In 2012 Andrej Dyńko was banned from travelling abroad, only after six formal complaints to the authorities he was excluded from the blacklist.
In 2017 "Nasha Niva" became the third among most popular media in Belarus and launched Nasha Nina web project for female audiences (the title is based on a wordplay – Nina is a female name). On 1 March 2017, chief editor Andrej Skurko resigned, his position was taken by Jahor Marcinovič. Skurko remained deputy editor-in-chief. By 2018, the editors office included 12 journalists. Nasha Niva on paper was published monthly in 3000 print runs. The price of one newspaper was 2.5 Belarusian roubles.
2020s
The newspaper extensively covered the months of nationwide protests after the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. On July 8, 2021, the newspaper's website was blocked by the authorities. The editor-in-chief Yahor Martsinovich and editor Andrey Skurko were detained, their homes and the office were searched. Martsinovich was beaten during the arrest, he suffered head injury. In a few days, Martsinovich and Skurko were charged in a criminal case on July 14. In jail Skurko, who has achrestic diabetes, was left without medication for 13 days. There he came in contact with SARS-CoV-2 and was diagnosed with COVID-19.
In November 2021, Nasha Niva's Telegram channel and its social networks were declared extremist materials. In January 2022, the KGB declared Nasha Niva an extremist formation. Creation of an extremist formation or participation in it is a criminal offence in Belarus.
Online newspaper
On 11 May 2016, the editors office announced that Nasha Niva will concentrate on the Internet version, while the paper one will keep publishing on a monthly basis. However, the fundraising to support the paper edition didn't succeed. On 6 June 2018, the editors office announced the closure of paper runs and complete transfer to the web. According to "Nasha Niva" statistics, in May 2018 its web portal was visited by 475,000 unique users, 7.1 mln of pages were read. The audience mostly consisted of people of age 25–35, 60% of NN.by visitors were male.
In February 2018 the website was attacked by bots, in March 2019 "Nasha Niva" social media accounts were attacked from Belarusian IP address. In June 2020 "Nasha Niva" lost its domain name nn.by to the delay in payment. According to the state's law, the unpaid domains go up for auction on the next day after payment expiry. The newspaper continued operating at Nashaniva.by web address. The original domain was restored on 30 June 2020.
Like many other independent media websites, NN.by was shut down on 8 August 2020, when the presidential elections in Belarus took place. During the anti-Lukashenko riots in Minsk "Nasha Niva" journalist Natalla Łubnieǔskaja was shot with a rubber bullet by the police. Jahor Marcinovič was arrested on 11 August on his way home from the protests rally in Minsk. During the questioning he was severely beaten by law enforcement officers.
As of September 9, 2021, Yahor Martsinovich was imprisoned and faced criminal charges under the article 216 part 2 (Asset Damage without Stealing). On January 27, 2022, Nasha Niva was declared 'an extremist formation' by the state Ministry of Internal Affairs. On March 15, 2022, Marcinovič and Skurko were sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for estimated material damage of 10,000 Belarusian rubles ($3000). According to the investigators, in May 2017 they opened offices in Skurko's apartment but kept paying for electricity as individuals, while Belarusian law obliges legal persons to pay increased rates.
Editors in chief
Alaksandar Ułasaŭ (founder, editor in 1906–1912);
Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski (1912–1913);
Janka Kupała (1914–1915);
Siarhiej Dubaviec (1991–1999);
Andrej Dyńko (2000–2006);
Andrej Skurko (2006–2017);
Jahor Marcinovič (Martsinovich), recipient of the national award for investigative journalism several years in succession, became chief editor in 2017.
Awards
Chief editor Andrej Dyńko received International Award "Freedom of Speech" and Lorenzo Natali Prize in 2006;
Gerd Bucerius Press Prize (2007)
I Love Belarus (2010)
Andrej Dyńko got first prize in 'Belarus in Focus' journalist contest (2013);.
Egor Martinovich received 'Press Freedom' award by Reporters Without Borders (2015);
Egor Martinovich and Dmitry Pankaviec received BAJ 'Volnaye Slova' Award (2015);
Natallia Lubneuskaya got the Free Media Award (2021).
Gallery
References
Sources
External links
Nasha Niva Online
Interview with Andrey Dynko
The Prague Society for International Cooperation
The History of Naša Niva from 1906 to the Present Day
Newspapers published in Belarus
Newspapers published in the Russian Empire
Newspapers established in 1906
Publications disestablished in 1915
Newspapers established in 1991
Belarusian-language newspapers
Belarusian news websites
Mass media in Minsk
1906 establishments in the Russian Empire
Censorship in Belarus
Free Media Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasha%20Niva |
Hambleden Lock is a lock with a long weir situated on the River Thames in England, about 2 miles downstream of Henley Bridge. The lock is on the Berkshire bank between Aston and Remenham. Built by the Thames Navigation Commission in 1773, the lock is named after the village of Hambleden, a mile (1.5 km) to the north.
The great weir is impressive and there are walkways over it from the lock to the small village of Mill End on the Buckinghamshire bank. Here is situated the picturesque Hambleden Mill, and the site of a Roman villa is nearby.
History
The mill at Hambleden is mentioned in Domesday Book, which implies there was also a weir here then. There is reference to the weir, with a winch (for pulling boats through the flash lock) in 1338. The pound lock was the fourth downstream in the series of locks built after the 1770 navigation act. The others were built of fir which had to be replaced by oak after a dozen years. In 1777 a small brick house was built and Caleb Gould
became keeper. This eccentric, who baked bread for bargemen, ate a dish of onion porridge every night, wore a long coat with many buttons and walked daily to Hambleden marking a cross on the ground where he reached, was in post at the lock for 59 years and was succeeded by his son.
There is reference to continuing use of the flash lock and winch at the weir until the middle of the nineteenth century. The channel downstream of the lock which takes navigation clear of the weir and weir pool was excavated in 1825. The lock was completely rebuilt in 1870 after years of complaint about its condition. In 1884 the new weirs were built and after public complaints the walkway was built to reopen the ancient right of way. The lock was rebuilt in 1994.
Access to the lock
The lock can be reached from the village of Aston on the same side, after a short walk; access to the track leading to the lock is immediately to the west of the Flower Pot pub. From the opposite side the walkways across the weirs provide easy access from Mill End.
Reach above the lock
The river curves round to the south, passing, on the Buckinghamshire bank, Greenlands, a large country house built in the nineteenth century which is now the home of the Henley Management College. After the turn is Temple Island, which is the start of the Henley Royal Regatta course. The regatta is rowed upstream over a wide straight course of 1 mile, 550 yards (2,112 m). On the Berkshire bank are open fields, lawns and Remenham Farm, part of the village of Remenham. The regatta lawns continue up to Henley Bridge, while the town of Henley on Thames stretches along the Oxfordshire bank.
The annual Henley Festival is also held on the reach, stretching between just upstream of Hambleden village and just short of the next lock upstream from Hambleden, Marsh Lock.
After Henley Bridge is the Henley river front with boat hire and a landing stage for riverboat cruises. After a small wooded island is the larger Rod Eyot, and Mill Meadows provides public open space on the Henley side of the river. The River and Rowing Museum is situated here. On the Berkshire bank the land rises steeply with a wooded escarpment hanging over Marsh Lock.
Sports clubs on the reach
Upper Thames Rowing Club
Remenham Club
Leander Club
Henley Rowing Club
Thames Path
The Thames Path stays on the Berkshire bank to Henley Bridge, and is here in better condition for the benefit of the rowing coaches who cycle along it. It crosses Henley Bridge and continues on the Oxfordshire bank to Marsh Lock.
Kayak and canoe use
Since the 1940s kayakers and canoeists have used the weir structure for recreation.
In each of the four sluices a concrete ramp of about 16 deg has been fixed to the weir apron, on top of these a hinged steel plate is fixed. The hinged steel plate is adjustable between the 16 deg of the base concrete ramp and approx 28 deg. The adjustment of the steel plate is currently by pneumatic bellows installed between the plate and the concrete base.
Literature and the media
Jerome K Jerome wrote of "the rather uninteresting river residence of my newsagent - a quiet unassuming old gentleman, who may be met with about these regions, during the summer months, sculling himself along in easy vigorous style, or chatting genially to some old lock-keeper, as he passes through". The newsagent in question was W H Smith whose residence was Greenlands.
Caleb Gould's gravestone at Remenham has the elegy
This world’s a jest,
And all things show it;
I thought so once,
And now I know it.
See also
Locks on the River Thames
Crossings of the River Thames
Rowing on the River Thames
Kayaking and Canoeing on the River Thames
References
External links
Photograph of the weir with Hambleden Mill behind
Locks of Berkshire
Locks on the River Thames
Weirs on the River Thames
Remenham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambleden%20Lock |
Angular Recording Corporation was an independent record label founded in New Cross, South East London. It was established in June 2003 by two ex-Goldsmiths College students, Joe Daniel and Joe Margetts, who reclaimed a local Ordnance Survey Triangulation Station and made it their first artefact: ARC 001.
The label's founders were influenced by a love of angular pop music and the Manchester label Factory Records. Gaining funding through medical testing, Angular Recording Corporation was able to finance its debut release in November 2003, the NME-championed The New Cross : An Angular Sampler, making it the lead review in the magazine.
In the 2011 England riots, the label lost all its stock and entire back catalogue in the PIAS warehouse fire.
An Angular Store website remains active.
Discography
Samplers
The first two Angular samplers launched the careers of a number of bands, including: Art Brut, Bloc Party and The Long Blondes.
ARC 002: The New Cross
Bloc Party - "The Marshals Are Dead"
The Fairies Band - "Pink Socks Rock"
The Vichy Government - "Make Love to the Camera"
Nemo - "Picadilly in Sepia"
The Violets - "Laxteen"
Luxembourg - "Making Progress"
The Swear - "High Rise"
Elizabeth Harper - "Don Juan"
Lovers of Today - "Guy Fawkes"
Art Brut - "Formed a Band"
Lady Fuzz - "What's it Worth?"
Gifthorse - "You Save my Life, I'll Ruin Yours"
The Bridge - "First Frenzy"
Mark Sampson - "The London Eye"
ARC 004: Rip Off Your Labels
The Vichy Government - "I Control Discourse"
The Violets - "Stealer"
Art Brut - "Top of the Pops"
The Fucks - "Argos"
The Long Blondes - "Autonomy Boy"
Showboys - "Factory"
The Swear - "Advert Boy"
The Boyfriends - "No Tomorrow"
Elizabeth Harper - "Trouble in the Palace"
Gifthorse - "Happy Daggers"
Lovers of Today - "A Short Nasty Shock"
Luxembourg - "Let Us Have It"
The Rocks - "We Got It (Galen Remix)"
References
External links
Angular Store
British independent record labels
Record labels based in London
Record labels established in 2003
Alternative rock record labels
Media and communications in the London Borough of Lewisham
Companies based in the London Borough of Lewisham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20Recording%20Corporation |
St. Catharine College was a small Roman Catholic liberal arts college near Springfield, Kentucky. The college was accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and had a peak enrollment of 750 students.
The college closed operations at the end of July 2016 due to a significant budget shortfall and a continuing lawsuit against the federal government. The campus remained vacant until it was acquired by Addiction Recovery Care, a network of residential addiction treatment centers, which established the Crown Recovery Center in November 2020.
History
St. Catharine College traced its roots to classes held in a "still house" in the early 1800s. In 1839, the Kentucky Sisters of St. Dominic obtained a charter to grant educational degrees and a campus was built along Bardstown Road, today's U.S. Route 150.
After a fire in 1904 destroyed the school's main building, the decision was made to rebuild. A statue and plaque were installed to mark the location of the original building.
In 1920, the state amended the school's charter to give it the authority to found colleges and grant collegiate degrees. In 1931, the school was re-dedicated as St. Catharine College, a women's academy and junior college.
The school became co-educational in 1951 and received accreditation through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1958.
In late 2003, St. Catharine Junior College received approval from the United States Department of Education to begin offering four-year programs. The Richard S. Hamilton Health and Sciences Building, containing classrooms and laboratories, was completed in 2006. Aquinas Hall, an apartment-style upperclassmen residence hall, was opened in 2011. The Emily W. Hundley Library was added in 2013.
Presidents
The college was originally governed by the Officers of the Congregation of Dominican Sisters, with the Mother Mary Louis Logsdon, O.P. serving as the college president from 1931 to 1941. In 1957, Sister Jean Marie Calahan, O.P., who was not an officer of the congregation, became the next college president. Martha Layne Collins, who had been the first woman to serve as Governor of Kentucky, was the college's sixth president.
President William D. Huston was the first male to serve as president of the college. He was followed by President Cindy Gnadinger who began serving as the college president in July 2015.
Financial problems and closure
The school was investigated by the federal government between 2011 and 2014 after it offered financial aid to students in its new four-year class offerings without receiving federal approval. Officials at the college claimed it was not required because the programs had not substantially changed the school's educational composition. The federal government agreed to reimburse some funding for the year 2014 but did not immediately make a decision about the prior three years.
In 2015, the Department of Education placed the college on heightened cash monitoring, requiring the school to distribute financial aid to students and then apply for reimbursement. An audit uncovered "severe" findings. As a result, the Board of Trustees replaced William D. Huston, who had served 18 years as the college's president, hired a compliance director, and replaced its senior leadership team and 90% of the staff in the business and financial aid offices. In February 2016, the college sued the federal government, seeking $645,000 in reimbursement and other financial compensation.
On June 1, 2016, St. Catharine announced that it would close at the end of July due to a $5 million deficit brought on by the construction of new residence halls, the health sciences building, and the new library. The college's dispute with the government over withheld student aid had resulted in enrollment declining from 600 students to 475 for the fall semester.
At the time of its closing, the college offered 17 Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees, one Master of Arts degree, and five Associate degree programs, along with one certificate program. It also featured the Berry Farming Program, based on the work of activist, farmer, and writer Wendell Berry. In the fall of 2018, that program was taken on by Sterling College in Vermont.
Athletics
The St. Catharine's athletic teams were called the Patriots. The college was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Mid-South Conference (MSC) from 2008–09 to 2015–16. The Patriots previously competed as an NAIA Independent during the 2007–08 school year (when the school joined the NAIA).
St. Catharine competed in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports included basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, fast-pitch softball, swimming, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports cheerleading.
Gallery
References
External links
Official athletics website
Universities and colleges established in 1931
Liberal arts colleges in Kentucky
Dominican universities and colleges in the United States
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Kentucky
Education in Washington County, Kentucky
History of women in Kentucky
Catholic universities and colleges in Kentucky
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
1931 establishments in Kentucky
2016 disestablishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Catharine%20College |
The Metropolitan School District of Warren County administers the one high school/middle school and three elementary schools in Warren County, Indiana. Its offices are located in the county seat of Williamsport. During the 2009–10 school year, it served 1,257 students.
History
After winning approval in the fall 1972 election, the MSD of Warren County was formed in January 1973 through the merger of two other school districts. These were Warren Central Consolidation (Superintendent Bob Johnson) which included the schools at West Lebanon, Marshfield, State Line, Judyville and Kramer, and Warren Community Schools (Superintendent Willis Horn) which administered schools at Pine Village and Williamsport. John R. Johnson, Seeger High School principal, became superintendent of the new consolidated district. Its offices were established in the former REMC building at 101 North Monroe Street. Superintendent Bob Johnson retired in 1987 and was replaced by Dr. Roy Stroud, Assistant Superintendent. The 1988 Williamsport fire damaged the building to such an extent that it had to be demolished. The district's current offices were constructed on the site in 1989. Dr. Stroud served as superintendent for 14 years and was replaced by Terry Roderick when he retired as superintendent in 2001. Stroud continued to serve several years as the Lilly Grant administrator. Superintendent Stroud and Tom Polf (History teacher, guidance counselor, and coach) were the last two employees to retire from MSD who were there when the consolidation occurred in 1972. Both had served 42 years each.
Schools
Seeger Memorial Junior-Senior High School
Pine Village Elementary School
Warren Central Elementary School
Williamsport Elementary School
References
External links
MSD of Warren County website
Warren County
Education in Warren County, Indiana
School districts established in 1973
1973 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20School%20District%20of%20Warren%20County |
The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group.
Comanche or Commanche may also refer to:
Comanche language, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Comanche people
Aircraft
Piper PA-24 Comanche, a single-engined monoplane
Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche, a twin-engined monoplane
Piper PA-39 Twin Comanche C/R, a PA-30 Twin Comanche variant with counter-rotating engines
Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche, a military helicopter developed but cancelled before service
Comics
Comanche (comics), a character in the Marvel Universe
Comanche (comic book series), by Greg and Hermann Huppen
Film and television
Comanche (1956 film), directed by George Sherman
Comanche (2000 film), written and directed by Burt Kennedy
"Comanche", a 1959 episode of the Have Gun – Will Travel TV series
Marty Comanche, a character on The Spoils of Babylon
Horses
Comanche (horse) (died 1891), reputed to be the only survivor of General George Armstrong Custer's detachment
Commanche Court (1993–2009), an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse, sired by Comanche Run
Commanche Run (1981–2005), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
Music
"Comanche", a 1959 instrumental by Link Wray
"Comanche (The Brave Horse)", a 1960 song by Johnny Horton
"Comanche", a 1961 song by The Revels
"Comanche", a song from the 1971 album Negro é Lindo by Jorge Ben
"Comanche", a song from the 1994 album Motorcade of Generosity by Cake
"Comanche," a song from the 2012 album Blood by In This Moment
Cesar Comanche, an American hip hop artist
Places
Bolivia
Comanche, Bolivia
Comanche Municipality
Greenland
Comanche Bay
United States
Comanche County, Kansas
Comanche Township, Barton County, Kansas
Comanche, Montana
Comanche, Oklahoma
Comanche County, Oklahoma
Comanche Point (Grand Canyon), a summit in Arizona
Comanche, Texas
Comanche County, Texas
Other uses
Comanche (video game series), computer games featuring the RAH-66 Comanche helicopter
Comanche: Maximum Overkill, the first game in the series
Jeep Comanche, a pickup truck
Wycombe Comanche, once mascot of Wycombe Wanderers Football Club
Comanche (yacht), Racing sail boat
See also
Comanche Territory (disambiguation)
Comanchero (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche%20%28disambiguation%29 |
SMG, formerly Spectacor Management Group, was an American worldwide venue management group headquartered in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, that specialized in managing publicly owned facilities. It began their operation in 1977 with management of the Louisiana Superdome. It was one of the largest property management corporations in the world.
SMG was a joint venture in general partnership form with two equal principals, The Hyatt Hotel Company and Aramark Corporation. SMG was bought by American Capital in 2007 for US$631 million, and American Capital was sold to Ares Management in January 2017. Ares Management sold SMG to Onex Corporation in 2017. In October 2019, SMG and AEG Facilities merged to make a new company called ASM Global.
Properties managed
Arenas
Canada
Hershey Centre, Mississauga, Ontario
Rogers K-Rock Centre, Kingston, Ontario
Meridian Centre, St. Catharines, Ontario
Canalta Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta
Avenir Centre (formerly Moncton Events Centre), Moncton, New Brunswick
United Kingdom
Odyssey Arena, Belfast
Manchester Arena, Manchester
Utilita Arena, Newcastle
First Direct Arena, Leeds
Baths Hall, Scunthorpe
Connexin Live Arena, Hull
P&J Live, Aberdeen
Germany
König Pilsener Arena, Oberhausen
Norway
Oslo Spektrum, Oslo
United Arab Emirates
The Palladium, Dubai
Puerto Rico
José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum, San Juan
Puerto Rico Convention Center, San Juan
United States
California
Citizens Business Bank Arena, Ontario, California
Fresno Convention Center, Fresno, California
Greek Theatre (Los Angeles), Los Angeles, California
Long Beach Arena, Long Beach, California
Rabobank Arena, Bakersfield, California
Save Mart Center, Fresno, California
Selland Arena, Fresno, California
Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, California
Stockton Arena, Stockton, California
Southwest
American Bank Center, Corpus Christi, Texas
AT&T Center, San Antonio, Texas
Ford Arena, Beaumont, Texas
Laredo Entertainment Center, Laredo, Texas
McLane Stadium, Waco, Texas
Reliant Arena, Houston, Texas
BOK Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Chesapeake Energy Arena, Oklahoma City
Midwest
BMO Harris Bank Center, Rockford, Illinois
Canton Memorial Civic Center, Canton, Ohio
Peoria Civic Center, Peoria, Illinois
Century Center, South Bend, Indiana
Corbin Arena, Corbin, Kentucky
The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee
Dow Event Center, Saginaw, Michigan
E.A. Diddle Arena, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Eastern Kentucky Exposition Center, Pikeville, Kentucky
Five Flags Center, Dubuque, Iowa
Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio
Ford Idaho Center, Nampa, Idaho
Intrust Bank Arena, Wichita, Kansas
Landon Arena, Topeka, Kansas
Mid-America Center, Council Bluffs, Iowa
Ford Stadium, Evansville, Indiana
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Van Andel Arena, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Wintrust Arena, Chicago, Illinois
Wolstein Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Sioux Falls Arena, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Northeast
Royal Farms Arena, Baltimore
Cambria County War Memorial Arena, Johnstown, Pennsylvania
DCU Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
Dunkin' Donuts Center, Providence, Rhode Island
Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Petersen Events Center, Pittsburgh
SNHU Arena, Manchester, New Hampshire
Sovereign Center, Reading, Pennsylvania
Times Union Center, Albany, New York
Southeast
Infinite Energy Arena, Duluth, Georgia
BB&T Center, Sunrise, Florida
Big Sandy Superstore Arena, Huntington, West Virginia
Cabarrus Arena, Concord, North Carolina
CenturyLink Center, Bossier City, Louisiana
Dean Smith Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Florence Civic Center, Florence, South Carolina
John Paul Jones Arena, Charlottesville, Virginia
North Charleston Coliseum, North Charleston, South Carolina
VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena, Jacksonville, Florida
Mobile Civic Center, Mobile, Alabama
Pensacola Civic Center, Pensacola, Florida
River Center Arena, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Richmond Coliseum, Richmond, Virginia
Silver Spurs Arena, Kissimmee, Florida
Smoothie King Center, New Orleans
Northwest
Carlson Center, Fairbanks, Alaska
Sullivan Arena, Anchorage, Alaska
ShoWare Center, Kent, Washington
Convention centers
Canada
Direct Energy Centre, Toronto
Mexico
World Trade Center México, Mexico City
United States
Albuquerque Convention Center Albuquerque, New Mexico
American Bank Center, Corpus Christi, Texas
Baton Rouge River Center Convention Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Broward County Convention Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Cambria County War Memorial, Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Charleston Area Convention Center, Charleston, South Carolina
Charlotte Harbor Event and Conference Center, Punta Gorda, Florida
Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colorado
Cox Business Services Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Dayton Airport Exposition Center, Vandalia, Ohio
DeVos Place Convention Center Grand Rapids, Michigan
Fresno Convention Center, Fresno, California
Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio
Hampton Roads Convention Center, Hampton, Virginia
Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
Irving Convention Center, Irving, Texas
Jekyll Island Convention Center, Jekyll Island, Georgia
Judson F. Williams Convention Center, El Paso, Texas
Kansas Expocentre, Topeka, Kansas
Knoxville Convention Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, California
Lynnwood Convention Center, Lynnwood, Washington
McCormick Place, Chicago
Meadowlands Exposition Center, Secaucus, New Jersey
Memphis Cook Convention Center, Memphis, Tennessee
Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida
Mobile Convention Center, Mobile, Alabama
Moscone Center, San Francisco, California
Nassau County Expo Center, Uniondale, New York
Old National Events Plaza, Evansville, Indiana
Ontario Convention Center, Ontario, California
Osceola Heritage Park, Kissimmee, Florida
Palm Springs Convention Center, Palm Springs, California
Palmetto Expo Center, Greenville, South Carolina
Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia
Peoria Civic Center, Peoria, Illinois
Pontchartrain Center, Kenner, Louisiana
Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center, Jacksonville, Florida
Reliant Center, Houston, Texas
Rhode Island Convention Center, Providence, Rhode Island
River Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Salt Palace Convention Center , Salt Lake City
Savannah International Trade & Convention Center, Savannah, Georgia
Shreveport Convention Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
Mountain America Exposition Center, Sandy, Utah
TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan
Valdez Hall, Fresno, California
Wildwoods Convention Center, Wildwood, New Jersey
William A. Egan Civic & Convention Center, Anchorage, Alaska
Stadiums
United States
TIAA Bank Field, Jacksonville, Florida
Banner Island Ballpark, Stockton, California
Chase Field, Phoenix, Arizona
State Farm Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana
Astrodome, Houston, Texas
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Soldier Field, Chicago
Stadium, at Devon and Kedzie, Chicago
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Poland
Stadion Miejski, Wrocław
Theatres
United Kingdom
Bridgewater Hall, Manchester
Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre, Newcastle
Playhouse, Whitley Bay
Germany
Theatro Centro, Oberhausen
United States
Abraham Chavez Theatre, El Paso, Texas
Altria Theater (Richmond, Virginia), Richmond, Virginia
Bob Hope Theatre, Stockton, California
Cannon Center for the Performing Arts, Memphis, Tennessee
Center Theatre, Long Beach, California
Colorado Convention Center Theater, Denver, Colorado
Dominion Energy Center, Richmond, Virginia
Evansville Auditorium, Evansville, Indiana
Fisher Theater, Ames, Iowa
Genesee Theatre, Waukegan, Illinois
Jackie Gleason Theater of the Performing Arts, Miami Beach, Florida
Jacoby Symphony Hall (Jacksonville, Florida)
Jefferson Performing Arts Center (Metairie, Louisiana)
Kiva Auditorium, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Moran Theater, Jacksonville, Florida
Morris Jefferson, Sr. Municipal Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana
National Theatre, Washington, D.C.
North Charleston Performing Arts Center, North Charleston, South Carolina
Orpheum Theater, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Plaza Theatre, El Paso, Texas
River Center Theater for Performing Arts, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Saenger Theatre, Pensacola, Florida
Saroyan Theatre, Fresno, California
Selena Auditorium at the American Bank Center, Corpus Christi, Texas
Sinatra Theatre, Sunrise, Florida
Stephens Auditorium, Ames, Iowa
Terrace Theater, Long Beach, California
Terry Theater, Jacksonville, Florida
Mahaffey Theater, St. Petersburg, Florida
Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts, Jacksonville, Florida
Victory Theatre, Evansville, Indiana
William A. Egan Center Theater, Anchorage, Alaska
Other venues
Germany
Loreley Amphitheatre, Sankt Goarshausen
United States
Aquarium of the Pacific Long Beach, California
Ben Boeke Ice Rink, Anchorage, Alaska
Claremore Expocenter, Claremore, Oklahoma
Greek Theatre, Los Angeles, California
Koka Booth Amphitheatre, Cary, North Carolina
Lamar-Dixon Expo Center, Gonzales, Louisiana
McFetridge Sports Center, Chicago
Mesker Amphitheatre, Evansville, Indiana
Millennium Youth Entertainment Complex, Austin, Texas
Navy Pier, Chicago
Oak Park Ice Arena, Stockton, California
Rye Airfield, Rye, New Hampshire
Stockton Downtown Marina, Stockton, California
References
External links
Companies based in Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMG%20%28property%20management%29 |
Mutemwiya (also written as Mutemwia, Mutemuya or Mutemweya) was a minor wife of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose IV, and the mother of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Mutemwiya's name means "Mut in the divine barque". While unconfirmed, it has been suggested that she acted as regent during the minority of her son Amenhotep III.
Biography
Mutemwiya is not attested during the reign of her husband Thutmose IV. She would have been overshadowed at court by the chief queens Nefertari, and later Iaret. Mutemwiya is only shown on the monuments of her son Amenhotep III.
While she occasionally was identified by some researchers as a daughter of King Artatama I of Mitanni, no evidence proves that she is the same person, and nothing about her own background is known. There seemed to be evidence that she was not a daughter of Artatama, but this theory has been discarded. Cyril Aldred has suggested that Mutemwiya be a sister of Yuya. He argues that since Mutemwiya was present during the early years of her son's reign, she might have engineered the marriage between Tiye and the young king to connect her family with royalty. However, this theory is poorly supported by texts or archaeological finds.
Mutemwiya held many titles including God’s Wife (Hm.t-nTr), Lady of The Two Lands (nb.t-tAwy), Great King’s Wife, his beloved (Hm.t-nsw-wr.t mry.t=f), noblewoman (r.t-pa.t), countess, Great of Praises (wr.t-Hsw.t), Sweet of Love (bnr.t-mrw.t), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (Hnw.t-rsy-mHw), and God's Mother (mwt-nTr). The titles king's mother and god's mother amount to the same thing since the god in question was the reigning king, Amenhotep III.
All of these titles, including that of Great Royal Wife, were used only after her husband's death, during her son's reign. At the time of Amenhotep III’s accession to the throne she gained prominence as the new pharaoh's mother.
Mutemwiya is shown in the Luxor temple, in scenes depicting the divine birth of her son Amenhotep III. The scenes resemble (and in some cases copy) scenes of the divine birth of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. Hatshepsut had used the birth story to reinforce her claims to the throne. Amenhotep was the son of a ruling pharaoh and it seems that the birth scene is used to stress the semi-divine nature of Amenhotep III. In a key scene Mutemwiya is shown seated on a bed receiving the god Amun who had taken the form of her husband Thutmose IV. They are in the presence of the goddesses Selket and Neith. The scenes show Amenhotep III to be the result of the union of his mother with the god Amun himself. A pregnant queen Mutemwiya as later shown being led to the birthing room by Isis and Khnum.
A partial granite statue representing Mutemwiya was found in Karnak and it now is in the collection of the British Museum. The statue takes the form of a rebus showing the goddess Mut seated in a barque, thereby forming her name. Mutemwiya is named in the inscription on the side of the barque.
Along with her daughter-in-law, Tiye, she also is shown on the Colossi of Memnon erected by Amenhotep III.
Death
The date of Mutemwiya's death is unknown, but she is believed to have survived long into her son's reign. The evidence for that is her presence among the sculptures of the Colossi of Memnon, which was built well into his reign, as well as a mention of her estate on a wine-jar label found in Amenhotep III's Malkata palace in Thebes.
References
See also
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
15th-century BC Egyptian women
14th-century BC Egyptian women
Wives of Thutmose IV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutemwiya |
Daniel "Danny" Seaman (born 1961) is an Israeli media professional and former civil servant, mainly active in the fields of foreign service and public diplomacy.
Seaman worked in the Israeli civil service for 31 years (1983-2014) and is currently English language editor at Mida, an online conservative Israeli current affairs and opinion magazine. Between 2000-2010, he served as the director of the Israeli Government Press Office (GPO), part of the Prime Minister's Office in Jerusalem responsible for the foreign media contingent in Israel. His last public position was Deputy Director General for Information at the Ministry of Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs, where his outspoken views were often seen as controversial. In August 2013, Seaman was suspended from his government position as Director of Interactive Media because of comments he made in a private Facebook posting about Japanese commemorating the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Palestinians commemorating the Nakba.
Seaman was the bureau chief of Voice of Israel, a private Israeli English-language news and talk internet radio station that existed from 2014 to 2015. Seaman hosted In The Lions' Den with Daniel Seaman and Daniela Traub interviewing such guests as Dr. Einat Wilf, Zvi Yehezkeli, Ehud Gol, Col. Richard Kemp, Dr. Joy Browne, Bassem Eid and other political and media figures.
Biography
Seaman was born on a US Air Force base in Germany, the son of an American father and an Israeli-born mother. His family moved from the United States to Israel in 1971 and settled in the port city of Ashkelon.
He enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces serving in an elite paratroop unit in 1979 and is a veteran of the 1982 Lebanon War.
Between 1983 and 1989, Seaman he was employed by the Israeli consulate in New York City. While there he completed a BA in political science, with honors, at the City University of New York's Hunter College.
Seaman served as an adviser and spokesperson to the governments of six prime ministers: Yitzhak Shamir, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Benjamin Netanyahu, and Ehud Barak.
Seaman was directly responsible for coordinating the press coverage of several heads of states visits to Israel including US President Bill Clinton, British prime minister Tony Blair, Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien, Australian prime minister John Howard, Jordan's King Hussein and Chinese president Jiang Zemin. He was a member of the Israeli press delegation to the Aqaba peace talks (see Road map for peace, Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003). Seaman received the Israel Outstanding Civil Service Award in 2000 for coordinating the international press coverage of Pope John Paul II's visit to the Holy Land in March 2000.
Seaman was appointed as acting director of the Government Press Office (GPO) in December 2000 and worked with foreign journalists who covered news events in Israel and the Palestinian territories until 2010. He had worked for the GPO for several years and was the first civil servant promoted to directorship of the GPO after a period of 30 years. During his tenure as GPO director he implemented several measures that improved working conditions for foreign journalists in Israel. This notwithstanding, there were numerous complaints about his treatment of journalists unsympathetic to Israeli policies (see Controversies below).
He took a leave of absence from his post in November 2008 and announced his candidacy in the Likud party primaries for the 18th Knesset, but withdrew his candidacy.
Seaman lectures on Israeli and Middle-Eastern affairs and appeared on dozens of international news media outlets.
Views and opinions
Seaman is said to have observed the a dramatic intensification of public diplomacy in coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, what interviewers have called "cognitive warfare" waged in a "battlefront of perceptions", in which Israel must handle a "global media battle". Israel is, he adds, suffering "strategic damage" from this area. In this, he sees the media as "agenda-driven" concerning the Palestinian narrative and Palestinian society highly mobilized, and these two elements cause Israel's image to suffer in international reportage. The problem is, he argues, that the Arab world fails to maintain journalistic standards accepted in the West, and in waging their media war insult the free press tradition which, he affirms, Israel upholds. Critics claim that his demand for stricter standards is damaging media relations.
Regarding journalists involved in covering the conflict he has stated:
I don't work with journalists directly anymore and it's a huge relief. They disregard the laws of the country, they don't respect boundaries in Israel in ways they wouldn't dare in other countries. . They're insulted when they have to go through regular security checks like everyone else .. and sometimes the journalists knowingly assist enemies of the state.
Journalists must prove their credentials. Activists, he says, should not be described as something they are not, journalists. Israelis when hurt return to a normal life quickly, whereas Palestinians exploit their tragedies as weapons in a media battle. The effect is to impress world opinion with the idea that Palestinians suffer more than do Israelis. The Israeli media also have problems, with, he calculates, 90% of media reflecting what is only 5% of Israeli public opinion. He is critical of the vocal exposure of the multiplicity of voices in Israel in lieu of a "centralization across all sectors" that would permit Israel to deploy a formidable "unified force of opinion".
In Operation Cast Lead, Israel blocked foreign journalists from entering the Gaza Strip to report on the war. This raised an outcry of protest, with UNWRA claiming that failure of access by journalists hindered a truthful representation of what was occurring. The reason given by the Israeli government for its ban was that international correspondents would be endangered there, and that to protect them, Israel would have to divert resources towards their protection better spent on fighting Hamas. Seaman was quoted on CNN as saying that Israel had learnt a lesson from its war with Hezbollah in Lebanon earlier in 2006:'There was too much exposure, it had an effect on our ability to achieve strategic goals', a declaration taken to indicate the real rationale behind the government's ban. Seaman was also quoted by The New York Times Ethan Bronner as arguing: 'Any journalist who enters Gaza becomes a fig leaf and front for the Hamas terror organization, and I see no reason we should help that.' The Goldstone Report on the war added that Seaman also expressed the view that foreign correspondents lacked professionalism and took "questionable reports at face value without checking".
In May 2018, during an interview with I24NEWS, Seaman stated that "I am an Islamophobe. Because we have lived here long enough to know what they are capable of doing".
Controversies
Conflicts with journalists
As the director of the GPO, Seaman came under criticism for not issuing journalists with Israeli press cards. Additionally, he was accused by one journalist of becoming aggressive, abusive and using foul language against journalists he considered hostile and unfair towards Israel. Such journalists included Israeli mainstream media employees such as Atta Awisat, a veteran staff photographer at Yedioth Ahronoth, then the largest newspaper in Israel, allegedly due to clearance issues with the security agencies.
Seaman did not deny using this type of policy towards blatantly anti-Israeli media outlets:
I can make journalists' lives more difficult. There are certain guidelines that allow me to do that. Such as with the case of [Swedish newspaper] Aftonbladet, and their despicable anti-Semitic [...] report on the IDF [purportedly] abducting Palestinians and using their body organs. We didn't prevent Aftonbladet from working here. We just took our time. To this day, the correspondents from Aftonbladet do not get a press card immediately. We can take up to 90 days and we can take longer...
Another journalist who became the target of Seaman's contempt was Jörg Bremer, a 15-year veteran of the press corps in Jerusalem, who worked as the correspondent of the right-liberal German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper. In his case, he was denied not the renewal of his press card, but the extension of his residence visa. For calling this measure a political way of keeping unwanted journalist at bay and for asking for the German government's support, Bremer was described by Seaman in a newspaper interview as "an idiot," "a piece of shit" and "a miserable liar." Bremer said in response that "Seaman wants journalists to lick his feet. He gets enjoyment from the situation, and uses his power instead of helping. It is harmful to Israel."
On 11 March 2007, Haaretz reported that the Israeli Civil Service Commission was investigating foreign journalists' accusations that Government Press Office director Daniel Seaman has treated them improperly and enforced the procedures for receiving a press pass in an inequitable manner.
In August 2013, Haaretz accused him of having "gained a reputation for his confrontations with foreign correspondents and for the complaints they lodged against him" and called him "an abusive racist." The article, included selected quotes from Seaman's personal Facebook page. Seaman was admonished by the government, which distanced itself from his views and then suspended him from his position as Director of Interactive Media because of offensive, racist comments.
Comments against Japanese nuclear victim commemorations
I am sick of the Japanese, 'Human Rights' and 'Peace' groups the world over holding their annual self-righteous commemorations for the Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the consequence of Japanese aggression. You reap what you sow. Instead, they should be commemorating the estimated 50 million Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Malay, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Indonesian, Burmese and other victims of Japanese imperial aggression and genocide.
The statement, posted on Seaman's personal Facebook page, lead to a rebuke from the Japanese government and an official Israeli apology. Editorials in Tablet and Israel National News called Seaman's suspension over the incident "misguided."
Anti-Palestinian online postings
— The Palestinians' 65-second siren commemorating the Nakba is "not nearly enough time to stop and pause to think about how stupid they are."
— On 26 May 2013, Seaman posted "Is there a diplomatic way of saying 'Go F*** yourself'?" on Facebook in response to conditions for the renewal of peace talks set by Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat.
— Similarly, he wondered whether Muslims "stop eating each other" during Ramadan.
Media and book coverage
Seaman is mentioned extensively in Stephanie Gutmann's book The Other War—Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy(October 2005). Chapter 10, "His Own Private Jihad," is specifically about his efforts to curb Palestinian influence on the media coverage.
Media, Religion and Conflict by Heather Savigny, states, "Daniel Seaman, the Director of the Israeli Government Press Office, commenting on the international television coverage of the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, was quoted by CNN as saying: "There was too much exposure, it had an effect on our ability to achieve strategic goals, so that's one of the lessons we learned from the war in Lebanon."
Intifada: Palestine and Israel - The Long Day of Rage by David Pratt quotes Seaman as saying, Israel would not "...behave just to be liked by the Europeans or lay down and play dead. We are going to defend ourselves,' he continued. "Seaman pulled no punches and called it as he saw it, berating whatever country or organization he felt 'appeased Palestinian terrorism.' He even included the United Nations Palestinian relief agency UNWRA, accusing it of turning a blind eye to weapons stored in its food warehouses. "So I'm asking you, what are these organizations doing when they criticise Israel? All Israel is doing is defending itself..."
Seaman currently writes for Mida on the Arab-Israeli conflict and media bias.
Seaman has a regular column in Jewish News Syndicate.
"Danny Seaman's farewell voyage". Upon conclusion of his term as GPO director he gave an extensive interview to the editor of The Jerusalem Post, which was published on November 5, 2011.
"Is an abusive racist the best Israeli PR can produce?" Haaretz, August 13, 2013.
"Bullying Israeli Government Flack Sparks Diplomatic Row—Among Other Concerns," about Seaman denying press cards to journalists and using foul language towards them. The Daily Beast, February 21, 2013.
"Netanyahu's social media director suspended," on Seaman's suspension, blogging faux-pas and future plans. The Jerusalem Post, August 16, 2013. .
Published articles
"Palestinian industry of lies: Media manipulation has become strategic Arab weapon against Israel" - Ynetnews, May 29, 2008 .
"Opposing the Digital Pogrom" - Responding to the foreign media's claim they are offended by their negative portrayal in a Ministry for Public Diplomacy's campaign. The Jerusalem Post, March 4, 2010
References
1961 births
Hunter College alumni
American emigrants to Israel
Living people
Israeli civil servants
Israeli broadcasters
Mass media in Israel
American people of Israeli descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Seaman |
Louise Mary Minchin (née Grayson) (born 8 September 1968) is a British television presenter, journalist and former news presenter who currently works freelance within the BBC.
Beginning in 2012, Minchin was a regular anchor on the BBC One programme Breakfast, co-hosting the show three days a week, originally with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt and then with Dan Walker from 2016. On 8 June 2021, Minchin announced live on air that she would be leaving BBC Breakfast "after the summer", after presenting the show for 20 years (at first as a stand-in host). Her final appearance on the show was on 15 September 2021.
From 2009 until 2012, Minchin co-hosted Real Rescues alongside Nick Knowles and Chris Hollins. She has guest-hosted The One Show a number of times since 2010.
Early life
Minchin was born Louise Mary Grayson in 1968 in British Hong Kong, where her father was a Major in the Irish Guards of the British Army. She was educated at St Mary's School, Ascot, and has a degree in Spanish from the University of St Andrews. She subsequently studied journalism at the London College of Communication.
Career
Minchin started her career in the Latin American section of the BBC World Service during a year in Argentina, the Today programme, Five and various local radio stations. In 2006, she toured the country in a converted bus meeting England fans as part of the World Cup coverage for BBC News.
She started work for Radio 5 Live in 1998, and married David Minchin the same year. She presented many of the station's main programmes, including Drive and Breakfast. Between September 2003 and April 2012, she was a regular BBC News Channel presenter, initially working alongside Jon Sopel from 7 pm to 10 pm. Minchin then presented the 2 pm to 5 pm slot, also with Sopel, sharing this shift with Emily Maitlis. She was also one of the main relief presenters for BBC News at One until April 2012.
In 2006 and 2007, Minchin was a relief presenter on BBC Breakfast while Kate Silverton covered for main anchor Sian Williams. After Williams returned, she continued to co-host the programme, and from May 2009 until April 2012 was the regular weekend presenter of the show. In December 2011, the BBC announced that Minchin would replace Williams as a main presenter of BBC Breakfast along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt when the programme moved to Salfordthe first edition was presented on Tuesday 10 April 2012. On Tuesday 8 June 2021, she announced live on BBC Breakfast that she would be stepping down from the role later that year to concentrate on other interests. Her final appearance on the show was on 15 September 2021.
From 21 April 2008, Minchin presented a weekday programme called Missing Live along with Rav Wilding. The programme was shown at 9:15 am after BBC Breakfast on BBC One and ran for four weeks. The show returned for a second four-week run from 16 March 2009, and again in March 2010, highlighting both new cases and those previously featured with updates.
Minchin and Colin Jackson presented the Sunday morning show Sunday Life on BBC One in 2008.
From 2 November 2009, Minchin presented four weeks of live broadcasts of Real Rescues along with Nick Knowles.
Minchin also presented In the Know, a BBC sports magazine programme on Saturday mornings on BBC One during the 2004 Athens Olympics alongside co-presenter John Inverdale.
In April 2010, Minchin co-presented The One Show for a week alongside Chris Hollins while regular hosts Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley were unavailable. She covered again when the show returned in July 2010 for two weeks alongside Matt Baker and one episode with Matt Allwright.
Minchin and Gethin Jones presented the documentary series Crime and Punishment, which began on BBC One on 12 March 2012.
For a time from November 2012, Minchin was a co-presenter of Radio 5 Live's Drive programme with Peter Allen. She has worked as an occasional presenter of BBC Radio 4's daily consumer programme You and Yours.
Minchin has played herself reading the news in three BBC series: spy drama Spooks, crime drama Silent Witness and the Torchwood mini-series Children of Earth.
In 2016, Minchin competed in Celebrity MasterChef on BBC One, finishing second.
In June 2021, BBC announced that Minchin was to leave BBC Breakfast after almost 20 years of working on the show.
In November 2021, Minchin was announced as a contestant on the twenty-first series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and finished in seventh.
Awards
In March 2014, she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Chester.
Personal life
Louise married David Minchin in 1998. The couple have two daughters. Minchin and her husband previously lived in South London but relocated to Eccleston, Cheshire, in 2012, following the move of BBC Breakfast to Salford.
She is an amateur triathlete, and qualified as a member of the 2015 Great Britain Age-Group Triathlon Team (45–49 age group). She competed in the standard distance event (1500 m swim, a 40 km bike ride and a 10 km run) at the World Triathlon Championships in Chicago on 19 September 2015. She qualified for the team at the Dambuster Triathlon at Rutland Water on 15 June 2015. She went on to finish 71st out of 78 finishers at the ITU World Triathlon Championships.
In 2019, Minchin talked about her experiences with menopause, describing her experience of suffering hot flushes on the BBC Breakfast set that led to the temperature in the studio being lowered. A man who stalked both Minchin and one of her daughters pleaded guilty in October 2021 to sending intimidating messages via Instagram. The crimes occurred in July 2020 during the term of a suspended sentence for stalking Girls Aloud singer Nicola Roberts.
Charity
Minchin is a supporter of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children.
She has also taken part in "Around the World in 80 days" for Children in Need.
She is a supporter of the charity Missing People, which provides support for missing children, vulnerable adults and families left in limbo.
Books
Dare to Tri: My Journey from the BBC Breakfast Sofa to GB Team Triathlete (Bloomsbury, 2019)
Fearless: Adventures with Extraordinary Women (Bloomsbury, 2023)
See also
List of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) contestants
References
External links
Official website@
BBC Breakfast Profile
Living people
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service people
British reporters and correspondents
British broadcast news analysts
People from British Hong Kong
1968 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Minchin |
Hackney Road is a London arterial route running from Shoreditch Church in London Borough of Hackney to Cambridge Heath in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The route runs along the northern edge of Bethnal Green and southern edge of Hoxton and Haggerston. It lies close to the border between the boroughs of London Boroughs of Hackney and Tower Hamlets.
In recent years, Hackney Road has begun to experience the gentrification of nearby Columbia Road or Broadway Market. Despite this, a number of derelict buildings still remain, including the empty Children's Hospital. The road also has striptease venues such as Browns and The Olde Axe (Clifton 2002), a bingo hall, fast-food outlets and building sites. Hackney City Farm is located at the junction of (intersection with) Goldsmith's Row on the northern (Hackney) side of the road. Next to the farm is Haggerston Park.
In 2008 a 178-room Days Hotel London Shoreditch opened at the junction with Pritchard's Road. This has since become the RE Hotel London Shoreditch.
Transport
Hackney Road is served by the London bus 26 and 55. Cambridge Heath station is situated at the east end of Hackney Road, at the junction with Cambridge Heath Road. The west end of Hackney Road is served by London Overground services from Hoxton railway station.
July 2005 bombings
On 21 July 2005 at 13:30 BST a small explosion occurred on the Number 26 bus travelling from Waterloo to Hackney Wick, on Hackney Road at the corner with Columbia Road. There were no fatalities in the explosion.
References
Clifton, L. (2002) Baby Oil and Ice: Striptease in East London. The Do-Not Press Limited: London.
Harrison, P. (1985) Inside the Inner City: Life Under the Cutting Edge. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
External links
London Borough of Hackney
Streets in the London Borough of Hackney
Streets in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney%20Road |
Sparkman & Stephens is a naval architecture and yacht brokerage firm with offices in Newport, Rhode Island and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. The firm performs design and engineering of new and existing vessels for pleasure, commercial, and military use. Sparkman & Stephens also acts as a yacht and ship brokerage. The firm offers similar design and engineering services for the performance optimization of existing yachts.
Their designs have won most of the major international yacht races such as the America's Cup, for several decades, including a string of victories in the Fastnet and Sydney to Hobart as well as winning twice the Whitbread Round the World Race by Sayula II in 1974 and Flyer in 1978. S&S has a number of custom yacht design projects as well as being designers for boat builders such as Nautor's Swan, Grand Banks Yachts, and Morris Yachts. With more than 100 units built, the S&S design #1710 also known as Swan 36 became the most utilized design in the history of Sparkman & Stephens.
During World War II the company was employed to design the hulls for the invaluable DUKW 'army duck' and the Ford GPA amphibious jeep. For this Roderick Stephens was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.
History
Sparkman & Stephens Inc was formally created on October 28, 1929, with five partners: Drake Sparkman and his younger brother James Sparkman, James Murray, and brothers Olin J. Stephens and Roderick Stephens.
The Stephens brothers began their careers as self-taught sailors on Barnstable Bay, Massachusetts. Both entered the marine industry at an early age – Olin apprenticing in yacht design under Philip Rhodes, and Roderick learning shipbuilding at the prominent Nevins Yard in City Island, New York, which would later produce several of his firm's designs. With their father's backing, the 21-year-old Olin and his brother entered into a partnership with the already successful yacht broker Drake Sparkman, and Sparkman & Stephens, Inc. was formed.
S&S remains involved in designs having created a range of production sailing yachts such as the Morris 36 and 52 and a number of custom super-sailers including Victoria of Strathern and the 52-meter ketch Nazenin V, recently bestowed with multiple Superyacht of the Year Awards.
In August 2018 Donald Tofias purchased S&S and is now the firm's president.
The brokers at Sparkman & Stephens represent over 800 crewed charter yachts worldwide in both sail and power, from 55 to 200 + ft.
Designs
Aura A35
Cape Cod Mercury 15
Catalina 38
D&M 22
Designers Choice
Dolphin 24
DUKW
Howmar 12
Hughes 26
Hughes 31
Hughes 35
Hughes 38-1
Hughes 38-2
Hughes 38-3
Hughes 40
Hughes 48
Interclub Dinghy
Lightning (dinghy)
Nautor 43
Nautor Swan 47
New Horizons 26
North Star 38
North Star 48
North Star 80/20
North Star 500
North Star 600
North Star 1000
North Star 1500
Pilot 35
Sailmaster 22
Seafarer 23 Kestrel
Seafarer 45
Seafarer 46
Seafarer 48
Seguin 44
S&S 34
Shields (keelboat)
Stevens 47
Tartan 27
Tartan 34 C
Tartan 34-2
Tartan Ten
Tartan 41
Weekender 24
Yankee 38
See also
List of sailboat designers and manufacturers
William Shaw (yacht designer)
Jessica Watson
References
External links
Official website
S&S Association
Sparkman & Stephens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkman%20%26%20Stephens |
Crago Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned by the Astronomical Society of New South Wales. It is located at Bowen Mountain, near North Richmond, which is around from Sydney city.
The observatory has a large rotating dome atop a concrete block building. Until 2020 it housed a 16″ ƒ/7 Dobsonian telescope, fitted with Argo Navis and ServoCAT. Then a combination of storm damage to the observatory and the COVID-19 pandemic forced the observatory to close temporarily. The society decided to take advantage of that extended break to upgrade the telescope, and commissioned the construction of a new 22" f/5 telescope. It is expected to re-open with the new telescope during 2022.
There is also a wide range of eyepieces and star charts available for use with the telescope.
Crago is one of the most accessible observatories to Sydney residents that does not suffer from excessive light pollution compared to Sydney Observatory located in the city.
It is named after Marion and Jack Crago, members of the flour-milling Crago family, who were active members of the society. Marion Crago suggested Bowen Mountain as the location for an observatory and, upon her death, had left money to the society.
Observatory information
Latitude : 33° 33′ 50″ S
Longitude: 150° 37′ 15″ E
Altitude : 469m (1560′)
Telescope: 22″ ƒ/5 Dobsonian
See also
List of astronomical observatories
List of astronomical societies
References
External links
Crago Observatory
Astronomical Society of NSW
Astronomical observatories in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crago%20Observatory |
The HSL 4 (, , ) is a Belgian high-speed rail line part of the axis which connects Antwerp to the Dutch border. It is ; of it being dedicated high speed tracks. It was scheduled for completion by 2005 and opened in 2009.
Together with the HSL 1 to the French border and HSL-Zuid to Amsterdam, the line has shortened journeys between Brussels, Paris and the Netherlands. HSL 4 is used by Thalys, Eurostar e320, and Intercity Direct. It was formerly used by fast internal InterCity trains (Class 13 locomotives with I11 vehicles) and by Fyra, both of which were replaced by the Intercity Direct services.
Route
The high-speed HSL 4 begins just north of Antwerp (near Luchtbal), and runs where it meets the Dutch border.
From Brussels to Antwerp
Though HSL4 begins in Antwerp, it is part of a Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam corridor. High speed trains like Thalys, upon departing Brussels for Amsterdam, first use the existing, conventional track, electrified at 3 kV DC.
From Brussels South station, trains travel northwards through the Brussels-Central and Brussels-North stations. At Schaarbeek the line splits in two; the eastern branch continues to Liège and the German border, the northern branch towards Antwerp and the Dutch border. Between Brussels and Antwerp (), trains travel at on line 25N and then the upgraded existing line 25 (with the exception of a few segments where a speed limit of is imposed).
From Antwerp north
In Antwerp, a tunnel has been constructed underneath the city to permit high-speed trains to run directly through Antwerpen-Centraal to the new high-speed line north, an extension of line 25 until Antwerpen-Luchtbal railway station, after which line 4 (HSL 4) starts. Trains enter the long, two-tube tunnel past Berchem at . They exit the tunnel at , it seems due to stability and infiltration concerns.
The line surfaces at Antwerpen-Dam as line 25, and after crossing the Albert Canal, crosses the existing Antwerp-Essen line at . At the E19/A12 motorway junction, trains leave the regular line to run on new dedicated high-speed tracks to the Dutch border ( away) at up to . The route parallels the E19 motorway until the border, which has required the building of several bridges.
The line passes through Schoten, Brasschaat, Brecht, Wuustwezel, and Hoogstraten, before crossing the border into the Netherlands and connecting to the Dutch HSL-Zuid.
Stations
Antwerpen-Centraal station has been completely reorganised. A tunnel has been constructed to permit the passage of trains under the city, additionally creating a subterranean junction between Antwerpen-Berchem and , passing through Antwerpen-Centraal. With these works completed, the station has four levels and 14 tracks:
level +1 (the original station) has 6 terminating tracks, arranged as two groups of three (line 59/1 to Ghent and line 12 to the depot, workshop and cleaning station in Antwerp-Schijnpoort) separated by an opening allowing natural light to reach the lower levels
level 0 contains ticketing facilities and commercial space
level −1 (7 meters below road level) has 4 terminating tracks, also arranged as two groups (line 27 to Brussels, for services terminating in Antwerp).
level −2 (18 meters below road level) has 4 tracks, which end up in the two-track-wide tunnel under the city (used by high-speed, InterCity and local passenger trains between the North and South of Antwerp — freight trains go around the East of Antwerp on line 27A to the harbour)
The HSL 4 is the only high-speed line in Belgium that features an intermediate station at Noorderkempen (municipality Brecht, Belgium) for use in regular speed passenger service.
Tunnel Peerdsbos ('Solar Tunnel')
The line features a 'Solar Tunnel' near Antwerp. The above-ground tunnel Peerdsbos is comparable to an avalanche gallery except instead of snow it protects the trains from falling trees and the highway traffic on the E19. It was constructed as an alternative to felling parts of the nearby forest. The 'tunnel' is unique as it is covered with 16,000 solar panels. The line's operator claim this provides 3300 MWh of electricity per year and cuts emissions by 2400 tonnes a year.
See also
High-speed rail in Belgium
External links
Belgian high-speed rail site
References
High-speed railway lines in Belgium
Railway lines opened in 2009
Standard gauge railways in Belgium
Rail transport in Brussels
Rail transport in Antwerp
25 kV AC railway electrification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL%204 |
Puck railway station is a railway station serving the town of Puck, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened on 15 December 1898 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
History
The station and the town used to be known as Putzig.
In 1928 a new station was built.
On 26 September 1993 the last scheduled steam passenger train operated along the line.
In 1998 the line was modernised. Stations have been equipped with a remotely controlled traffic centre from Gdynia, so that the presence of service stations along the route (in addition to the ticket offices) have become redundant.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of September 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1898
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck%20railway%20station |
Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools (or Torah Umesorah ) is an Orthodox Jewish educational charity based in the United States that promotes Torah-based Jewish religious education in North America by supporting and developing a loosely affiliated network independent private Jewish day schools.
In the early 21st century, some 760 day schools teach more than 250,000 children. Torah Umesorah have established yeshivas and kollelim in every city with a significant population of Jews. Rabbi Joshua Fishman served from 1980 as executive vice-president until his retirement in June 2007. The current Menahel ("principal") or national director, is Rabbi David Nojowitz.
History
Torah Umesorah, the National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, was the first national Jewish organization in the United States to pioneer Jewish day schools within the country. It started to develop these in 1944, during World War II and at a time when the United States was at war with the Axis Powers and Europe's Jews were being consumed by the Nazi genocide of the Holocaust. Challenging the prevailing mood of the times, Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz and other rabbis founded Torah Umesorah to develop a network of Jewish day schools across North America.
Rabbi Mendlowitz was born in Hungary and was then serving as the head of the Yeshiva Torah Vodaas in Brooklyn, New York. He selected Dr. Joseph Kaminetsky in 1945 as the first full-time Director; Kaminetsky was given the mandate to fulfill the vision of the founding rabbis. He served until 1980, overseeing the establishment of Orthodox day schools at hundreds of sites across the country; he is considered the most influential leader of Torah Umesorah. He had a doctorate from Columbia Teachers College.
In 1944 there were few Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States, let alone authentic yeshivas or Beis Yaakov schools.
The afternoon/Talmud Torah system was deemed "failing to transmit Yiddishkeit in a compelling manner to students who arrived tired in the afternoons and were constantly subjected to assimilationist influences in American culture."
By the end of the twentieth century, Torah Umesorah had developed more than 600 yeshivas and day schools in the United States and Canada, enrolling more than 170,000 Jewish students. The organization's motto is "the children are the future," or in Hebrew, יש עתיד.
Planning Torah Umesorah
The founders of Torah Umesorah wanted to establish a different model of education. At the time, Jewish parents generally sent their children to non-sectarian public schools during the day. In the afternoons or on Sundays they would send the children to Cheder or Talmud Torah-type Jewish-run schools for religious training, as had been the tradition in Europe. Parents feared that in North America, this approach was failing to transmit Judaism in a compelling and lasting manner. Students went to Jewish classes when tired in the afternoons. They were subject to the secularizing forces in their mixed communities, encountering the larger American society and culture in public school, on the street, and at home. There were only four or five Jewish day schools outside New York City.
The rabbis intended their new school system to have a dual-curriculum: Jewish day schools would provide a Judaic (Jewish or Torah religious) education for half the day and a good secular education in classical subjects, all in one building or complex. They planned for each new school to be guided by an ordained rabbi who would serve as the headmaster or principal. He would recruit a "general studies" associate principal (also known as the "English principal"), preferably someone who was also loyal to the traditions of Judaism. The associate would recruit, assist, supervise and guide the teachers who would teach the secular subjects generally taught in the public schools.
Post-war conditions
American Jews were shocked as they learned the overwhelming scale of Jewish deaths due to the Holocaust of World War II; six million Jews had been killed, and the great European Jewish communities and Torah centers destroyed. Many American Jews had lost relatives in Europe. In addition, more than half a million United States Jews had served in the US armed forces; some participated in the liberation of the concentration camps, or worked with the millions of displaced people in camps after the war, including Jews trying to find out if any of their families had survived.
Many American Jews were sympathetic to the rabbis' appeals to ensure a moderate Jewish education for their children, at least until the Bar Mitzvah age (12-13). In addition, most Jews in the United States felt pride when the new State of Israel was established, due in part to fierce fighting by the many European Zionist Jews who had immigrated there when it was Mandate Palestine. The United States was the first nation to officially recognize the new Jewish state. With a renewed commitment to Judaism, American Jews wanted to ensure that their children learned the Hebrew language, connected with the core of Judaism and religious studies, and had the opportunity to learn secular subjects at a high level.
The new Jewish days schools were believed to be a means to accomplish the new goals of all-day Jewish schooling—or, all-day schooling under Jewish religious auspices. Parents believed that having their children study in the Cheders and Talmud Torahs had failed to gain their commitment to Judaism and practicing as religious adults.
After Torah Umesorah was established, and its affiliated schools were attracting students, the parents of its students were encouraged to enroll them in Jewish high schools, to maintain students' commitment to Judaism. Transferring Jewish students to public high schools in adolescence was considered a risk, as they were subject to many outside influences.
Other Orthodox efforts
In the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area, particularly in many areas of Brooklyn, various Hasidic and Haredi groups (such as Satmar, Bobov, Vizhnitz and many others) also attracted many new supporters for yeshiva education, which was more intensively Torah-based than the Jewish day school model being promoted by Torah Umesorah. Notable was Merkos L'inyonei Chinuch, which was founded in 1942 by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
Holocaust survivors who immigrated to the United States in the postwar years were often strong supporters of the Orthodox Jewish day schools. They wanted their children to identify as Jews and practice the religion so that it could continue. For instance, the Lithuanian Mir yeshiva had no wish to emulate the educational goals of secular (Jewish) society. They sent their children of high school age to yeshivas (for the boys) and Beis Yaakovs (for the girls); most of the curriculum was devoted entirely to Talmud and rabbinical literature (for the boys) and study of Tanakh and Jewish laws and customs (for the girls). These were combined with fervent Jewish worship. The new institutions thrived in their own right and mostly followed the guidelines of their own rosh yeshivas and rebbes.
Late 20th century to present
As noted, Dr. Joe Kaminetsky served from 1945 until 1980 as operational head of Torah Umesorah. In 1945 when there were few Jewish day schools outside New York City. In 1946 New York had an estimated 7,000 students in 27 yeshivos of various sizes, and there was one
yeshiva in each of Baltimore, Chicago, and Jersey City.
By the time of his death in 1999, Kaminetsky had set up hundreds of Jewish day schools across the country, in which 160,000 children were enrolled.
Rabbi Joshua Fishman succeeded Kaminetsky, and served as executive vice-president until retiring in June 2007. He was a disciple of Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner (1906–1980), who was among the leaders of Agudath Israel of America.
The current Menahel ("principal") or national director, is Rabbi David Nojowitz. He returned to the United States to take this position after having served as Rosh Kollel in Melbourne, Australia, for 25 years. In 2008 Torah Umesorah had an annual budget of $39 million; this was "the last year for which it made its tax documents public."
Toward the latter part of the twentieth century, Torah Umesorah officials found that teachers and rabbis from the Haredi and Hasidic schools were consulting with its staff for training to improve classroom management, enhance classroom discipline and learn up-to-date teaching skills and techniques which they often did not receive during yeshiva training. They began to set up regular classes for training of teachers and principals.
Torah Umesorah has worked to find funding to establish kollelim ("post-graduate" Talmudic schools) in any community that is willing to set up the infrastructure and host such efforts. Some young rabbis and rebbetzins (their wives) have taken full- and part-time positions as Jewish educators in the local day schools. They also frequently serve in local Orthodox synagogues as "pulpit rabbis." In some instances they have founded new Jewish day schools and synagogues of their own.
Relationship with Modern Orthodox groups
By the 1980s and 1990s, some Modern Orthodox communities pushed to establish day school-type Jewish high schools. However, Torah Umesorah's rabbinical board of advisers, who are also the core of the Haredi Agudath Israel of America rabbinic leadership, do not condone coeducation beyond the beginning of adolescence (or earlier). Although most Jewish day schools have both boys and girls as students, with some, but not all, classes conducted separately, the rabbis did not approve of co-ed high schools.
The rabbis and the rosh yeshivas prefer that boys who graduate eighth grade continue in all-male traditional yeshivas ("Talmudical academies") and girls study at Beis Yaakov ("Beth Jacob") type schools. Modern Orthodox schools are served by Prizmah (which also services Community, Conservative and Reform day schools) and the Torah Educators Network (which also services yeshivish schools).
Partners in Torah
Under the guidance of Rabbi Eli Gewirtz, Torah Umesorah began a new initiative to promote Jewish adult education. Partners in Torah matches Jewish men and women across the globe who want to study Jewish text or to know more about their heritage with a compatible study partners for up to an hour a week of interactive study by phone or Skype and, if possible, in person.
By 2009, the international Partners in Torah had more than 30,000 members, as documented in Gerwitz's book. By July 2017 it had connected over 72,000 Jewish adults for weekly study. In 2017. Partners in Torah became an independent organization and continued to expand its scope.
In early 2019, an anonymous donor challenged Partners in Torah to use technology to drastically increase its reach and impact, reduce costs, and collect data on participant activity. Blessed with a significant grant to support this effort, Partners in Torah successfully launched the first version of a technology platform in early 2020, just before the onset of Covid. The platform, which algorithmically matches participants with a suitable study partner, has a built-in follow-up system and provides real-time, transparent data on participation and satisfaction.
Project SEED
Under Project SEED, yeshiva students (boys and girls in their teens and early 20s) are recruited and sent on two to six-week summer trips to distant smaller Jewish communities, where they teach classes or supervise children in summer day-camps. These may or not be accredited by a third party association, such as the Western Association of Independent Camps or the American Camping Association. The counselors provide Torah-oriented experience in an environment where they and the campers are strictly separated by gender. Project SEED pays most yeshiva students a stipend to defray much (but not all) of the cost of their stay at their destination, air-fare, room and board, trips and other transportation.
See also
Agudath Israel of America
Center for Initiatives in Jewish Education
Independent school
Jewish denominations
Jewish day school
Parochial school
Religious education
Torah Judaism
Notes
External links
Torah Umesorah Official Website
Creative Learning Pavilion, a Torah Umesorah project, E-Chinuch
Partners in Torah, adult Jewish education
PaL (Phone and Learn)
Jonathan Rosenblum, "Dr. Joe, we owe you (Tribute to Dr. Joe Kaminetsky)", Jerusalem Post, 26 March 1999; via Jewish Media Resources
M Schick, "Lack of non-Orthodox funding: 'The Betrayal of Jewish Day Schools' ", MSchick blogspot
.
Jewish organizations based in the United States
Orthodox Jewish educational institutions
Orthodox Judaism in the United States
Orthodox Jewish outreach
Jewish organizations established in 1944
1944 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah%20Umesorah%20%E2%80%93%20National%20Society%20for%20Hebrew%20Day%20Schools |
In a featural writing system, the shapes of the symbols (such as letters) are not arbitrary but encode phonological features of the phonemes that they represent. The term featural was introduced by Geoffrey Sampson to describe the Korean alphabet and Pitman shorthand.
Joe Martin introduced the term featural notation to describe writing systems that include symbols to represent individual features rather than phonemes. He asserts that "alphabets have no symbols for anything smaller than a phoneme".
A featural script represents finer detail than an alphabet. Here, symbols do not represent whole phonemes, but rather the elements (features) that make up the phonemes, such as voicing or its place of articulation. In the Korean alphabet, the featural symbols are combined into alphabetic letters, and these letters are in turn joined into syllabic blocks, so the system combines three levels of phonological representation.
Some scholars (e.g. John DeFrancis) reject this class or at least labeling the Korean alphabet as such. Others include stenographies and constructed scripts of hobbyists and fiction writers (such as Tengwar), many of which feature advanced graphic designs corresponding to phonologic properties. The basic unit of writing in these systems can map to anything from phonemes to words. It has been shown that even the Latin script has sub-character "features".
Examples of featural systems
This is a small list of examples of featural writing systems by date of creation. The languages for which each system was developed are also shown.
15th century
Hangul Korean
19th century
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics several Algonquian, Eskimo-Aleut and Athabaskan languages
Gregg shorthand many languages from different families
Duployan shorthand originally French, later English, German, Spanish, Romanian, Chinook Jargon and others
Visible Speech (a phonetic script) no specific language. Developed to aid the deaf and teach them to speak properly
20th century
Shavian alphabet, Quikscript English
Tengwar (an artificial script invented by J. R. R. Tolkien) fictional languages from Tolkien's novels; Tolkien's invented languages and English
SignWriting sign languages; featural notation
21st century
Isibheqe Sohlamvu/Ditema tsa Dinoko Southern Bantu languages
Semi-featural systems
Other scripts may have limited featural elements. Many languages written in the Latin alphabet make use of diacritics, and those letters using diacritics are sometimes considered separate letters within the language's alphabet. The Polish alphabet, for example, indicates a palatal articulation of some consonants with an acute accent. The Turkish alphabet uses the presence of one or two dots above a vowel to indicate that it is a front vowel. The Japanese kana syllabaries indicate voiced consonants with marks known as dakuten. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) also has some featural elements, for example in the hooks and tails that are characteristic of implosives, , and retroflex consonants, . The IPA diacritics are also featural. The Fraser alphabet used for Lisu rotates the letters for the tenuis consonants ꓑ , ꓔ , ꓝ , ꓚ , and ꓗ 180° to indicate aspiration.
See also
Abugida
Abjad
Syllabary
References
Writing systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featural%20writing%20system |
Gilles Dauvé (pen name Jean Barrot; born 1947) is a French ultra-left political theorist, school teacher, and translator, associated with the development of communization theory.
Biography
In collaboration with other left communists such as François Martin and Karl Nesic, Dauvé has attempted to fuse, critique, and develop different left communist currents, most notably the Italian movement associated with Amadeo Bordiga (and its heretical journal Invariance), German-Dutch council communism, and the French perspectives associated with Socialisme ou Barbarie and the Situationist International. He has focused on theoretical discussions of economic issues concerning the controversial failure of Second International, Marxism (including both Social Democracy and Leninist Communism), the global revolutionary upsurge of the 1960s and its subsequent dissolution, and on developments in global capitalist accumulation and class struggle.
Among English-speaking communists and anarchists, Dauvé is best known for his Eclipse and Re-emergence of the Communist Movement, first published by Black & Red Press (Detroit, Michigan) in 1974 and Critique of the Situationist International, first published in Red Eye, Berkeley, California. An essay from the first pamphlet, and the whole of the second article, were reprinted by Unpopular Books in London as What is Communism (1983) and What is Situationism respectively, in 1987. The first pamphlet was reprinted with a new foreword in 1997 by Antagonism (London). It includes Dauvé's own translations of two of his articles and one by François Martin, both originally published in (Paris: Champ Libre, 1972). These articles develop Bordiga's critique of Second International productivism in light of Marx's writings on formal and real subsumption and the global uprisings of 1968, and theory of communization by drawing on council communist and Situationist traditions.
Dauvé also participated in the journal La Banquise, which he edited with Karl Nesic and others from 1983 to 1986. This sought to develop the new communist program suggested in Le Mouvement Communiste through a critical appraisal of post-1968 radical politics, including Situationist and autonomist experiments. It also developed the theory of society's real subsumption into capital. The editors describe their aims and influences in (La Banquise, 2, 1983).
More recently, Dauvé, along with Nesic and others, has published the irregular journal Troploin, featuring articles on the collapse of both Leninist and Keynesian regimes of accumulation and the transition to "globalized" neoliberal expansion, the Middle Eastern conflicts, September 11, and the rhetoric and logic of the War on Terrorism. Many have been translated into English by Dauvé himself and are archived on the Troploin website.
Bibliography
In English
Eclipse and Re-emergence of the Communist Movement Jean Barrot et François Martin (alias de François Cerutti), Black & Red Press (Detroit, Michigan), 1974.
, 1979
and the S.I.? (originally published in La Banquise, no. 4, 1986)
The Perplexities of the Middle Eastern Conflict
Grey September (on the issues raised after September 11, 2001, with Carasso and Nesic)
Back to the Situationist International
From Crisis to Communisation (PM Press, 2019)
In French
Jean Barrot, , Champ Libre, 1972.
Jean Barrot, , La Tête de feuilles, 1972.
Jean Barrot, , Payot, 1976.
Jean Barrot, , Paris, U.G.E. 10/18, 1979.( téléchargeable cf. liens externes)
Collectif, , préf. Gilles Perrault, ill. Tony Johannot, contributions de Pierre Rabcor, François-Georges Lavacquerie, Serge Quadruppani, Gilles Dauvé, en annexe : Les Ennemis de nos ennemis ne sont pas forcément nos amis (mai 1992), Paris, Réflex, 1996.
Gilles Dauvé, , HB Éditions, 1997
Gilles Dauvé, , ADEL, 1999
Denis Authier, Gilles Dauvé, , Les Nuits rouges, 2003
Gilles Dauvé, Karl Nesic, , L'Harmattan, 2009
See also
Communization
References
External links
Gilles Dauvé Library (Libcom.org archive of Dauvé best-known English texts)
Jean Barrot (John Gray's archive of earlier French, English, Italian, and German pieces)
1947 births
Living people
Council communists
French anti-capitalists
French communists
French journalists
French male essayists
French male writers
Left communists
Marxist theorists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Dauv%C3%A9 |
Swarzewo railway station is a railway stop serving the village of Swarzewo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1903 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Schwarzau (Westpreußen). The station used to be located on the Swarzewo–Krokowa railway which was dismantled in 2005 after losing passenger traffic in 1989 and freight traffic in 1991.
Modernisation
The station was rebuilt in 2014 as part of the modernisation of the Reda–Hel railway.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of September 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1903
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarzewo%20railway%20station |
Hilary Kornblith is an American philosopher. He is a professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and one of contemporary epistemology's most prominent proponents of naturalized epistemology.
Biography
Kornblith received his B.A. from State University of New York at Buffalo in 1975 and his PhD from Cornell University in 1980, where he studied under Sydney Shoemaker and Richard Boyd. Before coming to University of Massachusetts in 2003, Kornblith taught at the University of Vermont, where he also chaired the department from 1991 to 1997. His research interests include epistemology, metaphysics and the philosophy of mind. Apart from naturalized epistemology, his most recent work includes the role of intuitions in philosophical theorizing, the conflicts between internalism and externalism in epistemology, and the mental states of non-human animals.
Naturalistic account of inductive inference
In his 1993 book Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground (MIT Press, 1993) Kornblith argues that inductive knowledge is possible by virtue of a fit between our innate psychological capacities and the causal structure of the world. Following Boyd, Kornblith takes the causal structure in question to be a structure of natural kinds, i.e., of homeostatically clustered properties. Such natural kinds provide a natural ground for inductive inference by virtue of the fact that our innate inferential tendencies (as revealed by empirical psychology) are structured in a way that assumes a world of natural kinds, and, thereby, tend to provide us with accurate beliefs about the world in an environment populated by such natural kinds.
Knowledge as a natural kind
Kornblith is perhaps most well known for his defense of the view that knowledge is a natural kind. This claim is defended in his book Knowledge and its Place in Nature (Oxford University Press, 2002) where Kornblith argues that knowledge, as it is being studied in cognitive ethology, is a sufficiently robust and inductively valuable category to qualify as a natural kind. Consequently, he claims, the proper method for epistemology is empirical, contrary to what has been assumed by most epistemologists, who traditionally have proceeded by way of conceptual analysis and the probing of intuitions rather than by way of empirical investigation.
Against conceptual analysis
Kornblith's case for knowledge as a natural kind provides the basis for his critique of philosophy as conceptual analysis. According to Kornblith, the proper object of philosophical analysis is not concepts, but the phenomena picked out by those concepts. At the same time, Kornblith's work in semantics indicates that his claims about conceptual analysis can, in fact, be motivated independently of his view on knowledge as a natural kind. In particular, he has argued that semantic externalism provides the correct semantics not only for natural kinds but also for artifactual kinds — a claim that, if true, would lend plausibility to the idea that empirical investigation provides a promising philosophical method, quite independently of whether or not a majority of the objects of philosophical inquiry turn out to be natural kinds.
Bibliography
Books
Inductive Inference and its Natural Ground, MIT Press, 1993.
Naturalizing Epistemology, (Ed.), MIT Press, 1985. 2nd Edition, 1994.
Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism, (Ed.), Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2001.
Knowledge and its Place in Nature, Oxford University Press, 2002.
On Reflection, Oxford University Press, 2012.
A Naturalistic Epistemology: Selected Papers, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Second Thoughts and the Epistemological Enterprise, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Scientific Epistemology, Oxford University Press, 2022.
Articles
"Belief in the Face of Controversy," in T. Warfield and R. Feldman, eds., Disagreement, Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
"What Reflective Endorsement Cannot Do," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2010, 80 (1), 1-19.
"A Reliabilist Solution to the Problem of Promiscuous Bootstrapping," Analysis, 2009, 69 (2).
"The Naturalistic Project in Epistemology: Where Do We Go from Here?," in C. Mi and R. Chen, (Eds.), Naturalized Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, Rodopi (Amsterdam), 2007, 39-59.
"Naturalism and Intuitions," Grazer Philosophische Studien, 2007, 72, 27-49.
"How to Refer to Artifacts," in E. Margolis and S. Laurence, (Eds.), Creations of the Mind: Essays on Artifacts and their Representation, Oxford University Press, 2007, 138-149.
"The Metaphysical Status of Knowledge," Philosophical Issues, 2007, 17 (1), 145–164.
"Appeals to Intuition and the Ambitions of Epistemology," in S. Hetherington, (Ed.), Epistemology Futures, Oxford University Press, 2006, 10-25.
"The Role of Intuition in Philosophical Inquiry," in M. DePaul and W. Ramsey, (Eds.), Rethinking Intuition, Rowman and Littlefield, 1998, 129-141.
"Referring to Artifacts," Philosophical Review, LXXXIX, 1980, 109-114.
See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
References
External links
Hilary Kornblith's Home Page
Complete List of Publications
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
University at Buffalo alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Epistemologists
Cornell University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Kornblith |
The Singapore Literature Prize (abbreviation: SLP) is a biennial award in Singapore to recognise outstanding published works by Singaporean authors in any of the four official languages: Chinese, English, Malay and Tamil. The competition is organised by the National Book Development Council of Singapore (NBDCS) with the support of the National Arts Council and the National Library Board.
The Award was briefly discontinued in 1999 and 2002 due to economic problems.
Awards
2018
Fiction
English
Winner: Jeremy Tiang - State of Emergency
Balli Kaur Jaswal - Sugarbread
Jennani Durai - Regrettable Things that Happened Yesterday
Nuraliah Norasid - The Gatekeeper
Wong Souk Yee - Death of a Perm Sec
Chinese
Co-Winner: Lee Chuan Low - Rescue Frontline
Co-Winner: Zhang Hui - Smoker Memories
Lin Gao - Life Between Frames
Xi Ni Er - The Floating Republic
Li Qing Song - Manuscript – Collection of Short Stories
Malay
Merit: Hamed bin Ismail - A Dancing Club: Bunga Tanjong
Commendation: Adam bin Fadilla - Muezzin in Search of Light
Commendation: Farihan Bahron - Avatar's Wrath
Djohan A Rahman - When the Alphabets Dance
Hassan Hassa'Ree Ali - Souvenir From Space
Tamil
Merit: Chitra Ramesh - A Drop of Happiness
Merit: M K Kumar - 5.12 pm
Prema Mahalingam - Water Droplets
Poetry
English
Winner: Samuel Lee - A Field Guide to Supermarkets in Singapore
Chinese
Winner: Tan Chee Lay - Landmark Poetics of the Lion City
Malay
Winner: Farihan Bahron - Finger-Pointing Expert
Tamil
Commendation: M Segar - Ravana's Seethai
Commendation: A K Varadharajan - Lee Kwan Yew Imaginary Childhood
Non-fiction
English
Winner: Melissa De Silva - "Others" is Not a Race
Chinese
Co-Winner: Liu Su - Roses at the Edge
Co-Winner: Weng Xian-wei - The Second Face
Malay
Commendation: Ahmad Md Tahir - Colour of Expression
Tamil
Winner: Bala Baskaran - G Sarangapany and the Tamil Murasu: A Current Appraisal
2016
The 2016 edition received the most submissions ever in its 25-year history: 235 entries, compared to 2014's 182 and 2012's 57, with fiction receiving the most submissions.
Fiction
English
Winner: Sonny Liew - The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye
Jeremy Tiang - It Never Rains on National Day
Leonora Liow - Moth: Stories
Audrey Chin - Nine Cuts
Mohamed Latiff Mohamed, trans. Alfian Sa'at - The Widower
Chinese
Commendation: 谢裕民 (Chia Joo Ming) - Exile or Pursuit《放逐与追逐》
Commendation: 张挥 (Cheong Weng Yat aka Zhang Hui) - Shuang Kou Ding Yi Cun 《双口鼎一村－那些年那些事》
Merit: 英培安 (Yeng Pway Ngon) - Opera Costume 《戲服》
Malay
Winner: Peter Augustine Goh - Air Mata di Arafah
Peter Augustine Goh - Bayang-Bayang Yang Hilang
Suratman Markasan - Dari Perang Datang Sampai Kamoe San Masuk Melayu
Leyla Shuri - Terbelah Bintang Subaru
Tamil
Winner: Sithuraj Ponraj - Maariligal
Krishnamurthi Mathangi - Melbaculaso
Suriya Rethnna - Paramapadham
Poetry
English
Co-winner: Cyril Wong - The Lover's Inventory
Co-winner: Desmond Kon Zhicheng-Mingde - I Didn’t Know Mani Was a Conceptualist
Eric Tinsay Valles - After the Fall: Dirges Among Ruins
Tse Hao Guang - Deeds of Light
Gwee Li Sui - One Thousand and One Nights
Cheryl Julia Lee - We Were Always Eating Expired Things
Chinese
Merit: 吳耀宗 (Gabriel Wu) - Live Where the Imagination Is 《逐想像而居》
Merit: 陈维彪 (Tang Jui Piow) - The Sea Diary 《航海纪事》
沈璧浩 (Sim Piak How) - A City's Story《都市录》
Malay
Winner: Hamed Ismail, Hartinah Ahmad, and Samsudin Said - Tafsiran Tiga Alam
Noor Aisya bte Buang - Kastil Aisya
Leo Suryadinatan - Kota Singa
Tamil
Merit: Varadharajan AK - 4 Flowered Garland for Singapore
Merit: Sithuraj Ponraj - Kaatraai Kadanthaai
Naa Aandeappan - Adolescent Love
Malarvizhi Elangovan - Alai Pidunkiya Sorkal
Saba Muthunatarajan - The Face of the Soul
Segar s/o Muniandy - Kaivilakku Kadavul
Non-fiction
English
Co-winner: Danielle Lim - The Sound of Sch: A Mental Breakdown, A Life Journey
Co-winner: Peh Shing Huei - When the Party Ends
You Jin, trans. Shelly Bryant - In Time, Out of Place
Loke Hoe Yeong - Let the People Have Him
Ning Cai - Who is Magic Babe Ning?
Chinese
Winner: 陈加昌 (Chin Kah Chong) - LKY Whom I Knew 《我所知道的李光耀》
尤今 (You Jin) - Father and I《父亲与我》
李慧敏 (Lee Hui Min) - Growing Up in the Era of Lee Kuan Yew 《成长在李光耀时代》
李国樑 (Lee Kok Leong) - Guangdong Majie 《广东妈姐》
柯思仁 (Quah Sy Ren) - Tea Time in Spring With Poetry 《以诗和春光佐茶》
Malay
Merit: Ahmad Azmi bin Haji Mohamed Ishak - Rentak Rebana
Commendation: Hafiza Talib - Sekolahku Tinggal Kenangan
Tamil
Commendation: Kotti Thirumuruganandam - CK Makadoom Saiboo and Singai Nes
Commendation: Varadharajan AK - Kamban Kaattum Kanaikal
Commendation: Mohamed Kassim Shanavas - Nanavu Desam SG50
Commendation: SP Panneer Selvam - Singapore Tamil Munnodigal
2014
For the first time, the award offered 12 top prizes of up to $10,000 each for the best works of fiction, non-fiction and poetry in Chinese, English, Malay and Tamil. In previous years, fiction competed with poetry for one award in each language.
In July 2014, three judges of the English non-fiction category of the prize resigned in protest against the National Library Board's removal and pulping of controversial children's titles. Mr T. Sasitharan, a prominent arts educator; former journalist Romen Bose; and American author and Writer-in-Residence at Yale-NUS College, Robin Hemley were subsequently replaced. The Prize also received flak for perhaps spreading itself too thin, and for naming the non-fiction prizes after a sponsor, the publisher World Scientific.
A day after the winners were announced at an awards ceremony on 4 November 2014, poet-editor Grace Chia, whose poetry collection Cordelia was shortlisted but did not win in the English Poetry section, delivered a speech in absentia at the Singapore Writers Festival which accused the Prize of sexism. Chia wrote, "The fact that the prize has been given to two co-winners who are both male poets is deeply informing of choice, taste and affirmation. A prize so coveted that it has been apportioned to two male narratives of poetic discourse, instead of one outstanding poet - reeks of an engendered privilege that continues to plague this nation's literary community." Chia also posted her speech on Facebook before subsequently removing it. In response, one of the poetry judges, poet and literary critic Gwee Li Sui, said, "All entries have an equal chance of consideration for winning, and we discussed it based on that point alone, and on the strengths of the collections." The other poetry judges were prominent female poet Leong Liew Geok and poet Boey Kim Cheng.
Fiction
English
Winner: Amanda Lee Koe - Ministry of Moral Panic
Claire Tham - The Inlet
O Thiam Chin - Love, or Something Like Love
Audrey Chin - As the Heart Bones Break
Chinese
Winner: Lim Hung Chang (Lin Gao) - Weixingxiaoshuo(林高微型小说／林高)
Lai Yong Taw - Ding Xiang (丁香／流军)
Tham Yew Chin (You Jin) - Jin Se Dai Shu(金色袋鼠／尤今)
Lee Xuan Lou - Shuang Cheng Zhi Lian(双城之恋／李选楼)
Malay
Winner: Yazid bin Hussein - Kumpulan Cerpen (Armageddon)
Abdul Manaf bin Abdul Kadir - Suzan
Anuar bin Othman - Tenggelamnya Kapal (Prince of Wales)
Hassan Hasaa'ree Ali - Selamat Malam (Caesar)
Yazid bin Hussein - Cahaya
Mohd Pitchay Gani bin Mohd Abdul Aziz - Seking
Tamil
Winner: Mohamed Kassim Shanavas - Moontraavatu Kai
Jayanthi Sankar - Muga Puthagamum Sila Agappakkangalum
Suriya Rethnna - Naan
Noorjehan binte Ahmadsha - Vergal
Packinisamy Panneerselvam - Maaya
Krishnamurthi Mathangi - Oru Kodi Dollargal
Poetry
English
Co-winner: Joshua Ip - Sonnets from the Singlish
Co-winner: Yong Shu Hoong - The Viewing Party
Grace Chia - Cordelia
Theophilus Kwek - The Circle Line
Tania De Rozario - Tender Delirium
Koh Jee Leong - The Pillow Book
Malay
Winner: Johar Buang - Pasar Diri
Peter Augustine Goh - Genta Cinta
Ahmad Md Tahir - Aisberg Kesimpulan
Hamed bin Ismail - Suara Dalam
Yazid bin Hussein - nota (buat wangsa dan buanaku)
Tamil
Commendation: Krishnamurthi Mathangi – Malaigalin Parathal
Samuel Nepolian Devakumar – Kaanaamal Pona Kavithaikal
Chinnadurai Arumugam – Thagam
Pichinikkadu Elango – Thoorikai Sirpangal
Swaminathan Amirthalingam – Urakkach Cholvaen
Non-fiction
English
Co-winner: Lim Siong Guan - The Leader, The Teacher & You
Co-winner: Josephine Chia - Kampong Spirit Gotong Royong: Life In Potong Pasir 1955 to 1965
M. Ravi - Kampong Boy
Hidayah Amin - The Mango Tree
Fanny Lai - A Visual Celebration of Giant Pandas
Chinese
Merit: Dr Ho Nai Kiong - The Biography of My Father 何乃强《父亲平藩的一生》
Merit: Tham Yew Chin (You Jin) - Even The Heart Soars 尤今《心也飞翔》
Dr Ho Nai Kiong - The Death of Kings and Emperors 何乃强《医生读史笔记》
Tham Yew Chin (You Jin) - Release Your Happiness 尤今《释放快乐》
Malay
Merit: Mohamed Latiff Mohamed - Alam Kepenyairan Singapura: Pengamatam dan Penciptaan
Tamil
Winner: Kotti Thirumuruganandam - Singapore Tamil Kavithai Varalaaru (History Of Singapore Tamil Poetry)
Chitra Ramesh - Oru Nakarathin Kathai (Story Of A City)
R Kalamohan - Sattamum Sambavangalum (Law And Incidents)
Mohamed Kassim Shanavas - Ayal Pasi (Foreign Hunger)
2012
English Category
Winner: Eddie Tay – The Mental Life of Cities
Leonard Ng – This Mortal World
Dave Chua – The Beating & Other Stories
Teng Qian Xi – They hear salt crystallising
Chinese Category
Winner: Yeng Pway Ngon (英培安) – 画室 (Art Studio)
Tan Chee Lay (陈志锐) – 《剑桥诗学》
Neo Choon Hong (梁钺) – 《你的名字》
Zou Lu (邹璐) – 《追随河流的方向》
Lee Seng Chan (怀鹰) – 《舞魂》
Malay Category
Merit: Ahmad Ja’affar Bin Munasip – Jago Yang Terlupa Dilupakan
Commendation: Peter Augustine Goh Mey Teck – Kerana Setitik Madu
Commendation: Rohman Munasip – Secangkir Ceritera
Commendation: Yazid Hussein – Dongeng Utopia : Kisah Cek YahTamil Category
Winner: Ramanathan Vairavan – Kavithai Kuzhanthaikal Masilamani Anbalagan – En Vaanam Naan Megam Yousuf Rowther Rajid Ahmed – Vizhikkullethaan Vellayum Karuppum Marimuthu Arumugam Elango – Antha Naan Illai Naan2010
English Category
Winner: Simon Tay – City of Small BlessingsToh Hsien Min – Means To An EndWena Poon – The Proper Care Of FoxesChinese Category
Co-Winner: Gabriel Wu (吴耀宗) – 半存在 (A Half-Existence)
Co-Winner: Chia Joo Ming (谢裕民) – M40
Wang Wenxian (王文献) – 《爱城故事》
Wong Meng Voon (黄孟文) –《黄孟文微型小说自选集》
Ng Wai Choy (吴韦材) – 《爱的礼物》
Malay Category
Winner: Johar Buang – Sampai di Singgahsana CintaAbdul Manaf Abdul Kadir (Manaf Hamzah) – Dalam Kehangatan Dakapan SenjaAzni Ismail (Jaka Budi) – Di Perhentian Ini… Hijrahkanlah DiriNoor Hasnah Adam – KelaraiYazid Bin Hussein – Satu Macam PenyakitTamil Category
Winner: Murugathasan – SangamamJayanthi Sankar – MigrationMarimuthu Arumugam Elango (Pichinikkadu Elango) – Naanum NaanumMasilamani Anbalagan – Ayapulam2008
English category
Winner: Ng Yi-Sheng – last boy
Aaron Lee Soon Yong – Five Right Angles Wena Poon – Lions in Winter: Stories Elmo Jayawardena – Rainbows in Braille Suchen Christine Lim – The Lies that Build a MarriageChinese category
Co-winner: Chia Hwee Pheng (谢惠平) – 希尼尔小说选 (The Collection of Xi Ni Er Mini-Fiction)
Co-winner: Yeng Pway Ngon (英培安) – 我与我自己的二三事 (Trivialities About Me and Myself)
Chia Joo Ming (谢裕民) – 谢裕民小说选
Liang Wern Fook (梁文福) – 左手的快乐
Teoh Hee La aka Zhang Xi Na(张曦娜) – 张曦娜小说选
Pan Cheng Lui (潘正镭) – 天微明时我是诗人
Malay category
Winner: Mohamed Latiff Mohamed – Bila Rama-rama Patah Sayapnya Muhammad Salihin bin Sulaiman Jeem – Anugerah Bulan Buat Bonda Suratman Markasan – Langau Menyerang Masjid Dan Cerita-Ceritanya Peter Augustine Goh – Cetusan Kalbu Seorang Penyair Johar Buang – Perahu Melayu Di Lautan Khulzum Manaf Hamzah – Sekeras Waja, Selembut SuteraTamil category
Winner: K. Kanagalatha – Naan Kolai Seyum Penkal (The Women I Murder) Jayanthi Sankar – Pin Seat (Back Seat) J.M. Sali – Aayul Thandanai Palanisamy Subramanian – Ouyir Ourugum Sabtham2006
English category
Co-winner: Cyril Wong – Unmarked Treasure Co-winner: Yong Shu Hoong – Frottage Aaron Sahhril Yusoff Maniam – Morning at Memory’s BorderChinese category
Winner: Chia Joo Ming (谢裕民) – 重构南洋图像 Chong Gou Nan Yang Yu Xiang (Reconstructing Nanyang) Denon Lim Denan (林得楠) – 梦见诗
Chia Hwee Pheng (希尼尔) – 希尼尔微型小说
Malay category
Winner: Mohamed Latiff Mohamed – Nostalgia Yang Hilang (The End Of Nostalgia) Anuar Othman – Kisah Di Bukit Cermin Suratman Markasan – Puisi Luka dan Puisi Duka Peter Augustine Goh – Warna sebuah Penghijrahan Johar Bin Buang – Cahaya di Negeri iniTamil category
Winner: Mohamed Iqbal – Vanavargal Mannil Irukkirarkal (Angels Are Here On Earth) K. Kanagalatha – Paampuk Kaattil oru Taazai Kavignareru Amallathasan – Pullanguzhal Murugathasan – Vadamalar2004
English category
Winner: Tan Hwee Hwee – Mammon Inc Felix Cheong – Broken by the Rain Suchen Christine Lim – A Bit of Earth Alfian bin Sa’at – A History of Amnesia Claire Tham – The Gunpowder Trail & Other StoriesChinese category
Winner: Yeng Pway Ngon (英培安) – 骚动
Chia Hwee Pheng (希尼尔) – 轻信莫疑
Guan Ming (关明) – 其实·底下的城市
Malay category
Winner: Mohamed Latiff Mohamed – Bagiku Sepilah Sudah Abdul Ghani Hamid – Ombak Terbang Tinggi A Wahab HJ Hamzah – Tuhan Masih Sayang Isa Kamari – Kiswah Masuri SN – Suasana Senja Rohani Din – Anugerah Buat SyamsiahTamil category
Winner: Ma Elankannan (M Balakrishnan) – Thondil Meen S Uthuman Ghani – Agrinai Uyarthinai K. T. M. Iqbal – Kaakitha Vaasam Krishnasamy Iyer Kanagalatha – Thee Velli Murugathasan – Thaembavai Subraa (Palanisamy Subramanian) – Uyirril Kalantha Urrave2000 (as The Dymocks Singapore Literature Prize)
Rex Shelley, A River of Roses1998 Fiction
Merit
Rosemary Lim - Soul Search & Other Stories (published as The Seed from the Tree)
Colin Cheong - The Man in the CupboardCommendation
Alfian bin Sa'at - Corridor and Other StoriesDaren Shiau - Heartland1997 Poetry
Merit
Paul Tan - Driving into Rain1996 Fiction
Winner
Colin Cheong - TangerineCommendation
Dave Chua Hak Lien - Gone CasePat Wong - Going Home & Other Stories1995 Poetry
Winner
Roger Vaughan Jenkins - From the Belly of the CarpMerit
Boey Kim Cheng - Days of No NameCommendation
Colin Cheong - Void Deck and Other Empty Places1994 Fiction
Merit
Tan Mei Ching - Crossing Distance Stella Kon - EstonCommendation
David Leo - Wives, Lovers and Other WomenDenyse Tessensohn - FeelAndrew Koh - Glass Cathedral1993
Poetry
Merit
Desmond Sim - Places Where I've BeenCommendation
Jeffery T.H. Lee - The Sea is Never Full
Paul Tan - Curious RoadDrama
Merit
Haresh Sharma - Still BuildingCommendation
Sim Teow Li - Curios1992 Fiction
Winner
Suchen Christine Lim - Fistful of ColoursCommendation
Tan Mei Ching - Beyond the Village GateNotes
References
Singapore Literature Prize - National Book Development Council of Singapore
Singapore Literature Prize: Celebrating Our Writers 1992-2018''. Singapore 2018/2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Literature%20Prize |
Countess Johanna von Westphalen zu Fuerstenberg (; Johanna Paula Alphonsa Josepha Antonia Huberta Maria de Mercede Cosmas und Damian; née von Galen, 24 September 1936 – 21 January 2016) was a German conservative politician and Catholic activist. A member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, she was active in the anti-abortion movement and a patron of Catholic institutions. She was knighted by Pope John Paul II in 2002 as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.
Early life and family
Von Westphalen was born Countess Johanna von Galen on 24 September 1936 at Haus Assen, her family's castle in Westphalia. She was a member of the Galen family, an ancient German noble family that was elevated to the rank of Imperial Count during the Holy Roman Empire. Von Westphalen's father, Christoph Bernhard, Count of Galen, was the head of the House of Galen and served in the Papal household. Her mother, Countess Marie-Sophie Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau, was a member of the Czech noble family Kinsky. Von Westphalen was the grandniece of Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen, who had been beatified by Pope John Paul II.
Politics and activism
Von Westphalen was a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and, from 1978 to 1992, served on the regional board of the party in North Rhine-Westphalia. She was an honorary member of the Christian Democratic Union's Christian Friendship Association, a Christian mission and aid organization based in Berlin. She also served on several federal committees for the party. In 1985, she founded the Christian Democrats for Life, an anti-abortion initiative of the Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union in Bavaria and a member of the Federal Association for the Law of Life. She served as the initiative's chairwoman until 2002, afterwards serving as honorary chairwoman.
She advocated for changes to public education policy and was active in Catholic social work. Westphalen was a member of Katholischen Elternschaft Deutschlands, Catholic Scouts of Europe, and Sozialdienst katholischer Frauen. She also served as a member of the board of trustees of the Forum of German Catholics. In 1998 Von Westphalen started the anti-abortion campaign Tim Leben! with the Yes to Life Foundation, working alongside Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis, Prince Nikolaus von Lobkowicz, Baroness Elisabeth Motschmann, and Roland Rösler.
Von Westphalen was a patron of the Association of Friends of Angels, which provides aid for social projects in Burkina Faso.
In 2010, Von Westphalen was the first signatory to the Aktion Linkstrend stoppen, which opposed the Berlin Declaration of the Christian Democratic Union's leadership to change economic positions. She accused the German Catholic Scouting Association of Saint George of allowing alcohol and promoting the use of condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS, which she called "propaganda from the gay lobby".
She signed the Marburger Declaration of 2009, for the "freedom and self-determination against totalitarian aspirations of the Lesbian and Gay Associations". She considered homosexuality as a "considerable health and psychological risk", and accused the Lesbian and Gay Federation in Germany of attacking conversion therapy, which she believed limited the "freedom of assembly, speech, scientific discourse, and the choice of therapy."
Awards and honors
In 2002, Von Westphalen was created a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope John Paul II. She was made a Dame of Honor and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. She was awarded the Federal Cross of the Order of Merit by the German federal government.
Personal life
Von Westphalen was married to Count August von Westphalen zu Fürstenberg and had six children. She lived with her family in her husband's family home, Schloss Laer, in Meschede.
After the death of her mother in 1992, Von Westphalen encouraged her father to allow the Catholic congregation Servants of Jesus and Mary to use the family castle, Haus Assen.
Von Westphalen died on 21 January 2016 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
References
1936 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Dames of Malta
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German anti-abortion activists
German Roman Catholics
Countesses in Germany
German people of Czech descent
People from Lippstadt
Roman Catholic activists
Von Galen family
Von Westphalen family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna%20von%20Westphalen |
Władysławowo railway station is a railway station serving the town of Władysławowo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1922 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Wielka Wieś Hallerowo and Großendorf (Westpreußen).
Modernisation
The station was rebuilt in 2014 as part of the modernisation of the Reda–Hel railway.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of August 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82awowo%20railway%20station |
Alvik is a residential district in western Stockholm municipality and part of the Bromma borough.
See also
08 Stockholm Human Rights
Alvik metro station
References
Districts of Stockholm
Districts in Västerort | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvik |
Władysławowo Port railway station is a railway station serving the town of Władysławowo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Wielka Wieś.
Modernisation
The station was rebuilt in 2013 as part of the modernisation of the Reda–Hel railway.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of August 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82awowo%20Port%20railway%20station |
was a Japanese sculptor who exerted himself for the modernization of wood carving and a professor of Tokyo School of Fine Arts, who dedicated himself to the education of the future generations.
Born in Tokyo as Nakajima Kōzō, he created the bronze statue of Saigō Takamori, completed in 1898, which stands in Ueno Park in Tokyo. He is also the author of the statue of Kusunoki Masahige which stands in front of the Tokyo Imperial Palace.
He studied under Takmura Tōun (高村東雲), a sculptor of Buddhist statues, whose elder sister became Kōun's adoptive parent. He was the father of the poet and sculptor Kōtarō Takamura.
One of his representative works is "Aged Monkey" (Rōen).
References
External links
Koun Takamura's grave
1852 births
1934 deaths
20th-century sculptors
19th-century sculptors
Imperial household artists
Japanese sculptors
Artists from Tokyo Metropolis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamura%20K%C5%8Dun |
Thorildsplan is a small park in the residential area of Kristineberg in Stockholm, Sweden.
Thorildsplan is northwest of Kungsholmen, west of Lindhagensgatan and north of Drottningsolmsvägen.
Thorildsplan Stockholm Metro station was commissioned in 1952 when the Hötorget-Vällingby metro was opened. The park was named in 1925 after the writer Thomas Thorild (1759–1808).
In the late 1920s, a maternity clinic (Pro Patria) was built and designed by Carl Westman. It was located close to Thorildsplan on Thorildsvägen 5. In 1980, the property was sold to the building board. Today it is a residential building.
References
Parks in Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorildsplan |
Geoffrey Wright (born 1959) is an Australian film director and screenwriter, who gained cult success with the 1992 film Romper Stomper, starring Russell Crowe.
In 1994 he directed the gritty suburban thriller film Metal Skin, starring Ben Mendelsohn, and later directed the teen horror film Cherry Falls, starring Brittany Murphy. In 2006 he adapted Shakespeare's Macbeth for film, starring Sam Worthington and Lachy Hulme.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Australian screenwriters
Film directors from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Wright |
Nicolás Gómez Dávila (; 18 May 1913 – 17 May 1994) was a Colombian conservative philosopher and aphorist.
Gómez Dávila's fame began to spread only in the last few years before his death, particularly by way of German translations of his works. He was one of the most radical critics of modernity whose work consists almost entirely of aphorisms which he called "escolios" ("scholia" or "glosses").
Biography
Gómez Dávila was a Colombian scholar who spent most of his life in the circle of his friends and within the confines of his library. He belonged to the upper circles of Colombian society and was educated in Paris. Due to severe pneumonia, he spent about two years at home where he was taught by private teachers and developed a lifelong love of classical literature. He never, however, attended a university. In the 1930s he went back from Paris to Colombia, never to visit Europe again, except for a six-month stay with his wife in 1948. He built up an immense library containing more than 30,000 volumes around which his literary existence centred. In 1948 he helped found the University of the Andes in Bogotá.
In 1954, Gómez Dávila's first volume of works was published by his brother, a compilation of notes and aphorisms under the title Notas I – the second volume of which never appeared. The book remained virtually unknown because only 100 copies were printed and these were presented as gifts to his friends. In 1959, he followed this with a small book of essays under the title of Textos I (again, no second volume was published). These essays develop basic concepts of his philosophical anthropology as well as his philosophy of history, often in literary language full of metaphors. In these essays, he first voices his intention to create a "reactionary patchwork" because reality, he said, cannot be represented in a philosophical system.
After the collapse of the military dictatorship in 1958 Gómez Dávila was offered the post of chief advisor to the state president which he rejected as he did with respect to later offers, in 1974, to become ambassador in London. Though he supported the later president Alberto Lleras Camargo's role in bringing down the dictatorship, he refrained from any political activity himself, a decision he had already reached early on in his practice as a writer.
From this decision resulted his strong criticism not only of left-wing but also of right-wing and conservative political practices, even though his explicitly reactionary principles show some similarities to conservative viewpoints. His skeptical anthropology was based on a close study of Thucydides and Jacob Burckhardt as well as his affirmation of hierarchical structures of order on society, state and church. Gómez Dávila emphatically criticised the concept of the sovereignty of the people as an illegitimate divinisation of man and a rejection of the sovereignty of God. He was likewise deeply critical of the Second Vatican Council which he saw as a problematic adaptation to the world. He particularly deplored the replacement of the Ecclesiastical Latin Tridentine Mass with the vernacular Mass of Paul VI in the wake of the council. Similar to Juan Donoso Cortés, Gómez Dávila believed that all political errors ultimately resulted from theological errors. That is why his thought can be described as a form of political theology.
The modern ideologies such as liberalism, democracy, and socialism, are the main targets of Gómez Dávila's criticism, because the world influenced by these ideologies appeared to him decadent and corrupt.
Gómez Dávila discussed a vast range of topics, philosophical and theological questions, problems of literature, art, and aesthetics, philosophy of history and the writing of history. He employed a literary method of succinct statements with a great sensibility for matters of style and tone. The literary method he developed is the gloss, the scholion, which he used to comment on the world, particularly in the five volumes of Escolios a un texto implícito (1977; 1986; 1992) that he published from the seventies to the nineties. He created "the reactionary" as his unmistakable literary mask and made it into a distinctive type of thinking about the modern world as such. In his later work he attempted to define the "reactionary" with which he identified in an affirmative way by locating him somewhere beyond the traditional position of left and right. On the basis of a Traditionalist Catholicism influenced by the intellectual probity of Nietzsche and others he criticized modernity and saw himself as a partisan for a "truth that will not die".
Gómez Dávila made no attempts to make his writings widely known. Only by way of German (and later Italian as well as French and Polish) translation beginning in the late eighties did Gómez Dávila's ideas begin to be read among poets and philosophers such as Robert Spaemann, Martin Mosebach, Botho Strauss, Reinhart Maurer, Rolf Schilling, Heiner Müller, Franco Volpi, Asfa-Wossen Asserate and Krzysztof Urbanek.
Bibliography
Escolios a Un Texto Implicito: Obra Completa. Nicolas Gomez Davila, Franco Volpi. July 2006. Hardcover, 408 pages. Villegas Editores. ,
Notas I, Mexico 1954 (new edition Bogotá 2003).
Textos I, Bogotá 1959 (new edition Bogotá 2002).
Escolios a un texto implícito, 2 volumes, Bogotá 1977.
Nuevos escolios a un texto implícito, 2 volumes, Bogotá 1986.
De iure, in: Revista del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario 81. Jg., Nr. 542 (April–June 1988), p. 67–85.
https://www.academia.edu/34702433/De_Iure_-_Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila_Bilingual_edition_ De iure, Bilingual Edition, translated by Tomás Molina, in: Revista del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario Vl 3., Nr. 39 (September 2017).
Sucesivos escolios a un texto implícito, Santafé de Bogotá 1992 (new edition Barcelona 2002).
El reaccionario auténtico, in: Revista de la Universidad de Antioquia, Nr. 240 (April–June 1995), p. 16–19.
Escolios a un texto implícito. Selección, Bogotá 2001.
Alle origini del mondo, edited by Antonio Lombardi, Villasanta (MB): Limina Mentis, 2013, Translation of Textos I (V) (1959).
Scholia to an Implicit Text. Bilingual Selected Edition. Prologue by Till Kinzel. Villegas Editores, Bogotá 2013,
Notes
Further reading
AA.VV. Entre Fragmentos. Interpretaciones gomezdavilianas. Alfredo Abad (Comp.) Casa de Asterión Ediciones, Pereira, 2017.
Alfredo Abad Pensar lo Implícito. En Torno a Gómez Dávila. Postergraph, Pereira, 2008
Alfredo Abad Gómez Dávila y las raíces gnósticas de la modernidad en Revista Ideas y Valores Universidad Nacional No. 142 Bogotá
Nicolás Gómez Dávila Crítica e Interpretación, en Revista de Filosofía Paradoxa No. 14 Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, 2007.
Hernán D. Caro: El buen odioso – La apoteósis alemana de Nicolás Gómez Dávila, en: Revista Arcadia, enero 2008.
Sergio Knipe: "Anthropotheism: Nicolás Gómez Dávila on Democracy", in: David J. Wingfield (ed.), The Initiate: Journal of Traditional Studies, Issue One, Spring 2008.
José Miguel Oviedo: Breve historia del ensayo hispanoamericano, Madrid 1981, pp. 150–151.
Reinhart Maurer: Reaktionäre Postmoderne – Zu Nicolás Gómez Dávila, in: J. Albertz (ed.): Aufklärung und Postmoderne – 200 Jahre nach der französischen Revolution das Ende aller Aufklärung?, Berlin 1991, pp. 139–50.
Óscar Torres Duque: Nicolás Gómez Dávila: la pasión del anacronismo, in: Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 32, No. 40 (1995), pp. 31–49.
Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda: Nicolás Gómez Dávila, un pensador solitario, in: Cobo Borda: Desocupado lector, Bogotá 1996, pp. 94–96.
Franco Volpi: Un angelo prigioniero nel tempo, in: Nicolás Gómez Dávila: In margine a un testo implicito, Milano 2001, pp. 159–83.
Till Kinzel: Vom Sinn des reaktionären Denkens. Zu Nicolás Gómez Dávilas Kulturkritik, in: Philosophisches Jahrbuch 1/2002, pp. 175–85.
Till Kinzel: Nicolás Gómez Dávila. Parteigänger verlorener Sachen, Schnellroda 2003, ²2005, ³2006.
Philippe Billé (ed.): Studia Daviliana. Études sur N. G. D., La Croix-Comtesse 2003.
Reinhart Maurer: Ausnahmslose Gleichheit?, in: Die Ausnahme denken (FS Kodalle), volume 2, ed. by C. Dierksmeier, Würzburg 2003, pp. 165–76.
Vittorio Hösle: Variationen, Korollarien und Gegenaphorismen zum ersten Band der „Escolios a un texto implícito“ von Nicolás Gómez Dávila, in: Die Ausnahme denken, 2003, pp. 149–63.
Till Kinzel: Ein kolumbianischer Guerillero der Literatur. N. G. D.s Ästhetik des Widerstands, in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift 1/2004, pp. 87–107.
Virgil Nemoianu: Nicolás Gómez Dávila: Parteigänger verlorener Sachen (review), in: MLN – Volume 119, Number 5, December 2004 (Comparative Literature Issue), pp. 1110–1115.
Till Kinzel: Denken als Guerillakampf gegen die Moderne, in https://web.archive.org/web/20070731214655/http://www.aphorismus.net/beitrag17.html
Prawdziwy reakcjonista. Nicolásowi Gómezowi Dávili w stulecie urodzin, Krzysztof Urbanek [red.], Furta Sacra, Warszawa 2013.
Oczyszczenie inteligencji. Nicolás Gómez Dávila – myśliciel współczesny?, Krzysztof Urbanek [red.], Furta Sacra, Warszawa 2010.
Między sceptycyzmem a wiarą. Nicolás Gómez Dávila i jego dzieło, Bogna J. Obidzińska, Krzysztof Urbanek [red., red.], Furta Sacra, Warszawa 2008.
Krzysztof Urbanek, „En torno a Nicolás Gómez Dávila”, Paradoxa. Revista de Filosofía, Nr 14, Diciembre de 2007 (Colombia).
Krzysztof Urbanek, „Nicolás Gómez Dávila – myśliciel świadomie niekonserwatywny”, Cywilizacja, Nr 23/2007.
Krzysztof Urbanek, „EX OCCIDENTE LUX II”, [w:] Nicolás Gómez Dávila, Następne scholia do tekstu implicite, tłum. Krzysztof Urbanek, Wydawnictwo Furta Sacra, Warszawa 2008.
Krzysztof Urbanek, „Nicolás Gómez Dávila i demokracja”, Pro Fide Rege et Lege, 1/2007.
Krzysztof Urbanek, „Nicolás Gómez Dávila – myśliciel nieznany”, [w:] Z myśli hiszpańskiej i iberoamerykańskiej. Filozofia – literatura – mistyka, Dorota Sepczyńska, Mieczysław Jagłowski [red., red.], Instytut Cervantesa w Warszawie, Instytut Filozofii UWM w Olsztynie, Katedra UNESCO UWM w Olsztynie, Wydział Socjologii i Pedagogiki WSIiE TWP w Olsztynie, Olsztyn 2006.
Till Kinzel: Randbemerkungen zu Nicolás Gómez Dávila als Lehrer des Lesens. In: Einfache Formen und kleine Literatur(en). Für Hinrich Hudde zum 65. GEburtstag. Ed. Michaela Weiß / Frauke Bayer, Heidelberg: Winter, 2010, pp. 77–88.
Enver J. Torregroza Lara, Antropología y fenomenología en Nicolás Gómez Dávila In: Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica, Vol. 76, No. 291, p. 1153-1171.
External links
"Annotations on an Implicit Text": the work of Nicolas Gomez-Davila
The Aphorisms of Nicolas Gomez-Davila
Gómez Dávila's Website in Facebook
Don Colacho's Aphorisms PDF
Don Colacho's Aphorisms, PDF
Don Colacho's Aphorisms, DOCX
Leo RodriguezV's Nicolas Gomez Davila Blog, Blogger
1913 births
1994 deaths
Aphorists
Colombian expatriates in France
Colombian male writers
Colombian Roman Catholics
People from Bogotá
Catholic philosophers
Roman Catholic writers
Traditionalist Catholic writers
20th-century Colombian philosophers
University of Paris alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20G%C3%B3mez%20D%C3%A1vila |
West Long Beach (or "the Westside") is a working-class neighborhood in Long Beach, California.
It is the westernmost part of Long Beach, separated from the rest of the city by the Long Beach Freeway (Interstate 710) and the Los Angeles River. Its boundaries are the Los Angeles River to the east, Interstate 405 to the north, Anaheim Street to the south, and Los Angeles, Carson and the Terminal Island Freeway to the west.
The largest industry in the area is the combined Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles. There is also a large Shell Oil refinery in nearby Wilmington and the massive Intermodal Container Transfer Facility (ICTF) on the neighborhood's western edge. The neighborhood is a mix of older residential housing, apartments and townhouses, and industrial buildings. The primary thoroughfare is Santa Fe Avenue, which runs north to south through the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood has three official parks, including Silverado Park. In 2010 a renewed 12.39 acre park, named after Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, was completed next to Cabrillo High School.
The neighborhood was historically a working-class neighborhood due to its proximity to the Port of Long Beach and the large Shell Oil refinery in nearby Wilmington. A large U.S. Navy housing complex once stood in the neighborhood, on Santa Fe Avenue near Pacific Coast Highway (Cabrillo High School now stands on the site). Like many neighborhoods with largely working-class populations, deindustrialization in the 1970s took its toll, and the neighborhood was largely poor by the early 1980s. A local neighborhood group, the West Long Beach Association, was founded in 1997 to improve the living conditions in the neighborhood. While conditions have improved in the early 2000s, the neighborhood is still one of the poorest in Long Beach. , residents in West Long Beach had no access to banking services. There has been and continues to be heavy gang activity and a high rate of violent crime in the neighborhood, and large portions of the neighborhood are under gang injunctions directed at the East Side Longos, West Side Longos gang and Rollin 80's West Coast Crip Gang, as well as home to other local gangs such as Sons of Samoa Samoan gang, Westside Islanders Chamorro/Filipino gang, Pimpside Phamily Filipino gang, Cove Side Neighborhood Crip gang, and Long Beach Satanas Filipino gang.
West Long Beach has a history of Japanese Americans starting with fishery workers who once lived on Terminal Island in the turn of the 20th century.
According to the 2000 US Census, there were 35,637 residents of the 90810 ZIP code, which is nearly coterminous with West Long Beach. In terms of race and ethnicity, the neighborhood's population was roughly 23.8% Caucasian, 16.4% African American, 0.8% American Indian, 23.2% Asian, 3.1% Pacific Islander, 27.2% other races, and 5.5% two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 45.6% of the population.
The area is served by Cabrillo High School (9–12), Stephens Middle School (6–8), Muir Academy (K–8), Garfield Elementary (K-5) and Hudson School (K-8); all operated by the Long Beach Unified School District. Police service in the area is rendered by the Long Beach Police Department Western Division, which operates a station at Pacific Coast Hwy and Santa Fe.
See also
Neighborhoods of Long Beach, California
References
Neighborhoods in Long Beach, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Long%20Beach |
Robert Andrew Graham, SJ (March 11, 1912, Sacramento, California – February 11, 1997, Los Gatos, California) was an American Jesuit priest and World War II historian of the Catholic Church. He was a vigorous defender of Pope Pius XII over accusations that he had failed to do what he could to defend the Jews and others persecuted by the Nazis.
The son of Charlie Graham, a former professional baseball player for the Boston Red Sox and part owner of the San Francisco Seals, Graham joined the California province of the Jesuits as a young man. He was ordained priest in 1941 and was soon sent to New York City to work on the Jesuit weekly,
America, where he remained for two decades. In 1952, he gained a doctorate in political science and international law from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva during a sabbatical.
In 1959, his book, Vatican Diplomacy: A Study of Church and State on the International Plane, was published.
To counter growing attacks, in 1965 the Vatican began publication of some of its wartime documents in a series of books edited by a Jesuit team, Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Graham joined them in Rome in 1966 from the third volume (eleven would eventually be published by the project's completion in 1981. In 1968, Graham published a book, The Pope and Poland in World War II, a summary of Volume III of the Actes, which deals with the Church in Poland.
Graham often published the findings of his research for La Civiltà Cattolica, the Jesuit-run, Catholic journal in Italy. In 1996, Graham published English translations of some of his La Civilta Cattolica articles in his book, The Vatican and Communism During World War: What Really Happened.
Graham often wrote a column for Columbia, the official magazine of the Knights of Columbus.
In matters regarding Pius XII, he worked with Raimondo Spiazzi. The New York Times quoted Graham "I am 79, I thought I ought to unload this stuff, before I pop off" Graham remained in Rome until illness struck in 1996, when he returned to his native California. He died in 1997, aged 84, leaving behind a large body of published and unpublished work.
Publications
Alvarez, David and Graham, Robert A. Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican, 1939-1945, Routledge, 1997.
Graham, Robert A, The Vatican and Communism during World War II, What Really Happened, Ignatius Press, 1996.
Graham. Robert A. The Pope in Poland in World War Two, Veritas, 1968
Graham, Robert A., Vatican Diplomacy: A Study of Church & State on the International Plane, Princeton University Press, 1959.
References
External links
Robert Graham, S.J.
Defense of Jews and Others
Catholic Answers: How Pius XII Protected Jews
1912 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American Jesuits
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
Historians of the Catholic Church
People from Sacramento, California
People from Los Gatos, California
University of Geneva alumni
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Catholics from California
American expatriates in Switzerland
Historians from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Graham |
This list of Antarctic expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. Although the existence of a southern continent had been hypothesized as early as the writings of Ptolemy in the 1st century AD, the South Pole was not reached until 1911.
Pre-exploration theories
600 BC – 300 BC – Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions.
150 AD – Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita.
Pre-19th century
7th century – Ui-te-Rangiora is claimed to have sighted southern ice fields.
13th century – Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S)
1501–1502 – Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci potentially sail to (52° S)
1522 – Juan Sebastián de El Cano – first circumnavigation Fernando de Magallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S)
1526 – Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56° S). He discovers the Drake passage or Mar de Hoces.
1578 – Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ocean south of South America and "Elizabeth Island" (57° S)
1599 – Dirk Gerritsz – potentially sails to (64° S)
1603 – Gabriel de Castilla – potentially sails to (64° S)
1615 – Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
1619 – Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramírez Islands ()
1643 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia – northerly winds push the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where icebergs were abundant. The expedition disproves beliefs that Isla de los Estados was part of Terra Australis.
1675 – Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
1698–1699 – Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)
1720 – George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30′ S)
1739 – Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island ()
1771 – James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
1771–1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands ()
1772–1775 – James Cook – sails crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71° 10′ S, his Farthest South, coming within about of the Antarctic mainland without seeing it.
19th century
1780s to 1839 – American and British whalers and sealers make incidental discoveries.
1819 – William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
1819 – San Telmo is wrecked in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island.
1819–1821 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, future Admirals of Russian Imperial Navy, during Russian circumnavigation expedition, on 27 January 1820 were stopped by impassable ice in of Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the floating fragments of Fimbul Ice Shelf (). Bellingshausen and Lazarev became the first explorers to see and officially discover Alexander Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica in 21–28 January 1821.
1820 – Edward Bransfield with William Smith as his pilot – on 30 January 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula ().
1820 – Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on 17 November 1820
1821 – George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.
1821 – John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay ()
1823–1824 – James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S ()
1830–1833 – Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island () and sights Enderby Land ()
1837–1840 – First French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville; discovers Adelie Land and sets foot on an islet of Géologie Archipelago () 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples (66° S)
1838–1839 – John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands ()
1838–1842 – United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula () and eastern Antarctica; discovers "Termination Barrier" ("Shackleton Ice Shelf")
1839–1843 – James Clark Ross's expedition of 1839 to 1843 discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78° 10′ S on 23 January 1842
1851–1853 – Mercator Cooper landed on what is now known as Oates Coast in what is probably the first adequately documented landing on the mainland of Antarctica.
1872–1876 – under Capt. George S. Nares, becomes the first steamship to cross the Antarctic Circle; reopens the study of oceanography in the region after a 30-year gap.
1892–1893 – Carl Anton Larsen led the first Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aboard the ship Jason. Larsen became the first person to ski in Antarctica where the Larsen Ice Shelf was named after him.
1892–1893 – Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island ()
1893–1894 – Carl Anton Larsen led the second Norwegian expedition to Antarctica
1893–1895 – Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
1897–1899 – Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache; first to winter South of the Antarctic Circle.
1898–1900 – Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78° 50′ S
20th century
1901–1904 – Discovery Expedition – led by Robert Falcon Scott, on 30 December 1903, reached (82° 17′S)
1902 - First ballon flight over Antarctica by Robert Falcon Scott
1901–1903 – Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) – led by Erich von Drygalski
1901–1903 – Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
1902–1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
1903–1905 – Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1907–1909 – Nimrod Expedition – On 9 January 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88° 23 ′S (Farthest South), and on 16 January 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at () (mean position)
1908–1910 – Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1910–1912 – Japanese Antarctic Expedition – led by Nobu Shirase
1910–1912 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1910–1913 – Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1911–1913 – Second German Antarctic Expedition – led by Wilhelm Filchner
1911–1914 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
1914–1916 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
1914–1917 – Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh
1920–1922 – British Graham Land Expedition – a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope
1921–1922 – Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton – the last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1924–1951 – Discovery Investigations
1928 - First aeroplane flight over Antarctica by Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eielson
1929–1931 – British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) – led by Douglas Mawson
1928–1930 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – First expedition
1931 – H. Halvorsen – discovered Princess Astrid Coast
1931 – Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen – flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
1933–1935 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – Second expedition
1933–1939 – Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
1934–1937 – British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) – led by John Riddoch Rymill
1936 – Lars Christensen – dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
1938 – German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), (New Swabia claimed for Nazi Germany) – led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher
1939–1941 – United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's third expedition)
1943–1945 – Operation Tabarin – led by Lieutenant James Marr
1946–1947 – Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fourth expedition)
1947 – First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
1947–1948 – Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
1947–1948 – Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
1948–1949 – Fourth French Antarctic Expedition (ship Commandant Charcot) – led by André-Frank Liotard
1949–1951 – Fifth French Antarctic Expedition : Port Martin Station established in Adélie Land – led by André-Frank Liotard
1949–1952 – Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
1950–1952 – Sixth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Michel Barré
1951-1953 – Seventh French Antarctic Expedition : Petrel Island Station established in Adélie Land – led by Mario Marret
1953 – Esperanza Base established
1954 – Mawson Station established
1955–1956 – Operation Deep Freeze – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fifth expedition)
1955–1957 – Falkland Island Dependency Aerial Survey led by P G Mott
1955–1957 – 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
1956 – Dumont d'Urville Station established
1956 – Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established
1956 - McMurdo Station established
1956–1958 – Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
1956–1958 – 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1957–1958 – International Geophysical Year
1957–1958 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1957 – Scott Base established
1957–1958 – Luncke Expedition
1957–1959 – 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
1958–1959 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1958–1960 – 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1959–1961 – 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
1960 – South African National Antarctic Expedition
1960–1962 – 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Driatsky
1961–1963 – 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1962–1962 – Vostok traverse – led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
1962–1963 – New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition – Led by John M. Millen
1962–1964 – 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
1963–1965 – 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov and Pavel Senko
1964–1965 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse I
1964–1966 – 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by M. Ostrekin, I. Petrov
1965–1966 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II
1965–1967 – 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
1965–1965 – Operación 90 – Terrestrial Argentine Expedition to the South Pole Led by Coronel D. Jorge Leal.
1966–1968 – 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1966–1967 – New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Mariner Glacier Northern Party Expedition – led by John E S Lawrence
1967–1968 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse III
1967–1969 – 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1968–1970 – 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
1969 – Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva established
1969–1970 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1969–1971 – 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1970–1972 – 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by I. Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
1971–1973 – 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V. Averyanov
1972–1974 – 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko
1973–1975 – 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, V. Ignatov
1974–1976 – 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, N. Kornilov
1975–1977 – 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by O. Sedov, G. Bardin
1976–1978 – 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
1977–1979 – 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, O. Sedov
1978 – Fortín Sargento Cabral established
1978–1980 – 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by A. Artemyev, O. Sedov
1979 – Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
1979–1980 – 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, N. Tyabin
1980–1981 – Transglobe Expedition – led by Ranulph Fiennes
1980–1982 – 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, V. Shamontyev
1981–1983 – 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
1981–1982 – First Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
1982 – Falkland Islands War
1982–1983 – First Brazilian Expedition to Antarctica –
1982–1983 – Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by V. K. Raina
1982–1984 – 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, A. Artemyev
1984 – Villa Las Estrellas established
1983–1985 – 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, L. Bulatov
1983–1985 – Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
1984–1987 – In the Footsteps of Scott – led by Robert Swan
1984–1985 – 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition – Antarkos I Led by Lt. Col. Omar Porciúncula
1984–1986 – 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
1985–1987 – 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, V. Dubovtsev
1986–1988 – 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Klokov, V. Vovk
1987 – Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I – III
1987–1989 – 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N.A. Kornilov, Yu.A. Khabarov
1987–1988 – First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition – St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
1988–1990 – 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by S.M. Pryamikov, L.V. Bulatov
1988–1989 – South Pole Overland. Patriot Hills to South Pole. First commercial Ski expedition to South Pole. 1200 km, 50 days – led by Martyn Williams
1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing on foot by Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs. 2800 km. 92 days
1989–1990 – 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition – led by American Will Steger and Frenchman Jean-Louis Étienne, first un-mechanized crossing – 6,021 km, 220-days
1989–1991 – 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V.M. Piguzov
1990 – 1st North Korean Antarctic Expedition
1990 – Snotsicle Traverse Ski expedition – South Pole to Ross Sea inland edge via Scott Glacier. 9 611 km in 35 days– led by Martyn Williams
1990–1991 – 2nd North Korean Antarctic Expedition
1991 – Serap Z. Tilav, a US Antarctic Program field team member, became the first Turkish woman at the South Pole.
1991–1992 – 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Lev Savatyugin
1992–1993 – American Women's Antarctic Expedition- AWE. First team of women to ski to the South Pole: Ann Bancroft, Sunniva Sorby, Anne DalVera, Sue Giller- 67 days
1992–1993 – British Polar Plod – led by Ranulph Fiennes with Mike Stroud (physician), first unassisted expedition crossing the continent by ski, (2,173 km in 95 days)
1992–1993 – Erling Kagge (Norway), first unassisted, and first solo expedition to the South Pole by ski, (1,310 km in 53 days)
1992–1993 – Antarctic Environmental Research Expedition – led by Kenji Yoshikawa
1994 – Liv Arnesen (Norway), first unassisted woman to the South Pole by ski, (1,200 km in 50 days)
1994 – Cato Zahl Pedersen (Norway) becomes the first person with no arms to ski to the South Pole (1400 km from Berkner Island), together with Lars Ebbesen and Odd Harald Hauge
1995 – "A Pole at the Poles" – Marek Kamiński solo expedition to the South Pole from Berkner Island (1,400 km in 53 days);
1995–1996 – Bernard Voyer and Thierry Pétry unassisted expedition to the South Pole by ski
1996 – Lake Vostok discovered
1996–1997 – "Solo TransAntarctica" – Marek Kamiński attempted solo crossing of Antarctica (1,450 km);
1996–1997 – Børge Ousland (Norway) first person to travel across Antarctica solo. The crossing went from coast to coast, from Berkner Island to the Ross Sea, and was unsupported (without resupplies). He used a kite as traction for parts of the expedition. 63 days, 3,000 km
1997–1998 – Peter Treseder, Keith Williams & Ian Brown become the first Australians to ski unsupported (no sail) to the South Geographic Pole, 1317 km in 59 days from Berkner Island, 2Nov-31Dec, flown out by ANI.
1998–1999 – Eric Philips, Jon Muir and Peter Hillary pioneer a new route from Ross Island to the South Pole through the Transantarctic Mountains via the Shackleton then Zaneveld glaciers. The expedition covers 1425 km in 84 days setting off 4 November 1998 and arriving 26 January 1999. The team were not able to complete their original objective of completing the first unassisted return journey to the South Pole.
21st century
2000–2001– Norwegian Liv Arnesen and the American Ann Bancroft crossed Antarctica on ski-sail from Blue 1 Runaway 13 November reaching after 94 days of expedition McMurdo Station, passing through the South Pole.
2001–2002 – First and longest sea kayak expedition by New Zealanders Graham Charles, Marcus Waters and Mark Jones paddle unsupported from Hope Bay to Adelaide Island in 35 days.
2004 – Scot100 First ever Scottish Expedition to South Pole began in October 2004 – a century after a historic expedition led by William Speirs Bruce, Edinburgh's "unknown" explorer, who Craig Mathieson views as "truly the greatest polar explorer of all time".
2004 – Together to the Pole – a Polish four-man expedition led by Marek Kamiński, with Jan Mela (a teenage double amputee, who in the same year reached also the North Pole)
2004–2005 – Chilean South Pole Expedition.
2004–2005 – Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
2005 – Ice Challenger Expedition travelled to the South Pole in a six-wheeled vehicle.
2005–2006 – Spanish Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Ramon Larramendi, reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility using kite-sleds.
2005-2006 – Construction of the South Pole Traverse completed
2006 – Hannah McKeand sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 9 hours and 33 minutes
2006–2007 – Jenny and Ray Jardine 57-day ski trek to South Pole
2007 – Pat Falvey leads an Irish team to reach the South Pole, skiing 1140 km only weeks after completing an unsupported Ski traverse of the Greenland Ice Cap in August 2007 in honour of Irish Polar Explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irish female to reach the South Pole.
2007-2008 - First African unsupported and unassisted walk to the South Pole. South Africans Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane spent 65 days walking from Hercules Inlet.
2007–2008 – Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica.
2007–2008 – British Army Antarctic Expedition 2007–2008
2007–2008 – Verden Vakreste Skitur. Randi Skaug, Kristin Moe-Krohn and Anne-Mette Nørregaard skied unsupported from Patriot Hills across The Sentinel range to Vinson Massif to climb Mount Vinson
2008 – Todd Carmichael sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 7 hours and 49 minutes
2008 – First Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2008–2009 – The Antarctica Challenge – Canada-US International Polar Year documentary film production expedition led by Mark Terry.
2008–2009 – Impossible 2 Possible (i2P) unsupported South Pole quest by Ray Zahab, Kevin Vallely and Richard Weber.
2009 – Azerbaijan Scientific Expedition
2009 – Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, largest and most international group of women to ski to South Pole.
2009 – Second Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2009–2010 – Unsupported/Unassisted Antarctica Ski Traverse from Berkner Island to South Pole to Ross Sea by Cecilie Skog and Ryan Waters.
2010 – Moon Regan Transantarctic Crossing, first wheeled transantarctic crossing and first bio-fuelled vehicle to travel to the South Pole.
2010 – Third Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011 – Fourth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011–2012 – From Novolazarevskaya to Pole of Inaccessibility to South Pole to Hercules inlet by Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair Landry by kites and skis.
2011–2012 – Scott Amundsen Centenary Race – Henry Worsley and Louis Rudd ski unsupported along the original route of Amundsen from the Bay of Whales up the Axel Heiberg to the SP racing against Mark Langridge, Vic Vicary and Kev Johnson completing Capt Scott's original route.
2011–2012 – British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012
2011–2012 – Expedition by Ramon Hernando de Larramendi, by Inuit WindSled.
2012 – Felicity Aston becomes the first person to ski alone across Antarctica using only personal muscle power, as well as the first woman to cross Antarctica alone. Her journey began on 25 November 2011, at the Leverett Glacier, and continued for 59 days and a distance of .
2012 – Fifth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2012–2013 – Aaron Linsdau becomes the second American to ski solo from the Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His original plan was to make a round trip but through a series of problems, like all other expeditions this year, was unable to make the return journey.
2012 – Eric Larsen attempts a bicycle ride from coast to South Pole. Completes a quarter of the distance.
2012 – Grant Korgan becomes the first person with a spinal cord injury to literally "push" himself to the geographic South Pole!
2012–2013 – Shackleton's centenary re-enactment expedition of the journey of the James Caird aboard the replica Alexandra Shackleton. Six British and Australian Explorers completed the "double journey" on 10 February 2013 after the journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia and the mountain crossing.
2013 – Sixth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2013–2014 – Ben Saunders and Tarka L'Herpiniere make the first ever completion of the Terra Nova Expedition first taken by Robert Falcon Scott in January 1912. Their , 105-day return journey to the South Pole is the longest ever polar journey on foot.
2013 – Parker Liautaud and Douglas Stoup attempt in December 2013 the Willis Resilience Expedition to set a "coast to Pole" speed record by reaching the geographical South Pole on skis in the fastest journey ever recorded from an interior of continent start while being followed by a support vehicle.
2013 – Antony Jinman will walk to the South Pole solo for the 2013 ETE Teachers South Pole Mission, during which he will be in daily contact with schoolchildren from across the United Kingdom and will make films using the world's first drone flights at the South Pole.
2013 – Maria Leijerstam becomes the first person to cycle from the Antarctic coast to South Pole. She also set the human powered speed record in 10 days, 14 hours and 56 minutes.
2013–2014 – Lewis Clarke (aged 16 years and 61 days) guided by Carl Alvey (aged 30) became the youngest person to trek from the Antarctic coast at Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His expedition was in support of the Prince's Trust and his achievement is recognised by Guinness World Records.
2013–2014 – Married couple Christine (Chris) Fagan and Marty Fagan became the first American married couple (and second married couple in history) to complete a full unguided, unsupported, unassisted ski from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole. They join just over 100 people in history who have traveled to the South Pole in this manner. Their expedition took 48 days. Their achievement is recognized by Guinness World Records.
2013–2014 – Daniel P. Burton completes the first bicycle ride from coast to the South Pole.
2013–2014 – Chris Turney led an expedition, entitled "Spirit of Mawson", aimed at highlighting the decline in sea ice due to climate change. The expedition was abandoned when its Russian ship became stuck in unusually large amounts of sea ice.
2013 – In December 2013 the Expeditions 7 Team led by Scott Brady made a successful east-to-west crossing in four-wheel drive vehicles from Novolazarevskaya to the Ross Ice Shelf via the Scott-Amundsen South Pole Station. Expeditions 7's logistic plan included providing assistance to the Walking With The Wounded expedition, which was required at latitude 88°S. From the Ross Ice Shelf the Expeditions 7 team returned to Novolazarevskaya via the same route.
2014 – Turkish scientist Yakup Çelik became the first citizen representing Türkiye to reach the South Pole.
2015–2016 – Luke Robertson (UK) becomes the first Scot – and the first person with an artificial pacemaker – to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.
2015–2016 – Henry Worsley died while attempting to complete the first solo and unaided crossing of the Antarctic.
2016 – First Homeward Bound expedition, then the largest all-women expedition to Antarctica.
2016–2017 – Malgorzata Wojtaczka – 52 years old Polish, after 69 days completes solo-unaided-unsupported expedition from Hercules Inlet to the South Pole.
2016–2017 – Spear17, a six-man team from the British Army Reserves successfully completed a full traverse of Antarctica. They set off on 16 November from Hercules Inlet, arrived at the South Pole on Christmas Day, and completed a full traverse reaching Ross Ice Shelf on 20 January 2017. The aim of the expedition was to raise the profile of the army reservists, and to honour the memory of fellow explorer Henry Worsley. The team was led by Captain Louis Rudd, MBE
2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Keith Tuffley and Rob Smith ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days setting off 8 December 2017 and arriving 10 January 2017.
2016–2017 – On 7 February Mike Horn completes first ever solo, unsupported north-to-south traverse of Antarctica from the Princess Astrid Coast (lat −70.1015 lon 9.8249) to the Dumont D'urville Station (lat −66.6833 lon 139.9167) via the South Pole. He arrived at the pole on 7 February 2017. A total distance of 5100 km was covered utilizing kites and skis in 57 days.
2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Heath Jamieson (guide), Jade Hameister, Paul Hameister and Ming D'Arcy ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier then Kansas Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days, setting off 6 December 2017 and arriving 11 January 2018.
2017–2018 – Astrid Forhold (Norway), supported by Jan Sverre Sivertsen, skies the longest part of the original Roald Amundsen route from Bay of Whales to the South Pole.
2018 – Colin O'Brady (USA) completed an unsupported (no resupplies or supply drops) solo crossing of Antarctica (not including the ice shelves). He started inland at the end of the Ronne Ice Shelf on 3 November 2018, passed through the South Pole and arrived inland at the start of the Ross Ice Shelf on 26 December 2018. Louis Rudd (UK), who started on the same day as Brady and took a similar route, completed his unsupported solo trek two days later, arriving at Ross Ice Shelf on 28 December 2018
2018–2019 – On 13 January, Matthieu Tordeur (France) becomes the first French and youngest in the world (27 years and 40 days) to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.
2019 – SD 1020, an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) designed by British engineer Richard Jenkins of Saildrone, Inc. in Alameda, CA, completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica, sailing through the Southern Ocean in 196 days, from 19 January 2019 to 3 August 2019. The vehicle was deployed and retrieved from Bluff, New Zealand.
2019 – The first human-powered transit (by rowing) across the Drake Passage was accomplished on 25 December 2019, by captain Fiann Paul (Iceland), first mate Colin O'Brady (US), Andrew Towne (US), Cameron Bellamy (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).
2019–2020 – Anja Blacha completes the longest solo, unsupported, unassisted polar expedition by a woman, skiing from Berkner Island to the South Pole
2019-2020 Wendy Searle becomes the seventh woman to ski solo unsupported from the Hercules Inlet to the pole
2019–2020 – Mollie Hughes skied from Hercules Inlet to the pole, travelling .
2021–2022 – Preet Chandi, a British Sikh army officer, became the first woman of colour to reach the south pole unassisted.
Agreements
1959 – Antarctic Treaty System
1964 – Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
1978 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
1982 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
1988 – Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
1998 – Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
See also
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
Farthest South
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
History of Antarctica
History of research ships
List of Arctic expeditions
List of polar explorers
List of Russian explorers
Research stations in Antarctica
Notes
References
'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole by Ian Brown, Published by Australian Geographic 1999. .
Further reading
Headland, Robert K. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Expeditions. A synopsis of events and activities from the earliest times until the International Polar Years, 2007-09. Bernard Quaritch Ltd.
Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure. Chicago Review Press.
External links
Fram.museum.no, map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 – 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
SPRI.cam.ac.uk, index to Antarctic Expeditions at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
Antarctic Expeditions, information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
Antarctic-circle.org, Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration
Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement
Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia Registry in 2007
Before she’s lost to decay on the West Coast, former Antarctica researchers in Maine want to save their storied 'Hero'. Portland Magazine. 8 November 2012
Expeditions
Antarctic expeditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Antarctic%20expeditions |
Tiruttani is a town in the Tiruvallur district, a suburb of Chennai within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The town is renowned for the Tiruttani Murugan Temple, which is one of the Arupadaiveedu and is dedicated to Kartikeya (Murugan). Tiruttani was added to the Chennai Metropolitan Area in October 2022.
History
The name Tiruttani is of Tamil origin. During the formation of Andhra state on 1 November 1953, Tiruttani was part of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state and continued to be there until 1960. On 1 April 1960, with the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act of 1959, Tiruttani, Pothatturpettai, Pallipattu and Ramakrishnarajapettai assembly areas of Andhra Pradesh are transferred to Madras state (now Tamil Nadu) in exchange for smaller area on linguistic basis.
Geography
Tiruttani is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Climate
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Tiruttani had a population of 64,781 with a sex ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males, well above the national average of 929. A total of 4,656 were under the age of six, constituting 2,441 males and 2,215 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 12.42% and 2.4% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 75.32%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 11,122 households. There were a total of 16,451 workers, comprising 462 cultivators, 715 main agricultural labourers, 550 in household industries, 12,648 other workers, 2,076 marginal workers, 44 marginal cultivators, 180 marginal agricultural labourers, 202 marginal workers in household industries and 1,650 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Tiruttani had 91.85% Hindus, 6.35% Muslims, 1.61% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.04% Buddhists, 0.06% Jains, 0.06% following other religions and 0.% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.
Politics
The Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, enacted in 1959 by the Parliament of India under the provisions of article 3 of the constitution, went into effect from 1 April 1960. Under the act, Tiruttani taluk and Pallipattu sub-taluk of the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput (Chengalpattu) and Salem Districts.
Tiruttani's assembly constituency is in Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency). It was part of Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency) earlier.
Transport
Tiruttani has transport links to the nearest cities, towns and villages. Its bus depot contains a total of 79 buses, including 42 operating in rural areas. During the festival season, additional buses are operated in order to keep up with the increased demand. The state of Tamil Nadu operates frequent buses to locations including Chennai, Tirupati, Salem, Bangalore, Tiruvallur, Vellore, Arakkonam, Chittoor, Chengalpet, Kanchipuram, Tiruvannamalai, Pothatturpettai, Tiruvelpur, Trichy, madurai, Tirunelveli and Pallipattu Southern Railway also operates frequent passenger services to and from Chennai.Many electric trains are operated and some express trains which pass through this station stops here. The first local train from Chennai Central is 3:50 am and last train is at 8:20 pm.
Notable people
It is also the birthplace of the 2nd President and 1st Vice President of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan who was born here on 5 September 1888 and his birthday is celebrated as Teacher's Day all over India.
Educational institutions
Schools
Dr.V.Genguswamy Naidu Matriculation school
Thalapathy K.Vinayagam School
Sudhandira Matriculation School
Dr.K.Radha Krsihnan Govt Boys Hr.Sec School
GRT Mahalakshmi Vidyalaya CBSE School
Ruby Matriculation School
New Eden School
MGR Nagar School
Panchayat Union Primary School
Govt Girls Hr.Sec.School
St.Marys Matriculation School
Shaktthi public school
KIDZOM International Play School
Maha Bodhi Vidyalaya English medium school
TRS Global Public school
TRS IKEN Ë-Brain Kids
Sudandira matriculation school
Colleges
Arulmigu Sri Subbiramani Swamy Arts and Science college
GRT College of nursing
GRT Institute of engineering and technology
Tamil Nadu paramedical training institute
GRT College of educations
Tiruttani Polytechnic college
Saravana ITI
See also
Santhanagopalapuram
Kaivandur
Pazhani, satellite murugan temple located in Dindugul district, Tamil Nadu.
Sacred mountains of India
References
External links
Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruttani |
Chałupy railway station is a railway station serving the town of Chałupy, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1922 and is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Ziegenhagen.
Modernisation
The station was rebuilt in 2013 as part of the modernisation of the Reda–Hel railway.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of August 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C5%82upy%20railway%20station |
Fort Charles is an abandoned British fort on the island of Nevis. It is now mostly in ruins.
History
Initial construction of Fort Charles began as early as the 1630s, with the aim of protecting Charlestown and its harbour. Mounting 26 cannon, Fort Charles was the main fort on the island, although there were numerous other, smaller gun emplacements. The reason for all of these fortifications was the protection of Nevis' lucrative sugar trade, which at one time was more profitable for Britain than all of the North American colonies combined.
In 1706, the entire island was overrun by French forces under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. During this action, Fort Charles was outflanked and taken from the landward entrance. Many of the cannon on the island were disabled by the French prior to their leaving. In 1782, the fort elected to hold its fire when French Admiral Count François de Grasse passed within range on his way to Saint Kitts; the French fleet was vastly superior to Nevisian defences. The entire island of Nevis subsequently surrendered to de Grasse without a shot, allowing him to lay siege to Brimstone Hill on Saint Kitts. Fort Charles was briefly manned by a small French garrison during this time, and all serviceable guns were removed for use against the British on Saint Kitts. Although de Grasse was successful in taking Saint Kitts, the Treaty of Paris returned both Saint Kitts and Nevis to the British. Two more attacks were made on Nevis in 1805 and 1806 by French forces led by Jérôme Bonaparte, but were repulsed.
By 1854, all forts on Nevis were abandoned. Currently the site is largely overgrown; there remains an old wall, a cistern, a powder magazine, and several cannons.
References
Machling, Tessa C. S. (2012). The Fortifications of Nevis, West Indies, from the 17th Century to the Present Day: Protected Interests? Archaeopress, Oxford, London.
Charles, Nevis
Charles, Nevis
1630s establishments in the British Empire
1630s establishments in North America
1630s in the Caribbean
Buildings and structures in Nevis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Charles%20%28Nevis%29 |
Silverado Park is a city-operated park of in the West-Side area of Long Beach, California. It was built in the 1930s under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration.
It is in an area with increased crime rates although events such as a children's Christmas party have also taken place there.
In 2005 the park was part of a study conducted by CSULB biologists on the behavior of house finches in heavily urbanized environments.
References
External links
Official website of Silverado Park
Geography of Long Beach, California
Urban public parks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverado%20Park%2C%20Long%20Beach%2C%20California |
Mazsalaca (; , , ) is a town in Valmiera Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It has 1269 inhabitants.
History
The area includes the largest known Stone Age burial site in Northern Europe and was first settled ca. 5000 BC. The present town began to develop in 1864, when a bridge over the Salaca river was constructed.
During World War II, Mazsalaca was under German occupation from 4 July 1941 until 25 September 1944. It was administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Lettland of Reichskommissariat Ostland.
In October 2009 a meteorite crater was found near the town, which later turned out to be hoax as part of marketing campaign of telecommunication company Tele2.
People
People who were born, lived in Mazsalaca:
Gustavs Ērenpreiss (1891 - 1956) - bicycle master
Augusts Kirhenšteins (1876 - 1963) - microbiologist and educator
Valters Hirte (1913 - 1983) - craftsman
Ansis Epners (1937 - 2003) - film director
Oskars Perro (1918 - 2003) - soldier and writer
See also
List of cities in Latvia
References
External links
Mazsalaca Municipality portal
Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Populated places established in 1928
Valmiera Municipality
Kreis Wolmar
Vidzeme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazsalaca |
Glenn Helder (born 28 October 1968) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a winger.
He notably played in the Premier League for Arsenal, in the Eredivisie for Sparta Rotterdam, Vitesse Arnhem and NAC Breda. He also played in Portugal for Benfica, in China with Dalian Wanda FC and in Hungary with MTK Hungária FC before finishing his career back in the Netherlands with RBC Roosendaal, TOP Oss and DOTO. He was capped four times by the Netherlands.
Since retirement, he has been a professional Poker player, musician, welder and stand-up comedian.
Playing career
Born in Leiden, Helder played for Sparta Rotterdam and Vitesse Arnhem of the Eredivisie before joining Arsenal on 14 February 1995. He made his debut for Arsenal in a 1–0 home win against Nottingham Forest on 21 February 1995. Helder was the final signing made by Arsenal's then manager George Graham, who left a week after Helder's arrival. Helder made 27 league appearances for Arsenal, plus 12 as a substitute, and scored a solo goal for the club in a 3–2 win over Middlesbrough. In late 1996, just after the appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager, Arsenal sent Helder on loan to Benfica where he sustained a serious injury. On his return, Helder found that he had been replaced by Marc Overmars, who signed for Arsenal in the summer of 1997. Helder was unable to break back into the first team.
Helder then moved to NAC Breda in his native Netherlands and, after a short spell there, he went to play in China for Dalian Wanda FC. Soon afterwards he returned to Breda for a second spell at the club before moving on to MTK Hungária FC of Hungary. He then returned home to trial with FC Dordrecht, which proved to be unfruitful. Helder eventually signed for RBC Roosendaal in 2000 and two years later moved to TOP Oss. He retired one year later. In July 2006, Helder made a surprise appearance for Arsenal in Dennis Bergkamp's final game, a testimonial against Ajax. Helder appears regularly in Masters footballing tournaments and soccer clinics.
International career
In his Dutch international footballing career, Helder earned four caps altogether for the Oranje.
Personal life
In a 1999 interview, Helder stated that during his stay at NAC he tried to commit suicide because of problems resulting from compulsive gambling. However, he continues to gamble, and is sometimes seen playing poker on the English Five television station, representing the Netherlands, most notably in the PartyPoker.com Football & Poker Legends Cup.
After his retirement from professional football, Helder took up music, gaining recognition as a percussionist. He also became a stand up comedian.
References
1968 births
Arsenal F.C. players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Dalian Shide F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Dutch men's footballers
Living people
MTK Budapest FC players
NAC Breda players
TOP Oss players
Netherlands men's international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Dutch sportspeople of Surinamese descent
Footballers from Leiden
Primeira Liga players
Eredivisie players
Premier League players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Sparta Rotterdam players
SBV Vitesse players
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in China
RBC Roosendaal players
Men's association football midfielders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Helder |
Kuźnica railway station is a railway station serving the town of Kuźnica, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Reda–Hel railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Kußfeld.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Hel - Władysławowo - Reda - Gdynia Główna
During the summer months long-distance services also operate to/from Hel.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of August 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puck County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%BAnica%20railway%20station |
Michael G. Flood is an Australian sociologist and a professor at the Queensland University of Technology School of Justice. Flood gained his doctorate in gender and sexuality studies from the Australian National University. His areas of research are on violence against women, fathering, pro-feminism, domestic violence, the effects of pornography on young people, safe sex among heterosexual men, men's movements as a backlash to the feminist movement, men's relationships with each other and with women, homophobia, men's health, and gender justice. He is a regular contributor to and is regularly quoted in the media on these and other issues.
Flood is a co-editor of the International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, and the author of numerous academic papers on issues related to men and gender. Flood has also worked as a pro-feminist educator and activist, addressing men's violence against women. He coordinates, edits and contributes to XY, a pro-feminist website providing a range of commentary and research on men and masculinities, male sexuality, feminism, the men's movement and male violence from a feminist perspective. He also coordinates The Men's Bibliography, an online collection of over 22,000 works on men, masculinities, and gender.
Selected bibliography
Books
Book chapters
Pdf.
Preview.
Details.
Preview.
Journal articles
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
Pdf.
References
External links
A number of papers by Flood are available on his staff page, at the Queensland University of Technology.
Copies of articles and papers by Flood are available at the XYonline site.
Australian sociologists
Australian feminist writers
Living people
Male feminists
Men's movement
Year of birth missing (living people)
Feminist studies scholars
Men and masculinities scholars
Academic staff of the University of Wollongong
Australian National University alumni
Postmodern feminists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Flood |
Carlow–Kildare was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1937 to 1948. The constituency elected 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
History
The constituency was created for the 1937 general election under the Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935, replacing the old Carlow–Kilkenny and Kildare constituencies.
Under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1947, the constituency was abolished, and the Carlow–Kilkenny and Kildare constituencies were re-created for the 1948 general election.
Boundaries
The constituency covered all of County Kildare, and most of County Carlow. Carlow–Kildare's boundaries were defined by the 1935 Act as:
"The administrative County of Kildare.
The administrative County of Carlow except the portion thereof which is comprised in the County Constituencies of Wicklow and Wexford."
The Act defines the parts of Carlow in the Wicklow constituency as:
"The district electoral divisions of:
Clonmore, Hacketstown, Haroldstown, Kineagh, Rahill, Rathvilly, Tiknock and Williamstown in the administrative County of Carlow."
The parts of Carlow in the Wexford constituency are defined as:
"The district electoral divisions of:
Ballyellin, Ballymurphy, Borris, Coonogue, Corries, Glynn, Killedmond, Kyle, Marley, Rathanna, Sliguff and Tinnahinch in the administrative County of Carlow."
TDs
Elections
1944 general election
1943 general election
1938 general election
1937 general election
See also
Dáil constituencies
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Historic Dáil constituencies
Elections in the Republic of Ireland
References
External links
Oireachtas Members Database
Historic constituencies in County Carlow
Historic constituencies in County Kildare
Dáil constituencies in the Republic of Ireland (historic)
1937 establishments in Ireland
1948 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies established in 1937
Constituencies disestablished in 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow%E2%80%93Kildare%20%28D%C3%A1il%20constituency%29 |
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