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The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1965 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1965: Won by Independiente after defeating Peñarol on an aggregate score of 4–1.
February 6:Retirement of Sir Stanley Matthews from professional football, five days after his fiftieth birthday.
Substitutions allowed: The Football League voted 39 to 10 in favour of allowing clubs to introduce a substitute for an injured player at any time during a league match.
FC Twente (Enschede, the Netherlands) was founded
FC Hansa Rostock was founded
1. FC Magdeburg was founded
1965 International Soccer League
League: Polonia Bytom defeated New York Americans, 5–1 on aggregate.
Cup: Polonia Bytom defeated FK Dukla Prague 3–1, on aggregate.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Toyo Industries
: Al-Maref
Europe
: Manchester United
: Nantes
: KR
: Internazionale Milano F.C.
: Feyenoord Rotterdam
: Kilmarnock
: Real Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
: Werder Bremen
North America
: Chivas Guadalajara
South America
: Boca Juniors
: Santos
: Universidad de Chile
: Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Tunisia (November 12 – 21 1965)
1965 British Home Championship (October 3, 1964 – April 10, 1965)
Births
January 1 – Khabib Ilyaletdinov, Russian club player
January 9 – Iain Dowie, English-Northern Irish footballer, manager and pundit
January 13 – Bennett Masinga, South African international footballer (died 2013)
January 25 – Josef Ringel, retired Czech footballer
February 4 – John van Loen, Dutch footballer and assistant-coach
February 5 – Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian footballer, manager and club owner
February 15 – Gustavo Quinteros, Bolivian footballer and manager
March 3 – Dragan Stojković, Serbian international and coach
March 8 – Juan Hernández Ramírez, Mexican international footballer
May 4 – Aykut Kocaman, Turkish international
May 17 – Massimo Crippa, Italian international footballer
May 23 – Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo, Spanish international footballer
June 7 – Jean-Pierre François, French footballer and singer
June 12 – Carlos Luis Morales, Ecuadorian goalkeeper
June 30 – Dietmar Drabek, Austrian referee
July 5 – Abdoulaye Sogue, Senegalese former professional footballer
July 17 – Muhamad Radhi Mat Din, Malaysian coach and footballer
July 18 – Rosanan Samak, Bruneian football coach
July 27 – José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan goalkeeper
July 27 – Trifon Ivanov, Bulgarian international footballer (died 2016)
July 30 – Leonel Álvarez, Colombian footballer
August 9 – David Kealy, Irish footballer
August 21 – Juan Lombardi, former Uruguayan footballer
August 27 – Ange Postecoglou, Greek-born Australian football player and manager
August 30 – Peter Grant, Scottish football player and manager
August 31 – Ricardo Gónzalez, Chilean footballer
September 7 – Darko Pančev, Macedonian footballer
September 22 – Christophe Jeannet, French footballer
September 24 – Roberto Siboldi, Uruguayan footballer
October 6 – Jürgen Kohler, German international footballer and manager
November 16 – Mika Aaltonen, Finnish international footballer
November 17 – Terence Mophuting, Botswanan footballer
November 24 – Tom Boyd, Scottish footballer
November 25 – Mauro Blanco, Bolivian footballer
December 10 – José Aurelio Gay, Spanish football player and manager
Deaths
January
January 21 - Arie Bieshaar (65), Dutch footballer (born 1899)
August
August 24 – Amílcar Barbuy, Brazilian midfielder, known as one of the most influential players of Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. (72)
August 30 – Píndaro de Carvalho Rodrigues, Brazilian midfielder and manager of the Brazil National Football Team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, winner of the 1919 South American Championship. (73)
October
October 11 – Roberto Cherro, Argentine forward, scored 213 goals for Boca Juniors, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (58)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%20in%20association%20football |
Henry Allan "Harry" Ironside (October 14, 1876 – January 15, 1951) was a Canadian–American Bible teacher, preacher, theologian, pastor and author who pastored Moody Church in Chicago from 1929 to 1948.
Biography
Ironside was born in Toronto, Ontario, to John and Sophia (Stafford) Ironside, who were both active in the Plymouth Brethren. At birth, Harry was thought to be dead, so the attending nurses focused their attention on Sophia, who was dangerously ill. Only when a pulse was detected in Harry, 40 minutes later, was an attempt made to resuscitate the infant. When Harry was two years old, his father, John, died of typhoid at the age of 27. From a very early age, Ironside showed a strong interest in evangelical Christianity, and was active in the Salvation Army as a teenager before later joining the "Grant" section of the Plymouth Brethren.
The family then moved to Los Angeles, California, on December 12, 1886, and as they found no Sunday school there to attend, young Harry started his own at age 11. Gathering old burlap bags, Harry and his childhood friends sewed them together, producing a burlap tent that could accommodate up to 100 people. Unable to find an adult teacher, Ironside himself did the teaching, with attendance averaging 60 children—and a few adults—each week.
In 1888, well-known evangelist Dwight L. Moody preached at a campaign in Los Angeles, with meetings held at Hazard's Pavilion (later known as "Temple Pavilion"), which could seat up to 4,000. This was an inspiration to Ironside, who hoped to also be able to preach to such crowds one day. In 1889, after a visit from evangelist Donald Munro, Ironside became convinced that he was not "born again", and so gave up preaching at his Sunday school, spending the next six months wrestling with this spiritual problem. After an evening of prayer, in February 1890, Ironside, at age 13, received Christ. As he is quoted as saying years later, "I rested on the Word of God and confessed Christ as my Savior." Ironside then returned to preaching, winning his first convert. Though he was taunted at school, he was undeterred from his mission to win souls. Later that year, his mother remarried, to William D. Watson. Ironside graduated from the eighth grade, began working as a part-time cobbler, and decided he had enough education (he never attended school again, a decision he later regretted).
During the daytime, young Ironside worked full-time at a photography studio, and at night he preached at Salvation Army meetings, becoming known as the "boy preacher". At age 16, he left the photography business and became a preacher full-time with the Salvation Army. Commissioned a Lieutenant in the Salvation Army, Ironside was soon preaching over 500 sermons a year around Southern California. At 18, the grueling schedule had taken its toll on his health, and Ironside resigned his commission, entering the Beulah Rest Home to recuperate.
In 1896, at 20, he moved to San Francisco, becoming associated again with the Plymouth Brethren. While there, he began helping at British evangelist Henry Varley's meetings and there met pianist Helen Schofield, daughter of a Presbyterian pastor in Oakland, California. The two soon married. In 1898, Ironside's mother died, and less than a year later, Harry and Helen's first son, Edmund Henry, was born. In 1900, the family moved across the bay to Oakland, where Harry resumed a nightly preaching schedule. They resided there until 1929.
In 1903, Ironside accepted his first East Coast preaching invitation, but on returning, the family had only enough funds to make it as far as Salt Lake City, Utah, where he spent the next ten days doing street preaching. Just as the last of their money for a hotel ran out, they received an anonymous envelope with $15, enough to return to Oakland. In 1905, a second son, John Schofield Ironside, was born.
During this time, Ironside also began his career as a writer, publishing several Bible commentary pamphlets. In 1914, he rented a storefront and established the Western Book and Tract Company, which operated successfully until the Depression in the late 1920s. From 1916 to 1929, Ironside preached almost 7,000 sermons to over 1.25 million listeners. In 1918, he was associated with evangelist George McPherson; and in 1924, Ironside began preaching under the direction of the Moody Bible Institute. In 1926, he was invited to a full-time faculty position at the Dallas Theological Seminary, an offer he turned down, although he was frequently a visiting lecturer there from 1925 to 1943.
After preaching a series of sermons at the Moody Church in Chicago, Ironside was invited in 1929 to serve a trial year as pastor. The following year he became the official pastor, and he served there until 1948. He preached at Moody Church almost every Sunday, with the 4,000-seat auditorium filled to capacity. He continued to preach in other US cities as well; and in 1932, he began traveling abroad. In 1938, Ironside toured England, Scotland and Ireland, preaching 142 times, to crowds of upwards of 2,000. In 1942, he also became president of the missionary organization Africa Inland Mission. In 1935, Ironside preached the funeral of Billy Sunday at Moody Church.
In 1930, Wheaton College presented Ironside with an honorary Doctorate of Letters degree, and in 1942 Bob Jones University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree. In 2011, Bob Jones University renamed a residence hall that formerly honored Bibb Graves after Ironside. Bob Jones Jr. wrote that although Ironside was considered a dignified man, when one got to know him, "He had a terrific sense of humor. Nothing was more fun than to have a good meal in a home somewhere when Dr. Ironside was present. After he was full—he could eat a lot, and he ate faster than any man I ever saw, and his plate would be empty before everyone else got served—he would sit back, push his chair back from the table, and begin to tell funny stories and personal experiences." Never one to ask money for himself, Ironside was skilled at raising money for other evangelical causes and was often asked to take the offering at Bible conferences. He joked that his tombstone would read, "And the beggar died also."
A few months after he and his wife Helen celebrated their golden wedding anniversary, Helen died on May 1, 1948. Ironside resigned as pastor of Moody Church on May 30 and retired to Winona Lake, Indiana. On October 9, 1949, he married Annie Turner Hightower, of Thomaston, Georgia. He suffered from failing vision, and after surgery to restore it, he set out on November 2, 1950, for a preaching tour of New Zealand, once more among Brethren assemblies, but he died in Cambridge, New Zealand, on January 15, 1951, and was buried in Purewa Cemetery, Auckland.
Theological influence
Along with others such as Cyrus Scofield, he was influential in popularizing dispensationalism among Protestants in North America. Despite his lack of formal education, his mental capacity, photographic memory and zeal for his beliefs caused him to be called "the Archbishop of Fundamentalism".
Ironside was one of the most prolific Christian writers of the 20th century and published more than 100 books, booklets and pamphlets, a number of which are still in print. One editorial reviewer wrote of a 2005 re-publication, "Ironside's commentaries are a standard and have stood the test of time." Ironside also wrote a number of hymns, including "Overshadowed".
Works
Commentaries
In canonical order
Lectures on the Levitical Offerings (1929)
Addresses on the Book of Joshua (1950)
Notes on the Books of Ezra (1920)
Notes on the Books of Nehemiah (1913)
Notes on the Books of Esther (1905)
Notes on the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther (Compilation 1951)
Studies on Book One of the Psalms (1st edition 1952. Posthumous)
Notes on the Book of Proverbs (1908)
Addresses on the Song of Solomon (1933)
Expository Notes on the Prophet Isaiah (1949)
Notes on the Prophecy and Lamentations of Jeremiah (1906)
Expository Notes on Ezekiel the Prophet (1949)
Lectures on Daniel the Prophet (1st, 1911; 2nd, 1920)
Notes on the Minor Prophets (1909)
Expository Notes on the Gospel of Matthew (1948)
Expository Notes on the Gospel of Mark (1948)
Addresses on the Gospel of Luke (1947)
Addresses on the Gospel of John (1942)
Lectures on the Book of Acts (1943)
Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans (1926)
Addresses on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1938)
Addresses on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians (1939)
Expository Messages on the Epistle to the Galatians (1942)
In the Heavenlies: Practical Expository Addresses on the Epistle to the Ephesians (1937)
Notes on the Epistle to the Philippians (1922)
Lectures on the Epistle to the Colossians (1928)
Addresses on the First and Second Epistles of Thessalonians (1947)
Timothy, Titus and Philemon (1947)
Studies in the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Epistle to Titus (1932)
Expository Notes on the Epistles of James and Peter (1947)
Addresses on the Epistles of John and an Exposition of the Epistle of Jude (1949)
Lectures on the Book of Revelation (1919)
Books and booklets
In order by date of first publication
Baptism: What Saith the Scriptures (1901, 2nd edition 1915)
The Mysteries of God (1906)
Sailing with Paul (1913: Loizeaux Bros, NY)
The Four Hundred Silent Years (1914: Loizeaux Bros)
The Midnight Cry (1914: Loizeaux Bros; 4th edition 1928)
Letters to a Roman Catholic (1914: Loizeaux Bros)
Good News from a Far Country: Ten Gospel Sermons (1934: Eerdmans) (Contributed chapter 5, titled "The Blood of His Cross")
Eternal Security of the Believer (1934: Loizeaux Bros)
Things Seen and Heard in Bible Lands (1936: Loizeaux Bros)
Except Ye Repent (1937: American Tract Society)
The Crowning Day (1938)
Help for the Needy Soul (1938)
Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth: Ultra-Dispensationalism Examined In The Light Of Holy Scripture (1938: 3rd edition, Loizeaux Bros) (A critique of the teachings of E. W. Bullinger and hyperdispensationalism)
Random Reminiscences from Fifty Years of Ministry (1939)
Changed by Beholding: and other sermons (1940)
The Way of Peace (1940)
A Historical Sketch of the Brethren Movement (1941: Loizeaux Bros)
Not Wrath but Rapture (1941: Loizeaux Bros)
The Continual Burnt Offering (1941: Jubilee Edition, Loizeaux Bros)
The Great Parenthesis (1943: Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI)
Holiness: The False and the True (1947: Loizeaux Bros)
Pamphlets and tracts
"The Mormon Mistake" (1896)
"The Stone that Will Fall from Heaven" (nd)
See also
Christian Perfection
Premillennialism
Christian Fundamentalism
R. A. Torrey
A. C. Dixon
Alan Redpath
Warren Wiersbe
G. Campbell Morgan
Gipsy Smith
Notes
References
English, E. Schuyler, H.A. Ironside, Ordained of the Lord, Loizeaux Bros (1976) .
Reese, Edward, The Life and Ministry of Harry Ironside, Fundamental Publishers (1976).
Hoke, Donald E. Life Story of Harry Ironside. Christian Supply Center (1944).
Short biography of Ironside, Wholesome Words, Stephen Ross.
Ironside, "Eternal Security of the Believer".
Ironside reminiscences, Wholesome Words.
"Harry A. Ironside (1876 – 1951)",The Brethren Writers Hall of Fame, Alan Newble.
Ironside, Harry A., Holiness: The False And The True, Pickering & Inglis (1959). The first two parts of this book are autobiographical.
Ironside, Harry A., Random Reminiscences from Fifty Years of Preaching (Fundamentalism in American Religion, 1880-1950), Garland Science (1988), . A few selections from this are posted online at .
Pugmire, Herbert J. Dr. Ironside's Bible: Notes and Quotes from the Margins. Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Bros, 1955.
1876 births
1951 deaths
19th-century evangelicals
19th-century theologians
20th-century evangelicals
20th-century theologians
American evangelicals
American Plymouth Brethren
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian Plymouth Brethren
Canadian Salvationists
Christian fundamentalists
Dispensationalism
Evangelical theologians
People from Old Toronto
Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20A.%20Ironside |
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood is a single player adventure game created by Al Lowe for Sierra On-Line, originally released in 1984 for the Commodore 64. It is based on Disney's Winnie the Pooh franchise.
Plot
The Hundred Acre Wood was populated with characters from A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh series of short stories.
Each character had lost an item of value to them and wanted the item returned. The player moves through the Hundred Acre Wood and collects the missing items then returns them to their rightful owners. Only one item can be carried at a time, so picking up one item means leaving behind of whatever item is currently being carried. Some screens have interactive sub-elements. For example: the player could "climb" Pooh's tree and see the limb where he kept his honey pots safely out of the reach of flood waters (a reference to a scene in the Disney animated featurette Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day and Chapter 9 of the first Winnie the Pooh book). The game has no animation in the mode of a traditional Quest game such as King's Quest. Rather, the Hundred Acre Wood existed as a grid of connected static screens. Players move between the screen using the arrow keys and can only move North, South, East or West. The missing items are randomly assigned at the start of each new game to screens within this grid, although the various characters can always be found on the same screens. When an item is "dropped" on a screen in order to "pick up" another item, the dropped item stays on that screen until the user returns to retrieve it later, but not all items belong to one of the characters - for example, a board belongs to the bridge. "Dropping" an item also returns it to the character it belongs to; if the character is not correct the game will let the player know.
Reuniting a character with their item results in a celebration screen, and a congratulatory party takes place once all 10 items have been successfully returned.
At random points, the items can be lost if the player runs into Tigger (who bounces them and makes the player drop what they are carrying), or when the wind starts again, mixing up any remaining objects that haven't yet been returned.
See also
List of Disney video games
List of Sierra Entertainment video games
External links
Winnie the Pooh information at IF-Legends.org
Winnie the Pooh downloads at Al Lowe's website
1986 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
U.S. Gold games
Video games scored by Al Lowe
Hundred Acre Wood
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20the%20Pooh%20in%20the%20Hundred%20Acre%20Wood |
At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, a modern pentathlon event was contested.
Participating nations
A total of 25 athletes from 10 nations competed at the Los Angeles Games:
Events
Individual competition
References
1932 Summer Olympics events
1932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20pentathlon%20at%20the%201932%20Summer%20Olympics |
Haig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys haigi), known regionally as the Patagonian tuco-tuco, is a hystricognath rodent. Like other tuco-tucos it is subterranean and thus not often observed, although the "tuc-tuc" call of the males can be heard near burrow sites, especially in the early morning. Like most species in the genus Ctenomys, C. haigi are solitary, with one adult per burrow.
Haig's tuco-tuco is native to Argentine Patagonia. Its primary habitat is the Patagonian steppe, but it is also found in the Low Monte and Valdivian temperate rain forest ecoregions.
References
External links
WWF Wildfinder Distribution of C. haigi
Projeto tuco-tuco (in Portuguese)
Tuco-tucos
Mammals of Patagonia
Mammals of Argentina
Mammals of Chile
Mammals described in 1917
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig%27s%20tuco-tuco |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1964 throughout the world.
Events
The Estadio Nacional disaster in Peru claims the lives of 328 fans.
SC Cambuur founded
Copa Libertadores won by Independiente after defeating Nacional on an aggregate score of 1–0.
September 16 – Dutch club DWS from Amsterdam makes its European debut by defeating Turkey's Fenerbahçe (3–1) in the first round of the European Cup, with two goals from Frans Geurtsen.
September 23 – Fortuna '54 from Sittard makes its European debut by losing to Italy's Torino (3–1) in the first round of the Cup Winners Cup. The only goal for the Dutch side is scored by the later coach Spitz Kohn.
1964 International Soccer League
League: Zagłębie Sosnowiec defeated SV Werder Bremen, 5–0 on aggregate.
Cup: FK Dukla Prague defeated Zagłębie Sosnowiec 4–2, on aggregate.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Maref
Europe
: Liverpool
: AS Saint-Étienne
: Bologna
: DWS
: Rangers
: Real Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
: 1. FC Köln
North America
: Chivas Guadalajara
South America
: Boca Juniors
: Santos
: Universidad de Chile
: Club Guaraní
International tournaments
1964 British Home Championship (October 12, 1963 – April 11, 1964)
Shared by , and
1964 Taça de Nações (May 30 – June 7, 1964)
1964 AFC Asian Cup in Israel (May 26 – June 3, 1964)
UEFA European Football Championship in Spain (June 17–21, 1964)
Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan (October 11–23, 1964)
Births
January 8 – José Luis Carranza (Peruvian footballer)
January 24 – Abraham Nava (Mexican footballer)
March 5 – Gerald Vanenburg (Dutch international footballer)
March 17 – Stefano Borgonovo (Italian footballer) (d. 2013)
April 17 – Wisdom Mumba Chansa, Zambian footballer (d. 1993)
April 22 – Paul Baxter, English former professional footballer
May 12 – José Casanova Mendoza, Peruvian footballer (d. 1987)
June 22 – Nico Jalink (Dutch footballer)
June 30 – Ryszard Kraus (Polish international footballer) (d. 2013)
July 9 – Gianluca Vialli, Italian football player and manager (d. 2023)
July 30 – Jürgen Klinsmann (German international footballer and manager)
August 5 – Raimonds Laizāns (Latvian footballer)
August 20 – Giuseppe Giannini (Italian footballer)
October 19 – Whiteson Changwe, Zambian international (d. 1993)
October 25 – Johan de Kock (Dutch footballer)
October 26 – Anatoli Kertoake, Russian former footballer and manager
October 31 – Marco van Basten (Dutch international footballer)
November 11 – Miguel Sanabria (Paraguayan footballer)
November 12 – Thomas Berthold (German international footballer)
November 24 – Hendrie Krüzen (Dutch footballer)
November 28
Ken Charlery, St Lucian international
Naoto Hori, Japanese club footballer
December 9 – Blas Cristaldo (Paraguayan footballer)
December 13 – Dieter Eilts (German international footballer and manager)
Deaths
October
October 6 – Pietro Serantoni, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (57 ; Brain tumor).
December
December 13 – Pedro Petrone, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup and topscorer of the 1931–32 Serie A and 1924 Summer Olympics. (59)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20in%20association%20football |
MedCalc is a statistical software package designed for the biomedical sciences. It has an integrated spreadsheet for data input and can import files in several formats (Excel, SPSS, CSV, ...).
MedCalc includes basic parametric and non-parametric statistical procedures and graphs such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, χ2 test, correlation, linear as well as non-linear regression, logistic regression, and multivariate statistics.
Survival analysis includes Cox regression (Proportional hazards model) and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.
Procedures for method evaluation and method comparison include ROC curve analysis, Bland–Altman plot, as well as Deming and Passing–Bablok regression.
The software also includes reference interval estimation, meta-analysis and sample size calculations.
The first DOS version of MedCalc was released in April 1993 and the first version for Windows was available in November 1996.
Version 15.2 introduced a user-interface in English, Chinese (simplified and traditional), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian and Spanish.
Reviews
Stephan C, Wesseling S, Schink T, Jung K. “Comparison of eight computer programs for receiver-operating characteristic analysis.” Clinical Chemistry 2003;49:433-439.
Lukic IK. “MedCalc Version 7.0.0.2. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal 2003;44:120-121.
Garber C. “MedCalc Software for Statistics in Medicine. Software review.” Clinical Chemistry, 1998;44:1370.
Petrovecki M. “MedCalc for Windows. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal, 1997;38:178.
See also
List of statistical packages
Comparison of statistical packages
References
External links
MedCalc Statistical Software Homepage
Statistical software
Windows-only proprietary software
Biostatistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedCalc |
The following are the association football events of the year 1963 throughout the world.
Notable events
Copa Libertadores 1963: Won by Santos FC after defeating Boca Juniors on an aggregate score of 5–3.
May 1 – Persipura Jayapura association football club is founded in Indonesia.
May 22 – A.C. Milan defeats Benfica, 2–1, to win their first European Cup.
September 25 – Dutch side Willem II Tilburg makes its European debut with a draw (1–1) on home soil against Manchester United in the first round of the Cup Winners Cup.
1963 International Soccer League
League: West Ham United defeated Gornik Zabrze, 2–1 on aggregate.
Cup: FK Dukla Prague defeated West Ham United, 2–1, on aggregate.
West Germany is one of the last countries in Europe to form a national league, Bundesliga, Germany's primary football competition.
Dortmund's Konietzka scored the first ever goal in the Bundesliga in 1963.
Winners club national championship
: Independiente
: Santos
: SC Motor Jena
: Everton
: AS Monaco
: KR
: Inter Milan
: Oro
: PSV Eindhoven
: Brann
: Rangers
: Real Madrid
: IFK Norrköping
: Galatasaray
: Borussia Dortmund
International tournaments
1963 British Home Championship (October 20, 1962 – April 6, 1963)
Pan American Games in São Paulo, Brazil (April 20 – May 4, 1963)
African Cup of Nations in Ghana (November 22 – December 1, 1963)
Births
January 1
Alberigo Evani, Italian footballer and manager
Dražen Ladić, Croatian footballer and manager
January 26 – José Mourinho, Portuguese manager
March 11 – Hugo González, Chilean footballer
March 13 – Aníbal González, Chilean footballer
March 30 – Willem Brouwer, Dutch footballer
April 7 – Bernard Lama, French international footballer
April 15 – Walter Casagrande, Brazilian international footballer
May 8 – Jan de Jonge, Dutch footballer and manager
July 30 – Carlos Maldonado, Venezuelan footballer
July 30 – Neil Webb, English footballer
September 17 – Nicolás Navarro, Mexican footballer
September 19 – David Seaman, English international footballer
September 29 – Claudio Tello, Chilean international footballer (died 2014)
October 12 – Mabi de Almeida, Angolan football coach (died 2010)
October 12 – Alan McDonald, Northern Irish international footballer (died 2012)
October 20 – Stan Valckx, Dutch footballer
November 5 – Jean-Pierre Papin, French international footballer
November 18 – Peter Schmeichel, Danish international footballer
November 21 – Peter Bosz, Dutch footballer and manager
November 27 – Roland Nilsson, Swedish footballer
December 4 – Mike Snoei, Dutch footballer and manager
December 11 – Mario Been, Dutch footballer and manager
Deaths
January
January 1 – Luiz Gervazoni, Brazilian defender, squad member at the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (56)
June
June 3 – Dick MacNeill (65), Dutch footballer (born 1898)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1962 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1962: Won by Santos FC after defeating Peñarol on an aggregate score of 3–0.
1962 International Soccer League
League: America-RJ defeated Belenenses 3–1 on aggregate.
Cup: FK Dukla Prague defeated America-RJ, 3–2, on aggregate.
Winners club national championship
: Club Atlético Boca Juniors
: Santos
: Universidad de Chile
: Ipswich Town
: Stade de Reims
: Shelbourne
: A.C. Milan
: Chivas Guadalajara
: Feyenoord Rotterdam
: Linfield
: Olimpia Asunción
: Real Madrid
: IFK Norrköping
: Galatasaray S.K.
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Ethiopia (14–21 January 1962)
1962 British Home Championship (7 October 1961 – 11 April 1962)
FIFA World Cup in Chile (30 May – 17 June 1962)
1962 Asian Games in Indonesia (25 August – 4 September 1962)
Births
6 January – Mark Ellis, English club footballer
11 January – Farkhad Magametov, Uzbekistani international footballer
12 January – Alfred Schön, German footballer and manager
21 January – Gabriele Pin, Italian footballer and coach
23 January – Stephen Keshi, Nigerian international footballer (died 2016)
26 January – Marco Antonio Barrero, Bolivian international footballer
5 February – Felipe Peralta, Paraguayan international footballer
13 February – Héctor Morán, Uruguayan international footballer
9 March – Jan Furtok, Polish international footballer
16 March – Lars Larsson, Swedish international footballer and coach (died 2015)
30 March
Dariusz Raczyński, Polish footballer (died 2022)
Gary Stevens, English football player and manager
13 April
Edivaldo, Brazilian footballer (died 1993)
Nelson Gutiérrez, Uruguayan footballer
26 April – Colin Anderson, English club footballer
4 June – Per Frimann, Danish footballer
14 July – Patricio Toledo, Chilean international footballer
17 July – Patricio Mardones, Chilean footballer
18 August – Hólger Quiñónez, Ecuadorian footballer
1 September
Tony Cascarino, Irish footballer
Ruud Gullit, Dutch international footballer and manager
6 September – Holger Fach, German international footballer and manager
10 September – Wiljan Vloet, Dutch football manager
17 September – Luis Caballero, Paraguayan international footballer (died 2005)
30 September – Frank Rijkaard, Dutch international footballer and manager
1 October – Attaphol Buspakom, Thai international footballer and coach (died 2015)
26 October – Wilbert Suvrijn, Dutch international footballer
30 October – Stefan Kuntz, German international footballer
12 November – Wim Kieft, Dutch international footballer
15 November – Kim Vilfort, Danish international footballer
20 November
Paul Birch, English club footballer (died 2009)
Chris Foy, English referee
Gerardo Martino, Argentine football player and coach
8 December – Berry van Aerle, Dutch international footballer
10 December – John de Wolf, Dutch footballer
Deaths
28 March – David Wijnveldt, Dutch international footballer (born 1891)
20 October – Jesús Herrera, Spanish international footballer (born 1938)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20in%20association%20football |
The War of the Priests (1467–1479, , ) was a conflict in the Polish province of Warmia between the King of Poland Casimir IV and Nicolaus von Tüngen, the new bishop of Warmia chosen – without the king's approval – by the Warmian chapter. The latter was supported by the Teutonic Knights, by this point vassals of Poland, who were seeking a revision of the recently signed Second Peace of Toruń.
Political background
The Bishopric of Warmia was, in the 14th century, part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, but enjoyed autonomy and was administrated as a prince-bishopric. The bishops, often members of the Teutonic Order, were loyal to the order even in early 15th century, when the Teutonic Knights raised the taxes to pay for the resulting costs of Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. Eventually, the order's policies and tax increases led to opposition within Prussia and to the foundation of the Prussian Confederation in 1440 by Prussian cities who wanted to defend their rights against the order.
The Prussian Confederation eventually asked for external aid and allied with the Polish king Casimir IV, asking to be incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland. This led to the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466). The bishop of Warmia, Paul von Legendorf (1458–1467), joined the Prussian Confederation in the last year of the conflict (1466). The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) put Royal Prussia under the suzerainty of the Polish king. As part of the treaty, the king of Poland had the right to approve the bishop of Warmia, as chosen by the Warmian chapter.
Election dispute
In 1467, the chapter chose as bishop Nicolaus von Tüngen, while the Polish king promoted Wincenty Kiełbasa (at the time Bishop of Chełm) for the position. It was Tüngen who was approved by the pope, but he was unable to take the seat de facto and instead resided in Riga. Unable to get the pope's approval for Kiełbasa, Casimir changed tack and nominated Andrzej Oporowski, his chancellor, as bishop (Tüngen was to receive the Bishopric of Kamień). Oporowski however, unlike Kiełbasa, did not have the support of the Prussian estates as he was not from the region.
This resulted in a dispute in which Tüngen was supported by the Teutonic Order and Matthias Corvinus, the king of Hungary. With help from the Order Tüngen was able to come to Warmia in 1472. In 1476 Corvinus invaded southern Poland and a year later Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg, the grand master of the order, refused to provide military support to Casimir, his sovereign.
Casimir responded by courting the support of the Prussian Estates and cities. He granted Chełmno Law to several cities, affirmed existing privileges and withdrew the candidature of Oporowski. As a result, the Prussians re-swore their fealty to the king of Poland and refused to support the order. Likewise, Gdańsk, the largest city in Polish Royal Prussia declined to support to the Order and Corvinus.
Military action
In 1477 Martin von Wetzhausen, the new grand master of the order refused to make his oath of fealty to the Polish king and invaded Warmia, taking Chełm and Starogard Chełminski. In response, in 1478, Polish forces of King Casimir IV intervened militarily, besieging Braniewo. Under the command of Jan Biały and Piotr Dunin, the Polish forces occupied several cities in Warmia and Pomesania. The Teutonic Knights' military operations were hampered by the refusal of the Prussian Estates to support them. Tüngen was forced to flee to Königsberg (Królewiec). At the same time, in April 1479, the Polish and Hungarian kings came to an agreement and Corvinus withdrew from the anti-Polish alliance.
As a consequence by July 1479, both Tüngen and the grand master were forced to pay homage to the Polish king.
Settlement
The first Treaty of Piotrków (in Piotrków Trybunalski) ended the feud in 1479. The Polish king accepted Nicolaus von Tüngen, who had been elected in 1467, as bishop, and granted or confirmed several prerogatives of the bishopric. The bishop acknowledged the sovereignty of the Polish king over Warmia, obliged the chapter to elect only candidates "liked by the Polish king" and the Warmians had to pledge allegiance to him. Politically Warmia remained under lordship of the Polish crown.
References
15th-century conflicts
Priests
Wars involving the Teutonic Order
15th century in Poland
Warfare of the Middle Ages
Diocesan feuds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20of%20the%20Priests%20%28Poland%29 |
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences () or HVL is a Norwegian public institution of higher education, established in January 2017 through the merging of formerly independent colleges across five campuses: Bergen, Førde, Haugesund, Sogndal and Stord. Its oldest programs - teacher education in Stord - can be traced to 1839. The total number of students at HVL is about 16000, and there are 1800 academic and administrative staff. Its main campus is in the Kronstad neighborhood of Bergen, Norway.
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences provides professional education within health and social sciences, engineering, economic and administrative science, music and teaching. It offers education on the Bachelor and Master levels, continuing education, and on the Doctoral (PhD) level. Around 2700 students graduate with degrees from HVL every year.
In June, 2016, after more than one year of negotiations, the executive leadership of three west Norwegian higher education institutions – Bergen University College, Stord/Haugesund University College, and Sogn og Fjordane University College – officially announced their decision to merge. From 2017, the English name is Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (abbreviated according to the Norwegian name: HVL).
The founding Rector (President) was professor Berit Rokne, and in 2021 Gunnar Yttri, a historian, was appointed the institution’s Rector for the period 2021-2024.
Faculties
The college is organised in four faculties:
Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports
Faculty of Engineering and Science
Faculty of Health and Social Sciences
Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences
Centres
HVL emphasizes professional studies, but also offers postgraduate programs through the doctoral level in some fields, and currently has ten research centers to support its specialized postgraduate programs, providing opportunities for PhD research:
Centre for Evidence-Based Practice
Centre for Arts, Culture, and Communication
The Mohn Centre of Innovation and Regional Development
Centre for Care Research, Western Norway
Centre for Educational Research
KINDknow - Kindergarten Knowledge Centre for Systemic Research on Diversity and Sustainable Futures
The Centre for Health Research
The Norwegian National Centre for Food, Health and Physical Activity
Centre for Creativities, Arts and Science in Education
Maritime Research Centre
There is also a Centre for New Media.
Norwegian diver school
The Norwegian diver school () was a public diving school for professional divers located in Gravdal, Bergen, Norway. Established in 1980, it was merged and became part of Bergen University College (now part of the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences) in 2005. The diving school is a part of the Faculty of Engineering and Science, and is located in Skålevik, approximately 15 kilometers from Bergen city centre.
See also
References
External links
HiB in English
Research at HVL (in English)
HVL in English
Education in Bergen
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in Norway
Schools in Bergen
Underwater diving training organizations
1980 establishments in Norway
2005 disestablishments in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Norway%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1961 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1961: Won by Peñarol after defeating Palmeiras on an aggregate score of 2–1.
1961 International Soccer League
FK Dukla Prague beat Everton F.C., 9–2, in the final on aggregate
September 6 – Dutch club Feyenoord from Rotterdam makes its European debut by defeating Sweden's IFK Göteborg (0–3) in the first round of the European Cup.
September 18 – The North American Football Confederation and Football Confederation of Central America and the Caribbean merge to form CONCACAF.
Winners club national championship
: Racing Club
: Santos
: Tottenham Hotspur
: AS Monaco
: KR
: Juventus
: Chivas Guadalajara
: Feyenoord
: Cerro Porteño
: Steaua București
: FC Dynamo Kyiv
: Real Madrid
: Fenerbahçe
International tournaments
1961 British Home Championship (October 8, 1960 – April 15, 1961)
Births
January 12 – Andrea Carnevale, Italian international footballer
January 13 – César Baena, Venezuelan international footballer
January 17 – Zhao Dayu, Chinese international footballer (died 2015)
January 18 – Peter Beardsley, English international footballer
January 20 – Patricio Yáñez, Chilean international footballer
January 31 – Jonny Otten, German international footballer.
February 13 – Oļegs Karavajevs, Latvian international footballer
March 13 – Sebastiano Nela, Italian international footballer
March 21 – Lothar Matthäus, German international footballer and manager
April 11 – Roberto Cabañas, Paraguayan international footballer (died 2017)
May 3 – Daniel Sánchez, Uruguayan international footballer
May 5 – Ali Hussein Shihab, Iraqi international footballer (died 2016)
May 8 – Gert Kruys, Dutch footballer and manager
May 21 – Thomas Dooley, American international footballer and manager
June 1 – Rubén Espinoza, Chilean footballer
June 3 – César Zabala, Paraguayan international footballer (died 2020)
June 29 – Víctor Genés, Paraguayan footballer and football manager (died 2019)
August 1 – Danny Blind, Dutch international footballer and manager
August 10 – Chris Marustik, Welsh international footballer (died 2015)
September 9 – Justo Jacquet, Paraguayan footballer
September 20 – Erwin Koeman, Dutch international footballer and manager
October 16 – Wilfried Brookhuis, Dutch footballer
October 20 – Guillermo Muñoz, Mexican footballer
November 3 – Sven Habermann, German-Canadian soccer player
November 4 – Nigel Worthington, Northern Irish international footballer and manager
November 17 – Wolfram Wuttke, German international footballer (died 2015)
November 20 – Dave Watson, English footballer and manager
December 17 – Henk van Stee, Dutch footballer and manager
Deaths
January
January 5 – Jack Butler (66), English international footballer and manager (born 1894)
October
October 31 – Alberto Chividini, Argentine defender, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (54)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%20in%20association%20football |
HelenOS is an operating system based on a multiserver microkernel design. The source code of HelenOS is written in C and published under the BSD-3-Clause license.
The system is described as a “research development open-source operating system”.
Technical overview
The microkernel handles multitasking, memory management and inter-process communication. It also provides kernel-based threads and supports symmetric multiprocessing.
Typical to microkernel design, file systems, networking, device drivers and graphical user interface are isolated from each other into a collection of user space components that communicate via a message bus.
Each process (called task) can contain several threads (preemptively scheduled by the kernel) which, in turn, can contain several fibers scheduled cooperatively in user space. Device and file-system drivers, as well as other system services, are implemented by a collection of user-space tasks (servers), creating thus the multiserver nature of HelenOS.
Tasks communicate via HelenOS IPC, which is connection oriented and asynchronous. It can be used to send small fixed-size messages, blocks of bytes or to negotiate sharing of memory. Messages can be forwarded without copying bulk data or mapping memory to the address space of middle-men tasks.
Development
HelenOS development is community-driven. The developer community consists of a small core team, mainly staff and former and contemporary students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague, and a number of contributors around the world. In 2011, 2012 and 2014, HelenOS participated in the Google Summer of Code as a mentoring organization. In 2013, the project was a mentoring organization in the ESA Summer of Code in Space 2013 program.
The source code of HelenOS is published under the BSD-3-Clause license, while some third-party components are available under the GNU General Public License. Both of these licences are free software licenses, making HelenOS free software.
Hardware support
HelenOS runs on several different CPU architectures including ARM, x86-64, IA-32, IA-64 (Itanium), MIPS, PowerPC (32-bit only), SPARC V9 and RISC-V. At some point in time, various versions of HelenOS ran on real hardware from each architecture (as opposed to running only in a simulator of that architecture).
HelenOS supports PATA, SATA, USB mass storage, USB HID, an Atheros USB WiFi dongle, several Ethernet network cards, SoundBlaster 16 and Intel HDA audio devices, serial ports, keyboards, mice and framebuffers.
Research and academic use
HelenOS is being used for research in the area of software components and verification by the Department of Distributed and Dependable Systems, Charles University, Prague. Besides that, HelenOS has been used by students as a platform for software projects and master theses.
References
External links
HelenOS home page
HelenOS theses, papers and documentation.
HelenOS on GitHub
Free software operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
MIPS operating systems
X86 operating systems
Microkernels
Software using the BSD license
Hobbyist operating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HelenOS |
Thomas Dorland (1759 – March 5, 1832) was a farmer, soldier and political figure in Upper Canada.
Born in Dutchess County, New York, Dorland was a member of a family of Dutch Quakers; the family name was originally spelled "Dorlandt". During the American Revolution, he broke with Quaker doctrines against violence and fought with the British and became a member of a company of soldiers led by Peter Van Alstine. After the war, he settled in Adolphustown Township in Upper Canada and later joined the Church of England.
He was appointed justice of the peace in the Midland District in 1800 and also represented Lennox and Addington in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1804 to 1812. He was a captain in the local militia and served during the War of 1812. From 1802 to 1824, Dorland operated a ferry between Adolphustown and Van Alstine's Mills (Glenora) in Prince Edward County.
Dorland was reported to have enslaved as many as 20 people.
He died at Adolphustown in 1832.
His brother Philip had been elected to the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada but was unseated because, as a practicing Quaker, he refused to take the oath of office.
References
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1759 births
1832 deaths
Politicians from Dutchess County, New York
British emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Canadian justices of the peace
Canadian slave owners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dorland |
Ohu is a Māori word meaning 'communal work group'. A number of ohu (see intentional community) were set up in rural areas of New Zealand under a government scheme established in the mid-1970s.
Background
In the 1970s, the third Labour Government of New Zealand (1972–75) under Prime Minister Norman Kirk was reportedly known for its strong social conscience in both international and domestic affairs (Govt Whips Office 1974, Bassett 1978, Hayward 1981). The government confronted the global nuclear arms race by strong opposition to French testing in the Pacific. As a nation, New Zealand sponsored non-proliferation measures such as the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (later embodied in the Rarotonga Treaty of 1986) and South Pacific Environmental programme. The Labour Government ended national conscription and New Zealand’s contribution to the Vietnam War upon coming to power in 1972. Notably also, they cancelled the visas of a visiting Springboks team in early 1974 to show its opposition to the regime of apartheid in that country. On the domestic front, it demonstrated its commitment to environmental protection by setting up a Royal Commission on Nuclear Power in 1974, and the establishment of the Guardians of the Rotorua Lakes and Lake Manapouri (both 1973).
In October 1974, the Labour Government announced the establishment of the ohu scheme for groups of New Zealand citizens willing to set up alternative communities in rural areas.
The purposes of the scheme
Forster and Metcalf suggest the Ohu movement was intended to remove radicals from urban settings. However statements from the then Prime Minister, Norman Kirk, and the Minister for Lands, Matiu Rata, suggest the purposes were:
To assist people in becoming self-sufficient from the land.
To enhance people's spiritual and social wellbeing.
To reconnect people to the land.
To give people a chance to develop alternative social models.
To provide a communal environment as a potential antidote "to the ills of modern society[...]" (Hayward 1981 p. 173.)
The promotion of the virtues of a simpler life (Hayward 1981, p. 173).
To be a place of healing for participants as well as for society as a whole.
The 1975 brochure about the scheme suggested it may be of interest to people keen on organic farming, alternative energy and recycling and referred to the Kibbutz as an inspiration but that communities were not expected to be a copy of this.
Matiu Rata also emphasised the social implications of this alternative land settlement scheme. For Rata, the scheme had a strong Māori spiritual dimension: "For some time now I have been concerned with the needs of that section of society that has worked so hard to gain social, economic and cultural integrity while trying to maintain spiritual and cultural strength and self-respect. I refer of course, to the Māori section of our society". (Matiu Rata to the Ohu Working Party, August 1974).
Additional points
Over 30 sites were approved by the government for the establishment of ohu.
Many of these sites were reportedly of poor quality and very remote.
About eight communities were originally established, Sunburst Ohu, near Whitianga, Coromandel, was the first to be approved in August 1974.
The longest lasting of the Ohu communities was Ahu Ahu ohu, which ceased in about 2000. When the Ahu Ahu ohu was first founded access required crossing the river and a walk in of nearly an hour. The former community is now a point of interest for tramping.
Although the National government had voiced support for the scheme prior to the election, when it came into power in 1975 it wound up the Ohu advisory committee and eventually did away with the scheme altogether.
References
External links
Ohu: utopias in a paradise lost?
Māori culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohu |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1960 throughout the world.
Clubs founded
NK Maribor
Events
Copa Libertadores 1960
Won by Peñarol after defeating Olimpia Asunción on an aggregate score of 2–1.
European Cup 1959-60
Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt, 7–3, in the final at Hampden Park
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1958-60
FC Barcelona defeated Birmingham City in the final, 4–1, on aggregate
1960 International Soccer League
Bangu beat Kilmarnock F.C., 2–0, in the final at the Polo Grounds
April 3 – Humphrey Mijnals becomes the first player from Surinamese descent who makes his debut for the Netherlands national football team when Holland defeats Bulgaria (4–2) in a friendly.
Winners club national championship
: Club Atlético Independiente
: Palmeiras
: Burnley
: Stade de Reims
: Újpest FC
: Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C.
: Juventus
: Chivas Guadalajara
: Ajax Amsterdam
: Olimpia Asunción
: Torpedo Moscow
: Barcelona
: IFK Norrköping
: Beşiktaş
International tournaments
UEFA European Football Championship in France (July 6 – 10 1960)
Olympic Games in Rome, Italy (August 26 – September 10, 1960)
1960 British Home Championship (October 3, 1959 – April 15, 1960)
Shared by , and
Births
January 3 – Washington César Santos, Brazilian international footballer (died 2014)
February 10 – Miguel Bossio, Uruguayan international footballer
February 27 – Jan van Grinsven, Dutch footballer
March 27 – Hans Pflügler, German international footballer
April 4 – Marvin Obando, Costa Rican footballer
April 11 – Marko Elsner, Slovenian international footballer (died 2020)
April 14 – Gian Piero Ventrone, Italian coach and athletic trainer (died 2022)
April 16 – Pierre Littbarski, German international footballer and manager
April 18 – Zvjezdan Cvetković, Yugoslavian international footballer and Croatian Serb manager (died 2017)
April 29 – Ron de Groot, Dutch footballer and manager
June 25 – Craig Johnston, Australian footballer
July 20 – Lauren Gregg, American soccer coach
August 9 – Viorel Turcu, Romanian international footballer (died 2020)
August 24 – Jimmy Montanero, Ecuadorian international footballer
August 28 – Julio César Romero, Paraguayan footballer
October 30 – Diego Maradona, Argentine international footballer (died 2020)
November 26 – Rémy Vogel, French international footballer (died 2016)
November 27 – Martin van Geel, Dutch footballer
November 30 – Gary Lineker, English international footballer and TV presenter
December 20 – Piet Keur, Dutch footballer
December 31 – Steve Bruce, English international
Deaths
June
June 25 - Charlie Buchan (68), English international footballer (born 1891)
September
September 15 - Héctor Castro, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (55, Heart attack)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%20in%20association%20football |
The Yukon Trail is a 1994 educational computer game from the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), similar to their previous Oregon Trail series but set during the Klondike Gold Rush of the late 19th century. Players start out in Seattle and must make decisions concerning supplies, a partner, and travel plans as they head to Alaska before boating down a river to Dawson City and staking a claim to mine for gold. The game features the famous author Jack London and authentic 19th-century photographs that show what life was like back then.
Gameplay
Start
The game starts in Seattle in August 1897 (right before the actual Klondike Gold Rush). The player must first choose one out of four partners. Each partner has unique advantages over the others. Next the player purchases two tickets for a ship to Skagway or Dyea. Tickets are more expensive for ships that depart immediately, and less expensive for those departing later. The player can buy equipment, food and other items, or they can wait until they get to Alaska. The player's partner can offer their advice on making purchases, but their advice is sometimes unwise. Upon reaching Skagway or Dyea, the player can purchase any supplies, gamble or gather information. Gambling takes the form of a War card game or a shell game, but can be unfair and lead to losses for the most part. Gambling can be disabled in the settings.
When starting the journey the player can choose the longer and easier White Pass Trail or the shorter but more difficult Chilkoot Trail. The player can also hire packers in the two cities that would haul their supplies to the respective routes. The packers are very expensive, so they usually are out of reach for the average player.
The Trail
The Yukon Trail gives players plenty of opportunities to think about the situation, giving many options and many possible consequences for each event, thus building problem-solving skills. The initial choice players make on the trail, which can be subsequently changed, is the load personally carried. A smaller load results in the ground moved each day to become shorter (as some of the supplies have to be left behind and then returned for). Moreover, the trail becomes much more difficult to travel when encroaching upon the winter months. However, a larger load will result in a higher probability of the player or partner being injured.
Midway down the trail, the player and partner stop at a camp. They can then buy or sell goods before climbing the mountain pass leading to the Canada–US border where they pay a toll to pass into the Yukon Territory. The North-West Mounted Police will not let them pass unless they have 1,000 pounds of food per person. They are also required to pay a tax to bring goods into Canada. After the price for the tax is given, if the player does not have enough, the Mountie will simply take whatever money they have.
Along the trail, numerous random events may occur, including someone being injured (the player decides to continue at a slower pace or to rest), theft of food, rockslides, crowds of people or abandoned animals, and sudden inclement weather.
Periodically, the player stops at landmarks along the journey, where players can learn historical facts about each location. Some of these landmarks include the Dead Horse Trail, the totem poles, and the three rapids: Miles Canyon, White Horse Rapids and Five Finger Rapids.
The River
The player and partner arrive at Bennett Lake after hiking into Canada. While there, they meet the legendary Mountie Sam Steele. During the winter they need to acquire a whipsaw if they do not already have one and then build one of three boats. Once the spring arrives and the ice has melted, the player and partner can embark with their boat. Depending on the date of their arrival at Lake Bennett, Sam Steele will let them depart right away, or have them wait two or four days before departure.
On the river, the speed is determined by the type of boat chosen, and how much damage it has sustained. The choices for boats include a dinghy, a raft, or a canoe. The dinghy is balanced, the raft handles well but is slow, and the canoe is fast but handles poorly. There are a few minigames, which involve guiding the boat away from rocks and whirlpools. After the minigame, if the boat has been damaged, the player can choose to repair the boat or build an entirely different one.
The player and partner will eventually reach Dawson City, where they are presented with a map of mining claims they can stake. There, they meet Nellie Cashman and author Jack London. Once they have staked a claim, they can begin searching for gold. With the arrival of winter, the game ends. The player's score is determined by the amount of money they have (from the entire journey, including gold). Most claims will yield small amounts of gold, but at least one claim can get you the high score.
One notable claim is Cheechako Hill, which is always available. Staking Cheechako Hill will always result in the player becoming rich. Historically, the initial wave of prospectors ignored Cheechako Hill because only a cheechako (newcomer) would think there was gold so high up the hillside, but it turned out to contain rich deposits.
Reception
The game was used as a test product in schools for Analysis of covariance research.
References
External links
Official website
1994 video games
Children's educational video games
Windows games
Western (genre) video games
Video games set in the 19th century
Video games set in Seattle
Video games set in Alaska
Video games set in Canada
North America-exclusive video games
Classic Mac OS games
The Learning Company games
The Oregon Trail (series)
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yukon%20Trail |
The Monk's Wall nature reserve is located a short distance from the quay in Sandwich, Kent and is ideal for seeing wild duck and other wildlife in a wetland habitat. The reserve was opened by celebrity bird-watcher Bill Oddie in May 2000. Sandwich Bay Bird Observatory Trust proposed the design and a management plan which included modifications to ditches and control of water levels to create ecological conditions that attract wetland species of plants, animals and birds.
Historically the land was reclaimed from the river and sea by the monks of Sandwich and the northern boundary is still the old Monks' wall of the 13th century. In the 1953 floods the sea covered the whole area around Sandwich and after these fields were drained a new river bank was created and the land ploughed for arable farming with heavy use of fertiliser.
The site covers and attracts many rare and migratory birds such as long-billed waders and the red-rumped swallow. The nature reserve recreates wet grazing meadows which were common before land was drained for agriculture. Returning the site to its natural state has also allowed the establishment of many other indigenous plants and animals.
The current warden is Ken Chapman.
The local community benefits from the programme as a footpath around the reserve allows easy access for walkers and bird watchers.
References
Nature reserves in Kent
Sandwich, Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%27s%20Wall%20nature%20reserve |
Redanis a fortification work in a V-shaped salient angled toward an expected attack
Redan may also refer to:
Places
Redan, Georgia, a town in the United States
Redan High School
Redan Island, Canada
Redan, Ontario
Redan, Victoria, a suburb of Ballarat, Australia
A hamlet in Inkerman, Renfrewshire
A community in Elizabethtown-Kitley, Ontario Township in Ontario, Canada
Surname
Iwan Redan (born 1980), Dutch footballer
Daishawn Redan (born 2001), Dutch footballer
Other
Redan hole, a golf hole with a sloping, "v" shaped green, named after the fortification
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redan%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Niemeyer–Dolan technique, also called the Dolan technique, angular evaporation, or the shadow evaporation technique, is a thin-film lithographic method to create nanometer-sized overlapping structures.
This technique uses an evaporation mask that is suspended above the substrate (see figure). The evaporation mask can be formed from two or more layers of resist, to allow creation of the extreme undercut needed. Depending on the evaporation angle, the shadow image of the mask is projected onto different positions on the substrate. By carefully choosing the angle for each material to be deposited, adjacent openings in the mask can be projected onto the same spot, creating an overlay of two thin films with a well-defined geometry.
Efforts to create multilayered structures are complicated by a need to align each layer with those below it; as all openings are on the same mask, shadow evaporation reduces this need by being self-aligning. Additionally, this allows the substrate to be kept under high vacuum, as there is no need to increase pressure to switch between multiple masks. Due to its downsides, including restrictions on feature density from excess evaporated material, shadow evaporation is generally only suitable for very low scale integration.
Usage
The Niemeyer–Dolan technique is used to create multi-layer thin-film electronic nanostructures such as quantum dots and tunnel junctions.
See also
Charging effects in niobium nanostructures
References
Nanoelectronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemeyer%E2%80%93Dolan%20technique |
Africa Trail is an educational computer game developed by MECC and published by The Learning Company. The gameplay resembles that of MECC's other "Trail" games, in which players must prepare for a long journey, choose their traveling companions, and make it safely to their destination. In Africa Trail, players must travel across Africa via bicycle. The game includes a Multimedia Resource Tool to allow players to make their own journal and presentation of the journey.
Start
The object of the game is to make it to Cape Agulhas, South Africa in a limited number of days. First the player must pick a route, going for the longer route from Bizerte, Tunisia or two shorter routes from Lagos, Nigeria or Nairobi, Kenya. Next the player must pick three out of six possible teammates for the team. Teammates differ by profession, skills, biking experience, travel experience, and trek preferences. Certain teammates will make the journey easier and more likely to reach the final destination in good time. The player's team will start with a bike each, basic supplies and money to buy food, additional supplies and lodging. Then the player needs to buy spare parts for the bikes. The player can carry up to 300 pounds worth of items.
The Trail
Before the player can enter a new country, visas stamps are required on the passports, which can be obtained in large or capital cities, otherwise the player will be forced to backtrack. Visas cost money and take a number of days to be registered. Communication with the locals varies depending on the language qualifications of your teammates. The bike team will need to eat and rest from time to time.
Food can be purchased in the form of groceries (which are cheaper and last longer, but do not nourish much) or meals (which adequately nourish, but spoil after a short time and are more expensive) to feed the bike team. Additional bike parts can also be purchased to make bike repairs. Accommodations are provided in lodgings to allow the bike team to rest. Prices will vary depending on locality and on the currency the player uses. Purchases can be directly bought, bargained for, or purchased using a credit card. Everything bought adds to the weight packed. The player cannot exceed the maximum weight the bike team can carry.
The bike team's travel depends on their health and morale levels (the player does not have a morale level). Health decreases should a teammate sustain injuries, catch some health problem along the journey, or go hungry. If health runs out, the player or teammate must be sent home. Morale decreases when a teammate finds the player's decisions unreliable and loses hope of completing the journey. If morale runs out, the teammate will leave the team.
Design
Development
The game makes use of over 1,000 photos and two dozen video clips obtained from a 12,000 mile trek across Africa by world-famous cyclists, including Dan Buettner, who made his "Africatrek" in 1992.
MECC offered Washington Apple Pi members a special 5-pack CD-ROM collection of their adventure games, including this title.
Educational goals
The game shows players the different cultures and travel routes in Africa. The topics covered in the game include Geography, History, People and Cultural Diversity. In addition the game teaches the importance of careful decision making and managing available resources as well the hardships of Third-World countries.
Reception
Critical reception
World Village wrote that the game was "best suited as a tool to supplement African social studies", as many school children within the target age group would not have sufficiently learned about Africa at that point in their lives. AllGameGuide said the game "simulates the feel of a bike trip well", but added "it is less adept at showing players the people of Africa. You may get a feel for the people and culture, but the information is really no more than a superficial glimpse". Children's software reviewer Warren Buckleitner praised the game for its detail but felt it did not meet the quality of Oregon Trail II. H-Net felt it was far superior to The Oregon Trail. The Orlando Sentinel felt the game allowed players to test their critical thinking skills. The Boston Globe noted the game lets players explore the life of Africa. MacUser praised the game's graphics and music.
Promotion
The game was previewed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 1995.
References
External links
Official website
1995 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Windows games
Children's educational video games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Africa
The Learning Company games
The Oregon Trail (series)
Video games set in South Africa
Video games set in Kenya
Video games set in Lagos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20Trail |
The Van is a 1977 American low-budget teen comedy film directed by Sam Grossman and starring Stuart Getz, Deborah White, Danny DeVito, Harry Moses, Marcie Barkin, Bill Adler, Stephen Oliver, and Connie Lisa Marie.
Primarily released to drive-in theaters in 1977, the film was released at the height of the vansploitation genre. It was followed by the 1978 film Malibu Beach, in which Stephen Oliver reprised his role as bully Dugan Hicks.
Plot
The day he graduates high school, Bobby takes ownership of a tricked-out van that's like a bachelor pad on wheels. He's disappointed, however, to see that his best friend—who has better luck with the ladies—makes more use out of it than he does. He soon meets a shy girl and falls for her, but before he can win her heart, he has to win a drag race against a local bully.
Production
Production on The Van began on November 8, 1976, with locations in Moorpark, Whittier, Stanton, and Malibu, California. Legendary car customizer George Barris was commissioned to build two Dodge B300 extended-length Tradesman vans, with one being the primary picture car, and a backup that was used for all stunt driving scenes. An additional van, the antagonist's "Van Killer", was built by Barris as well, while the vans in the "van show" sequence were all various local Southern California customs.
Soundtrack
The music heard on the film's soundtrack is mainly material originally recorded for the small GRC Records label in Atlanta several years previously by Sammy Johns, most prominently his 1975 hit single "Chevy Van". The hit serves as the opening theme song, despite the glaring discrepancy of Bobby's van being a Dodge rather than a Chevrolet. Five of the Johns' recordings that appear ("Chevy Van", "Early Morning Love", "Jenny", "Rag Doll" and "Hang My Head and Moan") were originally recorded in 1973, for the GRC album Sammy Johns and appear in their 1975 remix versions from the second edition of that album.
Five more songs ("Country Lady", "You're So Sweet", "Peas in a Pod", "Bless My Soul" and "Hey, Mr. Dreamer"), apparently dating from recording sessions for a follow-up GRC album, were used for both the film and soundtrack album. This follows a pattern Crown International had established in 1976, when the studio used Cotton, Lloyd & Christian, a 1975 album issued by 20th Century Records, as the source for all of the music in The Pom Pom Girls. In fact, the soundtrack album for The Van credits group member Michael Lloyd with "Musical Supervision" and the LP was released by Warner/Curb Records, in which Lloyd was an executive and producing chart hits by Shaun Cassidy and Debby Boone that same year.
Critique
The film shows stereotypical teenage boys whose social lives revolve around getting high, drag racing, and pursuing girls. The film features music from Sammy Johns (most notably the song Chevy Van), and is representative of its time. It exemplifies the free sex of an era before herpes and AIDS awareness, and celebrates the cultural tropes of the time, such as the heavily accessorized van that provides the film's title and the van's 8-track player.
The film is an early example of a relatively new type of teen comedy, which featured sexual situations, nudity and substance abuse, very different from the Beach Party films of the early 1960s, with their no-nudity, drug-free plots. The Van was one of a set of four Crown International Pictures releases (the others being The Pom Pom Girls, Malibu Beach and Van Nuys Blvd.) that helped herald a form that would be exemplified by 1980 with The Hollywood Knights and later with the Porky's series.
The film is referenced in every single episode of the Grindbin Podcast, a podcast dedicated to the discussion of exploitation films. The Van was the subject of the very first episode (and subsequently covered a second time in a later episode commemorating the show's one-year anniversary) Host Mike Wood is such a fan of the film that he created a recurring segment where at the end of each episode, he asks each guest host to imagine absurd scenarios wherein Getz and DeVito's characters cross over to the universe of whatever film they are discussing (i.e. "How do Bobby and DeVito fit into the world of Savage Streets?", etc.)
Reception
In six days over the July 4 holiday, the film grossed $2.5 million from 360 theaters, a record for Crown at the time.
References
External links
1977 films
1970s sex comedy films
American independent films
American screwball comedy films
American sex comedy films
American teen comedy films
Films set in Los Angeles
Crown International Pictures films
Vansploitation films
1970s screwball comedy films
1977 comedy films
1970s English-language films
1977 independent films
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Van%20%281977%20film%29 |
Atef () is the specific feathered white crown of the ancient Egyptian deity Osiris. It combines the Hedjet, the white crown of Upper Egypt, with curly ostrich feathers on each side of the crown for the Osiris cult. The feathers are identified as ostrich from their curl or curve at the upper ends, with a slight flare toward the base. They are the same feather as (singly) worn by Maat. They may be compared with the falcon tail feathers in two-feather crowns such as those of Amun, which are more narrow and straight without curve.
The Atef crown identifies Osiris in ancient Egyptian painting. Osiris wears the Atef crown as a symbol of the ruler of the underworld. The tall bulbous white piece in the center of the crown is between two ostrich feathers. The feathers represent truth and justice. The Atef crown is similar, save for the feathers, to the plain white crown (Hedjet) first recorded in the Predynastic Period and worn as a symbol for pharaonic Upper Egypt.
See also
Deshret – Red Crown of Lower Egypt
Hemhem crown – triple Atef
Khepresh – Blue or War Crown
Pschent – Double Crown of Lower & Upper Egypt
Shuti hieroglyph (two-feather adornment)
References
Budge. An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, 1978. (In two volumes) (softcover, )
Crowns (headgear)
Egyptian mythology
Osiris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atef |
The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics is a research institute for molecular genetics based in Berlin, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Institute network of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science.
Departments and research groups
Department of Developmental Genetics (Bernhard Herrmann)
Department of Genome Regulation (Alexander Meissner)
Genome Regulation Group (Alexander Meissner)
Stem Cell Chromatin Group (Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu)
Lab for Human Brain & Neural Stem Cell Studies (Yechiel Elkabetz)
Precision Gene Control group (Denes Hnisz)
Cellular Phenotyping Group (Franz-Josef Müller)
Department of Computational Molecular Biology (Martin Vingron)
Transcriptional Regulation Group (Martin Vingron)
Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation Group (Sebastiaan H. Meijsing)
Chromatin Structure and Function Group (Sarah Kinkley)
Bioinformatics Group (Ralf Herwig)
Research Group Evolutionary Genomics (Peter Arndt)
Otto Warburg Laboratories
Quantitative RNA Biology (Tugce Aktas)
Epigenomics (Ho-Ryun Chung)
RNA Bioinformatics (Annalisa Marsico)
Nascent Transcription & Cell Differentiation (Andreas Mayer)
Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells (Edda Schulz)
Gene Regulation & System Biology of Cancer (Marie-Laure Yaspo)
Cell Signaling Dynamics (Zhike Zi)
Efficient Algorithms for Omics Data (Knut Reinert)
Scientific Services
Flow Cytometry Facility (Claudia Giesecke-Thiel)
Mass Spectrometry Facility (David Meierhofer)
Microscopy & Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit (Thorsten Mielke)
Sequencing Core Facility (Bernd Timmermann)
References
External links
Institute Homepage
https://www.mpg.de/151834/molecular-genetics
Education in Berlin
Genetics in Germany
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Molecular Genetics
Research institutes in Berlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Molecular%20Genetics |
Hans Coray (1906–1991) was a Swiss artist and furniture designer, best known for his 1938 Landi chair.
He was born on 9 June 1906 in Wald, Zurich, and died on 22 November 1991 in Zurich.
He studied Romance languages at the University of Zurich and obtained his doctorate in 1929.
In 1930, he set up as a furniture designer. With Anton Stankowski, Richard P. Lohse, Heiri Steiner, Hans Neuburg, Hans Fischli, Verena Loewensberg, Max Bill and others, he formed a cultural group in connection with the Zurich School of Concrete.
His most significant project is the Landi chair, which was a winning entry for the .
Coray is known for the functionality and simplicity of his designs, and is considered a pioneer of industrial design.
Since 2004, his Landi chair has featured on a series of Swiss postage stamps that has Swiss "design classic" as its theme.
External links
Short biography with picture
References
1906 births
1991 deaths
Swiss designers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Coray |
Coleraine Cheddar is a brand of cheese which originated in Northern Ireland.
History
The product range was originally manufactured at a factory which was built in 1948 in Coleraine, County Londonderry for the manufacture of roller and spray dried powders, sterilised cream, butter and other products, and in 1951, the plant was expanded to begin production of about 5 tonnes of cheddar cheese a day from about 13,000 gallons of full cream milk. By the early 1960s the factory was taken over by Fisons.
Coleraine Cheddar continues to be distributed under the name of Dairy Produce Packers Ltd of Coleraine, part of the Kerry Group, but the cheeses are mostly made in a factory in Portadown, County Armagh. The Coleraine factory makes only processed cheese slices for the supermarket/fast food industries. The Portadown company makes Coleraine Cheddar, Coleraine Mature White Cheddar, Coleraine Medium Cheddar, Coleraine Mild White Cheddar and Royal Canadian Mature Cheddar.
See also
List of British cheeses
References
Cow's-milk cheeses
Cheeses from Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleraine%20Cheddar |
Latin Arch or Latin Arc (French, Occitan: ; Catalan: Arc Llatí; Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Galician: Arco Latino) is a name coined for the littoral around the northwestern Mediterranean Basin, which stretches from the bottom of the Italian Peninsula at Malta, along the eastern coast of Sicily, the west Italian coast, Southern France, the eastern Spanish coast, finishing at Gibraltar, encapsulating the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Sardinia.
This forms the shape of an arch, and seen as the core of Latin Europe.
Arco Latino (Organization)
Latin Arch (Arco Latino) is also the formal name of an organisation of mutual cooperation between the sub-national entities of the mentioned region, which was founded in 1998. The organisation was originally composed of the Mediterranean départements and provinces. It now has 66 members.
Mediterranean Latin Arch (Organization)
A geo-strategic economic integration area is underway, known as the Mediterranean Latin Arch, which is aimed to be finished by 2020.
References
Mediterranean
Regions of Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%20Arch |
Urban Runner (originally subtitled Lost In Town) is a French produced computer game developed by Coktel Vision and published by Sierra On-line.
The game is an interactive movie spanning four CD-ROMs. The plot follows an American journalist in Paris who has been framed for murder during the course of an investigation.
Urban Runner was not very popular at the time of its release, due to high graphics and monitor resolution requirements. The minimum requirement was 640×480, with 256 colors. For the best quality, 640×480, 32-bit color was needed. Few reviews have been published concerning the game.
The lead is played by Brandon Massey, who also played the lead in the Sierra title Police Quest IV: Open Season (1993), making his second and final appearance in a Sierra game.
Plot
Max Gardner (Brandon Massey) is an American journalist in Paris, where he investigates a story about a big drug dealer who is covered by some influential politician. To get the dealer talking, Max offers him incriminating photographs in exchange for some information. When Max arrives at the meeting point, the drug lord is dead and Max is mistaken for the killer.
While evading the authorities, Max continues his investigation and finds an ally in Adda - the murdered drug dealer's lover - and the two of them work to uncover the conspiracy behind the murders.
Gameplay
The game itself is an interactive movie controlled with a mouse. As with many games of this type the player progresses by collecting items, talking to characters and solving puzzles. The player will also accumulate Clues - pieces of information which are essential to solving the mystery - which are separate from the inventory and cannot be given away or lost.
Should the player be having difficulty in progressing, they begin the game with three Jokers to use, which act as a hint system.
The player's viewpoint switches from Max to Adda at certain points in the game and sometimes gives the player a choice of which character to control. However, both characters must have the puzzles in their respective areas solved to progress.
Gameplay can be divided into Clue and Action sections. Clue sections are puzzle-based with no time limit; players may have to explore an environment, talk to characters or interact with objects to progress. Action sections give the player a short amount of time to make a decision - making the wrong choice usually results in character's death.
Compatibility
Urban Runner was developed to run under DOS and Windows 3.1, making it incompatible with modern Windows computers. It is fully playable using the game engine recreation software ScummVM, as part of its support for the Gob engine (which is used for games developed by Coktel Vision).
Development
According to the French newspaper Les Échos, Urban Runner was created by a team of 50 people. By December 1995, it had been in development for one-and-a-half years and its budget had risen to 15 F million. Three months were spent on the game's live-action film shoots. Les Échos reported that Urban Runners budget had climbed high enough that it would need to sell 500,000 units to break even.
References
External links
Urban Runner at GameFAQs
Urban Runner at The Sierra Chest
Game Manual at SierraHelp
1996 video games
Sierra Entertainment games
Coktel Vision games
DOS games
Windows games
Adventure games
First-person adventure games
Full motion video based games
Interactive movie video games
ScummVM-supported games
Video games set in Paris
Video games developed in France
Fiction about murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Runner |
The Kaçkar Mountains (; , Kajkar), or the Mountains of Khaghtik (), are a mountain range that rises above the Black Sea coast in northeastern Turkey.
With the highest peak, Kaçkar Dağı, at an elevation of , and mountain plateaus at about in elevation, the range is the highest part of the Pontic Mountains. The Kaçkars are glaciated mountains that are alpine in character, with steep rocky peaks and numerous mountain lakes. The area was declared a national park in 1994. Recreational activities in the park include hiking, camping, mountaineering, and, increasingly, heliskiing.
Etymology
The name Kaçkar derives from the Armenian term khachkar (), which literally means "cross stone". The name may be used in various senses. It may describe the whole mountain range, including the many mountain groups, or it may just describe the Kaçkar-Kavron group with its highest peak, or just the highest peak itself. The local name of the highest peak or its mountain group Kaçkar Dağı translates to Kaçkar Mountain, and the name of the range Kaçkar Dağları translates to Kaçkar Mountains.
Geography
On the south and east, the Kaçkar Mountains are bordered by the Çoruh river valley; on the north, by the Black Sea coast.
Major mountain groups
Altıparmak group
Kavron (or Kaçkar-Kavron)
Verçenik group
Trekking
Kaçkar Mountains are one of the best trekking sites in Turkey. Kaçkars have two ideal trekking routes. The first is from the Black Sea side; the path is clear and it is easy to trek, while the Çoruh side is more difficult and hazardous.
Kaçkar Mountains are cold and have glaciers, hence ice axes and crampons are required. The best time for trekking is between June and September.
Gallery
See also
Rize
Çağlayan River
References
External links
Hiking and Climbing Routes, GPS sources
Mountain ranges of Turkey
National parks of Turkey
Black Sea Region
Landforms of Rize Province
Tourist attractions in Rize Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A7kar%20Mountains |
is a Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise's internal "Studio 7" division alongside Tokyu Agency. It is the eighth installment in the Brave series franchise. It is directed by Yoshitomo Yonetani, with Yoshitake Suzuki handling series scripts, Takahiro Kimura designing the characters, Kunio Okawara designing the mechanical elements, Tomoaki Okada serving as art director and Kohei Tanaka producing the music. The series aired in Nagoya TV and TV Asahi affiliate stations from February 1, 1997, to January 31, 1998.
Plot
On a winter night, a mysterious mechanical lion came flying in front of a married couple, carrying a mysterious baby with it. As they took the baby in, the lion left them in confusion. About 7 years later, the space shuttle Spirits, in which high school astronaut Guy Shishioh is a passenger, collides with an unknown object bound to Earth. Despite being mortally wounded, he is rescued by the same mysterious lion and returns to Earth. In his hand, he holds a mysterious green jewel as Leo Shishioh uses it to revive Guy into a cyborg.
Two years later in 2005, the mysterious baby under the care of the Amami couple, now named Mamoru, is living his life normally. This until the mysterious group known as Zonders begin their invasion of Earth. As a response, the Earth Defense Brigade Gutsy Geoid Guard, or GGG, was organized to fight against the Zonders. In an attack by the Zonders, the mysterious boy encountered Guy, who is now a member of GGG. Equipped with the green jewel, known as G-Stone, he becomes the pilot of the lion robot that saved him. Named Galeon, he fuses with it alongside 3 assist vehicles created by GGG to become the giant robot GaoGaiGar. After the battle against one of the Zonders, GGG discovered that Mamoru can purify people who became Zonders and wondered about his origins and how it was linked to the appearance of the Zonders.
Development
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar was produced by Sunrise, with Takara promoting the toys for the series. Billed as the final installment of the Brave series, director Yoshitomo Yonetani originally named the series as "The King of Braves Gaggatti" as well as other proposed names such as "GargaiGaa" and ""GO Gieger" until the finalized name is accepted. The series' overall theme was based on the folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, reflecting on the strange origins of Mamoru Amami, the series' kid protagonist alongside the message of "If you have the courage, you can call in any miracle", woven into the series' narrative.
In order to differentiate it from the other Brave series, Real Robot terms and concepts alongside Super Robot concepts were woven into the narrative, in which is much more ambitious in execution. Throughout the whole story, the narrative is made similar to a hot-blooded manga, centering on the battle between a powerful extraterrestrial life form and a giant robot that brings together the best of human science, while incorporating detailed mechanic depictions each time throughout the series. The creation of such realistic-oriented mecha designs has also influenced the development of toys, and the gap between the depiction of the mechas in animation and the toys that were actually commercialized, which was remarkable than the previous series. In order to fill in the above, the series takes a stance in the animation production side and propose to toy makers more than ever. As a result, elements that have been regarded as "standard" in the Brave series, such as swords and guns as deadly weapons, power-ups in the form of "Super Combinations", have been eliminated in the series. In both the depiction in the series and the toys, the gimmicks and individuality of each mecha have become more fleshed out.
Media
Anime
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar aired on Nagoya TV from February 1, 1997, to January 31, 1998, consisting of 49 episodes. Masaaki Endoh performed the series' opening theme while Satoko Shimonari performed the series' ending theme . Media Blasters once licensed the series on April 19, 2006, for North American territories in DVD format, with only 25 out of the 49 episodes dubbed in English. But due to multiple issues followed with poor sales, the series was dropped. The show was available as part of a digital subscription package from Daisuki until the service was terminated in 2017. Muse Communication later licensed the series alongside its sequel, with Muse Asia's YouTube Channel streaming the series in Southeast Asian territories on February 1, 2022. Discotek Media later rescued the license from Media Blasters and announced to release the series, alongside the OVA sequel, on Blu-ray in Winter 2023.
The show's popularity later resulted in the production of the eight–part sequel OVA The King of Braves GaoGaiGar Final, released from January 21, 2000, to March 21, 2003, and the spinpoff TV series Betterman, which aired in TV Tokyo from April 1, 1999, to September 30, 1999.
Episodes
Video games
The series received a video game spinoff titled which was published by Takara and released for the PlayStation on April 8, 1999. The series also appeared in Takara's other video game series: 2000's Brave Saga 2 for the PlayStation, 2001's Brave Saga New Astaria for the Game Boy Color and 2005's New Century Brave Wars for the PlayStation 2. The series also made appearances in the Sunrise Eiyuutan series. GaoGaiGar has later appeared in the long running Super Robot Wars franchise, beginning with the 2nd Super Robot Wars Alpha.
Novel
A novel spinoff titled was published by Media Factory on December 1, 2003, written by Yuichiro Takeda and illustrated by Takahiro Kimura and Seiichi Nakatani. The novel takes place after the events of the series and before the events of FINAL, focusing on Renais Kaldiff Shishioh, her origins and her fight against the criminal organization named BioNet.
See also
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar Final
Betterman
References
"Brave Goukin GaoFighter" (November 2006). Newtype USA. p. 126.
External links
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar pachinko game
1997 anime television series debuts
Television series set in the future
Adventure anime and manga
Alien invasions in television
Brave series
MF Bunko J
Muse Communication
Sunrise (company)
Super robot anime and manga
Television series set in 2005
Television shows set in Tokyo
Video games about mecha
Super Robot Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Braves%20GaoGaiGar |
Richard Carl Jeffrey (August 5, 1926 – November 9, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and probability theorist. He is best known for developing and championing the philosophy of radical probabilism and the associated heuristic of probability kinematics, also known as Jeffrey conditioning.
Life and career
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Jeffrey served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. As a graduate student he studied under Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel. He received his M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1952 and his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1957. After holding academic positions at MIT, City College of New York, Stanford University, and the University of Pennsylvania, he joined the faculty of Princeton in 1974 and became a professor emeritus there in 1999. He was also a visiting professor at the University of California, Irvine.
Jeffrey, who died of lung cancer at the age of 76, was known for his sense of humor, which often came through in his breezy writing style. In the preface of his posthumously published Subjective Probability, he refers to himself as "a fond foolish old fart dying of a surfeit of Pall Malls".
Philosophical work
As a philosopher, Jeffrey specialized in epistemology and decision theory. He is perhaps best known for defending and developing the Bayesian approach to probability.
Jeffrey also wrote, or co-wrote, two widely used and influential logic textbooks: Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits, a basic introduction to logic, and Computability and Logic, a more advanced text dealing with, among other things, the famous negative results of twentieth-century logic such as Gödel's incompleteness theorems and Tarski's indefinability theorem.
Radical probabilism
In Bayesian statistics, Bayes' theorem provides a useful rule for updating a probability when new frequency data becomes available. In Bayesian statistics, the theorem itself plays a more limited role. Bayes' theorem connects probabilities that are held simultaneously. It does not tell the learner how to update probabilities when new evidence becomes available over time. This subtlety was first pointed out in terms by Ian Hacking in 1967.
However, adapting Bayes' theorem, and adopting it as a rule of updating, is a temptation. Suppose that a learner forms probabilities Pold(A&B)=p and Pold(B)=q.
If the learner subsequently learns that B is true, nothing in the axioms of probability or the results derived therefrom tells him how to behave. He might be tempted to adopt Bayes' theorem by analogy and set his Pnew(A) = Pold(A | B) = p/q.
In fact, that step, Bayes' rule of updating, can be justified, as necessary and sufficient, through a dynamic Dutch book argument that is additional to the arguments used to justify the axioms. This argument was first put forward by David Lewis in the 1970s though he never published it.
That works when the new data is certain. C. I. Lewis had argued that "If anything is to be probable then something must be certain". There must, on Lewis' account, be some certain facts on which probabilities were conditioned. However, the principle known as Cromwell's rule declares that nothing, apart from a logical law, can ever be certain, if that. Jeffrey famously rejected Lewis' dictum and quipped, "It's probabilities all the way down." He called this position radical probabilism.
In this case Bayes' rule isn't able to capture a mere subjective change in the probability of some critical fact. The new evidence may not have been anticipated or even be capable of being articulated after the event. It seems reasonable, as a starting position, to adopt the law of total probability and extend it to updating in much the same way as was Bayes' theorem.
Pnew(A) = Pold(A | B)Pnew(B) + Pold(A | not-B)Pnew(not-B)
Adopting such a rule is sufficient to avoid a Dutch book but not necessary. Jeffrey advocated this as a rule of updating under radical probabilism and called it probability kinematics. Others have named it Jeffrey conditioning.
It is not the only sufficient updating rule for radical probabilism. Others have been advocated including E. T. Jaynes' maximum entropy principle and Brian Skyrms' principle of reflection.
Jeffrey conditioning can be generalized from partitions to arbitrary condition events by giving it a frequentist semantics.
See also
Bayesian epistemology
Selected bibliography
Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits. 1st ed. McGraw Hill, 1967.
2nd ed. McGraw Hill, 1981.
3rd ed. McGraw Hill, 1990.
4th ed., John P. Burgess (editor), Hackett Publishing, 2006,
The Logic of Decision. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Probability and the Art of Judgment. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Computability and Logic (with George Boolos and John P. Burgess). 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Subjective Probability: The Real Thing. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
References
External links
His website at Princeton; includes several manuscripts, including Subjective Probability
Bibliography
Curriculum Vitae
From a defunct page devoted to the memory of Richard Jeffrey by philosopher Mathias Risse, the then forthcoming entry on Jeffrey in the Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers and Remarks on Dick Jeffrey given during his 2003 Memorial Service [Archived on Wayback Machine].
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Bayes' Theorem (discusses Jeffrey conditioning)
Tribute, by Brian Skyrms
In Memory of Richard Jeffrey: Some Reminiscences, and Some Reflections on The Logic Of Decision by Alan Hájek {Archived on Wayback Machine].
Guide to the Richard C. Jeffrey Papers, 1934-2002, ASP.2003.02, Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh)
1926 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century American essayists
American logicians
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American philosophy academics
Analytic philosophers
City College of New York faculty
Deaths from lung cancer
Epistemologists
People from Boston
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of science
Philosophy writers
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Jeffrey |
Mahesh Vaman Manjrekar (Marathi pronunciation: [məɦeːʃ maːɲd͡zɾekəɾ]; born 16 August 1958) is an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter and producer who works primarily in Hindi films, alongside Marathi, Telugu and Bhojpuri films. He is credited with directing the critically acclaimed films Vaastav: The Reality (1999), Astitva (2000) and Viruddh... Family Comes First (2005). He has won a National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi for Astitva and two Star Screen Awards. He is also known as host of the reality show, Bigg Boss Marathi since 2018.
Early life
Mahesh Manjrekar was born on 16 August 1958 in Mumbai, Maharashtra (erstwhile Bombay state). He was brought up in a Marathi Karhade Brahmin family.
Personal life
Manjrekar was married to Deepa Mehta, a costume designer but they were divorced with whom he has two children. Later, he married Medha Manjrekar. They have a daughter, Saiee Manjrekar, who is an actress. He has a stepdaughter from Medha's first husband.
Career
Manjrekar has acted in several films, including some of his own productions. He was first seen in the Door darshan Marathi series named Kshitij, in which he played a leprosy patient. He first gained acclaim as an actor for his performance in the 2002 film Kaante, and later played negative roles in the Tamil film Arrambam (2013), Telugu film Okkadunnadu (2007) and as the gangster Javed in the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). He played Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the Marathi film Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy. He also played the role of Harpeez Dongara in the Aakhri Chunauti series of episodes in the Indian TV series C.I.D.. Manjrekar was acclaimed for the role as inspector D.R. Talpade in the movie Wanted.
He was a MNS candidate from Mumbai North West in the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections but lost to Gajanan Kirtikar of Shiv Sena.
Filmography
Actor
Television
Web series
Production
In 2011, he launched his own production company with Aniruddha Deshpande called Great Maratha Entertainment LLP Productions.
The first film made under the banner was the Fakta Ladh Mhana which is one of the most expensive Marathi films.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1958 births
Indian male film actors
21st-century Indian film directors
Film producers from Mumbai
Indian male screenwriters
Living people
Film directors from Mumbai
Hindi-language film directors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Marathi film directors
Male actors in Marathi cinema
Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians
Indian actor-politicians
Male actors from Mumbai
21st-century Indian male actors
Politicians from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi television
Hindi film producers
Indian television directors
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors in Bengali cinema
Bigg Boss | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh%20Manjrekar |
Silent Shout is the third studio album by Swedish electronic music duo the Knife, released on 17 February 2006 by Rabid Records. The album is darker than its predecessor, Deep Cuts (2003). It spawned four singles: "Silent Shout", "Marble House", "We Share Our Mothers' Health" and "Like a Pen".
The album, the music video for the title track and some of the press photos were inspired by the work of German-American animator Oskar Fischinger and the comic book series Black Hole by American cartoonist Charles Burns.
A three-disc deluxe edition of Silent Shout was released in Europe on 2 July 2007 and in the US on 17 July. In addition to the studio album, this package includes the DVD Silent Shout: An Audio Visual Experience (which contains the Knife's live concert in Gothenburg on 12 April 2006, as part of their Silent Shout tour, and all of the duo's music videos to date), as well as a CD of the concert's audio.
Music and composition
Silent Shout is a synth-pop and techno album. The collaboration between Olof and Karin Dreijer was described by the French pop culture magazine Magic as Jay-Jay Johanson meets Siouxsie. Pitchfork viewed Karin's performance on the album as a "shrill voice (think Björk by way of Ari Up by way of Siouxsie Sioux by way of Mu's Mutsumi Kanamori)". Karin's multi-tracked vocals were frequently pitch-shifted to produce a "creepy result". The Austin Chronicle also said that sonically, the music merged "Siouxsie Sioux with Aphex Twin".
Critical reception
Silent Shout received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 74, based on 22 reviews. Pitchfork named it the best album of 2006 and the title track the second best song. The song was also listed at number 74 on the website's list of "The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s", while the album was placed at number 15 on its list of "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s". The album placed 15th in The Wires year-end critics' poll.
Resident Advisor named Silent Shout the second best album of 2006 and ninth best album of the 2000s decade. In 2009, the album was included at number five on Clashs "Essential 50" list. Silent Shout was placed at number 95 on Slant Magazines list of the best albums of the 2000s. musicOMH, when compiling its "21 Best Albums of the 2000s" list, placed the album at number seven. On their "50 Greatest Albums of the 2000s" feature, Gigwise placed the album at number seven, calling it "ground-breaking" and stating, "On the first spin it's baffling, second it's intriguing, but many listens in and you realize that Karin and Dreijer have concocted a masterpiece of their genre."
The album was ranked number 83 on Pitchforks People's List, a readers' poll of the 200 best albums from Pitchforks first 15 years (1996–2011).
Commercial performance
As of January 2013, Silent Shout had sold 65,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In October 2011, the album was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association (IMPALA), which indicated sales in excess of 75,000 copies throughout Europe.
Track listing
Deluxe edition
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Silent Shout.
The Knife – recording, programming, production, vocals, mixing
Jay-Jay Johanson – vocals
Christoffer Berg – mixing
Pelle Gunnerfeldt – mixing
Henrik Jonsson – mastering
Johan Toorell – artwork
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
2006 albums
The Knife albums
Mute Records albums
V2 Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Shout |
Star Circle Quest (SCQ) is a reality-based talent competition which premiered on March 1, 2004, locally on ABS-CBN and internationally through The Filipino Channel. It features at least 10 contestants called "questors" will have to undergo talent training, physical enhancement and different challenges to test their talent skills. The remaining questor after weekly eliminations will be declared as the Grand Questor. He or she takes home a cash prize and an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN Talent Center (now Star Magic).
The theme song was sung by Star in a Million finalists Sheryn Regis and Marinel Santos.
Overview
In 1992, Mr. Johnny Manahan and Freddie M. Garcia formed ABS-CBN Talent Center, now known as Star Magic to hone individuals as exclusive talents of the network. Manahan then introduced Star Circle, an untelevised talent search which aims to look for fresh faces to be the next idol. 12 years later, after having 12 batches and more than 120 members, Star Circle was brought to Philippine TV as a reality talent search. Auditions for the first season were held between October 2003 and January 2004. Before the said competition was aired, ABS-CBN aired the celebration of Star Circle as well as the launch of Star Circle Quest on February 27, 2004, presenting the Top 200 kid & teen aspirants who passed the screenings. The show premiered on March 1, 2004, on primetime.
Star Circle Quest has aired 2 seasons for teens and 4 seasons for kids. Aside from the Grand Questor, the show also awards the top 5 finalists of the season called Magic Circle of Five, with the exception of the last season, wherein it only awarded Grand Girl Kiddie Superstar and Grand Boy Kiddie Superstar.
Hosts and jury
Traditionally, the show is presented with two hosts, while the jury is composed of three mentors.
Hosts
Luis Manzano (2004–2006)
Jodi Sta. Maria (2004–2005)
Anne Curtis (2006)
Ruffa Gutierrez (2009)
Ai-Ai delas Alas (2009)
KC Concepcion (2010–2011)
Jury
Teen Quest Jury
Boy Abunda (2004–2005)
Gloria Diaz (2004–2005)
Laurenti Dyogi (2004–2005)
Kid Quest Jury
Eula Valdez (2004–2006)
Maricel Laxa (2004)
Joyce Bernal (2006)
Ricky Davao (2006)
Rowell Santiago (2004, 2010–2011)
Vina Morales (2010–2011)
Gladys Reyes (2010–2011)
Season overview
Star Circle Quest - Regular Edition
Star Circle Quest - Kids Edition
Seasons
Star Circle Quest (season 1)
The first season of Star Circle Quest titled Star Circle Teen Quest premiered on March 1, 2004, with Luis Manzano and Jodi Sta. Maria as the hosts. entertainment personality Boy Abunda, TV director Laurenti Dyogi and former beauty queen Gloria Diaz completed the panel of judges called the "jury". The first season ended with a grand finals at the Araneta Coliseum on June 5, 2004, with Hero Angeles being hailed as the Grand Questor.
Star Circle Kid Quest (season 1)
The first season of Star Circle Kid Quest was launched the same day as the main edition. The show features kids from 5 to 9 years old. Manzano and Sta. Maria reprise their hosting duties, although the jury is now composed of award-winning actress Eula Valdez, veteran actress Maricel Laxa and TV director Rowell Santiago. The kids who made it to the Magic Circle of 10 were Nash Aguas, Sharlene San Pedro, Aaron Junatas, CJ Navato, Mikylla Ramirez, Jodell Stasic, Khaycee Aboloc, Alex Ramos, Basty Alcances and Celine Lim.
The Grand Questors Night for the Kid Quest was held at the Araneta Coliseum on June 5, 2004, around 5:30 PM, with theStar Circle Teen Quest'''s turn after. Nash Aguas became the Grand Questor, making Sharlene San Pedro as the second placer, while Aaron Junatas is in third place, Mikylla Ramirez in fourth and CJ Navato in fifth place.
Star Circle Quest (season 2)
ABS-CBN came up with a second season of Star Circle Teen Quest with the title Star Circle National Teen Quest after auditions were held nationwide and in some parts worldwide. Manzano and Sta. Maria continue to host the show, while the same jury guided the finalists throughout the program.
Thousands of teen aspirants auditioned but only 15 made it to the Final 15 or the "Magic Circle of 15", namely Erich Gonzales, Arron Villaflor, Paw Diaz, Charles Christianson, DM Sevilla, Janelle Quintana, Theo Bernados Michelle Arciaga, Jason Abalos, Bebs & KC Hollman, Reynan Pitero, OJ Decena, Vanessa Grindrund, Marla Boyd, Franz Ocampo.
Grand Questors Night
The Grand Questors Night was hosted at the PhilSports Arena.
Finally the Magic Circle of 5 showcased the numbers they have been rehearsing hard for. Each final questor showed their special talent that night which impressed the jurors as well as the thousands of audiences.
Erich Gonzales became the Grand Questor, Arron Villaflor was in the second, Paw Diaz in third, Charles Christianson in fourth, and DM Sevilla in fifth place.
2006: Star Circle Summer Kid Quest (Season 2)
In 2006 the show made the second season of the kids edition. The show was called Summer Kid Quest because it was held in summer, between March–May.
Luis Manzano still hosts the show, however, Jodi Sta. Maria was replaced by Anne Curtis in hosting due to her pregnancy. Meanwhile, director Joyce Bernal and award-winning actor Ricky Davao joins Eula Valdez and replaces Rowell Santiago and Maricel Laxa.
Grand Questors Day
It was held at ABS-CBN Studio 1. It was called Grand Questors' Day because it was held during the afternoon instead of the usual primetime.
Quintin Alianza became the Grand Questor, Mika Dela Cruz became the second placer, Julio Pisk is in the third place, Cheska Billiones in fourth and Darius Cardano in fifth place.
2009: Star Circle Kid Quest: Search for the Kiddie Idol (Season 3)
The reality kid talent show was now transformed as a program segment of Ruffa & Ai'' every Wednesday with Ai-Ai de las Alas and Ruffa Gutierrez as main hosts. Bugoy Cariño became the Grand Questor, Izzy Canillo as the first runner-up, while Eros Espiritu finished in second place, Xyriel Manabat in third and Fatty Mendoza in fourth place.
2010-2011: Star Circle Quest: Search for the Next Kiddie Superstars (Season 4)
On December 4, 2010, the show was re-launched as a Saturday primetime program hosted by KC Concepcion with Bugoy Cariño and Xyriel Manabat as kid co-hosts respectively. Audition ran from November 27 to 29, 2010, and Rowell Santiago reprised his role as judge from Season 1 along with the new female judges namely Vina Morales and Gladys Reyes.
The kids who made it to the Magic Circle of 10 were Ogie Escanilla, Brenna Peñaflor, Clarence Delgado, Kyline Alcantara, Joshen Bernardo, Janine Berdin, Jelo Eechaluce, Maurice Mabutas, Kristoff Meneses and Veyda Inoval.
Brenna Peñaflor was crowned as the Grand Girl Kiddie Superstar and Clarence Delgado was crowned as the Grand Boy Kiddie Superstar on February 19, 2011.
Awards
Star Circle Quest won the Star Awards for 2004 Best Talent Search Program. Jodi Sta. Maria and Luis Manzano as Best Talent Search Program Host.
See also
Star Magic
External links
Star Circle Quest Official Website
The Star Circle Quest Community
Philippine reality television series
ABS-CBN original programming
2004 Philippine television series debuts
2011 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Circle%20Quest |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1959 throughout the world.
Events
October 25 – Sparta Rotterdam makes a winning European debut by defeating Sweden's IFK Göteborg in the second round of the European Cup. All three goals for the Dutch side are scored by Joop Daniëls.
Winners club national championship
: San Lorenzo
: Bahia
: Universidad de Chile
: OGC Nice
: Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C.
: KR
: A.C. Milan
: Chivas Guadalajara
: Sparta Rotterdam
: Olimpia Asunción
: FC Dynamo Moscow
: Barcelona
: Fenerbahçe
: Eintracht Frankfurt
International tournaments
1959 British Home Championship (October 4, 1958 – April 11, 1959)
Shared by and
African Cup of Nations in Egypt (May 22 – 29 1959)
Pan American Games in Chicago, United States (August 21 – September 5, 1959)
Births
January 23 — Eustorgio Sánchez, Venezuelan football goalkeeper
February 7 — Sammy Lee (footballer), English international footballer and manager
March 4 — Romeo Zondervan, Dutch international footballer
March 20 — Roland Sikinger, American professional soccer player
May 20 — Juan Carlos Letelier, Chilean international footballer
May 26 — Róger Flores, Costa Rican international footballer
July 25 — Fyodor Cherenkov; Soviet and Russian international footballer and manager (died 2014)
July 31 — Wilmar Cabrera, Uruguayan international footballer
September 4 — Fernando Alvez, Uruguayan international footballer
November 8 — Selçuk Yula, Turkish international
November 11 — Mauricio Peña, Mexican footballer (died 2010)
November 14 — José Figueroa, Honduran international footballer
November 17 — Thomas Allofs, German international footballer
November 22 — Marek Ostrowski, Polish international footballer (died 2017)
November 28 — Pedro Acosta, Venezuelan international footballer
December 11 — Thandwa Moreki, Botswana footballer
December 19 — Edward Metgod, Dutch football goalkeeper and manager
Deaths
May
May 18 – Enrique Guaita, Argentine/Italian striker, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and topscorer of the 1934-35 Serie A. (48)
November
November 8 – Heleno de Freitas, Brazilian striker, topscorer at the South American Championship 1945. (39)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%20in%20association%20football |
Operation Archer is the Canadian Forces contribution to Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. It began in July 2005 with the deployment of a 220-member "theater activation team" to Kandahar.
Operation ARCHER is structurally part of the Combined Security Transition Command – Afghanistan (CSTC-A) that seeks to mentor and instruct the Afghan government and its departments. The purpose of Operation Archer is the reconstruction of Afghanistan through the establishment of infrastructure, providing security, and assisting in training the Afghan National Army.
Opposition
Operation Archer is politically controversial, both among activist groups and members of Parliament.
References
External links
Official Canadian Forces Operations Map
Archer
Archer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Archer |
Iran–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Iran. Iran, which was called Persia by the West before 1935, has had political relations with England since the late Ilkhanate period (13th century) when King Edward I of England sent Geoffrey of Langley to the Ilkhanid court to seek an alliance.
Until the early nineteenth century, Iran was a remote and legendary country for Britain, so much so that the European country never seriously established a diplomatic center, such as a consulate or embassy. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Iran grew in importance as a buffer state to the United Kingdom's dominion over India. Britain fostered conflict between Iran and Afghanistan as a means of forestalling an Afghan invasion of India.
UK seeds a number of proximity conflicts between Iran and its neighbouring states like Azerbaijan on the countries' borders, Afghanistan on the Hirmand river and United Arab Emirates on possession of three disputed islands.
History of Anglo-Iranian relations
Safavid era
In the year 1553, King Edward VI of England hired the wealthy merchant and explorer, Sebastian Cabot to develop a semi-profitable trading company. He was given two ships that sailed towards the port city of Arkhangelsk. The captain of one of those ships was Cpt. Richard Chancellor, who successfully reached the northern city. From there, Sebastian Cabot and his envoy traveled towards the Russian city of Moscow with a business proposition for the Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible. When it was accepted, the Moscow Trading Company came into existence. South of the Moscow Trading Company Headquarters was the wealthy realm of the Safavid Empire. The company started sending envoys during the reign of Shah Tahmasp I during the first years in business. Anthony Jenkinson was one of the first leaders of these envoys. In total, there were six visits and the last one was in June 1579 during the reign of Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh led by Arthur Edwards. But at the time the company's envoys reached the royal court in Qazvin, the Shah was busy protecting his borders from his arch rival, the Ottoman Empire. In order to attain the wealth of the country, the company penetrated successfully into the bazaars and dispatched more envoys.
In 1597, as Abbas I of Safavid sought to establish an alliance against his arch rival, the Ottomans, he received Robert Shirley, Anthony Shirley, and a group of 26 English envoys in Qazvin. The English delegation, also well aware of the Ottoman threat, were more than glad to have Persia as an ally against the Ottoman threat. Shah Abbas warmly received the delegation and took them as his guests with him to Isfahan, his new capital.
Soon, the Shirley brothers were appointed by the Shah to organize and modernize the royal cavalry and train the army (most notably the elite "Ghulam" slave soldiers, consisting of en masse deported and imported Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians and other Caucasians by the Shahs). The effects of these modernizations proved to be highly successful, as from then on the Safavids proved to be an equal force against their arch rival, immediately crushing them in the first war to come (Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)) and all other Safavid wars to come. Many more events followed, including the debut of the British East India Company into Persia, and the establishment of trade routes for silk though Jask in the Strait of Hormuz in 1616. It was from here where the likes of Sir John Malcolm later gained influence into the Qajarid throne.
Qajar era
Anglo-Persian relations picked up momentum as a weakened Safavid empire, after the short-lived revival by the military genius Nader Shah (r. 1736-1747), eventually gave way to the Qajarid dynasty, which was quickly absorbed into domestic turmoil and rivalry, while competing colonial powers rapidly sought a stable foothold in the region. While the Portuguese, British, and Dutch, competed for the south and southeast of Persia in the Persian Gulf, Imperial Russia was largely left unchallenged in the north as it plunged southward to establish dominance in Persia's northern territories.
Plagued with internal politics and incompetence, the Qajarid government found itself fast after their ascendancy incapable of rising to the numerous complex foreign political challenges at the doorsteps of Persia.
During the monarchy of Fath Ali Shah, Sir John Malcolm, Sir Harford Jones-Brydges, 1st Baronet, Allen Lindsay, Henry Pottinger, Charles Christie, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Harold Nicolson, Sir John McNeill, Edmund Ironside, and James Morier were some of the British elite closely involved with Persian politics. Allen Lindsay was even appointed as a general in Abbas Mirza's army.
A weakened and bankrupted royal court under Fath Ali Shah was forced to sign the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, followed by the Treaty of Turkmenchay after efforts by Abbas Mirza failed to secure Persia's northern front against Imperial Russia. The treaties were prepared by the Sir Gore Ouseley with the aid of the British Foreign Office in London. Sir Gore Ouseley was the younger brother of the British orientalist William Ouseley, who served as secretary to the British ambassador in Persia.
In fact, Iran's current southern and eastern boundaries were determined by none other than the British during the Anglo-Persian War (1856 to 1857). After repelling Nasereddin Shah's attack in Herat in 1857, the British government assigned Frederic John Goldsmid of the Indo-European Telegraph Department to determine the borders between Persia and India during the 1860s.
In 1872, the Shah signed an agreement with Baron Julius de Reuter, which George Nathaniel Curzon called "The most complete and extraordinary surrender of the entire industrial resources of a kingdom into foreign hands that has ever been dreamed of".
The Reuter Concession was immediately denounced by all ranks of businessmen, clergy, and nationalists of Persia, and the concession was quickly forced into cancellation.
Similarly, the "Tobacco fatwa", decreed by Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi was an incident which raised popular resentment against the British presence in Persia in lieu of a diplomatically decapitated and apathetic Qajar throne. Concessions such as this and the 70-year contract of Persian railways to be operated by British businessmen such as Baron de Reuter became increasingly visible. The visibility became particularly pronounced after the discovery of oil in Masjed Soleiman in 1909 and the establishment of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the "D'Arcy Concession".
By the end of the 19th century, Britain's dominance became so pronounced that Khuzestan, Bushehr, and a host of other cities in southern Persia were occupied by Great Britain, and the central government in Tehran was left with no power to even select its own ministers without the approval of the Anglo-Russian consulates. Morgan Shuster, for example, had to resign under tremendous British and Russian pressure on the royal court. Shuster's book The Strangling of Persia is a recount of the details of these events, a harsh criticism of Britain and Imperial Russia.
Pahlavi era
Of the public outcry against the inability of the Persian throne to maintain its political and economic independence from Great Britain and Imperial Russia in the face of events such as the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 and "the 1919 treaty", one result was the Persian Constitutional Revolution, which eventually resulted in the fall of the Qajar dynasty.
The great tremor of the Persian political landscape occurred when the involvement of General Edmund Ironside eventually led to the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi in the 1920s. The popular view that the British were involved in the 1921 coup was noted as early as March 1921 by the American embassy and relayed to the Iran desk at the Foreign Office. A British Embassy report from 1932 concedes that the British put Reza Shah "on the throne".
After his establishing of power and strengthening of the central government, Rezā Khan quickly put an end to the autonomous activities of the British-backed Sheikh Khazal in the south. London withdrew its support of Khaz'al in favor of Rezā Shāh.
A novel chapter in Anglo-Iranian relations had begun when Iran canceled its capitulation agreements with foreign powers in 1928. Iran's success in revoking the capitulation treaties, and the failure of the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919 earlier, led to intense diplomatic efforts by the British government to regularize relations between the two countries on a treaty basis. On the Iranian side negotiations on the widest range of issues were conducted by Abdolhossein Teymourtash, the Minister of Court from 1925 to 1932, and Iran's nominal Minister of Foreign Affairs during the period.
The ire of the British Government was raised, however, by Persian diplomatic claims to the oil-rich regions of the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands, Abu Musa and Bahrain in the Persian Gulf region. On the economic front, on the other hand, Iran's pressures to rescind the monopoly rights of the British-owned Imperial Bank of Persia to issue banknotes in Iran, the Iranian Trade Monopoly Law of 1928, and prohibitions whereby the British Government and Anglo-Persian Oil Company ("APOC") were no longer permitted to enter into direct agreements with their client tribes, as had been the case in the past, did little to satisfy British expectations. The cumulative impact of these demands on the British Government was well expressed by Sir Robert Clive, Britain's Minister to Tehran, who in 1931 noted in a report to the Foreign Office "There are indications, indeed that their present policy is to see how far they can push us in the way of concessions, and I feel we shall never re-establish our waning prestige or even be able to treat the Persian government on equal terms, until we are in a position to call a halt".
Despite the enormous volume of correspondence and protracted negotiations that took place between the two countries on the widest array of issues, on the Iranian side, Teymourtash conducted these negotiations single-handedly “without so much as a secretary to keep his papers in order”, according to one scholar. Resolution of all outstanding differences eluded a speedy resolution, however, given the reality that on the British side progress proved tedious due to the need to consult many government departments with differing interests and jurisdictions.
The most intractable challenge, however, proved to be Iran's assiduous efforts to revise the terms whereby the APOC retained near monopoly control over the oil industry in Iran as a result of the concession granted to William Knox D'Arcy in 1901 by the Qajar King of the period. "What Persians felt", Teymourtash would explain to his British counterparts in 1928, "was that an industry had been developed on their own soil in which they had no real share".
Complicating matters further, and ensuring that such demands would in due course set Iran on a collision course with the British Government was the reality that pursuant to a 1914 Act of the British Parliament, an initiative championed by Winston Churchill in his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty, led the British Government to be granted a majority fifty-three percent ownership of the shares of APOC. The decision was adopted during World War I to ensure the British Government would gain a critical foothold in Iranian affairs so as to protect the flow of oil from Iran due to its critical importance to the operation of the Royal Navy during the war effort. By the 1920s APOC's extensive installations and pipelines in Khuzestan and its refinery in Abadan meant that the company's operations in Iran had led to the creation of the greatest industrial complex in the Middle East.
The attempt to revise the terms of the oil concession on a more favorable basis for Iran led to protracted negotiations that took place in Tehran, Lausanne, London and Paris between Teymourtash and the Chairman of APOC, Sir John Cadman, spanning the years from 1928 to 1932. The overarching argument for revisiting the terms of the D'Arcy Agreement on the Iranian side was that its national wealth was being squandered by a concession that was granted in 1901 by a previous non-constitutional government forced to agree to inequitable terms under duress.
However, despite much progress, Rezā Shāh Pahlavi was soon to assert his authority by dramatically inserting himself into the negotiations. The Monarch attended a meeting of the Council of Ministers in November 1932, and after publicly rebuking Teymourtash for his failure to secure an agreement, dictated a letter to cabinet canceling the D'Arcy Agreement. The Iranian Government notified APOC that it would cease further negotiations and demanded cancellation of the D'Arcy concession. Rejecting the cancellation, the British government espoused the claim on behalf of APOC and brought the dispute before the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, asserting that it regarded itself "as entitled to take all such measures as the situation may demand for the Company's protection." At this point, Hassan Taqizadeh, the new Iranian minister to have been entrusted the task of assuming responsibility for the oil dossier, was to intimate to the British that the cancellation was simply meant to expedite negotiations and that it would constitute political suicide for Iran to withdraw from negotiations.
Rezā Shāh was removed from power abruptly during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran during World War II. The new Shah, Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, signed a Tripartite Treaty Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in January 1942, to aid in the allied war effort in a non-military way.
In 1951, the Iranians nationalized the oil under the leadership of democratically elected prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. This caused a lot of tension between Iran and the UK.
According to the book All the Shah's Men, the British tried to convince Harry S. Truman to join their campaign against Iran. However, it was only when Dwight Eisenhower became the president that British succeeded in convincing U.S. to join their plot. In order to convince the Eisenhower administration Woodhouse shaped his appeal around the rhetoric of anti-communism. They pointed out the Tudeh party could take control of Iran. Eventually British and CIA created a plan code-named Operation Ajax to overthrow the democratically elected Mosaddegh. The coup was performed by Central Intelligence Agency field commander Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson of Theodore Roosevelt).
After the coup, scores of Iranian political activists from the National and Communist parties were jailed or killed. This coup only added to the deep mistrust towards the British in Iran. It has since been very common in Iranian culture to mistrust British government; a good example is the character of Uncle in the television show My Uncle Napoleon.
The end of World War II brought the start of American dominance in Iran's political arena, and with an anti-Soviet Cold War brewing, the United States quickly moved to convert Iran into an anti-communist bloc, thus considerably diminishing Britain's influence on Iran for years to come. Operation Ajax and the fall of Prime Minister Mosaddegh was perhaps the last of the large British involvements in Iranian politics in the Pahlavi era.
The Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in May 1959. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to Iran in March 1961.
The British forces began to withdraw from Persian Gulf in 1968. This was done, quite literally, out of pure economic considerations. The British simply could not afford the costs of administration. (See also East of Suez). As part of this policy, in 1971, the then British government decided not to support the Shah and eventually, the patronage of the United Kingdom ended, and consequently, this role was filled by the US.
The Islamic Republic
On 30 April 1980, the Iranian Embassy in London was taken over by a six-man terrorist team holding the building for six days until the hostages were rescued by a raid by the SAS. After the Revolution of Iran in 1979, Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran. Britain did not have an embassy until it was reopened in 1988.
During the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam Hussein acquired metal tubes from firms in the United Kingdom, intended for the Project Babylon supergun. All were intercepted by customs and excise and none ever reached Iraq. The suppliers were under the impression that their tubes would have been used in a pipeline project.
A year after the re-establishment of the British embassy in Tehran, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa ordering Muslims across the world to kill British author Salman Rushdie. Diplomatic ties with London were broken off only to be resumed at a chargé d'affaires level in 1990.
Relations normalized in 1997 during President Mohammad Khatami's reformist administration, and Jack Straw became the first high-ranking British politician to visit Tehran in 2001 since the revolution.
Relations suffered a setback in 2002 when David Reddaway was rejected by Tehran as London's ambassador, on charges of being a spy, and further deteriorated two years later when Iran seized eight British sailors in Arvand River near the border with Iraq. The sailors were pardoned and attended a goodbye ceremony with President Ahmadinejad shortly after they were released.
In February 2004, following the earthquake in Bam, Prince Charles and then President Mohammad Khatami visited the city.
On 28 November 2011 Iran downgraded its relations with Britain due to new sanctions put in place by the UK. The next day a band of students and Basiji attacked the UK embassy compound in Tehran, damaging property and driving the embassy staff away. On 30 November 2011, in response to the attack, the UK closed its embassy in Tehran and ordered the Iranian embassy in London closed.
According to a 2013 BBC World Service poll, only 5% of British people view Iran's influence positively, with 84% expressing a negative view. According to a 2012 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 16% of British people viewed Iran favorably, compared to 68% which viewed it unfavorably; 91% of British people oppose Iranian acquisition of nuclear weapons and 79% approve of "tougher sanctions" on Iran, while 51% of British people support use of military force to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons.
From July 2012 until October 2013, British interests in Iran were maintained by the Swedish embassy in Tehran while Iranian interests in the United Kingdom were maintained by the Omani embassy in London.
On July 2013, it was announced that the UK would consider opening better relations with Iran "step-by-step" following the election of President Hassan Rouhani.
On October 8, 2013, Britain and Iran announced that they would each appoint a chargé d'affaires to work toward resuming full diplomatic relations.
On February 20, 2014, the Iranian Embassy in London was restored and the two countries agreed to restart diplomatic relations.
On August 23, 2015, the British Embassy in Tehran officially reopened.
Current relations
Trade
The first Persian Ambassador to the United Kingdom was Mirza Albohassan Khan Ilchi Kabir.
The Herald Tribune on 22 January 2006 reported a rise in British exports to Iran from £296 million in 2000 to £443.8 million in 2004. A spokesperson for UK Trade and Investment was quoted saying that "Iran has become more attractive because it now pursues a more liberal economic policy". As of 2009, the total assets frozen in Britain under the EU (European Union) and UN sanctions against Iran are approximately £976m ($1.64 billion). In November 2011, Britain severed all ties with Iranian banks as part of a package of sanctions from the US, UK and Canada aimed at confronting Tehran’s nuclear programme.
Political tension
The confrontation between the United States–European Union pact on one side and Iran on the other over Iran's nuclear program also continues to develop, remaining a serious obstacle in the improvement of Tehran–London ties.
A confidential letter by UK diplomat John Sawers to French, German and US diplomats, dated 16 March 2006, twice referred to the intention to have the United Nations Security Council refer to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter in order to put pressure on Iran. Chapter VII describes the Security Council's power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes.
The Sunday Telegraph reported that a secret, high-level meeting would take place on 3 April 2006 between the UK government and military chiefs regarding plans to attack Iran. The Telegraph cited "a senior Foreign Office source" saying that "The belief in some areas of Whitehall is that an attack is now all but inevitable. There will be no invasion of Iran but the nuclear sites will be destroyed." The BBC reported a denial that the meeting would take place, but no denial of the alleged themes of the meeting, by the UK Ministry of Defence, and that "there is well sourced and persistent speculation that American covert activities aimed at Iran are already underway".
2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel
On 21 June 2004, eight sailors and Royal Marines were seized by forces of the Revolutionary Guards' Navy while training Iraqi river patrol personnel in the Persian Gulf.
2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel
On 23 March 2007 fifteen Royal Navy personnel were seized by the naval forces of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard for allegedly having strayed into Iranian waters. Eight sailors and seven Royal Marines on two boats from HMS Cornwall were detained at 10:30 local time by six Guard boats of the IRGC Navy. They were subsequently taken to Tehran. Iran reported that the sailors are well. About 200 students targeted the British Embassy on 1 April 2007 calling for the expulsion of the country's ambassador because of the standoff over Iran's capture of 15 British sailors and marines. The protesters chanted "Death to Britain" and "Death to America". Speculation on the Iranians' motivations for this action ran rampant; with the Iranians under tremendous pressure on a number of fronts from the United States, the Revolutionary Guard Corps could have been responding to any one of a number of perceived threats.
On 3 April 2007, Prime Minister Tony Blair advised that "the next 48 hours will be critical" in defusing the crisis. At approximately 1:20 PM GMT, Iran's president announced that the 8 sailors would be 'pardoned'. The following day, he announced all 15 British personnel would be released immediately "in celebration of the Prophet's birthday and Easter."
Arms sales
Despite the political pressure and sanctions, a probe by customs officers suggests that at least seven British arms dealers have been supplying the Iranian air force, its elite Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the country's controversial nuclear ambitions. A UK businessman was caught smuggling components for use in guided missiles through a front company that proved to be the Iranian Ministry of Defence. Another case involves a group that included several Britons which, investigators alleged, attempted to export components intended to enhance the performance of Iranian aircraft. Other examples involve a British millionaire arms dealer caught trading machine-guns used by the SAS and capable of firing 800 rounds a minute with a Tehran-based weapons supplier.
Gholhak Garden
In 2006 a dispute about the ownership of Gholhak Garden, a large British diplomatic compound in northern Tehran was raised in the Iranian Parliament when 162 MPs wrote to the speaker. The British Embassy have occupied the site since at least 1934 and assert that they have legal ownership but the issue was raised again in 2007 when a group of MPs claimed that the ownership papers for the site were unlawful under the laws extant in 1934. In July 2007 a conference was held to discuss the ownership of the compound but was not attended by the British side.
Asylum
On 14 March 2008, Britain said it would reconsider the asylum application of a gay Iranian teenager who claims he will be persecuted if he is returned home. He had fled to the Netherlands and sought asylum there; however, the Dutch government turned him down, saying the case should be dealt with in Britain, where he first applied.
Escalating war talk
As talk of strikes and counter-strikes in relation to war talk between the United States-Israel-Iran trio heated up in 2008, a senior Iranian official suggested his regime should target London to deter such an attack. The head of the Europe and US Department in the Iranian Foreign Ministry, Wahid Karimi, said an attack on London could deter the US from attacking Tehran. He said: "The most appropriate means of deterrence that Iran has, in addition to a retaliatory operation in the [Persian Gulf] region, is to take action against London." He also suggested a propensity to attack could arise from a "usually adventuresome" second term presidency. He said: "US presidents are usually adventuresome in their second terms... [Richard] Nixon, disgraced by the Watergate scandal; [Ronald] Reagan, with the 'Irangate' adventure; [and Bill] Clinton, with Monica Lewinsky—and perhaps George Bush, the sitting president, will create a scandal connected to Iran's legitimate nuclear activity so as not to be left behind." His speculation led him to suggest a clash could occur between the 2008 U.S. presidential elections and by the time the new president enters office in January 2009. "In the worst-case scenario, George Bush may perhaps persuade the president-elect to carry out an ill-conceived operation against Iran, prior to January 20, 2009—that is, before the regime is handed over and he ends his presence in the White House. The next president of the US will have to deal with the consequences."
2009 Iranian election controversy
In the aftermath of the disputed 2009 Iranian presidential election and the protests that followed, UK-Iran relations were further tested. On 19 June 2009, the Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei described the British Government as the "most evil" of those in the Western nations, accusing the British government of sending spies into Iran to stir emotions at the time of the elections, although it has been suggested by British diplomats that the statement was using the UK as a "proxy" for the United States, in order to prevent damaging US–Iranian relations. Nonetheless, the British Government, unhappy at the statement, summoned the Iranian ambassador Rasul Movaheddian to the Foreign Office to lodge a protest. Iran then proceeded to expel two British diplomats from the country, accusing them of "activities inconsistent with their diplomatic status". On 23 June 2009, the British Government responded, expelling two Iranian diplomats from the United Kingdom. Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated that he was unhappy at having to take the action, but suggested there was no option after what he described as 'unjustified' actions by Iran. On 24 June 2009, Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki announced that the country was considering 'downgrading' its ties with the UK.
Four days later it was reported that Iranian authorities had arrested a number of British embassy staff in Tehran citing their "considerable role" in the recent unrest. After this event, the UK Government responded strongly demanding that the Iranian authorities release the British staff immediately as it stated that Iran's accusations are baseless without evidence. After the arrest of UK staff, the European Union (EU) has also demanded that UK staff be released in Iran under international law and if the UK staff are not released then the EU threatens a 'strong response'. On December 29, 2009, Britain was warned by Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki to state "Britain will get slapped in the mouth if it does not stop its nonsense."
The Queen's College, Oxford established the Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship in 2009, named after Neda Agha-Soltan, who died in the protests that followed the election. This led to a letter of protest to the college from the Iranian embassy in London, signed by the deputy ambassador, Safarali Eslamian. The letter disputed the circumstances of her death, and said that there was "supporting evidence indicating a pre-made scenario". Eslamain wrote, "It seems that the University of Oxford has stepped up involvement in a politically motivated campaign which is not only in sharp contract with its academic objectives, but also is linked with a chain of events in post-Iranian presidential elections blamed for British interference both at home and abroad". The letter also said that the "decision to abuse Neda's case to establish a graduate scholarship will highly politicise your academic institution, undermining your scientific credibility—along with British press which made exceptionally a lot of hue and cry on Neda's death—will make Oxford at odd with the rest of the world's academic institutions." Eslamain asked for the university's governing board to be informed of "the Iranian views", and finished by saying, "Surely, your steps to achieve your attractions through non-politically supported programs can better heal the wounds of her family and her nation." Following publication of the Iranian letter, The Times was told by UK diplomatic sources, speaking anonymously, that the scholarship had put "another nail into the coffin" of relations between Britain and Iran. If the government had been asked, the sources were reported as saying, it would have advised against the move, because it was felt that Iran would see it as an act of provocation, and because it would interfere with efforts to free Iranians working for the British Embassy in Tehran who had been detained for alleging participating in the post-election protests. A college spokesman said that the scholarship had not been set up as part of a political decision, and if the initial donations had been refused, this would have been interpreted as a political decision too.
2009 international arbitration court ruling
In April 2009 the British government lost its final appeal in the arbitration court of the International Chamber of Commerce at The Hague against a payment of $650 million to Iran. The money is compensation for an arms deal dating from the 1970s which then did not come about due to the occurrence of the Iranian Revolution. The Shah's government had ordered 1,500 Chieftain tanks and 250 Chieftain armoured recovery vehicles (ARVs) in a contract worth £650 million, but only 185 vehicles had been delivered before the revolution occurred. The contract also covered the provision of training to the Iranian army and the construction of a factory near Isfahan to build tank parts and ammunition. In order to recover some of the costs 279 of the Chieftains were sold to Jordan and 29 of the ARVs to Iraq, who used them against Iran in the Iran–Iraq War. The UK continued to deliver tank parts to Iran after the revolution but finally stopped following the outbreak of the Iranian hostage crisis in 1979.
The British government has itself confirmed it has to pay the money and the ruling, which originated in The Hague, received coverage in The Independent. Britain had already placed £486 million with the court in 2002 to pay for any ruling against it. The settlement is worth £390 million that will come out of this fund. Iran has yet to officially apply to receive the money but when it does so will not receive it, instead it will join £976 million of Iranian assets frozen by the UK due to EU sanctions.
2011 attack on the British Embassy
On 29 November 2011, despite heavy police resistance, two compounds of the British embassy in Tehran were stormed by Iranian protesters. The protesters smashed windows, ransacked offices, set fire to government documents, and burned a British flag. Six British diplomats were initially reported by the Iranian semi-official news agency Mehr as being taken hostage, while later reports indicated that in fact they were escorted to safety by the police. The storming of the British embassy followed from the 2011 joint American-British-Canadian sanctions and the Iranian government's Guardian Council approving a parliamentary bill expelling the British ambassador as a result of those sanctions. A British flag was taken down and replaced by the Iranian flag by the protesters. The British Foreign Office responded by saying "We are outraged by this. It is utterly unacceptable and we condemn it." According to Iranian state news agencies, the protesters were largely composed of young adults. On 30 November William Hague announced that all Iranian diplomats had been expelled and given 48 hours to leave the United Kingdom.
Since 2011
The UK Defence Secretary Philip Hammond warned that Britain might take military action against Iran if it carries out its threat to block the Strait of Hormuz. He said any attempt by Iran to block the strategically important waterway in retaliation for sanctions against its oil exports would be “illegal and unsuccessful” and the Royal Navy would join any action to keep it open. British defence officials met US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta on 6 January to criticize other members of the NATO for not being willing to commit resources to joint operations, including in Libya and Afghanistan. The following day, UK officials reported its intention to send its most powerful naval forces to the Persian Gulf to counter any Iranian attempt to close the Strait of Hormuz. The Type 45 destroyer would arrive in the Gulf by the end of January. According to officials, the ship is capable of shooting down "any missile in Iran's armoury."
In July 2013, the UK considered opening better relations with Iran "step-by-step" following the election of President Hassan Rouhani, and in October of the same year, both countries announced that they would each appoint a chargé d'affaires to work toward resuming full diplomatic relations. This was done on 20 February 2014, and the British government announced in June 2014 that it would soon re-open its Tehran embassy. Embassies in each other's countries were simultaneously reopened in 2015. The ceremony in Tehran was attended by UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, the first British Foreign Secretary to visit Iran since Jack Straw in 2003, who attended the reopening of the Iranian embassy in London, along with Iran's deputy foreign minister Mehdi Danesh Yazdi. Diplomat Ajay Sharma was named as the UK's charge d'affaires but a full ambassador was expected to be appointed in the coming months. In September 2016, both countries restored diplomatic relations to their pre-2011 level, with Nicholas Hopton being appointed British Ambassador in Tehran.
British Prime Minister David Cameron and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani met on the sidelines of a United Nations in September 2014, marking the highest-level direct contact between the two countries since the 1979 Islamic revolution.
In April 2016, an Iranian-British dual citizen Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was arrested while visiting Iran with her daughter. She was found guilty of "plotting to topple the Iranian government" in September 2016 and sentenced to 5 years in prison. Her husband led a concerted campaign to have her released maintaining that she "was imprisoned as leverage for a debt owed by the UK over its failure to deliver tanks to Iran in 1979." After her initial sentence expired in March 2021 she was charged and found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to one year in prison. She was finally released on 16th March 2022, which was reported to be related to the UK paying a historic debt for tanks paid for by Iran in the 1970s but never delivered.
Theresa May, who succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister in July 2016, accused Iran of "aggressive regional actions" in the Middle East, including stirring trouble in Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, and this led to a deterioration in relations In response, Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei condemned Britain as a "source of evil and misery" for the Middle East.
The British intelligence officials concluded that Iran was responsible for a cyberattack on the British Parliament lasting 12 hours that compromised around 90 email accounts of MPs in June 2017.
On July 7, 2022, The Royal Navy of Britain reported that one of its warships had arrested smugglers in international waters south of Iran early this year after seizing Iranian armaments, including surface-to-air missiles and cruise missile engines.
Tanker detention and Strait of Hormuz tensions
On 4 July 2019, Royal Marines boarded the Iranian-owned tanker Grace 1 by helicopter off Gibraltar where it was detained. The reason given was to enforce European Union sanctions against Syrian entities, as the tanker was suspected of heading to Baniyas Refinery named in the sanctions that concern Syrian oil exports. Gibraltar had passed regulations permitting the detention the day before. Spain's Foreign Minister Josep Borrell stated that the detention was carried out at the request of the United States. An Iranian Foreign Ministry official called the seizure "piracy," stating that the UK does not have the right to implement sanctions against other nations "in an extraterritorial manner".
On 10 July 2019, tensions were raised further when boats belonging to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps approached a British Petroleum tanker, British Heritage, impeding it while it was transiting the Strait of Hormuz. The Royal Navy frigate positioned themselves between the boats and ship so that it could continue its journey.
On 14 July 2019, British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said Grace 1 could be released if the UK received guarantees the oil — 2.1 million barrels worth — would not go to Syria.
On 19 July 2019, Iran media reported that the Swedish owned but British-flagged oil tanker Stena Impero had been seized by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard in the Strait of Hormuz. A first tanker, MV Mesdar, which was a Liberian-flagged vessel managed in the UK, jointly Algerian and Japanese owned, was boarded but later released. Iran stated that the British-flagged ship had collided with and damaged an Iranian vessel, and had ignored warnings by Iranian authorities. During the incident HMS Montrose was stationed too far away to offer timely assistance; when the Type 23 frigate arrived it was ten minutes too late. HMS Montrose was slated to be replaced by , however in light of events it was decided that both ships would subsequently be deployed together.
On 15 August 2019 Gibraltar released Grace 1 after stating that it had received assurances she would not go to Syria. The Iranian government later stated that it had issued no assurances that the oil would not be delivered to Syria and reasserted its intention to continue supplying oil to the Arab nation. On 26 August, Iranian government spokesman Ali Rabiei announced that the 2.1 million barrels of crude had been sold to an unnamed buyer, in either Kalamata, Greece or Mersin, Turkey. A US court issued a warrant of seizure against the tanker because it was convinced that the tanker was owned by the IRGC, which is deemed by Washington a foreign terrorist organization.
On 15 August 2019 the UK's new Boris Johnson-led government agreed to join the U.S. in its Persian Gulf maritime security Operation Sentinel, abandoning the idea of a European-led naval protection force.
On 4 September 2019 Iran released seven of the 23 crew members of the British-flagged oil tanker Stena Impero, which the Iranian forces had detained in August. The Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Abbas Mousavi stated that they have been released on humanitarian grounds. He said that their problem was the violation committed by the ship. On 23 September, the Iranian authorities announced that the British-flagged tanker Stena Impero, which they had captured on July 19 in the Strait of Hormuz, was free to leave. According to the government spokesperson Ali Rabiei informed that the legal process concluded and all the conditions to let the oil tanker go were also fulfilled. However, on September 24, it was reported that despite raising a green signal for the British tanker to leave the port, it remained in Iran waters. Swedish owner of Stena Impero, Erik Hanell said that they had no idea why the tanker was still there. On 27 September, the Stena Impero departed from Iranian waters and made its way to Port Rashid in Dubai. All of the remaining crew members who were still detained by Iran were released as well. The ship was also able to transmit location signals before arriving at Port Rashid, Dubai, after which the remaining crew members started undergoing medical checkups. The same day, HMS Duncan returned to Portsmouth.
Detention of British Nationals
Following the release of dual British-Iranian Nationals of Anoosheh Ashoori and Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe and furlough of tri-national Morad Tahbaz on 16 March 2022, Iran thenreturned Morad Tahbaz back to detention within two days. On 14 January 2023, Iran executed dual British-Iranian Alireza Akbari.
2023 sanctions on Iran
In April 2023, the European Union, along with Britain, imposed sanctions on over 30 Iranian officials and organizations, including units of the revolutionary guards, due to their alleged involvement in human rights abuses during a crackdown on civil unrest. In response, Iran threatened sanctions of their own.
In July 2023 the UK government said it planned to sanction officials from Iran. The UK's foreign secretary said that since 2022 there had been "15 credible threats by Iran's regime to kill or kidnap Britons or UK-based people".
See also
Iranians in the United Kingdom
1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory
2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Foreign relations of Iran
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Imperial Bank of Persia, a British-owned bank established in 1889.
2011–12 Strait of Hormuz dispute
British School of Tehran
Old fox, a term used by Iranians to describe Britain.
Bushire Under British Occupation
References
Further reading
Bonakdarian, Mansour. Britain and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1906–1911. Syracuse University Press in association with the Iran Heritage Foundation. 2006.
Bullard, Reader. Britain and the Middle East: From Earliest Times to 1963 (1964) popular history by a diplomat
Galbraith, John S. "British policy on railways in Persia, 1870–1900." Middle Eastern Studies 25.4 (1989): 480-505 covers "Reuter Concession"; online
Galbraith, John S. "Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia." Albion 21.2 (1989): 248-262. online
Greaves, Rose Louise. "British Policy in Persia, 1892-1903--I" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 28#1 (1965), pp. 34–60 online
Ingram, Edward. Britain’s Persian Connection 1798–1828: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia. 1993. Oxford University Press.
Kazemzadeh Firuz, Russia and Britain in Persia 1864–1914, A Study in Imperialism, 1968, Yale University Press.
Sabahi, Houshang. British policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (Routledge, 2005).
Shahnavaz, Shahbaz. Britain and South-West Persia 1880-1914: A Study in Imperialism and Economic Dependence (Routledge, 2005).
Shuster, Morgan, The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans.
Sykes, Christopher. "The Persian Crisis: Historical Background." History Today (July 1951) 1#7 pp 19–24 covers 1880 to 1944.
Thornton, A. P. "British Policy in Persia, 1858-1890." part I English Historical Review (1954) 70#274: 554-579 online. part III 70#274 (1955), pp. 55–71 online
Wilson, K. "Creative accounting: the place of loans to Persia in the commencement of the negotiation of the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907." Middle Eastern Studies 38.2 (2002): 35-82.
External links
BRITISH POLICY IN PERSIA, 1885-1892
Iran-UK relation timeline: BBC
UK-Iran relations - parstimes.com
The British-Iranian Chamber of Commerce
The Iran Society of London
The Irano-British Chamber of Commerce
Iran's Embassy in London
The British Embassy in Tehran
United Kingdom
Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations |
Properdin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFP (complement factor properdin) gene.
Properdin is plasma glycoprotein that activates the complement system of the innate immune system. This protein binds to bacterial cell walls and dying human cells to stabilize the C3 and C5-convertase enzyme complexes to form an attack complex that lead to the lysis of the cell.
Structure
Properdin is a gamma globulin protein composed of multiple identical protein subunits with a separate ligand-binding site. Native properdin occurs in head-to-tail dimers, trimers and tetramers in the fixed ratio 22:52:28.
Function
It is known that it participates in some specific immune responses. It plays a part in tissue inflammation as well as the engulfing of pathogens by phagocytes. In addition it is known to help to neutralize some viruses.
The properdin promotes the association of C3b with Factor B and provides a focal point for the assembly of C3bBb on a surface. It binds to preformed alternative pathway C3-convertases. Properdin also inhibits the Factor H – mediated cleavage of C3b by Factor I.
The alternative pathway is not dependent on antibodies. This branch of the complement system is activated by IgA immune complexes and bacterial endotoxins, polysaccharides, and cell walls, and results in producing anaphylatoxins, opsonins, chemotactic factors, and the membrane attack complex, all of which help fight pathogens.
History
Properdin was discovered in 1954 by Dr. Louis Pillemer of the Institute of Pathology (now the Department of Pathology at Case Western Reserve University).
Deficiency
Properdin deficiency is a rare X-linked disease in which properdin is deficient. Affected individuals are susceptible to fulminant meningococcal disease.
References
External links
Complement system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properdin |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1958 throughout the world.
Events
February 6 – Munich Air Disaster: Following a European Cup quarter-final tie in Belgrade against Red Star Belgrade, Matt Busby's Manchester United stop over in Munich for refueling. Two attempts to take off from the Munich-Riem airport are aborted, with a third attempted at 3:04pm on Flight BE609, a British European Airways "Elizabethan" class Airspeed Ambassador charter aircraft G-ALZU 'Lord Burghley'. On take off, the aeroplane, carrying players and backroom staff of Manchester United F.C., plus a number of British journalists and supporters, crashed in a blizzard. Twenty-three of the 43 passengers on board the aircraft died in the disaster, including eight Manchester United players, of whom seven died instantly, including the team's captain Roger Byrne. Centre-half Duncan Edwards succumbed to his injuries three weeks later. Two other players were forced to retire from professional football as a result of their injuries. Manager Busby was left fighting for his life, and was given the Last Rites twice, before eventually returning to Manchester in time for the start of the following season.
October 1 – Dutch club VV DOS from Utrecht makes its European debut by losing to Portugal's Sporting Lisboa (3-4) in the first round of the European Cup.
Winners club national championship
: Racing Club
: Wolverhampton Wanderers
: Stade de Reims
: Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.
: Juventus F.C.
: Zacatepec
: DOS
: Olimpia Asunción
: ŁKS Łódź
: FC Spartak Moscow
: Real Madrid
: FC Schalke 04
International tournaments
1958 British Home Championship (October 19, 1957 – April 19, 1958)
Shared by and
FIFA World Cup in Sweden (June 8 – 29 1958)
Births
January 3 – Liliana Mammina
February 1 – Luther Blissett, English international footballer and manager
February 22 – Paolo Borelli, Italian former professional footballer
April 9 – Victor Diogo, Uruguayan international footballer
April 11 – Wout Holverda, Dutch footballer (died 2021)
April 29 – Sergey Goryunov, Russian football coach and former Soviet player
May 12 – José María Rivas, Salvadorian international footballer (died 2016)
June 29 – Ralf Rangnick, German professional football coach, executive, and former player
July 4 – Carl Valentine, Canadian international soccer player and manager
July 12 – Duncan Cole, New Zealand international footballer (died 2014)
July 14 – José Luis Russo, Uruguayan international footballer
July 15 – Austin Hayes, Irish footballer (died 1986)
August 12 – Héctor Zelaya, Honduran international footballer
September 3 – José Carlos Chaves, Costa Rican footballer
September 29 – Ron Jans, Dutch footballer and manager
October 11 – Peter van Velzen, Dutch footballer and manager
Deaths
February 21 – Duncan Edwards - Manchester United player.
November 28 – Karl Flink; German international footballer (born 1895)
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20in%20association%20football |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1957 throughout the world.
Events
February 8 – The Confederation of African Football is founded at a meeting in Khartoum, Sudan.
October 19 – Scottish club Celtic F.C. beat their deadliest rivals Rangers F.C. 7–1 in the Scottish League Cup final at Hampden Park in Glasgow.
November 20 – Dutch club Ajax Amsterdam makes its European debut by defeating DDR's SC Wismut (1-3) in the first round of the European Cup.
Winners club national championship
: River Plate
: R. Antwerp F.C.
: Emelec
: Manchester United
: AS Saint-Etienne
: Vasas SC
: Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.
: A.C. Milan
: Ajax Amsterdam
: Olimpia Asunción
: FC Dynamo Moscow
: Real Madrid
: IFK Norrköping
: Borussia Dortmund
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Sudan (February 10 – 16 1957)
1957 South American Championship in Peru (March 7 – April 6, 1957)
1957 British Home Championship (October 6, 1956 – April 6, 1957)
Copa Julio Argentino Roca in Brazil (July 7 – 10 1957)
Births
January 5 – Karl Allgöwer, German footballer
January 11 – Bryan Robson, English footballer and manager
January 19 – Fabrizio Casanova, retired Swiss footballer
February 1 – Walter Schachner, Austrian footballer and manager
February 9 – Gordon Strachan, Scottish footballer and manager
February 28 – Jan Ceulemans, Belgian footballer and manager
March 12 – Patrick Battiston, French footballer
May 5 – Said Azimshah Garibzada, Afghan-born former football player and trainer
May 9 – Fulvio Collovati, Italian footballer
July 15 — Craig Martin, Canadian soccer player
September 3 – Walter Kelsch, German footballer
September 6 – Zhivko Gospodinov, Bulgarian footballer
September 11 – Plamen Markov, Bulgarian footballer
September 11 – Preben Elkjær, Danish footballer
September 26 – Klaus Augenthaler, German footballer and manager
October 8 – Antonio Cabrini, Italian footballer
October 25 – Piet Wildschut, Dutch footballer
October 27 – Glenn Hoddle, English footballer and manager
Deaths
January
January 18 – Alvaro Gestido, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (49)
October
October 5 – José Leandro Andrade, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (55, Tuberculosis)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%20in%20association%20football |
Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (born January 15, 1954) is a Filipino writer. He has won numerous awards and prizes for fiction, poetry, drama, non-fiction and screenwriting, including 16 Palanca Awards.
Early life and education
Dalisay was born in Romblon in 1954. He completed his primary education at La Salle Green Hills, Philippines in 1966 and his secondary education at the Philippine Science High School in 1970. He dropped out of college to work as a newspaper reporter. He also wrote scripts mostly for Lino Brocka, the National Artist of the Philippines for Theater and Film. Dalisay returned to school and earned his B.A. English (Imaginative Writing) degree, cum laude from the University of the Philippines in 1984. He later received an M.F.A. from the University of Michigan in 1988 and a PhD in English from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1991 as a Fulbright scholar.
Literary career
Dalisay has authored more than 30 books since 1984. Six of those books have garnered National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle. In 1998, Dalisay made it to the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Centennial Honors List as one of the 100 most accomplished Filipino artists of the past century. Among his numerous books are Oldtimer and Other Stories (Asphodel, 1984; U.P. Press, 2003); Sarcophagus and Other Stories (U.P. Press, 1992); Killing Time in a Warm Place (Anvil, 1992); Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig (U.P. Press, 1993); Penmanship and Other Stories (Cacho, 1995); The Island (Ayala Foundation, 1996); Pagsabog ng Liwanag/Aninag, Anino (U.P. Press, 1996); Mac Malicsi, TNT/Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog (U.P. Press, 1997); The Lavas: A Filipino Family (Anvil, 1999); The Best of Barfly (Anvil, 1997); The Filipino Flag (Inquirer Publications, 2004); Man Overboard (Milflores, 2005); Journeys with Light: The Vision of Jaime Zobel (Ayala Foundation, 2005); Selected Stories (U.P. Press, 2005); and "The Knowing Is in the Writing: Notes on the Practice of Fiction" (U.P. Press, 2006).
Editor
Dalisay has also worked extensively as a professional editor. He served as Executive Editor of the ten-volume Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People (Manila: Asia Publishing/Reader's Digest Asia , 1998). His clients have included the Asian Development Bank, the Ayala Foundation, SGV & Co., the National Economic and Development Authority, the Office of the (Philippine) President, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippine Airlines, and the Ramon Magsaysay Awards Foundation, among others.
Achievements
Dalisay has won 16 Palanca Awards in five genres. For winning at least five First Prize awards, he was elevated to the Palanca Hall of Fame in 2000. He has also garnered five Cultural Center of the Philippines awards for playwriting; and FAMAS, URIAN, Star and Catholic Mass Media awards and citations for his screenplays. He also chaired the 1992 ASEAN Writers Conference/Workshop, in Penang, Malaysia. He was named one of The Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of 1993 for his creative writing. In 2005, he received the Premio Cervara di Roma in Italy for extensively promoting Philippine literature overseas. In 2007, his second novel, Soledad's Sister, was shortlisted for the inaugural Man Asian Literary Prize in Hong Kong.
He has received Hawthornden Castle, British Council, David T.K. Wong, Rockefeller (Bellagio), and Civitella Ranieri fellowships, and has held the Henry Lee Irwin Professorial Chair at the Ateneo de Manila University; and the Jose Joya, Jorge Bocobo, and Elpidio Quirino professorial chairs at U.P. Diliman. He has lectured on Philippine culture and politics at the University of Michigan, University of Auckland, Australian National University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, St. Norbert College (Wisconsin, U.S.), University of East Anglia, University of Rome, London School of Economics, and the University of California, San Diego, where he was named Pacific Leadership Fellow in 2015..
After serving for three years as English and Comparative Literature Department Chair, Dalisay assumed the post of Vice President for Public Affairs of the U.P. System from May 2003 to February 2005; he returned to the post in February 2017 and retired in January 2019. He is currently a Professor Emeritus of English and creative writing at the College of Arts and Letters, U.P. Diliman, where he also coordinated the creative writing program. He was Director of the U.P. Institute of Creative Writing from 2008 to 2017. Aside from his weekly Arts & Culture column for the Philippine Star, he wrote political and social commentary for the newsmagazine Newsbreak and the San Francisco-based Filipinas magazine.
In 2017, the One UP-Jose Yap Dalisay Jr. Professorial Chair in Creative Writing was endowed in his honor by an anonymous donor at the University of the Philippines.
Notable works
Novels
Killing Time in a Warm Place, 1992
Soledad's Sister, 2008
"Soledad: Rocambolesco Romanzo Filippino" (Italian edition), 2009
"In Flight: Two Novels of the Philippines" (a combined US edition), 2011
La Soeur de Soledad," (French edition), 2013
Plays
Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang Mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig, 1993
Pagsabog ng Liwanag/Aninag, Anino, 1996
Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog/Mac Malicsi, TNT, 1997
Screenplays
More than twenty produced screenplays, including
Miguelito, 1985
Tayong Dalawa, 1994 Saranggola, 1999
Books written
Fiction
"Oldtimer and Other Stories" (Quezon City: Asphodel Books, 1984)
"Sarcophagus and Other Stories" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1992)
"Killing Time in a Warm Place" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1992)
"Penmanship and Other Stories" (Pasig: Cacho Publishing, 1995)
"The Island" (Makati: Ayala Foundation, 1996). With Jaime Zobel and Francisco Doplon.
"Selected Stories" (QC: UP Press, 2005)
"Soledad’s Sister" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2008)
"Soledad: Rocambolesco Romanzo Filippino" (Milano: Isbn Edizioni, 2009). Translated by Clara Nubile.
"In Flight: Two Novels of the Philippines" (Tucson: Schaffner Press, 2011)
"Pasando el rato en un pais calido" (Barcelona: Libros del Asteroide, 2012). Translated by Marta Alcaraz.
"La soeur de Soledad" (Paris: Mercure de France, 2013). Translated by Jean-Pierre Aoustin.
"Voyager and Other Fictions: The Collected Stories of Jose Dalisay" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019)
Essays
"The Best of Barfly" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1997)
"Man Overboard" (QC: Milflores, 2005)
"The Knowing Is in the Writing: Notes on the Practice of Fiction" (QC: UP Press, 2006)
"Why Words Matter" (QC:Center for Art, New Ventures & Sustainable Development, 2019). With illustrations by Marcel Antonio.
"A Richness of Embarrassments and Other Easy Essays" (Quezon City: UP Press, 2020)
Nonfiction
"The Lavas: A Filipino Family" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1999)
"Bandera: The Filipino Flag" (Makati: Inquirer Publications, 2004)
"Journeys with Light: The Vision of Jaime Zobel" (Makati: Ayala Foundation, 2005)
"Power from the Deep: The Malampaya Story" (Makati: Shell Philippines, 2005)
"Unleashing the Power of Steam: The PNOC-EDC Story" (Makati: PNOC-EDC, 2006)
"Portraits of a Tangled Relationship: The Philippines and the United States" (Manila: Ars Mundi Philippinae, 2008). With Jose Ma. Cariño and others.
"Wash: Only a Bookkeeper" (Makati: SGV Foundation, 2009)
"The Voices of the Mountain: The People of Mt. Apo Speak" (Makati: EDC, 2009)
"Decade of Reform, Decade of Innovation: The GSIS Under PGM Winston Garcia, 2001-2010" (Manila: GSIS, 2010)
"Builder of Bridges: The Rudy Cuenca Story" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2010). With Antonette Reyes.
"With Hearts Aflame: The Christian Brothers in the Philippines, 1911-2011" (Mandaluyong: DLSP, 2012)
"A Man Called Tet" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2015)
"Edgardo J. Angara: In the Grand Manner" (Quezon City: UP Press, 2015)
"Harvest of Heroes" (Manila: Land Bank of the Philippines, 2015)
"Lighting the Second Century, with Exie Abola and Felice Sta. Maria" (Pasig: Meralco, 2015)
"Lessons from Nationalist Struggle: The Life of Emmanuel Q. Yap), with Josef T. Yap" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2016
"The Shell Century: Powering Philippine Progress" (Makati: Pilipinas Shell, 2016)
"Andrew and Mercedes Gotianun: Useless Each Without the Other" (Quezon City; ABS-CBN Publishing, 2018). With Jonathan Gotianun, Josephine Gotianun Yap, and Charlson Ong.
"Transforming Horizons: The PRSB Story" (Pasig: Philippine Resources Savings Bank, 2019). With Vanessa D. Gregorio.
"A Millennial Man for Others: The Life and Times of Rafael M. Salas, with Carmen Sarmiento" (Mandaluyong: Commission on Population, 2019)
Drama
"Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig" (Quezon City: UP Press, 1993)
"Pagsabog ng Liwanag / Aninag, Anino" (QC: UP Press, 1996)
"Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog / Mac Malicsi, TNT" (QC: UP Press, 1997)
Poetry
"Pinoy Septych and Other Poems" (Manila: UST Publishing, 2011)
Books edited
"Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, 10 volumes" (Manila: Asia Publishing, 1998). Written by various authors.
"The Likhaan Book of Poetry and Fiction" (Quezon City: UP Press, 1999). With Ricardo de Ungria, written by various authors.
"From Earth to Sky: The Life and Times of Hans Menzi" (Manila: Menzi Trust Fund, 2001). Written by Alya Honasan.
"A Promise to Keep: From Athens to Afghanistan" (Xlibris, 2003). Written by Arthur and Julie Hill.
"Remembering NVM" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2004). Written by various authors.
"Fourteen Love Stories, with Angelo R. La Cuesta" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2004).
"The Silk Road Revisited: Markets, Merchants, and Minarets" (Bloomington: Author House, 2006). Written by Julie Hill.
"Likhaan: The Journal of Contemporary Philippine Literature" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2007). Written by various authors.
"Hidden Treasures, Simple Pleasures" (Makati: Bookhaven, 2009). Written by Jaime C. 9. Laya, Mariano C. Lao, and Edilberto B. Bravo.
"Shadow of Doubt: Probing the Supreme Court" (Quezon City: Public Trust Media Group, 2010). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug.
"Our Rights, Our Victories: Landmark Cases in the Supreme Court" (Quezon City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2011). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug and Criselda Yabes.
"Endless Journey: A Memoir" (Quezon City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2011). Written by Jose T. Almonte with Marites Danguilan Vitug.
"The Future Begins Here" (Manila: De La Salle University, 2011). Written by various authors.
"Privileged Witness: Journeys of Rediscovery" (Bloomington: Author House, 2014). Written by Julie Hill.
"In the Afternoon Sun: My Alexandria" (Makati: Society for Cultural Enrichment, 2017). Written by Julie Hill.
"Stories from the Heart" (Manila: Philippine Airlines, 2017). Written by various authors.
"Joey: A Tribute to Joey Concepcion" (Makati: Studio 5, 2017)
"Rock Solid: How the Philippines Won Its Case Against China" (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2018). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug.
"Gold on the Horizon: Transforming Oriental Mindoro" (Makati: Studio 5, 2018). Written by various authors.
"Budget Reform in the Philippines" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019). Written by Ronald Mendoza and David Timberman.
"The Story of Philippine Central Banking: Stability and Strength at Seventy" (Makati: Studio 5, 2019). Written by various authors.
"An Appointment with the Vatican: A Biography of Bienvenido R. Tantoco Sr." (Quezon City: Creative Programs, Inc., 2019). Written by Rodolfo G. Silvestre.
"The Essential Manuel Arguilla Reader" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019). Written by Manuel Arguilla.
Honors and awards
Civitella Ranieri Fellowship
David T.K. Wong Fellowship for Creative Writing, University of East Anglia
Chamberlain Award
Milwaukee Fiction Award
American Poets Prize
Fulbright- Hays Scholarship
Hawthornden Castle Fellowship, Scotland
British Council Fellow to Cambridge
Word Festival (Australia)
Asia 2000 (New Zealand)
Centennial Honors for the Arts, Cultural Center of the Philippines
Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of the Philippines
Cultural Center of the Philippines Awards for Literature
National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle
FAMAS Award for Best Screenplay
Catholic Mass Media Award for Best Screenplay
URIAN citation for Best Screenplay
Star Awards citation for Best Screenplay
Palanca Awards for Literature
Palanca Hall of Fame Winner
Man Asian Literary Prize 2007 Shortlistee for Soledad's Sister
7th Department of Tourism Kalakbay Award for Best Travel Writer
Fellow, Standard Chartered International Literary Festival, Hong Kong
Philippine Graphic Awards
U.P. President's Award for Outstanding Publications
Writing fellow, 20th Dumaguete National Writers' Workshop (1981)
Henry Lee Irwin Professorial Chair, Ateneo de Manila University
Jose Joya, Jorge Bocobo, and Elpidio Quirino Professorial Chairs at the U.P. Diliman
Rockefeller Fellowship in Bellagio, Italy
Premio Cervara di Roma'', Italy
Has lectured at the University of Michigan, University of Auckland, Australian National University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, St. Norbert College, University of East Anglia, University of Rome, and the London School of Economics and the University of California, San Diego
See also
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
Severino Montano
Rene Villanueva
References and external links
U.P. Institute of Creative Writing
Philippine-American Educational Foundation
20th Dumaguete National Writers Workshop
Odds and ends from a writer, teacher, and Mac addict from the Philippines
New Zealand Writers’ Ezine
National Academy of Science and Technology
Archipelago
UP Forum Online
Cyberdyaryo
English Speaking Union
University of Michigan
Remembering NVM by Jose Y. Dalisay Jr.
University of East Anglia
Christchurch City Council, New Zealand
Filipinas Heritage Library
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia
University of California, San Diego
Philippine Star
University of California, Berkeley
Kalakbay Awards, Department of Tourism
2nd Hong Kong International Literary Festival
Philippine Science High School Alumni Association
Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino 1977
Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino 1985
University of Hawaii at Manola Library
University of Illinois at Springfield
The Don Carlos Palanca Awards 1987
Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Ph.D. at Mac.com
Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Saranggola, Review Summary, Filmography, Movies, The New York Times, 1999
Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Saranggola, Filmography, Movies, The New York Times, 1999
Tagalog-language writers
People from Romblon
University of Michigan alumni
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Filipino male short story writers
Filipino short story writers
Filipino dramatists and playwrights
Teachers of English
University of the Philippines alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Philippines
1954 births
Living people
Palanca Award recipients
Academics of the University of East Anglia
The Philippine Star people
Writers from Romblon
Marcos martial law victims
Marcos martial law prisoners jailed at Ipil Detention Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose%20Dalisay%20Jr. |
Gregory James Nava (born April 10, 1949) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter.
Personal life
Nava was born in San Diego, of Mexican and Basque heritage. Nava graduated from St. Augustine High School in San Diego and attended film school at UCLA where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in 1976. At UCLA he directed the short film The Journal of Diego Rodriguez Silva (based on the life of García Lorca), and for this work, won the Best Dramatic Film Award at the National Student Film Festival. Nava married Anna Thomas in 1975. They collaborated on many projects and had sons Christopher (born 1984) and Teddy (born 1985). They divorced in 2006. Nava married Barbara Martinez in 2013.
Career
The Confessions of Amans, Nava's first feature film, won the Best First Feature Award at the Chicago International Film Festival in 1976. Later, he came to the attention of Hollywood producers due to the success of El Norte, which garnered Nava and his wife Anna Thomas an Academy Award nomination for the screenplay. In 1995, the film was registered by the Library of Congress, National Film Registry. According to Roger Ebert, "El Norte tells the story with astonishing visual beauty, with unashamed melodrama, with anger leavened by hope. It is a Grapes of Wrath for our time."
Collaborations with his wife Thomas include The Confessions of Amans, A Time of Destiny, My Family, and Frida (screenplay).
Nava had directing success in 1997 with the film Selena, starring Jennifer Lopez.
From 2003 to 2004, Nava executive produced the television series American Family: Journey of Dreams for PBS. He also directed a few episodes.
In 2006, Nava produced, wrote, and directed the film Bordertown, which made its debut at the Berlin Film Festival on February 15, 2007. The film, based on true events, is a political thriller about a series of unsolved murders in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. It stars Jennifer Lopez as a Chicago-based reporter who follows the story. The film was shot in New Mexico and Mexico.
Filmography
The Confessions of Amans (1976)
The Haunting of M (1979)
The End of August (1982), screenplay only
El Norte (1983)
A Time of Destiny (1988)
My Family (1995)
Selena (1997)
Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998)
Frida (2002), screenplay only
Bordertown (2006)
Television
The 20th Century: American Tapestry (1999, Documentary)
American Family (2002–2004)
Accolades
Wins
Chicago International Film Festival: Gold Hugo Award, Best First Feature Award for The Confessions of Amans, 1976
Montréal World Film Festival: Grand Prix des Amériques for El Norte, 1983
Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival: OCIC Award for My Family, 1995
Bravo Awards: Outstanding Feature Film for My Family, 1995
Taos Talking Picture Festival: Cineaste Award, 1995
ALMA Award: Outstanding Latino Director of a Feature Film, for Selena, 1997
ALMA Award: Outstanding Latino Director of a Feature Film for Why Do Fools Fall in Love, 1998
National Hispanic Media Coalition: Impact Award for Director of the Year, 2000
Santa Fe Film Festival: Luminaria Award, 2006
Nominations
Academy Awards: Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen for El Norte, 1984
Writers Guild of America Award: Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen for El Norte, 1984
Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival: Golden Seashell Award for My Family, 1995
Emmy Awards: Outstanding Miniseries, for American Family: Journey of Dreams for the episode "Journey of Dreams", 2002
Berlin International Film Festival: Golden Berlin Bear for Bordertown, 2007
References
External links
PBS interview of Gregory Nava with Bill Moyers
1949 births
Film producers from California
American male screenwriters
American film directors of Mexican descent
American people of Basque descent
Film directors from California
Living people
UCLA Film School alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from San Diego
Screenwriters from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20Nava |
The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius.
Structure
The nucleus is situated in the caudal portion of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. Its axons take an unusual course, traveling dorsally and looping around the abducens nucleus, then traveling ventrally to exit the ventral pons medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These axons form the motor component of the facial nerve, with parasympathetic and sensory components forming the intermediate nerve.
The nucleus has a dorsal and ventral region, with neurons in the dorsal region innervating muscles of the upper face and neurons in the ventral region innervating muscles of the lower face.
Function
Because it innervates muscles derived from pharyngeal arches, the facial motor nucleus is considered part of the special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column, which also includes the trigeminal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, and (arguably) the spinal accessory nucleus.
Cortical input
Like all lower motor neurons, cells of the facial motor nucleus receive cortical input from the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the brain. Upper motor neurons of the cortex send axons that descend through the internal capsule and synapse on neurons in the facial motor nucleus. This pathway from the cortex to the brainstem is called the corticobulbar tract.
The neurons in the dorsal aspect of the facial motor nucleus receive inputs from both sides of the cortex, while those in the ventral aspect mainly receive contralateral inputs (i.e. from the opposite side of the cortex). The result is that both sides of the brain control the muscles of the upper face, while the right side of the brain controls the lower left side of the face, and the left side of the brain controls the lower right side of the face.
Clinical significance
As a result of the corticobulbar input to the facial motor nucleus, an upper motor neuron lesion to fibers innervating the facial motor nucleus results in central seven. The syndrome is characterized by spastic paralysis of the contralateral lower face. For example, a left corticobulbar lesion results in paralysis of the muscles that control the lower right quadrant of the face.
By contrast, a lower motor neuron lesion to the facial motor nucleus results in paralysis of facial muscles on the same side of the injury. If a cause, such as trauma or infection, cannot be identified (this situation is called idiopathic palsy) this condition is known as Bell's palsy. Otherwise it is described by its cause.
Mechanism of Facial Nerve Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
Any lesion occurring within or affecting the corticobulbar tract is known as an upper motor neuron lesion. Any lesion affecting the individual branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical) is known as a lower motor neuron lesion.
Branches of the facial nerve leaving the facial motor nucleus (FMN) for the muscles do so via both left and right posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) routes. In other words, this means lower motor neurons of the facial nerve can leave either from the left anterior, left posterior, right anterior or right posterior facial motor nucleus. The temporal branch travels out from the left and right posterior components. The inferior four branches do so via the left and right anterior components. The left and right branches supply their respective sides of the face (ipsilateral innervation). Accordingly, the posterior components receive motor input from both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex (bilaterally), whereas the anterior components receive strictly contralateral input. This means that the temporal branch of the facial nerve receives motor input from both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex whereas the zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical branches receive information from only contralateral hemispheres.
Now, because the anterior FMN receives only contralateral cortical input whereas the posterior receives that which is bilateral, a corticobulbar lesion (UMN lesion) occurring in the left hemisphere would eliminate motor input to the right anterior FMN component, thus removing signaling to the inferior four facial nerve branches, thereby paralyzing the right mid- and lower-face. The posterior component, however, although now only receiving input from the right hemisphere, is still able to allow the temporal branch to sufficiently innervate the entire forehead. This means that the forehead will not be paralyzed.
The same mechanism applies for an upper motor neuron lesion in the right hemisphere. The left anterior FMN component no longer receives cortical motor input due to its strict contralateral innervation, whereas the posterior component is still sufficiently supplied by the left hemisphere. The result is paralysis of the left mid- and lower-face with an unaffected forehead.
On the other hand, a lower motor neuron lesion is a bit different.
A lesion on either the left or right side would affect both the anterior and posterior routes on that side because of their close physical proximity to one another. So, a lesion on the left side would inhibit muscle innervation from both the left posterior and anterior routes, thus paralyzing the whole left side of the face (Bell’s palsy). With this type of lesion, the bilateral and contralateral inputs of the posterior and anterior routes, respectively, become irrelevant because the lesion is below the level of the medulla and the facial motor nucleus. Whereas at a level above the medulla a lesion occurring in one hemisphere would mean that the other hemisphere could still sufficiently innervate the posterior facial motor nucleus, a lesion affecting a lower motor neuron would eliminate innervation altogether because the nerves no longer have a means to receive compensatory contralateral input at a downstream decussation.
Thus, the main distinction between an UMN and LMN lesion is that in the former, there is hemiplegia of the contralateral mid- and lower-face, whereas in the latter, there is complete hemiplegia of the ipsilateral face.
Additional images
References
Cranial nerve nuclei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial%20motor%20nucleus |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1956 throughout the world.
Events
November 3 – Dutch club Rapid JC makes its European debut with a defeat (3-4) on home soil against Yugoslavia's Red Star Belgrade in the second round of the European Cup.
Foundation of Royal Thai Navy F.C.
Winners club national championship
: River Plate
: Manchester United
: Nice
: Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.
: ACF Fiorentina
: León
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
: FC Spartak Moscow
Spain: Atlético Bilbao
: IFK Norrköping
: Borussia Dortmund
International tournaments
Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia (November 24 – December 8, 1956)
1956 British Home Championship (October 22, 1955 – April 14, 1956)
Shared by , , &
Births
January
January 16: Martin Jol (Dutch footballer and manager)
January 17: Faouzi Mansouri (Algerian footballer) (died 2022)
January 31: Stefan Majewski (Polish footballer)
February
February 14: Reinhold Hintermaier (Austrian footballer)
February 18: Rüdiger Abramczik (German footballer)
February 25: Davie Cooper (Scottish footballer) (died 1995)
February 28: Jimmy Nicholl (Northern Irish footballer)
March
March 3: Zbigniew Boniek, Polish international footballer
March 4: Philippe Mahut, French international footballer (died 2014)
March 12: László Kiss, Hungarian footballer
March 12: Pim Verbeek, Dutch footballer and manager (died 2019)
March 15: Gilberto Yearwood, Honduran footballer
March 24: Włodzimierz Ciołek, Polish footballer
March 29: Ferenc Csongrádi, Hungarian footballer
March 29: Dick Jol, Dutch football referee
April
April 12: František Jakubec; Czech international footballer (died 2016)
May
May 3: Bernd Förster (German international footballer)
May 15: Ken Ayres (English former professional footballer)
May 19: Jan Fiala (Czech footballer)
June
June 5: Martin Koopman (Dutch footballer)
June 12: David Narey (Scottish footballer)
June 26: Maxime Bossis (French footballer)
July
July 15: Emmanuel Kunde (Cameroonian footballer)
July 20: Thomas N'Kono (Cameroonian footballer)
July 29: Jean-Luc Ettori (French footballer)
August
August 16: Patricio Hernández (Argentinian footballer)
August 27: Jean-François Larios (French footballer)
August 29: Viv Anderson (English footballer)
September
September 8: Jacky Munaron (Belgian footballer)
September 14: Béla Bodonyi (Hungarian footballer)
September 14: Ray Wilkins (English footballer) (died 2018)
September 23: Paolo Rossi (Italian footballer) (died 2020)
September 30: Frank Arnesen (Danish footballer)
October
October 10: Raúl Gorriti, Peruvian international footballer (died 2015)
October 28: Frank Vercauteren (Belgian international footballer)
November
November 4: Jan Korte (Dutch footballer and manager)
November 10: José Luis Brown Argentine international footballer, (died 2019)
November 16: Max Hagmayr (Austrian footballer)
November 18: Noel Brotherston (Northern Irish footballer) (died 1995)
December
December 6: Klaus Allofs (German footballer)
December 9: Oscar Garré (Argentine footballer)
December 10: Jan van Dijk (Dutch footballer and manager)
December 11: Ricardo Giusti (Argentine footballer)
Deaths
August
August 12 – Gianpiero Combi, 53, Italian goalkeeper, captaining winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and one of Italy's greatest goalkeepers of all-time.
October
October 16 - Jules Rimet, 83, 3rd president of FIFA.
October 24 - Tom Whittaker, 58, Arsenal manager, heart attack
References
External links
Olympic Football Tournament Melbourne 1956, FIFA.com
RSSSF Archive
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20in%20association%20football |
Greenside, is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Greenside borders on the suburbs Emmarentia, Parkview, Parkhurst and Victory Park.
History
Greenside lies on land that once made up the Braamfontein Farm, one of many large farms that makes what is Johannesburg and its suburbs. The farm land was bought in 1886 by Lourens Geldenhuys for its mining rights as it was hoped that the Confidence Reef would extend into his farm but it did not. Land remained as a farm and by 1891 it was divided, along what is now Orange Road, between his son's Frans and Louw where the brothers had already built two farm houses. Louw Geldenhuys died in 1929 and his wife Emmarentia would begin to sell parts of the farm that became the surrounding suburbs, one of which became Greenside on 4 February 1931 and was surveyed by the Rand Mines Group.
Greenside's name is considered to be Scottish in origin, and refers to the adjacent Parkview Golf Club. The golf course has its origins much earlier than the suburb, established in 1916 and modified again in 1930. Most of the roads in Greenside were named after golf courses or professional golfers. Leitch Road was named after the Scottish golfer Charlotte Cecilia Pitcairn Leitch. Quimet Street is named after the America golfer Francis Ouimet - how the confusion arose between the O and the Q is not known - suffice to say that it causes never-ending confusion as to the pronunciation of the street name (should it be pronounced in the French or American style), and for people seeking to locate the street. By 1940, Greenside Primary School had been established and Greenside High School would follow in January 1961. Pirates Sports & Rugby Club was based in the suburb from 1952 on land donated to the City of Johannesburg by the Sir Lionel Phillips Trust based inside the Sir Lionel Phillips Park, though the club originated elsewhere in 1888.
Areas of interest
Greenside has recently become a restaurant centre with about a dozen high-end restaurants, giving it a similar atmosphere to Parkhurst, Norwood and Melville. Other places of interest are:
Village Green Shopping Centre
Pirates Sports & Rugby Club
Sir Lionel Phillips Park
Parkview Golf Club
Education
Greenside High School
Greenside Primary School
Greenside Design Center College of Design
References
External links
Greenside Residents Association
Greenside High School website
Suburbs of Johannesburg on south-african-hotels.com
Scottish placenames in Johannesburg, South Africa
The Emmarentia Residents' Association
Emmarentia Greenside Security Association
Johannesburg Region B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenside%2C%20Gauteng |
Howlong is a town west of Albury, and is situated on the Murray River which separates the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. The town is located on the Riverina Highway. There is a bridge across the Murray into Victoria. Howlong is in the Federation Council local government area. At the , Howlong had a population of 2,997.
History
Prior to the founding of the township the Surveyor-General of New South Wales at that time Major Thomas Mitchell crossed the Murray River during his exploration of the area. There is a monument to Mitchell on the Victorian side of the river which states that Mitchell and his party camped at the location on 17 October 1836 and then crossed the river slightly downstream of their camping point on the following day.
Two years later Joseph Hawdon and Charles Bonney, Hawdon with a property in 'Western Port of Melbourne the capitol of Port Philip', set off on the second longest cattle drive of its kind attempted in Australia at that time driving 300 head from Howlong to Adelaide South Australia. Hawdon's diary states: "The banks of the Hume (Murray at Howlong) are well adapted for grazing stock, at least on the flats, and around the broad lagoons that join the river, some of which extend as much as three miles. Here also is a large plain, nine miles broad, called by the natives 'oolong'; the cattle appear to be very fond grazing upon it, although the land is not good, and the grass not so rich as nearer the river". Also in 1838 the site of the Mitchell river crossing became the location of the first postage mail delivery by a mail carrier, John Conway Bourke when he undertook to deliver the overland mail from Sydney to what would later be called Melbourne.
The township appears to have taken its title from a property named Hoolong in the area which was owned by Isaac Rudd and was named after an Aboriginal place name meaning 'beginning of the plains'. Howlong as a township was laid out in 1854. The Post Office opened on 1 January 1861. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.
Today
Howlong is now an important inland township which services the smaller villages of the area with a range of stores that meet most of the everyday needs of the people of the area. Nearby villages in the area include Brocklesby, Walbundrie & Chiltern
Sport
Local sporting clubs include the Howlong Football Club, an Australian rules football team, who have competed in the Hume Football League since 1953 and previously competed in the Chiltern & District Football Association in 1915 & 1916 and 1923 to 1952. The Howlong Football Club played in the Ovens and Murray Football League from 1911 to 1914 and again in 1919.
The Howlong Golf Resort which is the biggest membership Club in Australia and won the Jack Newton Junior Golf Club Of The Year 2011, the 2012 Golf Australia Centre Of The Year, the 2014 Highly Commended Winners from Clubs NSW, the 2015 Community Awards Finalist from Clubs NSW and hosts the renowned Top of the Murray and Murray Masters Tournaments.
The town is immortalised in the song "By the time I get to Howlong" from Spiderbait's album Grand Slam.
Gallery
References
External links
Howlong Football & Netball Club
Towns in the Riverina
Towns in New South Wales
Populated places on the Murray River
Federation Council, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlong |
A keynote in literature, music or public speaking is the principal underlying theme of a larger idea.
Keynote may also refer to:
Tonic (music), the first note of a major or minor scale, from which the 'key' takes its name
Keynote (presentation software), presentation creation software designed by Apple, Inc.
Keynote (notetaking software), Windows note-taking software designed by Tranglos Software
Keynote Records, a record label
Keynote Flour, a former brand of flour sold in Canada
Keynote DeviceAnywhere, a subsidiary of Keynote Systems, Inc.
Keynote Systems, a US-based Internet company
The Keynotes, 1940s UK vocal quartet before The Johnston Brothers, contracted to Decca
Bill Maynard and The Keynotes, United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957
Primo Scala and The Keynotes, Cruising Down the River
See also
Keynotes (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The following are the association football events of the year 1955 throughout the world.
Events
March 13 – For the first time in history of Dutch football the professionals are allowed to play for the Netherlands national football team. Against Denmark, Faas Wilkes plays his first international match for the Dutch in six years, after signing in Italy in 1949.
England - FA Cup: Newcastle United win 3-1 over Manchester City
September 21 – Dutch club PSV Eindhoven makes its European debut with a defeat (6-1) against Austria's Rapid Wien in the first round of the European Cup.
Winners club national championship
Primera – River Plate
Division 1 – Chelsea
French Division 1 – Stade de Reims
1. Deild – KR
Liga Leumit – Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C.
Serie A – A.C. Milan
Division A - Aberdeen
La Liga – Real Madrid
Copa del Rey – Athletic Bilbao
West-Germany
League – Rot-Weiß Essen
Domestic cups
England
FA Cup – Newcastle
Scotland
Scottish Cup - Clyde
International tournaments
1955 British Home Championship (October 2, 1954 – April 20, 1955)
Pan American Games in Mexico City, Mexico (March 13 – April 22, 1955)
Gold Medal:
Silver Medal:
Bronze Medal:
Births
January 10 — Franco Tancredi, Italian footballer and manager
January 18 — Tibor Nyilasi, Hungarian international footballer
February 8 — Bruno Pezzey, Austrian international footballer (died 1994)
February 15 — Ordan Aguirre, Venezuelan international footballer
March 6 — Ray Tumbridge, English former professional footballer
March 12 — Kirk Corbin, Barbadian former professional footballer
March 13 — Bruno Conti, Italian international footballer
April 1 — Roberto Pruzzo, Italian international footballer
May 1 — Bobby Lenarduzzi, Canadian international soccer player
June 21 — Michel Platini, French international footballer, 6th president of UEFA
June 28 — Heribert Weber, Austrian international footballer
July 25 — Milan Ružić, Yugoslavian international footballer (died 2014)
August 8 — Herbert Prohaska, Austrian international footballer
September 1 — Gerhard Strack, German international footballer (died 2020)
September 22 — Ludo Coeck, Belgian international footballer (died 1985)
September 25 — Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, German international footballer
October 11 — Hans-Peter Briegel, German international footballer
October 12 — Einar Jan Aas, Norwegian international footballer
November 28 — Alessandro Altobelli, Italian international footballer
December 24 — Cees Schapendonk, Dutch international footballer
Deaths
January
November 11 – Ramón Muttis, Argentine defender, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (55)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20in%20association%20football |
Carlos Alberto Madrazo Becerra (July 7, 1915 – June 4, 1969) was a Mexican reformist politician.
Early life
Madrazo was born on the ranchería of Parrilla, in the state of Tabasco, to Píoquinto Madrazo López, a businessman, and Concepción Becerra, a schoolteacher. His childhood was marked by poverty, but his mother taught him the will to overcome adversity. He was an avid learner, studying at the José N. Rovirosa Institute, where his oratory skills led to his being selected to give a speech on Benito Juárez on the hero's birthday. Tabasco governor Ausencio Conrado Cruz and Tomás Garrido Canabal, president of the pro-Calles Central Resistance League, both present as the event, were impressed with his eloquence. Following the event, Garrido Canabal invited Madrazo on his statewide speaking tours, where he became known as "the young tribune".
Education
Madrazo received a scholarship from the state government of Tabasco and studied at Juárez University where he organized the Confederation of Southeastern Socialist Students (Confederación de Estudiantes Socialistas del Sureste), which also drew support from peasants and labor. He also wrote for the newspaper Rendición.
He moved to Mexico City to continue his studies at the National Preparatory School, and in 1937 represented the Society of National Preparatory School Students as their president at the Second Congress of Mexican Socialist Students in Uruapan, Michoacán. In the same year, he earned his law degree from the National Autonomous University and joined the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM, later renamed PRI), becoming its president from 1938 to 1939. He also presided over the Confederation of Mexican Youth. In 1942 he was appointed General Director of Social Action of the Mexican Federal District (DF) and in 1944 became Director of the National School of Archivists and Librarians.
Political career
In 1943, he became a federal deputy of the second electoral district of the DF, but as a supporter of Javier Rojo Gómez, who aspired to succeed President Manuel Ávila Camacho, he was targeted by Rojo Gómez's rivals, who implicated him in a scheme to disperse fraudulent Bracero Program cards to would-be migrants. As a result, he was imprisoned.
In 1952, Madrazo was named Chief of the Legal Departament of the Sugarcane Commission. The same year his son Roberto Madrazo, who would later go on to represent the PRI in the 2006 Mexican presidential election, was born. In 1954 he wrote Anécdotas de Personajes Famosos ("Anecdotes of Famous People"). He represented the Tabasco state government in Mexico City, and supported Adolfo López Mateos's successful bid for the presidency, campaigning on his behalf. When López Mateos arrived in Tabasco, he proposed the development of the Southeast of Mexico as a possibility for the country's prime source of income.
On April 20, 1958, Madrazo took the oath of candidacy for the office of Governor of Tabasco, and was elected in 1959. His governorship saw public improvements such as 100 kilometers of roadway and the opening of hundreds of schools and hospitals in addition to private developments such as milk rehydration and pasteurization plants and the industrialization of the cacao industry at Cárdenas.
Following his governorship, President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz appointed Madrazo to the presidency of the PRI, hoping that his energetic but loyal leadership would placate the youthful faction of the party without disrupting the old guard's control of the party. But Madrazo took his appointment as a mandate to democratize the party. He replaced old and corrupt party officials with dynamic members of the new generation, and tried to institute such reforms as open primaries for local offices, and a "Commission of Honor" to investigate and punish political corruption. These proposals lay bare the empty nature of Mexican "democracy" and earned him enemies within the PRI, and in 1965 he was forced to resign his leadership of the party.
After being relieved of his duties, he returned to his position as the head of the national librarian school. He continued to be active in the PRI, beginning "an unprecedented campaign of sniping at the government from the sidelines", whence he "gathered a considerable body of opinion behind him".
Death
In 1969 he died in the Mexicana Flight 704 plane crash on Pico del Fraile Hill in Monterrey, Nuevo León, with his wife Graciela Pintado.
Bibliography
La verdad en el "caso" de los braceros: origen de esta injusticia: nombre de los verdaderos responsables, ca. 1945. México.
Anécdotas de Personajes Famosos, 1952. Mexico.
Madrazo: voz postrera de la revolución; discursos y comentarios. Compiled by L. Darío Vasconcelos, 1971. Mexico, B. Costa-Amic.
Citations
External links
Obituary from the National Institute of Political Studies
1915 births
1969 deaths
Governors of Tabasco
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Mexican democracy activists
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican male writers
Politicians from Tabasco
Writers from Tabasco
Presidents of the Institutional Revolutionary Party
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Mexico
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1969
20th-century Mexican politicians
People from Villahermosa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20A.%20Madrazo |
Dean R. Peters (August 22, 1958 – December 15, 1998) was an American professional wrestler and referee. He performed with the World Wrestling Federation under the ring names Brady Boone and Battle Kat.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1984-1987)
Peters started his career in 1984, working for Don Owen's NWA Pacific Northwest Wrestling promotion. He wrestled under the ring name Brady Boone, and was billed as the cousin of Billy Jack Haynes. After teaming with Haynes, Boone won the Tag Team Championship twice in 1986; first with Coco Samoa on March 29, then with Ricky Santana on October 4. He also worked in Mid-Atlantic, Central States, Florida and All Japan Pro Wrestling in 1987.
World Wrestling Federation (1987–1988)
While wrestling for PNW, Peters (as Brady Boone) worked for the World Wrestling Federation from 1987 to early 1988. Boone began wrestling full-time for the WWF on July 2, 1987, used primarily as an upper-level opening match wrestler. Despite his role on television as a jobber, Boone won many matches on the house show circuit including defeats of Barry Horowitz, The Gladiator, José Estrada Sr. and ultimately compiled an overall singles record that included 19 wins that year. Meanwhile, on television Boone lost almost all of his encounters, but challenged The Honky Tonk Man for the Intercontinental Championship on the December 8, 1987 and May 10, 1988, episodes of Superstars. Boone was involved in one major angle on October 31, 1987, when he tagged with Scott Casey in a losing effort against Demolition. Following the match Demolition continued to attack Boone, leading first Billy Jack Haynes and then Ken Patera (Haynes' ally in a recent feud with Bobby Heenan) to make the save but also be beaten down. Boone was stretchered out as a part of that angle which led to Demolition feuding with the team of Haynes and Ken Patera plus various other allies. The following year Boone won an additional 24 matches, and finished his run with a victory over Steve Lombardi on September 12, 1988, in South Bend, Indiana.
All Japan Pro Wrestling and Florida (1988–1990)
On June 10, 1988, Boone returned All Japan Pro Wrestling and lost to Shunji Taknao. After leaving WWF, Boone returned to Florida working only a few matches in 1988 and 1989. He defeated Iron Mike Sharpe for Trans World Wrestling Federation at the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland on January 29, 1990.
World Wrestling Federation - Battle Kat (1990)
Brady Boone returned to the WWF on May 4, 1990, on a house show in a loss to Paul Diamond. He wrestled in numerous house shows and television matches between May and August. At a house show on September 13, 1990, Peters debuted as Battle Kat, a character who donned a cat mask and utilized his gymnastics background to emphasize his "cat-like" agility. He pinned The Brooklyn Brawler. Six days later, Battle Kat won his televised debut match over Bob Bradley, on the September 19 episode of Wrestling Challenge. Battle Kat remained undefeated on house shows and defeated Paul Diamond on the October 30 episode of Wrestling Challenge, and Boris Zhukov on house shows and Prime Time Wrestling before he was released from the WWF. Bob Bradley replaced Brady Boone in the Battle Kat character and was demoted to talent enhancement status, including a televised singles loss to, and teamed with Koko B. Ware in a loss to Demolition.
Independent circuit and All Japan (1991-1992)
After leaving the WWF, Peters took a brief hiatus from wrestling. He reappeared at the Universal Wrestling Federation's only pay-per-view, Beach Brawl on June 9, 1991, where he and Jim Cooper lost to The Blackhearts (Apocalypse and Destruction). As Fire Cat, he wrestled in the Florida-based Suncoast Pro Wrestling and won its Tag Team Championship with Jerry Lynn. After losing the title, Peters took another hiatus before debuting in All Japan Pro Wrestling under his Fire Cat name on March 4, 1992. He and Richard Slinger lost a tag team match to Lt. James Earl Wright and Sgt. Buddy Lee Parker.
World Championship Wrestling (1993–1994)
Peters signed with World Championship Wrestling in 1993, and debuted (as Brady Boone) on the December 7 episode of Saturday Night, losing a tag team match (with partner Scott Studd) to Pretty Wonderful (Paul Orndorff and Paul Roma). On the January 10, 1994 episode of Saturday Night, Boone lost to Steve Austin. After not appearing on television for several months, Boone wrestled his final match on the September 26 episode of WCW Pro, losing to Brian Pillman. After retiring as a wrestler, Boone remained with the company as a referee.
Independent Circuit (1996–1997)
Boone came out of retirement in 1996 wrestling for NWA Florida. He wrestled as the Fire Cat losing to Rob Van Dam on November 8, 1996, in Gainesville, Florida. His last recorded match was a loss to Adrian Street on November 7, 1997.
Death and legacy
On December 15, 1998, while driving home to Tampa, Florida from a WCW television taping in Orlando, Peters died in an automobile accident.
Despite being smaller than most wrestlers, Peters inspired several up-and-coming wrestlers with his athleticism, including Rob Van Dam. The two met while Peters was wrestling in Florida for Suncoast Pro Wrestling. Peters helped Van Dam during his early years in wrestling, and persuaded Giant Baba to allow Van Dam to tour with All Japan Pro Wrestling. The last time Van Dam saw Peters was also the only time he wrestled him. In tribute, Van Dam uses moves that Peters himself used.
Personal life
Peters attended Robbinsdale High School in 1976 alongside fellow future wrestlers Curt Hennig, Tom Zenk and Rick Rude. John Nord and Nikita Koloff (class of 1977), and Barry Darsow (class of 1978). He is the uncle of former wrestler and WCW referee Johnny Boone. Married to Sherry Exum-Peterson (married December 1991) and the father to Kaley Mckennah Exum-Peters (born December 1992) and Jessy Diamond Exum-Peters (born May 1991)
Championships and accomplishments
Pacific Northwest Wrestling
NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Coco Samoa (1) and Ricky Santana (1)
Suncoast Pro Wrestling
SPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jerry Lynn
See also
List of premature professional wrestling deaths
References
Further reading
Bernstein, Ross. Grappling Glory: Celebrating A Century Of Minnesota Wrestling & Rassling. Minneapolis: Nodin Press, 2004.
External links
1958 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male professional wrestlers
Masked wrestlers
People from Robbinsdale, Minnesota
Professional wrestlers from Minnesota
Road incident deaths in Florida
20th-century professional wrestlers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady%20Boone |
The selector technique is a method to amplify and multiplex genomic DNA.
Process
Genomic DNA is digested with restriction enzymes, circularized by hybridisation to selectors and subsequently attached to a vector sequence by ligation. The procedure results in circular DNA molecules with an included general primer pair motif that can be used for amplification by PCR or RCA.
Selector construct
A selector consists of two oligonucleotides, one Vector oligonucleotide and one Selector probe. Together they form one Selector with target specific ends on each side of a general primer motif.
Selection mechanisms
A selector probe hybridizes with both ends of the selected target.
A selector probe hybridizes with one end to the 3’ end of the target and the other end to an internal sequence of the target. The protruding 5' end is cleaved off using Taq polymerase.
Publications
Demonstration of the selector method
The PieceMaker software for designing selector experiments
DNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selector%20technique |
Stalida (Greek: Σταλίδα, older form Stalis) is a village that lies between Malia and Hersonissos on the north coast of Crete, Greece. The name derives from the Greek verb stalizo, which means 'stop for a rest' as this was a location where shepherds and farms rested in between villages. It is a lively resort, attracting tourists from many European countries. It has a long, sandy beach and a variety of shops, bars and tavernas. From Stalis, the Bulgarian trail leads to Mochos village, built by the captive Bulgarians during WWII. In the village's main square, one finds the Byzantine church of St. Ioannis (St. John) dating back to 1600. Popular with families, it is 30 km from Nikos Kazantsakis airport in Heraklion.
Resort
Quieter than the neighbouring resorts of Malia and Hersonissos, Stalis has a more relaxed atmosphere and still has a wide array of bars and restaurants. The resort is popular with a mix of nationalities.
Gallery
References
External links
Stalis website
Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
Hersonissos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalida |
Hugh McCartney (3 January 1920 – 28 February 2006) was a Scottish Labour Party politician.
Early life
Born in Glasgow, the son of a tram driver, McCartney studied at John Street Senior Secondary School in the Bridgeton area of the city, and at the Royal Technical College (later the University of Strathclyde) in the city centre. He joined the Independent Labour Party's Guild of Youth at the age of 14 and began a textile apprenticeship. He joined the Labour Party at 16. During the Second World War he entered engineering at Rolls-Royce in Coventry and for the Royal Air Force, becoming active as a trade unionist.
Political career
McCartney became a councillor on Kirkintilloch town council in 1955, and in 1965 a Dunbartonshire county councillor, serving on both bodies until 1970. That year he was elected to Parliament for the Clydeside seat of Dunbartonshire East, defeating Communist shipbuilders' trade union leader Jimmy Reid. McCartney too became active in supporting the Clydeside shipbuilding industry.
From 1974, McCartney represented Dunbartonshire Central, then Clydebank and Milngavie from 1983 after further boundary changes. A low-profile Member of Parliament, he was a Scottish whip and active in the TGWU and Scottish groups of Labour MPs. He retired from Parliament in 1987.
Personal life
McCartney was married to fellow trade unionist Margaret, with whom he had two daughters, Irene and Margaret, and one son, Ian McCartney. Ian also had a career in politics, and his roles included Minister of State for Trade, Chairman of the Labour Party and Member of Parliament for Makerfield between 1987 and 2010.
References
External links
1920 births
2006 deaths
Scottish Labour MPs
Scottish Labour councillors
Politicians from Glasgow
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
Politicians from Kirkintilloch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20McCartney |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1954 throughout the world.
Events
May 8 – The Asian Football Confederation is founded in Manila, Philippines.
June 15 – UEFA is founded in Basel, Switzerland.
Winners club national championship
: KF Partizani Tirana
: Boca Juniors
: Rapid Vienna
: R.S.C. Anderlecht
Bulgaria: CSKA Sofia
: Spartak Prague Sokolovo
Denmark: Køge BK
East Germany: BSG Turbine Erfurt
England: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
Faroe Islands: KÍ Klaksvík
Finland: Pyrkivä Turku
: Lille OSC
Greece: Olympiacos F.C.
Hungary: Budapest Honvéd FC
: ÍA
: Shamrock Rovers F.C.
: Internazionale Milano F.C.
: Jeunesse Esch
: FC Eindhoven
: Linfield F.C.
: Skeid
: Polonia Bytom
: Sporting CP
Romania: Flamura Roșie Arad
: Celtic F.C.
Spain: Real Madrid
: GAIS
Switzerland: FC La Chaux-de-Fonds
USSR: Dynamo Moscow
: Hannover 96
: Dinamo Zagreb
International tournaments
1954 British Home Championship (October 10, 1953 – April 2, 1954)
FIFA World Cup in Switzerland (June 16 – July 4, 1954)
Births
January 5 — Jan Everse, Dutch footballer and manager
January 20 — Daniela Sogliani
February 7 — Jimmy Bailey, Honduran international footballer
February 13 — Dominique Bathenay, French international footballer
February 19 — Sócrates, Brazilian international footballer (died 2011)
April 1 — Giancarlo Antognoni, Italian international footballer
April 14 — László Fekete, Hungarian international footballer (died 2014)
April 19 — Trevor Francis, English international footballer and manager
May 18 — Eric Gerets, Belgian international footballer and manager
May 12 — Wolfgang Dremmler, German international footballer
June 26 — Luis Arconada, Spanish international footballer
July 15 — Mario Kempes, Argentinian international footballer
August 18 — Jan Peters, Dutch international footballer
August 22 — Emilio Campos, Venezuelan international footballer
August 24 — Heini Otto, Dutch footballer and manager
October 30 — Ramón Maradiaga, Honduran footballer and manager
November 18 — Adrie Koster, Dutch footballer and manager
December 1 — François Van der Elst, Belgian international footballer (died 2017)
Deaths
January 31 – Vivian Woodward, English footballer (born 1879)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20in%20association%20football |
Soran (, ) is a district and an independent administration of the Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, bordering Iran and Turkey. Its main city is Soran.
Sub-Districts
Soran District is similar to a county, and the seat of government is in Diana, having previously been in Rawandiz.
There were five sub-districts in Soran, being Mergasur, Diyana, Khalifan, Rawandiz and Sidekan.
Recently, however, Rawandiz became a separate district.
References
Districts of Erbil Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%20District |
Presley Chweneyagae (born October 19, 1984), is a South African actor of Tswana origin. He starred in the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards. His mother, Agnes Keagile named him after her favourite singer, Elvis Presley. Although he had acted before in plays, Tsotsi was his first feature film. His most recent role is on the South African telenovela, The River as Thuso "Cobra" Mokoena.
He has recently been focusing on stage plays and more films. His latest films include More Than Just a Game, State of Violence and Africa United. He is currently doing a play about Solomon Mahlangu, a former MK cadre who was hanged at the age of 22.
Selected filmography
Tsotsi (2005)
iNumber Number (2013)
Zama Zama (2013)
The Number (2017)
The River (2018)
References
External links
South African male film actors
1984 births
Living people
South African male stage actors
People from North West (South African province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presley%20Chweneyagae |
P&O European Ferries (formerly Townsend Thoresen), a division of P&O Ferries, was a ferry company which operated in the English Channel from 1987 after the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, when Townsend Thoresen was renamed P&O European Ferries, until 1999 when the Portsmouth Operations became P&O Portsmouth and the Dover Operations were merged with Stena Line AB to make P&O Stena Line.
History
P&O European Ferries was formed after the Townsend Thoresen ship, Herald of Free Enterprise, capsized outside Zeebrugge in 1987. P&O owned the whole of European Group who marketed their ferry services as Townsend Thoresen. After the bad publicity that the Zeebrugge disaster brought to the brand P&O quickly rebranded Townsend Thoresen as P&O European Ferries with all of the former TT fleet, all of the vessels received the Blue P&O hull and blue funnel.
In 1993 P&O launched a new Portsmouth to Bilbao route using the former Olympia and renamed her the Pride of Bilbao. In 1994 when Olau Line ceased operations the 2 German built superferries Olau Britannia and Olau Hollandia were chartered to P&O and they were both renamed the Pride of Portsmouth and the Pride of Le Havre respectively. The new Pride of Le Havre replaced the first ship of that name which was renamed Pride of Cherbourg and replaced the original Pride of Cherbourg on the Portsmouth - Cherbourg route.
In 1998 P&O European Ferries Dover operations and Stena Line's Dover & Newhaven operations merged and became P&O Stena Line with P&O European Ferries putting forward their Dover - Calais and Dover - Zeebrugge route vessels forward and P&O Irish Sea was formed in 1998, following the merger of the Cairnryan-based service of P&O European Ferries (Felixstowe) Ltd and Pandoro (who operated routes between England, Scotland and France to Ireland), while the Portsmouth operations remained unchanged until 1999 when it became P&O Portsmouth.
Past fleet
Routes
Dover - Calais
Dover - Zeebrugge
Portsmouth - Le Havre
Portsmouth - Cherbourg
Portsmouth - Bilbao
Cairnryan - Larne
Felixstowe - Rotterdam (Europort)
Felixstowe - Zeebrugge
References
Notes
Bibliography
European Ferries
Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom
Ferry companies of England
Ferry companies of France
History of the English Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26O%20European%20Ferries |
Katze im Sack (English title: Let the Cat Out of the Bag) is a German drama film directed by and written by Michael Proehl. The film's tagline translates to English as A romantic film for those who don't like romantic films. Set primarily in Leipzig, two apparently lost souls find one another but struggle to find romance against circumstances and their own divisive personalities.
The two lead characters, Karl played by Christoph Bach and Doris Jule Böwe, have a chance meeting on a train. The pair steal minor items from one another during the journey and that theft leads Karl to attempt to track down Doris to her place of work at a bar in Leipzig. Once in Leipzig, the pair each make convoluted attempts to get to know the other in a series of events coloured by disaffected members of Leipzig society including an older male friend of Doris and a brothel owner.
Awards
The film was awarded the First Steps Award as Best Young Filmmakers Award in 2004. At the Max-Ophüls-Festival 2005 it received the best music award. The film was also shown at the Berlinale.
References
External links
2005 films
2005 romantic drama films
Films set in Leipzig
German romantic drama films
2000s German-language films
2000s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katze%20im%20Sack |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1953 throughout the world.
Events
April 19 – The Netherlands plays its 200th official match in history, losing 0–2 in a friendly against neighbouring Belgium.
May 2 – Blackpool win the FA Cup Final, their only major championship title to date, beating Bolton Wanderers 4–3, despite the score being 1–3 with a few minutes remaining.
November 25 – England v Hungary (1953). It was the first time England had lost at Wembley Stadium home venue to a nation outside the British Isles.
Dynamo Dresden was founded.
Winners club national championship
: River Plate
: R.F.C. Liégeois
: Millonarios FC
: KB
: Dynamo Dresden
: Arsenal F.C.
: Stade de Reims
: Panathinaikos F.C.
: Internazionale Milano F.C.
: Shelbourne F.C.
: Tampico
: RCH
: Glentoran F.C.
: Ruch Chorzów
: Sporting
: CCA București
: Rangers F.C.
: FC Barcelona
: Malmö FF
: 1. FC Kaiserslautern
: FC Spartak Moscow
International tournaments
1953 British Home Championship (October 4, 1952 – April 18, 1953)
Shared by &
1953 Small Club World Cup (February 11, 1953 – February 21, 1953)
Millonarios FC
1953 Small Club World Cup (July 11, 1953 – August 2, 1953)
Corinthians
South American Championship in Peru (February 22 – April 1, 1953)
Births
January 1 – Peter John Taylor, English footballer and manager
January 4 – Norberto Alonso, Argentinean footballer
January 6 – Manfred Kaltz, German footballer
March 1 – Carlos Queiroz, Portuguese manager
March 3 – Zico, Brazilian footballer and manager
March 11 – László Bölöni, Romanian footballer and manager
April 1 – Pavol Biroš, Czech footballer (died 2020)
April 1 – Alberto Zaccheroni, Italian manager
April 10 – Søren Busk, Danish footballer
April 21 – Hans Verèl, Dutch footballer and manager (died 2019)
April 28 – Brian Greenhoff, English footballer (died 2013)
May 6 – Graeme Souness, Scottish footballer and manager
May 22 – Paul Mariner, English footballer (died 2021)
May 25 – Daniel Passarella, Argentinean footballer and manager
May 25 – Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (died 1989)
June 19 – Jan van Deinsen, Dutch footballer
July 20 – Ladislav Jurkemik, Slovak footballer
July 22 – René Vandereycken, Belgian footballer and manager
July 26 – Felix Magath, German footballer and manager
September 15 – Gerrie Kleton, Dutch footballer (died 2006)
September 27 – Claudio Gentile, Italian footballer
October 14 – Aldo Maldera, Italian footballer (died 2012)
October 16 – Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer and manager
November 29 – Huub Stevens, Dutch footballer and manager
December 4 – Jean-Marie Pfaff, Belgian footballer
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20in%20association%20football |
Kuru was a Vedic Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern Iron Age India, encompassing parts of the modern-day states of Haryana, Delhi, and some parts of western Uttar Pradesh, which appeared in the Middle Vedic period (). The Kuru Kingdom was the first recorded state-level society in the Indian subcontinent.
The Kuru kingdom decisively changed the religious heritage of the early Vedic period, arranging their ritual hymns into collections called the Vedas, and developing new rituals which gained their position over Indian civilization, as the Srauta rituals, which contributed to the so-called "classical synthesis" or "Hindu synthesis". It became the dominant political and cultural center of the middle Vedic Period during the reigns of Parikshit and Janamejaya, but declined in importance during the late Vedic period () and had become "something of a backwater" by the Mahajanapada period in the 5th century BCE. However, traditions and legends about the Kurus continued into the post-Vedic period, providing the basis for the Mahabharata epic.
The main contemporary sources for understanding the Kuru kingdom are the Vedas, containing details of life during this period and allusions to historical persons and events. The time-frame and geographical extent of the Kuru kingdom (as determined by philological study of the Vedic literature) suggest its correspondence with the archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture.
Location
The Kuru state was located in northwestern India, stretching from the Gaṅgā river and the border of the Pañcāla state in the east to the Sarasvatī and the frontier of Rohītaka in the west, and bordered the Kulindas in the north and the Sūrasenas and Matsya in the south. The area formerly occupied by the Kuru kingdom covered the presently Thanesar, Delhi, and most of the upper Gangetic Doab.
The Kuru state was itself divided into the Kuru-jaṅgala ("Kuru forest"), the Kuru territory proper, and the Kuru-kṣetra ("Kuru field"):
Kuru-jaṅgala was a wild area which stretched from the Kāmyaka forest on the banks of the Sarasvatī to the Khāṇḍava forest
proper Kuru territory consisted of the region around Hāstīnapura
Kuru-kṣetra was located between the Khāṇḍava forest in the south, Tūrghna in the north, and Parīnaḥ in the west. Kuru-kṣetra was between the Sarasvatī and the Dṛṣadvatī rivers
The rivers flowing within the Kuru state included the Aruṇā, Aṃśumatī, Hiraṇvatī, Āpayā, Kauśikī, Sarasvatī, and Dṛṣadvatī or Rakṣī.
History
The Kuru clan was formed in the Middle Vedic period () as a result of the alliance and merger between the Bharata and other Puru clans, in the aftermath of the Battle of the Ten Kings. With their center of power in the Kurukshetra region, the Kurus formed the first political center of the Vedic period, and were dominant roughly from 1200 to 800 BCE. The first Kuru capital was at Āsandīvat, identified with modern Assandh in Haryana. Later literature refers to Indraprastha (identified with modern Delhi) and Hastinapura as the main Kuru cities.
The Kurus figure prominently in Vedic literature after the time of the Rigveda. The Kurus here appear as a branch of the early Indo-Aryans, ruling the Ganga-Yamuna Doab and modern Haryana.
The focus in the later Vedic period shifted out of Punjab, into the Haryana and the Doab, and thus to the Kuru clan.
This trend corresponds to the increasing number and size of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) settlements in the Haryana and Doab area. Archaeological surveys of the Kurukshetra District have revealed a more complex (albeit not yet fully urbanized) three-tiered hierarchy for the period of period from 1000 to 600 BCE, suggesting a complex chiefdom or emerging early state, contrasting with the two-tiered settlement pattern (with some "modest central places", suggesting the existence of simple chiefdoms) in the rest of the Ganges Valley. Although most PGW sites were small farming villages, several PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns; the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE.
The Atharvaveda (XX.127) praises Parikshit, the "King of the Kurus", as the great ruler of a thriving, prosperous realm. Other late Vedic texts, such as the Shatapatha Brahmana, commemorate Parikshit's son Janamejaya as a great conqueror who performed the ashvamedha (horse-sacrifice). These two Kuru kings played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state and the development of the srauta rituals, and they also appear as important figures in later legends and traditions (e.g., in the Mahabharata).
The Kurus declined after being defeated by the non-Vedic Salva (or Salvi) tribe, and the center of Vedic culture shifted east, into the Panchala realm, in Uttar Pradesh (whose king Keśin Dālbhya was the nephew of the late Kuru king). According to post-Vedic Sanskrit literature, the capital of the Kurus was later transferred to Kaushambi, in the lower Doab, after Hastinapur was destroyed by floods as well as because of upheavals in the Kuru family itself. In the post Vedic period (by the 6th century BCE), the Kuru dynasty evolved into Kuru and Vatsa janapadas, ruling over Upper Doab/Delhi/Haryana and lower Doab, respectively. The Vatsa branch of the Kuru dynasty further divided into branches at Kaushambi and at Mathura.
According to Buddhist sources, by the late and post-Vedic periods, Kuru had become a minor state ruled by a chieftain called Koravya and belonging to the () . After the main Kuru ruling dynasty had moved to Kosambi, the Kuru country itself became divided into multiple small principalities, with the ones at Indapatta and one at Iṣukāra being the most prominent ones. By the time of the Buddha, these small statelets had been replaced by a Kuru (republican state).
Society and Administration
Society
The tribes that consolidated into the Kuru Kingdom or 'Kuru Pradesh' were largely semi-nomadic, pastoral tribes. However, as settlement shifted into the western Ganges Plain, settled farming of rice and barley became more important. Vedic literature of this time period indicates the growth of surplus production and the emergence of specialized artisans and craftsmen. Iron was first mentioned as śyāma āyasa (श्याम आयस, literally "black metal") in the Atharvaveda, a text of this era. Another important development was the fourfold varna (class) system, which replaced the twofold system of arya and dasa from the Rigvedic times. The Brahmin priesthood and Kshatriya aristocracy, who dominated the arya commoners (now called vaishyas) and the dasa labourers (now called shudras), were designated as separate classes.
Administration
Kuru kings ruled with the assistance of a rudimentary administration, including purohita (priest), village headman, army chief, food distributor, emissary, herald and spies. They extracted mandatory tribute (bali) from their population of commoners as well as from weaker neighboring tribes. They led frequent raids and conquests against their neighbors, especially to the east and south. To aid in governing, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox Srauta rituals) to uphold social order and strengthen the class hierarchy. High-ranking nobles could perform very elaborate sacrifices, and many poojas (rituals) primarily exalted the status of the king over his people. The ashvamedha or horse sacrifice was a way for a powerful king to assert his domination in northern India.
Assembly
Kuru had two type of legislative assembly:
The Samiti was a common assembly of the jana members, and had the power to elect or dethrone the king.
The Sabha was a smaller assembly of wise elders, who advised the king.
In epic literature
The epic poem, the Mahabharata, tells of a conflict between two branches of the reigning Kuru clan possibly around 1000 BCE. However, archaeology has not furnished conclusive proof as to whether the specific events described have any historical basis. The existing text of the Mahabharata went through many layers of development and mostly belongs to the period between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Within the frame story of the Mahabharata, the historical kings Parikshit and Janamejaya are featured significantly as scions of the Kuru clan.
A historical Kuru King named Dhritarashtra Vaichitravirya is mentioned in the Kathaka Samhita of the Yajurveda ( 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the Rigvedic-era king Sudas. His cattle were reportedly destroyed as a result of conflict with the vratya ascetics; however, this Vedic mention does not provide corroboration for the accuracy of the Mahabharata's account of his reign.
Kuru family tree in Mahabharata
See also
Kuru related
King Kuru
Uttara Kurus, Uttara Kuru Kingdom
Kuruvansh Ror Vansh
Other Mahabharta related
Parikshit, Janamejaya
Panchala, Videha, Magadha, Nishada
Historicity of the Mahabharata
Modern archaeology of Vedic era
Cemetery H culture
Painted Grey Ware culture
Kingdoms of Ancient India
Present day regions
Regions of Haryana
Regions of Rajasthan
Regions of Uttar Pradesh
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Kuru Kingdom
Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
The Kuru race in Sri Lanka – Web site of Kshatriya Maha Sabha
Coins of Kuru janapada
History of Haryana
History of Uttar Pradesh
Iron Age countries in Asia
Iron Age cultures of South Asia
Locations in Hindu mythology
Regions of Haryana
Regions of Rajasthan
Regions of Uttar Pradesh
Regions of Punjab, India
Former kingdoms
Kingdoms of the Puru clan
Kingdoms of the Vedic period | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru%20Kingdom |
PMTair (Progress MulTi Air) was a Cambodian airline offering regularly scheduled domestic and international passenger and cargo services out of Phnom Penh International Airport.
History
PMTair was founded on 14 January 2003 and was owned by Progress Multitrade Co., Ltd. A certificate of airworthiness was issued by the Cambodian Civil Aviation Authority on October 14, 2003.
The airline was dissolved in 2008.
Destinations
Upon closure, PMTair served the following destinations:
Cambodia
Siem Reap - Angkor International Airport base
Korea, South
Busan - Gimhae International Airport
Seoul - Incheon International Airport
Vietnam
Hanoi - Noi Bai International Airport
Former routes
PMTair suspended all domestic flights in the wake of the crash of PMTair Flight U4 241.
Pattaya-Siem Reap
Bangkok-Phnom Penh
Hanoi-Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh-Ratanakiri-Siem Reap
Ratanakiri-Phnom Penh
Siem Reap-Phnom Penh
Siem Reap-Sihanoukville
Fleet
The PMTair fleet included the following aircraft (as of 30 August 2008):
2 Antonov An-12 (cargo)
1 Antonov An-24
2 Boeing 737-200
2 McDonnell Douglas MD-83 (one aircraft is operated for Wind Rose Aviation)
Accidents and incidents
On November 21, 2005, a Yunshuji Y7-100C operated by PMTair left the runway when landing at Ban Lung, Ratanakiri and sheared a leg off its landing gear. Fifty-nine passengers and six crew members were aboard. There were no injuries. The aircraft was XU-072, leased from Royal Phnom Penh Airways, and formerly operated by President Airlines. As a result of this accident, United Nations personnel were barred from using the airline.
On June 25, 2007, PMTair Flight U4 241, an Antonov An-24 with 16 passengers and six crew crashed in a mountainous jungle area of Kampot Province. The flight had departed Angkor International Airport and was heading for Sihanoukville International Airport, and disappeared from radar at around 10:40 a.m. local time (0340 UTC). Aboard were 13 South Koreans and three Czech passengers, and the crew of one Uzbekistani pilot and five Cambodians. Because of weather and rugged terrain, search-and-rescue crews took two days to find the crash site. No survivors were found.
References
External links
Official Website (Archive)
PMTair Fleet
Defunct airlines of Cambodia
Airlines established in 2003
Airlines disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Cambodia
Cambodian companies established in 2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMTair |
Lennoxtown (, ) is a town in the East Dunbartonshire council area and the historic county of Stirlingshire, Scotland. The Campsie Fells are located to Lennoxtown's north. The town had a population of 4,094 at the 2011 UK census.
History
The Lennoxtown area was centered around Lennox Mill in the past. It was a bustling location where tenants of the Woodhead estate used to bring their corn for grinding. Numerous corn mills existed in the area, including Lennox Mill which was situated near the now since-demolished Kali Nail Works.
A significant event in the history of the locality was the establishment of the calico printing works at Lennoxmill during the late 1780s. It was on a site adjacent to the old corn mill. Calico is a type of cotton cloth, the printing of cotton cloth was soon established as the major industry in the area, also at Milton of Campsie. Calico was constructed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to provide accommodation for the block makers and other cotton printing workers in the village of Lennoxtown. Streets of houses were planned and built according to a formal plan. Lennoxtown was at first known as 'Newtown of Campsie', to distinguish it from the 'Kirktoun' or 'Clachan' of Campsie, at the foot of Campsie Glen.
During the 19th century Lennoxtown grew to be the largest center of population in Campsie Parish. Another important industry was soon established – a chemical works, founded by Charles Macintosh (of waterproof clothing fame) and his associates. At first, their principal product was alum, a chemical employed in the textile industry. Alumschist, the basic ingredient in the process, was mined in the area. The works came to be known as the Secret Works, presumably because of the need to keep the industrial processes undercovered.
During the 1790s many of the Lennoxmill workers supported the political reformer Thomas Muir of Huntershill in his campaigns to establish democracy in Scotland. Furthermore, Reform Society was set up in Campsie in 1792. However, the parish minister, the Rev. James Lapslie, represented some opposition to Muir's ideas in the area. An important milestone democracy timeline was the establishment of the local co-operative society in 1812, The Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society. It was one of the earliest of its kind in Scotland.
The growing importance of Lennoxtown was underlined by the removal of the parish church from the Clachan to the New Town during the 1820s. Plans for the new church were prepared by the architect David Hamilton, who was also responsible for the nearby Lennox Castle. A Roman Catholic church was erected in 1846 (originally St Paul's, later renamed St Machan's), one of the earliest post-Reformation Catholic churches in Scotland, apart from those in cities and large towns.
The decline of the industries that flourished during the nineteenth century in addition to the later nail-making industry (and indeed the famous Victualling Society) has left Lennoxtown in a kind of post-industrial limbo. Which it has been difficult to escape from, slow progress continued to be made.
Primary schools
St Machan's
St Machan's Primary School was opened in 1964, replacing a smaller school on Bencloich Road. The old building was then used as the Campsie Recreation Centre, until its demolition in 2009. In 2009, St Machan's had 200 pupils. It is a feeder school for St Ninian's High School in Kirkintilloch. In 2009, St Machan's had 200 pupils enrolled in the school and would later move on to St Ninian's High School which enrolled 757 pupils in 2009. In 2013, there was a petition to get a skate park to replace the old recreation center was handed out to the local businesses to get members of the local community to sign.
Lennoxtown Primary School
In 1839, the Lennoxtown New Subscription School was given a grant of £280,000 from the government in order to be rebuilt. The school was made up of two large buildings and opened in 1840. It had a section for over one hundred primary age pupils and another section for infant pupils. A new school was built in 1896 and expanded to seven classrooms for 458 pupils. The Lennoxtown Public School was
reduced to the status of Lennoxtown Primary School in 1963, with secondary pupils instead attending Kilsyth Academy. Lennoxtown Primary enrolled 128 pupils in 2009.
The Community Hub
In 2016, a Community Hub was opened on Main Street to focus on the delivery of public services. It brought together the existing East Dunbartonshire Library, the NHS Clinic which contained a dental practice and GP consulting rooms, and the Housing office in one building. One of the oldest surviving branches of the Co-operative was demolished as part of the development after an attempt to have the building listed was unsuccessful.
Lennoxtown Railway
The railway to Lennoxtown was an extension of the Glasgow to Edinburgh line. The first of this line, from Lenzie to Lennoxtown, were built by the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway under powers obtained in 1845 and was officially opened on 5 July 1848. The railway was initially intended to serve the print fields at Lennoxtown but it eventually allowed passengers and provided this service as far as Aberfoyle. The passenger service was discontinued in October 1951, with the transportation of goods continuing but only as far as Lennoxtown from 1959. The line closed completely in 1966. Lennoxtown Station won first prize for being the best-kept railway station in Scotland in 1897, for 7 consecutive years from 1922 to 1928 and again in 1930 and 1931.
Lennoxtown Training Centre
It was announced that the Celtic training ground was going to be built in Lennoxtown in 2005 by the manager Gordon Strachan. The training ground was built on the grounds of Lennox castle and was officially opened in October 2007. The facility has three natural grass, UEFA match-size pitches, and one full-size, all-weather, floodlit artificial pitch. There is undersoil heating, a state-of-the-art gym, a sauna and steam room, and changing facilities.
Local football teams such as the Campsie Boys' Club train there once a week. Celtic liaise with the local schools (St. Machan's and Lennoxtown Primary School) to allow occasional use of their training facilities. There are educational facilities for the young Celtic Academy footballers at the ground and arrangements for them to attend St.Ninian's High School in Kirkintilloch. The school football team use the training ground facilities. Stuart Findlay was part of the initial intake of this scheme in 2009 before leaving Celtic and establishing himself as a professional with Kilmarnock.
Town hall
The construction of a town hall was started in 1866 and was completed in 1868. At the time the total cost of building was £1,340. This over £120,000 in today’s terms. It is currently called the Campsie Memorial Hall.
In the 1950s, the District Council took over and renovated the hall.
The Campsie Memorial Hall was threatened with closure in 2010. Due to a good local response the hall was saved. More than 150 people attended a public meeting in a bid to rescue the hall. Around 35 residents formed a management committee to manage the hall . The hall was taken over by volunteers from Lennoxtown in late 2012 and is now thriving. In 2013, grants from the EDC Civic Pride Fund and the Big Lottery, were used to make improvements.
Football
The town's first senior association football club, Campsie Glen, entered the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1878–79. Two other clubs from the town reached the Cup quarter-final in the 1880s; Central in 1880–81 and Campsie in 1888–89. Campsie also won the Stirlingshire Cup in 1892–93, the first club from the west of the county to do so.
The town was well known in Scottish football circles as the home of Campsie Black Watch FC, an under-21 club founded in 1943 which launched the careers of many professional players (Willie Garner, Eddie Gallagher, Johnny Walker, Frank Haffey, Mike Larnach, Jim Thomson). The club won the Scottish Juvenile Cup 11 times between 1955 and 2014 before eventually folding in 2017, a short time before the death of long-serving president Gerry Marley.
Notable people connected with Lennoxtown
Tam Baillie, Scotland's Commissioner for Children and Young People between 2009 and 2017.
Robert Dalglish, Provost of Glasgow, merchant and calico printer.
Alex Ferns, actor, born 13 October 1968.
Lulu, singer (real name Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), born Lennox Castle Hospital, 3 November 1948.
Drew McAdam, mentalist and mindreader, born Lennoxtown, 4 June 1955.
Sir Ian McCartney, Former Government Minister and Chair of the Labour Party, born 25 April 1951.
Jim McGinlay, Bass guitar player with bands Salvation and Slik, born Lennox Castle Hospital, 9 March 1949
Thomas McGraw, gangster and criminal.
Owen 'Onnie' McIntyre, musician with Average White Band, born Lennox Castle Hospital, 25 September 1949
Ted McKenna, drummer with The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, born 10 March 1950.
John McLane, Governor of New Hampshire (1905–07).
Kirsty Milne, broadcaster and journalist.
Bishop Ian Murray (1932-2016), Roman Catholic Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles, Scotland.
Billy Rankin, musician and broadcaster, born Lennox Castle Hospital, 25 April 1959.
John Young (1823–1900) - geologist and museum curator
Footballers
James Anderson, born 1912 (Clubs: Greenock Morton, Manchester United, Rotherham United, Mossley A.F.C.)
Jack Britton, born 1900
John Brown, born 1962
John Hendrie, born 1963
John Johnston, born 1878
Denis Lawson, born 1897
Alan Mackin, born 1955
John McLaughlin, born 1936
Bill Millar, born 1950 (played for Canada)
Sandy Pate, born 1944
Ricky Sbragia, born 1956
References
External links
Vision of Britain - Lennoxtown
Towns in East Dunbartonshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennoxtown |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1952 throughout the world.
Events
21 September – East Germany plays its first ever international match, losing 3–0 to Poland in Warsaw.
Undated:
Rudnianka Rudna Wielka, professional Polish football club is founded.
Winners club national championship
: KS Dinamo Tirana
: River Plate
: Rapid Vienna
: RFC Liégeois
: PFC CSKA Sofia
: Sparta CKD Sokolovo
: AB
: ZSG Union Halle
: Manchester United F.C.
: KÍ Klaksvík
: KTP
: OGC Nice
: tournament not held
: Budapest Honvéd FC
: KR
: St Patrick's Athletic F.C.
: Juventus F.C.
: National Schifflange
: León
: Willem II
: Glenavon F.C.
: FK Sparta Sarpsborg
: Ruch Chorzów
: Sporting CP
: CCA București
: Hibernian F.C.
: FC Barcelona
: IFK Norrköping
: Grasshopper Club Zürich
: VfB Stuttgart
: FC Spartak Moscow
: Hajduk Split
International tournaments
1952 British Home Championship (6 October 1951 – 5 April 1952)
Shared by and
Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland (15 July – 2 August 1952)
Births
1 January – Ítalo Estupiñán, Ecuadorian international footballer (died 2016)
2 February – Reinhard Häfner, German international footballer (died 2016)
2 February – Fernando Morena, Uruguayan international footballer
8 February – Marinho Chagas, Brazilian international footballer (died 2014)
20 March – Steve Whitworth, English footballer
2 May – Martin Haar, Dutch footballer and assistant-coach
17 May – Jorge Olguin, Argentine international footballer
19 May – Bert van Marwijk, Dutch footballer and coach
22 May – Waldemar Victorino, Uruguayan international footballer
2 August – Alain Giresse, French international footballer and coach
3 August – Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentinian international footballer and coach
7 August – Kees Kist, Dutch international footballer
22 August – José van Hoof
6 September – Vladimir Kazachyonok, Soviet international footballer and Russian coach (died 2017)
5 November – Harry Schellekens, Dutch footballer
17 November – Roman Ogaza, Polish international footballer (died 2006)
20 November – Vince O'Kane, English former professional footballer
25 November – Gabriele Oriali, Italian international footballer
3 December – Hervé Gorce, French professional footballer (died 2008)
15 December – Allan Simonsen, Danish international footballer
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20association%20football |
The Parliaments of England () is a compendium of election results for all House of Commons constituencies of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1715 to 1847, compiled by Henry Stooks Smith.
The compendium was first published in three volumes by Simpkin, Marshall and Company, London, 1844 to 1850. A second edition, edited by F. W. S. Craig, was published in one volume by Political Reference Publications, 18 Lincoln Green, Chichester, Sussex, in 1973.
As compiled by Smith, The Parliaments of England appears to be the first reference work of its kind and, according to Craig, in his introduction to the second edition, "a random check of the book reveals relatively few errors and omissions considering the difficulty in collecting results during a period when no official records, other than the actual Writs, were preserved".
Craig describes the 1973 edition as a facsimile, "reproduced from the best available copy". This 'facsimile', however, is in one volume instead of three, with consecutive page numbering. Also, "a new and more detailed index to constituencies" is included, and lists showing the duration of each parliament and the names of Prime Ministers have been "revised and corrected".
External links
Volume 1
Volume 2
See also
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972
Elections in the United Kingdom
1844 books
1973 non-fiction books
Books about politics of the United Kingdom
Non-fiction books about elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Parliaments%20of%20England |
The London Oratory School Schola is a choir for Catholic boys of the London Oratory School established in 1996 by John McIntosh CBE. The current director of the Schola is Charles Cole. The choir's patrons are Princess Michael of Kent, barrister Cherie Blair, actor Simon Callow and composer James MacMillan.
Musical Directors
The choir's founding director was Michael McCarthy. After seven years with the Schola, McCarthy moved to the US to become the Director of Music at Washington National Cathedral. He was succeeded by Steven Grahl, who is now Organist of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. He was followed by Lee Ward, who combined work as Director of the Schola with his duties as Director of Music at the London Oratory School. Lee Ward left the school in July 2012 to take up a new post in São Paulo, Brazil before returning to the UK as Director of Music at Liverpool Cathedral. Since September 2012 the Director of the Schola has been Charles Cole, formerly director of the Schola Cantorum at the Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School in London.
Performances
An annual performance is the Schola Foundation Concert. This concert featured the world premiere of Roxanna Panufnik's "Schola Missa de Angelis" - a work written for the choir. The London Oratory Schola Foundation is a charity set up to help finance the Schola and its work. Past concerts have included Panufnik's Westminster Mass, Britten's St Nicholas, Jenkins' Armed Man, Haydn's Missa in tempore belli and many sacred choral works.
Other recent Schola concerts include the 2009 and 2010 performances at the Royal Albert Hall of The Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers soundtracks. The Schola has also performed with 'The Priests' in Dublin's St Peter's Cathedral and in London's Cadogan Hall, the former being broadcast on BBC Radio Ulster. In November 2008 the choir performed in a concert for Save the Children at St Paul's Cathedral. On 7 July 2007 the Schola performed a concert in Rome, backed by the Vatican, with the Orchestra Philarmonia Di Roma. The concert, written by Michael D’Alessandra, aimed to recall the glory of Rome.
The choir's concert for World AIDS Day took place at the Cadogan Hall in London on 1 December 2007. . All proceeds from the concert went to the SURF Fund (a campaign which works in Rwanda campaigning for free anti-retroviral treatment for survivors of the genocide, and provides medical support to reduce the effect of opportunistic infections) and SOS Children's Villages (a charity working in Swaziland to provide resources for those living with AIDS and to help prevent family abandonment).
Controversy
The schola was involved in some controversy in November 2007. For its performance for a World AIDS Day concert, the beneficiary, the Terrence Higgins Trust, was abruptly dropped one month before the concert was to take place.
David McFadden, the Headmaster of The London Oratory School, claimed that the nominated charity did not support Christian values so the school could not support the charity from the proceeds of the concert.
In response, Actor Simon Callow threatened to resign as patron of a choir at the school in protest. He was also a patron of the Terrence Higgins Trust.
Recordings
Film soundtracks
The choir has also featured on many film soundtracks including Fantastic Mr. Fox, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, The Phantom of the Opera, The Golden Compass, The Brothers Grimm and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
Audio recordings
The Schola released a recording of Ave Maria's on the Regent record label in 2008, with a recording of the music of contemporary British composer Roxanna Panufnik due in November 2009. The choir recorded an album of Christmas Carols, 'Songs of a Shepherd' in 2001, released on the Herald AV record label.
In 2007 the Schola worked with the choir of an orphanage in Harare, Zimbabwe, to record a version of the popular Christmas carol Silent Night. The orphanage cares for children who were abandoned or whose parents died, largely due to AIDS. This recording supported, and was launched on, the World AIDS Day. Over 50% of the purchase price goes directly to the orphanage in order to assist it with its work. In 2008 The London Oratory School Schola recorded with Icelandic band Sigur Rós on their song Ára Bátur for their new album Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust, recorded on the Christmas album of Faith Hill and Andrew Johnston, runner-up from Britain's Got Talent, in 2009 the choir featured on albums of 'The Priests' and Camilla Kerslake.
Gallery
References
External links
Official site
Choir brochure
Siena music festival
HAVPCD269 - Songs of a Shepherd
Choirs of children
Boys' and men's choirs
London choirs
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Oratory%20School%20Schola |
Edward Payson Weston (March 15, 1839 – May 12, 1929) was a notable pedestrian, who was largely responsible for the rise in popularity of the sport in the 1860s and 1870s.
Biography
Edward Payson Weston was born on March 15, 1839, in Providence, Rhode Island to Silas Weston, a teacher and publisher, and Maria Gaines, a writer. As a teenager, Weston published books about his father's trips to the California Gold Rush and to the Azores, and he also published a novel written by his mother in 1859. During childhood Weston moved frequently, and by his own account, spent some time travelling with the popular Hutchinson Family Singers.
He first received attention as a notable pedestrian in 1861, when he walked 478 miles (769 km) from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C. in 10 days and 10 hours, from February 22 to March 4. During the walk, he faced snow, rain, and mud, and he fell several times. His longest period of uninterrupted sleep was 6 hours, and he usually ate while walking. He arrived in Washington at 5:00 pm, and was strong enough to attend Abraham Lincoln's inaugural ball that evening.
The walk was part of the terms of a bet on the 1860 presidential election. The bettor whose candidate lost was to walk to Washington to see the inauguration of the new president. Weston lost when he bet against Lincoln, and received only a bag of peanuts for his trouble. However, he also received newspaper coverage and a congratulatory handshake from the new president, which inspired him to further pedestrian feats.
In 1867, Weston walked from Portland, Maine to Chicago, Illinois, covering over 1200 miles (1900 km) in 26 days, winning a prize of $10,000. He received several death threats from gamblers who had bet against him, and was attacked once. He gave lectures to crowds of spectators on the health benefits of walking, both during the walk and afterwards.
Over the next few decades, Weston continued his professional walking career. While he was sometimes beaten in indoor multiday races, he held numerous records for long-distance endurance events. In 1869 he walked 1058 miles (1703 km) through snow-covered New England in 30 days. In 1871, he walked backwards for 200 miles around St. Louis, Missouri in 41 hours. In 1874, after several failed attempts, he became the first person in the world to walk 500 miles in six days, accomplished in Newark, New Jersey. He won the first six-day race in history, in 1875 that was held in P.T. Barnum's Hippodrome in New York City.
Weston spent 8 years touring Europe, starting in 1876 in England, where he challenged England's racewalking champion to a 24-hour, 115 mile ultramarathon. The Englishman quit 14 hours and 65.6 miles into the race, but Weston walked the full 24 hours and covered 109.5 miles. His performance caused a bit of a controversy when he later admitted to having been chewing coca leaf throughout much of the race.
In 1879, he defeated the British champion "Blower" Brown, in a 550-mile (890 km) match which he walked in 141 hours 44 minutes, winning him the prestigious Astley Belt.
In March 1884 he completed his Temperance walk of 5000 miles in 100 days, excluding Sundays, with a meeting at the Royal Victoria Coffee Hall, Lambeth, chaired by Dr Norman Kerr.
In April 1906, Weston walked from Philadelphia to New York, a distance of over 100 miles, in less than 24 hours.
In 1907, at the age of 68, Weston repeated his Maine-to-Chicago walk of 1867, beating his own time by over 24 hours. In 1909, he walked 4,000 miles, from New York to San Francisco, in 100 days.
His last great journey was in 1913, when he walked 1546 miles (2488 km) from New York to Minneapolis in 51 days.
Weston spent most of the remainder of his life urging others to take up walking for exercise and competition. He warned that automobiles were making people lazy and sedentary.
Death
Weston was severely injured when he was struck by a New York City taxicab in 1927, and never walked again. He died in his sleep at his Brooklyn home on May 12, 1929. Weston was buried at St. John Cemetery in Queens.
Legacy
Weston was the subject of a 2012 biography, A Man in a Hurry, described by U.S. sports writer Brian Phillips as "a spectacularly entertaining book." A career biography, Weston, Weston, Rah-Rah-Rah!, was also published in 2012.
References
External links
Edward Payson Weston at Flickr Commons
Six-Day Race – Part 2: Edward Payson Weston (1870-1874) at Ultrarunning History
Further reading
Edward Payson Weston. The pedestrian: being a correct journal of "incidents" on a walk from the state house, Boston, Massachusetts, to the U.S. Capitol, at Washington, D.C., performed in "ten consecutive days", between February 22d and March 4, 1861. NY: E.P. Weston, 1862
King of the Peds - by P.S. Marshall (Authorhouse, 2008)
1839 births
1929 deaths
American male racewalkers
Sportspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Payson%20Weston |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1951 throughout the world.
Events
:Category:Association football clubs established in 1951
Winners club national championship
: Racing Club
: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
: OGC Nice
: A.C. Milan
: PSV Eindhoven
: CCA București
: Atlético Madrid
: 1. FC Kaiserslautern
International tournaments
Pan American Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina (25 February – 8 March 1951)
Gold Medal:
Silver Medal:
Bronze Medal:
1951 Asian Games in New Delhi, India (5 – 10 March 1951)
:
:
:
1950–51 British Home Championship (7 October 1950 – 14 April 1951)
Births
1 January – Dante Garro, Argentine club footballer and manager (died 2008)
18 January – Renato Zaccarelli, Italian international footballer and manager.
14 February – Kevin Keegan, English international footballer and manager.
21 February – Wolfgang Frank, German footballer and manager (died 2013)
4 March – Kenny Dalglish, Scottish international footballer and manager
11 April – Jim Holton, Scottish international footballer (died 1993)
2 June – Antonio Benítez, Spanish international footballer (died 2014)
21 September – Bruce Arena, American footballer and National Team coach.
23 September – Harry Lubse, Dutch international footballer
12 October – István Halász, Hungarian international footballer (died 2016)
3 November – François Bracci, French international footballer
9 December – Dominique Dropsy, French international footballer (died 2015)
Deaths
January
26 January - Henri Bard, French footballer (born 1892)
May
9 May - Leo Bosschart, Dutch footballer (born 1888)
July
14 July - Ben Verweij (55), Dutch footballer (born 1895)
November
13 November – Walter de Souza Goulart, Brazilian goalkeeper, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup (born 1912)
Reference
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20in%20association%20football |
Anna of Saxony (1544–1577), was the daughter of Maurice, Elector of Saxony and wife of William the Silent.
Anna of Saxony may also refer to:
, daughter of Albert II, Duke of Saxony, wife of Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg
(died 1395), Duchess of Saxe-Wittenberg as wife of Rudolf III, daughter of Balthasar, Landgrave of Thuringia
Anna of Saxe-Wittenberg (died 1426), wife of Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a German anti-king
Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse (1420–1462), wife of Landgrave Louis III of Hesse
Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg (1437–1512), daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and wife of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg
Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (1532–1585)
Anna of Saxony (1567–1613), by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Princess Anna of Saxony (1836–1859), daughter of John of Saxony, wife of Archduke Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Tuscany
Princess Anna of Saxony (1903–1976), daughter of Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, wife of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria
See also
Maria Anna of Saxony (disambiguation)
Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark (1647–1717), Electress of Saxony
Anna Sophie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1670–1728) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20of%20Saxony%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1950 throughout the world.
Events
Olympique Lyon is founded
RoPS Rovaniemi is founded
Winners club national championship
: Racing Club
: Bordeaux
: VfB Stuttgart
: KR
: Juventus
: Flamura Roșie Arad
: Atlético Madrid
: Fenerbahçe, Göztepe
International tournaments
1950 British Home Championship (October 1, 1949 – May 25, 1950)
FIFA World Cup in Brazil (June 24 – July 16, 1950)
Births
January 1 – Tony Currie, English footballer
January 2 – Anatoli Ushanov, Russian footballer and coach (died 2017)
January 13 – Gholam Hossein Mazloumi, Iranian international footballer and manager (died 2014)
February 28 – Gerdo Hazelhekke, Dutch footballer
April 3 – Petar Nikezić, Yugoslavian-Serbian international footballer (died 2014)
April 8 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish international footballer
April 20 – Tommy Berggren, Swedish footballer (died 2012)
May 1 – Danny McGrain, Scottish international footballer
May 5 – Brian Alderson, Scottish footballer (died 1997)
May 23 – Ken Tiler, English former professional footballer
July 5 – Carlos Caszely, Chilean international footballer
September 7 – Mário Sérgio Pontes de Paiva, Brazilian international footballer and manager (died 2016)
October 3 – Luděk Macela, Czech international footballer (died 2016)
October 24 – Asa Hartford, Scottish international footballer
November 29 – Dietmar Danner, German international footballer
Deaths
October
October 5 – Juan Botasso, Argentine Goalkeeper, runner-up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (41)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20association%20football |
Pępowo Kartuskie railway station is a railway station serving the town of Pępowo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1938 and is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Modernisation
In 2014 the station was modernised as part of the works for the Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%99powo%20Kartuskie%20railway%20station |
Danny Sean Guthrie (born 18 April 1987) is an unattached English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder, who last played for Fram in Iceland. He has made more than 200 appearances in the Premier League and Football League and represented the England under-16s at international level in 2003. After running up gambling debts, he was declared bankrupt for six years in June 2022.
Early life
Born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Guthrie attended Thomas Telford School in Telford from the age of 11 until he was 16 while he was also a part of the Manchester United youth academy. He was a member of a very successful football squad at his school, winning many County Cups and reaching the semi-finals in the English School's National Football Tournament. Guthrie then left Shropshire to live on Merseyside at the age of 16 to further his footballing career at Liverpool.
Club career
Liverpool
Guthrie's first appearance with the Liverpool senior team came during the summer of 2006 in a pre-season friendly at Wrexham, where he played as a left midfielder. He made his competitive first-team debut in a Football League Cup third round tie against Reading on 25 October 2006, coming on as a 62nd-minute substitute for Mohamed Sissoko in a 4–3 victory at Anfield. On 29 November, he made his Premier League debut in a goalless home draw against Portsmouth, filling in for the last six minutes in place of Jermaine Pennant. He started his first match for Liverpool in the UEFA Champions League against Galatasaray on 5 December, a 3–2 away defeat for Liverpool.
Southampton (loan)
On 2 March 2007, Guthrie signed for Southampton on an emergency loan deal until the end of the month which was subsequently extended to the end of the season.
Bolton Wanderers (loan)
Guthrie spent the 2007–08 season with Bolton Wanderers, who at the start of the season were managed by former Liverpool player and coach Sammy Lee. Lee left the club by mutual consent in October, and there was speculation that Guthrie would not stay at Bolton for the rest of his loan spell. However, Gary Megson showed faith in Guthrie when he took over and he played intermittently. He scored on his Bolton debut against Fulham in the League Cup, his first professional goal. He was also in the starting XI for the Bolton team that drew 2–2 with Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena during the UEFA Cup. Megson further showed faith in Guthrie by starting him in the line up in Megson's second league match, a victory at home to Manchester United. Guthrie completed the season with 25 Premier League appearances before returning to Liverpool.
Newcastle United
Guthrie signed for Newcastle on 11 July 2008 for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £2.5 million, on a four-year contract. His new manager, Kevin Keegan, compared him to former Newcastle favourites Rob Lee and Paul Bracewell. Guthrie made his debut for Newcastle in a pre-season game against Hartlepool United, where he came on at half time and managed to score one goal and create another. He added to this on 6 August by scoring against PSV Eindhoven at St James' Park on his home debut. On 17 August, Guthrie made his competitive debut alongside fellow debutants Jonás Gutiérrez and Fabricio Coloccini in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United at Old Trafford. On 13 September, Guthrie received a late red card, being sent off in a home loss to Hull City following a cynical hack at Craig Fagan, who was later revealed to have broken his leg. Guthrie scored his first Premier League goal for Newcastle on 14 December as part of a 3–0 away win against Portsmouth. His second goal came on 26 December from the penalty spot as part of a 2–1 away loss to Wigan Athletic.
During the 2008–09 season, Guthrie featured regularly and formed a midfield partnership with Nicky Butt, an opportunity granted to him after starter Joey Barton sustained an injury. For his performances during the season, he gained praise from the media and fans alike, becoming a surprise favourite with the Toon Army as a result.
Guthrie became a more regular starter during the 2009–10 season as Newcastle, relegated from the Premiership, were participating in the Football League Championship. He scored three goals in three games, netting in the 4–3 League Cup win over Huddersfield Town and then scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win over Leicester City, then in the 2–2 draw against West Bromwich Albion. Guthrie scored two goals and was voted man of the match in a 6–1 win over Barnsley. He had his best season with Newcastle during the year in the Championship, scoring five goals from 43 games and having his team's highest number of assists, with 13.
After promotion back to the Premier League for the 2010–11 season, Guthrie took part in Newcastle's pre-season fixtures, playing in the 2–2 draw with PSV on the left wing, and in central midfield alongside Joey Barton in a 2–1 defeat to Rangers. He missed the opening fixtures of the Premier League season against Manchester United, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Blackpool with a knee injury . He returned to contention in October after making a string of reserve team games. He returned to play against Wigan in a 2–2 draw, playing on the right wing. He was dropped for the next game, however, after an unimpressive display. Throughout the season, Guthrie was largely an out-of-favour player with Newcastle after the signing of Cheick Tioté in August 2010. The consistent form of Joey Barton and Kevin Nolan also kept the 24-year-old on the bench throughout much of the season, where he only registered one assist.
A knee injury suffered in pre-season kept Guthrie out of the first few months of the 2011–12 Premier League season and made his return in the 4–3 League Cup defeat to Blackburn Rovers, scoring a long-range goal in the process. Due to an injury to Tioté, Guthrie started against Stoke City and Everton. On 21 January 2012, he scored a superb long-range goal against Fulham at Craven Cottage to give Newcastle a 1–0 lead, a game they would eventually go on to lose 5–2.
Guthrie was released by Newcastle on 1 June 2012.
Reading
On 29 June 2012, Guthrie signed a three-year contract at newly promoted Premier League club Reading on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for Reading in only his second game, away at Chelsea, after goalkeeper Petr Čech spilled his free kick into the net.
In October, it was reported by local and national newspapers that Guthrie and Reading manager Brian McDermott had fallen out after he was dropped from the team for the 3–3 draw with Fulham. The claims were denied by both the player and manager. On 11 December, McDermott revealed that Guthrie had refused to travel with the team for the away game against Sunderland, as his "head was not in the right place". He was fined two weeks wages and the following day issued a full apology stating that he had "loved his time at the club" and would do everything in his power to regain a first-team spot. McDermott later stated that he was happy to draw a line under the recent events and that Guthrie still had a future at the club.
Guthrie began the 2013–14 season in good form, scoring twice against Birmingham City and earning a Championship Player of the Month nomination, although he eventually lost out to Ipswich Town striker David McGoldrick. He attributed his upturn in form to the new style of football implemented by McDermott's replacement Nigel Adkins.
Guthrie was released by Reading on 21 May 2015.
Fulham (loan)
On 26 March 2015, having dropped down the pecking order at Reading, Guthrie joined Fulham on loan until the end of the season.
Blackburn Rovers
Guthrie signed a two-year deal with Blackburn Rovers following a successful trial on 5 August 2015. He made his debut six days later in a 1–2 home defeat to Shrewsbury Town in the first round of the League Cup as a 65th-minute replacement for Corry Evans. He scored his first goal for Blackburn in a 3–1 win over Brentford on 7 May 2017, after which despite the result Blackburn were relegated.
Oakengates Athletic
After being released by Rovers at the end of the season, Guthrie rejected offers from Championship and League One clubs as he wanted to play abroad. After reaching an agreement with Indonesian Liga club, Mitra Kukar, he signed for Oakengates Athletic to keep his fitness. He left the club in January, signing for Mitra Kukar ahead of the 2018 Indonesian Liga.
Mitra Kukar
On 4 January 2018, he joined Indonesian Liga club, Mitra Kukar.
Walsall
On 11 July 2019, Guthrie returned to English football to sign for League Two club Walsall. On 1 February 2021, he left the club by mutual consent.
Fram
On 4 May 2021, Guthrie joined Icelandic 1. deild karla side Fram for the 2021 season. He played 17 matches during the 2021 season, helping them win the league and promotion to the Úrvalsdeild karla.
International career
At international level, Guthrie represented the England under-16 national team.
Personal life
In May 2019 he borrowed £75,000 from a friend to pay his expenses, promising to repay the loan after selling a home. After selling the home for £160,000 in 2022, he choose to withdraw sums in cash from his personal account to pay off previously accrued gambling debts in excess of £120,000. After a series of Court actions, in June 2022 Guthrie filed for bankruptcy after racking up unpaid debts of £195,000. After agreeing with evidence collected by the Insolvency Service, he was placed under a six-year Bankruptcy Undertaking Order.
Career statistics
Honours
Newcastle United
Football League Championship: 2009–10
Fram
1. deild karla: 2021
References
External links
Danny Guthrie profile at lfchistory.net
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Shrewsbury
People educated at Thomas Telford School
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Manchester United F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
PS Mitra Kukar players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Knattspyrnufélagið Fram players
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in Iceland
English expatriate sportspeople in Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Guthrie |
Hernando de Lerma Polanco (born November 1, 1541) was a conqueror, politician, lawyer and city founder from Salta, Argentina.
On November 13, 1577, Lerma was named Governor of Tucumán, (in present Argentina) by Spanish King Philip II. Described by historians as a man of violence, de Lerma had problems with several people from the area, including fellow countrymen. Among those he persecuted were the spokesman of a Catholic bishop. He also disliked Francisco Salcedo, another Catholic man who built a church in Santiago del Estero.
Many of de Lerma's opponents ended up in jail or being killed. Salcedo retired to another city and became convalescent, but he was returned to Tucumán by de Lerma's men after he found him. In Tucumán, Salcedo was tried and jailed. A large number of Salcedo's supporters were killed.
In April 1582, de Lerma founded the city of Salta, next to the Arenales River. He foresaw Salta as an economic center, since the Spanish government had opened seaports in Santiago de Chile, Callao and Buenos Aires. Salta's situation between the Viceroyalty of Peru and the port at the Río de la Plata river, according to de Lerma, would be an advantage for the city, as it connected the city directly with the aforementioned places, and de Lerma believed that Madrid's government would re-route their shipments through Salta. He had the city named "Lerma City on Salta Valley". Hernando de Lerma befriended Indians who populated the area, believing their hands could be of help to him. He also attracted other Spaniards to the area.
After he established the city, however, de Lerma had to face many new rivals and problems. More conquerors arrived in Salta and tried to seize the city, causing multiple feuds. The city went through many periods of disease, and it had been erected in an area with frequent tremors.
In 1584, de Lerma was arrested and sentenced to jail in Salta. He appealed, and returned to Spain to take his case to the supreme court, but his appeal was rejected and he was sent to a Spanish jail. While it is known he died in jail, the year in which he died is not known.
Historian Paul Goussac said that "de Lerma's administration was nothing but a series of criminal attempts." Salta-born historian Armando Bazan describes de Lerma "as malign as a disease" in one of his books.
External links
Camdipsalta.gov.ar page about de Lerma, in Spanish
Salta Tourism (in Spanish)
Tourism (in English)
1541 births
Year of death missing
16th-century deaths
Spanish city founders
Spanish explorers
16th-century Spanish lawyers
Spanish politicians
16th-century Spanish people
Spanish people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Spanish detention
Lawyers from Seville | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando%20de%20Lerma |
The Ancient Wisdom is a book by Annie Besant published in 1897, as per the dedication in the leader of the undated first pressing.
In this book, Besant introduces and explains the Physical plane, Astral plane, Mental plane and other planes of existence.
George Farthing has criticized the book, because Besant has introduced new terms like "Etheric body" into the theosophical literature, which were not used by Blavatsky or the theosophical Mahatmas.
See also
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Annie_Besant#The_Ancient_Wisdom_(1897)
External links
The Ancient Wisdom (1918) - book
George Farthing's criticism
Theosophy vs Neo-Theosophy - Principles of Man
Theosophy vs Neo-Theosophy - Atma
Theosophy vs Neo-Theosophy - Teaching on Lower Kingdoms Vs. "Group Souls"
Theosophy vs Neo-Theosophy - Causal Body
Theosophical texts
1897 books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ancient%20Wisdom |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1949 throughout the world.
Events
March 31 - The 1948/49 Albanian First Division championship is annulled by the Albanian Sports Federation.
Winners club national championship
Argentina
Racing Club
Austria
Austria Vienna
Chile
Universidad Católica
Colombia
Millonarios
Costa Rica
Alajuelense
Egypt
Al Ahly
England
for fuller coverage see 1948-49 in English football
First Division: Portsmouth
Second Division: Fulham
Third Division North: Hull City
Third Division South: Swansea City
FA Cup: Wolves
France
Stade de Reims
Hong Kong
South China AA
Iceland
KR
Italy
Torino F.C.
Mexico
León
Paraguay
Club Guaraní
Romania
Divizia A: ICO Oradea
Divizia B: CFR Sibiu, Dinamo B București
Cupa României: CSCA București
Scotland
for fuller coverage see 1948-49 in Scottish football
League Division A: Rangers
League Division B: Raith Rovers
League Division C: Stirling Albion
Scottish Cup: Rangers
Scottish League Cup: Rangers
Spain
U.D. Las Palmas
Switzerland
FC Lugano
Turkey
Ankaragücü
Uruguay
Peñarol
USSR
Dynamo Moscow
West-Germany
VfR Mannheim
International tournaments
1949 British Home Championship (October 9, 1948 – April 9, 1949)
1949 South American Championship (April 3 – May 11, 1949)
Births
January 1 – Ali Kadhim, Iraqi international striker (d. 2018)
January 4 – Mick Mills, English footballer and manager
January 27 – Per Røntved, Danish international footballer
February 18 – Petre Varodi, Romanian former footballer
April 16 – Claude Papi, French international footballer (died 1983)
June 7 – Lou Macari, Scottish international footballer
June 21 – John Taylor, English club footballer
August 26 – Alberto Cardaccio, Uruguayan international footballer (died 2015)
September 18 – Peter Shilton, English international footballer
September 25 – Jean Petit, French international footballer
November 11 – Safet Berisha, Albanian international footballer (died 2016)
November 22 – Reiner Geye, German international footballer (died 2002)
December 19 – Christian Dalger, French international footballer
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%20in%20association%20football |
Żukowo Wschodnie railway station is a railway station serving the town of Żukowo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1932 and is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kartuzy — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Główny
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBukowo%20Wschodnie%20railway%20station |
All Shook Up is the fifth studio album by American rock band Cheap Trick. Released in 1980, it was produced by former Beatles producer George Martin. It was the first studio album since their debut to be produced by someone other than Tom Werman.
Overview
All Shook Up was even quirkier than its predecessor, the platinum-selling Dream Police. Many of its songs were less radio friendly and more experimental, and the cover art, influenced by René Magritte's Time Transfixed, led many to question what the band was trying to accomplish. However, at the time, Cheap Trick had severed ties with long-time producer Tom Werman and took the opportunity to take their sound in a different direction. With the assistance of producer George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick, many of the songs have a dimension not found on any other Cheap Trick album. "Stop This Game" was the only single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but "Just Got Back", "Baby Loves to Rock", and "World's Greatest Lover" continue to be fan favorites. "I Love You Honey But I Hate Your Friends" contains a lyrical reference to "Daddy Should Have Stayed In High School", a song, released on the band's 1977 debut album.
Background information
Right around the time of All Shook Up'''s release, bassist Tom Petersson announced that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Pete Comita. Petersson later told Billboard in 1984: "We were playing 300 nights a year and we'd record two albums a year on our time off. After awhile, we'd gotten to the point where we were successful, but we were still on this schedule and still doing albums in two or three weeks. We needed more time to think, to air out and encourage the creativity to write. Nobody wanted to do that."
The band performed the songs "Baby Loves to Rock" and "Can't Stop It but I'm Gonna Try" on the January 17, 1981, episode of Saturday Night Live.
There were several homages to The Beatles on this album. "Stop This Game" opens and closes with a droning guitar note similar to the piano chord that ends "A Day in the Life." The bridge to "Baby Loves to Rock" features the line "Not in Russia!" with the sound of an airplane in the background, a subtle reference to "Back in the U.S.S.R." "World's Greatest Lover" has vocals reminiscent of John Lennon.
"Baby Loves to Rock" nicks the riff from "Psycho Daisies" by The Yardbirds.
The chorus and title of "I Love You Honey But I Hate Your Friends" is taken from a song Rick Nielsen wrote for Rick Derringer called "It Must Be Love".
There are also some references to AC/DC in this album. "World's Greatest Lover" has a similar intro to the one used on "Big Balls", while Rick Nielsen wrote "Love Comes A-Tumblin' Down" for the recently deceased Bon Scott.
"Go For the Throat (Use Your Own Imagination)" references "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)" by The Stranglers.Record World called "High Priest of Rhythmic Noise" "screaming rock 'n' roll chaos."
Track listing
All songs written by Rick Nielsen, except where noted.
The bonus tracks on the reissue were all previously released. "Everything Works If You Let It" was on the soundtrack to Roadie, and the other four tracks were from the EP Found All the Parts.
The CD found in the Complete Epic Albums collections omits the Found All the Parts EP songs, as those tracks were included on a separate standalone disc in there.
Singles (Side A/Side B)
"Everything Works If You Let It"/"Way of the World"/"Heaven Tonight" – #44 US, #14 Can
"Stop This Game"/"Who D'King" – #48 US, #6 Can
"World Greatest Lover"/"High Priest of Rhythmic Noise"
Outtakes
"World's Greatest Lover" (Demo with Rick Nielsen on vocals, released on the Sex, America, Cheap Trick box set)
"Machines Make Money" (Written and sung by Tom Petersson, unreleased)
"Sleep Closes In" (Instrumental, unreleased)
Personnel
Cheap Trick
Robin Zander – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Rick Nielsen – lead guitar, backing vocals, bass, keyboards, art direction, design
Tom Petersson – bass, backing vocals
Bun E. Carlos – drums, percussion
Technical
George Martin – arranger, producer, piano
Geoff Emerick – engineer
Nigel Walker – assistant engineer
Tony George – assistant engineer
George Marino – mastering
Moshe Brakha – photography
Ria Lewerke – art direction, design
Legacy
American hardcore punk band Zeke quotes "High Priest Of Rhythmic Noise" in their song "Evil Woman" on Death Alley''.
Charts
Album
2017 reissue
Singles
Certifications
References
1980 albums
Cheap Trick albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by George Martin
Albums arranged by George Martin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Shook%20Up%20%28Cheap%20Trick%20album%29 |
Bencubbin is a town in Western Australia in the north eastern Wheatbelt, 275 km north-east of Perth. The town lies within the Shire of Mount Marshall and is home to approximately 294 people as of 2011. Surveyor General John Septimus Roe first surveyed the region in 1836 and he was followed by sandalwood cutters and stockmen, but it was not until 1908 that the first permanent settlers arrived.
The name "Bencubbin" comes from the Aboriginal word for "place of the snakes" and is now applied to the rock to the north of the town. The aboriginal word is generally spelt "Gnylbencubbing" and is not the rock known as Mount Marshall. Mount Marshall is south-east of Bencubbin, whereas the rock known as Gnylbencubbing is at the northern edge of the township. Mount Marshall is named after Captain Marshall MacDermott, who was the first manager of the Western Australian branch of the Bank of Australasia. These two rocks and Wiacubbing Hill are three of the largest outcrops around Bencubbin.
The name was suggested for the railway station at terminus of the Wyalkatchem to Mount Marshall railway line, by J Hope, the Chief Draftsman, in 1913. The townsite was gazetted later in 1917. The first Bencubbin police station was founded in 1923.
In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.
The town supermarket was destroyed by a fire in 2006 which started early in the morning. The fire was brought under control in two hours causing no injuries and causing over A$100,000 damage. The Police Station (staffed by two officers) saw them mobilise and assist to keep the town running. A makeshift store was set up to provide valuable supplies to the community.
The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.
Governance
Bencubbin, along with the town Beacon make up the shire of Mt. Marshall which falls under the electorate of Durack. The Shire of Mt Marshall has 7 elected Councillors who are elected by the residents of the Shire on the third Saturday in October every second year. The Council meets to address the issues of the shire on the last Tuesday of every month.
Demographics
According to the conducted in Western Australia in 2011, 90.1% of the population of Bencubbin were born in Australia. The predominant ethnicity of Bencubbin consists mainly from immigrants of British and Irish heritage who settled in the region from the 1890s on wards. Due to such a large influx of immigrants from western Europe, the main religion today in Bencubbin are denominations of Christianity, specifically Anglican (35.1%), Catholic (18.9%), Uniting Church (9.1%) and 21.3% state no religious affiliation. English is the most commonly spoken language with 96.2% of the township speaking only English.
Sport
The Bencubbin township participates in numerous sporting leagues including golf, cricket, hockey, netball and the most popular being Australian football, a code of football indigenous to Australia. The Bencubbin football club, known colloquially as the demons, participates in the central Wheatbelt football league. An amateur sporting league that consists of six clubs from surrounding townships who have competed against each other since 1968, where Bencubbin was a founding member of the league. Bencubbin have won five premiership titles in their history which is third highest overall in the league.
Notable events
Making Bencubbin infamous in the field of geology was the discovery in 1930 of 58 kg, rare and previously unknown type of meteorite which was aptly named "the Bencubbin". It was uncovered whilst ploughing on newly cleared land destined to be a wheat farm just 15 kilometers north-west of Bencubbin. fragments of the meteorite reside in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
References
External links
Bencubbin
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Grain receival points of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencubbin%2C%20Western%20Australia |
"High School Confidential" is a song by Canadian new wave band Rough Trade, from their 1980 album Avoid Freud. The band's breakthrough Top 40 hit in Canada, it remains their most famous song.
The song's producer was Gene Martynec, who won the Juno Award for Producer of the Year for his work on "High School Confidential" and Bruce Cockburn's "Tokyo". It was written by the band's main songwriting team, Carole Pope and Kevan Staples. Some references incorrectly credit Jerry Lee Lewis and Ron Hargrave as the songwriters, but the Rough Trade song is not a cover of the Jerry Lee Lewis song of the same name.
Although the song uses the title of the 1958 film High School Confidential, as well as references which suggest that the song is set in a similar time frame, the lyrics do not strongly resemble the film's drug-related plot. Instead, the song's narrator is a student observing a sexy female classmate, a "cool blonde scheming bitch" whose activities suggest that she may be having sexual relations with adult men, including the high school principal. The narrator compares the classmate to 1950s sex symbols Mamie Van Doren, Anita Ekberg and Dagmar, and reveals her own unrequited lust for her: in one of the most famous lyrics from the song, Pope sings "She makes me cream my jeans when she comes my way".
The lyrics never explicitly state the narrator's own sex, so they may be read either as Pope speaking from a male perspective, or as a reference to lesbianism. In a 2000 interview with Eye Weekly, Pope confirmed that while she intended the lyric from her own perspective as a lesbian, the ambiguity was intentional: "The general public didn't get that I was gay – if you were gay you did – and when I wrote love songs, I wanted them to be interpreted however. The thing is, I really, really love men – straight men are very sexy as long as, you know, they don't try – and I think that comes across in my songs. Rock 'n' roll is about desire and passion, and I'm singing to both sexes."
Popular impact
At the time of its release, it was one of the most sexually explicit songs ever to reach the Canadian pop charts, and despite the sexual ambiguity, the first with such strong lesbian overtones.
Although controversial, the song was a Top 20 hit, peaking at No. 12 nationwide on the RPM singles chart (#1 on their CANCON Chart) on June 20, 1981 and at No. 8 on the CHUM Chart in Toronto on May 30 of the same year. However, some radio stations refused to play the song, and others played a censored version with some of the most controversial lyrics removed; CHUM-FM paid for the band to record a cleaned-up version that avoided the line, "She makes me cream my jeans when she comes my way." (The band's subsequent hit "Crimes of Passion", which included an explicit verse about a gay male couple, also faced similar controversy.)
k.d. lang was apparently inspired by seeing the band perform the number on the televised Juno Awards presentation that year, "seeing [Carole] set a tone for me that I could be out, no question". Merrill Nisker (now known by her stage name "Peaches") covered the song on her 1995 album Fancypants Hoodlum.
The song appeared in the 1991 Canadian film The Adjuster, directed by Atom Egoyan.
In 1999, the German band Alphaville covered "High School Confidential" on their album Dreamscapes. In 2004, the band Lesbians on Ecstasy released "The Pleasure Principal", a response song in which the high school's principal calls Pope to the office to discuss Pope's obsession with her classmate.
In 2005, "High School Confidential" was named the 38th greatest Canadian song of all time on the CBC Radio One series 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version.
The 2020 film Jump, Darling features lead character Russell, an aspiring drag queen, performing a lip synch to "High School Confidential" in his local gay bar. In 2022, the song was used as a Lip Sync for Your Life number in the third season of Canada's Drag Race, in an episode in which Pope appeared as a guest judge.
Queer as Folk
In 2000, Pope recorded a new version of "High School Confidential" for the television series Queer as Folk, with the lyrics altered to reflect a gay male perspective: "He's a cool blond scheming trick...He's a combination Tom Cruise-Zack O'Toole". (Zack O'Toole was a fictional porn star in QAF, played by Matthew G. Taylor.) This version appears on the show's first season soundtrack album.
References
1980 singles
1980 songs
Rough Trade (band) songs
LGBT-related music in Canada
Lesbian-related songs
True North Records singles
Songs about school | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20School%20Confidential%20%28Rough%20Trade%20song%29 |
John Gordon Bernander (born 22 September 1957) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party and former director-general of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) and the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise.
Early life and career
He was born in New York City, grew up in Brooklyn and Kristiansand. He was educated at the Norwegian Naval Academy in Bergen from 1976 to 1977 and graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.jur. degree in 1982.
Politics
In 1989 he was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Vest-Agder, but he did not stand for re-election in 1993. From March to November 1990 he was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Trade. During this period his seat in Parliament was taken by Kirsten Huser Leschbrandt. Bernander had been a personal secretary (today known as political advisor) in the Ministry of Industry from 1985 to 1986.
On the local level he was a member of Kristiansand city council from 1979 to 1985 and 1987 to 1989, the first period in the executive committee. He chaired the county party chapter from 1988 to 1989. From 1991 to 1994 Bernander was vice-chairman of the nationwide party. He was a member of the nationwide central board from 1988 to 1997.
Business
Before entering politics Bernander worked as a businessman and lawyer. From 1993 to 2001 he was CEO of the Gard P&I Club and later Gard Services in Arendal. From 15 June 2001 to 19 March 2007, Bernander was the director-general (kringkastingssjef) of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, the Norwegian state-owned broadcasting company. He succeeded Einar Førde, and was succeeded by Hans-Tore Bjerkaas. From 2006 to 2007 Bernander was vice president of the European Broadcasting Union.
From May 2007 Bernander is associated with The Mosvold Shipping Group in Kristiansand. From September 2009 to September 2012 he was the director-general of the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. He then moved on to the managing director position in Viking Heat Engines.
References
1957 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Vest-Agder politicians
Norwegian state secretaries
Politicians from Kristiansand
Politicians from Brooklyn
Royal Norwegian Naval Academy alumni
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian jurists
NRK people
Norwegian television executives
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Bernander |
"The Crime Wave at Blandings" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse that first appeared in the United States in two parts, in the October 10 and October 17, 1936 editions of the Saturday Evening Post, and in the United Kingdom in the January 1937 issue of the Strand (as "Crime Wave at Blandings"). It was included in the collection Lord Emsworth and Others (1937), and provided the title to the U.S. equivalent of that collection.
The story was a rewritten version of an older piece, entitled "Creatures of Impulse", which had appeared in the Strand in October 1914, and in the U.S. in McClure's that same month.
"The Crime Wave at Blandings" is set at Blandings Castle, home of Lord Emsworth, and features several other recurring characters.
Plot
Lord Emsworth's sister, Lady Constance, has decided that Emsworth's grandson George needs a tutor to keep him in line over the summer holidays and chooses Rupert Baxter, Emsworth's former secretary. Emsworth is worried that Constance is trying to get the controlling and unpleasant Baxter reinstated as his secretary. George, who does not want to be tutored during the summer holidays, dislikes Baxter, and Emsworth sympathizes with George. Meanwhile, Lord Emsworth's niece Jane is engaged to George Abercrombie. Constance disapproves since Abercrombie does not have money or a job, and wants Jane to marry someone else. Lord Emsworth previously agreed to give Abercrombie the position of land agent at Blandings, but Constance pushes Emsworth, who just wants to be left alone so he can read Whiffle on The Care Of The Pig, to rescind the job offer. This dismays Jane.
The butler Beach brings an airgun and a box of ammunition to Emsworth. The gun was confiscated from young George on Lady Constance's instructions. George shot Baxter in the seat of the trousers while Baxter was tying his shoes. Emsworth again sympathizes with George. He reminisces about a time in his youth when his sister Julia borrowed his airgun to shoot her governess, and Beach mentions that he also had an airgun when he was young. Later, Emsworth sees Baxter outside bending over to pick up a cigarette. Acting on an impulse inspired by his childhood memories, Emsworth shoots Baxter with the airgun through a window. Baxter angrily comes into the room, thinking that George shot him again. Constance, however, suspects that Emsworth shot Baxter. Jane saw Emsworth shoot Baxter and threatens to tell Constance unless he writes a letter to Abercrombie giving him the land agent job. Emsworth writes the letter for her.
Baxter eavesdropped on their conversation and knows Emsworth shot him. To keep Baxter from telling Constance, Emsworth reluctantly offers him his old job as secretary, which Baxter gladly accepts. However, Beach later delivers a note from Baxter in which he declines the job and says he will leave Blandings. Emsworth fears Baxter has decided to tell Constance after all, and Jane advises him to deny everything Baxter says. Furthermore, Beach announces he is resigning. Constance admits she shot Beach with George's airgun on an impulse. Though Emsworth had thought he remembered Julia shooting the governess, it had actually been Constance. Emsworth is alarmed about their indispensable butler resigning but relieved that Constance can hardly reproach him now.
In front of Constance, Baxter accuses Emsworth of shooting him, which Emsworth denies, and says he was willing to return as secretary until Emsworth shot him a second time, though Emsworth only shot him once. Constance wants Baxter to stay, but Emsworth insists that Baxter will go, and that Jane will marry Abercrombie as she wants to. Beach tells Emsworth that he is resigning because he acted on an impulse and shot Baxter (though Baxter mistakenly thought Emsworth shot him again). He is not resigning because of Constance and says her shot actually missed. Emsworth convinces Beach to stay by telling him that Baxter is leaving, and decides to test his aim by again shooting Baxter through a window. Baxter shouts and immediately leaves on his motorcycle. Beach raises a glass of port in a toast to Emsworth's success.
Publication history
"Creatures of Impulse", the original story which "The Crime Wave at Blandings" was rewritten from, was published in October 1914 in the Strand with illustrations by T. Victor Hall. It was published in the same month in McClure's with illustrations by Lucius Wolcott Hitchcock. "Creatures of Impulse" was not published in book form until it was included in the 1993 collection Plum Stones, with commentary by Tony Ring.
In "Creatures of Impulse", the main character, Sir Godfrey Tanner, has a valet named Jevons, who is very competent and usually performs his duties flawlessly. According to David A. Jasen's biography of P. G. Wodehouse, Jevons was a predecessor to Wodehouse's well-known character Jeeves, who is also a very competent valet.
"The Crime Wave at Blandings" was rewritten from "Creatures of Impulse" and was published more than twenty years after the original story. "The Crime Wave at Blandings" was published in October 1936 in two parts in the Saturday Evening Post, with illustrations by Charles LaSalle. It was published in The Strand Magazine in January 1937, with illustrations by Gilbert Wilkinson.
The story was collected in The Best of Wodehouse, a 1949 collection of Wodehouse stories selected by Scott Meredith, published in the US by Pocket Books. It was included in the 1981 collection Wodehouse on Crime, published by Ticknor & Fields in the US and edited by D. R. Bensen with a foreword by Isaac Asimov. The UK anthology In Praise of Humour, published by Muller in 1949 and edited by Neville Hilditch, included an excerpt from "The Crime Wave at Blandings".
Adaptations
A radio dramatisation of "The Crime Wave at Blandings" aired in 1939, with C. V. France as Lord Emsworth, Thea Holme as Jane, J. B. Rowe as Beach, Gladys Young as Lady Constance, Carleton Hobbs as Rupert Baxter, and Robert Holland as George. It was produced by John Cheatle.
"The Crime Wave at Blandings" was adapted for television as an episode of The World of Wodehouse in 1967, under the title "Lord Emsworth and the Crime Wave at Blandings".
In 1985, the story was adapted into two episodes of the Blandings radio series.
"The Crime Wave at Blandings" was adapted for television again in 2013, as the fourth episode in the series Blandings.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Blandings shorts
Complete list of the Blandings books
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1936 short stories
Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crime%20Wave%20at%20Blandings |
The following are the association football events of the year 1948 throughout the world.
Events
Clubs reformed in 1948
Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.
CSKA Sofia
Winners club national championship
Argentina
Independiente
Austria
Rapid Vienna
Bulgaria
CSKA Sofia
Chile
Audax Italiano
Colombia
Santa Fe
Costa Rica
Herediano
East Germany
SG Planitz
England
for fuller coverage see 1947–48 in English football
First Division: Arsenal
Second Division: Birmingham City
Third Division North: Lincoln City
Third Division South: Queens Park Rangers
FA Cup: Manchester United
France
Olympique de Marseille
Hong Kong
Kitchee
Iceland
KR
Italy
Torino F.C.
Mexico
León
Paraguay
Olimpia Asunción
Poland
Cracovia
Romania
Divizia A: ITA Arad
Divizia B: Dezrobirea Constanța, Metalochimic București, Politehnica Timișoara, Phoenix Baia Mare
Cupa României: ITA Arad
Scotland
for fuller coverage see 1947–48 in Scottish football
League Division A: Hibernian
League Division B: East Fife
League Division C: East Stirlingshire
Scottish Cup: Rangers
Scottish League Cup: East Fife
Spain
Barcelona
Sweden
IFK Norrköping
Switzerland
AC Bellinzona
Uruguay
Nacional
USSR
CSKA Moscow
Yugoslavia
Dinamo Zagreb
International tournaments
1948 British Home Championship (4 October 1947 – 10 May 1948)
Olympic Games in London, United Kingdom (26 July – 13 August 1948)
Births
21. January – Zygmunt Kukla, Polish international footballer (died 2016)
24 January – Heinz Flohe, German international footballer (died 2013)
31 January – Volkmar Groß, German international footballer (died 2014)
20 February – Tony Ackerman, English former professional footballer
24 February
Luis Galvan, Argentinian international footballer
Walter Smith, Scottish footballer and manager (died 2021)
5 March – Jan van Beveren, Dutch footballer (died 2011)
22 March – Bernard Dietz, German international footballer
28 March – Walter Balmer, Swiss international footballer (died 2010)
29 March – Roberto Abrussezze, Brazilian footballer
27 April – Josef Hickersberger, Austrian international footballer and coach
10 May – Shimon Charnuha, former Israeli footballer
17 May – Horst Köppel, Germann international footballer and manager
1 July – Ever Hugo Almeida, Uruguayan-Paraguayan football player and manager
15 August – Patrice Rio, French footballer
2 October – Trevor Brooking, English international footballer
7 December – Roland Hattenberger, Austrian international footballer
12 December – Colin Todd, English footballer and manager
31 December – Sandy Jardine, Scottish international footballer and manager (died 2014)
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%20in%20association%20football |
In the mythological writings of William Blake, Los is the fallen (earthly or human) form of Urthona, one of the four Zoas, and the embodiment of human creativity and inspiration. He is referred to as the "eternal prophet" and creates the visionary city of Golgonooza. Los is regularly described as a smith, beating with his hammer on a forge, which is metaphorically connected to the beating of the human heart. The bellows of his forge are the human lungs. Los's emanation, Enitharmon, represents spiritual beauty and embodies pity, but at the same time creates the spatial aspect of the fallen world, weaving bodies for men and creating sexual strife through her insistence upon chastity. In the Book of Urizen (1794), Los and Enitharmon have a child, Orc, who is the embodiment of the spirit of revolution. The name Los is, by common critical acceptance, an anagram of Sol, the Latin word for "sun". Los is also the plural form of El, an ancient Hebrew deity. Such innovations are common in many of Blake's prophetic poems.
Background
Blake attributed the origin of Los and many of his prophetic works to his home in Lambeth: "Los descended to me... trembling I stood... in the Vale of Lambeth; but he kissed me and wished me health".
Character
Los is the divine aspect of the imagination. After he becomes more mechanical and regular in his actions, he falls and becomes part of the material world. In the fallen state, he becomes the creator of life and of organic systems. He also creates reproduction and the sexes, with his own partner Enitharmon soon after being created. He then creates consciousness through evolution, which leads to the creation of humans. Los is particularly focused on humans and he uses them to breed art and use their imaginations. Eventually, it is through the evolutions of the world that Orc is formed. Like Orc and Orc's cycles, Los is part of cycles as he tries to create the Golgonooza at the beginning of time and the image appears constantly in art. Los's imagination is also connected to the natural cycle, and art within the individual is developed through natural cycles. Art is mimetic of nature but order within nature. Los represents the progression through life to the conscious state.
Appearances
Los appears in The Book of Urizen (1794) as an eternal prophet that binds Urizen after Urizen, the creator of the world suffers from a spiritual fall. He appears in the connected works The Song of Los, America a Prophecy and Europe a Prophecy at the same time. In these works, he begins as a prophet in Africa that describes how Urizen gave laws to the people that bound the minds of mankind. This was accomplished through Los's children with Enitharmon: "Thus the terrible race of Los & Enitharmon gave / Laws & Religions to the sons of Har binding them more / And more to Earth: closing and restraining" (lines 44–46).
The Book of Los, completed at the same time, continues from the story of The Book of Urizen and describes how Los fell and was bound in a human form. It also describes how Los, in turn, bound Urizen in a human form. In The Book of Urizen, Los is constantly at struggle with Urizen to control the world and the two represent opposites. However, this was to later change when Blake added two other beings in his later work. In the early works, however, the binary system is possibly similar to the imaginative and reason sides that Blake divided his own mind and a struggle between the two. He also felt that Los was closely connected to Christ, and that is why Los dominated within his myth.
In Jerusalem (1804–1820), it is said that Los was the progenitor of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and the other Biblical spiritual leaders. The work also describes the Four Zoas that are four parts that were united in Eternity but exist in a state similar to a giant after their fall. These four parts include Los and Urizen along with Tharmas and Luvah. The Four Zoas appear also in 2nd edition of Vala, or the Four Zoas (1807) and Milton: a Poem. In Milton: a Poem (1804–1810), Los appears as a flaming sun. This view of Los and the sun is similar to a description in a poem that Blake included in a letter (22 November 1802) that he wrote to Thomas Butts, and he believed that in the vision he was able to unite with Los. In Vala, or the Four Zoas, Los witnesses a vision of the Lamb of God being sacrificed to reveal his spiritual side while Urizen and the Synagogue of Satan work against Christ and are the ones who condemn him to death. After the Synagogue of Satan promotes Deism, Los seizes the sun and the moon and breaks apart the heavens. The destruction of the world leads to eternity and the second judgment unfolds. The poem ends with Urthona, Los's unfallen state rising up and shepherding in science and removing the dark religions.
The final version of Jerusalem, completed by 1820, was a Gospel about the imagination as God's presence within humanity, and the messiah figure of the work is Los. Los's purpose was to create his own system in order to be free of any other system, and this system would be based on creation instead of reason. The purpose of the work is to describe Los's triumph and the new apocalypse in which the Lamb of God comes to England to rule.
In later literature
In Ray Nelson's Science Fiction novel "Blake's Progress", based on the assumption that the poet William Blake and his wife Kate were time travelers, it is assumed that in fact Los was the poet Milton, a fellow time traveler.
Notes
References
Bentley, G. E. (Jr). The Stranger From Paradise. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
Damon, S. Foster. A Blake Dictionary. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1988.
Frye, Northrop. Fearful Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Mee, Jon. Dangerous Enthusiasm. Oxford: Clarendon, 2002.
William Blake's mythology
Fictional prophets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20%28Blake%29 |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1947 throughout the world.
Events
Winners club national championship
Argentina
River Plate
Austria
SC Wacker Wien
Chile
Colo-Colo
Costa Rica
C.S. Herediano
England
for fuller coverage see 1946–47 in English football
First Division: Liverpool
Second Division: Manchester City
Third Division: Doncaster Rovers
Fourth Division: Cardiff City
FA Cup: Charlton Athletic
France
CO Roubaix-Tourcoing
Hungary
Újpest FC
Italy
Torino
Ireland
Shelbourne
Mexico
Atlante
Netherlands
Ajax Amsterdam
Paraguay
Olimpia Asunción
Romania
Divizia A: ITA Arad
Divizia B: Unirea Tricolor București, Ploiești, Dermata Cluj
Divizia C: Concordia Ploiești, BNR București, Astra Română Câmpina, PCA Constanța, Ripensia Timișoara, Sanitas Satu Mare, CFR Cluj, Șoimii Sibiu, Doljul Craiova, Aninoasa, Danubiana Roman, Astra Română Moreni
Scotland
for fuller coverage see 1946–47 in Scottish football
League Division A: Rangers
League Division B: Dundee
League Division C: Stirling Albion
Scottish Cup: Aberdeen
Scottish League Cup: Rangers
Spain
Valencia
Sweden
IFK Norrköping
Switzerland
FC Biel-Bienne
Turkey
Ankara Demirspor
Uruguay
Nacional
USSR
First Group: CDKA Moscow
Second Group: Lokomotiv Moscow
Soviet Cup: Spartak Moscow
Yugoslavia
Partizan Beograd
International tournaments
1947 British Home Championship (28 September 1946 – 12 April 1947)
Births
15 January – Peter Nogly, German international Footballer
25 January – Tostão, Brazilian international footballer
20 February – Peter Osgood, English international footballer (died 2006)
24 February – Fernando Barrachina, Spanish international footballer (died 2016)
3 March – Óscar Tabárez, Uruguayan football player and manager
24 March – Archie Gemmill, Scottish international footballer
30 March – Henry Perales, Peruvian footballer (died 2021)
3 April – Ladislav Kuna, Slovak football player and manager (died 2012)
25 April – Johan Cruijff, Dutch international footballer and manager (died 2016)
8 May – Sef Vergoossen, Dutch football manager
3 July – Rob Rensenbrink, Dutch international footballer (died 2020)
10 August – Laurent Pokou, Ivorian international footballer (died 2016)
28 August – Emlyn Hughes, English international footballer (died 2004)
15 October – Laszlo Fazekas, Hungarian international footballer
23 October – Kazimierz Deyna, Polish international footballer (died 1989)
2 November – Allan Michaelsen, Danish international footballer (died 2016)
26 December – Dominique Baratelli, French international footballer
Deaths
8 May – Attilio Ferraris, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (43, heart attack during a friendly match between former stars in Montecatini Terme)
12 June – Cosme Damião, Portuguese football player and manager, 61
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%20in%20association%20football |
Borkowo railway station is a railway station serving the town of Borkowo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1938 and is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Modernisation
In 2014 the station was modernised. In 2015 the railway south of the station was renovated as part of the works for the Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna, introducing a crossover with the Pruszcz Gdanski–Leba railway to allow trains to operate to Kartuzy.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kartuzy — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Główny
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkowo%20railway%20station |
Animal models of stroke are procedures undertaken in animals (including non-human primates) intending to provoke pathophysiological states that are similar to those of human stroke to study basic processes or potential therapeutic interventions in this disease. Aim is the extension of the knowledge on and/or the improvement of medical treatment of human stroke.
Classification by cause
The term stroke subsumes cerebrovascular disorders of different etiologies, featuring diverse pathophysiological processes. Thus, for each stroke etiology one or more animal models have been developed:
Animal models of ischemic stroke
Animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage
Animal models of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm
Animal models of sinus vein thrombosis
Transferability of animal results to human stroke
Although multiple therapies have proven to be effective in animals, only very few have done so in human patients. Reasons for this are (Dirnagl 1999):
Side effects: Many highly potent neuroprotective drugs display side effects which inhibit the application of effective doses in patients (e.g. MK-801)
Delay: Whereas in animal studies the time of incidence onset is known and therapy can be started early, patients often present with delay and unclear time of symptom onset
“Age and associated illnesses: Most experimental studies are conducted on healthy, young animals under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions. However, the typical stroke patient is elderly with numerous risk factors and complicating diseases (for example, diabetes, hypertension and heart diseases)” (Dirnagl 1999)
Morphological and functional differences between the brain of humans and animals: Although the basic mechanisms of stroke are identical between humans and other mammals, there are differences.
Evaluation of efficacy: In animals, treatment effects are mostly measured as a reduction of lesion volume, whereas in human studies functional evaluation (which reflects the severity of disabilities) is commonly used. Thus, therapies might reduce the size of the cerebral lesion (found in animals), but not the functional impairment when tested in patients.
Ethical considerations
Stroke models are carried out on animals which inevitably suffer during the procedure. These encumbrances are e.g. social stress during single or multiple animal caging (depending on the species), transport, animal handling, food deprivation, pain after surgical procedures, neurological disabilities etc. Thus, according to general consensus, these experiments require ethical justification. The following arguments can be produced to give reason for the conduction of animal experiments in stroke research:
Stroke is very frequent in humans.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the developed countries.
Stroke is the leading cause of permanent disability in the developed countries.
Yet there is no effective treatment available for the majority of stroke patients.
Currently there are no in vitro methods that could satisfactorily simulate the complex interplay of vasculature, brain tissue, and blood during stroke, and thus could replace the greater part of animal experiments.
During animal experimentation the following prerequisites have to be fulfilled to maintain the ethical justification (“the three Rs”):
Reduction: Animal numbers have to be kept as little as possible (but as high as necessary - to avoid underpowered studies -) to draw scientific conclusions.
Refinement: Experiments have to be best planned and to be conducted by trained personnel to minimize the suffering of animals on the one hand and to gain as much knowledge as possible out of the utilized animals.
Replacement: Whenever possible animal experiments have to be replaced by other methods (e.g. cell culture, computed simulations etc.).
References
Stroke
Stroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20model%20of%20stroke |
In articulatory phonetics, fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree of stricture. It is the opposite of the more common lenition. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop (i.e. becomes or becomes ). Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable; as an effect of reducing markedness; or due to morphological leveling.
Examples
The extremely common approximant sound is sometimes subject to fortition; since it is a semivowel, almost any change to the sound other than simple deletion would constitute fortition. It has changed into the voiced fricative in a number of indigenous languages of the Arctic, such as the Eskimo–Aleut languages and Ket, and also in some varieties of Spanish. In the Southern Ryukyuan language Yonaguni, it has changed word-initially into . Via a voiceless palatal approximant, it has turned in some Germanic languages into , the voiceless equivalent of and also cross-linguistically rare though less so than . Another change turned to an affricate during the development of the Romance languages from Latin.
Fortition of the cross-linguistically rare interdental fricatives and to the almost universal corresponding stops and is relatively common. This has occurred in most continental Germanic languages and several English dialects, several Uralic languages, and a few Semitic languages, among others. This has the result of reducing the markedness of the sounds and .
Fortition also frequently occurs with voiceless versions of the common lateral approximant , usually sourced from combinations of with a voiceless obstruent. The product is a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .
In Welsh, words inherited from Proto-Celtic with initial or hardened to and , respectively. Examples: Old Welsh lau to Modern Welsh ; Old Welsh ros to Modern Welsh .
In the Cushitic language Iraqw, *d has lenited to between vowels, but *r has undergone fortition to word initially.
In Friulian, ž > d : yoyba, jobia > dobia, doba ; gel (tosc. giallo) > dal ; giovane > doven ; giugno > dun
Gemination of word-initial consonants occurs in Italian if a word-final stressed vowel precedes without intervening pause. Final stressed vowels are by nature short, and short stressed vowels precede a consonant within a (phonetic) word only if that consonant ends the syllable. An item such as comprò 's/he bought' thus triggers gemination of the following consonant, whereas compra 's/he buys/is buying' does not: comprò la pasta 's/he bought the pasta' but compra la pasta 's/he buys/is buying the pasta'.
In addition to language-internal development, fortition can also occur when a language acquires loanwords. Goidelic languages frequently display fortition in loanwords as most initial fricatives (except for , and ) are disallowed in the citation form of Goidelic words. Thus initial fricatives of loanwords are strengthened to the corresponding unlenited variant or the nearest equivalent if the fricative is not part of the phoneme inventory.
Examples from Scottish Gaelic:
Post-nasal fortition
Post-nasal fortition is very common in Bantu languages. For example, Swahili and become after a nasal prefix, and becomes ; voiceless stops become aspirated. In Shambala, and become , and and become and as well. In Bukusu, and become , becomes , and become . In other languages, voiceless fricatives become affricates ; see for example Xhosa. This is similar to the epenthetic stop in words like dance () in many dialects of English, which effectively is fortition of fricative to affricate .
See also
Consonant mutation
Final-obstruent devoicing
Grimm's law
Historical linguistics
Sesotho nasalization
References
Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
Phonology
Linguistic morphology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortition |
Sergey Aleksandrovich Afanasyev (; 30 August 1918 – 13 May 2001) was a Russian engineer and later politician who was the leading figure in the Soviet Union's missile and space program. He was the Minister of General Machine Building (1965–1983).
Early life and career
Sergey Afanasyev was born in the city of Klin in the Moscow region. He graduated from the Bauman Moscow State Technical University in 1941, and was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (since 1943). During World War II, he worked as an engineer at an artillery factory in Perm, learning armor design. He became the protégé of Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov and from 1946 worked in the Ministry of Defence Industries.
In the late 1950s, Sergey Afanasyev worked in top management positions in Leningrad, and in the early 1960s in Moscow as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Service as Minister
After his appointment in March 1965 as head of the newly created Ministry of General Machine Building, a post he occupied until 1983, Sergey Afanasyev had to build up the new Ministry from zero, uniting numerous defence plants, scientific labs, engineering facilities and famous constructors of space and military rockets under one roof. The new industry under Afanasyev's control was a secret formation, and was never publicly acknowledged until the late 1980s. In private circles he was referred to as “the world’s first Space Minister”.
Sergey Afanasyev's Ministry not only took part in developing his country's pioneering space programme but was a key player in the nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States. In the mid-1960s the nuclear arsenal of the USA was larger than the USSR had. But as the Cold War dragged on, Afanasyev's Ministry managed to sufficiently increase and almost match the number of nuclear missiles and warheads its main rival had and thus reach a fragile balance of military might. Over 1400 intercontinental ballistic missiles and some 1000 submarine-launched ballistic missiles were manufactured and later modernised by the Ministry, which was also responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of the nuclear arsenal and its control functions. That is why Sergey Afanasyev once admitted that his worst nightmare for many years was that one of the nuclear missiles might self-explode or even be launched by mistake.
Sergey Afanasyev was also involved in creating spacecraft for Soviet cosmonauts, orbital space stations, including the Mir station, the first Soviet space shuttle Buran, the Energia rocket, and was a frequent visitor of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, attending the many launches. He worked together with the chief Soviet rocket engineer Sergey Korolyov.
Oddly enough, just like many elements of the Soviet economy, the Ministry of General Machine Building at its numerous plants spread from the western part of the USSR to the far east coast also produced TV sets, refrigerators and other home appliances.
A skilled manager, Sergey Afanasyev often balanced the "warring factions" - the different opinions and approaches voiced by academics and rocket engineers such as Vladimir Chelomei and Mikhail Yangel, who competed in designing rocket engines, as well as the interests of different Ministries, including the Ministry of Defence, headed by Dmitriy Ustinov, and also the Communist Party's Central Committee. Afanasyev also worked closely with Valentin Glushko, one of the principal Soviet designers of spacecraft and rockets during the Soviet/American Space Race.
During his long career, Sergey Afanasyev dealt directly with top Soviet leaders, including Leonid Brezhnev, Konstantin Chernenko, Yuri Andropov and Mikhail Gorbachev, discussing with them and getting funding for both space and defence programmes and projects. He was also a close friend of Boris Yeltsin, who he knew since Yeltsin was the head of the Yekaterinburg regional Communist Party Committee. Afanasyev was elected as deputy of the Congress of Peoples Deputies from the Yekaterinburg region.
Sergey Afanasyev was one of the few people who refused to take orders from the feared Soviet police chief Lavrentiy Beria. In the 1950s, Beria was pushing for a swift production of missiles and indicated his orders were to be carried out within several months. At a meeting in the Kremlin, Sergey Afanasyev was the only engineer who voiced opposition to the plan, calling it unrealistic. Beria's first reaction was to arrest the young engineer, but he was later told that in that case the production would be delayed for over a year because Afanasyev was the only person on the ground knowledgeable enough to take charge.
After a reshuffle in the early 1980, Sergey Afanasyev was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machinery, where he worked from 1983 to 1987.
Death
From 1988 until his death he was the Senior Science Consultant of the S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia.
Sergey Afanasyev is buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Convent.
Honours and awards
Hero of Socialist Labour, twice (14 February 1975, 29 August 1978)
Seven Orders of Lenin (1958; 17 June 1961; 26 July 1966; 29 August 1968; 25 October 1971; 14 February 1975; 29 August 1978)
Order of the October Revolution (5 November 1982)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1957; 30 August 1983)
Order of the Red Star (1945)
Lenin Prize (1973)
Stalin Prize, 2nd class (1952)
USSR State Prize (1977)
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
Order of Merit (Ukraine), 2nd class
References
"Roads to Space" published by "Progress" in 1992, in Russian.
Afanasyev, Sergei
Further reading
J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", Nauka, 1994, ;
"Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999.
"Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.;
"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ;
"Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014
1918 births
2001 deaths
People from Klin
Soviet space program personnel
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Eighth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
Soviet engineers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Afanasyev%20%28politician%29 |
Saint Herlindis (or Harlindis) (c.695 in Maaseik – 745 or 753 in Aldeneik, near Maaseik), sister of Saint Relindis, was a Frankish saint and abbess.
Herlindis and Relindis were the daughters of the Frankish nobleman Adelard, who had his daughters brought up at the Benedictine monastery in Valenciennes. In 730 Herlindis's parents set up a Benedictine monastery at Aldeneik for his daughters. Herlindis was consecrated as its first abbess by Willibrord, and held the role until her death, after which Relindis was named to succeed her by Saint Boniface.
The two sisters are usually portrayed together, sometimes also with a few nuns, holding either an abbess's staff or a model of the monastery. Her feast day is 12 October, or on 13 February in Liège (on the same day as Relindis).
See also
Sint-Annakerk (Aldeneik)
References
Casula of Saints Harlindis and Relindis
History
The Casula of Saints Harlindis and Relindis (also known as the Casula of Maasik or the Maasik embroideries) is the earliest extant example of large-scale embroidery from England. It dates from the late 8th or 9th century and was found in Aldeneik Abbey, in Belgium. It is richly decorated in elaborate embroideries of silk and metal thread on a linen base. The casula was not made by the saints themselves, though for centuries it was thought that Harlindis and Relindis made it. Embroidery was seen as an important way to show high social status, and people who could produce it were highly regarded. This is likely why the embroideries came to be associated with the saints, rather than just with the church. Based on analysis of the embroidery style and garment, it most likely dates from after these saints lived so would have had to have been embroidered by someone else. The embroideries were, however, all made at the same time and in the same workshop, though the casula itself has undergone many changes and alterations since it was first made.
In the 8th and 9th centuries, cassocks were shaped garments. While this one is rectangular, it looks like it was altered at some point. It was likely altered to be a more modern shape, and may not have been a cassock when it was first created. Originally it was also richly embellished with pearls, and some of the stitching and stitch holes remain. There is a reference to the pearls still being attached in 1647, so they were on the cassock until at least that point in time.
Embroidery and decorations
The metal embroidery thread in the cassock was made by wrapping gold filament around a horse or cow hair core. This would have been extremely costly and time consuming to create, but this sort of labor was typical for creating vestments. The embroidery completely covers the linen it is embroidered on, as was usual for embroideries at this time. While this is the earliest embroidery found on this scale, it is typical of the art style representative at the time. This is known as the Trewhiddle style of art, which can be seen in the manuscripts and metalwork contemporary to the embroidery. It is known for its dense patterns, swirls, roundels, and intertwined animal motifs. It is also seen famously in the Book of Kells, but was popular in metalwork as well as in other manuscripts. It is likely that this style of artwork is replicating embroidery, as it is based heavily on interlocking motifs.
The tablet woven bands edging the casula are similar to Norse ones found in Birka. The bands are made of silk and linen threads like the Birka ones, however they are believed to have been made in England. They are the first tablet-woven bands found to use the gold-wrapped embroidery threads rather than just silk, linen, or wool.
External links
Herlindis at CatholicSaints.info
12 October saints at St. Patrick's Church
Year of birth missing
745 deaths
Frankish abbesses
8th-century Frankish nuns
8th-century Christian nuns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herlindis%20of%20Maaseik |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1946 throughout the world.
Events
League and Cup competitions resume in the United Kingdom for the first time since the start of the Second World War in 1939.
November 13 – Walter Winterbottom makes his debut as the manager of England.
National leagues winners
: San Lorenzo de Almagro
: Rapid Wien
: Audax Italiano
: La Libertad
: Sheffield United - North Division, Birmingham City - South Division
: Lille
: Újpest FC
: Fram
: Torino
: Veracruz
: Sevilla
: IFK Norrköping
: Servette FC
: Fenerbahçe, Gençlerbirliği
: Nacional
: CSKA Moscow
Domestic cups winners
: Boca Juniors (Copa Británica)
: Rapid Wien (Austrian Cup)
: Derby County (FA Cup)
: Lille (Coupe de France)
: Atlas (Copa México)
: Real Madrid (Copa del Rey)
: Malmö (Svenska Cupen)
: Grasshoppers (Swiss Cup)
: Spartak Moscow (Soviet Cup)
Births
January 26 – Mansour Pourheidari, Iranian international footballer, coach and manager (died 2016)
February 2 – Gerrie Mühren, Dutch international footballer (died 2013)
February 17 – Tahar Chaïbi, Tunisian international footballer (died 2014)
February 22 – Kresten Bjerre, Danish international footballer (died 2014)
April 3 – Pedro García Barros, Chilean footballer and manager
May 22 – George Best, Northern Ireland international footballer (died 2005)
May 29 – Héctor Yazalde, Argentinian footballer (died 1997)
June 18 – Ray Treacy, Irish international footballer (died 2015)
July 1 – Slobodan Santrač, Yugoslavian international footballer and manager (died 2016)
August 27 – Carlos Veglio, Argentine international footballer
September 3 – Dirceu Lopes, Brazilian international footballer
September 11 – John Roberts, Welsh international footballer (died 2016)
September 18 – Joel Camargo, Brazilian international footballer (died 2014)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%20in%20association%20football |
Glenn J. Elliott (born 15 August 1950) is a former Australian rules footballer. He played for the St Kilda and Melbourne as a centreman.
He was a gifted player whose career peak was in the mid-1970s where he was rated the state's best in the centre. He took over the role of St Kilda's centreman from Ian Stewart after Stewart left the club. Representing Victoria, Elliott won the Simpson Medal in 1976 for best on ground against Western Australia in Perth.
After suffering a knee injury in 1977, he played a season for Melbourne in 1979. Later he moved to Port Adelaide and then coached West Torrens in the South Australian National Football League.
Following a stint as CEO of North Adelaide Football Club, Elliott became CEO of Adelaide United in 2011.
References
External links
Biography at the St Kilda Football Club website
St Kilda Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
West Torrens Football Club coaches
Trevor Barker Award winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
1950 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Elliott%20%28footballer%29 |
The Ultimate Fighting Championship (later renamed UFC 1: The Beginning) was the first mixed martial arts event by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), held at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado, United States, on November 12, 1993. The event was broadcast live on pay-per-view and later released on home video.
Although the event was the lowest profile by the contemporary standards (the venue was less than half-packed, the grand prize of the tournament was as big as a regular sparring partner biannual salary, major martial arts observers and columnists did not bother to show up, the press in general neglected the event, Black Belt first mentioned it only several months later, big-name fighters turned down the offers to participate or to make a guest appearance in the audience), it pioneered the interstylistic match-ups between the practitioners of different martial arts, and set the pattern for the future sporting events of the kind, and introduced the octagon.
Background
UFC 1 was co-created by Rorion Gracie and the Torrance-based UFC promoter Art Davie, who decided to take locally famous Gracie Garage Challenge fights versus California's martial artists to a new level, televised nationally, with the opponents picked internationally.
They did not come up with a 16-man tournament, as the big-name martial artists, mainly kickboxers, namely Dennis Alexio, Benny Urquidez, Jean-Yves Thériault, Rick Roufus, Stan Longinidis, Maurice Smith, Bart Vale, Hee Il Cho, George Dillman, Gene LeBell, Rob Kaman, Peter Aerts, Ernesto Hoost, Masaaki Satake, were among the others "publicly invited" by Art Davie, but had shown no interest in participating. Davie placed advertisements in martial arts magazines to recruit fighters. He found less than a dozen who answered the call. The promoters came up with an eight-man tournament format, with the winner receiving $50,000.
They wanted it to look brutal on television, so John Milius, one of Rorion Gracie's students and a Hollywood veteran who had directed Conan the Barbarian, decided the fights should take place in an octagonal cage fenced with chain link. Campbell McLaren, a SEG executive, wanted people to consider the championship a live, televised version of Mortal Kombat, a popular fighting video game, in which victorious fighters got to "finish" their opponents through moves such as ripping their spines out of their bodies. That one and the Davie's idea to top the cage with razor wire were rejected. UFC promoters initially pitched the event as a real-life fighting video game tournament similar to Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter.
General regulations agreed upon were:
No doping probes.
No holds barred.
No biting.
No eye-gouging.
No mandatory gloves and combative uniform (bare-knuckle contest).
No judges' scores.
Unlimited five-minute rounds with one-minute rest period in between. (Changed to no time limits for UFC 2 since no UFC 1 fight lasted five minutes.)
Knockout, tapout, or corner stoppage (indicated by towel) are the only determination methods. Referee could only halt a match pending the corner decision.
McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, at an elevation above mean sea level of approximately , had been chosen because Colorado had no athletic commission and thus no governing body from which they would need to get approval for bare-knuckle fighting. The arena had hosted only two fight cards in its history, both of minor significance, occurring earlier in 1993.
The major accomplishment though for the promoters was to gather a celebrity commentary team for the event. The commentary team for the pay-per-view was Bill Wallace, Jim Brown, and Kathy Long, with additional analysis from Rod Machado and post-fight interviews by Brian Kilmeade. The ring announcer was Rich Goins.
Jason DeLucia was an alternate for the event, having defeated Trent Jenkins in the alternate bout. However, as no fighter pulled out during the tournament, he was not called upon.
History
The tournament featured fights with no weight classes, rounds, or judges. The three rules – no biting, no eye gouging, and no groin shots – were to be enforced only by a $1,500 fine. The match only ended by submission, knockout, or the fighter's corner throwing in the towel, although the referee stopped the first fight at 26 seconds. Gloves were allowed, as Art Jimmerson showed in his quarterfinal bout against Royce Gracie, which he fought with one boxing glove.
Royce Gracie won the tournament by defeating Gerard Gordeau via submission due to a rear naked choke. The referees for UFC 1 were João Alberto Barreto and Hélio Vigio, two veteran vale tudo referees from Brazil.
Results
UFC 1 bracket
Cultural significance
The event and its outcome catapulted Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (also known as Brazilian jiu-jitsu) to new heights in the United States and worldwide. Its gate and pay-per-view buys ensured that there would be more UFCs in the near future, which proved to be the case. The event sold nearly 90,000 live pay-per-view buys, in addition to drawing new audiences through video rental stores such as Blockbuster Video.
See also
1993 in UFC
List of UFC champions
References
External links
UFC 1 results at Sherdog.com
UFC 1 fights reviews
Official UFC website
MMA Mental History UFC 1
MMA Origins: UFC 1
The Brutal Beginnings of the UFC
Ultimate Fighting Championship events
1993 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Colorado
Sports competitions in Denver
1993 in sports in Colorado
1993 controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC%201 |
The 2006 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament was held from March 18 to April 4, 2006, at several sites, with the championship game held in Boston. The Maryland Terrapins, coached by Brenda Frese, won their first National Championship, beating the Duke Blue Devils, coached by Gail Goestenkors, 78–75 in overtime. Laura Harper of the Terrapins was named Most Outstanding Player.
The field is set at 64 teams, with 31 automatic bids and 33 at-large bids. Unlike the men's game, there is no play-in game. In addition, the first two rounds and regionals are usually played on "neutral" sites.
As of the 2023 tournament, this is the last Final Four where all four teams were coached by women.
Until the 2023 tournament, this was the last Women's final four not to include either Connecticut or Tennessee.
Notable events
In the Albuquerque Regional, Boston College upset the number one seed, Ohio State, in the second round. BC went on to play fifth seeded Utah in the regional semifinal, but Utah won by three points. Utah then played Maryland in the Regional final. With under eight seconds to go in regulation, Utah was trailing by a single point, with Shona Thorburn at the free throw line for two shots. She only made one, and the game went into overtime. This was familiar territory for the Terrapins, who were now playing in the fifth overtime game of their season. They had won the previous four, and would outscore Utah 12–2 to advance to the Final Four.
In the Bridgeport Regional, Connecticut won their first two games easily, then faced Georgia in their home state. The Huskies started out poorly, going without a single point for a stretch of over six minutes and were down 25–10 with under seven minutes to go in the first half. Then UConn scored 22 of the next 23 points to take a six-point lead. Georgia did not quit, and with seconds left, had a one-point lead. UConn had the ball and set up a last-ditch play. The play broke down, but Barbara Turner, not known as a three-point shooter, hit a three-pointer to put Connecticut up by two points with under two seconds to play. Georgia took a desperation, length of the court shot which bounced off the rim, and Connecticut held on to advance to the regional final. UConn head coach Geno Auriemma was quoted as saying, "I told the guys in the locker room, there are times that if you are lucky, fate taps you on the shoulder and you are ready. And today, we were ready".
In the regional final, top seeded Duke faced second seed UConn. With Connecticut down by two points late in the game, the Huskies Mel Thomas hit a two pint jumper to tie the game at 55 points apiece. Duke had 20 seconds left to hit a shot to take the lead. They called a timeout to set up a play but it broke down, and they called a timeout with three seconds left. The inbound pass ended up near half court, where an attempted buzzer beater bounced off the backboard, and the game went into overtime. The Blue Devils pulled out to a five-point lead with under three minutes to go, but did not score another point. UConn had the ball for a final play, down by two points, but Charde Houston missed an open jumper, and Duke won the right to go to the Final Four in Boston.
The Cleveland Regional got off to a newsworthy start during Tennessee's opening round game against Army, when the Lady Vols' Candace Parker because first woman to dunk in an NCAA tournament game and the first woman to dunk twice in a college game. Ultimately though, the top four seeds advance to the regional semifinals, the top two to the final, and top seed North Carolina beat Tennessee to advance to the Final Four. It was their first trip to the Final Four for the Tarheels since 1994, when they had won the National Championship.
The San Antonio Regional also largely followed the seeding, although third-seeded Stanford upset Oklahoma to reach the regional final. Although top seeded LSU was down by five points at halftime, they came back to beat Stanford by three points to earn a trip to the Final Four. LSU had only a one-point lead, when Candice Wiggins drove to the basket but Seimone Augustus stood in the way and took a charge. Wiggins had passed the ball to Krista Rappahahn who hit a three-pointer, but it was waved off because of the charge.
LSU was one of just seven schools to place both their men's and women's basketball teams in the Final Four in the same year. But one night after the men lost by double digits to UCLA, the women lost as well. Duke had a double-digit lead at halftime, which LSU cut to six points, but Duke then went on an 11–1 run to build the lead back up. Duke won the game 64–55 to head to the championship game.
North Carolina entered the other semifinal against Maryland with only a single loss on the season, but that loss was to Maryland. The first half was close, with Maryland holding just a two-point lead at the half. The Terrapins extended the lead in the second half to double digits, but North Carolina came back to cut the lead to three points with just over a minute left in the game. They would get no closer, and Maryland held on to win 81–70 to advance to the final game.
The semifinal wins set up an all-ACC championship game, between the two highest scoring teams in Division I. Duke had won 14 of the last 15 meetings between the two teams, but the sole win by Maryland in the streak was the most recent—the ACC semifinal match up. This game started as if it were a return to the usual results, with Duke reaching a double-digit lead at halftime, and extending to a 13-point lead in the second half. Maryland fought back, and with seconds to go in the game Kristi Toliver hit a three-pointer to tie the game. The game went into overtime, the sixth time this season Maryland had been in an overtime game. The Terrapins had won all five prior overtimes games, and this would be no different. Although down in overtime, Toliver hit two free throws to put her team back in front, and Maryland held on to win their first National Championship.
Locations
The tournament once again used the pod system, meaning that teams were more likely to play closer to home earlier in the tournament. The sites for the first two rounds were as follows:
March 18 and 20:
Allstate Arena, Rosemont, Illinois (Host: DePaul University)
Pepsi Center, Denver, Colorado (Host: University of Colorado at Boulder and Big 12 Conference)
McKale Center, Tucson, Arizona (Host: University of Arizona)
Memorial Gymasium, Nashville, Tennessee (Host: Vanderbilt University)
March 19 and 21:
Ted Constant Convocation Center, Norfolk, Virginia (Host: Old Dominion University)
Sovereign Bank Arena, Trenton, New Jersey (Host: Rider University and Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference)
Bryce Jordan Center, University Park, Pennsylvania (Host: Pennsylvania State University)
Mackey Arena, West Lafayette, Indiana (Host: Purdue University)
The Regional sites for this year (named after the city, a practice that is in use for the second consecutive year) were:
March 25 and 27
Albuquerque Regional: The Pit, Albuquerque, New Mexico (Host: University of New Mexico)
San Antonio Regional: AT&T Center, San Antonio, Texas (Host: University of Texas at San Antonio)
March 26 and 28
Bridgeport Regional: Bridgeport Arena at Harbor Yard, Bridgeport, Connecticut (Host: Fairfield University)
Cleveland Regional: Quicken Loans Arena, Cleveland, Ohio (Host: Cleveland State University and the Mid-American Conference)
The winners of the regionals advanced to the Final Four, held at TD Garden, Boston, Massachusetts on April 2–4, 2006, hosted by Harvard University and Northeastern University.
Tournament records
Free throws—Erlana Larkins, North Carolina attempted 15 free throws in the national semifinal game against Maryland, tied for the most number of free throws attempted in an NCAA semifinal game.
Rebounds—Khara Smith, DePaul, recorded 47 rebounds in three games. The 15.7 rebounds per game is the most ever occurring in an NCAA Tournament.
Rebounds—Duke recorded 292 rebounds, the most ever recorded by a single team in an NCAA Tournament. South Carolina set a new record in 2022 with 294 rebounds.
Qualifying teams - automatic
Sixty-four teams were selected to participate in the 2006 NCAA Tournament. Thirty-one conferences were eligible for an automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA tournament.
Qualifying teams - at-large
Thirty-three additional teams were selected to complete the sixty-four invitations.
Tournament seeds
Bids by conference
Thirty-one conferences earned an automatic bid. In twenty-three cases, the automatic bid was the only representative from the conference. Thirty-three additional at-large teams were selected from eight of the conferences.
Bids by state
The sixty-four teams came from twenty-nine states, plus Washington, D.C. California had the most teams with six bids. Twenty-one states did not have any teams receiving bids.
Brackets
Data source
*-Overtime game.
Cleveland Regional
Albuquerque Regional
Bridgeport Regional
San Antonio Regional
Final Four – TD Banknorth Garden (Boston, Massachusetts)
Alb-Albuquerque; Bpt-Bridgeport; Cle-Cleveland; SA-San Antonio.
Record by conference
Twenty-one conferences went 0-1: Atlantic Sun Conference, Big Sky Conference, Big South Conference, Big West Conference, Colonial, Horizon League, Ivy League, MAAC, MAC, Mid-Continent, MEAC, Missouri Valley Conference, Northeast Conference, Ohio Valley Conference, Patriot League, Southern Conference, Southland, SWAC, Sun Belt Conference, West Coast Conference, and WAC
All-Tournament Team
Laura Harper, Maryland
Alison Bales, Duke
Monique Currie, Duke
Erlana Larkins, North Carolina
Kristi Toliver, Maryland
Game Officials
Melissa Barlow (semifinal)
Scott Yarbrough (semifinal)
Eric Brewton (semifinal)
Dee Kantner (semifinal)
Denise Brooks-Clauser (semifinal)
Michael Price (semifinal)
Lisa Mattingly (final)
Bob Trammell (final)
Tina Napier (final)
See also
2006 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
2006 NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament
2006 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament
2006 NAIA Division II women's basketball tournament
2006 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
Notes
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
Basketball in San Antonio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20NCAA%20Division%20I%20women%27s%20basketball%20tournament |
Chew Magna Reservoir is a reservoir on the western outskirts of the village of Chew Magna, Somerset, England. It lies just north of the B3130 Winford Road.
The reservoir was created by damming Winford brook in order to supply water for villages in the Chew Valley. It is owned and managed by Bristol Water.
Chew Magna reservoir provides fly fishing for stocked brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbows can be fished all year. Parking is close to the lake and there are many stagings erected around the lake.
In 2011 the reservoir emptied following a long period without sustained rainfall. Bristol Water rescued the trout and transferred them to the nearby Chew Valley Lake.
Reservoir
Bibliography
External links
BANES Environmental Services Area 2 - Chew Valley
Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Somerset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chew%20Magna%20Reservoir |
The Java collections framework is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable collection data structures.
Although referred to as a framework, it works in a manner of a library. The collections framework provides both interfaces that define various collections and classes that implement them.
Differences from Arrays
Collections and arrays are similar in that they both hold references to objects and they can be managed as a group. However, unlike arrays, Collections do not need to be assigned a certain capacity when instantiated. Collections can grow and shrink in size automatically when objects are added or removed.
Collections cannot hold primitive data types such as int, long, or double. Instead, Collections can hold wrapper classes such as , , or .
Collections are generic and hence invariant, but arrays are covariant. This can be considered an advantage of generic objects such as when compared to arrays, because under circumstances, using the generic instead of an array prevents run time exceptions by instead throwing a compile-time exception to inform the developer to fix the code. For example, if a developer declares an object, and assigns the object to the value returned by a new instance with a certain capacity, no compile-time exception will be thrown. If the developer attempts to add a to this object, the java program will throw an . On the other hand, if the developer instead declared a new instance of a as , the Java compiler will (correctly) throw a compile-time exception to indicate that the code is written with incompatible and incorrect type, thus preventing any potential run-time exceptions.The developer can fix the code by instantianting as an object. If the code is using Java SE7 or later versions, the developer can instatiate as an object by using the diamond operator
Collections are generic and hence reified, but arrays are not reified.
History
Collection implementations in pre-JDK 1.2 versions of the Java platform included few data structure classes, but did not contain a collections framework. The standard methods for grouping Java objects were via the array, the Vector, and the Hashtable classes, which unfortunately were not easy to extend, and did not implement a standard member interface.
To address the need for reusable collection data structures, several independent frameworks were developed, the most used being Doug Lea's Collections package, and ObjectSpace Generic Collection Library (JGL), whose main goal was consistency with the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).
The collections framework was designed and developed primarily by Joshua Bloch, and was introduced in JDK 1.2. It reused many ideas and classes from Doug Lea's Collections package, which was deprecated as a result. Sun Microsystems chose not to use the ideas of JGL, because they wanted a compact framework, and consistency with C++ was not one of their goals.
Doug Lea later developed a concurrency package, comprising new Collection-related classes. An updated version of these concurrency utilities was included in JDK 5.0 as of JSR 166.
Architecture
Almost all collections in Java are derived from the interface. Collection defines the basic parts of all collections.
The interface has the and methods for adding to and removing from a Collection respectively. It also has the method, which converts the Collection into an array of Objects in the Collection (with return type of Object[]). Finally, the
method checks if a specified element exists in the Collection.
The Collection interface is a subinterface of , so any Collection may be the target of a for-each statement. (The Iterable interface provides the method used by for-each statements.) All Collections have an that goes through all of the elements in the Collection.
Collection is generic. Any Collection can store any . For example, any implementation of contains objects. No casting is required when using the objects from an implementation of Collection<String>. Note that the angled brackets can hold a type argument that specifies which type the Collection holds.
Types of collection
There are several generic types of Collection: Queues, maps, lists and sets.
Queues allow the programmer to insert items in a certain order and retrieve those items in the same order. An example is a waiting list. The base interfaces for queues are called Queue.
Dictionaries/Maps store references to objects with a lookup key to access the object's values. One example of a key is an identification card. The base interface for dictionaries/maps is called Map.
Lists are finite collections where it can store the same value multiple times.
Sets are unordered collections that can be iterated and contain each element at most once. The base interface for sets is called Set.
List interface
Lists are implemented in the collections framework via the interface. It defines a list as essentially a more flexible version of an array. Elements have a specific order, and duplicate elements are allowed. Elements can be placed in a specific position. They can also be searched for within the list.
List implementations
There are several concrete classes that implement List, including and all of its corresponding subclasses, as well as .
AbstractList class
The direct subclasses of class include , and .
is an example of a skeletal implementation, which leverages and combines the advantages of interfaces and abstract classes by making it easy for the developer to develop their own implementation for the given interface.
ArrayList class
The class implements the List as an array. Whenever functions specific to a List are required, the class moves the elements around within the array in order to do it.
LinkedList class
The class stores the elements in nodes that each have a pointer to the previous and next nodes in the List. The List can be traversed by following the pointers, and elements can be added or removed simply by changing the pointers around to place the node in its proper place.
Vector class
The class has as its direct subclass. This is an example of a violation of the composition over inheritance principle in the Java platform libraries, since in computer science, a vector is generally not a stack. Composition would have been more appropriate in this scenario.
Stack class
The Stack class extends class with five operations that allow a Vector to be treated as a Stack.
Stacks are created using . The Stack offers methods to put a new object on the Stack (method ) and to get objects from the Stack (method ). A Stack returns the object according to last-in-first-out (LIFO), e.g. the object which was placed latest on the Stack is returned first. java.util.Stack is a standard implementation of a stack provided by Java.
The Stack class represents a last-in-first-out (LIFO) stack of objects. The Stack class has five additional operations that allow a Vector to be treated as a Stack. The usual and operations are provided, as well as a method () to peek at the top item on the Stack, a method to test for whether the Stack is empty (), and a method to search the Stack for an item and discover how far it is from the top (). When a Stack is first created, it contains no items.
CopyOnWriteArrayList class
The extends the class, and does not extend any other classes. allows for thread-safety without performing excessive synchronization.
In some scenarios, synchronization is mandatory. For example, if a method modifies a static field, and the method must be called by multiple threads, then synchronization is mandatory and concurrency utilities such as should not be used.
However synchronization can incur a performance overhead. For scenarios where synchronization is not mandatory, then the is a viable, thread-safe alternative to synchronization that leverages multi-core processors and results in higher CPU utilization.
Queue interfaces
The interface defines the queue data structure, which stores elements in the order in which they are inserted. New additions go to the end of the line, and elements are removed from the front. It creates a first-in first-out system. This interface is implemented by java.util.LinkedList, , and .
Queue implementations
AbstractQueue class
The direct subclasses of class include , , , ,
.
and
.
Note that and both extend but do not extend any other abstact classes such as .
is an example of a skeletal implementation.
PriorityQueue class
The java.util.PriorityQueue class implements java.util.Queue, but also alters it. PriorityQueue has an additional method. Instead of elements being ordered in the order in which they are inserted, they are ordered by priority. The method used to determine priority is either the method in the elements, or a method given in the constructor. The class creates this by using a heap to keep the items sorted.
ConcurrentLinkedQueue class
The java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue class extends . ConcurrentLinkedQueue implements the interface.
The ConcurrentLinkedQueue class is a thread-safe collection, since for any an element placed inside a , the Java Collection Library guarantees that the element is safely published by allowing any thread to get the element from the collection. An object is said to be safely published if the object's state is made visible to all other thread at the same point in time. Safe publication usually requires synchronization of the publishing and consuming threads.
BlockingQueue interface
The
interface extends Queue.
The interface has the following direct sub-interfaces: and . works like a regular Queue, but additions to and removals from the BlockingQueue are blocking. If
is called on an empty BlockingQueue, it can be set to wait either a specified time or indefinitely for an item to appear in the BlockingQueue. Similarly, adding an item using the method is subject to an optional capacity restriction on the BlockingQueue, and the method can wait for space to become available in the BlockingQueue before returning. BlockingQueue interface introduces a method which removes and gets the head of the BlockingQueue, and waits until the BlockingQueue is no longer empty if required.
Double-ended queue (Deque) interfaces
The interface
extends the interface. creates a double-ended queue. While a regular only allows insertions at the rear and removals at the front, the allows insertions or removals to take place both at the front and the back. A is like a that can be used forwards or backwards, or both at once. Additionally, both a forwards and a backwards iterator can be generated. The interface is implemented by java.util.ArrayDeque and java.util.LinkedList.
Deque implementations
LinkedList class
LinkedList, of course, also implements the List interface and can also be used as one. But it also has the Queue methods. LinkedList implements the interface, giving it more flexibility.
ArrayDeque class
ArrayDeque implements the Queue as an array. Similar to LinkedList, ArrayDeque also implements the interface.
BlockingDeque interface
The interface extends java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue. is similar to . It provides the same methods for insertion and removal with time limits for waiting for the insertion or removal to become possible. However, the interface also provides the flexibility of a Deque. Insertions and removals can take place at both ends. The blocking function is combined with the Deque function.
Set interfaces
Java's interface defines the Set. A Set can't have any duplicate elements in it. Additionally, the Set has no set order. As such, elements can't be found by index. Set is implemented by , , and .
Set interface implementations
There are several implementations of the Set interface, including and its subclasses, and the final static inner class (where and are formal type parameters).
AbstractSet
is a skeletal implementation for the interface.
Direct subclasses of include , , , and .
EnumSet class
The class extends . The class has no public constructors, and only contain static factory methods.
contains the static factory method . This method is an aggregation method. It takes in several parameters, takes into account of the type of the parameters, then returns an instance with the appropriate type. As of 2018, In Java SE8 OpenJDK implementation uses two implementations of which are invisible to the client, which are and . If the no longer provided any performance benefits for small enum types, it could be removed from the library without negatively impacting the Java Collection Library.
is a good replacement for the bit fields, which is a type of set, as described below.
Traditionally, whenever developers encountered elements of an enumerated type that needs to be placed in a set, the developer would use the int enum pattern in which every constant is assigned a different power of 2. This bit representation enables the developer to use the bitwise OR operation, so that the constants can be combined into a set, also known as a bit field.
This bit field representation enables the developer to make efficient set-based operations and bitwise arithmetic such as intersection and unions.
However, there are many problems with bit field representation approach. A bit field is less readable than an int enum constant. Also, if the elements are represented by bit fields, it is impossible to iterate through all
of these elements.
A recommended alternative approach is to use an , where an int enum is used instead of a bit field. This approach uses an to represent the set of values that belong to the same type. Since the implements the interface and no longer requires the use of bit-wise operations, this approach is more type-safe. Furthermore, there are many static factories that allow for object instantiation, such as the method method.
After the introduction of the , the bit field representation approach is considered to be obsolete.
HashSet class
HashSet uses a hash table. More specifically, it uses a to store the hashes and elements and to prevent duplicates.
LinkedHashSet class
The java.util.LinkedHashSet class extends by creating a doubly linked list that links all of the elements by their insertion order. This ensures that the iteration order over the Set is predictable.
CopyOnWriteArraySet class
is a concurrent replacement for a synchronized . It provides improved concurrency in many situations by removing the need to perform synchronization or making a copy of the object during iteration, similar to how acts as the concurrent replacement for a synchronized .
On the other hand, similar to , should not be used when sychronization is mandatory.
SortedSet interface
The java.util.SortedSet interface extends the java.util.Set interface. Unlike a regular Set, the elements in a SortedSet are sorted, either by the element's method, or a method provided to the constructor of the SortedSet. The first and last elements of the SortedSet can be retrieved using the and methods respectively, and subsets can be created via minimum and maximum values, as well as beginning or ending at the beginning or ending of the SortedSet. The java.util.TreeSet class implements the SortedSet interface.
NavigableSet interface
The interface extends the java.util.SortedSet interface and has a few additional methods. The , , , and methods find an element in the set that's close to the parameter. Additionally, a descending iterator over the items in the Set is provided. As with SortedSet, java.util.TreeSet implements NavigableSet.
TreeSet class
java.util.TreeSet uses a red–black tree implemented by a . The red–black tree ensures that there are no duplicates. Additionally, it allows TreeSet to implement .
ConcurrentSkipListSet class
acts as a concurrent replacement for implementations of a synchronized . For example it replaces a that has been wrapped by the method.
Map interfaces
Maps are defined by the interface in Java.
Map interface implementations
Maps are data structures that associate a key with an element. This lets the map be very flexible. If the key is the hash code of the element, the Map is essentially a Set. If it's just an increasing number, it becomes a list.
Examples of implementations include , , and .
AbstractMap class
is an example of a skeletal implementation.
The direct subclasses of class include , , , , and .
EnumMap
extends . has comparable speed with an ordinal-indexed array. This is because internally uses an array, with implementation details completely hidden from the developer. Hence, the EnumMap gets the type safety of a while the performance advantages of an array.
HashMap
uses a hash table. The hashes of the keys are used to find the elements in various buckets. The is a hash-based collection.
LinkedHashMap
extends by creating a doubly linked list between the elements, allowing them to be accessed in the order in which they were inserted into the map. contains a protected removeEldestEntry method which is called by the put method whenever a new key is added to the Map. The Map removes its eldest entry whenever removeEldestEntry returns true. The removeEldestEntry method can be overridden.
TreeMap
, in contrast to and , uses a red–black tree. The keys are used as the values for the nodes in the tree, and the nodes point to the elements in the Map.
ConcurrentHashMap
is similar to and is also a hash-based collection. However, there are a number of differences, such as the differences in the locking strategy they use.
The uses a completely different locking strategy to provide improved scalability and concurrency. does not synchronize every method using the same lock. Instead, use a mechanism known as lock striping. This mechanism provides a finer-grained locking mechanism. It also permits a higher degree of shared access.
ConcurrentSkipListMap class
acts as a concurrent replacement for implementations of a synchronized . is very similar to , since replaces a that has been wrapped by the method.
Map subinterfaces
SortedMap interface
The interface extends the java.util.Map interface. This interface defines a Map that's sorted by the keys provided. Using, once again, the compareTo() method or a method provided in the constructor to the SortedMap, the key-element pairs are sorted by the keys. The first and last keys in the Map can be called by using the and methods respectively. Additionally, submaps can be created from minimum and maximum keys by using the method. SortedMap is implemented by java.util.TreeMap.
NavigableMap interface
The interface extends java.util.SortedMap in various ways. Methods can be called that find the key or map entry that's closest to the given key in either direction. The map can also be reversed, and an iterator in reverse order can be generated from it. It's implemented by java.util.TreeMap.
ConcurrentMap interface
The interface extends the java.util.Map interface. This interface a thread Safe interface, introduced as of Java programming language's Java Collections Framework version 1.5.
Extensions to the Java collections framework
Java collections framework is extended by the Apache Commons Collections library, which adds collection types such as a bag and bidirectional map, as well as utilities for creating unions and intersections.
Google has released its own collections libraries as part of the guava libraries.
See also
Collection
Container
Standard Template Library
Java concurrency
Java ConcurrentMap
Citation
References
Java (programming language)
Data structures libraries and frameworks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20collections%20framework |
Saint Relindis (or Renule) (died 750), sister of Saint Herlindis, was the daughter of count Adelard who built a Benedictine monastery at Maaseik for his daughters. Herlindis was abbess of the abbey until her death, after which Relindis was named to succeed her by Saint Boniface.
Relindus was gifted in embroidery and painting. The vestments of Sts. Harlindis and Relindis, now in Maaseik, Belgium are the earliest surviving examples of Anglo-Saxon embroidery. Traditionally attributed as the work of Sts. Harlindis and Relindis themselves, the works are not that old and are of Anglo-Saxon English origin, dated to the second half of the ninth century.
Her feast day is 6 February.
References
External links
Relindis at Catholic Online
6 February saints at St. Patrick's Church
Year of birth missing
750 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholic saints
8th-century Christian saints
Frankish abbesses
Medieval Belgian saints
Female saints of medieval Belgium
8th-century Frankish nuns
8th-century Christian nuns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relindis%20of%20Maaseik |
Babi Dół railway station is a railway station serving the town of Babi Dół, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1932 and is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
History
During the German occupation, the station was called Babental.
Formerly the station had an important role in freight transport, it mainly served as a point of loading wood from nearby forests. Today, the station is commonly used by trip lovers, as a popular route along the Valley of Radunia starts in Babi Dół. Additional rails are now dismantled.
Modernisation
In 2014 a new platform was built to replace the old platform.
Station building
The whole complex of the Babi Dół station was built in the 1920s during the construction of the main coal line from Silesia to Gdynia. Both main buildings and auxiliary buildings (warehouse and toilets) were built in dominating in those times "national" style, which resembles architecture from the region of Lublin and Kazimierz.
Nowadays the building is closed and serves as living quarters. No ticket office is available at the station.
Other buildings
A non-operational signal box building is located nearby the station. The building is largely devastated, lacking even doors or windows. No bridge or tunnel was ever present at this station.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Babi Dół article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
Babi Dół at kartuzy.info, URL accessed at 13 March 2006
Description of trip to Babi Dół at www.kaszuby.agro.pl, URL accessed at 13 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi%20D%C3%B3%C5%82%20railway%20station |
Luke McFadyen (born 17 November 1982, Melbourne, Brunswick) is an international rugby player. He was the first Australian-born rugby player to represent Malta Rugby Union at the international level. He played in 3 test matches (vs. Serbia, Latvia and Luxembourg) to date and 1 European 7's tournament in Lisbon, Portugal (5 7's caps to date). He played for 2.5 years in England with Luton RFC and Basingstoke RFC.
References
MOC Sports Awards 2003 - Nominees, Maltese Olympic Committee, 8 December 2003
Melbourne High School newsletter, 20 March 2003
MOC Sports Awards 2003, Maltese Olympic Committee
1952 births
Living people
People from Brunswick, Victoria
Rugby union players from Melbourne
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
People with acquired Maltese citizenship
Australian rugby union players
People educated at Melbourne High School
Australian people of Maltese descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20McFadyen |
The Sattalites are a Canadian reggae group. Founded in Toronto, Ontario as a music school in 1981, the band has become one of the most successful Canadian reggae ensembles. They signed with the Canadian record label Solid Gold Records early in their career and have been with them ever since. Their style has been described as a radio-friendly combination of lover's rock and dancehall.
History
Jo Jo Bennett and Fergus Hambleton, the first members of the Sattalites, met while touring with reggae singer Afreen and the pair began performing together, mixing Bennett's instrumentals with Hambleton's smooth alto voice to create the Sattalites' sound. The band started as a teaching group who opened the Sattalites Music School on a pay-what-you-can basis to spread their influence in 1981. The Sattalites consisted of various types of students from the school who wanted a sense of live performing. By 1982, the Sattalites had melded into a collaboration of musicians from talented beginners to experienced pros, some of whom still perform. They became very well known for their enthusiastic live performances which initiated their extensive touring across Canada and the United States. It was the only Canadian band ever invited to play at Jamaica's "Sunsplash", playing before 25,000 people, and they also performed at the 1993/94 World Skiing Championship in Whistler, British Columbia. As two-time Juno winners, the Sattalites are one of Canada's longest standing reggae groups.
Members
Fergus Hambleton has been the lead vocalist of the Sattalites since the band's beginning. He also plays the guitar, alto saxophone and the keyboard and has played in other bands including A Passing Fancy and the Ginger Group. Vocalist Jo Jo Bennett, a founding member of the group, also played the flugelhorn and percussion. The other six members are David Fowler (keyboards), Bruce McGillivray (bass), Neville Francis(rhythm guitar, backup, and lead vocals), Junior McPherson (drums and percussion), Rick Morrison (saxophone) and Bruce 'Preacher' Robinson (piano and vocals). During the 1980s and 1990s, Felix Taylor played trombone and sang background vocals. Neil Chapman was a member for their first three albums, playing lead guitar, and has also guested on later recordings as well live on stage.
Discography
Albums
1985 Sattalites
1987 Live via Sattalites
1989 Miracles
1993 All Over the World
1995 Now and Forever
2003 Reggaefication
Singles
"Wild"
“Gimme Some Kinda Sign” (#44 Can Pop / #9 Can AC)
“Too Late to Turn Back Now” (#17 Can AC / #1 CanCon)
“Now and Forever”
“I’m Gonna Be The One”
“Miracles”
"The Reason Why"
“Rendezvous”
“Walkin On Sunshine”
References
External links
The Sattalites catalog at Solid Gold Records
The Sattalites at Canadian Reggae World
The Sattalites at MySpace
Canadian reggae musical groups
Canadian ska groups
Musical groups from Toronto
Musical groups established in 1981
1981 establishments in Ontario
Juno Award for Reggae Recording of the Year winners
Axe Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattalites |
is a Japanese national university in Akita City, Japan. Established in 1949, it comprises four graduate schools and four undergraduate faculties.
History
Akita University was established in 1949 by the merger of Akita Normal School (established in 1878), Akita Mining College (established in 1910) and the Akita Youth Normal School (established in 1944). The university initially offered degrees in Liberal Arts and Sciences and in Mining Engineering. In 1965, a graduate studies program in mining engineering was established. In 1967, Akita University established a Department of Education, followed in 1970 by a Medical School and University Hospital in 1971. A graduate program in medicine was established in 1976, and a graduate program in Education in 1989. A College of Medical Sciences was also established in 1989.
Organization
Undergraduate
Faculty of International Resource Sciences
Department of Resource Policy and Management
Department of Earth Resource Science
Department of Earth Resource Engineering and Environmental Science
Faculty of Education and Human Studies
Department of School Education
Department of Regional Studies and Humanities
Faculty of Medicine
School of Medicine
School of Health Sciences
Faculty of Engineering Science
Department of Life Science
Life Science Course
Department of Materials Science
Applied Chemistry Course
Materials Science and Engineering Course
Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electron-Computier Engineering
Mathematical Science Course
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Course
Human-Centered Computing Course
Department of Systems Design Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Course
Creative Engineering Course
Civil and Environmental Engineering Course
Graduate
Graduate School of International Resource Sciences
Department of Earth Resource Science (Master's program)
Department of Earth Resource Engineering and Environmental Science (Master's program)
Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology, and Materials Engineering for Resources (PhD program)
Graduate School of Education (Master's program)
Graduate School of Medicine
Medical Science (Master's program)
Medicine (Doctoral program)
Health Science (Doctoral program)
Graduate School of Engineering Science
Department of Life Science (Master's program)
Life Science Course
Department of Materials Science (Master's program)
Applied Chemistry Course
Materials Science and Engineering Course
Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electron-Computer Engineering (Master's program)
Mathematical Science Course
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Course
Human-Centered Computing Course
Department of Systems Design Engineering (Master's program)
Mechanical Engineering Course
Creative Engineering Course
Civil and Environmental Engineering Course
Cooperative Major in Life Cycle Design Engineering (Master's program)
Department of Integrated Engineering Science (PhD program)
Field of Life Science
Field of Materials Science
Field of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering
Field of Systems Design Engineering
Source
Akita University Medical FC
is a Japanese football club based in Akita, the capital city of Akita Prefecture. They play in the Akita Prefecture League. Their team colour is blue.
League record
Honours
Akita Prefecture Soccer League:
Champions: 2012
National University Tournament:
Champions: 2017
References
External links
Japanese national universities
1949 establishments in Japan
Universities and colleges established in 1949
Universities and colleges in Akita Prefecture
Buildings and structures in Akita (city)
Sports teams in Akita Prefecture
Sport in Akita (city)
Football clubs in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita%20University |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1945 throughout the world.
Events
2 April – The Austrian First Division is abandoned after 9 rounds due to the final stages of the war.
The communist authorities in Yugoslavia ban major football clubs Građanski Zagreb, SK Jugoslavija, HAŠK, HŠK Concordia, FK Slavija and SAŠK Sarajevo among others.
25 July – At the annual meeting of The Football League in London, it is agreed to continue regional leagues for a further season despite the end of World War II, as clubs feel unable to cope with the demands of a full League season.
26 August – French professional football is resumed for the first time since 1938–39.
Winners club national championship
Argentina: River Plate
Chile: Green Cross
Costa Rica: Alajuelense
Hungary: Újpest FC
Ireland: Cork United
Paraguay: Libertad
Scotland:
Scottish Cup: No competition
Spain: Barcelona
Sweden: IFK Norrköping
Turkey: Fenerbahçe, Harb Okulu
Uruguay: Peñarol
Soviet Union Dynamo Moscow
Births
20 January – Børge Bach, Danish international footballer (died 2016)
14 February – Ladislao Mazurkiewicz, Uruguayan international footballer and manager (died 2013)
24 March – Dumitru Antonescu, Romanian international footballer (died 2016)
3 April – Gary Sprake, Welsh international footballer (died 2016)
1 March – Fidel Uriarte, Spanisch international footballer (died 2016)
12 May – Alan Ball, English international footballer (died 2007)
14 May – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli international footballer
12 June – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish international footballer
14 July – Pablo Forlán, Uruguayan international footballer
11 September – Franz Beckenbauer, German international footballer and manager
20 October – Romeo Benetti, Italian international footballer
11 November – Odd Iversen, Norwegian international footballer (died 2014)
6 December – Chris Dekker, Dutch footballer and manager
Deaths
13 March: Guus van Hecking Colenbrander, Dutch international footballer (born 1887)
26 March: Dennis Hodgetts, English international footballer (born 1863)
27 March: Ángel Melogno, Uruguayan international midfielder, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (40)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20in%20association%20football |
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