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The đồng (銅) was the currency of South Vietnam from 1953 to 2 May 1978. It was subdivided into 100 xu, also written su.
First đồng, 1953 to 1975
History
In 1953, the Vietnam branch of the Institut d'Émission des États du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-nam issued notes dual denominated in piastre and đồng. At the same time, the two other branches of the Bank made similar issues with the riel in Cambodia and the kip in Laos. The đồng circulated in those parts of Vietnam not under the control of the Communist forces, which by 1954 coincided with South Vietnam. Coins denominated in su were also introduced in 1953. In 1955, an independent issue of đồng banknotes was produced by the National Bank of Vietnam.
Coins
In 1953, 10, 20 and 50 su coins were introduced. In 1960, 1 đồng were added, followed by 10 đồng in 1964, 5 đồng in 1966 and 20 đồng in 1968. 50 đồng were minted dated 1975 but they were never shipped to Vietnam due to the fall of the South Vietnamese government. It is reported that all but a few examples were "disposed of as scrap metal" and the coin is very rare.
The coins issued can be roughly classified into five series:
Banknotes
In 1953, notes (dated 1952) were introduced by the Institut d'Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 100 and 200 đồng. On 22 September 1955, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs announced that notes from the Bank of Indochina and the Institut d’Emission issues for Cambodia and Laos would be exchanged for Institut d’Emission issues for Vietnam starting 30 September until 7 November. The Institut issues for Cambodia and Laos ceased to be legal tender on 7 October, and all Bank of Indochina notes lost their legal tender status on 31 October following the 15 October introduction of the first notes from the National Bank of Vietnam. Subsequently, the Ngân-Hàng Quốc-Gia Việt-Nam (National Bank of Vietnam) took over the issuance of paper money, introducing 2 and 500 đồng notes in 1955 and 20 and 50 đồng in 1956. Between 1964 and 1968, notes below 50 đồng were replaced by coins. In 1971, 1000 đồng notes were introduced. Due to steady inflation, 5000 and 10000 đồng notes were printed in 1975 but not issued due to the fall of Saigon.
Because counterfeit banknotes were a major issue at the time, all South Vietnamese banknotes were printed with a warning stating that counterfeiters were to be punished by penal labour.
Second đồng, 1975 to 1978
Following the defeat of South Vietnam by North Vietnamese forces, the first đồng was replaced by a new currency, known as the "liberation đồng", at a rate of 1 liberation đồng = 500 first đồng on September 22, 1975. The liberation đồng circulated until May 2, 1978, when the two Vietnamese currencies merged and the liberation đồng was replaced by the new Vietnamese đồng at a rate of 1 new đồng = 0.8 liberation đồng.
Coins
Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 xu. All were holed coins struck in aluminium and were issued in the name of the Ngân-Hàng Việt-Nam (Bank of Vietnam). The 2 xu coin was dated 1975. The 1 and 5 xu were not dated but Krause & Mishler date them to 1976.
Banknotes
The Ngân-Hàng Việt-Nam (Bank of Vietnam) issued notes in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 xu, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 đồng. The notes were dated 1966.
See also
North Vietnamese đồng
References
External links
Collection Banknotes of Vietnam and the World
Art-Hanoi - Coins of South Vietnam
Art-Hanoi - Paper Money of South Vietnam
Saigon Black Market Exchange Rates 1955-1975
History of South Vietnam
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Vietnam
Dong, South Vietnamese
1953 establishments in South Vietnam
1978 disestablishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Vietnamese%20%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng |
Larry Gorman (born May 9, 1972, in Astoria, Queens) is a rock drummer.
Gorman has played in numerous hardcore punk, post-hardcore, and alternative rock bands, including Reach Out, voice, Direct, Fountainhead, Orange 9mm, A Day for Honey, Glassjaw, Head Automatica, Freshkills, and Beyond.
He was also the drummer for New York City dream pop band Asobi Seksu from 2009 until their end in 2013. Asobi Seksu played their final show opening for Slowdive on October 26, 2014.
References
American rock drummers
Musicians from Queens, New York
1972 births
Living people
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Glassjaw members
Head Automatica members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Gorman |
Miss Wyoming is a state-level pageant which sends winners to compete for the title of Miss America. The competition, which awards scholarships, is open to women aged 19 through 28.
With Alaska became the latest state crowned the Miss America title, Wyoming is one of the few states along with Maine, South Dakota and West Virginia that has yet to win a Miss America, Miss USA, or Miss Teen USA title.
Mackenzie Kern of Casper was crowned Miss Wyoming 2023 on at WYO Theatre in Sheridan, Wyoming. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2024 at the Walt Disney Theater in Orlando, January 15, 2024
Results summary
The following is a visual summary of the past results of Miss Wyoming titleholders at the national Miss America pageants/competitions. The year in parentheses indicates the year of the national competition during which a placement and/or award was garnered, not the year attached to the contestant's state title.
Placements
1st runners-up: Carol Jean Held (1948)
3rd runners-up: Lexie Madden (2013)
Top 10: Elaine Lois Holkenbrink (1953)
Top 15: Dorothy June McKay (1947)
Awards
Preliminary awards
Preliminary Lifestyle and Fitness: Elaine Lois Holkenbrink (1953)
Preliminary Talent: N/A
Non-finalist awards
Non-finalist Talent: Carol Rose (1969), Trish Long (1976), Carol June Wallace (1977), Kim Pring (1979)
Other awards
Miss Congeniality: N/A
Dr. David B. Allman Medical Scholarship: Cheryl Johnson (1975)
Waterford Crystal Scholarship for Business Management and Marketing: Rebecca Darrington (1997)
Women in Business Scholarship Award Finalists: Cheyenne Buyert (2018)
Winners
Notes
References
Wyoming
Wyoming culture
Women in Wyoming
1937 establishments in Wyoming
Recurring events established in 1937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Wyoming |
Murray Chass (born October 12, 1938, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American baseball blogger. He previously wrote for The New York Times and before that the Associated Press on baseball and sports legal and labor relations. In 2003 the Baseball Writers' Association of America honored him with the J. G. Taylor Spink Award. He took a buyout from the Times, along with Supreme Court writer Linda Greenhouse and dozens of others, in April 2008.
Chass graduated from the University of Pittsburgh in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in political science where he was a writer and editor for the Pitt News. In 1956 he "audaciously" made an appointment with the editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette to pursue his "future of a newspaperman". He joined the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 1962, when he worked for the Associated Press in Pittsburgh. He joined the New York Times in 1969, and started covering the New York Yankees the following year. In 1986, he was made the paper's national baseball writer. Chass was also inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2013 and the Western Pennsylvania Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh in 2004.
From 1979–1980 he served as chairman of the New York chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Chass has authored numerous books on the business, labor and legal relations of sports, baseball in particular, among his works: The Yankees: The Four Fabulous Eras of Baseball's Most Famous Team, which was published by Random House in 1979; Power Football, published by Dutton in 1973, and Pittsburgh Steelers: The Long Climb, published by Prentice Hall in 1973. He has contributed to Great Pro Football Games and Greatest Basketball Games. He also authored several articles in Dutton's Best Sports Stories series.
During his nearly 40 years writing for The New York Times, Chass covered the entirety of the George Steinbrenner regime, covering the Yankees daily until the end of the 1986 season.
Chass made some other significant contributions to baseball writing. For one, he created the coverage of contracts. Salaries in sports had been largely guess work before he began reporting contracts of baseball's free agents once free agency began in 1976. For another, he pioneered the intensive coverage of baseball labor negotiations, later covering labor matters in the other three major sports as well.
Chass was one of the early authors of a Sunday baseball notebook and was unique in writing the notebook throughout the year, not just during the baseball season. From August 1984, through March 2008 he wrote 1,155 Sunday notebooks, developing more than 4,000 items ranging in length from one paragraph to more than 1,000 words.
In January 2004 he switched from reporting baseball news to writing baseball columns, writing from two to five columns a week.
Chass is a noted baseball traditionalist who laments the shift in baseball news coverage from daily beat-report biographies to more statistics-driven analysis like sabermetrics. In 2007, Chass asserted that, among "certain topics that should be off-limits," are "statistics mongers promoting VORP and other new-age baseball statistics." Chass particularly believes that in "their attempt to introduce these new-age statistics into the game," these "statistics mongers" threaten "to undermine most fans' enjoyment of baseball and the human factor therein." Baseball Prospectus editor Nate Silver published an open letter responding to Chass' comments.
In 2008, Chass started a blog, "Murray Chass on Baseball" where he has written nearly 1,000 columns similar to what he has written for The New York Times.
Chass is a voter for the Baseball Hall of Fame, and turned in a blank ballot for the 2017 HOF class and 2022 HOF class.
References
Further reading
This chapter in Ruttman's history, based on a November 17, 2009 interview with Chass conducted for the book, discusses Chass's American, Jewish, baseball, and life experiences from youth to the present.
External links
Murray Chass on Baseball
2003 J.G. Taylor Spink Award Winner Murray Chass, Baseball Hall of Fame
Sportswriters from New York (state)
Baseball culture
1938 births
Living people
The New York Times writers
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients
Journalists from Pennsylvania
Taylor Allderdice High School alumni
Sportswriters from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Chass |
Andrew Merrington (born 27 November 1978) is an Australian rules footballer.
Merrington played TAC Cup football for the Calder Cannons, but was not immediately drafted and went to play for St Bernard's Old Collegians in the VAFA. Following a year at St Bernard's, he was recruited to the AFL by the Carlton Football Club in the 1999 National Draft, Merrington was considered a future key position/ruckman prospect. However he only played 18 games with the Blues until the end of the 2003 season, where he was delisted after spending much time with either the Carlton reserves team or the Northern Bullants in the VFL, rather than the senior Carlton team.
After being delisted he was recruited by East Perth in the WAFL. He immediately cemented himself a place in the side usually playing centre half forward, and was rewarded with state selection for Western Australia in his first year. Merrington won the 2005 F.D. Book Medal for being the club's best and fairest player, and became a vice captain in 2006.
Merrington left East Perth at the end of 2010. He returned to his former amateur side, St Bernard's, in 2011.
He is the son of former Footscray player Gary Merrington.
References
External links
Andrew Merrington at the Carlton Football Club website
East Perth Football Club players
Carlton Football Club players
1978 births
Living people
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Merrington |
The electoral district of Capel was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. The district was named for the South West town of Capel, located between Bunbury and Busselton, which fell within its borders. The seat was abolished after only one term at the 2007 redistribution, taking effect from the 2008 election due to the one vote one value legislation. Most parts of the seat now fall within the new seat of Collie-Preston, which is regarded as a marginal Labor seat by Antony Green based on 2005 figures, with the Busselton portions becoming part of Vasse.
Capel was created out of parts of Collie, Mitchell and Vasse, accounting for significant population growth in the Busselton-Dunsborough area which had seen Vasse contract to those areas. The seat was first contested in the 2005 election at which Liberal member Steve Thomas was successful.
Geography
Capel included some outer southern and southeastern suburbs of Bunbury, as well as most of the inland Shire of Busselton and all of the Shires of Capel and Donnybrook-Balingup. Major centres included the Bunbury suburbs of College Grove, Dalyellup, Davenport, Gelorup, Usher and the southern parts of Withers, and the towns of Balingup, Boyanup, Capel, Carbunup River, Donnybrook, Kirup and Yoongarillup. Of these, only the booths around Withers returned a Labor majority.
Members for Capel
Election results
See also
Capel, Western Australia
References
External links
Electorate profile (Antony Green, ABC)
Former electoral districts of Western Australia
2005 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 2005
Constituencies disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Australia
Populated places disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Capel |
Stuffed article is a legal or industry term describing items such as mattresses, beds, upholstery, pillows, plush toys, teddy bears etc., i.e.: fabric items stuffed with an inert, resilient material, such as cotton, kapok, or polyurethane foam. Such articles sold as new in the United States usually are required to have a tag called a law label describing the fabric and stuffing used.
References
External links
American Law Label, Inc (makes and sells the labels)
Legal terminology
Bedding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffed%20article |
Malaysian National Projects are major national and giant projects which are important in the development of Malaysia.
This is a list of national projects from Malaysian independence in 1957 to the present.
1957–1963
Stadium Merdeka
Klang Gates Dam
Stadium Negara
Parliament House
National Museum
1963–1970
Subang International Airport
National Mosque
National Monument
East–West Highway
Angkasapuri
1971–1980
Rural Development Projects under New Economic Policy including:
FELDA settlement
FELCRA settlement
Kedah territory (except Langkawi Island) (KEDA)
Penang territory (PERDA)
Kelantan South (KESEDAR)
Central Terengganu (KETENGAH)
Southeast Pahang (DARA)
Southeast Johor (KEJORA)
Kuantan Satellite Earth Station
Temenggor Dam
Karak Highway
KOMTAR Penang
1981–1990
North–South Expressway
Penang Bridge
Kenyir Dam
Dayabumi Complex
Petronas petroleum and gas refinery in Kerteh, Terengganu
Sultan Ismail Power Station in Paka, Terengganu
1991–1999
Peninsula Gas Pipeline
KTM Komuter
Kuala Lumpur Integrated Transit System, also known as Rapid KL
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Petronas Twin Towers
Kuala Lumpur Tower
Putrajaya
Multimedia Super Corridor
Bakun Dam
Malaysia–Singapore Second Link
National Sports Complex
Double tracking and electrification of Rawang–Ipoh train line
Menara Alor Star
Kuala Lumpur Sentral (KL Sentral)
2000–2009
KL Monorail
Express Rail Link
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel)
Southern International Gateway
East Coast Expressway (Phase 1)
South Johor Development Projects under South Johor Economic Region (SJER) or Wilayah Pembangunan Iskandar (Iskandar Development Region).
Northern Corridor Development Projects under Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER)
East Coast Development Projects under East Coast Economic Region (ECER)
Sabah Development Projects under Sabah Development Corridor (SDC)
Central Sarawak Development Projects under Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE)
2010–2019
Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 (klia2)
Double tracking and electrification of Ipoh–Padang Besar train line
Double tracking and electrification of Seremban–Gemas train line
Subang airport rail link
East Coast Expressway (Phase 2)
KVMRT Line 1 (Sungai Buloh–Kajang Line)
LRT extensions for Ampang, Sri Petaling and Kelana Jaya Lines
Penang Sentral
Rawang Bypass
JB Eastern Dispersal Link
Senai Desaru Expressway (SDE)
Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge (Penang Second Bridge)
2020-2030
Bandar Malaysia
Bukit Bintang City Centre
Forest City
Iskandar Waterfront City
JENDELA Plan
KL Metropolis
The River of Life KL
Malaysia Vision Valley 2.0 (MVV2.0)
KK Resort City
Kuala Terengganu City Centre
Lok Kawi Resort City
Melaka Gateway
Merdeka 118 precinct
Penang South Islands
Saloma Link
Tun Razak Exchange
Widad Langkasuka
RAPID Pengerang
Central Spine Road
Pan Borneo Highway
Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High Speed Rail Line (Shelved)
KVMRT Line 2 (Putrajaya Line)
LRT Shah Alam Line
MRL East Coast Rail Link
Double tracking and electrification of Gemas–Johor Bahru train line
Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System
KVMRT 3 (MRT Circle Line)
Batang Lupar Sea Bridge Project
Damansara–Shah Alam Elevated Expressway (DASH)
East Klang Valley Expressway (EKVE)
Kota Bharu–Kuala Krai Expressway
Setiawangsa Pantai Expressway (DUKE Phase 3)
South Kedah Expressway (LEKAS)
Sungai Besi–Ulu Klang Elevated Expressway (SUKE)
Sarawak Sabah Link Road (SSLR)
West Coast Expressway
George town - Bayan lepas LRT
Plaza Rakyat Redevelopment
Kampung Baru Development Plan
Tower M
Tradewinds Square Tower
Malaysian Public Works Department
Economy of Malaysia
History of Malaysia since Independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian%20National%20Projects |
Riesman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Riesman (1909–2002), American sociologist
David Riesman (physician) (1867–1940), German-born American physician
Michael Riesman, composer, conductor, keyboardist, and record producer
See also
Reisman
Riesman's sign | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesman |
Justin James Cartwright (20 May 1943 – 3 December 2018) was a British novelist, originally from South Africa.
Biography
Cartwright was born in Cape Town, South Africa, but grew up in Johannesburg where his father was the editor of the Rand Daily Mail newspaper. He was educated in South Africa, the United States and at Trinity College, Oxford. Cartwright worked in advertising and directed documentaries, films and television commercials. He managed election broadcasts, first for the Liberal Party and then the SDP-Liberal Alliance during the 1979, 1983 and 1987 British general elections. For his work on election broadcasts, Cartwright was appointed an MBE.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation presenter Ramona Koval described Cartwright's novels as being "based in contemporary settings but he’s able to suffuse them with the big questions that haunt us". Three of Cartwright's early novels feature a character named Timothy Curtiz, named partly for Kurtz from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and partly for Cartwright's own brother. In Interior, Curtiz is in Africa investigating the disappearance of his father in 1959 while on a trip for National Geographic. In Look at It This Way, Curtiz is a columnist for Manhattan magazine while he is living in London, has a daughter named Gemma, and by the end of the novel has a partner named Victoria. In Masai Dreaming, Curtiz is in Africa researching a film about Claudia Cohn-Casson, and his relationship with Victoria is having "complications." Look at It This Way was made into a three-part, 180-minutes drama by the BBC in 1992, starring Kristin Scott Thomas; Cartwright wrote the screenplay.
In Every Face I Meet was shortlisted for both the Booker Prize and the Whitbread Novel Award in 1995, and won a Commonwealth Writers Prize; Leading the Cheers won the Whitbread Novel Award in 1998; White Lightning was shortlisted for the Whitbread Novel Award in 2002. Masai Dreaming won the South African M-Net Literary Awards.
The Promise of Happiness was chosen as one of Richard and Judy's Book Club's titles for 2005 and was the winner of the 2005 Hawthornden Prize and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize of South Africa.
Cartwright lived in London with his wife, Penny, and two sons.
Bibliography
Novels
Deep Six (1972)
Fighting Men (1977)
Horse of Darius (1980)
Freedom for the Wolves (1983)
Interior (1988)
Look at it This Way (1990)
Masai Dreaming (1993)
In Every Face I Meet (1995)
Leading the Cheers (1998)
Half in Love (2001)
White Lightning (2002)
The Promise of Happiness (2005)
The Song Before it is Sung (2007)
To Heaven by Water Bloomsbury (2009)
Other People's Money Bloomsbury (2011)
Lion Heart (2013)
Up Against the Night (2015, Bloomsbury)
Non-fiction
Not Yet Home (1997)
This Secret Garden (2008)
Oxford Revisited (2008)
Films
Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse (1978) sex comedy
Look at It This Way (1992) TV mini-series (novel and adaptation)
Q.E.D. (producer) (1 episode, 1983)
External links
Justin Cartwright: Bloomsbury publishers page.
Audio slideshow interview with Justin Cartwright talking about To Heaven by Water on The Interview Online
References
1943 births
South African male novelists
South African Members of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
2018 deaths
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
Writers from Cape Town
Writers from Johannesburg
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Cartwright |
Gavin Hood (born 12 May 1963) is a South African filmmaker, and actor, best known for writing and directing Tsotsi (2005), which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He also directed the films X-Men Origins: Wolverine, Ender's Game, Eye in the Sky and Official Secrets.
Early life
Hood was born in Johannesburg and grew up in the Hillbrow area. He is the son of the English-born South African retailer Gordon Hood (d. 2013). Hood attended St Stithians College and went on to graduate with a law degree from the University of the Witwatersrand. He then pursued a post-graduate degree in screenwriting and directing at a film school in California in 1991.
Directing career
Upon returning to his home country, Hood got his start in directing when he was commissioned to make several short educational dramas for the South African Department of Health. His first commercial short film was The Storekeeper (1998). He earned an Artes Award for his contributions.
Hood co-produced and wrote the script for his debut feature film, A Reasonable Man (1999), which portrays the accidental killing of a young child mistaken for a tokoloshe. He then directed the Polish language 2001 feature film In Desert and Wilderness (W pustyni i w puszczy) when its original director fell ill. This was then followed by the critically acclaimed crime drama film Tsotsi (2005). Tsotsi went on to win the 2005 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, granting him his first Academy Award, and was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006. Hood was also nominated for the 2005 Non-European Film—Prix Screen International at the European Film Awards for his work on the film.
In 2000, Variety magazine named him as one of its "Ten Directors to Watch".
He directed Rendition (2007), his first Hollywood feature, for New Line Cinema. He also directed the film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, with Hugh Jackman reprising his role from the X-Men films.
Prior to the film's release, Gavin talked about the political undertones of the new Wolverine movie:
Any movie that is simply about good versus evil ... is in my view putting out into the world and certainly into a mass audience and young audience's mind a rather dangerous philosophy, which is that there is good and evil in the simplistic and easily defined way
...
I think that for the last eight years, we've had that philosophy very much prevalent in the Bush administration that if you're on the side of good, at least as you perceive it, then you can do no evil ... That's what's so great about this character or about this movie for me and why I wanted to do it ... This is a guy who recognizes his own capacity for evil and I think that's exciting in a sort of popular culture kind of way. After all, the most famous line from Wolverine, the comics, is "I am the best there is at what I do, but what I do best isn't very nice."
In 2011, Hood began work at the helm of novelist Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game. He wrote a draft of Card's screenplay and directed the film. Ender's Game was released in U.S. theaters on 1 November 2013.
Hood directed and acted in Eye in the Sky, which was released on 15 September 2015 at the TIFF in Toronto, Canada.
Hood wrote, directed, and executive produced the 2019 British film Official Secrets based on the real life case of the Iraq War whistleblower Katharine Gun.
Personal life
Over the course of his career, Hood has "bounced about, back and forth" between South Africa, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Filmography
Acting roles
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Directors of Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award winners
Male actors from Johannesburg
People from Johannesburg
South African expatriates in England
South African expatriates in the United States
South African film directors
South African male actors
South African people of English descent
South African screenwriters
South African film producers
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
White South African people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Hood |
Galloway Mowat syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, consisting of a variety of features including hiatal hernia, microcephaly and nephrotic syndrome.
Cause
The exact genetic defect in Galloway Mowat syndrome is yet to be discovered. However, mutations in podocyte proteins, such as nephrin, alpha-actinin 4, and podocin, are associated with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. There is reduced expression of synaptopodin, GLEPP1, and nephrin in Galloway-Mowat syndrome, but these are likely secondary to the proteinuria, likely not the proteins mutated in Galloway-Mowat syndrome.
The biochemical lesion appears to be in the Kinase, Endopeptidase and Other Proteins of small Size (KEOPS)/Endopeptidase-like and Kinase associated to transcribed Chromatin (EKC) (KEOPS/EKC) complex. Sequencing of genes in 37 cases of this condition revealed mutations in the OSGEP, TP53RK, TPRKB and LAGE3 genes all of which encode subunits in the KEOPS complex. Members of this complex are found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and are highly conserved. The function of this complex is still under investigation.
The biochemical lesion in this condition appears to be in the N6-threonyl-carbamoylation of adenosine 37 of ANN-type tRNA pathway. This pathway uses two sequentially acting enzymes - YRDC and OSGEP. Mutations in these genes leads to this syndrome.
Genetics
Galloway Mowat syndrome is usually an autosomal recessive disorder, which means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder. Multiple genes (10 genes as of October 2020) are causal for the clinical symptoms of Galloway Mowat syndrome. There is one gene, LAGE3, associated with X-linked inheritance of Galloway Mowat syndrome.
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
External links
Autosomal recessive disorders
Syndromes affecting head size
Rare genetic syndromes
Kidney diseases
Neurological disorders
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
Syndromes affecting the kidneys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway%20Mowat%20syndrome |
Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the United States declared the beginning of the war on terror and subsequently led a multinational invasion of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan. The stated goal was to dismantle al-Qaeda, which had executed the attacks under the leadership of Osama bin Laden, and to deny Islamist militants a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by toppling the Taliban government. The United Kingdom was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of the invasion preparations. The American military presence in Afghanistan greatly bolstered the Northern Alliance, which had been locked in a losing fight with the Taliban during the Afghan Civil War. Prior to the beginning of the United States' war effort, the Taliban had seized around 85% of Afghanistan's territory as well as the capital city of Kabul, effectively confining the Northern Alliance to Badakhshan Province and smaller surrounding areas. The American-led invasion in October 2001 marked the first phase of what would become the 20-year-long War in Afghanistan.
After the September 11 attacks, American president George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban government extradite Osama bin Laden to the United States and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the Soviet–Afghan War and was already wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden and further ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases or extradite other suspected terrorists. In response, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom. The two countries were later joined by a large multinational force, including Afghanistan's local Northern Alliance. The invasion effort made rapid progress for the next two months as the coalition captured Kabul on November 13 and toppled the Taliban by 17 December, after which international military bases were set up near major cities across the country. However, most members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban were not captured: during the Battle of Tora Bora, several fighters including Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda escaped into neighboring Pakistan or otherwise retreated to remote regions deep within the Hindu Kush.
In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to oversee military operations in Afghanistan and also train the new Afghan National Security Forces. At the Bonn Conference that same month, Hamid Karzai was selected to lead the Afghan Interim Administration. Simultaneously, the Taliban's founding leader Muhammad Umar reorganized the movement to wage asymmetric warfare against the coalition, and by 2002, the group had launched an insurgency against the American-led war effort. Protracted fighting continued for the next two decades, and by mid-2021, the international coalition and the United States had begun to withdraw from the country amidst a nationwide Taliban offensive. In August 2021, the Taliban captured Kabul and toppled the Afghan government, re-establishing their rule in the form of a second Islamic emirate.
Background
In 2001, Afghanistan had been at war for over 20 years. The communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in 1978, and its policies sparked a popular uprising. The Soviet Union, sensing PDPA weakness, intervened in 1979 to support the regime. The entry of the Soviet Union into Afghanistan prompted its Cold War rivals, especially the United States and Saudi Arabia, to support rebels fighting against the Soviet-backed PDPA. While the secular and socialist government controlled the cities, religiously motivated mujahidin held sway in much of the countryside. The most important mujahidin commander was Ahmad Shah Massoud, who led the well-organized Tajik forces. The American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) worked closely with Pakistan's Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) to funnel foreign support for the mujahidin. The war also attracted Arab volunteers, known as "Afghan Arabs", including Osama bin Laden.
After the withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan in February 1989, the PDPA regime collapsed in 1992. In the resulting power vacuum, the mujahidin leaders vied for dominance in a civil war from 1992 to 1996. By then, bin Laden had left the country. The United States' interest in Afghanistan also diminished. In 1994, a Pashtun mujahid named Muhammad Umar founded the Taliban movement in Kandahar. His followers were religious students and sought to end warlord rule through strict adherence to Islamic law. By the end of 1994, the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province.
Taliban vs. Northern Alliance (1996–2001)
In 1996, with military support from Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia, the Taliban seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. They imposed their fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home or attend school and requiring them to abide by harsh rules on veiling and seclusion.
After the Taliban takeover of Kabul, Massoud retreated north to his native Panjshir Valley and formed a resistance movement against the Taliban, called the United Front or the Northern Alliance. In addition to Massoud's Tajik force, the United Front included Uzbeks under the former PDPA general Abdul Rashid Dostum and Hazara factions. The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia, Iran, and India. Like the Taliban, Massoud also raised money by trafficking drugs. By 2001, the Taliban controlled 80% of the country, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner.
Al-Qaeda
After nearly five years of shelter, bin Laden was expelled from Sudan in 1996 and arrived in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. He had founded al-Qaeda in the late 1980s to continue jihad after the end of the Soviet–Afghan War. He moved al-Qaeda's operations to eastern Afghanistan and developed a close relationship with the Taliban. However some key Taliban members, such as the foreign minister Wakil Muttawakil, disapproved of the alliance with al-Qaeda because bin Laden's terrorist activities were complicating the Taliban's quest for international recognition of their government. In 2000 Muhammad Umar visited bin Laden and forbade him from attacking the United States while he was a guest of the Taliban. During the 1990s the CIA and Delta Force planned several operations to kill or capture bin Laden, but President Bill Clinton never ordered them to proceed.
Change in U.S. policy towards Afghanistan
During the early years of the Clinton administration, the US had no clear policy toward Afghanistan. The 1998 US embassy bombings, however, masterminded by al-Qaeda, provoked President Clinton to order missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan; bin Laden was indicted for his involvement in the bombings. In 1999 both the US and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267, which demanded the Taliban surrender bin Laden for trial in the US and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan. At the time, the only collaboration between Massoud and the US was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden. The US provided no support for Massoud's fight against the Taliban.
A change in US policy was effected in early September 2001. The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud. A September 10 meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al-Qaeda operatives. If the Taliban refused, the US would provide covert military aid to anti-Taliban groups to attempt to overthrow the Taliban.
Military situation on the eve of the 9/11 attacks
On 9 September 2001, two al-Qaeda members posing as journalists killed Massoud by detonating a bomb hidden in their video camera during an interview. The assassination was a gift from bin Laden to the Taliban and left them poised to achieve total control over Afghanistan. Mohammed Fahim became the new leader of the Northern Alliance. The Alliance had 15,000–20,000 fighters distributed across five locations. On the Kabul front, Taliban and Northern Alliance forces faced each other from trenches across the Shomali Plain. The Takhar front extended from the Tajikistan border in the north to Parwan in the south, near Kabul. Dostum's forces were located south of Mazar-i-Sharif, the Hazaras under Muhammad Mohaqiq were in the central Hazarajat region, and Ismail Khan was near Herat.
The Taliban's military commander in the north was Mohammad Fazl. The Taliban military comprised approximately 45,000 Afghans and 2,700 foreign fighters, which included al-Qaeda's 055 Brigade. According to military analyst Ali Jalali, the 055 Brigade was only 400–600 strong, but its ties to bin Laden made it politically important. The foreign fighters included Arabs as well as Kashmiris, Chechens, Uzbeks, and Uyghurs. Several hundred officers from Pakistan's ISI were stationed in Afghanistan advising the Taliban. By mid-October, approximately 10,000 Pakistani volunteers crossed the border to augment the Taliban's forces. The volunteers were mostly madrasa students, some as young as 14.
Both sides primarily used Russian military equipment. The Northern Alliance had 14.5mm heavy machine guns, Russian artillery, T-72 tanks, and BMP-1 armored vehicles retrofitted with rocket pods from Soviet combat helicopters. Dostum's Uzbeks used horses for transportation. The Northern Alliance had 18 helicopters and three fixed-wing planes, used mostly for logistical purposes. The Taliban's equipment was similar to that of the Northern Alliance, and they also had Stinger missiles donated by the United States to the mujahidin during the Soviet–Afghan War. They relied on pickup trucks for mobility and operated as a "motorized light force." They had about 40 combat aircraft, operated by ex-PDPA pilots.
Both sides had a history of human rights abuses: Uzbeks and Hazaras had "massacred hundreds of Taliban prisoners and killed Pashtun villagers in the north and around Kabul", and the Taliban killed 5,000–8,000 civilians after they captured Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998. Afghanistan also faced a serious humanitarian crisis in 2001 due to drought; according to the United Nations, 5 million Afghans were in need of humanitarian aid that year and 3.8 million could not survive without UN food aid.
Prelude to the invasion
On the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda carried out four coordinated attacks on the United States, employing four hijacked jet airliners. The attacks killed almost 3,000 people and injured more than 6,000 others. By the early afternoon of 11 September, the CIA had confirmed that al-Qaeda was responsible for the attack. The Taliban condemned the attacks, but Umar issued a statement denying bin Laden's involvement. Although bin Laden eventually took responsibility for the 9/11 attacks in 2004, he initially denied having any involvement. One of bin Laden's strategic goals was to draw the US into a costly war in Afghanistan, so it could be defeated just as the USSR had been.
Diplomatic and political activity
On the evening of September 11, President Bush stated the US would respond to the attacks and would "make no distinction between those who planned these acts and those who harbor them." On 14 September 2001, Congress passed legislation titled Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, authorizing military force against al-Qaeda and its supporters. President Bush addressed Congress on September 20 and demanded the Taliban deliver bin Laden and al-Qaeda or face war.
On the same day, a grand council of 300 or 700 Muslim clerics across Afghanistan, who had convened to decide bin Laden's fate, issued a fatwa recommending that the Islamic Emirate ask bin Laden to leave their country. The fatwa went on to warn that should the United States invade Afghanistan, jihad would become obligatory until the invaders were expelled. On September 21, Muhammad Umar rejected both Bush's demands and the advice of the council, again denying that bin Laden was responsible for 9/11.
Simultaneously, the US urged Pakistan to end its support for the Taliban regime and to pressure Muhammad Umar to hand over bin Laden. On September 12, the US demanded Pakistan close its border with the Taliban and share intelligence with the Bush administration. US pressure on Pakistan reportedly included an ultimatum that Pakistan declares itself either a friend or a foe and the threat to "turn Pakistan back to the stone age". Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf agreed and sent the ISI director-general to negotiate with the Taliban. Muhammad Umar told Pakistan that he would be willing to turn bin Laden over to a third country, but the US refused, demanding a direct handover.
Meanwhile, Umar authorized his deputy Akhtar Mohammad Osmani to negotiate with Robert Grenier, the CIA's chief of station in Pakistan, to discuss giving up bin Laden. The two met in Quetta on 15 September and 2 October. During the latter meeting, Grenier, aware that Osmani belonged to the moderate faction of the Taliban and was not fond of bin Laden, proposed that Osmani seize power in Afghanistan. He offered CIA assistance in the coup on the condition that Osmani would hand over bin Laden afterwards. Although Osmani initially showed some interest in the proposal, they ultimately failed to reach an agreement.
On 4 October the British government released a document summarizing the evidence linking bin Laden to the attacks. That same day, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invoked Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty for the first time in its history; Article V states that an attack on one member of the alliance is to be considered an attack on all members. On October 7, as the US aerial bombing campaign began, President Bush stated, "Full warning has been given, and time is running out."
Planning
In 2001, the Defense Department did not have a pre-existing plan for an invasion of Afghanistan. Therefore, the plan approved by Bush was devised by the CIA, reusing elements of the agency's previous contingency plans for collaboration with the Northern Alliance against the Taliban. Bush met with his cabinet at Camp David on 15 September for a war planning session. The military presented three options for military action in Afghanistan: The first was a cruise missile strike, the second was a combined cruise missile and bombing campaign lasting 3–10 days, and the third called for cruise missile and bomber strikes as well as ground forces operating inside Afghanistan. The CIA also presented its war plan, which involved inserting paramilitary teams to work with the Northern Alliance and, eventually, American Special Forces units. The planners wanted to minimize the use of American ground forces, to avoid provoking the Afghan population as the British and Russians had done. On 17 September Bush approved the CIA's plan and directed the military to develop a detailed war plan based on the third option from Camp David. Planning efforts were hindered because the Taliban had little physical infrastructure for the military to target. Early plans by the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) included poisoning the Afghan food supply and raiding a fertilizer factory that JSOC believed could be used to make chemical weapons.
The military completed its war plan by 21 September and called it Operation Infinite Justice. This name was deemed culturally insensitive because Islamic theology only deems God's justice to be infinite, so Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld changed the name to Operation Enduring Freedom.
The US aimed to destroy al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban regime from power, but also sought to prevent the Northern Alliance from taking control of Afghanistan, believing the Alliance's rule would alienate the country's Pashtun majority. CIA director George Tenet argued that the US should target al-Qaeda but "hold off on the Taliban," since the Taliban were popular in Pakistan and attacking them could jeopardize relations with Pakistan.
Humanitarian situation in Afghanistan
At the time of the invasion, the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan was dire, and the attacks in the United States caused thousands of Afghans to attempt to flee fearing potential U.S. military action - this on top of millions that were already refugees in regional countries due to the continuous conflict already in place for 22 years. Food stock was running critically low and almost all aid workers had left the country after the attacks. Barry Bearak in a New York Times article described Afghanistan as a "post-apocalyptic place of felled cities, parched land and downtrodden people." Seventy percent of the population was undernourished in 2001, and the life expectancy was ranked two places from bottom in the world.
Fox News suggested on 27 September that "millions" of Afghans would possibly starve, amid the paralyzed relief network, closed border crossings, and the cold winter approaching. The U.N. refugee agency feared that the scale of the crisis could reach the peaks of that in Bosnia and Rwanda.
Overthrow of the Taliban
Command structure
The invasion consisted of American, British, Canadian, and Australian forces, with other countries providing logistical support. General Tommy Franks of US Central Command (CENTCOM) was the overall commander for Operation Enduring Freedom. He led four task forces: the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF), Combined Joint Task Force Mountain (CJTF-Mountain), the Joint Interagency Task Force-Counterterrorism (JIATF-CT), and the Coalition Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (CJCMOTF).
CJSOTF consisted of three subordinate task forces: Joint Special Operations Task Force-North (JSOTF-North or Task Force Dagger), Joint Special Operations Task Force-South (JSOTF-South or Task Force K-Bar) and Task Force Sword (later renamed Task Force 11). Task Force Dagger was led by Colonel James Mulholland and was formed around his 5th Special Forces Group with helicopter support from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (160th SOAR). Dagger was assigned to the north of Afghanistan and Task Force K-Bar was assigned to southern Afghanistan. K-Bar was led by Navy SEAL Captain Robert Harward and formed around SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion, 3rd Special Forces Group. The task force principally conducted special reconnaissance and sensitive site exploitation missions. Most coalition contributions were arrayed under K-Bar, including New Zealand's Special Air Service, Canada's Joint Task Force 2, and Germany's Kommando Spezialkräfte. Task Force Sword was the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) component of the mission. Task Force Sword's primary objective was capturing or killing senior leadership within al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Sword was structured around a two-squadron component of operators from Delta Force and SEAL Team Six was supported by a Ranger force protection team, an Intelligence Support Activity (ISA) signals intercept and surveillance team, and the 160th SOAR. The British Special Boat Service was integrated directly into Sword's structure.
Alongside the SOF task forces operated the largely conventional CJTF-Mountain. Mountain initially comprised three subordinate commands, but only one was a special operations force – Task Force 64, a special forces task group built around a sabre squadron from the Australian SAS. The US Marines contributed Task Force 58, consisting of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit. The JIATF-CT (also known as Task Force Bowie), led by Brigadier General Gary Harrell, was an intelligence integration and fusion activity composed of personnel from all participating units. Bowie numbered 36 military personnel and 57 from agencies such as the FBI, NSA, and CIA, as well as liaison officers from coalition SOF. Administratively embedded within Bowie was Advanced Force Operations (AFO). AFO was a 45-man reconnaissance unit made up of Delta Force reconnaissance specialists augmented by selected SEALs and supported by ISA's technical experts. AFO had been raised to support TF Sword and was tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield, working closely with the CIA and reporting directly to TF Sword. AFO conducted covert reconnaissance along the border with Pakistan. The AFO operators deployed observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers and conduct environmental reconnaissance. The final task force supporting the invasion was CJCMOTF, which would manage civil affairs and humanitarian efforts.
First move
On 26 September, fifteen days after 9/11, the US covertly inserted (via CIA-piloted Mi-17 helicopter) 10 members of the CIA into the Panjshir Valley, Massoud's stronghold. The CIA mission was led by Gary Schroen and designated the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team, known by the call-sign 'Jawbreaker'. In addition to specialized human assets, the team brought a metal case containing $3 million in $100 bills to buy support. Jawbreaker linked up with General Mohammed Fahim, commander of the Northern Alliance forces in the Panjshir Valley, and prepared the way for introduction of Army Special Forces. The Jawbreaker team brought satellite communications equipment, enabling its intelligence reports to be instantly available to CIA headquarters. The team also assessed potential targets for Operation Crescent Wind, provided in-extremis combat search and rescue (CSAR), and could provide bomb damage assessment for the air campaign. To allow fixed-wing aircraft to land in the area, the team refurbished an airstrip at Gulbahar built by the British in 1919.
On 28 September, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw approved the deployment of MI6 officers to Afghanistan, utilizing people involved with the mujahidin in the 1980s, who had language skills and regional expertise. At month's end, a handful of MI6 officers landed in northeast Afghanistan and met with Fahim. They began working with other contacts in the north and south to build alliances, secure support, and bribe as many Taliban commanders as possible to change sides or leave the fight. Two more CIA teams soon arrived, operating near Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif.
Initial air strikes
On 7 October, the US began military operations in Afghanistan with air strikes on 31 targets across the country. Most of the Taliban's outdated SA-2 and SA-3 surface-to-air missiles, small fleet of MIG-21s and Su-22s, and radar and command units were destroyed on the first night. On the same night the CIA conducted the first-ever air strike with a Predator drone. The Predator was loitering over Muhammad Umar's house and followed several men who left the house. CIA analysts believed that Umar was in the group, which drove first to the house of Umar's mother and then to a school west of Kandahar. The men stayed in the school for several hours and the CIA requested that the Air Force strike the school with a conventional bomb, but Franks denied the request, citing the risk of collateral damage and uncertainty over whether Umar was really there. The CIA fired the Predator's Hellfire missile at a truck outside to draw the men out; the men left the school, and Umar escaped. Predator drones had been in development since the early 1990s, had been used to search for bin Laden since 2000, and had even been proposed as a means of assassinating bin Laden before 9/11. The employment of armed Predators in Afghanistan marked the start of a new era of drone warfare.
US aircraft bombed Taliban training camps and air defenses over the next several days, employing Apache helicopter gunships from the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade. US Navy cruisers, destroyers and Royal Navy submarines launched several Tomahawk cruise missiles. Within a few days, most Taliban training sites were severely damaged and air defenses destroyed. The campaign focused on command, control, and communications targets. The front facing the Northern Alliance held, and no battlefield successes were achieved there. The United States dropped 1500 munitions in the first week of bombing. They also began airdropping food and medical supplies to civilians in Northern Alliance-controlled territory. By the second week of the campaign most of the preplanned targets had been destroyed.
On 19 October, Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) teams 555 and 595, both 12-man Green Beret teams from the 5th Special Forces Group, plus Air Force Combat Controllers, were airlifted by helicopter from the Karshi-Khanabad Air Base in Uzbekistan more than across the Hindu Kush mountains in zero-visibility conditions by MH-47E Chinook helicopters from 2nd Battalion 160th SOAR. ODA 555 went to the Panjshir Valley to link up with the NALT and Fahim, and ODA 595 went to the Darya Suf Valley, just south of Mazar-i-Sharif, to work with Dostum.
In mid-October, A and G squadron of the British 22nd SAS Regiment, reinforced by members of the Territorial SAS regiments, deployed to northwest Afghanistan in support of Enduring Freedom. They conducted largely uneventful reconnaissance under the code-name Operation Determine, none of which resulted in enemy contact. They traveled in Land Rover Desert Patrol Vehicles and modified all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Both squadrons returned to their barracks in the UK after two weeks.
Operation Rhino and Objective Gecko
On the night of October 19, simultaneous with the Special Forces entering the country, 200 Rangers from the 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, parachuted onto Objective Rhino—a landing strip south of Kandahar. The landing strip had been built as part of an Emirati hunting camp. Before the Rangers dropped, B-2 Spirit stealth bombers and AC-130 gunships bombed and strafed the site, meeting the resistance of only one Taliban fighter. The Rangers provided security while a forward arming and refuelling point (FARP) was established using fuel bladders from MC-130s, to refuel aircraft flying to the next objective. The mission was filmed by combat cameramen and a P-3C Orion observation plane flying overhead. No US casualties were suffered in the operation itself (two Rangers received minor injuries in the jump), but two Rangers assigned to a CSAR element supporting the mission were killed when their MH-60L helicopter crashed at a temporary staging site in Dalbandin, Pakistan, due to a brownout.
Simultaneously, a squadron of Delta Force operatives supported by Rangers from Task Force Sword conducted an operation—designated Objective Gecko—outside Kandahar at Muhammad Umar's residential compound. Four MH-47E helicopters took off from the USS Kitty Hawk (which was serving as a SOF base) in the Indian Ocean carrying 91 soldiers. The assault teams were drawn from Delta, while teams from the Rangers secured the perimeter and occupied blocking positions. Before the soldiers were inserted, the target area was softened by preparatory fire from AC-130s and MH-60L Direct Action Penetrators. The assaulters met no resistance and there was no sign of the Taliban leader, so they searched the target location for intelligence, while their helicopters refueled at the newly established FARP in Rhino. The next day, the Pentagon showed the video footage from Objective Rhino at a press conference and distributed it to news organizations. Intelligence prior to the missions had indicated that neither objective had any Taliban forces on it. According to former Delta Force officer Peter Blaber, the JSOC commander Dell Dailey "believed that if we raided empty targets in Afghanistan and filmed the raids for the world to see... we would have some kind of morale-breaking effect on the enemy."
Continued air strikes
The Green Berets of ODA 595 split into two elements, Alpha and Bravo. Alpha rode on horseback with General Dostum to his headquarters to plan an assault on Mazar-i-Sharif. Bravo was tasked with clearing the Darya Suf Valley of Taliban and to travel into the Alma Tak Mountains to conduct reconnaissance. Dostum and General Atta Muhammad Nur had been fighting the Taliban in the Darya Suf Valley throughout the summer and had gradually lost ground. The valley ran north to south and Dostum had established his headquarters near the village of Dehi—60 miles south of Mazar-i-Sharif—because the rugged terrain prevented Taliban tanks from moving that far into the valley.
On 21 October, the Alpha element of ODA 595 guided in the first Joint Direct Attack Munition bomb from a B-52, impressing Dostum. As part of its operations, the Americans beamed in radio broadcasts in both Pashto and Dari calling al-Qaeda and the Taliban criminals and promising US$25 million to anyone who would provide information leading to bin Laden's whereabouts.
On 23 October, the anti-Taliban Pashtun leader Abdul Haq entered Afghanistan with about 20 supporters and tried to raise a revolt against the Taliban in Nangarhar. Haq was among the most famous commanders of the anti-Soviet jihad, during which he had been wounded sixteen times and lost a foot. The Taliban captured and executed him.
On 25 October, ODA 585 infiltrated an area near Kunduz to work alongside warlord Burillah Khan. The same night, three Delta Force operators flew into the Panjshir and began working with the CIA Jawbreaker team to plan an important hostage rescue mission. In early August 2001 the Taliban had imprisoned eight employees of a Christian aid organization named Shelter Now, on charges of proselytizing. Held in Kabul, the prisoners included two Americans, Heather Mercer and Dayna Curry. They faced the death penalty if convicted. Since their arrival in Afghanistan, the CIA team had been using Northern Alliance intermediaries to contact Taliban officials and attempted to bribe them to release the prisoners, without success. Delta Force specialized in hostage rescue and began planning to infiltrate Kabul with 50–60 operators, disguised as an al-Qaeda convoy, to extract the prisoners. Planning and rehearsal for the mission, which also included an element from Seal Team Six, continued for the next three weeks, but execution was delayed because the Taliban frequently moved the Shelter Now employees between two prisons in Kabul.
At the beginning of November, US aircraft shifted from attacking strategic targets to striking the Taliban front lines. On 2 November, ODA 553 inserted into Bamyan and linked up with General Karim Khalili's forces; ODA 534 was also inserted into the Balkh River Valley after being delayed by weather for several nights, near Dostum and ODA 595. Its role was to support General Atta in a drive on Mazar-i-Sharif, coordinated with Dostum. Bravo team of ODA 595 conducted airstrikes in the Darya Suf Valley, cutting off and destroying Taliban reinforcements and frustrating Taliban attempts to relieve their embattled forces in the north. Cumulatively, the near constant airstrikes had begun to have a decisive effect and the Taliban began to withdraw toward Mazar-i-Sharif. Dostum's forces and Alpha team of ODA 595 followed, working their way north through the valley. On November 5, Dostum and Atta began a coordinated assault on the village of Baluch. Dostum prepared his men to follow a bombing run from a B-52 with a cavalry charge, but one of Dostum's lieutenants misunderstood an order and sent 400 Uzbek horsemen charging toward the Taliban lines as the bomber made its final approach. The bomb landed just in time on the Taliban positions and the cavalry charge succeeded in breaking the Taliban defenses. Dostum and Atta then entered the Balkh Valley and continued towards Mazar-i-Sharif.
On the Shomali Plain, ODA 555 and the CIA Jawbreaker team attached to Fahim Khan's forces began calling airstrikes on entrenched Taliban positions at the southeastern end of the former Soviet air base at Bagram Airfield. The Green Berets set up an observation post in a disused air traffic control tower and guided in two BLU-82 Daisy Cutter bombs, which caused heavy Taliban casualties. On November 8, ODAs 586 and 594 infiltrated into Afghanistan in MH-47s and picked up on the Afghan–Tajik border by CIA-flown MI-17s. ODA 586 deployed to Kunduz with the forces of General Daoud Khan and ODA 594 deployed into the Panjshir to assist the men of ODA 555. Among the individuals in ODA 594 was 71 year old Billy Waugh, who had tracked Osama bin Laden in Kartoum during the 1980s.
Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif was important as the home of the sacred Muslim site of the Shrine of Ali, and as a transportation hub, with two major airports and a bridge into Uzbekistan. Taking the city would enable humanitarian aid to alleviate a looming food crisis, which threatened more than six million people with starvation. Many of those in most urgent need lived in rural areas to the south and west of Mazar-i-Sharif. Dostum and Atta fought their way up the Balkh Valley and on 8 November reached the Tanghi Pass, the gateway between the valley and Mazar-i-Sharif. The pass was heavily defended, but the Northern Alliance seized it on November 9, triggering a Taliban retreat from Mazar-i-Sharif. The Northern Alliance entered the city on November 10.
The fall of the city was a "major shock"; the US Central Command originally believed it would remain in Taliban hands well into the following year. US Army Civil Affairs Teams from the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, and Tactical Psychological Operations Teams from the 4th Psychological Operations Group, were immediately deployed to begin reconstruction in Mazar-i-Sharif.
On 10 November, operators from C squadron Special Boat Service, inserted via two C-130s into the recently captured Bagram Airfield, caused a political quandary with the Northern Alliance leadership, who claimed the British had failed to consult them on the deployment. The Northern Alliance foreign minister Abdullah Abdullah considered the uninvited arrival to be a violation of sovereignty, and complained to the head of the CIA field office, threatening to resign if the British did not withdraw. The British government had alerted the deputy head of the United Nations mission in Afghanistan that they were deploying troops to Bagram, albeit on short notice. Arriving on the first flight, Brigadier Graeme Lamb—the Director Special Forces at that time—simply ignored Abdullah and drove to the Panjshir Valley, where he paid his respects to Ahmad Shah Massoud's grave and held talks with Northern Alliance leaders. The British Foreign Secretary tried to reassure the Northern Alliance that the deployment was not a vanguard of a British peacekeeping army, but Northern Alliance leaders did not believe them; with the threat of the Northern Alliance opening fire on incoming troop transports, the deployment was put on hold.
On 11 November, in the central north of Afghanistan, ODA 586 was advising General Daoud Khan outside the city of Taloqan and coordinating a batch of preparatory airstrikes, when the General surprised the Americans by launching an impromptu mass infantry assault on the Taliban holding the city. The city fell before the first bomb could be dropped.
Fall of Kabul
On 12 November, the US tracked and killed al-Qaeda's number three, Muhammad Atif, with an air strike in Kabul. That day the Taliban abandoned Kabul and decided to regroup in Jalalabad and Kandahar. Taliban forces evacuated by the end of 13 November, and Northern Alliance forces (supported by ODA 555) arrived took control of the city the following afternoon. During their retreat, the Taliban took the Shelter Now prisoners with them, but abandoned them in a prison in Ghazni on 13 November. Anti-Taliban Afghans freed the prisoners, who had found a satellite phone and used it to call the American embassy in Pakistan. SEAL Team Six used Chinook helicopters to extract the prisoners from Ghazni on the night of November 14 and take them to Pakistan.
The fall of Kabul started a cascading collapse of Taliban positions. Within 24 hours, all Afghan provinces along the Iranian border had fallen, including Herat. Local Pashtun commanders and warlords had taken over throughout northeastern Afghanistan, including Jalalabad; Taliban holdouts in the north fell back to the city of Kunduz, while others retreated to their heartland in southeastern Afghanistan, around Kandahar.
In the midst of the retreat, Delta Force conducted a high-altitude, low-opening (HALO) jump northeast of Kandahar to call in airstrikes on targets retreating from Kabul, the first combat HALO jump conducted at night by the United States since the Vietnam War. By 13 November, al-Qaeda and Taliban forces—possibly including bin Laden—were concentrating in Tora Bora, southwest of Jalalabad. Nearly 2,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters fortified themselves within bunkers and caves. On November 16 the US began bombing the mountain redoubt. Around the same time, CIA and Special Forces operatives worked in the area, enlisting local warlords and planning an attack.
Objective Wolverine, Objective Raptor, and Operation Relentless Strike
On 13 November, the 75th Ranger Regiment carried out its second combat parachute drop into Afghanistan. A platoon-sized Ranger security element, including a team from the Ranger Reconnaissance Detachment and accompanied by eight Air Force Special Tactical operators, parachuted into a dry lake bed southwest of Kandahar and secured the area. A pair of MC-130 cargo planes then landed in the lake bed and deposited four AH-6J Little Bird helicopters from the 160th SOAR. The Little Birds flew to a Taliban compound near Kandahar codenamed Objective Wolverine and destroyed it. They returned to the lake bed to rearm and refuel, then launched another strike against a second site called Objective Raptor. After the second strike they went back to the lake bed, loaded onto the MC-130s and flew back to Oman. Several nights later, beginning on November 16, a series of missions codenamed Operation Relentless Strike took place. On the first night, the Rangers drove modified HMMWVs and Land Rovers to secure a remote desert airstrip. The Little Birds then flew in on MC-130s and conducted a search and destroy mission along Highway 1. The Little Birds conducted similar search and destroy missions over the next several nights.
Battle of Tarinkot
On 14 November, ODA 574 and Hamid Karzai inserted into Uruzgan Province via 4 MH-60K helicopters with a small force of guerrillas. Karzai was the leader of the Pashtun Popalzai tribe and had been an enemy of the Taliban since they assassinated his father in 1999. He had entered Afghanistan with three other men on 9 October, but was almost killed by the Taliban, and was extracted by the CIA on 4 November. Once he returned he began to move towards the town of Tarinkot. Responding to the approach of Karzai's forces, the inhabitants of the town of Tarinkot revolted and expelled their Taliban administrators. Karzai traveled to Tarinkot to meet with the town elders. While he was there, the Taliban marshaled a force of 300–500 men to retake the town. Karzai's small force, plus the American contingent, deployed in the town's front to block the Taliban's advance. Relying heavily on close air support, the American and Afghan force managed to drive the Taliban away from the town.
The defeat of the Taliban at Tarinkot was an important victory for Karzai, who used it to recruit more men to his fledgling guerrilla band. His force would grow in size to a peak of around 800 men. Soon afterwards, they left Tarinkot and began advancing on Kandahar.
Siege of Kunduz and alleged Pakistani airlift
Task Force Dagger's attention focused on the last northern Taliban stronghold, Kunduz. As the bombardment at Tora Bora grew, the Siege of Kunduz continued. General Daoud and ODA 586 had initiated massive coalition airstrikes to demoralize the Taliban defenders. After 11 days of fighting and bombardment, Taliban fighters surrendered to Northern Alliance forces on 23 November. Shortly before the surrender, Pakistani aircraft arrived to evacuate intelligence and military personnel who had been aiding the Taliban's fight against the Northern Alliance, including Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. The details of the airlift are disputed. Investigative reporter Seymour Hersh alleged that up to five thousand people were evacuated, while Karzai stated that, "even the Americans did not know who got away." The United States government denied that the airlift occurred, with Secretary Rumsfeld saying, "neither Pakistan nor any other country flew any planes into Afghanistan to evacuate anybody."
Operation Trent
The British Special Air Service (SAS) played a small role in the early stages of the war because American SOF commanders guarded targets for their own units. It took political intercession from Prime Minister Tony Blair for the SAS to be given a direct-action task – the destruction of an al-Qaeda-linked opium production facility. The facility was located southwest of Kandahar and defended by between 80 and 100 foreign fighters, with a defense of trench lines and several makeshift bunkers. The SAS were ordered to assault the facility in full daylight because CENTCOM would not provide air support for a night raid. The timing meant that the squadrons could not carry out a detailed reconnaissance prior to the assault. Despite these factors, the commanding officer of 22 SAS accepted the mission. The target was a low priority for the US and probably would have been destroyed from the air if the British had not argued for a larger role in Afghanistan.
The mission began in November 2001, with an 8-man patrol from G Squadron's Air Troop performing the regiments first wartime HALO parachute jump. The patrol landed at a desert location in Registan to assess its suitability as an improvised airstrip for the landing of the main assault force in C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft. The Air Troop advance team confirmed the site was suitable and later that day the C-130s landed and disembarked the SAS in their vehicles. The assault force was composed of operators from A and G Squadrons driving 38 Land Rover Desert Patrol Vehicles, two logistics vehicles, and eight Kawasaki dirt bikes. The assault force drove to a release point and split into two elements. A squadron was the assault force and G Squadron provided fire support.
The assault began with a preparatory airstrike, after which A Squadron dismounted from their vehicles and closed in on the target on foot. G Squadron provided covering fire with heavy weapons, and air support flew sorties until running out of munitions. On a final pass, a US Navy F-18 Hornet strafed a bunker with its 20mm cannon, which narrowly missed several members of G Squadron. When the A Squadron assault force reached the objective, they cleared the HQ building and gathered all intelligence materials they could find. The mission lasted four hours and four SAS operators were wounded; the operation was the largest British SAS operation in history.
Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
On 25 November, as Taliban prisoners were moved into Qala-i-Jangi fortress near Mazar-i-Sharif, a few Taliban attacked their Northern Alliance guards. This incident triggered a revolt by 600 prisoners, who soon seized the southern half of the fortress, including an armory stocked with AK-47s, RPGs and crew-served weapons. Johnny Micheal Spann, one of two CIA SAD operatives at the fortress who had been interrogating prisoners, was killed, marking America's first combat death.
The other CIA operator, Dave Olson, managed to make contact with CENTCOM, which relayed his request for assistance to SOF troops at a TF Dagger safe house in Mazar-i-Sharif. The safe house housed members of Delta Force, some Green Berets and a small team from M squadron SBS. A quick reaction force was immediately formed from whoever was in the safe house at the time: a headquarters element from 3rd Battalion, 5th SFG, a pair of USAF liaison officers, a handful of CIA SAD operators and the SBS team. The 8-man SBS team arrived in Land Rovers and the Green Berets and CIA operatives arrived in minivans and began engaging the prisoners, fighting a pitched battle to suppress the uprising, letting Olson escape. The operators then turned their attention to recovering Spann's body. Over the course of four days the battle continued, with Green Berets calling in multiple airstrikes on the Taliban prisoners. During one CAS mission a Joint Direct Attack Munition was misdirected and hit the ground close to the Coalition and Northern Alliance positions, wounding five Green Berets and four SBS operators.
AC-130 gunships kept up aerial bombardments throughout the night. The following day (November 27) the siege was broken when Northern Alliance T-55 tanks were brought into the central courtyard to fire shells into several block houses containing Taliban fighters. Fighting continued sporadically throughout the week, and the Taliban were finished by Dostum's Northern Alliance forces. The combined Green Beret–SBS team recovered Spann's body on November 26.
The revolt ended on December 1 after seven days of fighting. 86 Taliban survived out of 1,000 that had been in the prison, and around 50 Northern Alliance soldiers were killed.
Consolidation: the fall of Kandahar
ODA 574 and Hamid Karzai began moving on Kandahar, gathering fighters from friendly local Pashtun tribes. At the strategic Sayd-Aum-Kalay Bridge they fought for two days with the Taliban, eventually seizing it with the help of US airpower, opening the road to Kandahar.
ODA 583 had infiltrated the Shin-Narai Valley southeast of Kandahar to support Gul Agha Sherzai, the former governor of Kandahar. The ODA established covert observation posts by November 24, allowing them to call in fire on Taliban positions. By the end of November, Kandahar was the Taliban's last stronghold, and was coming under increasing pressure. Nearly 3,000 tribal fighters under Karzai and 350 under Sherzai pressured Taliban forces from the east and cut off northern supply lines to Kandahar.
Meanwhile, nearly 1,000 US Marines ferried in by CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters and C-130s set up a Forward Operating Base known as Camp Rhino in the desert south of Kandahar on 25 November (Camp Rhino was located at Objective Rhino, the same airstrip seized by the Rangers on 19 October). On 26 November, 15 Taliban armored vehicles approached the base and were attacked by helicopter gunships, destroying many of them.
On 5 December, a GPS-guided bomb landed among the Green Berets from ODA 574, killing 3 members and wounding the rest of the team. Over 20 of Karzai's militia were also killed and Karzai himself was slightly wounded. A Delta Force unit that had been operating nearby on a classified reconnaissance mission arrived in their Pinzgauers and secured the site, while Delta medics treated the wounded Green Berets.
On 6 December, Karzai was informed that he would be the next president of Afghanistan. He also negotiated the successful surrender of both the remaining Taliban forces and the city of Kandahar. Karzai's militia began their final push to clear the city. The US government rejected amnesty for Umar or any Taliban leaders. On 7 December, Sherzai's forces seized Kandahar airport and moved into the city. Umar departed Kandahar and disappeared; he may have gone to Zabul, Helmand, or Pakistan. Other Taliban leaders fled to Pakistan through the remote passes of Paktia and Paktika.
In early December, as the US invasion was almost over, 7,500 Taliban prisoners were transported from Kunduz to Sheberghan prison by Junbish-i Milli, a group led by Dostum. Hundreds to 2,000 of the Taliban prisoners suffocated in the overcrowded metal shipping containers on trucks or were shot dead in an incident known as the Dasht-i-Leili massacre. Some were shot dead when guards shot air holes into the containers. The dead were buried in graves in the Dasht-i-Leili desert just west of Sheberghan, in the Jowzjan Province. Physicians for Human Rights discovered the mass grave in 2002, but the Bush administration discouraged attempts to investigate the incident.
Battle of Tora Bora: Osama bin Laden escapes to Pakistan
After the fall of Kabul and Kandahar, suspected al-Qaeda members, including bin Laden and other key leaders, withdrew to Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province. From there they moved into the Tora Bora region of the Spin Ghar (White Mountains), 20 km away from the Pakistan border, which had a network of caves and prepared defenses used by the mujahidin during the Soviet–Afghan War. Signal intercepts and interrogation of captured Taliban fighters and al-Qaeda terrorists pointed towards the presence of significant numbers of foreign fighters and possible senior leaders in the area. Instead of committing conventional forces, both the White House and the Pentagon decided to isolate and destroy al-Qaeda elements in the area with the US SOF supporting locally recruited Afghan militias, due to a fear of repeating the Soviet's experience in the area.
ODA 572 and a CIA team were dispatched to Tora Bora to advise eastern anti-Taliban militias under the command of two warlords: Hazrat Ali and Mohammed Zaman. Hazrat Ali and Zaman distrusted each other, and during the battle their militias sometimes shot at each other. Using CIA funds, some 1,000 Afghan fighters were recruited for the coming battle. The leader of the CIA team was Gary Berntsen, who in November had replaced Gary Schroen as the senior CIA officer in Afghanistan. On 2 December Berntsen requested a battalion of Rangers be dropped into the mountains to establish blocking positions along potential escape routes out of Tora Bora into Pakistan. In addition to the Rangers, other available forces included 1,000 Marines under Brigadier General Jim Mattis in Kandahar and soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division in Uzbekistan. Franks denied Berntsen's request.
From the outset of the battle, ODA 572 with its attached Combat Controller called in precision airstrikes, whilst the Afghans launched a number of poorly executed attacks on established al-Qaeda positions, with limited success. The militias would typically gain ground in the morning following US airstrikes, but relinquish control of those gains the same day. They would also retreat to their base areas to sleep and break their fast each night, since the battle occurred during Ramadan, the month when Muslims do not eat or drink during the day. With the Afghan offensive stalled and the CIA and ODA teams overstretched, Franks decided to deploy special operations soldiers from JSOC into the battle on 9 December.
Forty operators from A Squadron Delta Force deployed forward to Tora Bora and assumed tactical command of the battle from the CIA. With the Delta squadron were a dozen of so members of the British SBS. The Delta operators were deployed in small teams embedded within the militias and sent their own operators out to search for bin Laden. Eventually, with the assistance of Green Berets and CIA operators, the militias made progress. The Delta squadron commander agreed with the Jawbreaker assessment of the situation and requested blocking forces or the scattering of aerial landmines to deny mountain passes to the enemy. Since the deployment of the Ranger battalion had been denied, he requested that his operators carryout the proposed role but all his requests were denied by General Franks. On 12 December, two weeks into the battle, Zaman opened negotiations with the trapped al-Qaeda and Taliban in Tora Bora. Against the wishes of the Americans and British, Zaman called a temporary truce to allow al-Qaeda to surrender. This truce was a ruse to allow as many as several hundred al-Qaeda and members of the 055 Brigade to escape over night toward Pakistan. According to journalist Peter Bergen, bin Laden left Tora Bora on the night of 12 December and went to Kunar Province.
The following day, a handheld radio recovered from the body of a dead al-Qaeda fighter allowed members of the Delta squadron, SBS, CIA, and MI6 to hear bin Laden's voice – apparently apologizing to his followers for leading them to Tora Bora and giving his blessing for their surrender – thought to be a recording addressed to the terrorists that stayed to fight a rearguard action to allow bin Laden to escape. The leader of the CIA Jawbreaker team at Tora Bora believed that two large al-Qaeda groups escaped: the smaller group of 130 jihadis escaped east into Pakistan, while the second group including bin Laden and 200 Saudi and Yemeni jihadis took the route across the mountains to the town of Parachinar, Pakistan. The Delta squadron commander believed that bin Laden crossed the border into Pakistan sometime around 16 December. A Delta reconnaissance team, call-sign 'Jackal', spotted a tall man wearing a camouflage jacket with a large number of fighters entering a cave. The team called in multiple airstrikes on the presumption that it was bin Laden, but later DNA analysis from the remains did not match bin Laden's. With the majority of the enemy gone, the battle came to an end on 17 December.
On 20 December, ODA 561 was inserted into the White Mountains to support ODA 572 in gathering intelligence in the caves and to assist with recovering DNA samples from terrorist bodies. US and UK forces continued searching into January, but no sign of al-Qaeda leadership emerged. An estimated 220 al-Qaeda fighters were killed during the battle and 52 prisoners were taken. No American or British personnel were killed.
In subsequent years, the military was heavily criticized for not deploying ground forces into Tora Bora to capture bin Laden. According to journalist Sean Naylor, Franks opposed the idea because he was "obsessed with not repeating the Soviets' mistake of deploying large conventional formations into Afghanistan," believing it would provoke popular resistance. Another possible explanation is that his attention was elsewhere – Franks spent December 12, the day bin Laden may have escaped, briefing Secretary Rumsfeld on his plan for invading Iraq. There were also logistical obstacles: airlift assets in Afghanistan were limited, so transporting a large ground force to the Spin Ghar and resupplying it was "essentially impossible," according to an official Army history. Mattis, however, developed a plan that he thought logistically feasible – to drop artillery observers on the mountain passes with five days of sustainment to reduce resupply requirements.
Inter-Afghan political settlement
In late November 2001 the United Nations hosted the Bonn Conference; the Taliban were excluded, while three Afghan opposition groups participated. Observers included representatives of neighboring and other involved major countries. The resulting Bonn Agreement created the Afghan Interim Authority and outlined the Bonn Process that would lead towards a new constitution and a new Afghan government. Following the Bonn Conference, tribal leaders and former exiles established an interim government in Kabul under Hamid Karzai.
Casualties and war crimes
The Costs of War Project at Brown University estimated that between 1,537 and 2,375 civilians were killed during the invasion. Northern Alliance casualties are unknown. United States casualties were 12 military personnel and one CIA officer (Mike Spann), while the Taliban suffered 8,000 to 12,000 killed. According to Human Rights Watch, during the invasion the Northern Alliance "carried out systematic attacks on Pashtun villages, raping women, summarily executing civilians, and stealing livestock and land."
Logistics
A landlocked country with forbidding terrain and a harsh climate, Afghanistan presents major difficulties for military operations. Prior to the war, the United States had no military bases in Central or South Asia. The initial CIA Jawbreaker team entered Afghanistan by helicopter from Tashkent, Uzbekistan, stopping to refuel in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. The US established its main base at Karshi-Khanabad Air Base (known as K2) in Uzbekistan. Personnel and equipment were flown from the large American bases in Germany to K2 and then onward to Afghanistan. Pakistan granted the use of Shahbaz Air Base in Jacobabad as an auxiliary base, and the CIA flew Predator drones from both Jacobabad and Shamsi Airfield. Masirah Island off the coast of Oman served as the headquarters of Joint Special Operations Command, while the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk in the Indian Ocean was used as a platform for helicopters of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment to fly special operations personnel into southern Afghanistan. Some B-52 bombers flew into Afghanistan from the island of Diego Garcia, and B-2 bombers flew nonstop from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri to Afghanistan.
Analysis
According to historian Carter Malkasian, the campaign was a "striking military success". The United States achieved its war aims while committing a force of only 110 CIA officers, 350 special operators, and 5,000 Rangers and Marines. The model of special forces working with local fighters and calling in precision air strikes was heavily used by the United States during later operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. One explanation for the rapid victory is that in Afghan culture, fighters tend to defect to the winning side once its victory is seen as inevitable; as anthropologist Thomas Barfield puts it, "Just as the Taliban had come to power by persuading people that they were winners without fighting and buying the defection of wavering commanders with suitcases full of hundred-dollar bills, they lost the war in a reverse process." The pattern recurred during the 2021 Taliban offensive, when the US-backed government collapsed and a resurgent Taliban captured a dozen provincial capitals in a week before it entered Kabul unopposed.
Legality and international law
Scholars have disputed the legality of the invasion under international law. The United States and its allies argued that the invasion was an act of self defense, which is legal according to Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The US sent a letter to the Security Council on October 7 stating that, "Afghanistan was harboring terrorists who attacked the United States, that further attacks might be anticipated, and that military action was needed to deter them." Legal scholar John Quigley has argued that the invasion was illegal because al-Qaeda, not Afghanistan, was the perpetrator of the 9/11 attacks, and because there was no evidence that further terrorist attacks were imminent. Sean Murphy made the opposite case, that Afghanistan was responsible for the actions of al-Qaeda because it allowed al-Qaeda to operate from its territory and refused to extradite al-Qaeda operatives. The debate continued with the 2009 publication of Myra Williamson's Terrorism, War and International Law: The Legality of the Use of Force Against Afghanistan in 2001. Williamson analyzed the legal questions raised by state responses to terrorism and the implications of the Afghanistan precedent for later conflicts such as the 2003 United States invasion of Iraq and the 2006 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
Reactions and aftermath
In October 2001 when the invasion began, polls indicated that about 88% of Americans and about 65% of Britons backed military action. An Ipsos-Reid poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada (66%), France (60%), Germany (60%), Italy (58%), and the UK (65%) approved of US airstrikes while majorities in Argentina (77%), China (52%), South Korea (50%), Spain (52%), and Turkey (70%) opposed them. There were a number of protests against the invasion, including 20,000 people in Washington, D.C., on September 29 and 20,000 people in London on October 7. In Afghanistan, according to anthropologist Thomas Barfield, there was "a surprising level of popular support...for the US intervention, especially among non-Pashtuns." In November 2001, CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul's residents after the Taliban fled the city, with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas.
On 20 December 2001, the United Nations authorized an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas. For its first years ISAF consisted of 8,000 American and 5,000 coalition soldiers and its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area. In February 2002, the US detected a large concentration of Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters in the eastern Shah-i-Kot Valley. Coalition forces cleared the valley during Operation Anaconda in March 2002, which resulted in 8 US soldiers killed and 80 wounded.
US forces established their main base at Bagram airbase just north of Kabul. Kandahar airport also became an important US base, and outposts were established in eastern provinces to hunt for Taliban and al-Qaeda fugitives. Following Operation Anaconda, al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters established sanctuaries on the Pakistani border, where they launched cross-border raids beginning in April 2002.US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld aimed to carry out operations in Afghanistan rapidly and leave as fast as possible. He thus wished to focus on kinetic counter-terrorism operations and building up a new Afghan Army. Rumsfeld announced in mid-2002 that "The war is over in Afghanistan," to the disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai.
In February 2002, the National Security Council met to decide whether to expand ISAF beyond Kabul. In a dispute between Secretary of State Colin Powell and Rumsfeld, Rumsfeld's view—that the force should not be expanded—prevailed. Historians later wrote that the failure of ISAF to be deployed beyond Kabul drove Karzai to offer positions within the state to potential spoilers whose activities did great harm to the state's reputation. Because the rise of the Taliban insurgency was linked to grievances over governance, this became a serious problem.
Several events in early 2002, taken together, can be seen as the conclusion of the first phase of the US-led war in Afghanistan. The first was the dispersal of the major groups of the Taliban and al-Qaeda after the end of Anaconda. In February 2002 the United States decided to not expand international security forces beyond Kabul. President Bush made his speech at the Virginia Military Institute on April 17, 2002, invoking General George Marshall while talking about Afghan reconstruction, resulting in discussion of a 'Marshall Plan' for Afghanistan. The decision against a significant expansion of international presence and development assistance was later seen by historians as a major error. However, the US's growing commitment to Iraq, which it had invaded in March 2003, was absorbing more and more resources, which in hindsight would have made committing such resources to Afghanistan impossible.
In the years following the invasion and overthrow of the Taliban, millions of Afghan refugees, who had fled during the previous decades of war, returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan and Iran. By 2012, over 5.7 million had returned, increasing the country's population by 25%.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Articles
Books
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
2001 in Afghanistan
2001 in the United States
Conflicts in 2001
21st-century military history of the United States
Invasions by the United States
United States
Military operations involving the United Kingdom
Military operations involving Canada
Military operations involving Australia
Al-Qaeda activities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20invasion%20of%20Afghanistan |
Craig Starcevich (born 16 May 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer and current senior coach. Starcevich played for and the in the Australian Football League (AFL), known as the Victorian Football League (VFL) prior to 1990. He is the current senior coach of in the AFL Women's (AFLW), having led the team since its inception. Starcevich is the only person in Australian rules football history to win both an AFL and an AFLW premiership, having won the latter as coach.
Playing career
Starcevich was recruited from East Perth, for whom he played 37 games for after he won the 1986 F. D. Book Medal for being judged their best and fairest player. On the back of this, Starcevich was recruited to Collingwood in the VFL.
Starcevich made his VFL debut in 1987. He played the role of a key-position player, coming off the bench in Collingwood's 1990 premiership side to be a solid contributor during the grand final. He played 124 games and kicked 162 goals for Collingwood before moving to the Brisbane Bears at the end of 1993 as part of the trade that saw Nathan Buckley go to Collingwood. He played 20 games and kicked 16 goals for the Bears before retiring at the end of 1995.
Coaching career
Fitness coaching
Following his retirement from AFL football as a player, Starcevich became one of the most prominent fitness trainers in the AFL.
In 2006, he was recruited as part of the St Kilda Football Club's head of training services in an attempt to turn around the club's large injury list in the 2005 season. During the 2006 pre-season, Starcevich adopted a controversial policy whereby players were banned from wearing thongs, citing the fact that they could increase the risk of injuries to feet. He left the Saints before the 2007 season, citing "family reasons".
In March 2007, Starcevich joined A-League team Queensland Roar as strength and conditioning coach.
Senior coaching
In June 2016, Starcevich was appointed head coach of the Brisbane Lions women's team. Starcevich guided the Lions to the minor premiership in the inaugural season of AFL Women's in 2017. By finishing first, the Lions qualified for the 2017 AFL Women's Grand Final. The team lost to the Adelaide Crows in the decider. In the league's second season, the Lions once again lost the Grand Final by six points under Starcevich, in a game which ended 27–21 in favour of the Western Bulldogs.
Since arriving in Brisbane at the end of 1993, Starcevich has been involved in every one of the Brisbane Lions' four premierships (three AFL and one AFLW) and seven grand final appearances (four AFL & three AFLW).
Personal life
Starcevich's son Jackson played for Collingwood in the VFL, and nephew Brandon currently plays for Brisbane in the AFL.
Coaching statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2017
|
| 8 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 75% || 1 || 8
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2018
|
| 8 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 50% || 2 || 8
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2019
|
| 7 || 2 || 5 || 0 || 28.57% || 9 || 10
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2020
|
| 6 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 50% || 7 || 14
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2021
|
| 11 || 9 || 2 || 0 || 81.81% || 2 || 14
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=2| Career totals
! 39
! 24
! 15
! 1
! 61.54%
! colspan=2|
|}
References
Brisbane Bears players
1967 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
East Perth Football Club players
Australian physiotherapists
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Western Australian State of Origin players
AFL Women's coaches
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Starcevich |
Collie-Preston is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. While the seat was known as Collie for just over a century of its existence as an electorate, the seat was known as South West Mining from 1901 to 1904, and Collie-Wellington from 2005 to 2008. It is named for the South West coal mining town of Collie. While historically a very safe seat for the Labor Party, redistributions in 1988 and 2007 due to increases in the quota for country seats which had historically been malapportioned resulted in the seat incorporating surrounding rural shires which were hostile to Labor and thereby becoming more marginal.
History
Collie was originally created as the seat of "South West Mining" in the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1899, the last redistribution of seats to require a modification of the Constitution. It was first contested at the 1901 election. The district in 1900 consisted of three non-contiguous parts: one centred on the Collie coalfields, one centred on the Greenbushes tinfields, and one centred on the Donnybrook goldfields.
In 1904, it was renamed "Collie" with almost no changes to its boundaries. In the Redistribution of Seats Act 1911, its boundaries were so unusually contorted by the then-Liberal government, which was accused of trying to lock Labor votes in Premier Frank Wilson's marginal seat of Sussex behind Collie's boundaries, that the Kalgoorlie Miner and other newspapers used the seat's map as an effective mascot for the bill. However, the boundaries remained unchanged until a later redistribution ahead of the 1930 election.
The seat changed hands three times between the Liberal member John Ewing and his Labor rivals, but the seat was securely Labor from the 1908 election and for 81 years continuously remained a Labor seat, with only three members during that time—Arthur Wilson until 1947, then Harry May until 1968 and Tom Jones until 1989.
In 1986, the seat had 9,410 enrolled voters compared with an average of 13,796 statewide and over 28,000 in some metropolitan electorates such as Joondalup and Murdoch. The Burke Labor government's Acts Amendment (Electoral Reform) Act 1987, passed with National Party support, increased metropolitan representation from 29 to 34 out of 57 seats, and the 1988 redistribution which resulted in Collie gaining parts of Dale and Warren combined with a significant statewide swing against the Labor Party delivered the seat to the Nationals' Dr Hilda Turnbull, who held the seat until the 2001 election. Labor's Mick Murray, head of the Country Labor grouping in Western Australia, gained the seat on his third attempt with a margin of 34 votes.
In the 2003 redistribution, the seat was renamed Collie-Wellington when it lost its southern and eastern sections and incorporated large sections of Waroona and Harvey which had been part of Murray-Wellington. The 2007 redistribution renamed the seat Collie-Preston and largely reversed the 2003 redistribution, but adding the coastal section of the Shire of Capel which brought in residents on the fringes of metropolitan Bunbury. This slashed Murray's margin from a fairly safe 9.3 percent to an extremely marginal 0.8 percent.
Mick Murray retained the seat at the 2005, 2008 and 2013 elections. A redistribution ahead of the 2017 election saw Collie-Preston gain Donnybrook-Balingup Shire from Warren-Blackwood and Clifton Park from Bunbury while it lost Dalyellup to Bunbury. This erased Murray's paper-thin majority of 0.1 percent and made Collie-Preston notionally Liberal, on a margin of 2.9 percent. However, Murray retained the seat on a massive swing of 17.6 percent. Murray retired in 2021, and Jodie Hanns easily retained the seat for Labor. She now sits on a margin of 23.4 percent, Labor's safest outside the Perth-Mandurah axis.
Geography
Collie-Preston presently includes the Shires of Collie, Capel, Donnybrook-Balingup and Dardanup. It includes the Bunbury suburbs of Eaton and Millbridge, the towns of Balingup, Boyanup, Burekup, Capel] which includes the suburb of Dalyellup Collie, Dardanup, Donnybrook and Kirup.
The seat has changed many times through its history. In the 1950s, the seat was limited to the region around Collie itself and mining areas within the Shire of West Arthur. By 1968, the seat consisted of the Shires of Collie, Donnybrook-Balingup and Boyup Brook districts, and from 1976 to 1982 also included Dardanup. The 1988 redistribution added Boddington from the abolished Dale, as well as the Greenbushes district from Warren. The 1994 redistribution added Dardanup and eastern Capel, including Boyanup but excluding Eaton and the coastal regions. Ahead of the state election, only Collie and Dardanup were retained, with the seat gaining Waroona and most of Harvey (excluding Australind and other urban districts which were part of Leschenault).
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, brought back Dardanup and Donnybrook-Balingup, but also added Capel from the abolished Capel district, and the Bunbury suburb of Eaton from the abolished Leschenault. This change rendered Collie a marginal Labor seat, with Labor's 81.7% two-party-preferred vote across the six booths in the town of Collie contrasting with the Liberals' 60.1% two-party-preferred vote across the three outer Bunbury booths. With the rural districts generally historically preferring Liberal candidates—62.7% at the 2005 election and 61.9% at the 2007 federal election—the seat has been rated by Antony Green as marginal Labor with a margin of 0.9% going into the election.
Members for Collie
Election results
References
External links
Electorate profile (Antony Green, ABC)
Collie
Collie, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Collie-Preston |
S. Asch may refer to:
Sholem Asch (1880–1957), Polish-Jewish novelist
Solomon Asch (1907–1996), Polish-American psychologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Asch |
Isidore Singer (10 November 1859 – 20 February 1939) was an American encyclopedist and editor of The Jewish Encyclopedia and founder of the American League for the Rights of Man.
Biography
Singer was born in 1859 in Weisskirchen, Moravia, in the Austrian Empire. He studied at the University of Vienna and the Humboldt University of Berlin, receiving his Ph.D. in 1884.
France
After editing the Allgemeine oesterreichische Literaturzeitung (Austrian literary newspaper) from 1885 to 1886, he became literary secretary to the French ambassador in Vienna. From 1887, he worked in Paris in the press bureau of the French foreign office and was active in the campaign on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus. In 1893 he founded a short-lived biweekly called La Vraie Parole as a foil to the anti-Jewish La Libre Parole.
New York
Singer moved to New York City in 1895 where he learned English and taught French, raising the money for the Jewish Encyclopedia he had envisioned.
Over the course of his career, Singer also proposed many projects which never won backing, including a multi-million-dollar loan to aid the Jews of Eastern Europe, a Jewish university open to students of any background, various encyclopedias about secular topics, and a 25-volume publication series of Hebrew classics. By 1911, the date of this latter proposal, "neither the [Jewish] Publication Society nor any body of respectable scholars would work with him," according to encyclopedist Cyrus Adler.
Religious views
Singer held extremely liberal views which at times proved unpopular. He endorsed Jesus and the Christian New Testament and proposed a Hebrew translation. He founded the Amos Society to promote understanding among followers of monotheistic religions.
His 1897 prospectus for the encyclopedia project called for harmony between religions; called the Sabbath and holidays "heavy burdens, or, at best, mere ceremonies" for most Jews; and made the radical suggestion that Jewish parents, if honest with their children, would tell them:
Due to the controversy of Singer's outlooks, his publisher, Funk & Wagnalls, agreed to the encyclopedia project only after divesting Singer of editorial control and appointing a board of prestigious Jewish scholars, including rabbis.
He died in 1939 in New York City.
Publications
Russia at the Bar of the American People: A Memoir of Kinship. Funk & Wagnalls, 1904.
The German Classics (1913–1914), with Kuno Francke: twenty volumes.
A Religion of Truth, Justice, and Peace: A Challenge to Church and Synagogue to Lead in the Realization of the Social and Peace Gospel of the Hebrew Prophets. Amos Society: 1924.
References
Citations
Sources
Schwartz, S. R. The Emergence of Jewish Scholarship in America: The Publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia. '' Monographs of the Hebrew Union College, Number 13. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1991. .
1859 births
1939 deaths
American encyclopedists
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
Austrian Jews
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Jewish American writers
Jews and Judaism in New York City
People from Hranice (Přerov District)
University of Vienna alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Jewish encyclopedists
Moravian Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore%20Singer |
John Farmer may refer to:
John Farmer (composer) (c. 1570–c. 1601), Renaissance composer of madrigals
John Farmer (author) (1789–1838), American historian and genealogist
John Farmer (cartographer) (1798–1859), Detroit-based mapmaker
John Farmer (1835–1901) (1835–1901), music teacher at Harrow School
John Stephen Farmer (1854–1916), lexicographer and spiritualist
John Bretland Farmer (1865–1944), botanist
John Hind Farmer (1917–2012), SOE Agent, MI6 Agent
John Farmer (footballer) (born 1947), English footballer who played for Stoke City
John Farmer Jr. (born 1957), Attorney General, acting governor of New Jersey, and law school dean
John Q. Farmer (1823–1904), Minnesota politician and jurist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Farmer |
Bittner (occupational name for a cooper or a barrel maker, the name was derived from the Old German word "bute," which means "cask") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Egon Bittner (1921–2011), American sociologist
Eric R. Bittner (born 1965), American scientist
Horst Bittner (1927–2016), German politician (SED)
Jason Bittner (born 1970), American drummer
John Joseph Bittner (1904–1961), American cancer biologist
Julius Bittner (1874–1939), Austrian composer
Maria Bittner, American linguist
Mark Bittner (born 1951), American writer
Sławomir Maciej Bittner (1923–1944), Polish resistance fighter
Stephan Bittner, German canoeist
See also
Biittner, surname
Bitner, surname
Occupational surnames
German-language surnames
Surnames of German origin
de:Bittner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittner |
Erik Theodor Werenskiold (11 February 1855 – 23 November 1938) was a Norwegian painter and illustrator. He is especially known for his drawings for the
Asbjørnsen and Moe collection of Norske Folkeeventyr, and his illustrations for the Norwegian edition of the Snorri Sturlason Heimskringla.
Background
Erik Theodor Werenskiold was born in Eidskog, at Granli gaard, southeast of Kongsvinger in Hedmark county, Norway. He lived his first four years there with his family, until they moved to Kongsvinger. Werenskiold grew up in Kongsvinger Fortress as the fourth son of the commander. He attended the Kongsvinger national school and then in the three years 1869-72 was at the privately owned Latin school operated by Harald Aars and Peter Voss (Aars og Voss' skole) in Christiania.
Based on advice from the painter Adolph Tidemand, he attended a college for painters. During 1873, he was a pupil of Norwegian sculptor, Julius Middelthun (1820–1886), at the Drawing School in Christiania (Tegneskolen i Kristiania). He studied for a short time at the studio of artist, Axel Ender in the autumn of 1875.
Career
He went to Munich where he stayed for four years. His meeting with the French plein air painting, particularly Charles-François Daubigny, at a French art show in Munich in 1879, convinced Werenskiold of its superiority over the German studio painting. In the spring of 1880, Werenskiold was paralyzed in the right arm. After half a year of hospitalization and recreation in Switzerland at Oberbayern and Tyrol, he finally regained his health. From 1881 to 1883 he lived in Paris. In 1883, Werenskiold returned to Norway where he spent the summers in Telemark. He returned to France in 1884–1885 and studied with Léon Bonnat (1888–89).
In the spring of 1895 he made a study trip to Rome and Florence.
He made several paintings of peasants in landscapes. Illustrations for Norwegian fairy tales had interested him since his time in Munich, and he now got the opportunity to illustrate Norwegian fairy tales together with Theodor Kittelsen. He illustrated Norwegian folktales (Norske Folkeeventyr) in 1879 and continued with Adventure Tales for Children (Eventyrbog for Børn. Norske Folkeeventyr) by Asbjørnsen and Moe in three volumes during the period 1882–1887. Werenskiold illustrated a new edition of King's Sagas (kongesagae) from Snorre Sturlason and The Family at Gilje (Familjen paa Gilje) (1903) by Jonas Lie.
His wide range of characterized portraits make up an entire pantheon of famous Norwegians from his lifetime. Werenskiold received the Norwegian national artist's salary from 1908. He was appointed Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1890, Commander 1905, Commander of the 1st class of 1930 and the Grand Cross 1935. He was also Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog. He died at Bærum, in Akershus county, Norway. He was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.
Personal life
He was married to the painter Sophie Marie Stoltenberg Thomesen (1849–1926). He was the brother-in-law of journalist Fernanda Nissen and the son–in-law of Norwegian merchant and politician Thomes Thomesen. He was the father of geologist Werner Werenskiold (1883–1961) and sculptor Dagfin Werenskiold (1892–1977).
Selected works
Visual art
Bærrensere (1878)
Et møte (1880)
Gjetere (1882)
En bondebegravelse (1883–85)
Olivia (1891)
Solstreif (1891)
Lekende barn (1892)
Sommeraften i Kviteseid (1893)
Skysshesten (1894)
Aftenlandskap fra Kviteseid (1895)
Hungersnøden (1923 and 1928–29)
Middagsselskapet (1928–30)
En streikebryter ca. (1930)
Portraits
Gunnar Heiberg (1878)
Amund Helland (1885)
Kitty Kielland (1891)
Edvard Grieg (1892 and 1902)
Erika Nissen (1892)
Fridtjof Nansen (1893)
Frederik Collett (1894)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1895)
Henrik Ibsen (1895)
Eva Nansen (1896)
Sophus Lie (1902)
Christian Michelsen (1906)
References
Other sources
Østby, Leif Erik Werenskiold ( Oslo: Dreyers Forlag, 1977)
External links
Paintings by Erik and Dagfin Werenskiold in the O. Væring archive
Erik Werenskiold drawings
MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations created by Eirik Werenskiold for the 1899 and 1900 Norwegian editions of Heimskringla. Clicking on the thumbnail will give you the full image and information concerning it.
19th-century Norwegian painters
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
1855 births
1938 deaths
Norwegian illustrators
People from Eidskog
People from Kongsvinger
Place of death missing
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
19th-century Norwegian male artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Werenskiold |
John Farmer (16 August 1835 – 17 July 1901) was an English composer, music teacher, and organist born in Nottingham.
Life
His father, also named John (1812 – 1894), was a butcher and his mother, Mary, was a milliner. The eldest of four children, Farmer was recognised as child prodigy, playing violin, piano and harp. His uncle Henry Farmer (1819–1891) was also a conductor, composer, violinist, and organist in Nottingham. He owned a successful music-warehouse and nurtured his nephew's musical talent.
Between 1849 and 1852, Farmer studied piano at the Leipzig Conservatory with Ignaz Moscheles , after which he studied for a year in Coburg under Andreas Spaeth, a composer, organist, and clarinetist.
Farmer returned to England to briefly work in his parents' millinery business, then travelled to Switzerland in 1853, marrying Mary Elizabeth Stahel (1840–1914) in 1859, the daughter of a Zurich schoolteacher, with whom he eventually had 7 children.
His daughter Mary was married to the Scottish classicist John Burnet.
Farmer suffered a stroke at Oxford in 1900 and died in July, 1901. He was buried at St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford.
Teacher at Harrow School, 1862-1885
After teaching in Zurich for some years, John became music master and violin teacher at Harrow in 1862, reportedly appointed as a result of being noticed while giving piano demonstrations at the London International Exhibition. During his time at Harrow, he introduced 'house-singing' (still part of a new boy's 'initiation' into the school community) and composed many school songs and other larger vocal works for the education and enjoyment of students and staff. He encouraged the participation of the boys in massed singing for school events and the serious study of instrumental music. This was during a period when the inclusion of music within public school education in England was in its infancy and its acceptance was often resisted by school boards and principals. Affectionately known as "Sweaty John", Farmer also introduced the smoking concert, or "Tobacco Parliament", that was held on Founder's Day, where school songs and musical contributions were welcomed from staff, boys and friends, with Farmer's items particularly memorable - he was remembered as a "capital entertainer" according to John Ivimey. His songs continue to be published in modern editions of the "Harrow School Songs" book. The school song, “Forty Years On”, was written in 1872 with fellow teacher Edward Ernest Bowen as lyricist. He also composed cricketing ditties like "Willow the King," one of the most famous of all cricketing songs. His opera, "Cinderella" was performed at Harrow in 1883.
His pupils included Elsie Hall and Mary Louisa White.
Organist at Balliol College, Oxford
Farmer left Harrow in 1885 to take up the post of Organist at Balliol College, Oxford. During his tenure, he founded the Balliol College Musical Society. His proposed Sunday evening concerts in the College Hall were initially controversial when the performances on the Sabbath were strongly disapproved of by strict Sabbatarians.
However, the Sunday evening concerts are still presented by the College Music Society today.
While at Balliol he composed Warwick School's first school song, Here's a Song For All, in 1892.
He championed the music of Bach, editing two volumes for school students, and his own oratorio "Christ and His Soldiers" was popular with smaller choirs. Most of Farmer's stage works were intended for amateurs, often youngsters.
Compositions
Christ and His Soldiers - 1878 - a children's oratorio
Harrow School Songs - 1881
Harrow School Marches - 1881
Cinderella - c1883 - an opera
The Pied Piper - n.d. - an opera
Hunting Songs Quadrilles - for chorus and orchestra
Nursery Rhymes Quadrilles - for chorus and orchestra
The Harrow Songs and Glees - 1890
Gaudeamus - 1890
Also some instrumental music, including a piano quintet and two septets for piano, flute and strings.
References
External links
The grave of John and Mary Elizabeth Farmer in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford, with biography
1835 births
1901 deaths
Musicians from Nottingham
Teachers at Harrow School
English composers
19th-century English musicians
Burials at St Sepulchre's Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Farmer%20%281835%E2%80%931901%29 |
Beopheung of Silla (r. 514–540 AD) was the 23rd monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was preceded by King Jijeung (r. 500–514) and succeeded by King Jinheung.
By the time of his reign, Buddhism had become fairly common in Silla, as it had been introduced much earlier by Goguryeo monks during King Nulji's reign. One of King Beopheung's ministers, a man named Ichadon, was a Buddhist convert who had even shaved his head and took the tonsure. He constantly implored the king to adopt Buddhism as the state religion, and in fact King Beopheung himself had become fond of Buddha's teachings. However, the other ministers of Silla were greatly opposed to this, and expressed such defiance to the king. Beopheung, having been persuaded by his ministers, was at a crossroads, and encountered great reluctance to change. At this time, Ichadon suggested his own martyrdom and pleaded with the king to execute him in public for the cause of Buddhism. This the king refused to do, and so Ichadon deliberately insulted the ministers of the kingdom, thus provoking the anger of the king. In the end, Ichadon was executed in public, but before his head was cut off, he stated that the blood spilled from his body would not be red but milky white. According to the Samguk Yusa, his predictions proved correct, and Ichadon's milky blood horrified the ministers of the kingdom. As a result of Ichadon's martyrdom, King Beopheung finally chose Buddhism as the state religion. However, true Buddhist freedom in Silla would not begin until the reign of King Jinheung.
Beopheung sent a tribute mission to the Emperor Wu of Liang in 523. This envoy visited Liang China with the help of Baekje. In this tribute, Baekje represents Silla as a subordinate to Baekje. However, Silla acknowledges this because Baekje is needed to guard against Goguryeo and Japan.
Family
Father: Jijeung of Silla (437–514) (r. 500–514)
Mother: Queen Yeonje of the Park Clan (연제부인박씨)
Wife:
Queen Kim of the Kim clan (조생부인 김씨), daughter of Soji of Silla
Daughter: Queen Jiso (지소태후) (? - 574) married Galmunwang Ipjong (입종 갈문왕)
Grandson: Jinheung of Silla
Grandson: General Mijinbu (525-548)( 미진부), 2nd Pungwolju
Concubine: Princess Okjin of the Gyeongju Kim clan (옥진궁주 김씨), daughter of Wi Hwarang (위화랑), 1st Pungwolju
Son: Prince Kim Bidae-jeon (비대전군)
Son: Prince Kim Morang (모랑), 3rd Pungwolju
Concubine: Princess Bogwa (보과공주), of the Buyeo clan (부여씨), daughter of Dongseong of Baekje
Daughter: Princess Nammo (남모공주)
See also
List of Korean monarchs#Silla
History of Korea
Korean Buddhism
References
Kings of Silla
Silla Buddhists
Korean Buddhist monarchs
Buddhism in Silla
540 deaths
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beopheung%20of%20Silla |
Sir Kenneth Moir was a champion knight and Knights Templar who, in 1330, rode with James Douglas, Lord of Douglas and the Crusaders to Spain with the heart of Robert the Bruce to defeat the Moors who had laid siege to the fortress at Battle of Teba in Andalusia.
Sir Kenneth and Sir James Douglas rode out on Crusade with Sir Simon Locard of Lee, Sir William Keith of Galston, Sir William de St. Clair and his younger brother John of Rosslyn, Sir Symon Glendonwyn, Sir Alan Cathcart and the brothers Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig and Sir Walter Logan. Locard would as a result of this Crusade became known as Lockhart. There was also a young William Borthwick.
Having been granted a promise of safe conduct from Edward III of England, the party sailed from North Berwick and made for Luys in Flanders in the spring of 1330 remaining there for 12 days and attracting more followers from all over Europe. The Knights Templar had been outlawed and ordered killed by this time. There are no written records of who joined the party of Scottish knights. There is circumstantial evidence that at least one knight from Germany joined in Flanders.
Their intention was to then sail to Cape Finisterre in the north west of Spain to visit Santiago de Compostela which had been ordained as a holy town by Pope Alexander III following the discovery of the remains of the Apostle James. A pilgrimage to Santiago captured the imagination of Christian Europe on an unprecedented scale as it was the third holiest site in Christendom and, at the height of its popularity in the 11th and 12th century, attracted over half a million pilgrims each year.
However, before they could set off for Santiago word reached them that the King of Castile and León, Alphonso XI, in his efforts to drive the Nasrid dynasty (Moors) out of Granada had laid siege to the Castillo de las Estrellas (Castle of the Stars) at Teba which was occupied by the Saracen army of Muhammed IV, Sultan of Granada. The knights travelled to Seville and offered their support to Alfonso for his Crusade to rid the Iberian Peninsula of non-Christians. They marched the short distance to Teba.
On 25 August 1330, south east of Seville in a saddle high above the river the knights came to Teba in al-Andalus. There, three thousand of Muhammed IV's cavalry made a feigned attack on the Christians. The great body of his army took a circuitous route to fall, unexpectedly, upon the rear of Alfonso's camp. With the Christian troops otherwise engaged, the Templar Knights faced overwhelming odds. Templar Knights did not retreat and Sir James gave the order to charge. Sir James Douglas, Sir William St. Clair, Sir John de St. Clair, Sir Robert Logan and Sir Walter Logan died in battle. To be a Templar Knight requires giving up family name in devotion to Christ. These Scottish knights followed the practice of Sir Kenneth. Instead, of going into battle with the family coat of arms, the knights, like Sir Kenneth were marked by crosses and stars. After the battle families would buy back the captured knights. Unfortunately for the fallen knights, the Moors would have preferred to gain wealth by returning captured knights. Lochard did take a Moorish knight captive and was given a jewel that would become known as the Lockhardt penny for the knights release back to his family.
In Teba's Plaza de Espana stands a block of Scottish granite to commemorate this town's illustrious connection with Robert the Bruce where the Scottish knights gave their lives to recover the plain below the castle for Christian Spain.
Sir Kenneth survived to oversee preparations for transport home of the fallen Templar Knights. This included the scrubbing clean of bones. He returned the Scottish knights to their family homes. For his extraordinary bravery and for might when faced with overwhelming odds, Sir Kenneth's surname was forever changed from de la More to Moir, from the Scottish Gaelic for brave and mighty one.
The earliest Moir armorial bearing, the family crest of the Moirs, depicts a shield beset with laurels under a knight's helmet. Larger than the helmet above is a skull scrubbed clean with two leg bones saltire proper in a cross to represent the fallen knight. The two bones form the cross of Saint Andrew's, a saint martyred on a tipped cross, "a mort head upon two leg bones saltyre ways proper." Below the knight's helmet are three Moor heads in their gore cut proper with blood dripping arranged in a perfect triangle. To draw away attention from the triangular symmetry and to the answer the question why three over the centuries arose the saying: "One Christian Moir slew three pagan Moors."
The Moor's head is one of the most mysterious symbols in Christian heraldry. Pope Benedict XVI has placed the Moor's head in identical profile on his own coat of arms. Pope Benedict is from Germany and may have gained the heraldic symbol from a Friesland or Bavaria family descended from a Knight of the Battle of Teba. The Moir crest is not that of a triumphant victor. Instead the crest is grim memorial to fallen warriors both comrade-in-arms and enemy. The family motto in the scroll on the crest is Non sibi sed cunctis—Not for self, but for all." When setting forth the family motto, Kenneth Moir remembered the Knights Templar motto: "Not for self, but for God."
References
Scottish knights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Moir |
Graham Neil Kenneth Mourie (born 8 September 1952) is a former New Zealand All Black flanker and coach of the Hurricanes. He was one of the great All Black captains in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was first selected for the All Blacks in 1976, captaining a second-string New Zealand team that toured South America. He was selected again for the All Blacks against the touring British Lions in 1977, and captained the side to France later that year, replacing Tane Norton as captain.
Early life
Born in Taranaki, he captained his province. He attended Opunake High School and was in the 1st XV before he attended New Plymouth Boys' High School which he also got into the 1st XV but never captained it.
Rugby career
He played a total of 61 matches (57 as captain) for the All Blacks until 1982. He captained the All Blacks on their historic Grand Slam tour of Britain and Ireland in 1978.
In 1981, Mourie made himself unavailable for selection during the controversial Springbok Tour of New Zealand. Mourie has said that he has no regrets about his decision not to play against the Springboks in 1981, noting that "You have got to be able to look at yourself in the mirror - look yourself in the eye and say that is the right thing to do."
He returned as captain later that year for the tour of Romania and France.
He retired from playing in 1982 and together with Ron Palenski penned his autobiography. Because he openly accepted royalties from book sales and declared himself 'professional' - to challenge the existing rules around amateurism, he was banned from coaching, playing or administering the game for 10 years. He returned to coach the Opunake senior team, his club side, after the ban ended.
He was also instrumental in setting up the Coastal rugby club in 1995 and became its first coach.
Coaching
Mourie's first taste of first-class coaching was with Wellington before he took over from Frank Oliver as head coach of the Hurricanes in 2000. He resigned in June 2002 at the conclusion of the season which was labelled "disappointing" after the team finished 9th.
Recognition
Mourie was named overall sportsman of the Year in the Taranaki Sports Awards in 1977. In the 1981 Queen's Birthday Honours, Mourie was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to rugby.
He was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014 and the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. He was inducted into the Taranaki Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.
He was made a Life Member of the Taranaki Rugby Football Union in 2018 and became its Patron in July 2019.
Business career
Mourie worked as a farmer and in farming industry roles.
References
External links
1952 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
People educated at Opunake High School
People educated at New Plymouth Boys' High School
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Living people
New Zealand rugby union coaches
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Ōpunake
Rugby union players from Taranaki
Rugby union flankers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Mourie |
Dawesville is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Dawesville is named for the southwestern Mandurah suburb of Dawesville, which falls within its borders.
History
Dawesville was created at the 1994 redistribution due to the rapid population growth in the Mandurah region. It had previously been part of the seat of Murray, with a small portion in Mandurah. Its initial member following its first contest at the 1996 election was Arthur Marshall, the former member for Murray. At the 2005 election, it was won by former Court minister Kim Hames, who had been the member for Yokine but lost to Labor's Bob Kucera in 2001. Despite being a smaller quota seat under the previous system of electoral malapportionment, the 2005 one vote one value reforms did not significantly affect the seat due to rapid population growth. In the 2021 state elections Lisa Munday defeated the sitting Liberal opposition leader, Zak Kirkup, turning it on paper into a safe Labor seat in one stroke. Munday became the first Labor member ever to win the seat. She won the seat on first preferences, receiving 57% of first preference votes in the electorate.
Geography
Dawesville takes in the southwestern suburbs of Mandurah between the Harvey Estuary and the Indian Ocean, crossing the Dawesville Cut and including the suburbs of Halls Head, Erskine, Falcon, Wannanup, Dawesville, Bouvard and Herron. As of the 2007 redistribution it now includes areas immediately south of Mandurah's city centre such as Dudley Park and part of Coodanup, an area which is historically more Labor-oriented than the rest of the electorate.
Members for Dawesville
Election results
References
External links
Dawesville
Mandurah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Dawesville |
Notre Dame Academy is an all-girls Catholic high school located in Toledo, Ohio. It is within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo and is sponsored by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The academy was founded in 1904 and is fully accredited by the Ohio State Department of Education, and the Ohio Catholic Schools Accrediting Association (OCSAA). The school president is Mrs. Kim Grilliot and the principal is Mrs. Sarah Cullum.
Notre Dame Academy offers a variety of clubs and extracurricular activities, such as Global Concerns, various language clubs, Current Events club and the popular speech team and Fall musical. Notre Dame Academy offers a variety of athletics as well, such as crew, golf, soccer, tennis, basketball and swimming.
Ohio High School Athletic Association state championships
Girls Golf - 1993, 1996, 1998
Notable alumnae
Katie Holmes, actress
Kristina Keneally, the first female Premier of New South Wales, leader of the government of the most populous state in Australia.
Activities
Notre Dame Academy was the first high school in the country to perform Seussical the Musical, and the second in the country to perform Hairspray. Notre Dame Academy has had a student selected to attend Ohio All State Choir. Notre Dame Academy's Bel Canto Choir has traveled to Chicago to perform and receive professional training from a member of the cast of the Tony-award winning musical, Wicked. Notre Dame Academy has also performed Thoroughly Modern Millie, Fiddler on the Roof, 42nd Street, and the Drowsy Chaperone. Fall 2012 Notre Dame will once again be performing "Seussical the Musical".
Notre Dame Academy has a Speech and Debate team. NDA has won numerous awards through Speech and Debate, including qualifying nine young women to a National High School Forensics Tournament in Dallas, Texas (2006). Notre Dame has had a duo team place first in the nation, in addition to one placing sixth in the nation.
References
External links
Notre Dame Academy website (Internet Explorer recommended)
Educational institutions established in 1904
Catholic secondary schools in Ohio
Girls' schools in Ohio
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
1904 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre%20Dame%20Academy%20%28Toledo%2C%20Ohio%29 |
The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, is an international cricket stadium in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is owned and operated by Hyderabad Cricket Association (HCA). It is the home ground of Hyderabad cricket team and Hyderabad women's cricket team.
Located in the eastern suburb of Uppal, it has a Seating capacity of 55,000 and extends across 15 acres of land. It serves as the home ground IPL team Sunrisers Hyderabad. As of 18 October 2023, it has hosted 5 Tests, 10 ODIs, and 3 T20Is. The stadium hosted the first, the final game of 2017 IPL edition, and the final of 2019 IPL. The stadium hosted its first ICC event in October 2023 during the 2023 Cricket World Cup.
It is renamed after the former prime minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.
History
Before the stadium was built, HCA hosted domestic and international matches at the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in the Fateh Maidan sports complex at Basheerbagh in central Hyderabad. The ground's proprietor was the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh state (Now Sports Authority of Telangana State) due to which HCA had limited authority, control over that ground, due to which it decided to built their own stadium.
In 2003, the proposal for a new stadium was submitted by HCA to the government of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, then headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu. The proposal was quickly cleared and HCA was allocated a budget for the same. The government also identified a large piece of land suitable for the project at Uppal.
Most of the funding for the project came after an open auction of the stadium's title was held. Visaka Industries Limited won the auction with a bid price of ₹65,00,00,000. A sum of ₹43,00,00,000 was paid in advance and the stadium was named "Visakha International Cricket Stadium" in 2004.
By 2005 when most of the stadium was built, it was ready to host its first ODI Match between India and South Africa. However, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (before the separation of Telangana) decided to change the name of the stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in memory of the former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.
Following this decision, HCA was required to pay Visakha Industries six times the contract price in accordance with the contract clauses governing any subsequent renaming of the stadium or the Visakha name not remaining attached to the stadium. HCA however, following some negotiations by Govt, got away with paying an amount of ₹43,00,00,000, i.e. the contract price only.
The ends are named Pavilion End and North End. On the retirement of VVS Laxman, the HCA decided to honor the veteran by naming the North End after him.
Domestic cricket
Sunrisers Hyderabad is a cricket franchise based in Hyderabad city. The team is owned by Kalanithi Maran of the Sun TV Network.
Aiden Markram is the captain of the team. Brian Lara is the head coach and Simon Helmot is the assistant coach of the team. Dale Steyn and Muttiah Muralitharan are the bowling coaches of the team. The team won the 2016 IPL. So far this stadium is served as the home ground of the Sunrisers and now defunct franchise Deccan Chargers.
Its official jersey was unveiled on 8 March 2013, and the team anthem directed by GV Prakash Kumar was released on 12 March 2013. Their logo was unveiled on 20 December 2012, along with the announcement that the team's management would be led by Kris Srikkanth, Tom Moody, and VVS Laxman.
In IPL 2019, Hyderabad Cricket Association won the award for best ground and pitch.
One-day international cricket
Stadium records
Australia had scored 350/4, it is the highest score at the stadium.
England had scored 174, it is the lowest score at the stadium.
Yuvraj Singh's 233 scored in three matches is the most of runs scored at the stadium.
Shubman Gill's 208 is the highest individual score at the stadium.
Sachin Tendulkar completed 17,000 ODI runs, made his 45th ODI century and received his 60th ODI Man of the match award.
697 runs made for the loss of 14 wickets in one match.
India completed its 500th ODI win at this venue in 2019.
One day international records
T-20 Internationals
The ground was scheduled to host its first-ever Twenty20 International on 13 October 2017, against Australia. However, it was called off due to a wet outfield.
The ground finally hosted a Twenty20 International on 6 December 2019, against West Indies. It was a high-scoring match, with India winning the match by 6 wickets. Team India played the 3rd T20 against Australia on September 25, 2022, at this venue. India won by 6 wickets and won the Mastercard T20I trophy against Australia. Surya Kumar Yadav who scored 69 runs (36 balls) is awarded the Player of the Match.
Stadium records
27 sixes were witnessed in one match, it's the most sixes in a T20I game in India
416 runs were scored in one match for the loss of 8 wickets.
K. L. Rahul reached his 1000 runs milestone in a T20I at this venue.
Twenty20 international records
Records
Highest Total: 231/2 – Sunrisers Hyderabad vs. RCB, 31 March 2019
Highest Individual Score: 126 – David Warner, Sunrisers Hyderabad vs. KKR, 30 April 2017
Best Bowling Figures: 6/12 – Alzarri Joseph, Mumbai Indians vs. Sunrisers Hyderabad, 6 April 2019
Ref -
Alzarri Joseph's bowling figures of 6 for 12 are the best recorded in any IPL match.
Stadium records
Umesh Yadav recorded his first 10 wicket haul in his Test career at this ground on 12 October 2018 against West Indies.
Ravichandran Ashwin recorded the first 10-wicket haul in Tests at this ground on 23 August 2012 against New Zealand.
Test matches records
References
External links
Cricinfo Website - Ground Page
Sports venues in Hyderabad, India
Cricket grounds in Telangana
Cricket in Hyderabad, India
Sports venues in Telangana
Test cricket grounds in India
Sports venues completed in 2003
2003 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
2023 Cricket World Cup stadiums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20International%20Cricket%20Stadium |
The Epic of Koroghlu (; ; ; ) is a heroic legend prominent in the oral traditions of the Turkic peoples, mainly the Oghuz Turks. The legend typically describes a hero who seeks to avenge a wrong. It was often put to music and played at sporting events as an inspiration to the competing athletes. Koroghlu is the main hero of epic with the same name in Azerbaijani, Turkmen and Turkish as well as some other Turkic languages. The epic tells about the life and heroic deeds of Koroghlu as a hero of the people who struggled against unjust rulers. The epic combines the occasional romance with Robin Hood-like chivalry.
Due to the migration in the Middle Ages of large groups of Oghuz Turks within Central Asia, South Caucasus and Asia Minor, and their subsequent assimilation with other ethnic groups, Epic of Koroghlu spread widely in these geographical regions leading to emergence of its Turkmen, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tajik, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Crimean Tatar, Georgian and Kurdish versions. The story has been told for many generations by the "bagshy" narrators of Turkmenistan, fighter Ashik bards of Azerbaijan and Turkey, and has been written down mostly in the 18th century.
Koroghlu
Koroghlu is a semi-mystical hero and bard among the Turkic people who is thought to have lived in 16th century. The name of "Koroghlu" means "the son of the blind", "the son of ember" or "the son of the clay" (the clay refers to death) in Turkic languages. His real name was in Azerbaijani, in Turkish or in Turkmen, which was a loanword from Persian رُوشن Rowšan meaning light or bright.
Turkmen tradition
In Turkmenistan, the epic is called which translates as "the son of a grave" and holds a special place among the Turkmen epics.
The Turkmen people refer to performers specialized in as dessanchy bagshy (musicians performing songs from dastan). Within Turkmenistan, dessanchy bagshy are encountered in two regions of the country: and Lebap. Outside of Turkmenistan, the tradition is found in neighbouring countries — including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Iran — and in other places where Turkmen ethnic groups have historically lived.
The epic of tells the story of the hero, , and his forty jigits (warriors) that includes descriptions of all major traditional events of Turkmen life. Sections in prose that describe the events alternate with sections in poetry that express the characters’ feelings.
The first "chapter" of the epic is about a miraculous birth and heroic education of (he grows up with grandfather Jygalybek and aunt ), raising the winged horse called Gyrat, building the Chandybil fortress and gathering warriors. Next are the stories about the marriage of to a fairy-tale girl, (the hero falls in love with a girl in his dream, goes in search of her, overcomes obstacles, takes her to Chandybil), about revenge on for kidnapping his aunt, , about the adoption of Ovez, about saving him from captivity and about his marriage. The "chapters" about battle with , making a way into an enemy camp, the attack of the Sultan’s troops on the country of and the abduction of Ovez, the adoption of Gorogly Hassan, the son of a blacksmith, are of a heroic nature. The cycle ends with the story of the death of , who retired to a cave in old age.
Various art forms are employed in the oral performance of , including narration, singing, vocal improvisation, and acting. Dessanchy bagshys are known for their prodigious memory, outstanding musical skills, and intelligence, which are all necessary qualities for performing the epic. Performers should master traditional musical instruments — such as the dutar (a two-stringed plucked instrument) and the gyjak (an instrument resembling the fiddle)— and be able to sing various melodies of the epic, performing improvisation.
Under the supervision of his master, in addition to learning the repertoire and perfecting his skills, the apprentice of the baghshy learns moral and ethical norms of the epic performance. For the transmission of knowledge, teacher bagshys use a variety of techniques and materials. When the apprentice is ready, his knowledge is thoroughly evaluated. The master then gives his blessing to the new performer, who is thus granted the right to perform the epic independently and teach students of his own.
This system of transmission ensures a constant flow of knowledge from one generation to the next and maintains skill levels and standards. In addition, the Turkmen National Conservatory, the State School of Culture and Arts, and various specialized school facilitate the acquisition of dutar skills by learners before they enter training with a dessanchy bagshy master.
plays an important role in a wide range of social functions within Turkmen communities. Values and emotions described in the epic form a basis for social interactions among Turkmen people and are reflected in social networks and relations among individuals.
The epic enables Turkmen people to learn and transmit their common history and social values to younger generations. Indeed, it is used as a tool for educating the young and strengthening national identity, pride, and unity. Through Gorogly, youngsters are taught diligence and precise thinking skills. They are also taught to love the history and culture of their homeland. Yet respect towards other nations and cultures is encouraged.
In the epic, the Turkmen people are portrayed as compassionate, wise, generous, hospitable, and tolerant. They demonstrate leadership, fearlessness, and loyalty to friends, family, and country. They respect their elders and never break promises.
Because of the emphasis of these values in Gorogly, knowledge and skills related to the epic, including talent for music, poetry, narration, and language as well as traditional skills described in the epic—such as the breeding Akhal-Teke horses—are highly valued. All of these elements constitute the cultural identity of Turkmen people.
The element is safeguarded thanks to gatherings and social events such as wedding ceremonies. Dessanchy bagshy competitions, regular national and religious holidays, celebrations, commemorations, and international cultural festivals also contribute greatly to the safeguarding of the Görogly tradition. Bagshys are the main promoters of traditional Görogly performance as they teach and transmit the element to prospective performers in the same way they learned from their masters. In addition, each province has a bagshylar oyi ("house of bagshy"), where masters gather monthly to exchange ideas, record themselves, and broadcast their performances on TV and radio. This allows for the dissemination of the element among the public and attract potential new performers.
The following is one of several poems encountered in the Turkmen version of , which is often performed by bagshys at Turkmen weddings. First column is the poem in its original (Turkmen) language, the second column is the poem's Turkish translation and the third one is its English translation.
Kybladan sallanyp geldi mestana,
Aga jan, Arabyň gyzyn bereýin.
Jemalyn görenler boldy diwana,
Agajan, Arabyň gyzyn bereýin.
Aryp bolsaň, habar algyl sözünden,
Bakdygynça, gözüň doýmaz gözünden,
Aşyk bolan behre alar ýüzünden,
Aga jan, Arabyň gyzyn bereýin.
Ýene döwran geldi biziň bu baga,
Ol Zuleýha bolsa, sen Ýusup, aga,
Biziň gözel ähli şoňa sadaga,
Aga jan, Arabyň gyzyn bereýin.
Görogly beg ar üstünde söweşer,
Burma saçy tar-tar topugna düşer,
Ýuka dodaklary balmydyr-şeker,
Aga jan, Arabyň gyzyn bereýin.
Kıble'den sallanıp geldi mestane,
Ağacan, Arabın kızını vereyim.
Cemalını görenler olmuş divane,
Ağacan, Arabın kızını vereyim.
Arif olsan haber algıl sözünden,
Bakarsan gözlerin doymaz gözlerinden.
Aşık olan behre alır yüzünden,
Ağacan, Arabın kızını vereyim.
Yine devran geldi, bizim bu bağa,
O Züleyha ise sen Yusuf, ağa.
Tüm güzeller olsun ona sadaka,
Ağacan, Arabın kızını vereyim.
Köroğlu beğ öç uğruna savaşır,
Kıvırcık saçları topuğuna düşer,
İnce dudakları baldır ve şeker,
Ağacan, Arabın kızını vereyim.
She came swinging and whirling from the Qibla,
Brother, let me give you the Arab's daughter.
Those who gazed at her face lost their mind,
Brother, let me give you the Arab's daughter.
If you are wise enough, learn from her words,
The more you see her, the more you fall in love.
And her lover will find solace in her face,
Brother, let me give you the Arab's daughter.
Our time has come again, to this vineyard of ours,
And if she is Zuleykha, you are Yusuf, brother.
May all the beauties be alms to her,
Brother, let me give you the Arab's daughter.
Gorogly likes to fight for revenge,
Her curly hair reaches her tender ankles,
Her thin lips are made of honey, sugar,
Brother, let me give you the Arab's daughter.
Azerbaijani and Turkish tradition
A theme common to nearly all versions is that of the hero — , literally "son of the blind man", or more directly translated as 'Blindson' (analogous with the English surname Richardson, sons of Richard), defending his clan or tribe against threats from outside. In many of the versions, earns his name from the wrongful blinding of his father, an act for which the son takes his revenge and which initiates his series of adventures. He is portrayed as a bandit and an ozan. A number of songs and melodies attributed to survives in the folk tradition.
The most common version of the tale describes as Rushen Ali, the son of the stableman Koca Yusuf lives in Dörtdivan under the service of the Bey of Bolu. One day, Yusuf comes across a filly which, to his trained eye, is an animal that will turn into a fine beast if well-fed. Bey wants to give good fillies to the Sultan as a present to repair their worsening relationship. However the Bey does not know enough about horses to appreciate the thin, famished animal that is presented to him. Being a man of foul and easily provoked temper, he suspects that he is being mocked and orders the poor worker to be blinded. His son, therefore, gains his nickname and harbors an ever-increasing hatred towards the Bey of Bolu in his heart as he grows up. The mare, which he names Kırat (kır at means literally "gray horse"; the word kırat can also mean "carat", "quality"), grows up with him and indeed turns into an animal of legendary stature and strength.
One day, Hızır shows himself to Yusuf in a dream and tells him that soon, the waters of the river Aras will flow briefly as a kind of thick foam and whoever drinks that foam will be cured of whatever physical problems that may be ailing him, including blindness and aging. Yusuf goes to the shore of the river with his son, but his son drinks the foam before he does. As this miracle can give everlasting health and youth to only one man, Yusuf loses his chance to see again; and dies a few days later, ordering his son to avenge him.
In some versions of the story, neither Yusuf nor his son can drink from the foam. Yusuf is warned by Hızır just before the phenomenon occurs, but being an old and blind man, he cannot reach the river in time. Köroğlu is by the river when the foam starts flowing, but, as he is ignorant of the significance of the event, he does not drink from the river. Instead, his horse Kırat does and becomes immortal.
After his father's death, Köroğlu takes up arms against the Bey. As he has only a few followers, he does not engage the army of Bolu directly and uses guerrilla tactics instead. He raids and plunders his former master's property, and eludes his would-be captors by staying on the move and fleeing to distant lands whenever his enemy organises a large-scale campaign to capture him.
Before he succeeds, however, the knowledge of firearms is carried by merchants to Anatolia. Even the simple guns of the time are sufficient to change the ways of the warriors forever: The balance of power is upset by the "holed iron", as Köroğlu calls the tool when he first sees one, and the Beys of Northern Anatolia engage in brutal warfare with each other. The fighting goes on and on, with no end in sight. Köroğlu realizes that even if he succeeds in bringing down the Bey of Bolu, he won't be able to bring back the old, chivalric world that he was born into. The warrior-poet disbands his followers and fades into obscurity, leaving only these lines behind:
A typical occasion where one might hear Köroğlu melodies is at a traditional wrestling competition such as Kirkpinar. A team of zurna and davul players play continually as the wrestlers struggle with each other.
In 1967, Yaşar Kemal successfully collected this legend in his epic novel Üç Anadolu Efsanesi, which stands as the most outstanding Köroğlu reference in contemporary literature.
Gurughli
Gurughli (also known as Gurghuli) is the titular character of the epic cycle from Central Asia. The cycle includes up to fifty segments which are still performed by the peoples of Turkestan in Tajik as well as Turkic languages.
Gurughli, whose name means "born of the grave", is the immaculately conceived child of the sister of Ahmadkhan (a Turkistan khan). She dies during pregnancy, and the child is born while the mother is already buried and survives on the milk of one of the mares from Ahmadkhan's herd, until he is found and named by shepherds. The other hero in the tales is his adopted son Ahwazkhan, child of a fairy mother.
His tales are told in all-night storytelling sessions in free verse. The background presumed known by the audience, they start without much introduction and are accompanied by music from a two-stringed lute, the dombra. Later brought into line with Islam, the stories originate from a time before Islam reached the area but became a "vehicle for the transmission of religious and moral instruction, especially targeted at the masses of nonliterate Muslims".
The extant corpus of Gurughli poetry entails some 100,000 lines. It reached its final form in the 18th century and was first discovered by the outside world through Russian travelers in 1870. It was recorded between 1930 and 1960 and is preserved in the Tajik Academy of Sciences.
Uzbek tradition
In Uzbek bakhshi tradition ("bakhshi" is a narrator of dastans or epic, usually, playing his dumbira, two-string musical instrument), the history and interpretation of Köroğlu's name are different from Turkish one. "Go‘ro‘g‘li" in Uzbek just like in Turkmen means "the son of grave". As it is told, Gorogli's mother dies while being in the last months of pregnancy. However, people bury her with Gorogli inside. After some time a local shepherd notices the number of sheep is decreasing. He spies after his sheep and finds a small boy, at the age of 3-4 eating one of sheep. When he tries catch the boy, he escapes and hides in a grave. As the story narrates later he will fight against giants and kill them. It is said Gorogli had a horse called "G`irot". The capital of Gorogli's state was in legendary Chambil.
International recognition
In December 2015, the Turkmen epic art of Görogly was inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Toponyms
Görogly is commonly used in naming streets and districts in Turkmenistan, including Görogly köçesi in Ashgabat. It is also the name of a town near Dashoguz.
In art
Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov has created an opera by this name, using the Ashik stories and masterfully combined some Ashik music with this major classical work. See The Opera of Koroglu.
Koroghlu in popular culture
"Köroğlu" movie by Atıf Yılmaz, starring Cüneyt Arkın, 1968: IMDB tt0183368
"Üç Anadolu Efsanesi" (Three Anatolian Legends) novel of Yaşar Kemal
"Koroğlu" movie by Əfrasiyab Məmmədov, 1960
"Koroğlu" movie by Rövşən Almuradlı, 2003
"Koroğlu" opera by Üzeyir Hacıbəyov
See also
Book of Dede Korkut
Epic tradition of Turkish literature
Turkish folk music
Turkish folklore
Turkmen music
Turkmen literature
Azerbaijani literature
Opera of Koroglu
References
External links
Four editions of the Koroghlu Destan
The Other "Koroghlu". Tbilisi Manuscript Sheds Light on Medieval Azerbaijani Hero, 2002
Koroghlu, the Opera. Composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov. Libretto by Mammad Sayid Ordubadi. Synopsis of the Plot by Jala Garibova
The Persianization of Köroĝlu (JUDITH M. WILKS, Asian Folklore Studies, Volume 60, 2001: 305–318, Chicago)
A short section of a stage production of Köroğlu, an opera by Uzeyir Hajibeyov (10 min 55 sec).
Koroglu
Azerbaijani poetry
Turkish literature
Azerbaijani mythology
Turkic mythology
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic%20of%20Koroghlu |
Mitchell was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. It existed from 1983 to 2005 and, under the name Leschenault, continued until 2008.
History
Mitchell was created at the 1982 redistribution and was named for Sir James Mitchell GCMG, former Premier (1919–1924; 1930–1933) and Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia (1933–1951), who was born in Dardanup within the original boundaries of the electorate. It was first contested at the 1983 election. The district was initially a reasonably safe Labor seat based in the eastern and southern suburbs of the regional city of Bunbury, but as Bunbury grew, the seat contracted in size and moved northwards, centring on Australind. The seat then switched to the Liberal Party's Dan Sullivan, who held it until its abolishment. At the 2003 redistribution, the seat was renamed as the Commissioners believed the name "Mitchell" had no connection to the seat as it now stood, and the Leschenault Inlet north and northeast of Bunbury was a clear geographic landmark.
The 2007 redistribution, which came into effect at the 2008 election, saw the electorate abolished, with its former area being subsumed into Bunbury (Glen Iris, Pelican Point and Picton), Collie-Preston (Eaton) and Murray-Wellington (Australind, Kingston and Leschenault).
Geography
When it was first created, the seat included the suburbs of Carey Park, Eaton, Gelorup, Glen Iris, Picton and Withers, and the towns of Boyanup, Burekup, Capel, Dardanup, Elgin and Waterloo. Almost half of all votes taken were at Carey Park (70.8% ALP—1986) and Withers (72.1% ALP—1986). Australind at that time was within the Murray-Wellington electorate.
After the 1994 redistribution, taking effect from the 1996 election, the seat contained the suburbs of Australind, most of Carey Park, College Grove, Eaton, Gelorup, Glen Iris and Picton.
After the 2003 redistribution, the seat contained the suburbs of Australind, Eaton, Glen Iris, Leschenault and Picton, as well as the new development areas of Kingston and Pelican Point.
Members for Mitchell
Election results
References
External links
Mitchell
James Mitchell (Australian politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Mitchell%20%28Western%20Australia%29 |
Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex is a sports complex in Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India. It uses a synthetic turf with sophisticated sprinkler system for watering and drainage and has galleries with RC flat slabs and unique suspended steel roof structure. Pavilion housing the Federation Office and amenities including lounges for players, guests and media.
See also
Gachibowli Athletic Stadium
Gachibowli Indoor Stadium
List of stadiums in Hyderabad, India
References
Sports venues in Hyderabad, India
2010 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Sports venues completed in 2010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnandhra%20Pradesh%20Sports%20Complex |
Daniele Gatti (born 6 November 1961) is an Italian conductor. He is currently chief conductor of Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, artistic advisor of the Mahler Chamber Orchestra and music director of the Orchestra Mozart.
Biography
Gatti was born in Milan. He was the music director of the Orchestra Dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome from 1992 to 1997. In 1997, he became the music director of the Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. He has also served as principal guest conductor of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. In 2005, alongside Zubin Mehta and Christian Thielemann, Gatti was invited to conduct a concert in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1955 reopening and renovation of the Vienna State Opera. His debut at the Bayreuth Festival was in Stefan Herheim's production of Parsifal in 2008.
In 1994, Gatti made his first guest conducting appearance with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO). He was immediately offered the position of the RPO's principal conductor, and he assumed the post in 1996. Gatti is regarded as having restored the RPO's status on par to the other main London orchestras. During his tenure, in 2004, the RPO acquired its first permanent residency at Cadogan Hall. In April 2007, Gatti was one of eight conductors of British orchestras to endorse the 10-year classical music outreach manifesto, "Building on Excellence: Orchestras for the 21st Century", to increase the presence of classical music in the UK, including giving free entry to all British schoolchildren to a classical music concert. In 2009, Gatti stepped down as the RPO's principal conductor and became the orchestra's conductor laureate.
Gatti was Music Director of the Orchestre National de France from 2008 to 2016. He was chief conductor of the Zurich Opera from 2009 to 2012. In October 2014, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (KCO) appointed Gatti as its seventh chief conductor, effective September 2016. His KCO guest-conducting debut had been in April 2004. On 2 August 2018, the KCO terminated his appointment with immediate effect, citing accusations of "inappropriate behavior", and that "a number of female colleagues of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra reported experiences with Gatti, which are inappropriate considering his position as chief conductor." This followed after a report in The Washington Post was published citing two women who accused Gatti of sexual misconduct.
In May 2016, Gatti was appointed Artistic Advisor of the Mahler Chamber Orchestra. He has been teaching at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana since 2016. Gatti first guest-conducted with the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma during the 2016-2017 season. He returned for subsequent guest engagements in each of the following two seasons. In December 2018, the company announced the appointment of Gatti as its new music director, with immediate effect. He became music director of Orchestra Mozart in May 2019.
Gatti had first guest-conducted the Staatskapelle Dresden in 2000. In June 2022, the orchestra announced its election of Gatti as its next chief conductor, effective in 2024.
References
External links
Official website of Daniele Gatti
Daniele Gatti biography at Harmonia Mundi
Daniele Gatti- Accademia Musicale Chigiana
1961 births
Living people
Musicians from Milan
Italian male conductors (music)
21st-century Italian conductors (music)
21st-century Italian male musicians
Academic staff of Accademia Musicale Chigiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele%20Gatti |
The yellow-bellied siskin (Spinus xanthogastrus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It breeds from Costa Rica south to southern Ecuador, central Bolivia and the highlands of northwestern Venezuela.
Description
The yellow-bellied siskin is a small bird, 10.5 cm in length and weighing 12 g. The male is entirely black except for a bright yellow belly, tail sides and wing patches. The female is dark olive green above and has pale yellow underparts which become brighter on the belly. She has a blackish tail and wings and also has bright yellow primary wing patches and tail sides. Young birds resemble the female, but have dusky fringes to the upperpart feathers and smaller yellow wing and tail patches. The song of this bird is a pleasant chattering twitter, and the call is a sharp .
The subspecies S. x. stejnegeri, which occurs from extreme southeastern Peru to central Bolivia, is larger and longer-billed than the nominate subspecies S. x. xanthogastrus. Males have larger yellow wing patches and more extensive black on the flanks. Females of this subspecies are darker olive above than the northern birds.
The yellow-bellied siskin is more of a woodland bird than the superficially similar lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) and the latter species is paler and has a white wing patch and a more musical song.
Behaviour and ecology
The yellow-bellied siskin breeds in mountain oak forests at altitudes between 800–3,000 m. The nest is a shallow cup of rootlets, bark and lichens 2.4–3.7 m high in the dense foliage of a small tree in a clearing. The two or three green-tinged white eggs are laid in April or May and incubated by the female. Although not migratory, this species wanders within its range when not breeding.
The yellow-bellied siskin has been relentlessly persecuted for the cage-bird trade in some areas, such as central Costa Rica. Where it remains common, in remote or protected areas, flocks of up to 30 birds forage in the canopy for small insects and oak flowers, or descend to clearings for seeds. The males may sing socially.
References
Other sources
Clement, Harris and Davis, Finches and Sparrows
Hilty, Birds of Venezuela,
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
Spinus (genus)
Birds of Bolivia
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Peru
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Panama
Birds described in 1855
Taxa named by Bernard du Bus de Gisignies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20siskin |
Smokeless tobacco is a tobacco product that is used by means other than smoking. Their use involves chewing, sniffing, or placing the product between gum and the cheek or lip. Smokeless tobacco products are produced in various forms, such as chewing tobacco, snuff, snus, and dissolvable tobacco products. Smokeless tobacco products typically contain over 3000 constituents. All smokeless tobacco products contain nicotine and are therefore highly addictive. Quitting smokeless tobacco use is as challenging as smoking cessation.
Smokeless tobacco is much lower on the risk continuum than combusted products but varies in risk within that class of products (e.g., low nitrosamine Swedish-type snus versus other smokeless tobacco with high nitrosamine levels). It is estimated the safety risk of smokeless tobacco is similar to that of electronic cigarettes. There is no safe level of smokeless tobacco use. It is correlated with a number of adverse effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer, as well as adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight. Smokeless tobacco products contain cancer-causing chemicals. Approximately 28 chemical constituents present in smokeless tobacco are carcinogenic in nature, among which nitrosamine is the most prominent. Smokeless tobacco accounts for an abundance of deaths globally with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia.
Smokeless tobacco consumption is widespread throughout the world. Once addicted to nicotine from smokeless tobacco use, many people, particularly young people, expand their tobacco use by smoking cigarettes. Males were more likely than females to have used smokeless tobacco in the past month.
Types
Most smokeless tobacco use involves placing the product between the gum and the cheek or lip. Smokeless tobacco is a noncombustible tobacco product.
Types of smokeless tobacco include:
Dipping tobacco, a type of tobacco that is placed between the lower or upper lip and gums
Chewing tobacco, a type of tobacco that is chewed
Iqmik, an Alaskan tobacco product which also contains punk ash
Snuff, a type of tobacco that is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity
Snus, similar to dipping tobacco although the tobacco is placed under the upper lip and there is no need for spitting
Creamy snuff, a fluid tobacco mixture marketed as a dental hygiene aid, albeit used for recreation
Naswar, an Afghan tobacco product similar to dipping tobacco
Tobacco gum, a kind of chewing gum containing tobacco
Gutka, a mixture of tobacco, areca nut, and various flavoring sold in South Asia
Dissolvable tobacco, a variation on chewing tobacco that completely dissolves in the mouth
Toombak and shammah, preparations found in North Africa, East Africa, and the Arabian peninsula
Topical tobacco paste, a paste applied to the skin and absorbed through the dermis
Since there are varied manufacturing methods, products can differ greatly in chemical arrangement and nicotine level. Smokeless tobacco products typically contain over 3000 constituents which play a part in their taste as well as scent.
Nicotine levels
Smokeless tobacco differs depending on the type of product, the types of tobacco used, and the amount of each tobacco type used within a product. Each variable results in different level of nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine is absorbed by the body to different degrees depending on the pH level of the product, which is known as the free nicotine or unionized nicotine level.
Below are some measured nicotine levels of various smokeless tobacco products from 2006 and 2007 and their corresponding free nicotine levels as calculated by the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
Prevalence
More than 300 million people are using smokeless tobacco worldwide. People of many regions, including India, Pakistan, other Asian countries, and North America, have a long history of smokeless tobacco use. Once addicted to nicotine from smokeless tobacco use, many people, particularly young people, expand their tobacco use by smoking cigarettes. Because young people who use smokeless tobacco can become addicted to nicotine, they may be more likely to also become cigarette smokers. Youth are particularly susceptible to starting smokeless tobacco use.
Males were more likely than females to have used smokeless tobacco in the past month. In 2014, 3.3 percent of people aged 12 or older (an estimated 8.7 million people) used smokeless tobacco in the past month. Past month smokeless tobacco use remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2014. Past month smokeless tobacco use between 2002 and 2014 was mostly consistent among adults aged 26 or older. There was more variability in the percentages of young adults aged 18 to 25 and adolescents aged 12 to 17 who used smokeless tobacco between 2002 and 2014. Smokeless tobacco use for adolescents aged 12 to 17 was higher during the mid-2000s, but the 2014 estimates were closer to the lower levels seen in the early 2000s. In 2014, an estimated 1.0 million people aged 12 or older used smokeless tobacco for the first time in the past year; this represents 0.5 percent of people who had not previously used smokeless tobacco.
In 2016 about 2 of every 100 middle school students in the US (2.2%) reported current use of smokeless tobacco. In 2016 nearly 6 of every 100 high school students in the US (5.8%) reported current use of smokeless tobacco.
Health effects
Positions of medical organizations
, the World Health Organization states that "Smokeless tobacco use is a significant part of the overall world tobacco problem." , the American Cancer Society states that "Using any kind of spit or smokeless tobacco is a major health risk. It's less lethal than smoking tobacco, but less lethal is a far cry from safe." , the National Cancer Institute states that "because all tobacco products are harmful and cause cancer, the use of all of these products should be strongly discouraged. There is no safe level of tobacco use. People who use any type of tobacco product should be urged to quit". A panel of experts convened by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2006 stated that the "range of risks, including nicotine addiction, from smokeless tobacco products may vary extensively because of differing levels of nicotine, carcinogens, and other toxins in different products". According to a 2002 report by the Royal College of Physicians, "As a way of using nicotine, the consumption of non-combustible tobacco is of the order of 10–1,000 times less hazardous than smoking, depending on the product". As long ago as 1986, the advisory committee to the Surgeon General concluded that the use of smokeless tobacco "is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. It can cause cancer and a number of noncancerous oral conditions and can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence".
Smoking cessation
Quitting smokeless tobacco use is as challenging as smoking cessation. There is no scientific evidence that using smokeless tobacco can help a person quit smoking.
Harm reduction
, the World Health Organization states that "There is no evidence to recommend that any smokeless tobacco product should be used as part of a harm reduction strategy." Tobacco companies that sell smokeless tobacco products promote them as harm reduction products and a less harmful substitute to cigarettes.
Safety
Smokeless tobacco products vary extensively worldwide in both form and health hazards, with some evidently toxic forms such as from South Asia, and some forms with less hazards such as snus from Sweden. It is correlated with a number of adverse effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system. A correlation was identified between smokeless tobacco and risk of fatal coronary artery disease and fatal stroke. Use of smokeless tobacco also seems to greatly raise the risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.
It is estimated the safety risk of smokeless tobacco is similar to that of electronic cigarettes, which has about 1% of the mortality risk of traditional cigarettes. Smokeless tobacco is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking. There is no safe level of smokeless tobacco use. The declines in smokeless tobacco initiation among adolescents and young adults is particularly relevant to improving the health of the nation because smokeless tobacco use is often linked to subsequent cigarette initiation. Smokeless tobacco users can experience these negative health consequences at any age. Smokeless tobacco accounts for an abundance of deaths globally with a significant proportion of them attributed to Southeast Asia. Youth use of tobacco in any form is unsafe.
Carcinogenicity
All tobacco products contain toxicants, and smokeless tobacco products contain cancer-causing chemicals. The carcinogenic compounds occurring in smokeless tobacco vary widely, which rely upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. A 2017 review found "Overall, 28 carcinogens have been rigorously identified across a range of major smokeless tobacco products, primarily from 3 groups of compounds: nonvolatile, alkaloid-derived TSNAs; N-nitrosoamino acids; and volatile N-nitrosamines. Among these carcinogens, researchers identify TSNAs as the most abundant in smokeless tobacco and the most carcinogenic." The amounts of nicotine in saliva from using smokeless tobacco could be at amounts that can cause cytotoxicity, according to in vitro studies.
Other chemicals found in tobacco can also cause cancer. These include: A radioactive element (polonium-210) found in tobacco fertilizer. Chemicals formed when tobacco is cured with heat (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons—also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Harmful metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel, mercury). Products such as 3-(methylnitrosamino)-proprionitrile, nitrosamines, and nicotine initiate the production of reactive oxygen species in smokeless tobacco, eventually leading to fibroblast, DNA, and RNA damage with carcinogenic effects in the mouth of tobacco consumers. The metabolic activation of nitrosamine in tobacco by cytochrome P450 enzymes may lead to the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine, a major carcinogen, and micronuclei, which are an indicator of genotoxicity. These effects lead to further DNA damage and, eventually, oral cancer. Smokeless tobacco can cause white or gray patches inside the mouth (leukoplakia) that can lead to cancer. The World Health Organization has classified smokeless tobacco products as human carcinogenic compounds, in particular tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which account for 76 to 91% of the total N-nitroso compound (NOC) burden. A 2014 review found there is "a number of ethnically linked smokeless tobacco types that contain areca nut, a Group 1 carcinogen. Use of areca nut-containing smokeless tobacco is known to cause oral cancer, yet despite this, prevalence is increasing in the Western Pacific." N-nitrosonornicotine and ketone are group 1 carcinogens to humans. These two nitrosamines found in smokeless tobacco products are the main agents for the majority of cancers in smokeless tobacco users.
Effects during pregnancy
It is correlated with adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight. Using smokeless tobacco during pregnancy can increase the risk for early delivery and stillbirth. Nicotine in smokeless tobacco products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth.
Management
Due to smokeless tobacco harms, it should be treated. some medications shows some benefits are varenicline, nicotine lozenges. some behavioural interventions may help, however a cochrane review mentioned that there components need to be clearer.
History
Smokeless tobacco was first discussed in the English language in 1683 as a powdered tobacco for breathing into the nose. People have used it for over a thousand years. Cigarette manufacturers have penetrated the smokeless tobacco market.
Public perceptions
Many people who use smokeless tobacco may think it is safer than smoking, but all tobacco products contain toxicants, and use of smokeless tobacco poses its own significant health risks. In South and South-East Asia these products are considered part of the cultural heritage and there is little enthusiasm for regulation. Around 80% of users live in these regions.
See also
Herbal cigarette
Herbal smokeless tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco usage in sport
References
Tobacco products
Carcinogens
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless%20tobacco |
Mandurah is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is based on the coastal satellite city of Mandurah to the south of Perth.
The seat has switched between the major parties on a couple of occasions, but has recently become stronger for the Labor Party.
Geography
The district is a compact coastal electorate lying just to the south of the Metropolitan Region Scheme and north of the Peel Inlet. It includes the communities of Coodanup, Greenfields, Lakelands, Madora Bay, Mandurah, Meadow Springs, Parklands, San Remo, Silver Sands which lie to the west of the Mandurah Estuary. The district also extends across the estuary, to include parts of Barragup and Furnissdale.
History
First contested at the 1983 state election, Mandurah was won by Labor candidate John Read. Read lost the seat at the 1989 state election to Liberal candidate Roger Nicholls. Nicholls held the seat for three terms before his defeat at the 2001 state election to Labor candidate David Templeman, who holds the seat to this day.
Mandurah has long been regarded as a non-metropolitan district, despite its close proximity to Perth. It is only 18 km south of Perth—close enough that it is part of the Perth television licence area. Before the one vote one value reforms that took effect at the 2008 state election, this meant that Mandurah had roughly half the enrolment of neighbouring districts to the north. Whilst Mandurah now contains a similar number of enrolled voters to most other electorates, this tradition lives on as it falls inside the non-metropolitan South West Legislative Council region.
The proposed 2011 redistribution would have seen Mandurah transferred to the South Metropolitan region. It would have absorbed the outer southern Perth suburbs of Golden Bay and Singleton, while the more rural suburbs of Barragup and Furnissdale would have shifted to Murray-Wellington. However, the final boundaries left Mandurah in the South West region.
Members for Mandurah
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008 2013 2017
Mandurah
Mandurah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Mandurah |
The Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools (locally known also as WJCC or WJC) is a combined public school division which serves the independent city of Williamsburg and James City County in the Virginia Peninsula area of the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia.
The system consists of approximately 11,000 students in 16 schools, of which there are 9 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, and 3 high schools. The system employs 800 instructional staff members and over 600 support staff members.
James River Elementary School, located in the Grove Community in the county's southeastern end, is a magnet school. It offers the IB Primary Years Programme, one of only five such schools Virginia as of October, 2006.
Clara Byrd Baker, a public elementary school in Williamsburg, was opened in September 1989. Originally built to house 600 students, it was expanded in 1992 to increase its capacity to 800 students.
The three high schools, all of which are within the county's borders (though they have Williamsburg addresses), are Jamestown, Lafayette, and Warhill High Schools. All are considered above average institutions. For the 2001–2002 academic year, the public school system was ranked among the top five school systems in the Commonwealth of Virginia and in the top 15% nationwide by Expansion Management Magazine. There are also two regional Governor's Schools in the area that serve gifted and talented students.
A new middle school and a ninth elementary school were opened and began operating in September 2010, at the start of the 2010–11 school year.
History
The district formed in the mid-1950s when the city and county systems combined.
The Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools system (known informally as "WJCC"), as of 2020, has approximately 11,300 students in 16 schools—9 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, and 3 high schools. Within the county's boundaries there are two established high schools, Lafayette, and Jamestown. A third high school, Warhill, opened in the Lightfoot area in August 2007. The ninth elementary school, JB Blayton, opened in 2010 along with the new middle school to replace James Blair, Lois S. Hornsby Middle School. In 2018, James Blair Middle School opened, to be the most recent school to open in the WJCC Schools district.
Governance
The school board has seven members - two from Williamsburg and five from James City County.
Demographics
As of circa 2015, of the 11,000 students, about 1,100 (about 10%) live in Williamsburg and the remainder are in James City County.
Schools
High schools
All high schools hold students in grades 9–12.
Jamestown High School
Lafayette High School
Warhill High School
Middle schools
All middle schools hold students in grades 6–8.
Berkeley Middle School (Williamsburg)
James Blair Middle School (Williamsburg)
Toano Middle School
Lois S. Hornsby Middle School
Elementary schools
All elementary schools hold students in grades K–5.
Clara Byrd Baker Elementary School
J. Blaine Blayton Elementary School
James River Elementary School
Located in the Grove Community in the county's southeastern end, James River is a magnet school. It offers the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme, one of only five such schools Virginia to do so.
Laurel Lane Elementary School
Matoaka Elementary School
D.J. Montague Elementary School
Norge Elementary School
Stonehouse Elementary School
Matthew Whaley Elementary School (Williamsburg)
Changes for 2010–11 school year
As of the 2010–11 school year, a new 9th elementary and a new middle school (replacing James Blair Middle School) opened. Although planned to operate separately, the two schools are adjacently-located off Jolly Pond Road near the present county school bus garage.
The new schools were formally dedicated on October 2, 2010. An audience of close to 100 people joined the school board, members of the James City County Board of Supervisors and Williamsburg City Council and the families of the namesakes for the ceremony. The new schools are:
J. Blaine Blayton Elementary School, named in honor of Dr. J. Blaine Blayton, an African American physician and civic leader who lived in the Grove community in James City County. Dr. Blayton was a supporter of public education and the first African American to serve on the James City County school board. His son, Oscar, was the first African American to attend the College of William and Mary.
Lois S Hornsby Middle School, named for Mrs. Lois Hornsby, a philanthropist who has lived in Williamsburg for more than five decades. Ms. Hornsby is the mother of musician Bruce Hornsby and widow of lawyer and real estate developer Robert Hornsby, Sr.
The newest middle school, Hornsby, will effectively replace James Blair Middle School. The Blair complex was originally built as a high school, and is one of the school division's older structures. For the 2010–11 school year and the immediate future, the division plans to operate only 3 middle schools, although a newer portion of the Blair complex is scheduled to be modified to accommodate the Academy for Life & Learning, an alternative education program for older students. The school system's central administration will utilize the larger, remaining portion of Blair for its offices. While current facilities will be adequate to meet most of the system's needs, a future renovation of the Blair complex for reuse as a middle school is anticipated, possibly by 2017.
New school for 2017–2018 school year
In 2017 a new middle school will be built on the James Blair site, with plans to be opened in fall 2018. The WJCC School Board accepted a proposal by the Superintendent on October 21, 2014. The proposal includes two phases. In the first phase, a new building will be constructed beside the current James Blair school building. In the second phase, the old building will be demolished and a new building will be constructed in its place. The final project will cost around $40 million and house around 900 students.
References
External links
Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools Official Website
School divisions in Virginia
Education in Williamsburg, Virginia
Education in James City County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg-James%20City%20County%20Public%20Schools |
Ontario Truck was a Ford Motor Company truck factory in Oakville, Ontario, Canada which occupied the same site as the current Oakville Assembly plant.
Location
The Oakville Assembly and Ontario Truck site is a major landmark in Oakville. It is highly visible from the Queen Elizabeth Way due to the large “Ford” sign facing the highway, which occupies a large area on the side of the In-Line Vehicle Sequencing building. The site also has two large smokestacks, one for each paint shop, which are by far the tallest structures in the area.
History
The truck assembly operation opened on August 26, 1965 and was closed in 2004; its last product was the 2004 F-150 Heritage. Prior to the closure and later retooling of the Ontario Truck plant, Ford constructed new body and paint buildings in 1996 and 1994 respectively. These buildings have now been incorporated into the flexible assembly line used for the production of the vehicles at Oakville Assembly.
The plant was the only plant to build the second generation F-150 Lightning SVT (1999-2004) and the limited edition 2000 Harley Davidson F-150.
Close down
In 2002, Ford announced to close five plants, including Ontario Truck Plant, Edison Assembly, St. Louis Assembly Plant and parts plants in Cleveland, Ohio, and Dearborn, Michigan as part of a $4 billion restructure. It would eliminate 22,000 jobs in North America and a total of 35,000 around the world and reduce annual production capacity from 5.7 million to 4.8 million vehicles. The plant had 1,500 workers at the time.
Past Products:
1965–2004 Ford F-Series
1999–2004 Ford SVT Lightning
See also
List of Ford factories
References
Ford factories
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Canada
Buildings and structures in Oakville, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Truck |
Byram is a neighborhood/section and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Greenwich in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It had a population of 4,146 at the 2010 census, and a census-estimated population of 4,216 in 2018. An endcap of Connecticut's Gold Coast, Byram is the southernmost point in the town of Greenwich and the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is separated from Port Chester, Westchester County, New York, by the Byram River. Byram was once known as East Port Chester.
History
The town of Greenwich is one political and taxing body, but consists of several distinct sections or neighborhoods, such as Banksville, Byram, Cos Cob, Glenville, Mianus, Old Greenwich, Riverside and Greenwich (sometimes referred to as central, or downtown, Greenwich). Of these neighborhoods, three (Cos Cob, Old Greenwich, and Riverside) have separate postal names and ZIP codes.
Byram Quarry, now closed, supplied stone for the Brooklyn Bridge, the base of the Statue of Liberty and St. Roch Church.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Byram has a total area of , of which is land and , or 7.32%, is water.
Culture
A scene from the movie The Good Shepherd was shot in Byram.
Places
Byram has three sites on the National Register of Historic Places:
Phebe Seaman House (1794), 170 Byram Road; built c. 1794
Thomas Lyon House — 1 Byram Road; built: c. 1695, listed: 1977
Byram School — Western Junior Highway; built: 1925, listed: 1990
Library
Byram Shubert Library
Notes
Neighborhoods in Connecticut
Greenwich, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byram%2C%20Connecticut |
Bellatrix is the feminine form of bellator, the Latin word for warrior. It can also mean:
Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis), a star in the constellation of Orion
Bellatrix (band) (1992–2001), a former Icelandic rock band
Bellatrix, French Navy minesweeping sloop, launched 29 May 1916
USS Bellatrix, a name common to several ships
USS Bellatrix (AK-20/AKA-3) (1942–1991), an amphibious cargo ship of the United States Navy
USS Bellatrix (AF-62) (1961–1968), a combat stores ship of the United States Navy
USNS Bellatrix (T-AKR-288) (1973– ), a ship of the United States Navy
Bellatrix Lestrange, a character from the Harry Potter novels
Bellatrix Aerospace, an Indian private aerospace manufacturer and small satellite company
Bellatrix Female Warriors, a British Women's professional wrestling promotion
Bellatrix - former UK and World Beatbox Champion
Bellatrix, the codename for a cancelled implementation of the IBM Amazon instruction set architecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) or (PHIP) is a protein domain of approximately 120 amino acids that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.
This domain can bind phosphatidylinositol lipids within biological membranes (such as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and protein kinase C. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.
Lipid binding specificity
Individual PH domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the inositol ring, e.g., some bind phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate but not phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase or PTEN, respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospholipid products.
Structure
The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined. All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets, followed by a C-terminal amphipathic helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length, making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect while providing the source of the domain's specificity. The only conserved residue among PH domains is a single tryptophan located within the alpha helix that serves to nucleate the core of the domain.
Proteins containing PH domain
PH domains can be found in many different proteins, such as OSBP or ARF. Recruitment to the Golgi apparatus in this case is dependent on both PtdIns and ARF. A large number of PH domains have poor affinity for phosphoinositides and are hypothesized to function as protein binding domains. A Genome-wide look in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that most of the 33 yeast PH domains are indeed promiscuous in binding to phosphoinositides, while only one (Num1-PH) behaved highly specific . Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families:
Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. Pleckstrin contains two PH domains. ARAP proteins contain five PH domains.
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, protein kinase D1, and the trypanosomal NrkA family.
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily.
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1).
Regulators of small G-proteins: 64 RhoGEFs of the Dbl-like family., and several GTPase activating proteins like ABR, BCR or ARAP proteins.
Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see ), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains), and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1.
Oxysterol-binding proteins OSBP, S. cerevisiae OSH1 and YHR073w.
Ceramide kinase, a lipid kinase that phosphorylates ceramides to ceramide-1-phosphate.
G protein receptor kinases (GRK) of GRK2 subfamily (beta-adrenergic receptor kinases): GRK2 and GRK3.
Subfamilies
Spectrin/pleckstrin-like
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
ABR, ADRBK1, ADRBK2, AFAP, AFAP1, AFAP1L1, AFAP1L2, AKAP13, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ANLN, APBB1IP, APPL1, APPL2, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP15, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24, ARHGAP25, ARHGAP26, ARHGAP27, ARHGAP9, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF19, ARHGEF2, ARHGEF3, ARHGEF4, ARHGEF5, ARHGEF6, ARHGEF7, ARHGEF9, ASEF2,
BMX, BTK,
C20orf42, C9orf100, CADPS, CADPS2, CDC42BPA, CDC42BPB, CDC42BPG, CENTA1, CENTA2, CENTB1, CENTB2, CENTB5, CENTD1, CENTD2, CENTD3, CENTG1, CENTG2, CENTG3, CERK, CIT, CNKSR1, CNKSR2, COL4A3BP, CTGLF1, CTGLF2, CTGLF3, * CTGLF4, CTGLF5, CTGLF6,
DAB2IP, DAPP1, DDEF1, DDEF2, DDEFL1, DEF6, DEPDC2, DGKD, DGKH, DGKK, DNM1, DNM2, DNM3, DOCK10, DOCK11, DOCK9, DOK1, DOK2, DOK3, DOK4, DOK5, DOK6, DTGCU2,
EXOC8,
FAM109A, FAM109B, FARP1, FARP2, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6,
GAB1, GAB2, GAB3, GAB4, GRB10, GRB14, GRB7,
IRS1, IRS2, IRS4, ITK, ITSN1, ITSN2,
KALRN, KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF1Bbeta,
MCF2, MCF2L, MCF2L2, MRIP, MYO10,
NET1, NGEF,
OBPH1, OBSCN, OPHN1, OSBP, OSBP2, OSBPL10, OSBPL11, OSBPL3, OSBPL5, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9,
PHLDA2, PHLDA3, PHLDB1, PHLDB2, PHLPP, PIP3-E, PLCD1, PLCD4, PLCG1, PLCG2, PLCH1, PLCH2, PLCL1, PLCL2, PLD1, PLD2, PLEK, PLEK2, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA3, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7, PLEKHA8, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2, PLEKHC1, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2, PLEKHG1, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4, PLEKHG5, PLEKHG6, PLEKHH1, PLEKHH2, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHK1, PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2, PLEKHO1, PLEKHQ1, PREX1, PRKCN, PRKD1, PRKD2, PRKD3, PSCD1, PSCD2, PSCD3, PSCD4, PSD, PSD2, PSD3, PSD4, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RAPH1,
RASA1, RASA2, RASA3, RASA4, RASAL1, RASGRF1, RGNEF, ROCK1, ROCK2, RTKN,
SBF1, SBF2, SCAP2, SGEF, SH2B, SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3, SH3BP2, SKAP1, SKAP2, SNTA1, SNTB1, SNTB2, SOS1, SOS2, SPATA13, SPNB4, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, SPTBN4, SPTBN5, STAP1, SWAP70, SYNGAP1,
TBC1D2, TEC, TIAM1, TRIO, TRIOBP, TYL,
URP1, URP2,
VAV1, VAV2, VAV3, VEPH1
See also
Pleckstrin
The unrelated FYVE domain binds Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and has been found in over 60 proteins.
The GRAM domain is a structurally related protein domain.
References
External links
Nash Lab Protein Interaction Domains - PH domain description
- Calculated orientations of PH domains in membranes
Peripheral membrane proteins
Protein domains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin%20homology%20domain |
Murray-Wellington is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The seat's current member is Labor MLA Robyn Clarke.
Originally known as Murray, it was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. The district is a regional electorate situated between Mandurah and Bunbury. The seat has alternated between the names Murray and Murray-Wellington to reflect its geography.
The seat has been a traditional stronghold for the Liberal Party, though the opposing Labor Party has won the seat three times in the last four decades.
Geography
In its present configuration, Murray-Wellington is a coastal electorate running from the eastern outskirts of Mandurah to the northern outskirts of Bunbury. It covers three local government areas – Shire of Murray, Shire of Waroona and the Shire of Harvey – including all of the latter two and the vast geographic majority of the former. Its major population centres include the towns of Dwellingup, Harvey, North Dandalup, North Yunderup, Pinjarra, South Yunderup and Waroona as well as the northern Bunbury suburbs of Australind and Leschenault.
History
The seat of Murray-Wellington (or Murray) has traditionally been a stronghold of the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties, but became a marginal seat held by Labor following the 2017 state election. The district's most famous member was Ross McLarty, Premier of Western Australia between 1947 and 1953, who held the seat from 1930 to 1962.
The seat's current Labor member, Robyn Clarke, arrived as a result of the 2017 state election. The seat's only other Labor member, Keith Read, won the vacant seat at the 1989 state election, even as his father and then Labor MP John Read was defeated in the neighbouring seat of Mandurah. Keith Read was defeated at the 1993 state election.
Members for Murray-Wellington
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Murray-Wellington |
The following are the association football events of the year 1985 throughout the world.
Events
February 27 – Leo Beenhakker makes his debut as the manager of Dutch national team with a 7–1 win over Cyprus in Amsterdam, with two goals each from Dick Schoenaker and Wim Kieft.
March 28 – The North American Soccer League announces that it will suspend operations for the 1985 season.
May 11 – Wealdstone F.C. become the first winners of the Non-League Double (Gola League & F.A. Trophy), defeating Boston United 2–1 at Wembley Stadium.
May 11– 56 spectators die in a fire at Valley Parade in a match between Bradford City and Lincoln City.
May 15 – Everton F.C. won their first European Cup Winners' Cup after defeating SK Rapid Wien of Austria 3–1 in the final at the Feijenoord Stadion in Rotterdam after goals from Andy Gray, Trevor Steven and Kevin Sheedy in the 58th, 72nd and 85th minutes respectively. Hans Krankl got the consolation goal for SK Rapid Wien in the 84th minute.
May 29 – 39 spectators die at the Heysel Stadium disaster at the final of the European Cup between Juventus F.C. and Liverpool F.C. The Old Lady became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions after defeating the English team.
June 6 – Following the Heysel Stadium disaster FIFA ban English clubs from competing in worldwide competitive matches for five years (ten years for Liverpool, later reduced to six).
Copa Libertadores 1985: Won by Argentinos Juniors after defeating América de Cali 5–4 on a penalty shootout after a final aggregate score of 1-1.
September 10 – Jock Stein, the manager of the Scotland team, dies at the end of the World Cup Qualifier against Wales at Ninian Park in Cardiff.
December 8 – Italy's Juventus F.C. wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Argentina's Argentinos Juniors on penalties (4-2), after the match ended in 2-2. The Torinese side become the first—and remained the only until 2022—team in the world to have won all possible official continental competitions and the world title.
Winners club national championship
Asia
Qatar – Al-Arabi
Europe
– R.S.C. Anderlecht
– Brøndby IF
– Everton F.C.
– HJK
– FC Girondins de Bordeaux
– Hellas Verona
– Ajax Amsterdam
– Rosenborg BK
– F.C. Porto
– Aberdeen F.C.
– Fenerbahçe
North America
– London Marconi (NSL)
– Club América
South Florida Sun (USL)
San Jose Earthquakes (WACS)
South America
Argentina
Nacional – Argentinos Juniors
Bolivia – Bolívar
Brazil – Coritiba
Colombia – América de Cali
Paraguay – Olimpia Asunción
International Tournaments
National Teams
Births
January
January 4 – Gökhan Gönül, Turkish footballer
January 5 – Diego Vera, Uruguayan striker
January 9 – Juanfran, Spanish footballer
January 11 – Ignacio Quirino, Uruguayan footballer
January 14 – Antonijo Pranjič, Slovenian footballer
January 19 – Guillaume Lépine, French professional footballer
January 21 –
Markus Berger, Austrian youth international
Pitono, Indonesian footballer
January 22 – Momo Sissoko, Malian footballer
January 30 – Rolan Khugayev, former Russian footballer
February
February 5
Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer
Igor Shapovalov, Russian former professional football player
February 13
Hedwiges Maduro, Dutch footballer
Alexandros Tziolis, Greek footballer
February 14 – Philippe Senderos, Swiss footballer
February 16 – Jérôme Bigard, Luxembourger international footballer
February 17 – Reitumetse Moloisane, Lesotho footballer
February 28 – Diego, Brazilian footballer
March
March 14 – Ian Black, Scottish footballer
March 15 –
Curtis Davies, English youth international
Andrei Pushkarev, former Russian professional footballer
March 22 – Mayola Biboko, Angolan-born Belgian footballer
March 25 – Patricio Maldonado, Chilean footballer
March 31 – Apinan Kaewpila, Thai club footballer (died 2020)
April
April 13 – Márcio Tarrafa, Brazilian footballer
April 18 – Siwakorn Muanseelao, Thai professional footballer
May
May 4 – Fernandinho, Brazilian footballer
May 9 – Rick Kruys, Dutch footballer
May 16 – Maksim Chernokozov, former Russian professional football player
May 25 – Musaba Selemani, Burundian footballer
May 28 – Frederik De Winne, Belgian footballer
June
June 1 – Mário Hipólito, Angolan goalkeeper
June 4 – Lukas Podolski, German footballer
June 6
Sota Hirayama, Japanese footballer
Becky Sauerbrunn, American footballer
June 9 – Eusebio Henrique de Almeida, East Timorese footballer
June 12
Shin Dong-bin, South Korean footballer
Wittawat Sichean, Thai footballer
June 22 – Ivan Namaseb, Namibian international footballer
June 25
Scott Brown, Scottish footballer
Mohd Fitri Omar, Malaysian footballer
June 28 – Phil Bardsley, English footballer
July
July 1 – Ocean Mushure, Zimbabwean footballer
July 4 – Pei Yuwen, Chinese footballer
July 5 – Megan Rapinoe, American footballer
July 9 – Ben Watson, English footballer
July 10
Mario Gómez, German footballer
Tidiane Sane, Senegalese footballer
Bastian Schulz, German footballer
Park Chu-young South Korean footballer
July 11 – Emzar Rozomashvili, former Russian professional footballer
July 12 – David Narváez and Sergio Narváez, Spanish club footballers
July 13 – Guillermo Ochoa, Mexican footballer
July 16 – Denis Tahirović, Croatian footballer
July 18 – José Carlos Júnior, Brazilian footballer
July 26 – Willis Francis, English footballer
August
August 5 – Salomon Kalou, Ivorian footballer
September
September 1 – José Mari, Spanish footballer
September 5
Oleksandr Akymenko, Ukrainian striker
Dario Jertec, Croatian midfielder
September 7 − Rafinha, Brazilian footballer
September 9 – Scott Carson, English footballer
September 15 – Denis Calincov, Moldovan footballer
September 23
Hossein Kaebi, Iranian footballer
Nahomi Kawasumi, Japanese footballer
October
October 1 – Tim Deasy, English footballer
October 14 – Guillermo Zschusschen, Dutch footballer
October 17 – Collins John, Dutch footballer
October 24 – Wayne Rooney, English footballer
October 25
Isah Eliakwu, Nigerian footballer
Óscar Granados, Costa Rican footballer
Michael Liendl, Austrian footballer
Juan Manuel Martinez, Argentine footballer
Ihor Oshchypko, Ukrainian footballer
Daniele Padelli, Italian footballer
November
November 4 – Marcell Jansen, German footballer
November 5
Alo Dupikov, Estonian international
Rimo Hunt, Estonian international
November 15 – Elad Gabai, Israeli footballer
November 20 – Nurul Maulidi, Indonesian footballer
November 24 – Milan Kopic, Czech footballer
November 25 – Fernandinho, Brazilian footballer
December
December 10 – Charlie Adam, Scottish footballer
December 20 – Omar Morales, Dominican Republic footballer
December 24 – Raydell Kewal, Dutch footballer
Deaths
January
January 28 – Alfredo Foni, Italian defender, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (74)
May
May 11 – 54 Bradford City A.F.C. fans and 2 Lincoln City F.C. fans die in the Bradford City stadium fire.
May 15 – Renato Olmi, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (70)
May 19 – Víctor Rodríguez Andrade, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (58)
May 24 – Natalio Perinetti, Argentine midfielder, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (84)
May 29 – 39 people, mostly Juventus F.C. fans, die in the Heysel Stadium disaster.
September
September 10 – Jock Stein, Scottish manager (born 1922)
October
October 9 – Ludo Coeck, Belgian footballer (born 1955)
November
November 15 – Carlos Spadaro, Argentine striker, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (83)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the association football events of the year 1984 throughout the world.
Events
16 May – Italian giants Juventus F.C. claims the European Cup Winners' Cup by defeating first-time European finalists FC Porto 2–1.
23 May – Tottenham Hotspur wins the UEFA Cup by defeating R.S.C. Anderlecht on penalties (4-3) after an aggregate score of 2–2 at White Hart Lane in London.
27 July – Copa Libertadores won by Independiente after defeating Grêmio on an aggregate score of 1–0.
19 September – Dutch club Fortuna Sittard makes its European debut with a draw (0-0) against Denmark's BK Copenhagen in the first round of the Cup Winners Cup.
9 December – Argentina's Independiente wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating England's Liverpool F.C.: 1–0. The only goal is scored by José Alberto Percudani in the 6th minute.
National Club Champions
Asia
– Al-Rayyan
Europe
– K.S.K. Beveren
– Vejle BK
League – BFC Dynamo
Cup – SG Dynamo Dresden
League – Liverpool
Cup – Everton
– FC Kuusysi
– Girondins de Bordeaux
– Juventus
– Feyenoord Rotterdam
– Vålerenga
– Benfica
– Aberdeen
– FC Zenit
– Athletic Bilbao
– IFK Göteborg
– Trabzonspor
– VfB Stuttgart
North America
– Club América
/ :
Chicago Sting (NASL)
South America
Metropolitano – Argentinos Juniors
Nacional – Ferro Carril Oeste
– Blooming
– Fluminense
– América de Cali
Paraguay – Guaraní
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Ivory Coast (4–18 March 1984)
1984 British Home Championship (13 December 1983 – 25 May 1984)
UEFA European Football Championship in France (12–27 June 1984)
—
Olympic Games in Los Angeles, United States (29 July – 11 August 1984)
National Teams
Births
January
1 January
Paolo Guerrero, Peruvian footballer
Stefano Pastrello, Italian footballer
Rubens Sambueza, Argentinian footballer
5 January – Diego Gómez, Argentine-French footballer
7 January
Diego Balbinot, Italian-Brazilian footballer
Antonino Saviano, Italian footballer
16 January – Craig Beattie, Scottish footballer
17 January – Xavier Margairaz, Swiss footballer
18 January – Rubí Sandoval, Mexican female footballer
21 January
Leonardo Burián, Uruguayan youth international
Dejan Milovanović, Serbian footballer
Wes Morgan, Jamaican international
23 January
Arjen Robben, Dutch international footballer
Nikolay Yevgenyevich Yefimov, Russian footballer
24 January – Paulo Sérgio, Portuguese youth international
25 January – Stefan Kießling, German international footballer
29 January
Nuno Morais, Portuguese footballer
Safee Sali, Malaysian footballer
February
4 February – Waskito Sujarwoko, Indonesian footballer
5 February – Carlos Tevez, Argentinian international footballer
6 February
Darren Bent, English footballer
Fabrice Omonga, retired Belgian footballer
21 February – David Odonkor, German footballer
29 February
Darren Ambrose, English footballer
Giedrius Tomkevičius, Lithuanian footballer
Hélio Pinto, Portuguese footballer
Saylee Swen, Liberian footballer
Ernest Bong, Vanuatuan footballer
Stefano Pesoli, Italian footballer
March
1 March – Patrick Helmes, German international footballer
4 March – Tamir Cohen, Israeli footballer
10 March – Derick Amadi, Nigerian professional footballer
18 March – Gary Roberts, English footballer
20 March – Fernando Torres, Spanish footballer
30 March – Gennaro Fragiello, Italian footballer
April
4 April – Sultan Khuranov, former Russian professional footballer
13 April – Nemanja Vuković, Montenegrin footballer
29 April
Jones Leandro, Brazilian footballer
Phạm Văn Quyến, Vietnamese footballer
May
4 May – Daron Beneby, Bahamian international footballer
11 May – Andrés Iniesta, Spanish footballer
14 May – Michael Rensing, German youth international
24 May - Christoph Holste, German footballer
June
1 June
Jean Beausejour, Chilean footballer
Jean-Claude Bozga, Romanian footballer
8 June – Javier Mascherano, Argentinian international
9 June – Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer
11 June – Vagner Love, Brazilian footballer
18 June – Jukka Veltheim, Finnish footballer
29 June – Ambesager Yosief, Eritrean
footballer
30 June
Gabriel Badilla, Costa Rican footballer (died 2016)
Norismaidham Ismail, Malaysian club footballer
July
4 July – Miguel Soares, Timorese footballer
7 July – Mohd Shaffik Abdul Rahman, Malaysian footballer
9 July – Lee Hyun-min, South Korean footballer
14 July – Mounir El Hamdaoui, Dutch-born Moroccan international footballer
16 July – Roman Markelov, former Russian professional footballer
18 July – Lee Barnard, English club footballer
21 July – Marcelo Rolón, Paraguayan footballer
27 July – Alim Khabilov, former Russian professional footballer
August
1 August
Waso Ramadhani, Burundian footballer
Bastian Schweinsteiger, German footballer
6 August – Marco Airosa, Angolan footballer
22 August – Lee Camp, English footballer
23 August
Glen Johnson, English footballer
Ashley Williams, English-born Welsh international footballer
September
7 September
Miranda, Brazilian footballer
Mark Veldmate, Dutch footballer
October
1 October – Fiorenzo Chatrer, Dutch footballer
3 October – Anthony Le Tallec, French youth international
14 October – Alex Scott, English footballer
28 October – Jefferson Farfán, Peruvian footballer
November
8 November – Rowan Taylor, Montserrat international footballer
10 November
Jean-Martial Kipré, Ivorian footballer
Jarno Mattila, Finnish club footballer
11 November
Stephen Hunt, English club footballer
Birkir Már Sævarsson, Icelandic international
30 November – Nigel de Jong, Dutch footballer
December
11 December – Carlos Alberto, Brazilian footballer
20 December – Nikolaos Karabelas, Greek footballer
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
8 May – Armando Del Debbio, Brazilian left back, 8 times winner of the Campeonato Paulista with Sport Club Corinthians Paulista . (79)
8 May – William Ling (75), English football referee
11 May – Toni Turek, West-German goalkeeper, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (65)
12 May – Matías González, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (58)
June
23 June: Horst Nemec, Austrian international footballer (born 1939)
July
3 July – Ernesto Mascheroni, Uruguayan defender, last surviving winner, that actually played, of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (76)
7 July – Elba de Padua Lima, Brazilian footballer and manager
September
19 September – Álvaro Lopes Cançado, Brazilian defender, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (71)
December
19 December – Puck van Heel (80), Dutch footballer
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20in%20association%20football |
For schools of similar names, see Valley School (disambiguation)
The Valley School is a co-educational private day school 20 km south of Bangalore city in India (). The school was founded in 1978 by philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti. The student population of the school is around 325 from classes 1 to 12 (ages 6 to 17).
Culture
Interactions between teacher and student are informal and based on Jiddu Krishnamurti’s philosophy that "Learning cannot happen when there is fear"(handling fear is also a learning). Freedom with responsibility is emphasized from an early age, and rewards and punishments are kept to a minimum. Students are encouraged to direct their own learning.
Education and curriculum
The lower school is run based on Jiddu Krishnamurti's philosophies, where teachers and students are given freedom and flexibility. At the lower schools, the students are encouraged to think and derive at answers through guidance and correction. Along with a standard curriculum of science and humanities, extra-curricular activities are encouraged. Tests and examinations are kept to a minimum where there are no official "annual exam" till Grade 9. When a student reaches Grade 9 it will be the first time the students writes an exam conducted by the school.
Higher classes follow a standard ICSE curriculum, where they appear for a nationwide public board examination at the end of class 10. Class 12 students appear for the ISC examinations conducted by the same board. The School has had a 100% Pass percentage in both 10th and 12th since the batch of 1999.
Campus
The school is set on a campus with a lake and two artificial ponds, dams, three ancient Banyan trees (over 100 years old), and lightly wooded rolling hills. However, of land was taken by the forest department of the government with clear notice and now the school campus is . Academic buildings are concentrated around the main school in the eastern section of the campus; the student dormitories, residential quarters, guesthouses and the old "Art Village" was located on the western side. The old Art Village was destroyed and taken by the Forest Department in the year 2008. The New "Art Village" is located and built around the school Amphitheater.
The school had three entrances initially, the first gate being the main entrance to the school building, the second gate gave access to the football field while the third gate gave access to the Study Centre and the residential houses, as well as the Art Village. A stylized Neem Tree – which rests the highest point on the land, is the logo of the school. The school is divided into three divisions- Junior School- classes 1–4, Middle school- classes 5–7, and senior school- classes 8–12.
Transportation and Housing
Most students commute to school by bus. The buses are both privately owned and public BMTC contract buses. The school buses operate on routes in the city, picking up and dropping students off. Car pooling is encouraged. Boarding is optional and is available for classes 11 and higher. Student hostels are located on campus.
Flora and fauna
The school is a spot for regular outings of the Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore. About 250 species of birds have been recorded on campus and in adjoining areas. Other creatures seen are fifteen species of mammals including deer, wild boar and elephants, resident leopards, and twenty species of snakes, of which five are venomous. The students learn about the importance of nature and are taught to coexist with it.
Study Center
The campus houses the Study Center which offers a simple and austere way of living for seekers of truth. The library has books and DVD collection of J. Krishnamurti’s talks and dialogues. One can spend time as one pleases, by reading books, watching DVDs, or sitting in quiet reflection. Sturctured retreats, gatherings, and education related seminars are held throughout the year.
Jiddu Krishnamurti's 125 birth anniversary was celebrated with an exhibition curated by Miti Desai on March 16 and 17, 2020. Jiddu Krishnamurti's contemplations on life, death, education, fear were presented innovatively with installations utilising trees, staircases, rooms.
First Sunday Meeting
On the first Sunday of month(except during School's summer vacation), gathering of people interested in Krishnamurti is held in the school campus. The school arranges a bus to the city to pickup and drop participants. After a brief explanation of day's topic, attendees are divided into small groups, for discussion on the topic. The meeting ends with a lunch hosted by the School. Temporary book exhibition is held adjacent to the gathering for people to purchase books, DVDs and other materials.
Sister schools
India
Bal-Anand
Pathashaala KFI
Rajghat Besant School
Rishi Valley School
Sahyadri School
The School KFI
United Kingdom
Brockwood Park
United States of America
The Oak Grove School
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti
Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools
Rishi Valley School
Walden's Path, Hyderabad
Vidyaranya High School
List of schools in India
References
The Valley School – Krishnamurti Foundation India
External links
Jiddu Krishnamurthy
Krishnamurthy Foundation India
Private schools in Bangalore
Educational institutions established in 1978
Jiddu Krishnamurti schools
1978 establishments in Karnataka
Alternative schools in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Valley%20School |
The following are the association football events of the year 1983 throughout the world.
Events
May 11 – Scottish club Aberdeen win the European Cup Winners' Cup by beating Real Madrid 2–1 in the Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg.
May 14 – Dutch club Twente is relegated to the second division (Eerste Divisie) after Helmond Sport earns a point at HFC Haarlem (1–1).
May 25 – German club Hamburger SV defeats Italian champions Juventus 1–0 at the Olympic Stadium in Athens to win the European Cup.
July 29 – Copa Libertadores 1983 won by Grêmio after defeating Peñarol on an aggregate score of 3–2.
September 14 – Dutch club Groningen makes its European debut with a defeat (2–1) against Spain's Atlético Madrid in the first round of the UEFA Cup. On the same night, NEC makes its European club football debut with a 1–1 draw with Brann in the first round (first leg) of the Cup Winners' Cup.
December 11 – Brazilian club Grêmio wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo by defeating West Germany's Hamburger SV 2–1 in extra-time. The winning goal is scored by Renato Gaúcho.
Winners club national championship
Asia
– Al-Arabi
Europe
– Lyngby
– Liverpool
– Nantes
– AS Roma
Eredivisie – Ajax
Eerste Divisie – DS '79
– Benfica
– Dundee United
– Athletic Bilbao
– Fenerbahçe
– Hamburger SV
– Partizan
North America
– Puebla
/ :
Tulsa Roughnecks (NASL)
South America
Metropolitano – Independiente
Nacional – Estudiantes La Plata
Bolivia – Bolívar
– Flamengo
– América de Cali
Paraguay – Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
1983 British Home Championship (February 23 – June 1, 1983)
Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela (August 15 – August 27, 1983)
Copa América (August 10 – November 4, 1983)
and
National teams
Births
January 1
Calum Davenport, English footballer
Daniel Jarque, Spanish footballer (d. 2009)
January 3 – Bilel Gontassi, Tunisian footballer
January 14 – Jan Ahlvik, Finnish footballer
January 15 – Jermaine Pennant, English youth international
January 21
Victor, Brazilian international
Ranko Despotović, Serbian international
Billy Mwanza, Zambian international
Moritz Volz, German footballer
January 29 – Biagio Pagano, Italian footballer
February 5 – Víctor Fagundez, Uruguayan footballer
February 11 – Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch international footballer
February 18 – Jermaine Jenas, English international footballer
April 1 – Mamoudou Sy, French basketball player
April 12 – Damian Krajanowski, Polish footballer
May 2 – Mónica Vergara, Mexican female footballer
May 3 – Márton Fülöp, Hungarian international footballer (died 2015)
May 4 – Rubén Olivera, Uruguayan international footballer
May 6 – Kim Seok-woo, South Korean footballer
May 20 – Sinecio León, Paraguayan footballer
June 7 – Tshiabola Mapanya, retired Congolese footballer
July 6 – María de Jesús Castillo, Mexican female footballer
July 7 – Jakub Wawrzyniak, Polish footballer
July 18 – Carlos Diogo, Uruguayan footballer
July 24 – Daniele De Rossi, Italian international footballer
July 25 – Pedro Zabála, Bolivian international footballer
August 4 – Kang Dong-gu, South Korean footballer
August 6 – Robin van Persie, Dutch international footballer
September 28 – Richard Henyekane, South African international footballer (died 2015)
October 8 – Michael Fraser, Scottish club goalkeeper
October 20 – Luis Saritama, Ecuadorian footballer
November 11 – Philipp Lahm, German international footballer
November 14 – Kevon Carter, Trinidadian international footballer (died 2014)
November 15 – Anton Samoylov, former Russian professional footballer
November 16 – Ron Koperli, Israeli football manager
December 8 – Valéry Mézague, Cameroonian international footballer (died 2014)
December 10
Lewis Buxton, English club footballer
Habib Mohamed, Ghanaian international footballer
Deaths
January
January 20 – Garrincha, Brazilian striker, winner of the 1958 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. Regarded by many as the best dribbler in football history.(49)
January 28 – Claude Papi, French footballer (33)
March
March 24 – Manuel Fleitas Solich, Paraguayan footballer and manager (83)
June
June 26 – Luis Alamos, Chilean football manager (59)
July
July 5 – Hennes Weisweiler, German footballer and manager (63)
July 29 – Manuel Ferreira, Argentine striker, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup and player of the tournament of the 1929 South American Championship. (77)
September
September 9 – Luis Monti, Argentine/Italian striker, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. Monti has the distinction of having played in two FIFA World Cup final matches with two different national teams. (82)
September 20 - Andy Beattie, Scottish international footballer and manager (born 1913)
October
October 4 – Juan López Fontana, Uruguayan manager, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (75)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20in%20association%20football |
Brezovica (; ) is a settlement in the Štrpce municipality in Kosovo, known for its Brezovica ski resort. According to the 2011 Census, Brezovica's total population is 68.
Brezovica is one of the most visited winter tourist destinations in Kosovo. The ski resort area is ideally situated on the north and northwest-facing slopes of the Šar National Park. The ridge line spans 39,000 hectares of high alpine mountain terrain and forests, with a highly diverse and abundant flora and fauna. Located within 90 minutes of two international airports, the Brezovica resort area represents one of the last remaining under-developed ski resort areas in Southeast Europe.
Geography
It is situated in the northeastern part of the Šar Mountains, and in the drainage basin of the Lepenac river. The Brezovica ski resort is situated between 900 m and 2,500 m above sea level, about 14 km south of the village. There is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and Alpine climate in the higher regions.
History
In Medieval Serbia, the župa (province) of Sirinić (first mentioned in a charter of the 13th century, the second time in 1331, in a charter of Emperor Stephen Dušan) existed, covering the whole of modern Štrpce municipality, having the cities of Gradište (in Brezovica) and Zidinac (in Gotovuša). Several remains of Byzantine forts exist in the region.
At the top of the Čajlije hill, above the mouth of the Piljevac creek of the Lepenac river, there exists the remains of the Gradište fort, which has two layers, the first from the 6th century, and the second from the 13th century. The fort is in ruins, of which a donjon tower, and outlines of other buildings, can be identified. The entrance to the city, at the north, was protected by a tower. From that tower, a rampart continued, with another tower, from where a defensive wall stretched to the foot of the hill, towards the Lepenac.
On 28 June 1944, during World War II, Bulgarian soldiers executed 46 locals (of whom 12 were children) at Rakanovac, in Brezovica, after the death of one of their soldiers.
Demographics
References
External links
viewkosova.com Brezovica
Official site of the Brezovica Ski Center
Brezovica.biz
Kosovo Ski Holiday, 2016 NYTimes feature
Serbian enclaves in Kosovo
Ski areas and resorts in Kosovo
Šar Mountains
Villages in Štrpce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezovica%2C%20Kosovo |
The following are the worldwide association football events of the year 1982.
Events
February 7 – The first ever Arab Club Champions Cup is completed, with Al-Shorta of Iraq winning the title with a 4–2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh of Lebanon.
March 14 – Johannes Atlason makes his debut as the manager of Iceland, when the team draws (0-0) against Kuwait.
May 26 – European Cup won by Aston Villa after defeating Bayern Munich 1-0 in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
June 13 – The 1982 FIFA World Cup kicks off in Spain. For the first time, 24 teams compete in the final tournament, with the competition eventually won by Italy.
June 30 – Dutch club SC Amersfoort is disestablished due to financial problems.
September 15 – HFC Haarlem makes a winning European debut with by defeating Belgium's AA Gent (2-1) in the first round of the UEFA Cup. The goals for the Dutch side are scored by Gerrie Kleton and Martin Haar.
October 20 – 66 fans lost their life in the Luzhniki disaster during the UEFA Cup second round match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem in Moscow.
November 30 – Copa Libertadores won by Peñarol after defeating Cobreloa on an aggregate score of 1-0.
Winners club national championship
Asia
– Al-Rayyan
Europe
– Standard Liège
– CSKA Sofia
– Dukla Prague
– Odense Boldklub
– Berliner FC Dynamo
– Liverpool
- FC Kuusysi
– AS Monaco
– Olympiacos
– Juventus
Eredivisie – Ajax Amsterdam
Eerste Divisie – Helmond Sport
– Widzew Łódź
– Sporting CP
– Celtic
– Dinamo Minsk
– Real Sociedad
– Grasshopper Club Zürich
– Beşiktaş
– Hamburger SV
– Dinamo Zagreb
North America
– UNAL
/ :
New York Cosmos (NASL)
Oceania
– Sydney City
South America
Metropolitano – Estudiantes
Nacional – Ferro Carril Oeste
Bolivia – Bolívar
– Flamengo
– América de Cali
– Olimpia Asunción
International Tournaments
British Home Championship (February 23 – May 29)
African Cup of Nations in Libya (March 5–19)
FIFA World Cup in Spain (June 13 – July 11)
UEFA U-16 European Championship in Italy (May 5–7)
UEFA U-18 European Championship in Finland
UEFA U-21 European Championship
National Teams
Births
January 4 – Richard Logan, English club footballer
January 8 – Emanuele Calaiò, Italian youth international
January 13 – Olivier Fontenette, French footballer
January 22 – Fabricio Coloccini, Argentine international footballer
January 31
Andreas Görlitz, German international
Salvatore Masiello, Italian club footballer
Allan McGregor, Scottish international footballer
February 2 – Rodrigo Palacio, Argentine international footballer
February 5 – Alimansi Kadogo, Ugandan retired footballer
February 10 – Jacek Gabrusewicz, Polish footballer
February 16 – Vasilios Genitsaridis, Greek former professional footballer
March 20 – Carmine Giordano, Italian footballer
April 1 – Robert Vittek, Slovakian international footballer
April 2 – Marco Amelia, Italian international footballer
April 6 – Nelson Geingob, Namibian former footballer
April 16 – Fabricio Brandão, retired Brazilian footballer
April 28 – Álvaro Ricaldi, Bolivian international footballer
May 5
Przemysław Kaźmierczak, Polish international footballer
Luka Spetič, Slovenian footballer
May 17 – Dylan Macallister, Australian soccer player
May 20 – Petr Čech, Czech international footballer
May 23 – Anton Khromykh, professional Ukrainian former footballer
June 4 – Pablo Darío López, Argentine footballer
June 15 – Katie Chapman, English footballer
June 26 – Rosdin Wasli, Malaysian clubfootballer
July 2 – Alvito Rodrigues, Indian footballer
July 5
Fabrício de Souza, Brazilian footballer
Julien Féret, French footballer
Alberto Gilardino, Italian international footballer
Paíto, Mozambican footballer
Javier Paredes, Spanish footballer
Szabolcs Perenyi, Romanian-Hungarian footballer
July 7 – Jan Laštůvka, Czech footballer
July 8 – David Kenga, Kenyan footballer
July 10 – Sebastian Mila, Polish footballer
July 12
Antonio Cassano, Italian international footballer
Gerardo Christian Hernández, professional Mexican footballer
July 14 – Hermán Solíz, Bolivian footballer
July 15 – Cristian Dănălache, Romanian footballer
July 16 – Charles Kokougan, French former professional footballer
July 25 – Ivan Len, Ukrainian professional footballer
August 21 – Jayson Trommel, Dutch footballer
August 24
José Bosingwa, Portuguese international
Kim Källström, Swedish international
Glen Atle Larsen, Norwegian club footballer
August 28 – Lee Ayres, professional English footballer
September 2 – Alan Tate, English club footballer
September 12 – Kiran Bechan, Dutch footballer
September 25 – Szymon Sawala, Polish footballer
September 28 – Ahmad Alan, Palestinian former national footballer
October 6 – Igor Pešić, Serbian footballer
October 7 – Jermain Defoe, English international footballer
October 9 – Antonio Manuel Viana Mendonça, Angolan footballer
October 29 – Gerald Gansterer, Austrian footballer
November 2 – Moreno Esseboom, Dutch footballer
November 5 – Juan Pablo, Spanish former footballer
November 17 – Otacílio Mariano Neto, Brazilian footballer
December 1 – Lloyd Doyley, English defender and manager, Jamaican international
December 8
Halil Altıntop, Turkish international footballer
Hamit Altıntop, Turkish international footballer
December 18 – Stijn Francis, Belgian former footballer
December 27 – Dmitri Rybakin, former Russian professional footballer
Deaths
January
January 3 – Fritz Laband, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (56)
August
August 30 - Theodor Reimann (61), Slovak footballer (born 1921)
September
September 3 - Hércules de Miranda, Brazilian forward, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (70)
September 14 - Vladislao Cap (48), Argentine footballer and manager (born 1934)
November
November 8 - Jimmy Dickinson, English midfielder, England Squad member at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (57, heart attack)
November 17 - Felix von Heijden (92), Dutch footballer (born 1890)
December
December 2 - Giovanni Ferrari, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup and winner of the Serie A for a record 8 times as a player. (74)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20in%20association%20football |
William Pitt Kellogg (December 8, 1830 – August 10, 1918) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as the governor of Louisiana from and twice served as a United States senator during the Reconstruction era.
He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when Democrats regained control of state politics, though he was also one of the Northern-born politicians who were derided by Southerners as "carpetbaggers" during this period. Kellogg is also notable as one of the few incumbent senators ever to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served one term. He was the last Republican U.S. senator from Louisiana until David Vitter in 2005.
Early life and education
Kellogg was born in Orwell, Vermont, near the New York border, where he spent his childhood. After completing his education in the common schools, he moved to Peoria, Illinois, at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years. His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863.
Career
Kellogg became a lawyer, likely "reading law" and studying with practicing lawyers, as was typical for many then. He moved to Canton, Illinois, and started a law practice. There he joined the U.S. Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln, a fellow lawyer. When Lincoln became president in 1861, he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory. Kellogg moved to Nebraska.
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry. By 1862, he had risen to the rank of colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston, Missouri. Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1, 1862. He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice. After the Civil War, Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
On April 14, 1865, hours before his assassination, Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans. This launched Kellogg's 20-year political career in Louisiana, notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers. He remained Collector of New Orleans, despite complaints, until 1868, and was then elected to the United States Senate. That year, "reconstructed" Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union.
In 1872, Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor. He resigned from the Senate to take office. In the election, John McEnery, a Democrat, ran against Kellogg. The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth, although a Republican, opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S. Grant, who was supporting Kellogg. Warmoth supported McEnery.
Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg. He was a member of the "Committee of One Hundred" that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the "Kellogg usurpation". Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented. Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused.
The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats. The politics of the state was in turmoil for months, as both candidates held inauguration celebrations, certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power. Political tensions broke out in violence, including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873. As Governor, Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board, the institution which administered elections. With the election challenged, Warmoth's board named McEnery the winner. A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor, although the board had no ballots or returns to count.
It was not only disputed by Democrats. Even the Republican-controlled U. S. Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kellogg's Carpetbag state government.
The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was "not much better than a successful conspiracy." The Senate threw out both returns of Louisiana's 1872 presidential electoral results. A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal. It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision.
President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U. S. Army behind Kellogg's machine, perhaps because Grant's own brother-in-law, James Casey, was part of the machine. Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector, to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873.
In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisiana's 1872 election "was a gigantic fraud, and there are no reliable returns of its result."
In February 1876, Kellog was impeached by the Louisiana House of Representatives. The Senate did not convict him, however, and he remained in office.
According to historian William Gillette, "By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics, he [Grant] had mounted a successful coups d'état."
Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election. A black Republican, P. B. S. Pinchback, became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection. McEnery's faction established a "rump legislature" in New Orleans to oppose Kellogg's actions. McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kellogg's fraudulent government. In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans, wherein the Battle of Liberty Place, they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia. They took over the state government offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements. President Grant had finally sent U.S. troops in response to Kellogg's request for help.
Kellogg's lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine, an African-American native of New Orleans. He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor. Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South, Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876. He served in the Senate until 1883. He did not seek re-election, for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive. He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883.
Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882, defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885. He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay. He continued to live in Washington, D.C., but retired from political life. He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction. He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North. He is also notable as one of few senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate. (Claude Pepper, a 20th-century Florida Democrat, was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his Senate service.)
References
External links
Google Books full online browsing copy
State of Louisiana - Biography
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
1830 births
1918 deaths
People from Orwell, Vermont
Governors of Louisiana
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
Politicians from Peoria, Illinois
People from Canton, Illinois
American lawyers
Republican Party governors of Louisiana
Republican Party United States senators from Louisiana
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Illinois Republicans
Nebraska Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Impeached state and territorial governors of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Pitt%20Kellogg |
Stirling was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1950 to 2008.
The district was located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.
Geography
Stirling was a rural district, surrounding but not including the coastal city of Albany. At its abolition it included the towns of Denmark, Mount Barker, Walpole and Cranbrook.
History
Stirling was first created for the 1950 state election. It was held at all times by the National Party, or factions thereof, under their various guises.
The district was abolished ahead of the 2008 state election as a result of the reduction in rural seats made necessary by the one vote one value reforms. Its former territory was largely incorporated into the new district of Blackwood-Stirling with parts also added to Albany. Following Stirling's abolition, sitting National MP Terry Redman contested the seat of Blackwood-Stirling.
Members for Stirling
Election results
External links
Former electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Stirling |
Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja (Polish Venice) near Żnin (Poland) is an open-air museum collecting and exhibiting steam locomotives, passenger and freight cars, trolleys, railwaymen's tools, signalling equipment, contents of an old waiting room, old maps. The Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja is a department of the Muzeum Ziemi Pałuckiej (the Żnin's Museum of Pałuki Land) and was established in 1972 at a suggestion of enthusiasts of the Pałuki region, of which Żnin is considered the capital. The Museum has collected numerous steam locomotives. One of the oldest is the German one made by Orenstein & Koppel in Berlin in 1900. The Tx-1116 locomotive made by Henschel & Son (Kassel, 1918) and the Tx4-564 locomotive made by Hanomag (Hannover, 1923) are also very interesting. A real rarity is the Belgian locomotive No.2179 made by Les Ateliers Metallurgiques Nivelles with the unique wheel arrangement 4-6-2 ("Pacific"), and the only one which has steam brakes. There are also steam locomotives made in the First Polish Locomotive Plant in Chrzanów, including active Px38.
The Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja is situated at the foot of the ruins of the medieval castle built in the 14th century by legendary Mikołaj Nałecz. Tourists can travel on the historic Żnińska Kolej Powiatowa, a narrow gauge railway from Żnin via Wenecja to Biskupin which is famous for a reconstruction of the Lusatian culture settlement and the Archaeological Museum.
See also
Biskupin
Heritage railways
Pałuki
Wenecja
Żnin
External links
The Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja
The Museum of Pałuki Land
The Żnin Town Hall
The Archaeological Museum in Biskupin
The Żnin County
The Narrow Gauge Railway Company in Żnin
Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodship
600 mm gauge railways in Poland
Railway museums in Poland
Żnin County
Museums in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow%20Gauge%20Railway%20Museum%20in%20Wenecja |
A saccharimeter is an instrument for measuring the concentration of sugar solutions.
This is commonly achieved using a measurement of refractive index (refractometer) or the angle of rotation of polarization of optically active sugars (polarimeter).
Saccharimeters are used in food processing industries, brewing, and the distilled alcoholic drinks industry.
External links
Historical
Bates Type Saccharimeter NIST Museum object.
Measuring instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharimeter |
The following are the association football events of the year 1981 throughout the world.
Events
1981 Copa Libertadores: Won by Flamengo after defeating Cobreloa on the playoff match 2–0.
1980–81 European Cup: Won by Liverpool FC after defeating Real Madrid in final match 1–0.
World Club Championship: Won by Flamengo after defeating Liverpool FC on a single match 3–0.
March 25 – Kees Rijvers makes his debut as the manager of Dutch national team with a 1–0 win in the World Cup Qualifier against France. One player makes his debut for the Dutch: defender Edo Ophof from Ajax Amsterdam.
September 1 – Dutch striker Wim Kieft makes his debut for the Netherlands national football team in the friendly against Switzerland. It's the 400th game in the history of the Dutch national team.
Winners club national championship
Asia
Qatar – Al-Sadd SC
Europe
– KF Partizani Tirana
– Austria Wien
– R.S.C. Anderlecht
– CSKA Sofia
– AC Omonoia
– Baník Ostrava
– Hvidovre IF
– Dynamo Berlin
– Aston Villa
– HB Torshavn
– HJK Helsinki
– AS Saint-Étienne
– Olympiacos F.C.
– Ferencváros
– Vikingur
– Athlone Town A.F.C.
– Juventus
– Progrès Niedercorn
– Hibernians F.C.
Eredivisie – AZ Alkmaar
Eerste Divisie – HFC Haarlem
– Glentoran F.C.
– Vålerenga IF
– Widzew Łódź
– Benfica
– Universitatea Craiova
– Celtic F.C.
– Real Sociedad
– Östers IF
– FC Zürich
– Trabzonspor
– FC Dynamo Kiev
– Bayern Munich
– Red Star Belgrade
North America
– UNAM
/ –
Chicago Sting (NASL)
Oceania
– Sydney Slickers
South America
Metropolitano – Boca Juniors
Nacional – River Plate
– Jorge Wilstermann
– Grêmio
– Colo-Colo
– Atlético Nacional
– Barcelona
Paraguay – Olimpia Asunción
– FBC Melgar
– Peñarol
– Deportivo Táchira
International tournaments
Mundialito in Montevideo, Uruguay (December 30, 1980 – January 10, 1981)
1981 British Home Championship (May 16–23, 1981)
Abandoned following severe civil unrest in Northern Ireland.
National teams
Movies
Escape to Victory
Births
January 1 – Mladen Petrić, Croatian international
January 2
Hanno Balitsch, German footballer
Maxi Rodríguez, Argentine footballer
January 9 – Ebi Smolarek, Polish international
January 10 – James Coppinger, English club footballer
January 15 – El Hadji Diouf, Senegalese international
January 19 – Lucho González, Argentine international
January 20 – Owen Hargreaves, English footballer
January 21
Ivan Ergić, Serbian footballer
Roberto Guana Italian footballer
Mohd Amri Yahyah, Malaysian international
January 23 – Lee Dong-geun, South Korean former footballer
January 25 – Dmitry Izvekov, former Russian professional footballer
January 30
Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer
Afonso Alves, Brazilian footballer
Peter Crouch, English footballer
February 13
Durahim Jamaluddin, Malaysian international (d. 2018)
Liam Miller, Irish international (d. 2018)
February 18 – Ivan Sproule, Northern Ireland international
February 23 – Gareth Barry, English footballer
February 24
Felipe Baloy, Panamanian international
Mauro Rosales, Argentinian footballer
February 25 – Park Ji Sung, South Korea footballer
March 9 – Didi Longuet, former professional footballer
March 10 – Samuel Eto'o, Cameroonian international
March 15 – Aymen Mnafeg, Tunisian footballer
March 16 – Johannes Aigner, Austrian footballer
March 19 – Kolo Touré, Ivorian footballer
March 27 – Terry McFlynn, British footballer
March 29 – Jlloyd Samuel, Trinidadian footballer (d. 2018)
April 9 – Ireneusz Jeleń, Polish international
April 12 – Nicolás Burdisso, Argentinian footballer
April 29 – George McCartney, Northern Ireland international
May 7 – Azrine Effendy Sa'duddin, Malaysian footballer
May 8
Andrea Barzagli, Italian footballer
Sam Ketsekile, Mosotho footballer
Shimane Kgope Ntshweu, Botswana footballer
May 15 – Patrice Evra, Senegalese-born French international
May 27 – Johan Elmander, Swedish footballer
May 31
Josefine Krengel, German footballer
Neddy Rose, Seychellois footballer
June 4 – Giourkas Seitaridis, Greek international
June 10 – Burton O'Brien, Scottish footballer
June 21 – İbrahim Öztürk, Turkish club footballer
June 22
Mathias Abel, German footballer
Péter Bajzát, Hungarian footballer
June 23 – Björn Schlicke, German youth international
June 27
Jennifer Molina, Mexican female footballer
Jean-Renaud Nemouthé, French retired footballer
Cléber Santana, Brazilian footballer (d. 2016)
July 10 – Aleksandar Tunchev, Bulgarian international
July 14 – Khaled Aziz, Saudi Arabian midfielder
July 19 – Anderson Luiz de Carvalho, Brazilian club footballer
July 20 – Damien Delaney, Irish footballer
July 28 – Michael Carrick, English footballer
August 4 – Hadson da Silva Nery, Brazilian midfielder
August 10 – Malek Mouath, Saudi Arabian footballer
August 12 – Oliver Đokić, Serbian footballer
September 1
Mana Nopnech, Thai retired professional footballer
Maksim Rybalko, former Russian professional football player
September 9 – Pacheta (Héctor Carrasco Rojo), Spanish professional footballer
September 11 – Victor Kros, Dutch footballer
September 22 – Alma Martinéz, Mexican female footballer
October 1 – Ivan Semenets, former Russian professional footballer
October 3 – Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish footballer
October 3 – Andreas Isaksson, Swedish football goalkeeper
October 6 – Mikael Dorsin, Swedish footballer
October 8 – Chris Killen, New Zealand international
October 9 – Ryoichi Maeda, Japanese international
October 12 - Shola Ameobi, Nigerian international
October 23 – Olivier Occéan, Canadian international
October 24 – Soeris Baidjoe, Dutch footballer
October 28 – Milan Baroš, Czech footballer
November 8 – Joe Cole, English footballer
November 20
Espen Hoff, Norwegian footballer
İbrahim Toraman, Turkish international footballer
November 21 – Martin van Leeuwen, Dutch footballer
November 22 – Seweryn Gancarczyk, Polish international
November 25 – Xabi Alonso, Spanish international
December 3 – David Villa, Spanish footballer
December 3
Ioannis Amanatidis, Greek footballer
Aleksandr Galakhov, former Russian professional footballer
December 6 – Gil Ferreira, Brazilian footballer
December 12 – Federico Tafani, Italian footballer
December 20 – Leo Bertos, New Zealand international
December 21 – Cristian Zaccardo, Italian international defender
December 28 – Khalid Boulahrouz, Dutch footballer
December 30 – Umar Karsanov, former Russian professional footballer
Deaths
January
January 29 – Lajos Korányi, Hungarian international (b. 1907)
May
May 9 – Ralph Allen, English club footballer (b. 1906)
May 14 – Michele Andreolo, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (68)
June
June 21 – Alberto Suppici, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup as manager. (82)
September
September 22 – Néstor Carballo, Uruguayan international footballer (born 1929)
October
October 9 – František Fadrhonc (66), Czech football manager (born 1914)
November
November 3 – Eraldo Monzeglio, Italian defender, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup. (75)
December
December 4 – Zoilo Saldombide, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (76)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20in%20association%20football |
Miss Canada is a beauty pageant for young women in Canada.
Miss Canada may also refer to:
Miss Dominion of Canada (1959–1979), selected Canada's representatives to various international contests
Miss Universe Canada (2003– ), selects winners for the Miss Universe pageant
Miss World Canada, selects winners for the Miss World competition
Miss Earth Canada (2001– ), selects winners for the Miss Earth competition
Miss Teen Canada (1969–1990)
Miss Canada International (1995– )
Miss Canada Icon, a national personification of Canada
See also
Mr. Canada (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Canada%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The following are the association football events of the year 1980 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1980: Won by Nacional after defeating Sport Club Internacional on an aggregate score of 2–0.
England: 1980 FA Cup Final: West Ham United 1, Arsenal 0, the winning goal scored by Trevor Brooking
European Cup 1980: Won by Nottingham Forest after defeating Hamburger SV 1–0 in the Final.
Scottish Cup final: Celtic beat Rangers 1-0 after extra time at Hampden Park. After the match there is a pitch invasion, leading to rioting and 210 arrests. Following the match the sale of alcohol at Scottish football grounds is banned.
September 10 – Midfielder Jan van Deinsen plays his first and only international match for the Netherlands, when the Netherlands meets the Republic of Ireland in Dublin.
September 17 – Dutch side FC Utrecht makes its European debut with a draw (0-0) in Romania against FC Argeș Pitești in the first round of the UEFA Cup.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Sadd SC
Europe
: Club Brugge K.V.
: Liverpool
: FC Nantes
: Inter Milan
Eredivisie – Ajax Amsterdam
Eerste Divisie – FC Groningen
: Sporting CP
Spain: Real Madrid
: Spartak Moscow
: Trabzonspor
: Bayern Munich
: Red Star Belgrade
North America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
New York Cosmos (NASL)
Oceania
: Sydney City
South America
Metropolitano – River Plate
Nacional – Rosario Central
: Flamengo
: Jorge Wilstermann
: Atlético Junior
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
International Tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Nigeria (March 8 – 22 1980)
1980 British Home Championship (May 16 – May 24, 1980)
UEFA European Football Championship in Italy (June 11 – 22 1980)
and
Olympic Games in Moscow, Soviet Union (July 20 – August 2, 1980)
Mundialito in Montevideo, Uruguay (December 30, 1980 – January 10, 1981)
—
National Teams
Births
January 6 – Steed Malbranque, Belgian-French footballer
January 14 – Ossama Haidar, Lebanese international
January 25 – Xavi, Spanish footballer
February 1
Moisés Muñoz, Mexican footballer
Otilino Tenorio, Ecuadorian footballer (d. 2005)
February 9 – Jean-Reck Ah Fok, Mauritian footballer
February 15 – Elvis Marecos, Paraguayan footballer
February 20 – Artur Boruc, Polish footballer
February 20 – Thijs Sluijter, Dutch footballer
February 28 – Piotr Giza, Polish footballer
March 4 – Omar Bravo, Mexican footballer
March 8 – Aridani Arbelo, Spanish footballer
March 14 – Aaron Brown, English footballer
March 15 – Hugo Notario, Argentine footballer
March 21 – Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer
March 21 – John McGrath, Irish footballer
March 31
Matias Concha, Swedish footballer
Dean Clark, English footballer
April 22 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer
May 14 – Zdeněk Grygera, Czech footballer
May 18 – Diego Pérez, Uruguayan footballer
May 30 – Steven Gerrard, English footballer
June 2 – Abby Wambach, American footballer
June 10 – Francelino Matuzalem, Brazilian footballer
June 12 – Ifet Taljević, Yugoslav-born German club footballer
June 26 – Michael Jackson, English club footballer
June 30
Rade Prica, Swedish international
Sayuti, Indonesian club footballer
July 8 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer
August 5 – Wayne Bridge, English footballer
August 6
Danny Collins, English-Welsh footballer
Roman Weidenfeller, German footballer
August 7 – Shane Moody-Orio, Belizean footballer
August 12 – Javier Chevantón, Uruguayan footballer
September 6
Sergei Sholokhov, former Russian professional footballer
Joseph Yobo, Nigerian footballer
September 9 – Steeve Theophile, French footballer
September 17 – Mikhail Nekrasov, former Russian professional footballer
September 18 – Marco Antonio Mendoza, Mexican footballer
September 29 – Patrick Agyemang, Ghanaian international
October 3 – Dalibor Mitrović, Serbian footballer
October 4 – Tomáš Rosický, Czech international
October 9
Kert Kütt, Estonian footballer
Amir Nussbaum, Israeli footballer
Ibrahim Fazeel, Maldivian footballer
Fábio Pinto, Brazilian footballer
Warren Waugh, English footballer
October 23 – Scott Parker, English international
October 27 – Radhakrishnan Dhanarajan, Indian club footballer (d. 2019)
October 28 – Alan Smith, English international
November 2 – Diego Lugano, Uruguayan footballer
November 5 – Christoph Metzelder, German international
November 18 – Luke Chadwick, English youth international
November 22 – David Artell, English club footballer and manager
November 26 – Sergei Viktorovich Kudryavtsev, former Russian professional footballer
December 6 – Steve Lovell, English club footballer
December 7 – John Terry, English footballer
December 20 – Ashley Cole, English footballer
December 31 – Beto Gonçalves, Brazilian-born Indonesian international
Date unknown
Deaths
February
February 22 – Pierre Korb, French international footballer (born 1908)
March
March 1 – Dixie Dean, English international footballer (born 1907)
June
June 8 – Alfredo Brilhante da Costa, Brazilian international defender, Brazilian squad member at the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (75)
June 9 – Miguel Capuccini, Uruguayan goalkeeper, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (76)
September
September 9 – José de Anchieta Fontana, Brazilian international defender, winner of the 1970 FIFA World Cup. (39)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20in%20association%20football |
Morteza Gholi Bayat (; Mortezā Qoli Bayāt, aka Sahām al-Soltān, 1890–10 May 1958) was a Prime Minister of Iran.
Career
Born in Arak, Iran into a family of Irans' ancient tribal nobility, Chieftains of the Bayat tribe, to Haj Abbas Qoli-Khan Saham al-Molk Araki, he first founded the Democratic party of Arak.
He was heavily involved in the termination of the Qajar dynasty. In 1925, he became Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Foroughi. He was elected numerous times to the Parliament of Iran as a representative of Arak.
In 1935 he served as Minister of Treasury under Prime Minister Ali Soheili.
He introduced his cabinet as Prime Minister of Iran in 1944. His administration however only lasted 5 months and 20 days and was succeeded by Ebrahim Hakimi. He served as Minister again on a few other occasions.
The visit of Charles de Gaulle to Iran took place during his administration. Under the presence of the Allies in Iran, Tehran also declared war on Japan during his administration.
Death
He was buried in Najaf, Iraq.
See also
Pahlavi dynasty
List of prime ministers of Iran
References
'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the Past Three Centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh – ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing – انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
20th-century Iranian politicians
1890 births
1958 deaths
Members of the National Consultative Assembly
Prime Ministers of Iran
People from Arak, Iran
Iranian Azerbaijanis
Reformers' Party politicians
National Iranian Oil Company people
Moderate Socialists Party politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza-Qoli%20Bayat |
Lieutenant-General Sir Manley Power, KCB, ComTE (1773 – 7 July 1826) was a British military leader who fought in a number of campaigns for Britain and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General. He is chiefly remembered for leading a brigade of Portuguese troops under The Duke of Wellington in the Iberian Peninsular War. He is also remembered for jointly causing the removal of Sir George Prévost, governor-in-chief of British North America, for Prevost's refusal to press the attack on Plattsburgh, New York, in 1814, during the War of 1812. After his active military service Sir Manley Power was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Malta.
Early life
His grandfather, Sir Henry Power, was a captain of the Battle-Axe Guards. His father, Captain Lieutenant Bolton Power, served in the 20th Regiment of Foot and fought in several battles of the Seven Years' War, and later in the American Revolutionary War under Guy Carleton and John Burgoyne. Manley Power followed in his forefather's footsteps and was a career soldier, starting as an ensign in his father's old regiment, the 20th Regiment of Foot, on 27 August 1783, when he was either 9 or 10 years old. He served in Halifax, Nova Scotia (1795–97), Holland (1799), and Menorca (1800). He was part of the force under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby at the Battle of Alexandria (1801), and later served with the Royal Horse Guards (1803–05). After rising to Lieutenant-Colonel of the 32nd Regiment of Foot, he entered the Peninsular War and was attached to the Portuguese army under the command of Sir William Beresford and was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1813.
Peninsular War
One of Portugal's strategies during the Peninsular War was to place troops under British command. Portuguese troops were poorly trained, but under Manley Power's leadership, Power's Portuguese were eventually regarded as equivalent to hardened British units, and saw much action, including the Battle of Salamanca, the Battle of Vitoria, the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro, the Battle near Torres Vedras, and the Battle of Nivelle. Power's Portuguese formed part of the 3rd Division when it was led by Pakenham at Torres Vedras and Salamanca, and when it was led by Sir Thomas Picton at Fuentes de Onoro and Badajoz. Brigadier-general Manley Power was specifically mentioned by Parliament for distinguished exertions during the bloody siege of Badajoz where the 3rd was ordered to distract the enemy through a diversionary attack with ladders against the high walls of the fortress away from the main gates, but pressed the action to the point where it became the breakthrough into the fortress (Picton was wounded scaling the ladders but continued on). Picton also led the 3rd when it broke through at Vitoria. According to Picton, the fighting by the 3rd was so intense at the Battle of Vitoria, that the division lost 1,800 men (over one third of all British losses at the battle) having taken a key bridge and village, where they were subjected to fire by 40 to 50 cannons, and a counter-attack on the right flank (which was open because the rest of the army had not kept pace). Finally the 3rd was under the command of Charles Colville at the Battle of Nivelle where it took part in the main attack and then captured the bridge at Amotz under heavy resistance.
War of 1812
Manley Power and two other successful Peninsular War veteran brigade leaders, Thomas Brisbane and Frederick Philipse Robinson, were sent to bolster British forces in the War of 1812 in North America (and therefore did not participate in the Battle of Waterloo). The veteran brigade leaders were deeply disappointed by Sir George Prévost's caution at the Battle of Plattsburgh. Prevost had placed Francis de Rottenburg in charge of infantry, with the brigades under his command (Power with 3500, Brisbane with 3500, and Robinson with 2500 troops). The brigade leaders were dismayed with the decision to withdraw from battle because they felt they could have easily captured Plattsburgh despite the unsuccessful British naval action. Their opinions carried significant weight in Britain, which led to the removal of Prevost as Commander-in-Chief, North America. The Duke of Wellington wrote on 30 October 1814,
It is very obvious to me that you must remove Sir George Prevost. I see he has gone to war about trifles with the general officers I sent him, which are certainly the best of their rank in the army; and his subsequent failure and distresses will be aggravated by that circumstance; and will probably with the usual fairness of the public be attributed to it.
In December, Wellington's former Quartermaster General, Sir George Murray, was sent to Canada with the local rank of lieutenant-general, specifically to order Prévost to return to London to explain his conduct of the Plattsburg campaign. Another Peninsular War veteran and Manley Power's previous commanding officer, Sir Edward Pakenham, became the commander of the British North American army. Manley Power took part in the Battle of New Orleans, where Pakenham was killed, which unbeknown to its participants occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium, but it did not take effect until it was ratified by the United States in February 1815.
Occupation of France
He was then reassigned to Europe in 1815 to rejoin the 3rd Division, which was still under the command of Charles Colville, to lead the 2nd Brigade, as part of the British Army force occupying Flanders and France.
On 25 October 1818, General Murray appointed him to be the commanding officer at Calais to oversee the evacuation of British troops from France. When it was completed, the mayor of Calais wrote a letter to express thanks for his "considerate treatment of the French and of the town of Calais during the embarkation."
Later life
Sir Manley Power later served as the Lieutenant Governor of Malta for six years. Manley Power would have been familiar with the island, having been previously stationed there in 1802 with the 20th Regiment of Foot.
In addition to his battle honours, for his role in Peninsular War, Portugal conferred on him Knight Commander of the Order of the Tower and Sword. The honour Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath was conferred on him on 2 January 1815.
When in England, Manley Power and his family lived in Hill Court Manor, Walford, near Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire. Based on Burke's records, he was likely Lord of the Manor of Walford, Ross, Ross Foreign, Aston Ingham, and Wilton. Sir Manley Power died on 7 July 1826, in Bern, Switzerland, after a few hours illness while returning from Malta to England. He is buried at Bath Abbey in England.
A march named Sir Manley Power was the official quick march used by the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot ("the Die Hards"—a nickname earned at the Battle of Albuera); presumably adopting the march sometime after serving in the 2nd Division during the Peninsular war, continuing to use it as the Middlesex Regiment formed in 1881, and later as part of the 4th Battalion (Middlesex) of the Queen's Regiment.
Footnotes
External links
William Broadfoot, ‘Power, Sir Manley (1773–1826)’, rev. Gordon L. Teffeteller, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, . Retrieved on 21 April 2009.
1773 births
1826 deaths
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army personnel of the War of 1812
British Army major generals
History of Malta
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
Royal Horse Guards officers
32nd Regiment of Foot officers
Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manley%20Power |
Primary gastric lymphoma (lymphoma that originates in the stomach itself) is an uncommon condition, accounting for less than 15% of gastric malignancies and about 2% of all lymphomas. However, the stomach is a very common extranodal site for lymphomas (lymphomas originate elsewhere and metastasise to the stomach). It is also the most common source of lymphomas in the gastrointestinal tract.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms include epigastric pain, early satiety, fatigue and weight loss. Most people affected by primary gastric lymphoma are over 60 years old.
Risk factors
Risk factors for gastric lymphoma include the following:
Helicobacter pylori
Long-term immunosuppressant drug therapy
HIV infection
Pathophysiology
The majority of gastric lymphomas are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell origin. These tumors may range from well-differentiated, superficial involvements (MALT) to high-grade, large-cell lymphomas. Sometimes, it's hard to differentiate poorly differentiated high grade B-cell gastric lymphoma from gastric adenocarcinoma clinically or radiologically, yet histopathology with immunohistochemistry is recommended to stain specific markers on the malignant cell that favor the diagnosis of lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry stains specific clusters of differentiation that are present on B-cells like CD20. Cytokeratin is also a surface marker that is presented on epithelial cells, is stained histochemically and favors the diagnosis of epithelial tumors like adenocarcinoma.
Distinguishing poorly differentiated gastric lymphoma from adenocarcinoma is essential because the prognosis and modalities of treatment differ significantly.
Other lymphomas involving the stomach include mantle cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphomas which may be associated with enteropathy; the latter usually occur in the small bowel but have been reported in the stomach.
Diagnosis
These lymphomas are difficult to differentiate from gastric adenocarcinoma. The lesions are usually ulcers with a ragged, thickened mucosal pattern on contrast radiographs.
The diagnosis is typically made by biopsy at the time of endoscopy. Several endoscopic findings have been reported, including solitary ulcers, thickened gastric folds, mass lesions and nodules. As there may be infiltration of the submucosa, larger biopsy forceps, endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy, endoscopic submucosal resection, or laparotomy may be required to obtain tissue.
Imaging investigations including CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound are useful to stage disease. Hematological parameters are usually checked to assist with staging and to exclude concomitant leukemia. An elevated LDH level may be suggestive of lymphoma.
Treatment
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the stomach are primarily treated with chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide+doxorubicine+vincristine+prednisone) with or without rituximab being a usual first choice.
Antibiotic treatment to eradicate H. pylori is indicated as first line therapy for MALT lymphomas. About 80% of MALT lymphomas completely regress with eradication therapy. Radiation treatment for H. pylori–negative gastric malt lymphoma, has a high success rate, 90% or better after 5 years. Second line therapy for MALT lymphomas is usually chemotherapy with a single agent, and complete response rates of greater than 70% have been reported.
Subtotal gastrectomy, with post-operative chemotherapy is undertaken in refractory cases, or in the setting of complications, including gastric outlet obstruction.
See also
Lymphoepithelial lesion
References
Gastrointestinal cancer
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20lymphoma |
The following are the association football events of the year 1978 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1978: Won by Boca Juniors after defeating Deportivo Cali on an aggregate score of 4–0.
England: Ipswich Town win the cup beating Arsenal F.C. 1–0 with the winning goal scored by Roger Osborne
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.
: Al-Rayyan SC
Europe
: Nottingham Forest
: AS Monaco
: Újpest FC
: Juventus
:
Eredivisie – PSV Eindhoven
Eerste Divisie – PEC Zwolle
: Steaua București
: Real Madrid
: Rangers
: Fenerbahçe
North America
: Tigres UANL
/ :
New York Cosmos (NASL)
Oceania
: West Adelaide
South America
Metropolitano – Quilmes
Nacional – Independiente
: Guarani
: Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Ghana (March 5 – 16 1978)
1978 British Home Championship (May 13 – May 20, 1978)
FIFA World Cup in Argentina (June 1 – 25 1978)
Births
January
January 9
Gennaro Gattuso, Italian football player
Hamlet Barrientos, Bolivian footballer
January 10 – Jeffrey Yishai, former Israeli footballer
January 20 – Salvatore Aronica, Italian footballer and manager
January 28
Gianluigi Buffon, Italian international goalkeeper
Jamie Carragher, English football player defender
Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (d. 2020)
February
February 2 – Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer and coach
February 5 – Jairon Zamora, Ecuadorian footballer
February 15 – Alejandro Lembo, Uruguayan footballer
February 24 – Leon Constantine, English club footballer
March
March 9 – Lucas Neill, Australian footballer
March 11 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian international
March 14 – Antti-Jussi Karnio Finnish footballer
March 15 – Ramalho (Edson Ramalho dos Santos), Brazilian footballer
March 24 – Tomáš Ujfaluši, Czech footballer
March 30 – Mauricio Rojas, Chilean footballer
March 31
Stephen Clemence, English footballer and coach
Jérôme Rothen, French international
April
April 1 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican international striker (d. 2009)
April 30 – Simone Barone, Italian footballer
May
May 16 – Edu, Brazilian football player and manager
May 30 – Nicolás Olivera, Uruguayan footballer
June
June 20 – Frank Lampard, English football player midfielder
June 9 – Miroslav Klose, German football player forward
June 21 – Hatem Aqel, Jordanian footballer
July
July 4 – Manfred Razenböck, Austrian former footballer
July 22 – Dennis Rommedahl, Danish footballer
September
September 6 – Éric Kossingou, French former professional footballer
September 17 – Arne Slot, Dutch football player and manager
September 18
Ryan Lowe, English club footballer
Augustine Simo, Cameroonian footballer
September 22 – Harry Kewell, Australian football player
November
November 7 – Rio Ferdinand, English football player defender
November 7 – Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink, Dutch footballer
November 8 – Ali Karimi, Iranian footballer
November 11 – Erik Edman, Swedish footballer
December
December 5 – Marcelo Zalayeta, Uruguayan footballer
December 17 – Patricia Pérez, Mexican female footballer
December 23 – Nicolás Suárez, Bolivian footballer
December 29 – Victor Agali, Nigerian footballer
December 29 – Kieron Dyer, English footballer
Deaths
January
January 3 – Rubén Morán, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (47)
May
May 8 – Juan Evaristo, Argentine midfielder, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup, part of the first sibling to ever play a World Cup Final. (75)
June
June 2 – Santiago Bernabéu (82), Spanish footballer, coach and president.
July
July 13 – George Reader (81), English football referee
August
August 5 – Ernst Melchior, Austrian footballer
August 11 – Mario Varglien, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (72)
August 15 – Leo Lemešić, Croatian football player and manager
August 31 – Ángel Bossio, Argentine Goalkeeper, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (73)
September
September 15 – Ricardo Zamora, Spanish footballer
September 25 – Luigi Allemandi, Italian defender, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (74)
November
November 18 – Pablo Dorado, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup and first player ever to score in a World Cup Final. (70)
December
December 5 – Carlos Riolfo, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (73)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20in%20association%20football |
The Kyongbuk Maeil Shinmun is a Korean-language daily newspaper serving Gyeongsangbuk-do, a province in eastern South Korea. It is headquartered in the coastal city of Pohang, but has correspondents through the province and the adjoining city of Daegu. Founded in 1989, it published its first issue in 1990. The CEO is Kim Gi-ho.
The Kyongbuk Maeil Shinmun is published 5 days a week, Monday through Friday, with an expanded 24-page Friday edition.
See also
List of newspapers
External links
Official site
Daily newspapers published in South Korea
North Gyeongsang Province
Mass media in Pohang
Mass media in Daegu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyongbuk%20Maeil%20Shinmun |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1977 throughout the world.
Events
September 14 – Dutch club AZ'67 makes its European debut by defeating Red Boys Differdange (11–1) in the first round of the UEFA Cup, with four goals from midfielder Jan Peters.
Copa Libertadores 1977: Won by Boca Juniors after defeating Cruzeiro 5–4 in a penalty shootout after an aggregate score of 0–0.
Winners club national championship
Asia
– Al-Esteqlal
Europe
– Liverpool
– Nantes
– Juventus
Eredivisie – Ajax
Eerste Divisie – Vitesse
– Benfica
– Atlético Madrid
– Basel
– Trabzonspor
– Red Star Belgrade
North America
– UNAM
/ :
New York Cosmos (NASL)
Oceania
- Sydney City
South America
Metropolitano – River Plate
Nacional – Independiente
– São Paulo
European competitions
European Champions Cup: Liverpool
UEFA Cup: Juventus
European Cup Winners' Cup: Hamburger SV
International tournaments
1977 British Home Championship (May 28 – June 4, 1977)
Births
January
January 2 — Gavin Mahon, English club footballer
January 7 — Marco Storari, Italian footballer
January 8 — Francesco Coco, Italian footballer
January 9 — Nihat Emre Numanbayraktaroğlu, Turkish former footballer
January 21 — Paul Weerman, Dutch footballer
January 21 – Phil Neville, English international footballer
February
February 5 — Rodrigo Núñez, Chilean footballer
February 8 — Jan Õun, Estonian footballer
February 11 — Raivo Nõmmik, Estonian footballer
February 19 — Gianluca Zambrotta, Italian international footballer
February 20 — Niklas Storbacka, Finnish footballer
February 28
Milan Drageljević, Serbian former footballer
Artur Wichniarek, Polish international footballer
March
March 17 — Rustam Mustafin, Russian professional football coach, former player
April
April 9 — Marko Lepik, Estonian footballer
April 26 — Raphaël Wicky, Swiss international footballer
April 28 — Aleksei Gridnev, former Russian footballer
May
May 3 — Noel Valladares, Honduran international footballer
May 7 — Łukasz Sosin, Polish international footballer
May 11 — Pablo Gabriel García, Uruguayan international footballer
May 12 — Aivar Priidel, Estonian footballer
May 25 — Andre Anis, Estonian footballer
May 26 — Luca Toni, Italian international footballer
June
June 13 — Lorenzo Mathiot, Seychellois footballer
June 15 — Rui Almeida Monteiro, Dutch footballer
June 27 — Raúl, Spanish international footballer
July
July 6 — Irakli Gemazashvili, Georgian international footballer
July 9 — Bogdan Stefanović, retired Serbian-Slovak footballer
July 10 — Levan Kobiashvili, Georgian international footballer
July 12 — Marco Silva, Portuguese football player and manager
July 24 — Mehdi Mahdavikia, Iranian international footballer
July 31 — Bolívar Gómez, Ecuadorian footballer
August
August 1 — Gonzalo Iván Largo Romero, Spanish football player
August 16 — Pavel Královec, Czech football referee
August 17 — Thierry Henry, French international footballer
August 18 — Denis Solovyov, professional football coach and former player
August 23 — Luis Rubiales, Spanish football player and administrator
August 29 — Frank Broers, Dutch footballer
September
September 1 — Kwabena Boafo, Ghanaian footballer
September 14 — Edgar Streltsov, former Russian footballer
September 15 — Denis Soskov, former Russian footballer
September 17 — Simone Perrotta, Italian international footballer
September 29 — Harry Libanotis, Seychellois footballer
October
October 13 — Antonio Di Natale, Italian international footballer
October 15 — David Trezeguet, French international footballer
October 20 — Tebogo Mothusi, Botswana footballer
October 24 — Iván Kaviedes, Ecuadorian footballer
October 25 — Birgit Prinz, German footballer
November
November 17 — Paul Shepherd, English footballer
November 21 — Sidwell Mothea, Lesotho footballer
November 22 — Michael Preston, English club footballer
November 23 — David Lucas, English youth international and coach
November 28 — Fabio Grosso, Italian international footballer
Deaths
January
January 18 – Luciano Re Cecconi (38), Italian football (soccer) player (born 1948)
February
February 11 – Luigi Bertolini, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (72 ; Aortic aneurysm)
June
June 9 – Germano Boettcher Sobrinho, Brazilian goalkeeper, squad member at the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (66)
July
July 17 – Billy Gonsalves American international football (soccer player) (born 1908)
July 23 – Arsenio Erico, Paraguayan international footballer (born 1915)
October
October 12 – Juan Carlos Calvo, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (71)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20in%20association%20football |
Vasse is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in Western Australia. Vasse is based in the South West region of the state, centred on the town of Busselton and is named for the Vasse River. It has been a safe seat for the Liberal Party at all times since its creation, including as its previous incarnation, Sussex.
The current MLA, Liberal Libby Mettam, won a by-election on 18 October 2014 following the resignation of former Liberal leader Troy Buswell.
Geography
Originally centred on Geographe Bay and Busselton, the redistribution ahead of the 2008 state election expanded the electorate south to include large parts of the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River which had formerly been in Warren-Blackwood prior to that district's abolition. Apart from Busselton and its suburbs, the Vasse district includes the towns of Vasse, Dunsborough/Quindalup, Yallingup, Margaret River, Cowaramup, Gracetown and Prevelly as well as part of Witchcliffe.
History
Vasse was first created for the 1950 state election out of the former seat of Sussex. It is a historically safe seat for the Liberal Party, which has held the seat continuously since its foundation. Indeed, counting its time as Sussex, it has been in the hands of the Liberals and their predecessors since the first Legislative Assembly was convened in 1890. The only time it has been out of the hands of a conservative party was when sitting Liberal Bernie Masters resigned to sit as an independent in 2004–05.
Vasse had only two members in its first 46 years, Stewart Bovell (1950–1971) and Barry Blaikie (1971–1996). Masters succeeded Blaikie at the 1996 state election, but lost preselection for a third term ahead of the 2005 election in favour of then Shire of Busselton mayor Troy Buswell. Masters resigned from the party and contested the election as an independent, but was defeated by Buswell. Buswell served as Liberal leader from January to August 2008, and as Treasurer from 2008 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2014. Buswell resigned in 2014 after a drink-driving controversy, and was succeeded at the resulting by-election by Libby Mettam. The by-election, which was not contested by the opposition Labor Party, saw the National Party cut the Liberal margin in Vasse to less than 4%.
Members for Vasse
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Vasse
Busselton
1950 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Vasse |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1976 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1976: Won by Cruzeiro after defeating River Plate on an aggregate score of 3–2.
September 15 – Dutch club Roda JC makes its European debut with a defeat (2–1) in Brussels against Belgium's R.S.C. Anderlecht in the second round of the Cup Winners Cup.
Winners club national championship
Asia
Qatar – Al-Rayyan SC
Europe
– Liverpool
– AS Saint-Étienne
– Torino
Eredivisie – PSV Eindhoven
Eerste Divisie – HFC Haarlem
– Stal Mielec
– Real Madrid
– Trabzonspor
– Partizan
North America
– Club América
/ :
Toronto Metros-Croatia (NASL)
South America
Argentina:
Metropolitano – Boca Juniors
Nacional – Boca Juniors
Brazil: Internacional
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Ethiopia (February 29 – 14 1976)
1976 British Home Championship (May 6 – May 15, 1976)
UEFA European Football Championship in Yugoslavia (June 16 – 20 1976)
AFC Asian Championship in Iran (June 3 – 13 1976)
Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada (July 18 – 31 1976)
Births
January 18 – Pavel Mareš, Czech international footballer
February 5 – John Aloisi, Australian international footballer
February 7 – Daisuke Oku, Japanese international footballer (died 2014)
February 13 – Maksim Proshin, former Russian professional football player
February 19 – Fernando Falce, Uruguayan professional football referee
February 26 – Mauro Lustrinelli, Swiss international footballer
March 17 – Álvaro Recoba, Uruguayan international footballer
March 19 – Alessandro Nesta, Italian international footballer
March 20 – Sim Sung-chol, North Korean former footballer
March 30 – Rustam Shelayev, former Russian professional footballer
April 1 – Clarence Seedorf, Dutch international footballer
April 20 – Aldo Bobadilla, Paraguayan footballer
April 23 – Darren Huckerby, English footballer and coach
April 27 – Walter Pandiani, Uruguayan footballer
May 2 – Amado Guevara, Honduran international footballer
May 3 – Beto, Portuguese international footballer
May 6 – Denny Landzaat, Dutch international footballer
June 14 – Massimo Oddo, Italian international footballer
June 23 – Patrick Vieira, French international footballer
June 24 – Ricardo Alexandre dos Santos, Brazilian international footballer
July 1
Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch international footballer
Patrick Kluivert, Dutch international footballer
July 5 – Nuno Gomes, Portuguese international footballer
July 10 – Lars Ricken, German international footballer
July 13 – Yevgeni Zhelyakov, Russian professional football coach and former player
July 16 – Carlos Humberto Paredes, Paraguayan footballer
July 17
Anders Svensson, Swedish international footballer
Marcos Senna, Spanish international footballer
July 26 – Danny Ortiz, Guatemalan footballer (died 2004)
August 11 – Tõnis Kalde, Estonian international footballer
August 19 – Stephan Schmidt, German footballer and manager
August 24
Björn van der Doelen, Dutch footballer
Nordin Wooter, Surinamese-Dutch youth international
August 26 – Giovanni Naboth, Mauritian footballer
August 27 – Ysrael Zúñiga, Peruvian footballer
August 28 – Federico Magallanes, Uruguayan international footballer
August 29 – Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish international footballer
September 18 – Ronaldo, Brazilian international footballer
September 26 – Michael Ballack, German international footballer
September 27 – Francesco Totti, Italian international footballer
September 29 – Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian international footballer
October 4 – Mauro Camoranesi, Italian international footballer
October 26 – Ralf Oehri, Liechtensteiner former association footballer
October 28 – Martin Lepa, Estonian footballer
November 26 – José Pablo Burtovoy, Argentine footballer
December 3 – Eran Shainzinger, Israeli footballer
December 25 – Atko Väikmeri, Estonian footballer
December 31 – Yevgeni Fedotov, Russian professional football coach and former player
Deaths
November
November 3 – Giuseppe Cavanna, Italian goalkeeper, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (70)
December
December 25 – Conduelo Píriz, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (71)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1975 throughout the world.
Events
European Cup 1975: Won by FC Bayern München after defeating Leeds United 1–0.
Copa Libertadores 1975: Won by Independiente after defeating Unión Española on an aggregate score of 2–0.
England: 1975 FA Cup Final: West Ham United 2, Fulham 0. (Alan Taylor 2)
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Taj
Europe
: 1. FC Magdeburg
: Derby County F.C.
: AS Saint-Etienne
Hungary: Újpest FC
: Juventus
Eredivisie: PSV Eindhoven
Eerste Divisie: NEC Nijmegen
: Ruch Chorzów
Spain: Real Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
: Borussia Mönchengladbach
: Hajduk Split
North America
: Toluca
/ :
Tampa Bay Rowdies (NASL)
South America
:
Metropolitano – River Plate
Nacional – River Plate
: Internacional
: Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
Copa América (July 17 – October 28, 1975)
and
Pan American Games in Mexico (October 13 – October 25, 1975)
and
—
1975 British Home Championship (May 17 – May 24, 1975)
Births
January 1 – Bengt Sæternes, Norwegian footballer and manager
January 12 – Rick Hoogendorp, Dutch footballer
January 27 – Damien Neville, Bahamian retired footballer
February 2 – Ieroklis Stoltidis, Greek footballer
February 11 – Marek Špilár, Slovakian international footballer (died 2013)
February 18 – Gary Neville, English footballer
February 18 – Keith Gillespie, Irish footballer
March 9 – Roy Makaay, Dutch footballer
March 17 – Trương Văn Hải, Vietnamese footballer
March 23 – Eduard Doronin, former Russian footballer
April 3 – Joakim Persson, Swedish footballer
April 9 – Robbie Fowler, English footballer
April 13 – Bruce Dyer, English footballer
April 14 – Konstantinos Nebegleras, Greek footballer
April 17 – Stefano Fiore, Italian footballer
April 19 – Adrian Vizingr, retired Czech footballer
May 1 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroonian international footballer (died 2003)
May 2 – David Beckham, English international footballer
May 8 – Dmitri Ustritski, Estonian international footballer
May 25 – Raúl Muñoz, Chilean footballer
June 9 – Paul Agostino, Australian footballer
June 10 – Darren Eadie, English footballer
June 18 – Aleksandrs Kolinko, Latvian footballer
June 24 – Christie Rampone, US women's footballer
June 27 – Timote Moleni, Tongan footballer and coach
July 1 – Julio Briones, Ecuadorian footballer
July 5 – Hernán Crespo, Argentinian international footballer
July 22 – Marilia, Brazilian footballer
August 16
Jonatan Johansson, Finnish footballer, coach, and manager
Pantelis Konstantinidis, Greek footballer
August 28 – Serhiy Maherovych, retired Ukrainian professional footballer
August 31 – Hilario Cuenú, Colombian football manager and former player
September 3 – Xavier Ipharraguerre, French former professional footballer
September 18 – Richard Appleby, English footballer
September 18 – Carlos Armando Gruezo Quiñónez, Ecuadorian footballer
September 19 – Oumar Bagayoko, Malian footballer
September 28 – Maksim Shiryayev, former Russian footballer
October 21 – Henrique Hilário, Portuguese footballer
October 30
Dimitar Ivankov, Bulgarian footballer
Alessandro Piovesan, Italian former footballer
October 31 – Fabio Celestini, Swiss footballer
November 10 – Semjbaataryn Baatarsüren, Mongolian international footballer
November 12 – Balázs Kiskapusi, Hungarian former footballer
November 13 – Quim, Portuguese footballer
November 15
Luca Amoruso, Italian retired footballer
Christophe Anly, retired Malagasy football
November 27 – Rain Vessenberg, Estonian footballer
November 30 – Ben Thatcher, English footballer
December 7 – Ivaylo Petkov, Bulgarian footballer
December 11 – Dario Simic, Croatian footballer
December 12 – Wesley Charles, Vincentian footballer
December 20 – Bartosz Bosacki, Polish footballer
December 27 – Martin Nash, Canadian soccer player
Deaths
March
March 31 – Virginio Rosetta, Italian defender, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (73)
July
July 27 – Edmundo Piaggio, Argentine defender, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (69)
October
October 27 – Peregrino Anselmo, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (73)
November
November 16 - Agustin Gomez Pagola, Spanish-born Soviet footballer, and plays as left back, and the part of the defender.
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%20in%20association%20football |
In order for a virus to infect a plant, it must be able to move between cells so it can spread throughout the plant. Plant cell walls make this moving/spreading quite difficult and therefore, for this to occur, movement proteins must be present. A movement protein (MP) is a specific virus-encoded protein that is considered to be a general feature of plant genomes. They allow for local and systemic viral spread throughout a plant. MPs were first studied in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) where it was found that viruses were unable to spread without the presence of a specific protein. In general, the plant viruses first, move within the cell from replication sites to the plasmodesmata (PD). Then, the virus is able to go through the PD and spread to other cells. This process is controlled through MPs. Different MPs use different mechanisms and pathways to regulate this spread of some viruses. Nearly all plants express at least one MP, while some can encode many different MPs which help with cell to cell viral transmission. They serve to increase the size exclusion limits (SEL) of plasmodesmata to allow for greater spread of the virus.
Plant viral movement protein regulation
Viral MPs can undergo some sort of regulation. They can be phosphorylated by plant protein kinases which can inactivate the viral MPs and provide an avenue for post-translational modification and regulation of viral movement. Phosphorylation also can assist in regulating viral infectivity. Plasmodesmata function can regulate the stability of MP-vNA complexes which are formed in order for viruses to be transported via the movement protein. Phosphorylation during the tobacco mosaic virus-MP-vRNA transport could be responsible for playing a role in regulating the degree of infectivity of the virus.
Function of movement proteins
Movement proteins can assist in unraveling key mechanisms that help control and regulate macromolecule transport within and between plant cells. MPs can use plasmodesmata, however, they are also able to alter and intercept intercellular channels based on if they are fully differentiated or if they are developing cells. When MPs are actively being expressed, the cell wall barrier to the movement of plant viruses is eliminated which can imply that movement proteins can play a role in changing cell architecture. MPs and other viral components can interact with the endomembrane system along with the cytoskeletal network right before the virus crosses the cell wall. These interactions occur in order to identify the viral genome and direct it to the cell wall for transport. Different viral encoded MPs are responsible for interfering with plasmodesmal gating. Research has suggested that there could even be plasmodesmal targeting sequences within movement proteins and that these proteins could even serve as tools to identify certain components of the plasmodesmata. There has not been extensive similarities in sequences in MPs that belong to different plant virus taxonomic groups. Additionally, some transport systems for viruses just need a single MP while others may need additional virus encoded proteins in order to facilitate the transport of viral genomes.
Mechanisms of movement proteins
There are multiple different mechanisms that MPs can use. The 30-kDa MP found in the TMV, the prototype of the 30K MP superfamily, has been shown to alter the size exclusion limit of PD. It is also able to bind ssRNAs and also may pass through plasmodesmata as an RNP complex containing virus genomic RNA. Some MPs have the necessary protein motifs to undergo cell to cell movement without the help of other virus-specific proteins. These MPs are able to sequence non-specific RNA binding and help the movement of other viruses that are unable to transport themselves. Another type of MP mechanism involves the movement of the plasmodesmata internal structures such as the desmotubule and the transmission of entire virions, from infected cells to adjacent cells.
Origin and evolution
Movement proteins of the 30K superfamily, one of the most widespread groups of MPs found in viruses from 16 different families, share the conserved jelly-roll fold domain with the capsid proteins (CPs) of small icosahedral RNA and DNA viruses, in particular, those infecting plants. It has been suggested that the 30K MPs evolved via duplication or horizontal acquisition of the CP gene in a virus that infected an ancestor of vascular plants, followed by exaptation of one of the paralogous CPs. During the subsequent coevolution of viruses with diversifying vascular plants, the 30K MP genes underwent explosive horizontal spread among emerging plant viruses, driving the diversification of the 30K MP superfamily and molding the contemporary plant virome.
References
Viral nonstructural proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20protein |
James Hastings (26 March 1852 – 15 October 1922) was a Scottish United Free Church minister and biblical scholar. He is best known for producing major reference works, including a 5-volume Dictionary of the Bible and a 13-volume Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, and establishing The Expository Times.
Life
He was born in Huntly, Aberdeenshire, the second son and fifth child of local miller James Hastings. His initial education was undertaken at Huntly School and Aberdeen Grammar School. He studied classics at the University of Aberdeen, graduating with a Master's degree in 1876. He then attended the Free Church Divinity College in Aberdeen in preparation for ordination as a Free Church minister. While studying at the college, he also worked as a teacher at Chanonry House School, a private school for boys in Old Aberdeen.
Following a period as assistant minister in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Hastings was ordained in 1884, becoming minister at Kineff Free Church in Kincardineshire. After 13 years, he was called to Willison Church in Dundee, but returned to Kincardineshire in 1901, having struggled with his city placement. From 1901 until his retirement in 1911, he was the minister at the United Free Church in St Cyrus. During his period in office, he oversaw the erection of a new church building for the congregation.
In one obituary, his preaching was described as "evangelical in sentiment, thoughtful and expository in style, fluent in delivery, and fervent in application."
Hastings married Ann Wilson Forsyth in 1884, the year of his ordination. They had two children: Edward (21 March 1890 – 1 August 1980) and Ann Wilson (21 April 1885 – 23 March 1975). Edward later also became a minister of the United Free Church.
He received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from the University of Aberdeen (1897) and Queen's University in Nova Scotia (1920).
After his retirement, Hastings returned to Aberdeen, where he became a member of Beechgrove United Free Church. He died unexpectedly on 15 October 1922. His funeral was held on 18 October, and he was buried at Springbank Cemetery in Aberdeen.
Works
Hastings edited many reference works, which are still in use today. In 1913, he was awarded the biennial Dyke-Acland Medal for his services to biblical research.
During his time at Willison church, Hastings founded the Expository Times, which he edited until his death. After his death, his children took over joint editorship of the journal until 1942, when C. Leslie Mitton became editor. The Expository Times continues to be issued monthly.
He also established and edited a weekly periodical for Sunday School teachers, entitled The Sunday School. This ran for 104 editions between December 1892 and December 1894.
Bibliography
As editor
Dictionary of the Bible, (T. & T. Clark, 1898–1904), five volumes
Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, (T. & T. Clarke, 1906-1908), two volumes, later editions with John A. Selbie and John C. Lambert
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, (T. & T. Clarke, 1908–26; 2nd edition 1925–1940, reprint 1955), 13 volumes
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, (T. & T. Clark, 1915-1918), 2 volumes
The Great Texts of the Bible, (T. & T. Clark, 1910–1915, reprint 1958), 21 volumes
The Speaker's Bible, (Aberdeen: "The Speaker's Bible" Offices, 1923-1951), 13 volumes
As author
The Greater Men and Women of the Bible, six volumes (T. & T. Clark, 1913–1916)
The Christian Doctrine of Prayer (T. & T. Clark, 1915)
The Christian Doctrine of Faith (T. & T. Clark, 1919)
The Christian Doctrine of Peace (T. & T. Clark, 1922)
References
External links
Short biography and on-line version of first two dictionaries on Christian Classics Ethereal Library website
Dictionary of the Bible by Hastings, James, 1852-1922; Selbie, John A. (John Alexander), 1856-1931; Lambert, John Chisholm, 1857-1917; Mathews, Shailer, 1863-1941
1852 births
1922 deaths
20th-century biblical scholars
British biblical scholars
People from Huntly
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Academic journal editors
Calvinist and Reformed biblical scholars
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
20th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
People from St Cyrus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hastings |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1974 throughout the world.
Events
The FIFA World Cup is held from June 12 to July 7 in West Germany. West Germany wins its second title, defeating much favored Netherlands 2–1 in the final. Surprisingly, Poland take 3rd after defeating Brazil 1–0.
European Cup: Bayern Munich beats Atlético Madrid 4–0 in the final. This was the first German EC win.
UEFA Cup: Feyenoord wins 2–1 (Away) and 2–0 (Home) in the final against Tottenham Hotspur, winning the cup for the first time.
UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1. FC Magdeburg wins 2–0 over AC Milan, winning the cup for the first time. This also marks the only instance of an East German club winning a European title.
Copa Libertadores 1974: Won by Independiente after defeating São Paulo Futebol Clube on an aggregate score of 1–0.
February 17 – Zamalek disaster, that occurred in Cairo, before a friendly match between Zamalek SC & Dukla Prague.
May 1 – PSV Eindhoven claims the Dutch Cup by defeating title holders NAC Breda: 6–0.
September 18 – Dutch club FC Amsterdam makes its European debut by defeating Malta's Hibernians F.C. 5–0 in the first round of the UEFA Cup, with two goals from Nico Jansen.
Winners club national championship
Asia
Qatar: Al-Sadd SC
Europe
: Magdeburg
: Leeds United
: AS Saint-Étienne
: Újpest FC
: Lazio
: Feyenoord
: Ruch Chorzów
: Barcelona
: Fenerbahçe
: Bayern Munich
: Hajduk Split
North America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
Los Angeles Aztecs (NASL)
South America
Argentina
Metropolitano – Newell's Old Boys
Nacional – San Lorenzo
Brazil – Vasco da Gama
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Egypt (March 1 – 14 1974)
1974 British Home Championship (May 11–18, 1974)
Shared by and
FIFA World Cup in West Germany (June 13 – July 7, 1974)
Births
January 2 – Jason de Vos, Canadian soccer player and sportscaster
January 6 – Daniel Cordone, Argentinian striker
January 10 – Bob Peeters, Belgian footballer
January 11 – Jens Nowotny, German footballer
January 20 – David Dei, Italian club footballer and coach
January 22 – Jörg Böhme, German footballer
January 31 – Bob Mulder, Dutch footballer
March 5 – Jens Jeremies, German footballer
March 9 – Franz Calustro, Bolivian footballer
March 14 – Mark Fish, South-African footballer
March 30 – Tomislav Butina, Croatian footballer
April 6 – Robert Kovač, Croatian footballer
May 28 – Hans-Jörg Butt, German footballer
June 26 – Pablo Galdames, Chilean footballer
August 29 – Denis Caniza, Paraguayan footballer
September 5 – Ivo Ulich, Czech footballer
September 7 – Macamito (Paulo "Macamito" Macamo), Mozambican footballer
September 16 – Fricson George, Ecuadorian footballer
September 21 – Ruslan Shumskikh, former Russian professional footballer
October 5 – Jeff Strasser, Luxembourgish footballer
November 4 – Jérôme Leroy, French footballer
November 9 – Alessandro Del Piero, Italian footballer
November 10 – Igor Sypniewski, Polish footballer (died 2022)
November 16 – Paul Scholes, English footballer
December 3 – Damiën Hertog, Dutch footballer
December 12 – Franklin Anangonó, Ecuadorian footballer
December 20 – Paul Linger, English club footballer
December 22
Michael Barron, English club footballer, coach, and manager
Dani García, Spanish international
December 24 – Marcelo Salas, Chilean footballer
December 29 – Nikolai Korovkin, Russian football coach and former player
Deaths
March
March 26 – Werner Kohlmeyer, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (49, heart failure)
June
June 8 – Anfilogino Guarisi, Brazilian/Italian striker, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and first ever Italian player to score in a FIFA World Cup qualification match. (68)
June 13 – Ernesto Vidal, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (52)
July
July 1 – Kick Smit, Dutch footballer. (62)
September
7 September – Juan Antonio Ipiña (62), Spanish footballer
24 September – Canhoteiro (41), Brazilian striker, winner of the Pequena Taça do Mundo of 1955.
October
October 28 – Everaldo, Brazilian left back, winner of the 1970 FIFA World Cup and active player of Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense . (30 ; car crash)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the association football events of the year 1973 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1973: Won by Independiente after defeating Colo-Colo on an aggregate score of 2–1.
Sunderland AFC wins the FA Cup final.
May 31 – NAC Breda claims the KNVB Cup after defeating NEC, 2–0.
Europe vs South America FIFA charity match
Winners club national championship
Asia
Iran: Persepolis
Qatar: Al-Esteqlal
Europe
East Germany: Dynamo Dresden
England: Liverpool
France: Nantes
Hungary: Újpest
Italy: Juventus
Netherlands: Ajax
Poland: Stal Mielec
Scotland: Celtic
Soviet Union: Ararat Yerevan
Spain: Atlético Madrid
Turkey: Galatasaray
West Germany: Bayern Munich
Yugoslavia: Red Star Belgrade
North America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
Philadelphia Atoms (NASL)
South America
Argentina
Huracán – Metropolitano
Rosario Central – Nacional
Brazil: Palmeiras
International tournaments
1973 British Home Championship (May 12–19, 1973)
Births
January 3 – Jaroslav Švach, Czech youth international (d. 2020)
February 2 – Valeriy Yablochkin, Kazakhstani footballer
February 10 – Ivan O'Konnel-Bronin, Estonian footballer
March 7 – Ray Parlour, English footballer
March 11 – Damián Álvarez, Mexican footballer
March 16 – Bert Zuurman, Dutch footballer
March 28 – Delmo (Delmo Arcângelo Coelho Monteiro), Brazilian former footballer
April 4 – Peter Hoekstra, Dutch footballer
April 6 – Sun Wen, Chinese footballer
April 9 – Bart Goor, Belgian footballer
April 10 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian footballer
April 12 – Roberto Ayala, Argentine footballer
April 26 – Lee Woon-jae, South Korean footballer
May 1 – Oliver Neuville, German footballer
May 2 – Cristino Jara, Paraguayan footballer
May 8 – Jesús Arellano, Mexican footballer
June 18 – Lesmond Prinsen, Dutch footballer
July 13 – Roberto Martínez, Spanish football player and coach
July 21 – Nelson Abeijón, Uruguayan footballer
July 24 – Johan Micoud, French international footballer
August 9 – Filippo Inzaghi, Italian international footballer
August 14 – Jay-Jay Okocha, Nigerian international footballer
August 14 – Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer
August 19 – Marco Materazzi, Italian international footballer
September 8 – Ángel Maldonado, Mexican footballer
September 13 – Fabio Cannavaro, Italian international footballer
September 18 – Limberg Méndez, Bolivian footballer
September 21 – Max Eberl, German footballer
September 21 – Oswaldo Sánchez, Mexican footballer
October 9
Thomas Frank, Danish football player and manager
Carlos Pavón, Honduran international footballer
October 11 – Steven Pressley, Scottish footballer
October 14 – Fabián O'Neill, Uruguayan international footballer (died 2022)
October 20 – Lim Gi-han, coach and former South Korean footballer
October 29 – Robert Pires, French international footballer
November 17
Wally Dieng, French retired footballer
Bernd Schneider, German international footballer
November 29 – Ryan Giggs, Welsh footballer
December 5 – Andrei Krasnopjorov, Estonian footballer
December 6 – Petar Miloševski, Macedonian international footballer (died 2014)
December 12 – Walter Otta, Argentinian footballer
December 27 – Ivica Vulić, Slovenian retired international footballer
Deaths
March
March 19 – Hans Stubb (66), German footballer (born 1906)
March 29– Adolfo Zumelzú, Argentine defender, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (71)
April
April 21 – Evert Jan Bulder (78), Dutch footballer (born 1894)
September
September 15 – Washington Ortuño, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup (46)
November
November 16 – Lorenzo Fernández, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (73)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%20in%20association%20football |
Mary Scott (born 1948) is a Canadian artist based in Calgary who has worked with painting, fibre, new media and computer programming in her art practice.
Scott has participated in a variety of group exhibitions including She Writes in White Ink (1985) at the Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff; Songs of Experience (1986) at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa; Active Surplus (1987) at the Power Plant, Toronto; and The Body and Society (1988) at the Embassy Cultural House, London, Ontario. Her solo exhibitions include shows at the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (1985); the Dunlop Gallery, Regina (1986); and Gallery 1.1.1., Winnipeg (1987). She was a co-founder in 1985 of the Stride Gallery in Calgary.
Scott is quoted as saying "I have no interest in a monologue with respect to my work. I'm very interested in dialogue, in discourse and the polyvocal. The monologue which is plunked on the wall or plunked on the floor is very unsatisfactory to me."
Scott's work embraces text as a central player in its performance. One half of her installation, "Hearing Voices", drapes words constructed from oil paint over her personal book collection. The text for this piece comes from Scott's first novel, which was inspired by the writings of Gertrude Stein. This text is a product of "smashing", according to Scott. "I did this a lot in the late ’70s, where I would go in and take from one or two writers and 'smash' [their work] together." Scott cites Stein as a continuous influence on her practice, and says Stein's writing is also responsible for her foray into aural territory. "My practice is painting, but a lot (of my work) has never had a dot of paint on it. People will say, ‘Oh my god, how can you call this painting? It doesn't have paint on it?’ And I'll say, ‘What do you think it's talking to?’ It's talking to that discourse in history and is arguing with that history."
References
Further reading
1948 births
Living people
Canadian women painters
Canadian textile artists
Artists from Calgary
20th-century Canadian women artists
Women textile artists
21st-century Canadian women artists
University of Alberta alumni
NSCAD University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Scott%20%28artist%29 |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1972 throughout the world.
Events
24 May – Copa Libertadores 1972: Won by Independiente after defeating Universitario de Deportes on an aggregate score of 2-1.
11 May – Ajax Amsterdam claims the Dutch Cup by defeating FC Den Haag: 3-2.
12 October – the 1972–73 Honduran League was canceled due to economic problems.
18 November 1972 –1972 Scotland v England women's football match
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Sadd SC
Europe
: Vejle BK
: Magdeburg
: Derby County
: Olympique de Marseille
: Újpest FC
: Juventus
: Ajax Amsterdam
: Zorya Voroshilovgrad
: Real Madrid
: Galatasaray S.K.
: Bayern Munich
North America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
New York Cosmos (NASL)
South America
San Lorenzo - Metropolitano
San Lorenzo - Nacional
: Palmeiras
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Cameroon (February 23 – March 5, 1972)
1972 British Home Championship (May 20 – May 27, 1972)
Shared by and
UEFA European Football Championship in Belgium (June 14 – 18 1972)
Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany (August 26 – September 10, 1972)
and
Births
January 1 – Lilian Thuram, French international footballer
January 2 – Eduardo Pereira, Timorese footballer
January 3 – Manuel Martínez, Mexican international footballer
January 8
Paul Clement, English footballer, coach, and manager
Giuseppe Favalli, Italian footballer
Esteban Valencia, Chilean international footballer
January 11 – Huub Loeffen, Dutch footballer
January 16
Ruben Bagger, Danish footballer
Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov, Russian footballer
Ezra Hendrickson, Vincentian footballer
Alen Peternac, Croatian footballer
January 29 – Joseph Oosting, Dutch footballer
February 11 – Steve McManaman, English international footballer
March 2 – Mauricio Pochettino, Argentine football player and manager
March 3
Darren Anderton, English international footballer
Karel Poborský, Czech international footballer
March 17 – Mia Hamm, American footballer
March 23 – Daniel Prodan, Romanian international footballer (died 2016)
March 28 – Péter Lipcsei, Hungarian footballer
March 29 – Rui Costa, Portuguese footballer
April 28 – Jean-Paul van Gastel, Dutch footballer
April 28 – Wilmer Velásquez, Honduran international footballer
May 8 – José Alberto Guadarrama, Mexican footballer
May 10 – Radosław Majdan, Polish goalkeeper
June 15 – Marcus Hahnemann, American international footballer
June 23 – Zinedine Zidane, French international footballer
August 7 – Goran Vlaović, Croatian footballer
August 30 – Pavel Nedvěd, Czech international footballer
September 8 – Markus Babbel, German international footballer and manager
September 10 – João Carlos dos Santos, Brazilian international footballer
September 10 – Mariano Bombarda, Spanish footballer
October 1 – Jean Paulo Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
November 2 – Derlis Gómez, Paraguayan footballer
November 2 – Darío Silva, Uruguayan footballer
November 4 – Luís Figo, Portuguese international footballer
November 11 – Nurmat Mirzabaev, Kazakhstani footballer
December 11 – Andriy Husin, Ukrainian international footballer and coach (died 2014)
December 16 – Aleksei Morochko, former Russian footballer
December 29 – Losseni Konaté, Ivorian footballer
Deaths
June 9 – Caesar ten Cate, Dutch international footballer (born 1890)
September 16 – Jan de Natris (76), Dutch international footballer (born 1895)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%20in%20association%20football |
Samtgemeinde Werlte is a Samtgemeinde in the district Emsland in Lower Saxony, Germany.
The following towns are situated in Werlte:
(Population 2005)
References
Werlte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werlte%20%28Samtgemeinde%29 |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1971 throughout the world.
Events
January 2 – Second Ibrox disaster. Barriers on Stairway 13 at Ibrox Park give way under a crush of fans departing a Rangers–Celtic match, killing 66 and injuring over 200.
17 April 1971 - France and the Netherlands played the first women's international football match recognized by FIFA against the France. The match took place in Hazebrouck, France and resulted in a 4–0 defeat for the Netherlands with Jocelyne Ratignier scoring a hattrick and Marie-Claire Caron-Harant scoring once.
Copa Libertadores:Won by Nacional after defeating Estudiantes La Plata on an aggregate score of 2–0.
May 20 – Ajax claims the KNVB Cup by defeating Sparta Rotterdam in the second leg, 2–1.
9 May – The very first Women's FA Cup in England, the Mitre Challenge Trophy for women's professional soccer football, was won when Southampton Women's F.C. defeated Stewarton Thistle, 4 to 1, in the final held at Crystal Palace National Sports Centre. Pat Davies scored three of her team's four goals and Dot Cassell contributed the lone Stewarton score.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Taj
: Al-Oruba
Europe
: Olympique de Marseille
: Inter Milan
: Feyenoord
: Valencia
: Galatasaray
North America
: Club América
/ :
Dallas Tornado (NASL)
South America
: Atlético Mineiro
International tournaments
1971 British Home Championship (May 15 – May 22, 1971)
Pan American Games in Colombia (July 31 – August 12, 1971)
Gold Medal:
Silver Medal:
Bronze Medal:
Births
January
January 1 – Juan Carlos Plata, Guatemalan footballer and coach
January 2 – Slobodan Komljenović, Serbian footballer
January 5 – Bjørn Otto Bragstad, Norwegian footballer
January 8 – Jesper Jansson, Swedish footballer
January 10 – Rudi Istenič, Slovenian footballer
January 14 – Bert Konterman, Dutch footballer
January 14 – Antonis Nikopolidis, Greek goalkeeper
January 16 – Ulrich van Gobbel, Dutch footballer
January 18 – Pep Guardiola, Spanish footballer
January 26 – Giuseppe Pancaro, Italian footballer
January 29 – Jörg Albertz, German footballer
February
February 1 – Joaquín Hernández, Mexican footballer
February 1 – Zlatko Zahovič, Slovenian footballer
February 1 – Marcelinho Carioca, Brazilian footballer
February 2 – Osvaldo Peralta, Paraguayan footballer
February 4 – Maarten Atmodikoro, Dutch footballer
February 17 – Carlos Gamarra, Paraguayan footballer
February 20 – Jari Litmanen, Finnish footballer
March
March 4 – Jovan Stanković, Serbian footballer
March 13 – Allan Nielsen, Danish footballer
March 15 – Joachim Björklund, Swedish footballer
March 18 – Jerzy Brzęczek, Polish footballer
March 18 – Fernando Ochoaizpur, Bolivian footballer
March 24 – Conny Rosén, Swedish former footballer
March 26 – Liviu Ciobotariu, Romanian footballer
April
April 2 – Francisco Arce, Paraguayan international
April 2 – Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, Brazilian footballer
April 5 – Choi Eun-sung, South Korean club player
April 7
Daniel Albert, former Israeli footballer
Franky Vandendriessche, Belgian goalkeeper
April 8 – Kim Byung-ji, South Korean international goalkeeper
April 9 – Víctor López, Uruguayan footballer
April 13 – Steven Lustü, Danish footballer and coach
April 14 – Miguel Calero, Colombian international (d. 2012)
April 15 – Finidi George, Nigerian footballer
April 17 – José Francisco Cevallos, Ecuadorian footballer, Minister of Sports in Ecuador and President of Barcelona F.C.
April 23 – Hjalmar Zambrano, Ecuadorian footballer
May
May 14 – Martin Reim, Estonian footballer
June
June 3 – Luigi Di Biagio, Italian footballer
June 5 – Francisco Gabriel de Anda, Mexican footballer and analyst
June 9
Gilles De Bilde, Belgian footballer
Uladzimir Zhuravel, Belarusian footballer and coach (d. 2018)
June 14 – Håkan Mild, Swedish footballer
June 23 – Enrique Romero, Spanish footballer
June 24 – Thomas Helveg, Danish international
June 25 – Neil Lennon, Northern Irish footballer and manager
June 28 – Fabien Barthez, French footballer
July
July 26 – Mladen Rudonja, Slovenian footballer
July 31 – Elivélton, Brazilian international footballer
July 31 – Ignacio Vázquez, Mexican footballer
August
August 9 – Oswald Snip, Dutch footballer
August 10 – Roy Keane, Irish footballer and manager
August 16 – Rick Slor, Dutch footballer
August 18 – Patrik Andersson, Swedish footballer
August 19 – Miguel Ponce, Chilean footballer
August 23 – Demetrio Albertini, Italian footballer
August 26 – Osman Özköylü, Turkish footballer
August 27 – Ernest Faber, Dutch footballer
August 29 – Marco Sandy, Bolivian footballer
September
September 1 – Hakan Şükür, Turkish footballer
September 3 – Ángel Lemus, Mexican footballer
September 3 – Paolo Montero, Uruguayan footballer
September 9 – Mikel Lasa, Spanish footballer
September 9 – Johan Mjällby, Swedish footballer
September 13 – Mladen Dabanovič, Slovenian footballer
September 17 – Edílson, Brazilian footballer
September 18 – Filip Apelstav, Swedish footballer
September 20 – Henrik Larsson, Swedish footballer and manager
September 29 – Miguel Fuentes, Mexican footballer
September 29 – Jeffrey Talan, Dutch footballer
October
October 4 – Jorge Costa, Portuguese footballer
October 5 – Bertrand Crasson, Belgian footballer
October 7 – Ismael Urzaiz, Spanish footballer
October 8 – Miran Pavlin, Slovenian footballer
October 13 – André Bergdølmo, Norwegian footballer
October 15 – Andy Cole, English footballer
October 15 – Niko Kovač, Croatian footballer
October 16 – Geert De Vlieger, Belgian footballer
October 18 – Yoo Sang-chul, South Korean footballer
October 21 – René Ponk, Dutch footballer
October 25 – Geoffrey Prommayon, Dutch footballer
October 26 – Didier Martel, French footballer
October 27 – Theodoros Zagorakis, Greek footballer
November
November 3 – Dwight Yorke, Trinidadian and Tobagonian footballer
November 13 – Unai Emery, Spanish footballer and manager
November 13 – Erwin Ramírez, Ecuadorian footballer
November 16 – Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer
November 17 – Vladimir Shutov, former Russian footballer
November 30 – Pedro Pineda, Mexican footballer
December
December 2 – Francesco Toldo, Italian footballer
December 3 – Henk Timmer, Dutch footballer
December 7 – Spira Grujić, Serbian footballer
December 8 – Abdullah Ercan, Turkish footballer
December 14 – Arsenio Benítez, Paraguayan footballer
December 26 – Mika Nurmela, Finnish footballer
December 28 – Sergi Barjuán, Spanish footballer
December 29 – Niclas Alexandersson, Swedish footballer
Deaths
June 30 – Georgi Asparuhov (28), Bulgarian footballer (born 1943)
June 30 – Nikola Kotkov (32), Bulgarian footballer (born 1938)
July 13 – Harry Dénis (74), Dutch footballer (born 1896)
August 5 – Ber Groosjohan (74), Dutch footballer (born 1897)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20in%20association%20football |
Warren-Blackwood is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1950 to 2008, and from 2013 onwards.
Known as Warren until 1996, the district was located in the south-west of the state and first contested at the 1950 state election. The seat was abolished ahead of the 2008 state election as a result of the reduction in rural seats made necessary by the one vote one value reforms. Its former territory was largely absorbed by the seat of Blackwood-Stirling, with parts also added to Vasse. The following state election saw the changes essentially reversed, with the name Blackwood-Stirling reverting to Warren-Blackwood.
Members for Warren-Blackwood
Election results
References
External links
Electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Warren-Blackwood |
Acting Crazy is a Canadian television game show. Hosted by Wayne Cox (who previously hosted Second Honeymoon and Talk About), announced by Terry Reid and produced by Blair Murdoch, the show was shot at the U.TV studios in Vancouver and originally aired on the Global Television Network in 1991. It was brought back in 1994, but it was later put into repeat syndication on its sister specialty channel, Prime Television (now known as DTour), both having shown every episode. GameTV aired 26 episodes of the show until it was removed from the channel's schedule in October 2012.
Rules
Each episode of Acting Crazy featured two teams of four, each having one contestant, one celebrity and two "house players" (recurring players hired by the show), playing several rounds. In each round, one member of each team was brought out onto the centre stage and given a charade to act out to his or her team. Those charades are movie titles, song titles, TV shows, famous people, phrases, places, quotes, and often, wildflowers, etc. That person had one minute to successfully communicate to his/her team whatever (s)he was given. The clock counted up from zero seconds to one minute.
The time it took to complete each charade was added to a score for each team, and at the end of the show, the team which had acted out all of its charades in the fastest aggregated time won a prize for its contestant, and the champion would return the next day to defend against a new player. Should the reigning champion win 5 straight games, he/she would receive a chance to select prizes from the "Acting Crazy Galleria" (also referred to by Wayne as "Blair's Prize Emporium" during the 1994 tapings), in addition to winning a regular prize in 1994.
Midway through each episode, the contestants switched teams, taking their times with them, and the last round included a side prize which went to the team who had completed its charade the fastest in that round only. In a few early episodes in the 1991-92 season, the time limit in the final round would be 30 or 45 seconds, otherwise it remained one minute for most of the run.
The five house players (of which four would appear on any given show) were Sue Burge, Melody Davies, Gary Jones, Billy Mitchellm and Denis Simpson. (Burge and Davies, who are sisters, later competed as one of thirteen teams in the 2001 Travel TV series, The Great Race). All the house players were contestants on Talk About in 1988/89 which was also hosted by Cox.
Celebrities and contestants on the show stayed at the Century Plaza Hotel in Vancouver in 1991, and the Westin Bayshore Hotel in 1994.
Celebrities who appeared during the 1991–92 tapings
Nina Blackwood
Eric Boardman
Jack Carter
Jackson Davies
Micky Dolenz
Leslie Easterbrook
Morgan Fox
Meredith MacRae
Rip Taylor
Jimmie Walker
Jo Anne Worley
Celebrities who appeared during the 1994 tapings
Jim J. Bullock
Billy Davis Jr.
Jenilee Harrison
Anna Maria Horsford
Stu Jeffries
Larry Linville
Meredith MacRae
Marilyn McCoo
Peter Noone
Sally Struthers
Marcia Wallace
Patrick Wayne
All celebrities appeared for ten shows, except MacRae (twenty shows, ten for each appearance) and McCoo, Davis Jr., and Jeffries (who were in a three-celebrity rotation with one another, each appearing for twenty shows, overall).
External links
1991 Canadian television series debuts
1992 Canadian television series endings
1994 Canadian television series debuts
1994 Canadian television series endings
1990s Canadian game shows
English-language television shows
Global Television Network original programming
First-run syndicated television shows in Canada
Television shows filmed in Vancouver
Television series by Blair Murdoch Productions
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Canadian television series revived after cancellation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting%20Crazy |
Margie Ackles Jones (1938 – June 29, 2019) was an American figure skater, who competed in ice dance with Charles Phillips. The pair won the gold medal at the 1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.
During her competitive career, Ackles lived in Los Angeles and worked as a secretary for an engineering firm. She and Phillips were coached by William Kipp. Ackles retired from skating after the 1960 season and was engaged to be married to Ned Jones shortly afterwards. She continued to teach and coach ice dancing for years after retirement. She skated and coached with the award winning Fabulous Forties synchronized ice dancing team for many years.
Personal life
Ackles and her husband had three children: Timothy, Loreen and Randall.
Death
Ackles died on June 29, 2019, at age 80.
Competitive highlights
(with Phillips)
References
Navigation
1938 births
2019 deaths
American female ice dancers
20th-century American sportswomen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margie%20Ackles |
Charles Phillips (born 1938) was an American ice dancer. Competing with Margie Ackles, he won the gold medal at the 1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.
Phillips lived in Hollywood and was a 1957 graduate of UCLA. He and Ackles were coached by William Kipp. In addition to competing with Ackles, Phillips won the U.S. Silver (Junior) dance title with Aileen Kahre in 1956.
Results
Ice Dance
(with Kahre)
(with Ackles)
Notes
Navigation
1938 births
Living people
American male ice dancers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Phillips%20%28figure%20skater%29 |
The Tapanahony River (sometimes called Tapanahoni) is a major river in the south eastern part of Suriname, South America. The river originates in the Southern part of the Eilerts de Haan Mountains, near the border with Brazil. It joins the Marowijne River at a place called Stoelmanseiland. Upstream, there are many villages inhabited by Indian Tiriyó people, while further downstream villages are inhabited by the Amerindian Wayana and Maroon Ndyuka people.
Villages along the river
Inhabited by Tiriyó
Aloepi 1 & 2
Palumeu
Pelelu Tepu
Inhabited by Ndyuka
Diitabiki
Godo Holo
Moitaki
Poeketi
Inhabited by Wayana
Apetina
References
Bibliography
Rivers of Suriname | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanahony%20River |
The Believers is a 1987 Canadian-American neo-noir thriller horror-noir film directed by John Schlesinger, starring Martin Sheen, Robert Loggia and Helen Shaver. It is based on the 1982 novel The Religion by Nicholas Conde.
Plot
After his wife Lisa dies from an accidental electrocution, psychologist Cal Jamison relocates with his young son, Chris, from Minneapolis to New York City, where Cal begins working as a police psychologist for the New York City Police Department. The city has been plagued by a series of brutal, ritualistic child murders. The first victim is a young boy found murdered in an abandoned movie theater. A policeman named Tom Lopez frantically phones in the discovery of the body, and claims the crimes are being committed by members of a Hispanic cult practicing a malevolent version of brujería. Cal is appointed to examine Tom, who raves about the cult's powerful leader.
A second victim is found eviscerated on a makeshift altar beneath a dock in Staten Island. Cal begins to inquire about brujería to Carmen, his housekeeper and nanny, who practices a benevolent form of it, leaving protection charms in the apartment for Cal and Chris. The following day, Tom, paranoid and being followed by mysterious men, stabs himself to death in a diner. Later, Cal and his new girlfriend, Jessica, attend a party where a mysterious Caribbean man, Palo, attempts to steal a necklace from Jessica; shortly before, Jessica had left her compact in the bathroom, and unbeknownst to Jessica, Palo rubs the pad with his fingers. When Cal returns home, he finds Carmen performing a ritual on Chris, and angrily throws her out of the house, despite the fact that she assures him she is attempting to protect him.
Chris accompanies his affluent Aunt Kate and Uncle Dennis on a trip to stay at their country home. Meanwhile, Cal and Jessica consult Oscar Sezine, a friend of Tom's, who believes the cult is planning a ritualized murder for the summer solstice in four days time. Oscar performs a purification ritual in an attempt to ensure the safety of Chris, whom he worries may be targeted as a sacrifice for the solstice. The next morning, Jessica finds a boil on her face and falls ill. Before departing to reunite with Kate, Dennis, and Chris in the country, Cal receives a frantic phone call from police lieutenant Sean McTaggert. Cal arrives at McTaggert's apartment, finding it in disarray, and McTaggert seated with a gun, rambling in a paranoid manner. He shows Cal a photo and secret file he uncovered documenting elite businessman Robert Calder's ritual murder of his own son. Cal leaves with the file at McTaggert's insistence. After he leaves, McTaggert commits suicide.
Meanwhile, Jessica has a panic attack after the boil on her face bursts and baby spiders break free from the wound. While Cal tends to Jessica in the hospital, Kate leaves him a voice message that she has changed her plans and is going to return Chris to him, but the message is cut short. Unaware Kate has called, Cal departs the hospital with his friend Marty, who drives him to Kate and Dennis's country house. Upon arriving, Dennis tells Cal that Kate has gone to a 24-hour grocery store. In the living room, Dennis recounts he and Kate's travels to the Sudan when Kate was a graduate student, and how they witnessed the power of a human sacrifice after allowing their gravely ill son to be sacrificed to end a drought. Palo and Calder then enter the room, along with a number of other cultists, urging Cal to join, and stating that Chris has been predestined to become a sacrifice.
Cal flees the house through an upstairs window after finding Chris no longer in his room. In the boathouse, Cal finds Kate's dead body before he is knocked unconscious by Palo. Cal is driven to an abandoned factory, where Chris's ritual murder is to be carried out among the cult. Cal thwarts the sacrifice by stabbing Dennis to death, and Marty, who followed them to the warehouse, comes to Cal's aid, shooting various cultists from an upper landing. Calder abducts Chris and the two ascend to the top of the warehouse in a freight elevator. Marty is incapacitated with a blowpipe dart by Palo, but not before he severely burns Palo's face, blinding him. Cal manages to chase Calder into a storage room, stabbing him to death before retrieving Chris. Cal puts Chris down and a blinded Palo attacks Cal, but falls off the scaffolding when Chris coaxes him toward him and is impaled on rebar below. Cal carries Chris and they escape from the warehouse.
Some time later, Cal, Jessica and Chris are living happily on a farm in the country, and Jessica is pregnant. Following their barking dog to the barn, Cal investigates the barn loft and finds an altar adorned with religious icons, fresh produce, loaves of bread, and various sacrificed animals. Hearing sounds from below he sees Jessica has come in. She confesses to making the shrine saying "I did it for us. We'll be safe now." Cal stares in shock as the screen fades to black.
Cast
Analysis
Barna William Donovan notes that there were several Satanic-themed Hollywood films in the 1970s. Citing as examples The Exorcist (1973) and The Omen film series (1976-1991). But he also noted that Hollywood seemed to have lost interest in the subject by the 1980s. He cites The Believers as one of only two noteworthy films about Devil worship created in the 1980s, the other one being Angel Heart (1987). Though he notes that Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) also touched on the similar subject of a demon-worshiping cult, which abducts children and offers human sacrifices.
He points out that Angel Heart was a period piece set in the 1940s, and so fantastic that it limited its connections to the contemporary world of the 1980s "and its fundamentalist paranoias", while The Believers was set in that contemporary world. The villains were not, however, worshipers of the Judeo-Christian Satan. Instead they were practitioners of Santería, the legitimate Afro-Caribbean religion depicted in the film as "a cult of evil that condones human sacrifice". Neither film approached the subject of the 1980s hysteria over Satanic ritual abuse, a conspiracy theory which generated sensationalist headlines in this decade. Donovan concludes that Hollywood distanced itself from the subject matter, probably because child sexual abuse was deemed an unfit subject for popcorn entertainment.
According to John Kenneth Muir, the message of the film is that yuppies would do anything for success, including calling upon dark gods. Muir points similarities to The Possession of Joel Delaney (1972), as both films fear ethnicity. For example, in The Believers, a cleaning woman working for the Jamisons tries to protect Chris by using a benevolent version of Santeria. Cal fails to distinguish between good and evil magic and treats her as a threat. The film depicts Manhattan as a place where alien cultures merge and the Christian white man has reasons to fear the pagans, who may come for his children. As such, it plays on a fear for the ethnic, racial, and religious Other.
Roger Ebert complained that most films about Caribbean religions tend to involve "guys with blank eyes" and animal sacrifice, bloodthirsty cults, sadistic killers, and a quest for innocent blood; they never depict any positive aspect to these religions. He found this to be a prejudiced treatment. He also complained that the film makes use of multiple ritualistic details (such as circles of ashes, blood, and charms), without ever bothering to explain their meaning. According to Mercedes Cros Sandoval, the film brought both public attention and negative publicity for Santería.
The film is more typical of its decade in the negative depiction of the upper class of New York City. The cultists turn out to be members of this social class which literally sacrifice their children in exchange for "fame, wealth, and power". Their success and upward mobility is based not on business acumen, but their practice of Santeria. Muir sees this as a literal interpretation of a familiar phrase, voodoo economics.
Muir notes a few similarities with Rosemary's Baby (1968). An evil cult is depicted as active in a modern city, hiding in plain sight. And a couple of limousine liberal friends of the Jamisons are revealed to be cultists in their own right.
For Muir, the highlight of the film involves the depiction of a voodoo-like curse. Jessica Halliday (Helen Shaver) accidentally leaves her compact in a bathroom while snooping around in Calder's office. By the time she retrieves it, it has become a cursed item. While using it, something "gets under her beautiful skin". It manifests as a boil, which gets progressively redder and more inflamed. Finally it swells to capacity, and spiders start emerging from the boil's interior.
Release
Controversy
The Believers was shown to have influenced the cult established by Adolfo Constanzo and supported by Sara Aldrete in Matamoros, Mexico. The cult was based on Palo Mayombe, an Afro-Cuban religion similar to Santería.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Believers holds an approval rating of 35%, based on 20 reviews, and an average rating of 4.8/10.
Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half stars out of 4, denouncing the film as "an awesomely silly, tasteless, and half-witted movie." Dennis Schwartz' from Ozus' World Movie Reviews awarded the film a grade C+, calling the film "muddled", and criticized the film's cheap scares, writing, and lack of a believable storyline.
However, not all reviews of the film were negative.
Hal Hinson from The Washington Post gave the film a mostly positive review, writing, "The Believers is a bizarre, occult thriller about the implications of religious faith. And, though it doesn't expand upon its shock tactics as much as it would like to or make its theological points, the movie's dread atmosphere begins to seep into your head." Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "Gripping", and "genuinely frightening". Brett Gallman from Oh, the Horror praised the film, writing, "While The Believers feels familiar on a surface level, its use of Santeria mythology and Schlesinger's deft blend of suspense and graphic shocks provide enough flavor to separate it from the flock."
References
Sources
External links
1987 films
1987 horror films
1980s horror thriller films
American horror thriller films
American serial killer films
American supernatural horror films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by John Schlesinger
Films set in Minnesota
Films set in New York City
American neo-noir films
Films about cults
Films based on American horror novels
Occult detective fiction
Orion Pictures films
Religious horror films
Crime horror films
Works about Santería
Films with screenplays by Mark Frost
American supernatural thriller films
Films scored by J. Peter Robinson
Films about human sacrifice
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Believers |
Empty sella syndrome is the condition when the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, filling the sella turcica with cerebrospinal fluid instead of the normal pituitary. It can be discovered as part of the diagnostic workup of pituitary disorders, or as an incidental finding when imaging the brain.
Signs and symptoms
If there are symptoms, people with empty sella syndrome can have headaches and vision loss. Additional symptoms would be associated with hypopituitarism.
Additional symptoms are as follows:
Abnormality of the middle ear ossicles
Cryptorchidism
Dolichocephaly
Arnold-Chiari type I malformation
Meningocele
Patent ductus arteriosus
Muscular hypotonia
Platybasia
Cause
The cause of this condition is divided into primary and secondary, as follows:
The cause of this condition in terms of secondary empty sella syndrome happens when a tumor or surgery damages the gland, this is an acquired manner of the condition.
patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension will have empty sella on MRI
The cause of primary empty sella syndrome is a congenital defect (diaphragma sellae)
Mechanism
The normal mechanism of the pituitary gland sees that it controls the hormonal system, which therefore has an effect on growth, sexual development, and adrenocortical function. The gland is divided into anterior and posterior.
Its pathophysiology is such that individuals affected with the condition can have cerebrospinal fluid build-up, which in turn causes intracranial pressure leading to headaches for the individual.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of empty sella syndrome, done via examination (and test), may be linked to early onset of puberty, growth hormone deficiency, or pituitary gland dysfunction (at an early age). Additionally there is:
CT scan
MRI scans
Classification
There are two types of empty sella syndrome: primary and secondary.
Primary empty sella syndrome occurs when a small anatomical defect above the pituitary gland increases pressure in the sella turcica and causes the gland to flatten out along the interior walls of the sella turcica cavity. Primary empty sella syndrome is associated with obesity and increase in intracranial pressure in women. In most cases, especially in people with primary empty sella syndrome, there are no symptoms and it does not affect life expectancy or health. Some researchers have estimated that less than 1% of affected people ever develop symptoms of the condition.
Secondary empty sella syndrome is the result of the pituitary gland regressing within the cavity after an injury, surgery, or radiation therapy. Individuals with secondary empty sella syndrome due to destruction of the pituitary gland have symptoms that reflect the loss of pituitary functions, such as intolerance to stress and infection.
Differential diagnosis
The major differential to consider in empty sella syndrome is intracranial hypertension, of both unknown and secondary causes, and an epidermoid cyst, which can mimic cerebrospinal fluid due to its low density on CT scans, although MRI can usually distinguish the latter diagnosis.
Treatment
In terms of management, unless the syndrome results in other medical problems, treatment for endocrine dysfunction associated with pituitary malfunction is symptomatic and thus supportive; however, surgery may be needed in some cases.
References
Further reading
External links
Obesity
Syndromes affecting the endocrine system
Rare syndromes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20sella%20syndrome |
Samtgemeinde Dörpen is a Samtgemeinde in the district Emsland in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Following towns are situated in Dörpen:
(Population 2005)
References
Samtgemeinden in Lower Saxony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rpen%20%28Samtgemeinde%29 |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1970 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1970: Won by Estudiantes de La Plata after defeating Peñarol on an aggregate score of 1–0.
European Cup 1970: Won by Feyenoord after defeating Celtic FC by 2–1.
In May 1970 the England captain Bobby Moore was arrested in Colombia in the Bogotá Bracelet incident shortly before the beginning of the World Cup.
Paris Saint Germain (Paris, France) was founded.
World Cup 1970 Brazil wins the world cup 1970
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Oruba
Europe
: FC Carl Zeiss Jena
: Everton
: AS Saint-Étienne
: Újpest FC
: Cagliari
: Ajax Amsterdam
: Sporting CP
: Celtic
: Atlético Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
: Borussia Mönchengladbach
North America
Guadalajara
Cruz Azul (México 1970)
/ :
Rochester Lancers (NASL)
South America
Boca Juniors – Metropolitano
Independiente – Nacional
: Fluminense
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Sudan (February 6 – 16 1970)
1970 British Home Championship (April 18 – April 25, 1970)
Shared by , and
FIFA World Cup in Mexico (May 31 – June 21, 1970)
1970 Asian Games in Thailand (10–20 December 1970)
Births
January 1 – Sergei Kiriakov, Russian footballer and manager
January 6 – Francisco Rotllán, Mexican footballer
January 10 – Geovanis Cassiani, Colombian footballer
January 12 – Jorge Castañeda Reyes, Mexican footballer
January 13 – Frank Kooiman, Dutch footballer
January 21 – Alen Bokšić, Croatian footballer
February 2 – Erik ten Hag, Dutch football player and coach
February 4 – Kevin Campbell, English footballer
February 16 – Angelo Peruzzi, Italian footballer
February 17 – José Antonio Castillo, Spanish retired footballer
March 8 – Harry Decheiver, Dutch footballer
March 12 – Clay Coleman, Caymanian footballer
March 30
Rodrigo Barrera, Chilean footballer
Camilo Romero, Mexican footballer
April 4 – Barry van Galen, Dutch footballer
April 18 – Carlos López de Silanes, Mexican footballer
April 28 – Diego Simeone, Argentinian footballer
May 10 – David Weir, Scottish footballer
May 13 – Fernando Vergara, Chilean footballer and manager
June 1
Daniel Delfino, Argentine footballer
Alexi Lalas, American footballer
June 11 – Miguel Ramírez, Chilean footballer
June 16 – Cobi Jones, American footballer
June 18 – Mark Chung, American footballer
June 19 – Cafú, Brazilian footballer
July 6 – Christer Fursth, Swedish footballer
July 11 – Iván Castillo, Bolivian footballer
August 13 – Alan Shearer, English footballer
August 16 – Mauricio Pozo, Chilean footballer
August 20 – Celso Ayala, Paraguayan footballer
August 24 – Guido Alvarenga, Paraguayan footballer
August 28 – Mike Lapper, American footballer
September 3 – Gareth Southgate, English footballer
September 26 – Marco Etcheverry, Bolivian footballer
October 1 – Gaston Taument, Dutch footballer
October 16 – Mehmet Scholl, German footballer
October 17 – Radoslav Samardzic, Serbian footballer
October 22 – Winston Bogarde, Dutch footballer
October 29 – Juan Castillo Balcázar, Chilean footballer
October 30 – Marios Pashialis, former international Cypriot footballer
November 1 – Igor Cvitanović, Croatian footballer
November 17 – Max Huiberts, Dutch footballer
November 27 – Sebastian Synoradzki, Polish footballer and coach
November 29
Mario Arteaga, Mexican footballer
Mark Pembridge, Welsh footballer
December 5 – Francisco Veza, Spanish footballer
December 11 – Chris Henderson, American footballer
Deaths
August
August 12 - Arne Nyberg Swedish international footballer (born 1913)
September
September 18 – Pedro Cea, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (70)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%20in%20association%20football |
Gaeun is an eup in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It was formerly a center of coal-mining, but the last mines closed in the 1990s. The dominant local industries are now tourism and agriculture. There are also several operating kilns.
Gaeun occupies an area of 152.4 km2, of which more than 80% is vacant land, largely rugged hill country. These hills are home to a variety of wild animals including deer and wild boars.
The population numbers 5,594, of which about 60% are involved in farming. Since it gained eup status in 1973, Gaeun has lost three quarters of its population. Much of this is due to the loss of the mining industry.
The Gaeun Line railroad formerly connected the town with the Mungyeong Line, providing passenger and freight connections to the nationwide rail grid by way of Jeomchon. The line is now abandoned. City buses connect Gaeun to the nearby towns of Mungyeong-eup, Jeomchon, and Hamchang. In addition, there are limited bus connections to Seoul.
Local attractions include the Gaeun Coal Museum, a monument to uibyeong general Yi Gang-nyeon, and the putative birthplace of the Hubaekje king Gyeon Hwon. Anglers also visit the area in order to fish the Yeong River, which flows through the town on its way to the Jinnam Bridge area and the Nakdong River beyond.
See also
Geography of South Korea
Subdivisions of South Korea
External links
Gaeun-eup local government website, in Korean
Mungyeong
Towns and townships in North Gyeongsang Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeun |
Harold Andrew Raeburn (21 July 1865 – 21 December 1926) was a Scottish mountaineer. He was one of the most prominent British mountaineers of his era with several first ascents. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries he took part in numerous ascents in Norway, contributing to the popularization of Norwegian mountaineering among the international mountaineering community. Some of his regular mountaineering partners in Norway were William Cecil Slingsby, Howard Priestman and Norwegians Kristian Tandberg and George Paus. He was mountaineering leader on the initial 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition.
Life
Raeburn was born in 1865 at 12 Grange Loan, Edinburgh. His father William Raeburn, a brewer, married Jessie Ramsay in 1849. Harold Raeburn was their fourth son, and he grew up to enter his father's occupation as a brewer.
He died in Edinburgh, on 21 December 1926, and was buried in Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh.
Mountaineering
Scotland
It is not documented how or why Raeburn began climbing as a sport, but his early enthusiasm in ornithology led him to climb or descend many steep faces, in search of nests and eggs. A collection of eggs by him is kept in National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh. Living under Edinburgh's Salisbury Crags and possessing a wiry, athletic build he soon adapted to the vertical world of rock and ice.
As to his character, he very obviously possessed the necessary determination and drive of any ambitious and hard mountaineer; Lord Mackay provided a good description of Raeburn, writing that he was "... physically and mentally hard as nails, trained by solitary sea-cliff climbing after birds' haunts, he was certain, unyielding and concise in every movement, both mental and physical." Mackay went on to remark that Raeburn had a capacity of grip that was astonishing: "He was possessed of strong muscular fingers that could press firmly and in a straight downward contact upon the very smallest hold."
Raeburn remained a bachelor all his life but he climbed with both men and women, including his sister Ruth, herself an expert climber, and Jane Inglis Clark, a founder of the Scottish Ladies Mountaineering Club. The (all-male) Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) was founded in 1889 and Raeburn joined in 1896. Within a few years he became its leading climber serving as Vice-President from 1909 to 1911 and later turning down the Presidency. He recorded many classic routes throughout Scotland: there are several "Raeburn's Gullies" scattered across the land.
First ascents
On Ben Nevis in particular, he left a tremendous legacy of high-quality routes; indeed, "of the 30 new routes on Nevis from 1896 to 1921, his name appears on exactly half." These include a solo first ascent of Observatory Ridge (V.Diff.) in June 1901, Observatory Buttress (V.Diff.) solo in June 1902, his outstanding eponymous Arete (Severe) two days later on North-East Buttress with William and Jane Inglis Clark, and the first winter ascent of Green Gully (IV,4) in 1906. The latter ascent, with a Swiss alpinist called Eberhard Phildius, was barely recognised in a later guidebook, as he had not climbed the rocks of the Comb on the left, but had instead followed snow and ice in the gully. Indeed, Raeburn's ascent was completely forgotten by 1937, when J. H. B. Bell made the second winter ascent, thinking it was the first. Of Phildius himself little is known; he was almost certainly present in Fort William to meet up with another SMC member, the Rev. A. E. Robertson, as Phildius was involved in the Youth Christian Movement.
On Buachaille Etive Mòr in Glen Coe, Raeburn made the first three ascents of Crowberry Gully, including a wintry 1909 ascent, and the second ascent and first Scottish ascent of Crowberry Ridge Direct (1902), then the hardest rock climb in Scotland. His style of rock climbing was very muscular; he held himself close to the rock, while his particular attention to the exact times of ascents could frequently drive his companions to exasperation. There is a humorous reference to this: when one fellow SMC member climbed a new route left of Raeburn's Arete on Ben Nevis he called it "Newbigging’s 80-Minute Route", this being an echo of "Raeburn’s 18-Minute Route" climbed the previous year on the same buttress.
In Easter 1920, during the SMC Meet at Fort William, Raeburn made what perhaps his finest winter ascent in Scotland – the first of Observatory Ridge on Ben Nevis. With fellow members Mounsey and Goggs, and using a 100 ft rope, the three finished the route in just under six hours, with one long ice axe each and no crampons.
Europe
From 1902 Raeburn climbed without guides, and he joined the Alpine Club in 1904. In the Alps he recorded fine climbs, including the first British guideless ascent of the Zmutt ridge of the Matterhorn in 1906, the ascent of the north face of Monte Disgrazia in 1910 with his friend Willie Ling, the first solo traverse of the Meije, as well as first ascents in Norway and the Caucasus. He made two expeditions to the Caucasus, in 1913 and 1914. During the first his party made first ascents of five mountains, and attempted Ushba, being turned back by poor conditions. In 1914 four mountains were climbed, with Raeburn descending to learn that war had broken out.
World War I and after
Raeburn's book, Mountaineering Art was in manuscript when World War I began, and long, hard hours in an aeroplane factory for the next six years stopped all climbing. At 49, he was too old for the Royal Flying Corps. Following the end of the war, in 1919 Raeburn celebrated by returning to the Alps and made a solo traverse of the Meije ridges. His book was finally published in 1920, having been postponed due to the war. Also in 1920, Raeburn joined an expedition to Kanchenjunga, and he was mountaineering leader on the initial 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition under the leadership of Colonel Charles Howard-Bury. He worked hard at organising and preparing the party while suffering from influenza. By the time the expedition reached Tibet dysentery had broken out. One member of the party died, and Raeburn himself had to be carried down, spending two months in hospital. Against common sense, he returned to the expedition, but he was by then exhausted and never recovered his former fitness. Declining health lead to his eventual death five years later.
Sailing
His other sport was sailing, and he raced yachts in the Firth of Forth. With his brother John, he raced as a member of the Royal Forth Yachting Club, based in Granton. They were successful enough to win the club's Corinthian Cup three times. Being presented with the Cup, they in turn presented it back to the RFYC, who renamed it the Raeburn Trophy. This is the name under which it is still raced.
Ornithology
Raeburn was a keen ornithologist. His diaries on the sea birds of the Shetland Islands and other species are lodged in the archives of the Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland. For some years these diaries could not be found, but a recent search unearthed them. He was the first to describe the birds on Lyra Skerry
Commemoration
The SMC Raeburn Hut, between Dalwhinnie and Newtonmore, was opened in 1988 and is named after him. There is a faint geographical connection here, as Raeburn was the first to explore the steep cliffs on nearby Creag Dubh, Newtonmore.
Raeburn's ice axe is one of two seals of office held by the president of the SMC.
References
Some climbs on the Salisbury Crags by W. Inglis Clark, Scottish Mountaineering Journal, Volume 3, Number 3, September 1900 (available online).
Raeburn's account of the 1906 winter ascent of Green Gully with the Swiss climber Eberhard Phildius is reprinted in Wilson, K., Alcock, D. and Barry, J., Cold Climbs, Diadem Press, 1983.
A fictional short story by Ken Crocket describing Raeburn's first climb as a young schoolboy was published in the Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal as "Raeburn's First Climb" (1988) (reprinted as "October Day" in One Step in the Clouds, Diadem Press, 1990, compiled by Audrey Salkeld and Rosie Smith, ).
Numerous references to Raeburn in Ken Crocket's "Mountaineering in Scotland - The Early Years", SMT, 2015.
External links
Scottish Mountaineering Club has a good series of early SMC Meets, several including Raeburn.
1865 births
1926 deaths
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Scottish mountain climbers
Scottish rock climbers
Scottish ornithologists
Scottish male sailors (sport)
Burials at Warriston Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Raeburn |
The Salish Mountains are located in the northwest corner of the U.S. State of Montana. Much of the range is bordered on the east by Flathead Lake. With peaks ranging from just under 7,000 feet tall to named hills that are a little short of 3,600 feet in elevation the Salish Mountain range is a lesser known mountain range in northwestern Montana. Many of the peaks in the range are rounded tree-covered summits but occasionally the mountain summits are found on open grassy slopes that afford great views into the surrounding valleys and neighboring mountain ranges. The Salish Mountains cover a triangle-shaped land mass of about 4,125 square miles of lush forests and peaks.
The Salish Mountains are named for the Native Americans who called this area their home for centuries before white man settled here. The Salish originated in the Pacific Northwest and were called the Flathead Indians by the first white men who came to the Columbia River. The Flatheads call themselves Salish meaning "the people".
Although never a large tribe, the Salish had a reputation for bravery, honesty, and general high character and for their friendly disposition towards the whites. When first known, about the beginning of the last century, they subsisted chiefly by hunting and the gathering of wild roots, particularly camas, dwelt in skin tipis or mat-covered lodges, and were at peace with all tribes excepting their hereditary enemies, the powerful Blackfeet who lived across the continental divide on the Great Plains.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
Notes
Mountain ranges of Montana
Landforms of Lincoln County, Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish%20Mountains |
Muntendam is a village in the municipality of Midden-Groningen, in the Dutch province of Groningen. The village has a population of 4,635 (2021). Muntendam had been an independent parish since the Middle Ages, but until 1840 it was ecclesiastically part of Zuidbroek.
From 1811 until 1990 it was a separate municipality, which boasted the title 'reddest (most socialist) municipality in the Netherlands', with a council of 11 containing 7 PvdA (Labour Party) members and 2 CPN (Communist Party) members. (However, nearby Reiderland had had a vast CPN majority since WWII, so the claim is rather too strong). When a new mayor had to be appointed in 1980 (at the time a municipality had no say in the matter), it was assumed that it would become a PvdA mayor as it had always been. However, the then minister of the interior, Hans Wiegel of the right-wing VVD, decided that this very left-wing part of the Netherlands needed a change and appointed a D66 (left of centre) mayor. This led to a cold reception and the first time a Dutch mayor was not officially inaugurated. Over time, however, people started to like him and when he moved to a bigger municipality there was even an action to keep him (to no avail). Not much later, the method of appointing a mayor in the Netherlands was changed, with the municipality putting up a request which is usually followed.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in Groningen (province)
Former municipalities of Groningen (province)
Midden-Groningen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntendam |
Jive Electro was a sublabel of the Zomba Group's Jive Records noted for releasing albums by Groove Armada, Hardknox, and Tangerine Dream as well as few remixes for the Madchester band the Stone Roses.
The label was largely active between 1984 and 1987. Jive resurrected it in the 1998 to accommodate a boom in electronic music, but it appears to be inactive since Zomba and Jive were integrated into a major label structure in 2004.
See also
List of record labels
External links
Jive Electro
Discogs.com Profile
Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom
Electronic music record labels
Record labels established in 1984
Zomba Group of Companies subsidiaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive%20Electro |
Samtgemeinde Lathen is a Samtgemeinde in the district Emsland in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Following towns are situated in Lathen:
(Population 2005)
References
Lathen
eo:Lathen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathen%20%28Samtgemeinde%29 |
The Judith Mountains are located in central Montana in the Central Montana Alkalic Province in Fergus County, just to the northeast of Lewistown, Montana.
Judith Peak is the highest summit of this range, with an elevation of .
History
To the southeast of Judith Peak lies the remains of Fort Maginnis. Fort Maginnis was built in 1880 to protect the cattle ranches, the gold mining camps in and around the Judith Mountains and the Carroll Trail. The fort was constructed following the battle of the Little Bighorn.
In 1879, Granville Stuart and his friend Samuel T. Hauser along with Helena banker Andrew J. Davis established the Davis, Hauser and Stuart (DHS) cattle company. Stuart was made the general manager of the DHS brand and Stuart located the ranch headquarters on on the southern slopes of the Judith Mountains near Flat Willow Creek. The DHS Ranch was one of the largest open range cattle operations in the Central Montana prairie in the 1880s.
Mining and geology
The geology the range includes limestone, sandstone, and siltstone of Cambrian to Cretaceous age which were intruded by alkaline intrusives of monzonite, syenite to tinguaite composition of Cretaceous to Tertiary age. Epithermal gold and silver veins are found along the intrusive contacts.
The mountains were the center of gold and silver mining in the 1800s and current exploration continues. The old mining camps of Maiden and Gilt Edge were built during the mining boom in the 1880s and 1890s.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
References
External links
Judith Mountains
Mountain ranges of Montana
Landforms of Fergus County, Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Mountains |
Inquisition was an American punk rock band from Richmond, Virginia, United States. They influenced the local scene, and several members went on to form other bands such as Strike Anywhere, River City High, and Ann Beretta.
The band was formed in 1991 when some of the band members were still in high school. In 1992 the original bass player, Leer Baker, left the band and was replaced by Rob Huddleston. They recorded their first full-length album, Broken Songs, and appeared on several 7 inch records and compilations. Their most well-known recording, Revolution, I Think It's Called Inspiration, was released in early 1996 on Pop A Wheelie Records and was re-released in October 2005 on A-F Records.
Their final show was on September 8, 1996, at the Biograph Theatre in Richmond, Virginia with AFI and The Pee Tanks. However, the band came back to Richmond for two reunion shows on May 18 and May 19, 2007. A live CD/DVD featuring the band's reunion performances was released on March 18, 2008, via No Idea Records. Thomas and other members have been known to play acoustic Inquisition sets to small audiences since the reunion, most recently in Richmond on September 21, 2010, with Kevin Seconds.
Members
Thomas Barnett (vocals)
Mark Avery (guitar)
Rob Huddleston (bass, vocals, 1992–1996)
Russ Jones (drums)
Leer Baker (bass, 1991–1992)
Discography
Touch the Sun EP (Catheter/Assembly Records - Cassette Only, 1992)
To Free Them From Fear
Broken Songs (Homeless Records - Limited release of only 500 Cassettes & 1000 CD's, 1993)
Ideas Are Bulletproof 7" (Sound Hole Records, 1995)
We Got A Bomb 7" - Split with Kilara (Pop A Wheelie Records, 1995)
Revolution, I Think It's Called Inspiration (CD) (Pop A Wheelie Records, 1996)
Revolution, I Think It's Called Inspiration (LP) (Seven Lucky Records, 2001)
Revolution, I Think It's Called Inspiration (CD Reissue) (A-F Records, 2005)
Uproar: Live And Loud (CD/DVD) (No Idea Records, 2008)
Related bands
Ann Beretta - Rob Huddleston, Russ Jones
Foundation - Rob Huddleston
River City High - Mark Avery
Strike Anywhere - Thomas Barnett
(sixer)- Leer Baker
External links
Official MySpace page
A-F Records
Inquisition - BandToBand.com
A-F Records artists
Punk rock groups from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition%20%28punk%20band%29 |
The Bạch Hổ oil field (White Tiger oilfield) is a major oil field in the Cuu Long basin of the East Sea located offshore due east of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The field contains major reserves hosted within highly fractured granitic basement rocks. The Cuu Long basin is a rift zone developed during the Oligocene to Early Miocene. The rift occurred in Jurassic to Late Cretaceous granite to granodiorite intrusions. The fractured granitic rocks occur as a horst overlain and surrounded by Upper Oligocene lacustrine shale source rocks.
Bạch Hổ is not the only oil field convincingly shown to be hosted in granite; however, inspection of the seismic profile of the area shows faulted basement passive margin which is sealed by an onlapping sedimentary sequence.
It is plausible that the oil has migrated laterally from the lowermost, mature sediments into the fault systems within the granite. The seismic profile shows a definite basement horst with onlapping sedimentary source rocks, draped by a reservoir seal. This trap view would see the oil migrate up the horst bounding faults from the lower source units, into the trap unit draped over the top.
Mobil struck oil in the Bạch Hổ field in February 1975, shortly before the Fall of Saigon. It was later developed by the joint Vietnamese-Russian entity Vietsovpetro in the 1980s and 1990s. Upon examination of the source rock and oil content, petrogeologists have emphasized that the oil's components indicate a lacustrine organic facies with lipid-rich, land-plant debris and fresh-water algal material, refuting theories of abiogenic origin in this area.
References
See also
Abiogenic petroleum origin
Nikolai Kudryavtsev
Oil fields in Vietnam
Soviet Union–Vietnam relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch%20H%E1%BB%95%20oil%20field |
The Queen of Spades () is a 1916 film adaptation of the 1834 Aleksandr Pushkin short story of the same name. It is noted for its high production values, directorial technique and psychological depth of acting, especially by Ivan Mosjoukine. It is considered to be one of the best pre-revolutionary Russian films.
The film was the second production of the story, the first being the silent short film adaptation of the Pyotr Tchaikovsky opera by Pyotr Chardynin in 1910. Yakov Protazanov uses a wide combination of narrative, staging and camera techniques, many of which were unusual for that time, including retrospection, visions (prototypes of the stream of consciousness), split screen combination shots, flashbacks, jump cuts, deep focus and deep staging, and dissolves.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Hermann, a Russian military officer with a limited fortune, is fascinated when he hears the story of Countess Fedotovna, who won her fortune by playing three particular cards, the identity of which she refuses to reveal. Hermann gains entrance to the countess's house through a flirtation with Lizaveta, ward of the countess. He confronts the countess with a revolver and demands to know the cards she played. The countess collapses, dead of fright. Remorseful, Hermann goes home. The next morning he seems to see the phantom of the countess, who tells him that the three cards are the three, the seven, and the ace. The first two nights he plays the three and the seven and is successful. The third night he bets all of his money, feeling sure that the card will be the ace. However, he finds his own card has become the queen of spades and he has lost everything. With the loss of his fortune he also loses his mind.
Cast
Hermann - Ivan Mosjoukine
Lizaveta Ivanovna - Vera Orlova
Countess Anna Fedotovna as an old woman - Yelizaveta Shebueva
The Countess as a young woman - Tamara Duvan
Count Fedotovna - Pavel Pavlov
Count St. Germain - Nikolai Panov
Home media
The film has been released on DVD.
See also
The Queen of Spades (1960 film)
The Queen of Spades (1982 film)
Queen of spades
References
External links
About the film
Article in mega.km.ru
The Queen of Spades at Kinopoisk
Watch The Queen of Spades with English subtitles
1916 films
Films of the Russian Empire
Films based on The Queen of Spades
1916 drama films
Russian black-and-white films
Russian silent films
Films directed by Yakov Protazanov
Films set in the 1750s
Films set in the 1820s
Films set in France
Films set in Saint Petersburg
Films shot in Moscow
Films about gambling
1910s ghost films
Russian drama films
Silent drama films
1910s Russian-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen%20of%20Spades%20%281916%20film%29 |
"We Ain't Goin Down" is the sixth single for the girl duo Shakaya and their second single from their second album Are You Ready. This is Shakaya's final single ever after the group disbanded in 2008.
Track listing
Charts
References
2005 singles
Shakaya songs
Songs written by Ray Hedges
Songs written by Tracy Ackerman
Song recordings produced by Ray Hedges
2005 songs
Sony BMG singles
Songs written by Nigel Butler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Ain%27t%20Goin%27%20Down |
Amarillo Independent School District is a school district that is based in the city of Amarillo, Texas, United States. Amarillo ISD covers about of land in Randall County and Potter County. In the 2009-2010 academic term, nearly 32,000 students were enrolled.
Finances
As of the 2010-2011 school year, the appraised valuation of property in the district was $7,244,290,000. The maintenance tax rate was $0.108 and the bond tax rate was $0.009 per $100 of appraised valuation.
Academic achievement
In 2011, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency. Forty-nine percent of districts in Texas in 2011 received the same rating. No state accountability ratings will be given to districts in 2012. A school district in Texas can receive one of four possible rankings from the Texas Education Agency: Exemplary (the highest possible ranking), Recognized, Academically Acceptable, and Academically Unacceptable (the lowest possible ranking).
Historical district TEA accountability ratings
2011: Academically Acceptable
2010: Recognized
2009: Academically Acceptable
2008: Academically Acceptable
2007: Academically Acceptable
2006: Academically Acceptable
2005: Academically Acceptable
2004: Academically Acceptable
List of schools
High schools
Amarillo High School
Caprock High School
Palo Duro High School
Tascosa High School
Specialized instruction
AmTech Career Academy (AACAL)
Homebound
North Heights Alternative
Middle schools
Austin Middle School
Bonham Middle School
1999-2000 National Blue Ribbon School
Bowie Middle School
Bowie 6th Grade Campus
Crockett Middle School
1994-96 National Blue Ribbon School
Lorenzo de Zavala Middle School (includes grades 5,6,7&8)
Fannin Middle School
Houston Middle School
Johnny N. Allen (6th Grade Only)
Mann Middle School
Travis Middle School
Travis 6th Grade Campus
Elementary schools
Avondale Elementary
Belmar Elementary
Bivins Elementary
2008 National Blue Ribbon School
Carver Early Childhood Academy
Carver Elementary Academy
Coronado Elementary
Eastridge Elementary
Emerson Elementary
Forest Hill Elementary
Glenwood Elementary
Hamlet Elementary School
Humphrey's Highland Elementary
Lamar Elementary
Olsen Park Elementary
Paramount Terrace Elementary
Pleasant Valley Elementary
2006 National Blue Ribbon School
Puckett Elementary
Ridgecrest Elementary
Rogers Elementary
San Jacinto Elementary
Sanborn Elementary
Sleepy Hollow Elementary
2006 National Blue Ribbon School
South Georgia Elementary
South Lawn Elementary
Sunrise Elementary
2005 National Blue Ribbon School
Tradewind Elementary
Western Plateau Elementary
Whittier Elementary
2017 [National Blue Ribbon School]
Wills Elementary
Windsor Elementary
Wolflin Elementary
Woodlands Elementary
2005 National Blue Ribbon School
See also
List of school districts in Texas
List of high schools in Texas
References
External links
Official site
School districts in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo%20Independent%20School%20District |
The Big Sheep Mountains are located in the eastern area of the U.S. State of Montana in Prairie County, Montana. They are the easternmost mountains in Montana. Nearby towns include Circle, Lindsay, and Glendive.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
References
Mountain ranges of Montana
Ranges of the Rocky Mountains
Landforms of Dawson County, Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Sheep%20Mountains |
Shane Wakelin (born 12 August 1974) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club and the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Early life
Wakelin was born in Whyalla, South Australia on 12 August 1974, a few minutes after his identical twin brother Darryl, who was born just before midnight on 11 August. When Wakelin was six months old his family moved to Kimba, South Australia where his father farmed sheep. Wakelin was 13 when he moved to Port Lincoln, South Australia. At 16 he and his brother were recruited by South Australian National Football League (SANFL) club Port Adelaide and they made the move to Adelaide.
AFL career
Recruited from Port Adelaide by St Kilda in the 1992 AFL Draft, Wakelin debuted in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1994. He became noted as a hard-working defender at St Kilda and, during the mid to late 1990s, was part of a defensive combination with his twin brother Darryl which was considered very effective.
Wakelin played in five of 22 matches in the 1997 AFL season home and away rounds in which St Kilda qualified in first position for the 1997 AFL Finals Series, winning the club’s 2nd Minor Premiership and 1st McClelland Trophy.
After playing only four games in 2000 he became disgruntled with St Kilda and was later picked up by Collingwood Football Club, where he reignited his career and continued his trademark consistency as a defender.
Wakelin signed on for the 2007 AFL season knowing he would probably spend much time in the reserves. Due to injuries to other Collingwood backmen, however, he was often selected and was crucial in defence for Collingwood during that year. For the 2008 AFL season, due to the sudden retirement of fellow Collingwood backman James Clement, Wakelin agreed to another season for the Magpies.
At the end of the 2008 season he retired after Collingwood's loss in the semi-final against St Kilda ended the team's season.
In 2003 Wakelin appeared on a shampoo commercial for Sunsilk Base Elements, which also featured fellow Collingwood players Brodie Holland and Richard Cole. This wooden performance earned him the "Tool of the Year" on AFL variety show Before the Game.
Environmental activism
Wakelin is a strong supporter of sustainable transport, and famously sold his car in 2007 for environmental reasons, using public transport and bicycles as an alternative, even to travel to football matches he was playing in.
On 5 June 2012, he took part in a stunt for Melbourne radio station Gold FM's breakfast program which involved a competition to see which mode of transport would get someone from Nunawading railway station to the Gold FM studio in Richmond in the shortest time. Wakelin took the train and won the competition, completing the journey in 41 minutes. The motorist took 49 minutes, with the bike rider taking 53 minutes.
Personal life
Wakelin married Ligita in 2003 and they now have two children – daughter Charley Elizabeth, and son Tom Leo.
Wakelin was one of the four St Kilda players featured at the start of the 1995 music video Greg! The Stop Sign!! by Australian band TISM.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
St Kilda Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Port Adelaide Magpies players
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
People educated at Haileybury (Melbourne)
Australian twins
Identical twins
People from Whyalla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Wakelin |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1969 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1969: Won by Estudiantes de La Plata after defeating Nacional on an aggregate score of 3–0.
May 28 – A.C. Milan defeats Ajax, 4–1, to win their second European Cup.
September 9 – Dutch side FC Twente makes its European debut with a defeat (2–0) in France against FC Rouen.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Oruba
Europe
: Leeds United
: AS Saint-Étienne
: Újpest FC
: ACF Fiorentina
: Feyenoord Rotterdam
: Celtic
: Real Madrid
: Galatasaray S.K.
: Bayern Munich
North America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
Kansas City Spurs (NASL)
South America
Chacarita Juniors – Metropolitano
Boca Juniors – Nacional
: Palmeiras
: Universidad de Chile
: Club Guaraní
International tournaments
1969 British Home Championship (May 3–10, 1969)
Births
January 4 – Kees van Wonderen, Dutch footballer and manager
January 10 – Robert Maaskant, Dutch footballer and manager
January 12 – Robert Prosinečki, Croatian footballer
January 24 – Silvan Inia, Dutch footballer
January 24 – Carlos Soca, Uruguayan footballer
February 21 – Lukas Tudor, Chilean footballer
March 21 – Ali Daei, Iranian footballer
March 21 – Eber Moas, Uruguayan footballer
April 20 – Diego Herrera, Ecuadorian footballer
May 10 – Dennis Bergkamp, Dutch footballer
June 15 – Oliver Kahn, German footballer
June 25 – Jurgen Streppel, Dutch footballer and manager
June 29 – Erik Tammer, Dutch footballer
August 15 – Carlos Roa, Argentine footballer
September 4 – Silviano Delgado, Mexican footballer
September 9 – Gert Aandewiel, Dutch footballer and manager
September 15 – Energio Díaz, Ecuadorian footballer
September 15 – Roberto Solozábal, Spanish footballer
September 20 – Richard Witschge, Dutch footballer
October 13 – José Eduardo Pavez, Mexican footballer
October 17 – Gennadi Strikalov, Russian professional football coach and former player
October 23 – Ricardo Cadena, Mexican footballer
October 26 – César Obando, Honduran footballer
October 31 – Ricardo Sanabria, Paraguayan footballer
November 12 – David Rangel, Mexican footballer
November 19 – Igor Pamić, Croatian footballer
November 25 – Mark Quamina, English former professional footballer
November 27 – Hermán Gaviria, Colombian footballer
November 29 – Tomas Brolin, Swedish footballer
November 29 – Pierre van Hooijdonk, Dutch footballer
December 3 – Jan Ekholm, Swedish footballer
December 5 – David Villabona, Spanish footballer
December 6 – Jörg Heinrich, German footballer
December 28 – Alberto Macías, Mexican footballer
December 28 – Juan Reynoso, Peruvian footballer
Deaths
January 8 – Elmar Kaljot, Estonian footballer and coach (68)
June 30 – Domingo Tejera, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (69)
July 24 - Wilhelm Trautmann, German footballer (81)
August 14 – Bruno Chizzo, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (53)
September 6 – Arthur Friedenreich, Brazilian striker, claimed to have scored 1329 goals in 1239 matches. (77)
October 11 – Enrique Ballestrero, Uruguayan goalkeeper, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (64)
November 9 - Paul Berth, Danish footballer. (79)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the association football (soccer) events of the year 1968 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1968: Won by Estudiantes de La Plata after defeating Palmeiras on an aggregate score of 2–0.
29 May – European Cup won by Manchester United after defeating Benfica 4–1 in extra time at Wembley Stadium, London.
30 May – The Dutch national team plays its 300th official match in history, drawing 0–0 in a friendly against Scotland.
5 June – Alan Mullery becomes the first England player to be sent off in an international match during a 0–1 defeat to Yugoslavia in the European Nations' Cup semi-finals in Florence, Italy.
19 September – Dutch club ADO makes its European debut by defeating Grazer AK (4–1) in the first round of the Cup Winners Cup, with four goals from Piet Giesen.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Oruba
Europe
: Manchester City
: AS Saint-Étienne
: KR
: A.C. Milan
: Ajax Amsterdam
: Ruch Chorzów
: Celtic
: Real Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
: 1. FC Nürnberg
North America
: Toluca
/
Atlanta Chiefs (NASL)
South America
San Lorenzo - Metropolitano
Vélez Sársfield - Nacional
Botafogo - Taça Brasil
Santos - Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa
: Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Ethiopia (12–21 January 1968)
1968 British Home Championship (21 October 1967 – 28 February 1968)
UEFA European Football Championship in Italy (5–10 June 1968)
Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico (13–26 October 1968)
Births
1 January – Davor Šuker, Croatian international footballer
27 January – Gidix Nasa, Papua New Guinean former footballer
31 March – Francesco Moriero, Italian international footballer and manager
1 April – Bulat Esmagambetov, Kazakhstani footballer
16 April – Martin Dahlin, Swedish international footballer
18 April – Adelio Salinas, former Paraguayan footballer
1 May – Oliver Bierhoff, German international footballer
2 May – Pedro Ramos, Ecuadorian football referee
22 May – Gabriel Mendoza, Chilean international footballer
5 June – Percy Olivares, Peruvian footballer
6 June – Edwin Vurens, Dutch footballer
22 June – Fabián Guevara, Chilean footballer
25 June – Dorinel Munteanu, Romanian international footballer
26 June – Paolo Maldini, Italian international footballer
14 August – Onésimo Sánchez, Spanish football player and manager
15 August – Ulugbek Ruzimov, Uzbekistani footballer
20 August – Klas Ingesson, Swedish international footballer and manager (died 2014)
11 September – Slaven Bilić, Croatian international football player and manager
14 September – Jorge Gómez, Chilean footballer
15 September – Juan Carlos Garay, Ecuadorian footballer
17 September – Francesc Vilanova, Spanish footballer and manager (died 2014)
18 September – Carlos Guirland, Paraguayan footballer
25 September – Gary Blackford, English former professional footballer
8 October – Zvonimir Boban, Croatian international footballer
17 October – Héctor Ferri, Ecuadorian footballer
20 October – Jonathan Akpoborie, Nigerian international footballer
24 October – Osmar Donizete Cândido, Brazilian international footballer
18 November – Barry Hunter, Northern Irish international and scout
13 December – Carlos Hasselbaink, Dutch footballer
26 December – Thijs Waterink, Dutch footballer
Deaths
January
4 January – Armando Castellazzi, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and first man to win the Serie A both as player and as manager. (63)
June
17 June – José Nasazzi, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup and by many regarded as Uruguay's greatest ever player. (67)
August
30 August - Luitpold Popp, German international footballer (born 1893)
November
10 November – Santos Iriarte, Uruguayan forward, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (66)
December
21 December – Vittorio Pozzo, Italian manager, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup and the only manager that won the FIFA World Cup twice. (82)
28 December – Fernando Giudicelli, Brazilian midfielder, Brazilian squad member the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (62)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20in%20association%20football |
The Mission Mountains or Mission Range are a range of the Rocky Mountains located in northwestern Montana in the United States. They lie chiefly in Lake County and Missoula County and are south and east of Flathead Lake and west of the Swan Range. On the east side of the range is the Swan
River Valley and on the west side the Mission Valley.
The highest point in the Mission Mountains is McDonald Peak at . The range is named for its proximity to the Jesuit St. Ignatius Mission, established in the mid-19th century in what is today St. Ignatius, Montana.
Geology
The Mission Mountains are composed largely of what is called "Belt Rock" from the Belt Supergroup. The sedimentary rocks in this group formed between 1.47 and 1.4 billion years ago in the Belt Basin. The roughly circular basin collected sediments from surrounding areas for millions of years. The basin was eventually buried and later re-exposed through the collision of several tectonic plates around 80 million years ago.
Much of the Belt Rock found in the Mission Mountains is a crumbly sedimentary rock known as mudstone. The mudstone in the Belt supergroup is often characterized by mudcracks, which points to it being formed while wet, drying, cracking, and then being repeatedly flooded with new wet material that also dried and cracked.
Most of the rock in the Mission Mountains hails from the end of the Proterozoic Eon, towards the end of what is called Precambrian time. Because they are so old, the only evidence of life in the rocks is algae blooms and very basic plant fossils. These organisms played, however, the important role of converting carbon dioxide in the water into oxygen that was pumped into the acidic and poorly oxygenated atmosphere.
The color of the mudstone in the Missions has much to do with the presence of the mineral hematite during its formation. Hematite is formed by iron particles' reaction to oxygen in the atmosphere. Green and gray stones found in the Missions were most likely formed in deep water, the red in more shallow water. Ripple marks can be found in much of the rock; they would have formed mostly in shallow water with gentle waves.
Uplift
The features of the Mission Mountains strongly reflect work of the last few ice ages, the latest of those being just over 10,000 years ago. But the range is also the product of a much longer story, one that can be started with the breakup of the Pangaea super-continent. As the continents began to spread out, the North American Plate inched westward, grinding over and against the Pacific Plate as it went. This subduction of the Pacific Plate caused the rise of the Rocky Mountains and thereby the Missions.
About 66 million years ago, this process of uplift began to slow. This time, called the Cenozoic Era, is when the area began to look much like it does today. Looking at the globe at that time, the continents would have been about where they are today and plant and animal life would be recognizable. At that time, however, the deep valleys of western Montana would not yet have formed.
This development is believed to have come about 40 million years ago as the extensional forces that caused the uplift of the Rockies began to cause the crust to thin and crack. Near-vertical faults formed almost uniformly throughout the region, most trending northwest to southeast. The blocks then broke up, some dropping and creating valleys like the Flathead and the Swan. In all, the whole process took around 100 million years.
Pleistocene glaciation
Three million years ago, at the end of the Cenozoic Era, western Montana would have been full of tall mountains, but it was the next geologic process that made them what they are today. Large glaciers began to form in the area 2–3 million years ago; this was the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch. Since then, ending just 10,000 years ago, the Mission Mountains and their surroundings have been shaped by water.
The formation of the Flathead Lobe of the Alberta Cordilleran ice sheet is what set this history into motion. At its thickest points, the Flathead Lobe glacier may have extended 4,000 feet above the valley floor. The glacier reached hundreds of miles down the Rocky Mountain Trench, ending as far south as St. Ignatius, Montana. At the northern end of the range, the glacier flow split, in part flowing slowly into the Swan Valley.
A view of the area at that time would have been majestic, with large glaciers flowing around both sides and partially over the range. Smaller glaciers would have also flowed out of the mountains and joined the larger one in the valley. This explains the southward pointed, hook-shaped ridges at the end of each canyon in the range.
These processes also gave the Mission Mountains their distinct shapes. The many three-sided peaks, called horns or pyramidal peaks, and the knife-like ridges of the southern half of the range are results of the heavy mountain glaciation. The northern half of the range was largely rolled over by the Flathead Lobe, which was much like a huge moving ice sheet. This led to the shorter, more rounded features of the northern half of the range.
The Pleistocene was a time of dramatic and quick sculpting in the Mission Mountains. And though that epoch has ended, the erosion continues. Rain, snow, ice, wind, and other forces continue to work at the alpine landscape of the Missions.
Human History
Recorded human contact with the Mission Mountains began with the native peoples thousands of years ago and runs up to the present. The Salish and Kootenai people have traditionally used the mountains as a place for fishing, hunting, berry-picking, and for performing sacred ceremonies.
The first major outside attention to the Mission Mountains came in the 1920s. Forest service employee Theodore Shoemaker led several parties of visitors thorough the range between 1922 and 1924, one of which included members of the Great Pacific Railway Company, which owned a great deal of land in the range. On a 1923 trip Shoemaker triangulated the locations of several peaks, which led to the first map of the high country.
In the 1930s, the Mission Mountains were considered for inclusion in a proposed national park in the area south of Glacier National Park. Ronan Commercial Club president J. L. Jones wrote to the National Park Service director in support of the idea, "We suggest, Mr. Albright, that you add to your already splendid services the inclusion of the Mission Range of mountains... Truly we possess here not the 'garden of Eden,' but that being lost only in myth and tradition we have a most fitting substitute 'The Garden of the Rockies.'" The park service sent a team to study the region during the summer of 1937, but in the end they rejected the proposal, writing, "the Flathead would be of special value in the National Park system if this section were not already fairly well represented by Glacier Park."
The first major protective action for the Mission Range came on October 21, 1931 when 67,000 acres of land along the east side of the Mission Divide were classified as the Mission Mountains Primitive Area. The Great Pacific Railway Company owned 30 percent of this land at the time of the classification, which was exchanged over the course of years for other land in the Flathead National Forest.
Further stories about the Mission Mountains and the surrounding area can be found in the book, In the Shadows of the Missions.
Hiking and Recreation
As most of the Mission Mountains fall under special protection, land use is limited largely to recreation.
The best time to hike in the Mission Mountains is between the beginning of July and October. Winter ends late in the high country and even in the beginning of July hikers will often find high passes and lakes snow-covered and wet. Snow starts to fly as early as October and hiking season is over by the end of the month. Winter recreation is best in the spring months. June is wet, but between February and May one can do some great winter camping, snowshoeing and skiing.
The terrain, especially in the south is very steep and trails are not always kept clear. The 1.5-billion-year-old mudstone is very brittle and not a very reliable handhold. In the daytime it can be very hot, but nights are very cold, so pack accordingly.
Because the range is a protected wilderness area, motorized trail bikes, motorcycles, three- and four-wheelers, snowmobiles, hang-gliders and mountain bikes are not permitted.
The range has about 45 miles of official trails. Trails often cut through the rougher terrain. Horses can be used on most official and some other trails,. People wishing to take horses into the range need to consult the Flathead National Forest requirements, which include hay restrictions and other rules.
Non-tribal members passing through land belonging to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes are required to carry a valid tribal lands-usage permit, which can easily be obtained at local sporting goods stores. The pass is good for one year and allows access to the Mission Mountains, stretches of the Flathead River, among others.
Protected Areas
The Mission Mountains have several overlapping protection areas. Much of the Mission Mountain Range is within the Flathead Indian Reservation and under the management of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation.
Most of the range is also part of the Flathead National Forest, under which the Mission Mountains Wilderness is designated as a wilderness area. The wilderness area is in the Swan Lake Ranger District. The was designation on Jan. 4, 1975 and is managed under the Wilderness Act of 1964.
The southern end of the Mission Mountains includes a large grizzly bear protection area which is usually closed to hikers from July thru September. This allows the bears to feed on lady bugs and cut worms, and attempts to keep bear-human contact to a minimum.
Ecology
The Mission Mountains have a wide range of flora and fauna. Mule deer, elk, white-tailed deer, mountain goats, moose, black bears, grizzly bears, coyote, wolverine, lynxes, bobcats and mountain lions have all been spotted in the range.
Smaller animals found in the Missions include hoary marmots, yellow-bellied marmots, snowshoe rabbit, pika, chipmunk, squirrel, porcupine, muskrat, badger, skunk, beaver, marten, weasel, and mink.
Western Montana's famous huckleberry is also found all over the slopes of the Mission Mountains in the mid-to-late summer. They are a favorite for hikers and grizzly bears alike.
The most common trees found in the range are the ponderosa pine, western red cedar, douglas fir, western larch, western white pine, lodgepole pine, limber pine, whitebark pine, Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, grand fir, western larch, quaking aspen, alder, and Rocky Mountain maple. Cedars most often grow in the creek bottoms while others are spread throughout the landscape.
Up in the higher reaches of the Missions one finds the alpine larch. Found between the elevations of about 6,500 feet-7,000 feet this tough little tree can be found all over the range, twisted and tangled along high ridges and surrounding its peaks.
Notable features
A few major peaks in the Mission Mountains include: Daughter-of-the-Sun Mountain, Flat-Top, Glacier Peak, Gray Wolf Peak, Kakashe Mountain, McDonald Peak, Mount Calowahcan (formally Mt. Harding), Mountaineer Peak, Sonyelm, and West and East St. Mary's Peaks.
Lakes found in the range include: Ashley Lakes, Cold Lakes, Lake of the Stars, Lost Sheep Lake, Lucifer Lake, McDonald Lake (reservoir), Mud Lakes, Mullman Lakes, Rainbow Lake, Schwarz Lake, Summit Lake, and Terrace Lake, among others.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
References
Further reading
External links
Summit Post: McDonald Peak
Valley Journal article: Mission Valley Fault
Mountain ranges of Montana
Ranges of the Rocky Mountains
Landforms of Lake County, Montana
Landforms of Missoula County, Montana
Mountains Ranges and Peaks in Missoula County, Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%20Mountains |
Luján, Luxan or Luhan, a common Spanish surname and given name, might refer to:
People
Politics
The Lujan political family of New Mexico:
Eugene D. Lujan (1887–1980), justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court
Manuel Lujan Sr., former Republican Mayor of Santa Fe
Manuel Lujan Jr. (1928–2019), former Republican U.S. Secretary of the Interior and Representative from New Mexico; son of Manuel, Sr.
Ben Luján, former Democratic Speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives; nephew of Manuel, Jr.
Ben Ray Luján, Democratic U.S. Senator from New Mexico; son of Ben
Michelle Lujan Grisham, Democratic Governor of New Mexico; distantly related to the above
John Lujan, former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives
Gabriel Silva Luján, Colombian diplomat
Pilar C. Lujan, Guamanian politician
Sport
Andrés Iniesta Luján, footballer for FC Barcelona and the Spain national football team
Micaela Luján, Argentine professional boxer
Sebastian Andres Lujan, Argentine professional boxer
Walter Samuel (born Walter Adrián Luján, 1978), Argentine footballer
Other fields
Luján Fernández, Argentine supermodel
Daniela Luján, Mexican actress
Fernando Luján, Mexican actor
Mabel Dodge Luhan and Tony Luhan, American patrons of the arts
Places
Luján, Buenos Aires, the head city in the district with the same name in Buenos Aires province, Argentina
Luján de Cuyo, the head city and district in Mendoza province, Argentina
Luján Partido, the district in Buenos Aires province, Argentina
Luján River, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Luhan River in Ukraine
Luhansk city in Ukraine
Religion
Our Lady of Luján, a title of the Virgin Mary in Argentina
Basilica of Our Lady of Luján, a Roman Catholic shrine in Luján, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Cathedral Basilica of Mercedes-Luján, a Roman Catholic cathedral in Mercedes, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Cathedral of Our Lady of Luján, Río Gallegos, a Roman Catholic cathedral in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Chapel of the Miracle of Our Lady of Luján, a pilgrimage site in Zelaya, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows of Luján Pérez, a side chapel in the Cathedral of Santa Ana, Canary Islands, Spain
Other uses
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, a United States Supreme Court case
Club Luján, an Argentine football club
Asociación Atlética Luján de Cuyo, an Argentine football team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj%C3%A1n |
The Diocese of Skálholt ( ) is a suffragan diocese of the Church of Iceland. It was the estate of the first bishop in Iceland, Isleifr Gizurarson, who became bishop in 1056. (Christianity had been formally adopted in 1000). His son, Gizurr, donated it to become the official see. The Diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland under the leadership of the Bishop of Iceland. In 1909, the diocese was restored as a suffragan see, with the Bishop of Skálholt being a suffragan bishop to the Bishop of Iceland.
Roman Catholic
1056–1080: Ísleifur Gissurarson
1082–1118: Gissur Ísleifsson
1118–1133: Þorlákur Runólfsson
1134–1148: Magnús Einarsson
1152–1176: Klængur Þorsteinsson
1178–1193: St. Þorlákur helgi Þórhallsson
1195–1211: Páll Jónsson
1216–1237: Magnús Gissurarson
1238–1268: Sigvarður Þéttmarsson (Norwegian)
1269–1298: Árni Þorláksson
1304–1320: Árni Helgason
1321–1321: Grímur Skútuson (Norwegian)
1322–1339: Jón Halldórsson (Norwegian)
1339–1341: Jón Indriðason (Norwegian)
1343–1348: Jón Sigurðsson
1350–1360: Gyrðir Ívarsson (Norwegian)
1362–1364: Þórarinn Sigurðsson (Norwegian)
1365–1381: Oddgeir Þorsteinsson (Norwegian)
1382–1391: Mikael (Danish)
1391–1405: Vilchin Hinriksson (Danish)
1406–1413: Jón (Norwegian)
1413–1426: Árni Ólafsson
1426–1433: Jón Gerreksson (Danish)
1435–1437: Jón Vilhjálmsson Craxton (English)
1437–1447: Gozewijn Comhaer (Dutch)
1448–1462: Marcellus de Niveriis (German)
1462–1465: Jón Stefánsson Krabbe (Danish)
1466–1475: Sveinn spaki Pétursson
1477–1490: Magnús Eyjólfsson
1491–1518: Stefán Jónsson
1521–1540: Ögmundur Pálsson
Lutheran
1540–1548: Gissur Einarsson
1549–1557: Marteinn Einarsson
1558–1587: Gísli Jónsson
1589–1630: Oddur Einarsson
1632–1638: Gísli Oddsson
1639–1674: Brynjólfur Sveinsson
1674–1697: Þórður Þorláksson
1698–1720: Jón Vídalín
1722–1743: Jón Árnason
1744–1745: Ludvig Harboe (Danish)
1747–1753: Ólafur Gíslason
1754–1785: Finnur Jónsson
1777–1796: Hannes Finnsson
1797–1801: Geir Vídalín
The diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland.
Suffragan bishopric
The see was discontinued from 1801 to 1909. It was revived in 1909 as a suffragan bishopric to the Bishop of Iceland, with the bishop's cathedra in the traditional Skálholt cathedral church. In 1990, new legislation increased the authority and responsibilities of the Bishop of Skálholt as an assistant bishop in the Reykjavik diocese.
1909–1930: Valdimar Briem
1931–1936: Sigurður P. Sívertsen
1937–1965: Bjarni Jónsson
1966–1983: Sigurður Pálsson
1983–1989: Ólafur Skúlason
1989–1994: Jónas Gíslason
1994–2010: Sigurður Sigurðarson
2011–2018: Kristján Valur Ingólfsson
2018–present: Kristján Björnsson
See also
Bishop of Iceland
List of Hólar bishops
References
Additional sources
Sigurdson, Erika Ruth, 'The Church in Fourteenth-Century Iceland: Ecclesiastical Administration, Literacy, and the Formation of an Elite Clerical Identity' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2011), p. 242, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2610/ (pre-Reformation bishops).
Gunnar Kristjánsson et al., eds, Saga biskupsstólanna: Skálholt 950 ára 2006, Hólar 900 ára (Akureyri: Hólar, 2006), pp. 854–55.
History of Christianity in Iceland
Church of Iceland
Skálholt
Skálholt
Skalholt
Bishops in Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese%20of%20Sk%C3%A1lholt |
The magnetic detector or Marconi magnetic detector, sometimes called the "Maggie", was an early radio wave detector used in some of the first radio receivers to receive Morse code messages during the wireless telegraphy era around the turn of the 20th century. Developed in 1902 by radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi from a method invented in 1895 by New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford it was used in Marconi wireless stations until around 1912, when it was superseded by vacuum tubes. It was widely used on ships because of its reliability and insensitivity to vibration. A magnetic detector was part of the wireless apparatus in the radio room of the RMS Titanic which was used to summon help during its famous 15 April 1912 sinking.
History
The primitive spark gap radio transmitters used during the first three decades of radio (1886-1916) could not transmit audio (sound) and instead transmitted information by wireless telegraphy; the operator switched the transmitter on and off with a telegraph key, creating pulses of radio waves to spell out text messages in Morse code. So the radio receiving equipment of the time did not have to convert the radio waves into sound like modern receivers, but merely detect the presence or absence of the radio signal. The device that did this was called a detector. The first widely used detector was the coherer, invented in 1890. The coherer was a very poor detector, insensitive and prone to false triggering due to impulsive noise, which motivated much research to find better radio wave detectors.
Ernest Rutherford had first used the hysteresis of iron to detect Hertzian waves in 1896 by the demagnetization of an iron needle when a radio signal passed through a coil around the needle, however the needle had to be remagnetized so this was not suitable for a continuous detector. Many other wireless researchers such as E. Wilson, C. Tissot, Reginald Fessenden, John Ambrose Fleming, Lee De Forest, J.C. Balsillie, and L. Tieri had subsequently devised detectors based on hysteresis, but none had become widely used due to various drawbacks. Many earlier versions had a rotating magnet above a stationary iron band with coils on it. This type was only periodically sensitive, when the magnetic field was changing, which occurred as the magnetic poles passed the iron.
During his transatlantic radio communication experiments in December 1902 Marconi found the coherer to be too unreliable and insensitive for detecting the very weak radio signals from long-distance transmissions. It was this need that drove him to develop his magnetic detector. Marconi devised a more effective configuration with a moving iron band driven by a clockwork motor passing by stationary magnets and coils, resulting in a continuous supply of iron that was changing magnetization, and thus continuous sensitivity (Rutherford claimed he had also invented this configuration). The Marconi magnetic detector was the "official" detector used by the Marconi Company from 1902 through 1912, when the company began converting to the Fleming valve and Audion-type vacuum tubes. It was used through 1918.
Description
See drawing at right. The Marconi version consisted of an endless iron band (B) built up of 70 strands of number 40 gage silk-covered iron wire. In operation, the band passes over two grooved pulleys rotated by a wind-up clockwork motor. The iron band passes through the center of a glass tube which is close wound with a single layer along several millimeters with number 36 gage silk-covered copper wire. This coil (C) functions as the radio frequency excitation coil. Over this winding is a small bobbin wound with wire of the same gauge to a resistance of about 140 ohms. This coil (D) functions as the audio pickup coil. Around these coils two permanent horseshoe magnets are arranged to magnetize the iron band as it passes through the glass tube.
How it works
The device works by hysteresis of the magnetization in the iron wires. The permanent magnets are arranged to create two opposite magnetic fields each directed toward (or away) from the center of the coils in opposite directions along the wire. This functions to magnetize the iron band along its axis, first in one direction as it approaches the center of the coils, then reverse its magnetism to the opposite direction as it leaves from the other side of the coil. Due to the hysteresis (coercivity) of the iron, a certain threshold magnetic field (the coercive field, Hc) is required to reverse the magnetization. So the magnetization in the moving wires does not reverse in the center of the device where the field reverses, but some way toward the departing side of the wires, when the field of the second magnet reaches Hc. Although the wire itself is moving through the coil, in the absence of a radio signal the location where the magnetization "flips" is stationary with respect to the pickup coil, so there is no flux change and no voltage is induced in the pickup coil.
The radio signal from the antenna (A) is received by a tuner (not shown) and passed through the excitation coil C, the other end of which is connected to ground (E). The rapidly reversing magnetic field from the coil exceeds the coercivity Hc and cancels the hysteresis of the iron, causing the magnetization change to suddenly move up the wire to the center, between the magnets, where the field reverses. This had an effect similar to thrusting a magnet into the coil, causing the magnetic flux through the pickup coil D to change, inducing a current pulse in the pickup coil. The audio pickup coil is connected to a telephone receiver (earphone) (T) which converts the current pulse to sound.
The radio signal from a spark gap transmitter consisted of pulses of radio waves (damped waves) which repeated at an audio rate, around several hundred per second. Each pulse of radio waves produced a pulse of current in the earphone, so the signal sounded like a musical tone or buzz in the earphone.
Technical details
The iron band was turned by a mainspring and clockwork mechanism inside the case. Differing values have been given for the speed of the band, from 1.6 to 7.5 cm per second; the device could probably function over a wide range of band speeds. The operator had to keep the mainspring wound up, using a crank on the side. Operators would sometimes forget to wind it, so the band would stop turning and the detector stop working, sometimes in the middle of a radio message.
The detector produced electronic noise that was heard in the earphone as a "hissing" or "roaring" sound in the background, somewhat fatiguing to listen to. This was Barkhausen noise due to the Barkhausen effect in the iron. As the magnetic field in a given area of the iron wire changed as it moved through the detector, the microscopic domain walls between magnetic domains in the iron moved in a series of jerks, as they got hung up on defects in the iron crystal lattice, then pulled free. Each jerk produced a tiny change in the magnetic field through the coil, and induced a pulse of noise.
Because the output was an audio alternating current and not a direct current, the detector could only be used with earphones and not with the common recording instrument used in coherer radiotelegraphy receivers, the siphon paper tape recorder.
From a technical standpoint, several subtle prerequisites are necessary for operation. The strength of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at the iron band must be of the same order of magnitude as the strength of the field generated by the radio frequency excitation coil, allowing the radio frequency signal to exceed the threshold hysteresis (coercivity) of the iron. Also, the impedance of the tuner that supplies the radio signal must be low to match the low impedance of the excitation coil, requiring special tuner design considerations. The impedance of the telephone earphone must roughly match the impedance of the audio pickup coil, which is a few hundred ohms. The iron band moves a few millimeters per second. The magnetic detector was much more sensitive than the coherers commonly in use at the time, although not as sensitive as the Fleming valve, which began to replace it around 1912.
In the Handbook Of Technical Instruction For Wireless Telegraphists by: J. C. Hawkhead (Second Edition Revised by H. M. Dowsett) on pp 175 are detailed instructions and specifications for operation and maintenance of Marconi's magnetic detector.
References
External links
The Marconi magnetic detector From the book "A Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy" (1913) by J. Erskine-Murray. D.Sc.
Magnetic detector basics
History of radio
Radio electronics
Detectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20detector |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1966 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1966: Won by Peñarol after defeating River Plate on an aggregate score of 4–2.
Real Madrid won the European Cup defeating Partizan 2–1.
November 6 – Johan Cruijff becomes the first player in history of the Netherlands national football team who receives a red card, when he is expelled by East-German referee Rudi Glöckner in the friendly against Czechoslovakia.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Maref
Europe
: FC Admira Wacker Mödling
: Anderlecht
Czechoslovakia: Dukla Prague
: Liverpool
: Nantes
: Inter Milan
: Ajax
: Sporting C.P.
: Dynamo Kiev
: Celtic
: Atlético Madrid
: FC Zürich
: Beşiktaş J.K.
: TSV 1860 München
: FK Vojvodina
North America
: América
South America
: Racing Club
: Cruzeiro
International tournaments
1966 British Home Championship (October 2, 1965 – April 2, 1966)
FIFA World Cup in England (July 11 – 29 1966)
Clubs Founded
PAS Giannina (Greece)
Births
January 13 – Gerardo Esquivel, Mexican footballer
January 15 – Rommel Fernández, Panamanian striker (d. 1993)
January 29 – Romário, Brazilian footballer
February 1 – Michelle Akers, American footballer
February 4 – Egidio Notaristefano, Italian footballer and manager
February 8 – Hristo Stoichkov, Bulgarian footballer
March 27 – Ramiro Castillo, Bolivian footballer (d. 1997)
April 2 – Teddy Sheringham, English footballer
April 9 – Thomas Doll, German footballer and manager
May 12 – Vladimir Quesada, Costa Rican footballer
May 24 – Eric Cantona, French footballer
May 30 – Thomas Häßler, German footballer
June 6 – Fernando Kanapkis, Uruguayan footballer
June 12 – Albeiro Usuriaga (died 2004), Colombian footballer
June 14 – Nelson Cossio, Chilean footballer
June 14 – Byron Tenorio, Ecuadorian footballer
June 21 – Guillermo Sanguinetti, Uruguayan footballer
June 26 – Abel Shongwe, retired Swazi footballer
June 29 – Massimo Brambati, Italian footballer
July 1 – Frank De Bleeckere, Belgian soccer referee
July 5 – Gianfranco Zola, Italian international footballer
July 7 – Henk Fräser, Dutch footballer
July 28 – Miguel Ángel Nadal, Spanish footballer
August 2 – Anzor Koblev, Russian professional football coach and former player
August 13 – Miguel Miranda, Peruvian footballer
August 22 – Michel van Oostrum, Dutch footballer
August 22 – Rob Witschge, Dutch international footballer
October 5 – Wilfred Agbonavbare, Nigerian international footballer (died 2015)
October 16 – Stefan Reuter, German international footballer
October 19 – José Carpio, Ecuadorian football referee
November 10 – Michael Voss, former cricketer at CricketArchive
December 3 – Flemming Povlsen, Danish international footballer
Deaths
March 27 – Hermann Garrn, German forward, capped 2 times for the Germany national football team (78)
April 29 – Sílvio Lagreca, Brazilian manager, first ever manager of the Brazil national football team (70)
May 2 – Agostinho Fortes Filho, Brazilian midfielder, squad member at the 1930 FIFA World Cup (64)
September 17 – Mário Filho, Brazilian legendary football journalist who revolutionized football coverage in Brazil. The Maracanã Stadium was named after him after his death (58)
December 26 – Guillermo Stábile, Argentine striker, runner-up and top scorer of the 1930 FIFA World Cup (61)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20in%20association%20football |
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