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The Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of firearm and tool mark identification, which is one of the forensic sciences.
Organizational history
Prior to 1969, police and civilian firearm and tool mark examiners regularly met during annual meetings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) to discuss concerns specific to their field.
In 1969, 35 examiners from the United States and Canada met at the Chicago Police Department Crime Laboratory and formed the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners. The first official Association publication was AFTE Newsletter Number 1, published on May 15, 1969. In 1972, the title of the publication was changed to AFTE Journal.
Each year since 1969, an Annual AFTE training seminar has been held at locations throughout the United States and Canada. The primary purpose of the annual seminars is to provide for the interchange of information as it relates to all aspects of the science of firearm and tool mark identification. The fifth anniversary training seminar in Washington, D.C. in 1974 was attended by 87 individuals, representing three countries. Five years later, the seminar in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was attended by 149 examiners from seven countries.
In 1980, AFTE published the AFTE Glossary. It consisted of definitions and illustrations related to the field of firearm and tool mark identification, commonly used abbreviations, various formulas for determining bullet energy and rate of spin and useful chemical formulas. A second, more comprehensive edition was published in 1982 and a third edition of the glossary was published in 1994. This edition featured material from the first two editions with additional definitions and illustrations as well as new appendices which included definitions for computer terminology, fingernail examinations (a tool mark in a biological matrix), knives, machining terms, gunshot wound terminology and shooting scene reconstruction terminology.
In 1982, AFTE published an official training manual to be used as a modular guide for the training of firearm and tool mark examiners.
In 1989, AFTE hosted its 20th Anniversary Annual training seminar in Virginia Beach, VA. Some 210 individuals from twelve countries attended the seminar and in 1994 the training seminar in Indianapolis, Indiana was attended by over 300 individuals from 21 countries. The current membership of AFTE includes approximately 850 members, technical advisors and subscribers that represent over 40 countries from around the world.
In 2012, the AFTE Training Seminar held in Buffalo, New York had 388 attendees from 28 countries.
Corporate structure
The AFTE is governed by a board of directors based on corporate bylaws and a code of ethics. Elections for board members are held annually in conjunction with a training seminar. The primary objectives of the members of the Association include:
The exchange of information and developments
Standardization of theory, practice and techniques
Dissemination of information at annual training seminars through presentations involving the theory and practice of firearm and tool mark examination and its related subjects
Publication of a journal covering the latest developments in firearm and tool mark examination.
Membership in the Association is limited to persons "of integrity" with suitable education, training and experience in the examination of firearms and/or tool marks. Membership levels include Provisional, Regular, Distinguished and Emeritus. Those levels range from non-voting trainees through those whose superior effort had furthered the work and purposes of the organization.
Honorary Membership may be conferred upon individuals in recognition of distinguished service to the Association or to the field of firearm and/or tool mark examination. Technical Advisor status is conferred to designated employees of manufacturers of products used or encountered in the investigation of firearm or tool mark evidence or specialists in closely related fields, whose area of expertise would be beneficial to the Association.
Publications
The official website of AFTE offers news, member and guest forums and member resources. The AFTE Journal, the quarterly, peer-reviewed publication of the organization, contains scholarly articles, case reports, technical reports and occasional reprints. The bylaws of the Association establish several standing committees with provisions for special, ad hoc or temporary committees as necessary or desirable. Included are Advisory, Board of Admissions, Bylaws, Certification, Editorial, Ethics, Historical, Research and Development, Scholarship, Standardization/Training, Technical Advisors as well as Website Committees.
Certification
AFTE administers a certification program to qualified members in any or all of three specific fields of Firearm Evidence Examination and Identification, Tool Mark Evidence Examination and Identification and/or Gunshot Residue Evidence Examination and Identification. Both written and practical examinations are required.
Research and development
The Research and Development Assistantship provides funding for approved projects that will result in the development of or improvements to investigative methods or techniques enhancing the quality of the discipline. Firearm identification is sometimes incorrectly referred to as ballistics.
References
External links
The Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Official Website
Organizations established in 1969
Forensics organizations
International professional associations
Professional associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Firearm%20and%20Tool%20Mark%20Examiners |
The Joe Marston Medal is an A-League award given to the player of the match in the A-League Grand Final each year. Introduced in 1990, previously the award was also given to the best player in the National Soccer League grand final. The medal is named after Joe Marston, who played for Australia national association football team in the 1950s and was a member of the Preston North End side that played in the 1954 FA Cup Final.
List of winners
NSL
*Player on the losing team
Multiple winners
See also
John Kosmina Medal
Johnny Warren Medal
Mark Viduka Medal
Michael Cockerill Medal
References
External links
Oz Football – NSL Individual Award Winners
National Soccer League (Australia)
Australian soccer trophies and awards
A-League Men Grand Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Marston%20Medal |
Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of priestly celibacy") is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI. Acknowledging the traditions given by the Holy Spirit to the Church in the East and acknowledging some few pastoral exceptions in the West, the encyclical explains and defends the Catholic Church's tradition of clerical celibacy in the West. The encyclical is dated 24 June 1967.
Summary of the encyclical
This encyclical was written in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, when the Catholic Church was examining and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is a discipline, a practice, rather than required dogma, and many at the time had expected that it might be relaxed together with some other practices.
In response to these questions, the pope reaffirms the teaching as a principled, long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church.
Discussion of arguments against priestly celibacy
Paul VI begins the encyclical by considering arguments against celibacy for the priesthood. Among these, he lists:
Those who feel called to both the priesthood and married life.
The perceived shortage of priests, and whether lifting the celibacy requirement might alleviate that.
The argument that celibacy is contrary to healthy psychological development.
Whether an acceptance of celibacy by a young priest might become much more difficult with greater maturity.
Confirmation of the law of celibacy
In response to these, Paul VI brings as witness the value of celibacy testified by many religious in the Church throughout the world, in many times and locations. Paul goes on to reaffirm the law of celibacy as something that should be continued: "Hence We consider that the present law of celibacy should today continue to be linked to the ecclesiastical ministry."
Paul VI agrees that the priestly life and the celibate life are distinguishable, but he affirms the authority of the Church's magisterium to determine the conditions under which the priesthood may be granted to its members:
Reasons for celibacy
Much of the encyclical is spent discussing reasons why Paul VI believes that celibacy in the priesthood is of value for the Church. Among these, he lists:
The model of Christ's own celibacy. As the exemplar priest, Christ's example is quite significant, and suggests a model that ought to be followed by later priests who act in his stead, and who wish to imitate his condition of life.
While marriage is to be respected as a means to holiness, Scripture testifies that celibacy is a superior means.
Celibacy as a means to love God's people without being tied down. A priest's life ought to be free so that he may better devote himself to bringing forth children of God in other ways.
Christ's own description of Heaven as a place without marriage implies that practicing celibacy now is a means to prepare for the celibate life that all share in Heaven.
Survey of celibacy in Christian tradition
History of celibacy
The Pope then very briefly outlines the history of celibacy in the Church, tracing its support in the West to the 4th century. He also recalls its confirmation in later Church councils.
Comparison with the Eastern Church
Paul VI notes that although non-celibates may be ordained as priests in the Eastern Church, they only ordain as bishops priests who are celibates. He also mentions that in the East, once ordained as priests, men are no longer allowed to marry.
Special exceptions
While affirming the importance of celibacy as a general law in the Catholic Church, the Pope nevertheless allows that married persons who enter the Church from other traditions may in some cases be ordained as priests. He emphasizes, however, that this must not be understood as a relaxation of the law, nor as a first step to its abolition.
Paul VI also expresses doubt that relaxing the law of celibacy would help increase vocations to the Catholic priesthood, by noting that it has not done so in other Christian traditions.
Defense of celibacy
The Pope devotes much text to defending the practice of celibacy against the argument that it is contrary to human nature.
The aid of grace
Above all, Paul states that the human person is more than simply flesh, and that any true call to a life devoted to God that includes celibacy will also be aided by God's own grace to sustain it:
The Pope also cautions that a priest's celibacy should never attempt to be based on a complete ignorance or avoidance of human sexuality, an ignorance that he agrees would indeed be counter to true human nature. Rather, it should be based on a free choice based on true knowledge and understanding.
Celibacy as a viable alternative to marriage
Although the Pope upholds the sanctity of the sacrament of marriage, he rejects the notion that it is the only reasonable path available to a person. Rather, the love that feeds a priest's choice of celibate life also draws on God:
Celibacy as a means to greater union with God
By freeing himself from other obligations, Paul teaches that a priest is thereby freer to devote himself to God. He also says that the increased solitude away from the demands of wife and family may nourish a priest's spiritual life.
Considerations for priestly formation
Paul VI understands that celibacy is a difficult requirement for many, and encourages increased care to help those discerning priestly vocation to make sure that they are truly called to it: "Let educators appreciate that this is one of their very grave duties." Paul also points out that support by others for a priest's celibate life must continue even after ordination.
Paul VI emphasizes that celibacy is a serious choice, and that it must not be entered into without accompanying ascetic practices for the rest of the priest's life.
Paul VI also says that before being undertaken with a solemn vow, a candidate for the priesthood ought to undergo temporary vows of celibacy before solemnly taking a permanent vow.
Dispensations from the priesthood
The Pope then turns to consider those who have decided to leave the life of priestly celibacy. He allows that inquiry may be taken concerning those who claim that their vows were taken under freedom and responsibility to see if they may be relieved of their vow. However, Paul sternly warns,
Appeal to the laity
Paul VI concludes the encyclical by appealing to the laity to pray for vocations to the priesthood and encourages their friendship with priests as a means of supporting them in their life.
See also
Theology of the Body
Pastoral Provision
External links
Complete text of the encyclical from the Vatican website
Papal encyclicals
Clerical celibacy
Documents of Pope Paul VI
1967 documents
1967 in Christianity
June 1967 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdotalis%20caelibatus |
Brendan Bayliss (born August 11, 1976) is an American musician and the founder, a lead guitarist, and primary vocalist for progressive rock band Umphrey's McGee.
Biography
Bayliss formed Umphrey's McGee in 1997 and took its moniker from the name of a distant relative he met at a wedding named Humphries McGee. "My father's aunt's sister's son's kid," says Bayliss. "He's just a nice guy. Lives on a farm, I think." Bayliss is one of the band's main songwriters.
Bayliss attended St. Joseph's High School (South Bend, Indiana) and went on to attend the University of Notre Dame, where his father Bob Bayliss was the men's tennis coach, and formed the Star Wars inspired Tashi Station with bass player Ryan Stasik and keyboardist Gregg Andrulis. After the band split in the fall of 1997, Bayliss and Stasik joined up with Joel Cummins and Mike Mirro – two former members of another recently defunct local band, Stomper Bob – to form Umphrey's McGee.
Bayliss uses Paul Reed Smith guitars, Mesa/Boogie and Oldfield amps, endorses VOX Classic Plus amps, and along with the rest of Umphrey's McGee endorses Morley pedals and BBE Sound equipment.
Bayliss and fellow musician Jeff Austin formerly of Yonder Mountain String Band have played a handful of shows together since the summer of 2006 and, as of May 11, 2010, have released a studio album together under the name 30db. The album is called One Man Show, and the band went on tour in Spring, 2010, to release their album.
References
Umphrey's McGee members
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
1976 births
Living people
University of Notre Dame alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan%20Bayliss |
Reseda Charter High School (RCHS), established in 1955, is located in the Reseda section of the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States. In the fall of 2018, the school became a charter and is now Reseda Charter High School. In the fall of 2020, the school added middle grades becoming 6-12. It is in the Los Angeles Unified School District. The school's Police Academy Magnet and Science Magnet were named a national Magnet School of Distinction by the Magnet Schools of America in 2017, 2018, and 2019. As of July 2017, the school was issued a full six-year term of accreditation by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges' accreditation process.
The charter school is now home to Charter Academy 6-12 with enrollment by charter lottery and automatically for former residential boundary students, an International Dual Language Center (Spanish) 6-12, a School for Advanced Studies 6-12: PLTW Biomedical Science CTE pathway 9-12, the Arts, Media & Entertainment 9-12 Magnet: Film Production and Management Magnet 9-12, the Police Academy Magnet 9-12, and the Reseda High School Science Magnet 9-12: PLTW Biomedical Science & PLTW Engineering Magnet.
Reseda Charter High School is in the planning stages of a 180+ million dollar renovation. New buildings will include administration, library, auditorium, Regent Hall (cafeteria), kitchen, and food service and two classroom buildings which will replace three industrial arts buildings. The new administration building will house administration, counseling, three magnet offices (AMEM, PA, Science), campus security, school police, college counseling, parent center, nursing and psychological services.
History
Reseda Charter High was the first complete high school to be built in the San Fernando Valley after World War II. Reseda opened with complete academic and science buildings, a gymnasium, track & field, Industrial shops, including an automotive repair facility. Reseda High School has a three-color system of navy, Columbia blue, and white. It was one of few high schools in the San Fernando Valley to have a complete auditorium when it was built.
It was in the Los Angeles City High School District until 1961 when it merged into LAUSD.
Academic programs
Reseda Charter programs include Charter Academy residential school 6-8 & 9-12, an International Dual Language Center 6-8 & 9-12(Spanish), a School for Advanced Studies 6-8 & 9-12: PLTW Biomedical Science CTE pathway, the Arts, Media & Entertainment Magnet: Film Production and Management CTE Magnet, the Police Academy Magnet CTE Magnet, and the Reseda High School Science Magnet: PLTW Biomedical Science CTE and PLTW Engineering CTE Magnet an award-winning arts program including: animation, marching band, dance, graphic art, jazz band, orchestra, stagecraft, studio art, and theater arts Academic Decathlon program, Navy Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, chapter of Health Occupations Students of America, Science Bowl. In addition, Reseda Charter has a competitive flag and drill team performing and competing with the marching band. The Reseda Charter Marching Brigade won 1st place in the LAUSD Band Competition in 2019 and 1st place in the 2019 Granada Hills Christmas Parade. Additionally in 2019, Reseda opened a professional dance CTE pathway led by a working professional dancer.
Reseda Charter has the only robotics program in the San Fernando Valley competing in the FIRST Robotics Competition and was in the 1st place alliance in the spring of 2018 in Pomona, CA.
Sports
Reseda Charter fields teams for boys & girls in football, basketball, cheerleading, soccer, baseball, softball, volleyball, tennis, golf, track & field, cross country, water polo, swimming & wrestling. The teams have won CIF Championships in sports including football, basketball, track & field, soccer, volleyball, cross country, and tennis.
Football
In 2019, the Reseda Charter High School football team was the 2019 CIF LA City D-1 Champions, CIF State 5A South Regional Champions. Previously, Reseda boasted championship titles in 1987,1995 City Champions 1998, and in 2016 were City Finalists. Overall, the Reseda football team won league championships in 1959, 1964, 1966, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1993,1995, 2010, 2011, 2019, and 2021 seasons for three different leagues. The Regents were 2-A CIF champions in 1986, 3-A champions in 1995,and 5-A South Regional Champions in 2019.
Reseda's football field is dedicated to former head coach Joel Shaeffer, who died in early January 2013. Schaeffer coached the Regents from 1976 to 2000, during which the team won 6 league titles and 2 CIF championships. The team's current head coach, Alonso Arreola, took over the team in the 2005 season and won consecutive league championship titles in the 2010 and 2011 seasons led by quarterback Kwamhe Davis.
Reseda Charter Science Magnet
The Reseda Science Magnet provides students with a strong background in science, math, and social responsibility/community service. The program prepares students to be successful at the college level in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, engineering, geology, and environmental science. Students develop a strong competency in both math and science.
Students are offered two pathways: PLTW biomedical or PLTW engineering option.
School shooting
On February 22, 1993, 15-year-old Robert Heard shot and killed 17-year-old Michael Shean Ensley in a corridor of Reseda High School. Although police declined to characterize the shooting as gang-related, they did say both boys were involved in tagging. Ensley was the younger brother of actress Niecy Nash. Heard was convicted as a juvenile for his crime. In 2017, Heard was charged with second-degree murder for stabbing his wife to death in 2012 during his parole and faced up to life without parole.
The murder prompted LAUSD to install hundreds of metal detectors throughout the school district and a California State Assembly bill was passed allocating $1.5 million to buy metal wanding devices for all secondary schools in the state.
Notable alumni
Robert Hilburn (1957), former Los Angeles Times music critic
Dan Peña (1963) Wall Street as a financial analyst
Christine Maggiore, deceased AIDS denialist
Jeff "Swampy" Marsh (1978), animator, writer, director, producer, voice actor, and composer. Co-creator of Phineas & Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law
Jim McGlothlin (1961), former MLB pitcher
Odis McKinney (1974), former NFL cornerback
Mark Nordquist (1963), former NFL lineman
Bobby Pfeil, former MLB third baseman
Leo Rosales (1999), former MLB pitcher
Willie Sims, professional soccer player
Brody Stevens, stand-up comedian and actor
Bob Swaim (1961), film director
Michael Tigar, criminal defense lawyer
David Wilson, former NFL defensive back
Hal Bedsole (1959), former NFL tight end
Bob Christiansen, former NFL defensive tackle
Greg Lee (1971), former ABA and NBA point guard
Caroline Menjivar, California state senator
References
Further reading
Recalde, Tony (coordinator at Reseda Environmental / Physical Sciences Magnet High School). "Reseda High School Can House Gifted Program." Los Angeles Times. February 4, 1996.
External links
Official site
High schools in the San Fernando Valley
Los Angeles Unified School District schools
High schools in Los Angeles
Educational institutions established in 1955
Public high schools in California
Magnet schools in California
Reseda, Los Angeles
1955 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseda%20Charter%20High%20School |
The Abaco Barb or Abaco Spanish Colonial Horse was a breed or population of feral horses on the island of Great Abaco, in the Bahamas. It became extinct in 2015; it was the only horse breed of the Bahamas.
History
The origin of the Abaco horses is not known. It is possible that horses came ashore on Great Abaco from Spanish ships wrecked on its coasts, and also possible that horses were brought to the island by Loyalists who came there following the American Revolution. The most probable explanation is that they derived from horses used by Cuban forestry workers in the early nineteenth century. There were at one time more than two hundred of them, but the population declined rapidly in the later twentieth century as a result of human intervention and destruction of their habitat. Various conservation attempts were made, but the last horse, a mare, died in 2015. Some tissue has been preserved, which could be used for cloning.
References
Extinct horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in the Bahamas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco%20Barb |
Atlasaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from Middle Jurassic (Bathonian to Callovian stages) beds in North Africa.
Discovery and naming
The Atlasaurus holotype was discovered in 1981 and was described by Monbaron, Russell & Taquet in 1999. It was named after the location of discovery in the High Atlas range of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco (where the Titan Atlas was said to hold up the heavens), and for the animal's size (about long). It is known from a nearly complete skeleton with a skull found at Wawmda, in the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) Guettioua Formation in Morocco's Azilal Province. The type species is Atlasaurus imelakei, the specific name coming from Arabic عملاق ("eimlaq" or "imelake"), meaning "giant".
A second specimen of A. imelakei, a near-complete tail, was also discovered in Morocco and was pieced back together in Utah after 300 hours of preparation. It was eventually sent to Mexico and was put on display in the lobby of the BBVA Bancomer tower in Mexico City until it was auctioned off to an anonymous businessman in January 2018 to pay for the rebuilding of schools destroyed during the 2017 Puebla earthquake.
Description
Atlasaurus differs from Brachiosaurus relative to the estimated length of the dorsal vertebral column (assuming 12 vertebrae, ), in having a proportionately larger skull, a shorter neck (with at least 13 cervical vertebrae, shorter and more uniform in length than Brachiosaurus), a longer tail and more elongated limbs (humerus to femur ratio: 0.99; ulna to tibia ratio: 1.15). The teeth are spoon-shaped and have denticles. The lower jaw of Atlasaurus is about long, the neck was about long, the humerus long, and the femur about long. It has been estimated at in length, and in weight.
Classification
It was classified as a relatively primitive sauropod identified as a "cetiosaur" when first discovered, although upon further study, Atlasaurus appears to be closer to Brachiosaurus than to any other known sauropod based on detailed similarities between the vertebral column and limbs. However, more recent analyses have considered it to be a putative member of the Turiasauria. The most recent analysis of turiasaurs recovers Atlasaurus as a brachiosaurid.
References
Further reading
Sauropods
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Africa
Jurassic Morocco
Fossils of Morocco
Fossil taxa described in 1999
Taxa named by Dale Russell
Taxa named by Philippe Taquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlasaurus |
Joel Nathan Cummins (born January 12, 1975, in La Grange, Illinois) is an American musician, and founding member/keyboardist for progressive rock band Umphrey's McGee.
Cummins tours full-time with Umphrey's McGee, playing a range of shows each year, including sold-out performances at New York's Beacon Theatre, Colorado's Red Rocks Amphitheatre and The Wiltern in Los Angeles. The group also regularly performs American festivals such as Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Festival, Electric Forest & Summer Camp Music Festival. International appearances have included Jam in the Dam in Amsterdam, Byron Bay Blues Fest in Australia and Fuji Rock Fest in Japan.
Biography
Cummins, along with Brendan Bayliss, Mike Mirro and Ryan Stasik, formed the band in December 1997. Cummins and Mirro were members of University of Notre Dame band Stomper Bob, which split up around the same time as another local band, Tashi Station (which included Bayliss and Stasik).
Cummins began studying classical piano more than 25 years ago and, along with several keyboards, performs with a grand piano at Umphrey's McGee concerts.
In 1995, he released a solo piano album, Suspended in Time: An Epic, featuring originals such as the future Umphrey's McGee classic Orfeo and covers such as Phish's Magilla.
In 2001, Cummins released an electronic keyboard-based album, Common Sense, which featured Umphrey's McGee guitarist Jake Cinninger on drums for most tracks. The band would later use two of the tracks, The Triple Wide and In Violation of Yes, in their concert repertoire.
In addition to playing in Umphrey's McGee, Cummins writes and plays with a number of other bands. He is a member of progressive-rock tinged OHMphrey along with Chris Poland (Megadeth) and two members of Umphrey's McGee. Joel is a member of Digital Tape Machine, a more electronic Chicago-based group. Cummins also performs with the improvisational groups The Everyone Orchestra, Kick the McGee, North Indiana All Stars and Banyan, with Stephen Perkins (Jane's Addiction), Nels Cline (Wilco) and Mike Watt (Minutemen, Firehose, Stooges). He has also recently been featured on several occasions as a guest keyboardist for Indiana-based livetronica group Cosby Sweater.
He has also collaborated with artists such as Huey Lewis, Joshua Redman, Mavis Staples, Phil Lesh, Buddy Guy, Skrillex, Robby Krieger of The Doors, Damian Marley, Warpaint, Thundercat, ASAP Ferg, Koko Taylor, Sinéad O'Connor, Bela Fleck, Victor Wooten, Warren Haynes, Bob Weir, Les Claypool, John Oates, Big Light, Adrian Belew, Ray White & Lee Oskar.
Cummins married Dasha Davis in May 2010 and the couple resides in Los Angeles.
Cummins often plays as part of the Zappa tribute Cosmik Playground at TRiP Bar in Santa Monica California along with Arthur Barrow and others.
Discography
Suspended in Time: An Epic (1995)
Common Sense (2001)
References
Umphrey's McGee members
20th-century American keyboardists
Musicians from Chicago
1973 births
Living people
University of Notre Dame alumni
21st-century American keyboardists
OHMphrey members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Cummins |
The Adobe LiveCycle Reader Extensions is software that users can use to enable some features, in Acrobat Reader (now Adobe Reader) 5.1 and later on a per-file basis. These are features otherwise found in the full licensed product Adobe Acrobat.
For example, Adobe Reader cannot normally save filled in forms or apply digital signatures. If LiveCycle Reader Extensions is purchased with suitable options, it can prepare files that Reader can save or sign.
LiveCycle Reader Extensions is sold on a quotation basis, and the price will vary according to the number of forms and end users, on the basis that these are nominally lost sales of Acrobat. The original marketing target was large businesses and government organizations such as the US Internal Revenue Service (who make savable forms available through this technology).
Smaller businesses have wished there was a service for enabling single forms at lower cost. Two Adobe partners have contracted to provide this service for companies at a fee per page and use, user or form.
The Reader extensions to enable adding comments in Reader (but no other features) are also available in Acrobat Professional 7.0. This disables form filling, since otherwise saving comments would provide a back door for saving filled in forms.
The EULA for Adobe Reader now forbids enabling features found in Acrobat except via files enabled via licensed Adobe Reader Extensions. This, it has been argued, would prevent third parties reverse engineering the system and offering alternative software since the end users would be in a situation of license violation.
Acrobat 8 Professional
With the release of Acrobat 8 Professional, users can now enable the save feature in a PDF file for distribution to people with Adobe Reader 7.0 and later thus eliminating the need for Reader Extensions for this particular application. According to Adobe, this feature only applies to ad hoc forms distribution and data collection. The license agreement for Acrobat 8 Professional limits this functionality to 500 unique users, or 500 submissions (see paragraph 14.13.3 of the End User License Agreement for Acrobat 8 Professional). Other privileges remain the domain only of LiveCycle Reader Extensions, and it is also needed for bulk or automated operations.
References
External links
Adobe web page
Implementation flaws in Adobe Document Server for Reader Extensions
LiveCycle Reader Extensions
Software add-ons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe%20LiveCycle%20Reader%20Extensions |
Geoff Fox (born July 26, 1950) is an Emmy Award-winning American television broadcast meteorologist, with his career and expertise the industry covering 4 decades. For 27 years of his career he was at the television station WTNH in New Haven, Connecticut, where he started in 1984 and was senior meteorologist until 2011, and later with WTIC-TV in Hartford, Connecticut, where he was the weeknight 5:00 and 11:00 p.m. meteorologist, reported science and technology stories for the 4:00 p.m. newscast and was host for a garden segment titled "Geoff's Garden".
Fox, a New York City native graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School. He received a certificate in broadcast meteorology from Mississippi State University and holds a broadcast seal from the American Meteorological Society.
Television.
In May, 1984 Fox started his meteorology career for the television station WTNH in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was then promoted to "senior meteorologist".
In 1995, in addition to working for WTNH, he began hosting the program Inside Space, a program on Syfy (SciFi Channel at the time).
In early 2011, after 27 years at WTNH, Fox was told that his contract would not be renewed and he then proceeded to depart from the station. At first he was told by management that he would be able to complete the contract he had with the station before the end of his tenure but that did not happen. His departure received national media attention due to the loyalty of WTNH viewers in addition to his long spanned career with the station.
In April 2011 he was then hired by Fox affiliate WTIC-TV, where he forecasted for the 5:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. weather segments, as well as science reports weeknights at 4:00 P.M. He was dismissed from the station after 19 months, for what the station identified as "inappropriate conduct". Fox lost nearly 2000 of his followers on Facebook following the scandal. Later Fox developed an Internet-based company for designing and building websites.
In mid-2013, Fox relocated to Southern California, and in January 2015, he joined NBC affiliate KMIR-TV in Palm Springs, where he served as the weeknight meteorologist from early 2015 until September 2015.
On August 19, 2015, Fox announced that he would be working as the on-air meteorologist for "News Channel Nebraska’s first station in Norfolk", with more stations on the way. He forecasts for News Channel Nebraska from his home studio weather center.
In the summer of 2017, an agreement was made between the management of WTNH-TV and Fox for him to return briefly to the News8 airwaves for a seven-week fill-in period, to forecast the weeknight newscasts which would be broadcast from his home studio in California. At the end of the temporary employment period, Fox made it very clear to WTNH-TV management that he was very interested in a permanent full-time position. Though, management did extend an offer to Fox for the opportunity to stay on the air with WTNH-TV for a part-time position, he declined. He made a statement saying that the offer "wasn't a good fit" but that he was thankful for being given the "brief" opportunity to return to the airwaves at WTNH and to show his gratitude for all the support from the viewers throughout the years, as well as the personal level support during his bout with pancreatic cancer.
WTNH News Director Keith Connors said, "We are grateful for what Geoff did for WTNH during the 2017 summer including filing-in on weeknight newscasts due to temporary schedule shifting, and wish him nothing but the best in the future."
Fox is currently semi-retired and his meteorology career transitioned to fully remote serving as Chief Meteorologist forecasting on-air for News Channel Nebraska, as well as newsy and other various independent television markets and side projects from his home-built studio weather center thanks to the era of modern digital technology. Fox said “With the set-up I'm using in my home studio, I can do the weather for literally any place in the world and deliver it with so little lag that on-air chatting with the news anchors is seamless."
https://www.newtek.com/blog/2016/03/01/the-work-at-home-weatherman-recipe-from-geoff-fox/
He enjoys creating weather maps in his spare time for various regions locally and worldwide as well as building websites.
References
External links
Geoff Fox - Meteorologist for News Channel Nebraska.
1950 births
Mass media people from Queens, New York
Television personalities from New York City
Weather presenters
Living people
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Fox |
New York State Route 73 (NY 73) is a state highway located entirely within Essex County, New York, in the United States. The highway begins at an intersection with NY 86 in the village of Lake Placid and ends at a junction with U.S. Route 9 (US 9) north of the hamlet of Underwood in the extreme southwestern corner of the town of Elizabethtown. NY 73 meanders through a mountainous region of Adirondack Park and passes by several named peaks, including Porter Mountain and Lower Wolfjaw Mountain. Along the way, the route has a short concurrency with NY 9N in the town of Keene.
In the early 19th century, Lake Placid and Keene were connected by the North West Bay Road, an east–west highway linking Hopkinton to Westport. The highway was initially a crude, impassable road; however, it was significantly improved by the state of New York in the mid-1810s. A highway linking Keene to Underwood was constructed by 1846; at Underwood, the road connected to a stagecoach road that went from Albany to the Canada–US border. The latter road became the basis for most of modern US 9.
NY 73 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York from NY 28N in Tahawus to NY 22 in Ticonderoga. The portion of the route from Tahawus to North Hudson followed the Blue Ridge Road; from North Hudson to Schroon, NY 73 overlapped US 9. At the time, modern NY 73 was designated as New York State Route 86A from Lake Placid to Keene. By the following year, the remainder of current NY 73 had become New York State Route 427. NY 73 was cut back to Schroon while NY 427 was replaced by an extended NY 86A . In 1952, NY 73 was extended northward to Lake Placid, supplanting NY 86A. The eastern terminus of NY 73 was moved to the vicinity of Underwood on July 1, 1972, and the former routing of NY 73 from Schroon to Ticonderoga became NY 74.
Route description
NY 73 begins at a traffic light along NY 86 near the eastern end of the village of Lake Placid in the town of North Elba. The highway heads towards the southwest, passing homes as Sentinel Road. At the intersection with Mill Pond Road, NY 73 passes a small pond, crossing over an associated creek. For that short time, the highway takes on a more southerly direction, mainly to the southeast. The surroundings of the highway remain the same as NY 73 leaves Lake Placid via Cascade Road.
NY 73 exits Lake Placid, where it passes Lake Placid Airport. There, County Route 35 (CR 35) merges from the northwest, providing a bypass around the village of Lake Placid to NY 86. Just south of North Elba, NY 73 passes the Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex, accessible via John Brown Road (unsigned NY 910M) to nearby John Brown's Farm at the intersection with CR 35. The highway crosses the West Branch of the Ausable River, intersecting with CR 21 at an elevation of .
Cascade Road makes several turns, passing south of the Craig Wood Golf Course. After the golf course, NY 73 climbs in elevation, up to . The highway turns from the southeast to the east, and to the southeast once more as it rounds Round Lake, where it intersects Bobsled Run Lane (unsigned New York State Route 913Q). The road passes Mud Pond, where it turns to the northeast along the side of a high ridge. Pitchoff Mountain is directly to the northwest as NY 73 passes Upper Cascade and Lower Cascade Lakes.
NY 73 begins to descend in elevation, while CR 51 splits off and NY 73 heads into Keene. After crossing the East Branch of the Ausable River, NY 73 merges in with NY 9N. The two roads continue to drop in elevation, passing and circling mountains as they head along. After Norton Cemetery, NY 9N splits off to the east and NY 73 continues southward. NY 73 now runs along the East Branch, intersecting with county and local roads as it heads southward.
The highway heads along the base of Porter Mountain and into Keene Valley, crosses Johns Brook and heads through downtown. Lower Wolfjaw Mountain, which averages the same height as Porter, is nearby. NY 73 continues, eventually crossing the Ausable River branch, later coming in the towns of Elizabethtown and North Hudson. There are a few more ponds and mountains before NY 73 ends at an intersection with US 9.
According to estimates made by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) in 2009, NY 73 serves an average of 1,950 vehicles per day from US 9 to the east end of the NY 9N overlap in Keene. The overlap with NY 9N accumulated an average of 4,360 vehicles, with the stretch up to the control station at having a less amount of traffic. After NY 913Q, the average increases, peaking at 4,810 vehicles at NY 86 in Lake Placid.
History
Early highways
North West Bay Road
The area that is now known as the hamlet of Keene—the modern junction of NY 9N and NY 73—was first settled at the beginning of the 19th century. Many of the early settlers arrived in the region by traveling along a rough and nearly unusable highway connecting what became Keene to Jay in the north and Lewis in the east. By 1810, part of the crude roadway had been supplanted by a privately funded highway leading westward from Westport to at least North Elba and possibly to Saranac Lake by way of Keene. On April 5, 1810, the New York State Legislature passed an act establishing a new state highway linking Westport to Hopkinton by way of Keene and Saranac Lake. The highway incorporated the entirety of the pre-existing roadway between Westport and Saranac Lake.
Initially, the state highway was poorly constructed and largely impassable, mirroring the condition of the roadways that preceded it. An act passed by the state legislature on June 19, 1812, indicated that the funds that had been allocated to the highway were "entirely inadequate to open and improve" the road. On April 17, 1816, the state attempted to correct the issue by approving a measure that appointed two sets of commissioners to oversee the reconstruction of the highway. Each set was to work on opposite ends of the route and eventually converge at a point midway along the route. Work on the highway was completed by 1818. The road was officially named the "North West Bay Road"; however, it eventually became known as the "Old Military Road". The route did not enter the village of Lake Placid; instead, it bypassed it to the southwest. This portion of the highway is still known today by the latter name.
Other highways
The highway through Keene Valley from Underwood to Keene was built by 1846. At its southern end, it connected to a major stagecoach road that connected Albany to the Canadian border. The route fostered the rise of local lumber and tanning industries; up to 40 wagon loads of timber used the stagecoach route daily. Various hotels and taverns opened in the nearby town of North Hudson to serve travelers along the route.
State ownership and designations
In 1909, the state of New York began to take control of many private highways across the state under the terms of the new highway law developed in 1908. One of these highways was the old north–south stagecoach road from Albany to Canada. Most of the highway north of modern NY 8 in Chester became the northern half of Route 22, an unsigned legislative route, under the text of the highway law. In 1913, the New York State Legislature created Route 22-b, a spur route connecting Route 22 in Schroon to the then-village of Ticonderoga. On March 1, 1921, Route 22-b became part of Route 48, a new route created as part of a partial renumbering of New York's legislative route system. The path of the former Albany–Canada stagecoach route was largely designated as US 9 in 1927.
NY 73 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York; however, it did not initially follow any of its modern routing. It began at an intersection with NY 28N in Tahawus and followed the Blue Ridge Road east to US 9 in North Hudson. From there, it overlapped US 9 south to Schroon, where it proceeded eastward on the former legislative Route 48 to Ticonderoga, where it ended at a junction with NY 22. At the time, modern NY 73 from Lake Placid to Keene—identical to the old North West Bay Road east of the Lake Placid area—was assigned NY 86A. The remainder of what is now NY 73 from Keene south to Underwood was designated as NY 427 within a year's time.
The portion of NY 73 between Tahawus and North Hudson was removed from the state highway system . As a result, NY 73 was truncated to a new western terminus at US 9 in Schroon, eliminating the concurrency with US 9. To the north, NY 427 was supplanted by an extended NY 86A . In November 1952, NY 73 was extended eastward through Ticonderoga to the ferry dock on Lake Champlain, where it connected to the Fort Ticonderoga–Larrabees Point Ferry. The change supplanted NY 347, a short spur route off NY 22 that had been in place since . A month earlier, NY 73 was extended northward to Lake Placid via Underwood and Keene, replacing NY 86A and overlapping US 9 from Severance to Underwood. NY 73 was truncated to its current eastern terminus in Underwood on July 1, 1971, eliminating the overlap with US 9. Its former routing from Schroon to Lake Champlain was renumbered to NY 74.
On September 14, 1994, the state of New York signed a proposal to turn NY 73 into a scenic byway into law. The byway, known as the "High Peaks Scenic Byway", begins at the western terminus of NY 73 in Lake Placid and follows NY 73 and US 9 to Interstate 87 exit 30. In December 1994, the group Scenic America designated the highway as one of the ten most scenic areas in the nation.
Future
In 2009, NYSDOT has made plans to repair seven bridges along NY 73. The seven projects will cost the state an estimated $11.1 million (equivalent to $ in ) and are tentatively scheduled to begin at various times between 2013 and 2016. The $11 million cost includes $4.3 million for two bridges over the West Branch of the Ausable River that were built in 1932, $1.3 million for a bridge over the Southern Fork of the Bouquet River in Keene, $2.6 million for two bridges over Beede Brook that were built in 1935 and 1936, $1.3 million for a bridge over the outlet of Lower Cascade Lake, and $1.6 million for a bridge over Johns Brook.
Major intersections
Note: Although NY 73 is signed east-west, traffic data reports, inventory listings and reference markers indicate that it is a north-south route.
See also
New York State Route 97, another state highway that is entirely a scenic byway
References
External links
High Peaks Scenic Byway - Adirondack North County Association
073
Transportation in Essex County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2073 |
Sutherland's Law is a television series made by BBC Scotland between 1973 and 1976.
The series had originated as a stand-alone edition of the portmanteau programme Drama Playhouse in 1972 in which Derek Francis played Sutherland and was then commissioned as an ongoing series. The producer was Frank Cox.
Sutherland's Law dealt with the duties of the Procurator Fiscal in a small Scottish town. The major cast members included Iain Cuthbertson (as John Sutherland), Gareth Thomas, Moultrie Kelsall, Victor Carin, Martin Cochrane, Don McKillop, Maev Alexander and Edith MacArthur.
Directors included Douglas Camfield who directed episode 2 of series 2 "Caesar's Wife" transmitted on 22 May 1974
The exteriors for the series were filmed in Oban, Argyll.
The signature tune was The Land of the Mountain and the Flood, by Hamish MacCunn. Series creator Lindsay Galloway released a novel based on the series in 1974.
The DVD of selected episodes from Sutherland's Law Series 1 was released on Region 2 by Acorn Media UK in the UK on 1 June 2009.
References
External links
Action TV episode guide
BBC television dramas
1970s British crime television series
1970s British drama television series
1970s British legal television series
1973 Scottish television series debuts
1976 Scottish television series endings
BBC Scotland television shows
Scots law
1970s in Scotland
English-language television shows
1970s Scottish television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland%27s%20Law |
Douglas Eric Embry (born July 10, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Championship Wrestling from Florida, World Class Championship Wrestling, and the United States Wrestling Association. He also booked many places and is credited to having one of the best minds in the game.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1977–1987)
Embry wrestled in Southwest Championship Wrestling (later Texas, then USA All Star Wrestling) as one of the Fabulous Blondes, along with Ken Timbs and later Dan Greer. Later, he wrestled for 5 Star Wrestling in Baton Rouge. He would also wrestle in Canada, for Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, Alberta, All Star Wrestling in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1980 Embry wrestled in Pacific Northwest Wrestling (Portland), as Eric Emery.
In 1985, Embry first joined World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico. On August 17, 1985, he defeated Super Medico II to win the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. On November 25, 1985, he became a double champion, by defeating Invader III to win the WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship. On January 18, 1986, Embry lost the Junior Heavyweight title back to Invader III, after nearly two months as champion. On May 17, 1986, after exactly nine months as champion, he lost the Puerto Rico Heavyweight title back to Super Medico III. Embry left WWC in 1987. During Embry's times as a heel, fans (particularly in Puerto Rico) would often chant Erica! Erica! to draw heat, because Eric Embry called the Puerto Rican fans "greasy, slimy Puerto Ricans". He also insulted commentator and former referee from the heel's side, Hugo Savinovich, by calling him "son of a bitch", instead of the correct last name, that led to a heated feud.
World Class Championship Wrestling / United States Wrestling Association (1987–1990)
Embry joined World Class Championship Wrestling in 1987. Embry was a booker for the Dallas Sportatorium promotion from 1988 until 1991. During his time as booker, Embry lived at the Sportatorium because he had no other place to live. In early 1988, he had a feud with Jason Sterling, where Sterling was offered $100 for every minute he spent in the ring with Embry. Jeff Jarrett won the WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship from Embry on October 15 of that year, but Embry regained the title in November. After trading the title with Jarrett once more, Embry regained it at SuperClash III on December 13. Two weeks later, he lost the title to Cactus Jack. In 1989, he became a face during his feud with Skandor Akbar and his army before the promotion went out of business.
All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990)
In the summer of 1990, Embry wrestled a tour for All Japan Pro Wrestling.
World Wrestling Council (1990–1991)
In late-1990, Embry made his return to WWC and won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship with Rick Valentine twice.
United States Wrestling Association (1991–1992)
In February 1991, Embry went to Memphis in the United States Wrestling Association, teaming up with Tom Prichard and Miss Texas, sparking a Texas vs. Tennessee feud. On May 3, 1991, Embry defeated Jeff Jarrett to win the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship. His reign didn't last, as he lost the title to Bill Dundee ten days later on May 13. A week later on May 20, Embry regained the title from Dundee. On July 15, Embry defeated booker Eddie Marlin and referee Paul Neighbors in a hair vs. hair handicap match, shaving both men bald. On August 12, Embry and Miss Texas lost a hair vs. hair tag team match to Jeff Jarrett (subbing for an injured Dirty White Boy) and the Dirty White Girl, losing Miss Texas' hair as she was the loser of the fall. On November 4, Embry finally lost the Southern title to Tom Prichard, after reigning as champion for nearly six months. Embry and Prichard would switch the title back and forth multiple times until February 1992.
In July 1992, Embry wrestled a tour for Wrestling International New Generations, due to the talent exchange between USWA and W*ING.
Retirement
On October 30, 1992, Embry's career came to an end due to a road accident in Hawesville, Kentucky, when a big rig jack-knifed while coming down a hill hit his vehicle. "I saw it coming, pulled over as close to guardrail as possible, and prayed, please God don't let it be that bad", stated Eric. He was thrown to the back seat. He suffered a badly bruised liver and severe ligament and cartilage damage to his left knee. He said that he took it as a sign from God that it was time to get out of the wrestling business. Fully recovered from his injuries, he attempted a comeback in March 1993, but after one match on March 28, Embry decided to retire after fifteen years.
Championships and accomplishments
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State
NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chief Frank Hill
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992
PWI ranked him #32 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1989)
Southwest Championship Wrestling
SCW Southwest Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
SCW Southwest Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Ken Timbs (3) and Dan Greer (2)
Texas Wrestling Federation
TWF Light-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Class Wrestling Association
WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
WCWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Frank Lancaster
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Rick Valentine
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha de Apuesta record
References
External links
1959 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
NWA Florida Television Champions
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Professional wrestling executives
Professional wrestlers from Kentucky
Stampede Wrestling alumni
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Champions
WWC Puerto Rico Champions
NWA Texas Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Light Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Tag Team Champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Embry |
Grazing incidence diffraction (GID) is a technique for interrogating a material using small incidence angles for an incoming wave, often leading to the diffraction being surface sensitive. It occurs in many different areas:
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), where electrons of relatively high energy diffract at small angles from a surface. RHEED is used to interrogate surface structure.
Surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD), which is similar to RHEED but uses X-rays, and is also used to interrogate surface structure.
X-ray standing waves, another X-ray variant where the intensity decay into a sample from diffraction is used to analyze chemistry.
Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) a hybrid approach using small scattering (diffraction) angles with X-rays or neutrons.
X-ray reflectivity, yet another related technique, but here the intensity of the specular reflected beam is measured.
Grazing incidence atom scattering, where the fact that atoms (and ions) can also be waves is used to diffract from surfaces.
Quantum reflection, where very low kinetic energy atoms or molecules are diffracted (reflected) from surfaces.
Evanescent waves, which occur with all of the above and also photons where there is no flow of energy into the material.
More details and citations on these can be found in the links provided above.
See also
X-ray diffraction
Neutron scattering
Electron diffraction
References
Scientific techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing%20incidence%20diffraction |
FIDS may refer to:
Flight information display system
Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey
See also
FID (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDS |
The Borderers is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1968 and 1970.
Setting
A historical drama series, The Borderers was set during the 16th century and chronicled the lives of the Ker family, who lived in the Scottish Middle March on the frontier between England and Scotland. Some episodes of the show depict the wider politics, mostly as it affects their relative Sir Walter Ker, warden of the Middle March
The series was described by The Guardian in 2007 as "brave and original...a kind of north-eastern western". It shows an ordinary family trying to live as part of a society of Border Reivers, a world where raid and feud were unavoidable parts of daily life. The wars between England and Scotland had destroyed the normal processes of law enforcement. The setting is a particularly tense time, with Elizabeth of England and Mary, Queen of Scots, in competition. Also the struggle between Protestants and Catholics in both kingdoms. Amidst all this, the Kers of Slitrig are trying to live an ordinary life.
The leading cast members were Iain Cuthbertson, Edith MacArthur and Michael Gambon.
Season One was produced by Peter Graham Scott, who had worked on The Avengers, Mogul, The Troubleshooters and would later go on to make The Onedin Line.
Season Two was produced by Anthony Coburn who had previously worked on Doctor Who.
In 2007, two episodes of The Borderers were part of the BBC Archive Trial.
Cast
The regular cast were Michael Gambon as Gavin Ker (male head of the family), Edith McArthur as Margaret Ker and Iain Cuthbertson as Sir Walter Ker of Cessford. Nell Brennan as Agnes Ker (Series 1) and Eileen Nicholas as Agnes Ker (Series 2). Margaret Greig as Grizel Ker, Joseph Brady as Rab (Series 1) and James Garbutt as Rab (Series 2). Ross Campbell as Jamie Ker and Russell Waters as Pringle (Cessford's clerk). Sir Walter Ker is a real historical figure, though little is known of him and most of what is shown in the series is invented.
Episode guide
Of the show's 26 episodes, only 15 survive today, mainly from series 1, with 7 existing in their original colour format, the other 8 existing as black and white telerecordings.
Series 1
Series 2
References
External links
BBC television dramas
Period television series
British adventure television series
1968 British television series debuts
1970 British television series endings
1960s British drama television series
1970s British drama television series
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Borderers |
An X-ray interferometer is analogous to a neutron interferometer. It has been suggested that it may offer the very highest spatial resolution in astronomy, though the technology is unproven as of 2008.
One technique is triple Laue interferometry (LLL interferometry).
See also
High energy X-rays
References
X-Ray and Neutron Interferometry Author: Ulrich Bonse at uni-dortmund.de, 10 February 2005
Interferometers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20interferometer |
Adriaan Vlacq (1600–1667) was a Dutch book publisher and author of mathematical tables. Born in Gouda, Vlacq published a table of logarithms from 1 to 100,000 to 10 decimal places in 1628 in his Arithmetica logarithmica. This table extended Henry Briggs' original tables which only covered the values 1-20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000. The new table was computed by Ezechiel de Decker and Vlacq who calculated and added 70,000 further values to complete the tables. This table was further extended by Jurij Vega in 1794, and by Alexander John Thompson in 1952.
A shorter trigonometric table called Canon Sinuum was included in later works of Vlacq.
In 1632, he settled in London but ten years later with the onset of the English Civil War, he moved to Paris and later moved to The Hague.
He died at The Hague on 8 April 1667.
The crater Vlacq on the Moon is named after him.
See also
Common logarithm
e (mathematical constant)
John Napier
Adrien Ulacq
External links
References
1600 births
1667 deaths
17th-century Dutch mathematicians
People from Gouda, South Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan%20Vlacq |
Woorkeri Venkat Raman (born 23 May 1965) is a former Indian cricketer and former coach of the India women's national cricket team, having been appointed to the role in December 2018. W.V. Raman was replaced by Ramesh Powar in May 2021 as the coach of the India women's national cricket team. He played domestic cricket for Tamil Nadu, mainly as a left-handed batsman and a part-time left arm spinner.
Career
Raman made his Test debut in his home town Chennai against West Indies in 1987–88, top scoring in the second innings with 83 and taking a wicket in the first over that he bowled in Test cricket. India were bowled to victory in that match by Narendra Hirwani, who took 16 wickets (8/61 and 8/75). He played in 10 further Tests for India, until 1997. He also played in 27 One Day Internationals in the same period. However, he was relatively unsuccessful on the international stage. His only international century, 114, came in an ODI where he marshalled a tricky chase and led India to victory against South Africa in the 1992–93 series. Between November 1988 to December 1992, India played 25 tests, out of which only one test was played in India, this impacted many players' careers as there were not any 'A' tours in the outside conditions, Raman was one of those Players.
Raman began his first-class career as a left-arm spinner but eventually turned into a batsman. He was a successful batsman in domestic cricket scoring three double centuries, including 313 against Goa, in the 1988–89 season of the Ranji Trophy. His run aggregate, 1,018, beat the record set by Rusi Modi in 1944–45. He retired from all forms of cricket in 1999 after being axed from TN Ranji Team.
Coaching career
After retirement, Raman took to a career in coaching. He was appointed Tamil Nadu coach in 2006. His contract was renewed after two years and was signed for another two seasons with the team. With the Cricket Association of Bengal too showing interest in signing him to coach their side, he chose to continue with Tamil Nadu. The side won the 2008–09 edition of the domestic one-day tournament. In July 2010, he was appointed the Bengal coach replacing Roger Binny. He was their fourth coach in four years. In 2013, he was named the assistant coach of Kings XI Punjab, ahead of the sixth season of the Indian Premier League (IPL). Later that year, he returned from Bengal to coach the Tamil Nadu side. The following year, he was appointed batting coach of the IPL side Kolkata Knight Riders. His side went on to win the title that season.
In 2015, Raman was appointed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India to the coaching panel as the batting coach at the National Cricket Academy in Bengaluru. In December 2018, he was appointed the head coach of the India women's national team.
References
External links
1965 births
Cricketers from Chennai
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Living people
Indian cricket coaches
Coaches of the India women's national cricket team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woorkeri%20Raman |
RSC (Remodeling the Structure of Chromatin) is a member of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler family. The activity of the RSC complex allows for chromatin to be remodeled by altering the structure of the nucleosome.
There are four subfamilies of chromatin remodelers: SWI/SNF, INO80, ISW1, and CHD. The RSC complex is a 15-subunit chromatin remodeling complex initially found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is homologous to the SWI/SNF complex found in humans. The RSC complex has ATPase activity in the presence of DNA.
RSC Complex vs. SWI/SNF
While RSC and SWI/SNF are considered homologous, RSC is significantly more common than the SWI/SNF complex and it is required for mitotic cell division. Without the RSC complex, cells would not survive. RSC consists of 15 subunits, and at least three of these subunits are conserved between RSC and SWI/SNF. RSC and SWI/SNF are composed of very similar components, such as the Sth1 components in RSC and the SWI2/Snf2p in SWI/SNF. Both of these components are ATPases that consist of Arp7 and Arp9, which are proteins that are similar to actin. The subunits of Sth1 (Rsc6p, Rsc8p, and Sfh1p) are paralogues to the three subunits of SWI/SNF (Swp73p, Swi3p, and Snf5p). While there are many similarities between these two chromatin remodeling complexes, they remodel different parts of chromatin. They also have opposing roles, specifically when interacting with the PHO8 promoter. RSC works to guarantee the placement of nucleosome N-3, while SWI/SNF attempts to override the placement of N-3.
RSC and SWI/SNF complexes both function as chromatin remodeling complexes in humans (Homo sapiens) and the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). SWI/SNF was first discovered when a genetic screen was done in yeast with a mutation causing a deficiency in mating-type switching (swi) and a mutation causing a deficiency in sucrose fermentation. After this chromatin remodeling complex was discovered, the RSC complex was found when its components, Snf2 and Swi2p, were discovered to be homologous to the SWI/SNF complex.
Due to research done using BLAST (biotechnology), it is believed that the yeast RSC complex is even more similar to the human SWI/SNF complex than it is to the yeast SWI/SNF complex.
The Role of RSC
The role of nucleosomes is a very important topic of research. It is known that nucleosomes interfere with the binding of transcription factors to DNA, therefore they can control transcription and replication. With the help of an in vitro experiment using yeast, it was discovered that RSC is required for nucleosome remodeling. There is evidence that RSC does not remodel the nucleosomes on its own; it uses information from enzymes to help position nucleosomes.
The ATPase activity of the RSC complex is activated by single-stranded, double-stranded, and/or nucleosomal DNA, while some of the other chromatin remodeling complexes are only stimulated by one of these DNA-types.
The RSC complex (specifically Rsc8 and Rsc30) is crucial when fixing double-stranded breaks via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in yeast. This repair mechanism is important for cell survival, as well for maintaining an organism's genome. These double-stranded breaks are typically caused by radiation, and they can be detrimental to the genome. The breaks can lead to mutations that reposition a chromosome and can even lead to the entire loss of a chromosome. The mutations associated with double-stranded breaks have been linked to cancer and other deadly genetic diseases. RSC does not only repair double-stranded breaks by NHEJ, it also repairs this breaks using homologous recombination with the help of the SWI/SNF complex. SWI/SNF is recruited first, prior to two homologous chromosomes bind, and then RSC is recruited to help complete the repair.
Mechanism of Action in dsDNA
A single molecule study using magnetic tweezers and linear DNA observed that RSC generates DNA loops in vitro while simultaneously generating negative supercoils in the template. These loops can consist of hundreds of base pairs, but the length depends on how tightly the DNA is wound, as well as how much ATP is present during this translocation. Not only could RSC generate loops, but it was also able to relax these loops, meaning that the translocation of RSC is reversible.
Hydrolysis of ATP allows the complex to translocate the DNA into a loop. RSC can release the loop either by translocating back to the original state at a comparable velocity, or by losing one of its two contacts.
RSC components
The following is a list of RSC components that have been identified in yeast, their corresponding human orthologs, and their functions:
See also
SWI/SNF (nucleosome remodeling complex)
Mi-2/NuRD complex
INO80B (gene)
Imitation SWI (nucleosome remodeling complex)
References
External links
Dynamic Remodeling of Individual Nucleosomes Across a Eukaryotic Genome in Response to Transcriptional Perturbation
Enzymes
Transcription coregulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin%20structure%20remodeling%20%28RSC%29%20complex |
Laurence Michael Foust (June 24, 1928 – October 27, 1984) was an American basketball player who spent 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), most notably with the Fort Wayne Pistons and Minneapolis Lakers, and was a two-time All-NBA Team member and an eight-time All-Star.
Career
Foust attended South Catholic High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was instrumental in winning the city championship against archrival Southern High School by scoring a last second basket.
A center from La Salle University, Foust was selected by the Chicago Stags in the 1950 NBA draft, but the Stags franchise folded before the start of the 1950–51 NBA season, and Foust joined the Fort Wayne Pistons.
With the Pistons, Foust averaged a double-double in points and rebounds and was selected to six All-Star games. On November 22, 1950, Foust scored the winning basket in a 19–18 Pistons victory over the Minneapolis Lakers, the lowest scoring game in NBA history. Foust was tied with Mel Hutchins for the NBA lead in rebounding in the 1951–52 season. In the 1954–55 season, Foust led the NBA in field goal percentage.
Foust later joined the Lakers in 1957, and helped the team make the 1959 NBA Finals. In Game 3 of the series, Foust led the Lakers in scoring and rebounding totals with 26 points and 22 rebounds, during a 123–110 loss to the Boston Celtics. The Lakers would eventually lose the series.
In 1960, he was traded to the St. Louis Hawks, who he would play with for two and a half more seasons before retiring.
Foust retired in 1962 with 11,198 career points and 8,041 career rebounds.
Player profile
Foust utilized his height and strength to stifle his opponents in the paint. Lead-footed and with clumsy hands, Foust demanded his teammates stay away from the paint and feed him the basketball near the rim.
When author Robert Cohen selected an all-star team from 1946 to 1960 era of the NBA, Foust was chosen the fifth-best center, noting that Foust "in many ways represented one of the finest early prototypes of what eventually became the modernized basketball big man. Although Foust had considerable bulk and displayed a great deal of aggression under the boards, he also exhibited a fair amount of agility and ballhandling skills" When calculating players of Hall of Fame Probability, Basketball Reference has him listed as 76th with 94.2%, which is the highest among eligible players that are not in the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame. He is also the only player with eight All-Star Game selections to not be inducted, although he played at a time when there generally more than twice as many all-stars as teams in the league.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Death
Foust died in 1984 of a heart attack at age 56. He lived in Mount Lebanon, Pennsylvania at the time of death, and was survived by his wife and four children.
References
External links
1928 births
1984 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Ohio
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Stags draft picks
Fort Wayne Pistons players
La Salle Explorers men's basketball players
Minneapolis Lakers players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
People from Painesville, Ohio
Power forwards (basketball)
St. Louis Hawks players
Basketball players from Pittsburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Foust |
WLPX-TV (channel 29) is a television station licensed to Charleston, West Virginia, United States, broadcasting the Ion Television network to the Charleston–Huntington market. The station is owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, and has offices on Prestige Park Drive in Hurricane; its transmitter is located near Milton, West Virginia.
History
After originating as a construction permit in 1987 and receiving several extensions, WLPX-TV applied for its license on September 11, 1998. In the construction phase and for its first month on air, the station's calls were WKRP (the same as the fictional radio station in Cincinnati); it adopted its current call sign on October 5 of the same year. It has been a member of Ion (previously known as Pax TV and i: Independent Television) since its inception.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WLPX-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 29, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 39. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 29.
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 1998
1998 establishments in West Virginia
Ion Television affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Defy TV affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
LPX-TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLPX-TV |
Don Simmons (Born 1973 in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a Canadian experimental artist and writer whose work materializes itself as robotics, electronics, audio, installation and performance.
Simmons' work addresses problematic concepts like the automation and the psychological effects of simulated processes. He often treats the body as a machine and tool for collecting data/information. Simmons will create situations for 'false' emotional states to occur in the audience, in turn questioning the reality of simulated emotions. His work has also dealt with scatological, littoral, and tactical art practices. He also exhibits collaboratively as the Tactical Art Coalition, EMMAX and the Work group.
Simmons has participated in exhibitions internationally, including exhibitions at the Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff, curated by Jim Drobnick, the College for Creative Studies, Detroit, curated by Melanie Manos, Video In Studios, Vancouver, as a part of the Signal & Noise Festival, and at EMMEDIA, Calgary. His performative installation called 'One Month' at the Truck Gallery, Calgary, involved several clown/drag queen hybrids performing during gallery hours. The clown/drag queen hybrids would wander the gallery in depressed mood avoiding the gallery's visitors.
Other past exhibitions have included Western Front, Vancouver, curated Victoria Singh & Velveeta Krisp for That 70's Ho Performance Series, Galerie SAW Gallery, Ottawa, curated by Jason & Stefan St-Laurent for SCATALOGUE: 30 Years of Crap in Contemporary Art with Mikiki, Southern Alberta Art Gallery, Lethbridge, curated by David Diviney, Eastern Edge Gallery, St. John's, NL, Anna Leonowens Gallery, Halifax, Trinity Square Video, Toronto, The Music Gallery, Toronto.
Simmons has released three audio art CDs called "Don Simmons vs. Marcel duChamp", "Beautiful Losers", "birthday song - EMMAX (Ken Buera & Don Simmons)".
Simmons has been on faculty at the Alberta College of Art and Design in their Media Arts and Digital Technologies Department. His critical writing has been published internationally in publications such as: Parachute, Image and Text, and Handheld Media.
References
External links
Official Site
Truck Gallery
Aural Cultures - Walter Phillips Gallery
Experimental Television Center – Video History Project
EMC performance
Eastern Edge Gallery
EMMAX Collective
The New Gallery
ACAD Faculty Profile
Canadian contemporary artists
Living people
Canadian installation artists
Artists from Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian conceptual artists
1973 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Simmons%20%28artist%29 |
The Standard is a television series. Produced by BBC Scotland in 1978, it was shown on BBC1.
The series dealt with an ailing Scottish newspaper – the eponymous Standard – and the attempts to reverse its declining fortunes by its team of journalists and administrators.
Only one series of thirteen episodes was made. The series starred Patrick Malahide, Colette O'Neil, Tom Watson and Neil Stacy.
References
External links
Action TV episode guide
1970s British television series
BBC Scotland television shows
Mass media in Scotland
1970s Scottish television series
1978 Scottish television series debuts
1978 Scottish television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Standard%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Earth (, translit. Zemlya) is a 1930 Soviet silent film by Ukrainian director Oleksandr Dovzhenko. The film concerns the process of collectivization and the hostility of kulak landowners under the First Five-Year Plan. It is the third film, with Zvenigora and Arsenal, of Dovzhenko's "Ukraine Trilogy".
The script was inspired by Dovzhenko's life and experience of the process of collectivization in his native Ukraine. That process, which was the backdrop of the film and its production, informed its reception in the Soviet Union, which was largely negative.
Earth is commonly regarded as Dovzhenko's masterpiece and as one of the greatest films ever made. The film was voted number 10 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo.
Plot
The film begins with a montage of wind blowing through a field of wheat and sunflowers. Next, an old peasant named Semyon dies beneath an apple tree, attended by his son Opanas and grandson Vasyl. Elsewhere local kulaks, including Arkhyp Bilokin, denounce collectivization and declare their resistance to it. At Opanas's home, Vasyl and his friends meet to discuss collectivization and argue with Opanas, who is skeptical about collectivization.
Later, Vasyl arrives with the community's first tractor to much excitement. After the men urinate in the overheated radiator, the peasants plow the land with the tractor and harvest the grain, in the process plowing over the kulaks' fences. A montage sequence presents the production of bread from beginning to end. That night Vasyl dances a hopak along a path on his way home and is killed by a dark figure. Opanas looks for Vasyl's killer and confronts Khoma, Bilokin's son, who does not confess.
Vasyl's father turns away the Russian Orthodox priest who expects to lead the funeral, declaring his atheism. He asks Vasyl's friends to give his son a secular funeral and "sing new songs for a new life." The villagers do so, while Vasyl's fiancée, Natalya, mourns him and the local priest curses them. At the cemetery, Khoma arrives in a frenzy to declare that he will resist collectivization and that he killed Vasyl. The villagers ignore him while one of Vasyl's friends eulogizes him. The film ends with a montage showing a downpour of rain over fruit and vegetables, after which Natalya finds herself embraced in Vasyl's arms.
Cast
as Opanas
as Vasyl
Yuliya Solntseva as Vasyl's sister
Yelena Maksimova as Natalya
as Semen
as Khoma Bilokin
Ivan Franko as Arkhyp Bilokin
Volodymyr Mikhajlov as priest
Pavlo Petrik as Communist Party cell leader
O. Umanets as peasant
Ye. Bondina as peasant girl
as young kulak
Production
Dovzhenko wrote, produced, and filmed Earth in 1929, during the process of collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which he described as "a period … of economic [and] mental transformation of the whole people." Collectivization began in 1929 as Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin sought to control agriculture in the Soviet Union as it industrialized. This meant the collectivization of privately-owned farms, which peasants resisted by killing their draft animals, sabotaging agricultural machinery, and assassinating Soviet agents. Much of Earths script was inspired by Dovzhenko's experience of this process; Vasyl's death was based on the assassination of a Soviet agent in his home district. Dovzhenko also drew inspiration from his childhood memories, for instance basing the character of Semyon on his own grandfather.
Production of Earth began on 24 May 1929 and was finished on 25 February 1930. The original soundtrack was composed by Levko Revutsky.
Cinematography
Filming mostly took place in the Poltava Oblast of Ukraine. To shoot the film, Dovzhenko partnered with the Ukrainian cinematographer , who also shot two of Dovzhenko's previous films, Zvenigora and Arsenal. Close-ups are used extensively to highlight one or several characters, usually unnamed peasants, frequently motionless. Film scholar Gilberto Perez likened Earths cinematography to Homer's Odyssey, as "all that counts, in a given moment, is what is … clearly displayed on the screen".
Vasyl's dance celebrating the success of the harvest was originally scripted as a Cossack-style hopak but Svashenko altered it after consulting local Ukrainian farmers.
Release
Earth was released on 8 April 1930 and was banned by Soviet authorities nine days later. Before the film was approved for general distribution, certain scenes criticized as giving the film a "biological" focus, such as the peasants urinating into the tractor's radiator, were removed. The original negative for the film was destroyed in 1941 by a German air raid during the First Battle of Kyiv. In 1952, Dovzhenko adapted the film into a novelization.
In 2012, the National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Center, the Ukrainian state film archive, restored Earth and gave it a new score by the Ukrainian folk quartet DakhaBrakha. This version of the film premiered at the 2012 Odesa International Film Festival.
Reception
Earths reception in the Soviet Union consisted of high praise – receiving a standing ovation at its debut and the endorsement of the Red Army – and sharp criticism. Soviet authorities and journalists simultaneously lauded the film for its "formal mastery" and derided it for perceived ideological shortcomings. Pravda, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, praised the film's visual style but called its political content "false". The Soviet poet Demyan Bedny attacked Earth, calling it "counterrevolutionary" and "defeatist" in the newspaper Izvestia.
Film critic C. A. Lejeune praised the film's main section, saying that it "contains perhaps more understanding of pure beauty in cinema, more validity of relation in moving image, than any ten minutes of production yet known to the screen." Lewis Jacobs compared Dovzhenko's work to Eisenstein and Pudovkin, stating that Dovzhenko "had added a deep personal and poetic insight … [his films] are laconic in style, with a strange, wonderfully imaginative quality difficult to describe." Film director Grigori Roshal praised the film, writing, "Neither Eisenstein nor Pudovkin have achieved the tenderness and warmth in speaking about men and the world that Oleksandr Dovzhenko has revealed. Dovzhenko is always experimental. He is always an innovator and always a poet."
Dovzhenko's biographer Marco Carynnyk lauded the film's "passionate simplicity … which has made it a masterpiece of world cinema" and praised its "powerful lyric affirmation of life." It was ranked #88 in the 1995 Centenary Poll of the 100 Best Films of the Century in Time Out magazine. The work also received 10 critics' votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the world's greatest films. The British Film Institute said of Earth that its plot "is secondary to the extraordinarily potent images of wheatfields, ripe fruit and weatherbeaten faces".
Legacy
Earth is widely considered to be Dovzhenko's magnum opus, and among the greatest films ever made. The National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Center considers Earth to be the most famous Ukrainian film made. Earth was voted one of the twelve greatest films of all time by a group of 117 film historians at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair and was selected as one of five films to be screened at a festival to celebrate the 70th anniversary of UNESCO in 2015.
See also
Dovzhenko Film Studios
Holodomor
List of Soviet films of 1930
Soviet propaganda
References
Books
Articles
External links
(English subtitles)
Ray Uzwyshyn's Earth (1930): Philosophy, Iconology, Collectivization
Senses of Cinema Poetry in Motion: Alexander Dovzhenko’s Earth
1930 films
1930 drama films
Soviet silent feature films
Soviet propaganda films
Soviet-era Ukrainian films
Ukrainian black-and-white films
Soviet black-and-white films
Films about the Soviet Union in the Stalin era
Films set in Ukraine
Films shot in Ukraine
Dovzhenko Film Studios films
All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration films
Films directed by Alexander Dovzhenko
Russian Futurist film
Soviet drama films
Ukrainian silent feature films
Films critical of religion
Films about agriculture
Silent drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20%281930%20film%29 |
"Thunderstruck" is the lead single from the 1990 album The Razors Edge by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It peaked at 4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, No. 1 in Finland, and No. 5 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. In 2010, "Thunderstruck" topped Triple M Melbourne's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Australia. The top five were all AC/DC songs. The song is used in movies such as Deadpool 2, Planes: Fire & Rescue, Varsity Blues, The Longest Yard, Battleship, Daddy's Home and other TV shows and films.
Background
Angus Young stated in the liner notes of the 2003 re-release of The Razors Edge:
The song has sold over a million digital copies since it became available for digital download.
In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Thunderstruck" was ranked No. 8.
The song is one of the most recognisable in the bands' entire catalog and it is a setlist staple having been performed at nearly all shows since its release. With the exception of new material from albums they are touring behind, it is one of only three songs released after Back in Black that are still performed live by the band, the others being 1981's "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)" and 2008's "Rock and Roll Train".
Music video
The video which accompanied the single, directed by David Mallet, was filmed at London's Brixton Academy on 1990. The audience members were given free T-shirts with the words "AC/DC – I was Thunderstruck" on the front and the date on the back, and these T-shirts were worn by the entire audience throughout the filming of the video.
On 29 October 2021, the video hit one billion views on YouTube, the first AC/DC music video to do so.
Critical reception
"Thunderstruck" is widely considered one of the band's best songs. The Guardian ranked the song number eight on its list of the 40 greatest AC/DC songs, and the British rock magazine Kerrang! ranked the song number six on its list of the 20 greatest AC/DC songs.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Ringtones
|-
Personnel
Brian Johnson – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
Chris Slade – drums, percussion
Cyber attack of the Iranian nuclear program
The song was used as part of the payload of a computer virus which attacked the Iranian nuclear program between 2009 and 2010. Reportedly developed by the US and Israeli governments, Stuxnet took control of centrifuge controls in nuclear facilities across the country causing extensive damage to machinery. Additionally, various workstations were hijacked with the song playing randomly at high volume late at night. In an email sent to Finnish computer security expert, Mikko Hypponen of F-Secure, one of the scientists involved in the program was quoted as saying:
See also
List of best-selling singles in Australia
References
External links
[ "Thunderstruck" at AllMusic.com]
Songfacts for Thunderstuck
The Ultimate AC/DC Discography
AC/DC songs
Ministry (band) songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Angus Young
Songs written by Malcolm Young
Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn
1990 songs
Atco Records singles
Number-one singles in Finland
Heavy metal songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstruck%20%28song%29 |
The First Roumanian-American Congregation, also known as Congregation Shaarey Shomayim (, "Gates of Heaven"), or the Roumanishe Shul (Yiddish for "Romanian synagogue"), was an Orthodox Jewish congregation that, for over 100 years, occupied a historic building at 89–93 Rivington Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York.
Those who organized the congregation in 1885 were part of a substantial wave of Romanian-Jewish immigrants, most of whom settled in the Lower East Side. The Rivington Street building, built around 1860, had previously been a church, then a synagogue, then a church again, and had been extensively remodeled in 1889. It was transformed into a synagogue for a second time when the First Roumanian-American congregation purchased it in 1902 and again remodeled it.
The synagogue became famous as the "Cantor's Carnegie Hall", because of its high ceiling, good acoustics, and seating for up to 1,800 people. Yossele Rosenblatt, Moshe Koussevitzky, Zavel Kwartin, Moishe Oysher, Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker were all cantors there. Red Buttons sang in the choir, George Burns was a member, and Edward G. Robinson had his Bar Mitzvah there.
The congregation's membership was in the thousands in the 1940s, but by the early 2000s had declined to around 40, as Jews moved out of the Lower East Side. Though its building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, the congregation was reluctant to accept outside assistance in maintaining it. In December 2005, water damage was found in the structural beams, and services were moved to the living room of the rabbi's mother. In January 2006, the synagogue's roof collapsed, and the building was demolished two months later.
Origins
First Roumanian-American/Congregation Shaarey Shamoyim
From 1881 through 1914, approximately 2 million Jews immigrated to the United States from Europe. An estimated three-quarters of them settled in New York City, primarily in the Lower East Side. Over 75,000 of these immigrants were from Romania, where Jews faced antisemitic laws, violence and expulsion. These hardships, combined with low crop yields and economic depression, resulted in 30 percent of the Jews in Romania emigrating to the United States.
Romanian Jewish immigrants in New York City gravitated to a fifteen-block area bounded by Allen, Ludlow, Houston and Grand streets. This "Romanian quarter" became the most densely populated part of the Lower East Side, with 1,500 to 1,800 people per block. These immigrants founded the First Roumanian-American congregation, also known as Congregation Shaarey Shamoyim.
The origins of the congregation are disputed; its establishment in 1885 may have been a re-organization of a congregation founded in 1860. Located initially close to the Romanian quarter at 70 Hester Street, and later situated at the heart of it with the move to Rivington Street, the synagogue was the preferred house of worship for the quarter's inhabitants.
Rivington Street building
The Rivington Street building was constructed as a Protestant church around 1860 by the Second Reformed Presbyterian Church, which served the area's large German immigrant community. In November 1864 the building was sold to the Orthodox German-Jewish Congregation Shaaray Hashomayim ("Gates of the Heavens"), which had been founded in 1841. Though its Hebrew name was essentially the same as that used by the First Roumanian-American congregation—Congregation Shaarey Shamoyim—which later purchased the building in 1902, the two congregations were unrelated.
By the late 1880s, the German-Jewish community had mostly moved from the Lower East Side. In 1889, Congregation Shaaray Hashomayim moved to 216 East 15th Street, near Second Avenue, selling the Rivington Street building to the New York City Church Extension and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which built or purchased churches, missions, and Sunday schools in New York City.
The Church Extension and Missionary Society engaged J. Cleaveland Cady to design major alterations to the structure. Cady was, at the time, New York's most famous church architect, and had designed many other public institutional buildings, including university buildings, hospitals and museums. His work included the original Metropolitan Opera building (since demolished), the Richardsonian Romanesque West 78th Street wing of the American Museum of Natural History, and several other buildings for the Church Extension and Missionary Society. The renovations cost approximately $36,000 (today $), and included an entirely new Romanesque Revival facade in the reddish-orange brick that Cady also used on several other churches.
Renamed the Allen Street Methodist Episcopal Church (or Allen Street Memorial Church), the Rivington Street building's new purpose was to "attract Jewish immigrants seeking conversion". It was, however, unsuccessful in this endeavor. In 1895, the church's pastor stated, "The existence of the church here attracts few. Our audiences are small, and contain almost no Jews."
Purchase and renovation by First Roumanian-American
In 1902, the First Roumanian-American congregation/Congregation Shaarey Shamoyim purchased the Rivington Street building from the Church Extension and Missionary Society to satisfy a need for a larger building to serve the Lower East Side's rapidly growing Romanian-Jewish population. At the time, the property was valued at $95,000 (today $). The funds for the purchase were raised from the members of the congregation, and to honor those contributing $10 or more, names were engraved on one of four marble slabs in the stairway to the main sanctuary. The most generous gift was $500, at a time when $10 was two weeks' pay. The congregation also took out two mortgages; one for $50,000 (today $) with the Title Insurance Company, and a second for $30,000 (today $) with the Church Extension and Missionary Society.
The congregation commissioned Charles E. Reid for extensive renovations, at a cost of $6,000 (today $). The "eclectic Byzantine" remodeling involved converting it for Jewish use by removing Christian symbols and adding a Torah ark and bimah (central platform from which the Torah is read) at the sanctuary's north end. The renovations retained the original "horseshoe-shaped gallery supported by twelve Ionic columns" and wooden pews with reading shelves (likely from the 1889 Cady renovation), but a number of structural changes were made. Steel beams were added to support the weight of the ark and bimah, the rear wall was re-built and the gallery extended to meet it, two skylights were added (a concave stained glass one and a clear glass one over the ark), and at the front of the building, on top of the shallow (14 feet deep) fourth-story attic, an equally shallow fifth-story attic was added.
The completed structure filled almost the entire width of its approximately by lot, and seated 1,600 to 1,800. Dedicated in late December 1902, it was the Lower East Side's largest synagogue and only Romanesque one, and it became an "architectural and public showpiece".
Early activities
By 1903 the synagogue was well established on Rivington Street, and, due to its capacity and prominence, was often the site of significant or mass meetings. In April 1903 a service to honor the memory of Reform rabbi and Zionist leader Gustav Gottheil was held there, and a similar service was held for Theodor Herzl the following year. At the latter service, which was boycotted by Orthodox rabbis, Herzl was not eulogized, nor was his name mentioned.
The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (UOJCA) held its third annual convention at the synagogue in June 1903, attended by around 100 delegates, and presided over by the organization's president, Rabbi Henry Pereira Mendes. The most important resolutions adopted at that meeting were one that deprecated the granting of a get (religious divorce document) to—or allowing subsequent re-marriage by—people who had not first obtained a civil divorce, and the request that congregations with mostly foreign-born members "secure an English-speaking rabbi for the benefit of their American-born English-speaking children". Pereira Mendes spoke in favor of the creation of a committee to bring victims of the Kishinev pogrom to the United States, and against a proposal by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) that the Jewish Sabbath be moved to Sunday. Pereira Mendes also announced that the UOJCA would "unite" with the UAHC and other national "religious, philanthropic, or educational" Jewish organizations in Washington "to discuss the subjects of vital concern to Judaism and Jews", while rejecting the proposition that "the main topic of the discussion at the first congress shall be the immigration problem."
At the meeting Albert Lucas also spoke out strongly against attempts by Christian groups to proselytize Jewish children in nurseries and kindergartens. Ostensibly to combat this proselytization, in 1903 the congregation was one of several New York City synagogues that allowed Lucas the use of its premises for free religious classes, "open to all children of the neighborhood".
In December 1905 a mass meeting was held at the synagogue to protest massacres of Jews in Russia and mourn their deaths, and the congregation donated $500 to a fund for the sufferers. In March 1909 Orthodox groups held meetings there to organize opposition to the constitution and make-up of Judah Leon Magnes's Kehilla, an overarching organization intended to represent all of New York's Jews, which lasted until 1922. A mass meeting of local residents and businessmen to combat Lower East Side gangsters was held at the synagogue in 1913.
The Rivington Street synagogue was also a preferred venue for airing issues relevant specifically to Romanian-American Jews. In 1905 it was the site of New York City's only memorial service honoring United States Secretary of State John Hay, who had worked on behalf of oppressed Jews in Romania. In 1908, the synagogue hosted a meeting of over 30 religious organizations representing Romanian-American Jews, at which the formation of a federation of those organizations was proposed, and again in 1916 hosted a similar meeting of "two hundred delegates representing thirty-five organizations ... to plan incorporation of the American League of Rumanian Jews". At the latter meeting steps were taken to raise $1,000,000 (today $) for oppressed Jews in Romania, and to campaign for their "equal rights and their emancipation from thralldom".
The congregation carried out extensive charity campaigns during the Passover season; by 1905 the congregation was distributing wagon-loads of matzos to poor Jews so they could celebrate the holiday. By 1907–1908 membership had risen to 500 (up from 160 in 1900), the Talmud Torah had 250 students, and the synagogue's annual revenues were $25,000 (today $). The congregation ran into financial difficulties of its own in 1908, and in October of that year raised funds by selling a number of its Torah scrolls in a public auction.
Members who would become famous included George Burns and Bucharest-born Edward G. Robinson, who had his Bar Mitzvah there in 1906. Robinson would later laugh that his propensity for taking the stage was demonstrated when he gave the longest Bar Mitzvah speech in the history of the congregation—"but the men sat still and listened".
In 1911 First Roumanian-American celebrated its ten-year jubilee at the synagogue. Guest speakers included United Synagogue of America president Solomon Schechter, Congressman Henry M. Goldfogle, and the principal speaker was William Jay Gaynor, then Mayor of New York City.
Membership had grown to 350 families by 1919. The congregational school held classes daily, and had 4 teachers and 300 students. The American Jewish Year Book listed the synagogue's rabbi as Abraham Frachtenberg, a well-known cantor.
"Cantor's Carnegie Hall"
The synagogue's sanctuary had a high ceiling and "opera house" characteristics, and was renowned for its "exquisite" or "magnificent" acoustics. Known as "the Cantor's Carnegie Hall", First Roumanian-American became a center for cantorial music, and many of the greatest cantors of the 20th century led services there. Yossele Rosenblatt, Moshe Koussevitzky, Zavel Kwartin and Moishe Oysher all sang there, as did Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker before they became famous opera singers. Having a reputation for good cantorial singing had a positive impact on a synagogue's finances; congregations depended on the funds from the sale of tickets for seats on the High Holy Days, and the better the cantor, the greater the attendance.
Red Buttons sang at the synagogue with Rosenblatt in 1927, and when visiting the synagogue almost 70 years later could still remember the songs. Though his family actually went to a "small storefront synagogue", Buttons was discovered, at age eight, by a talent scout for Rosenblatt's Coopermans Choir, who heard him singing near the intersection of Fifth Street and Avenue C, at a "pickle stand". Buttons would sing in the choir for three years. Eddie Cantor has also been claimed as a choir member, though this is less likely.
Oysher—"the greatest of all popularizers of cantorial singing"—became the synagogue's cantor in 1935, and the congregation's membership peaked in the 1940s, when it numbered in the thousands. In a 1956 interview by Brendan Gill in The New Yorker magazine, Oysher described First Roumanian-American as "the most orthodox Orthodox synagogue in town". Oysher died of a heart attack two years later "at the young age of 51". The week of his death, he had said, "half-jokingly", that he wanted only one person to deliver his eulogy: Chaim Porille, rabbi of the First Roumanian-American Congregation. Porille had been born in Uścieczko (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1898, and moved to the United States in 1927, to serve as rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Providence, Rhode Island. He became rabbi of First Roumanian-American in 1932, a post he filled until 1962, and was a member of the executive board of the Agudath Harabonim. He died in September 1968.
Subsequent building renovations and appearance in the 1990s
In the years following First Roumanian-American's initial purchase and renovation of the Rivington Street building, the congregation made a number of other structural alterations. These included:
1916–1917: Adding fire escapes on the east and west sides of the building.
1920s or later: Installing individual theatre-style seats in the gallery.
1938–1943: Removing the staircase to the fourth floor, leaving access only from the fire escapes.
1948–1950: Reconstructing the portico with some of the existing stone and brick, and adding new "fireproof steel stairs with terrazzo treads" and light-yellow and blue tinted glass windows on the east and west walls of the sanctuary, and other improvements.
1964: Adding a kitchen to the basement "for social purposes".
In the 1990s, the north-facing orange-red brick facade presented a large, compound arched brick and stone portico, with deeply recessed doors. This arch was "supported by three carved columns, two twisted columns, and a central column with a chevron pattern, each with a Byzantine-style capital", and had a stone coping on top. Carved into the portico arch in capital letters were the words "First Roumanian-American Congregation" in English.
Originally there were large rectangular window openings on the ground floor on each side of the portico, each divided into two windows, but these had been bricked in by the 1990s. The second- and third-floor windows above them were originally stained glass but later clear glass, each second-floor window having eight square panes, and each third-floor window six panes topped with an arch. "Ornamental red terra cotta panels" separated the second- and third-floor openings. On the third floor, centered above the portico, was a similar window, this one flanked by two short recessed twisted columns, each "supporting a stone lintel incised with a cupid's-bow ornament". Similar lintels capped three-story pilasters at each corner of the facade, and these pilasters and lintels extended around the northeast and northwest corners. The six-paned windows were each capped with a roundel and three spandrels, "two large and one small", and these retained their original stained glass.
The shallow fourth floor was demarcated on the bottom by "a heavy frieze and corbelled brick cornice", which supported "eight round-arched windows with molded brick voussoirs ... massed in a 3-2-3 pattern". By the 1990s these had also been bricked in. The attic on top of the fourth floor, added during the 1902–1903 renovations, was "capped by a band of small red terra-cotta blocks".
The sides of the building were faced with plain brick, and flanked by narrow alleys with iron gates at each entrance. The walls generally had plain windows, though there was a round arched one on each side of the fourth floor. One fire escape remained, in the east alley.
Inside, the building held a two-story balconied main sanctuary and dining room, in addition to the basement kitchen and bathrooms. The heating system was in a sub-basement. The front ark and wood bimah in the sanctuary were ornate; the red velvet draped ark was elaborately decorated, and the bimah was also decorated, and supported a large bronze candelabra. The sanctuary floor was wood, with wood wainscoting and plaster walls.
Appearances in popular culture
The synagogue building can be seen in the 1956 film Singing in the Dark, starring Oysher, and also starring (and produced by) Joey Adams. The entrance can be seen in the panoramic photograph of the corner of Ludlow and Rivington streets found on the Beastie Boys' 1989 Paul's Boutique album cover foldout, and the building (and Jacob Spiegel) can also be seen in Raphael Nadjari's 2001 film I Am Josh Polonski's Brother.
Decline
Over time the synagogue appealed to a broader constituency than just Roumanian-American Jews. Nevertheless, membership declined during the latter half of the 20th century as the upwardly mobile Jewish population of the Lower East Side moved to north Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx. First Roumanian-American was particularly affected: as it was an Orthodox congregation, in order to attend Sabbath services its members had to live within walking distance.
In 1980 First Roumanian-American was one of the few congregations on the Lower East Side to still have its own Talmud Torah. This school had been housed in a small building on the east side of the synagogue that had formerly served as the church rectory. The congregation was eventually forced to sell the building, but the new owners retained the school's carved sign.
Rabbi Mordecai Mayer, who had led the congregation for 20 years, died in 1981, two days before his 66th birthday. Born in Chortkov (then in Poland), he had graduated from the Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva, and had emigrated to the United States in 1936. He had, for 40 years, conducted programs on Jewish topics on radio station WEVD, then owned by The Forward. In the 1970s he was a columnist for the Yiddish weekly Algemeiner Journal, and was the author of the English-language books Israel's Wisdom in Modern Life (1949) and Seeing Through Believing (1973). He was succeeded by Jacob Spiegel.
In the early 1990s the congregation could still be assured of the required quorum of ten men for the minyan during the week, as local businessmen attended the morning and evening prayers before opening and after closing their shops. By 1996, however, the membership was down to around two dozen, and Spiegel began holding services in the small social hall in the basement, as the main sanctuary had become too expensive to maintain.
With the decline in membership, the building deteriorated. In 1997 the congregation received a grant for preservation and repair of the structure from the New York Landmarks Conservancy, and the following year received $4,000 from the Landmarks Conservancy's Sacred Sites program for roof truss repairs. That same year the synagogue building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places at the local level. In the fall of that year Shimon Attie's laser visual work Between Dreams and History was projected onto the synagogue and neighboring buildings for three weeks.
Spiegel had a heart attack and died in 2001, leaving charge of the synagogue to the youngest of his three sons, Rabbi Shmuel Spiegel. The other sons, Rabbi Gershon and Rabbi Ari, were, respectively, synagogue president and assistant rabbi. In June 2003 the name "Rabbi Yaakov Spiegel Way" was given collectively to the corner of Rivington Street and Ludlow Street near the synagogue location and the stretch of Rivington in front of the synagogue.
The roof had long been in bad shape by the time of Jacob Spiegel's death in 2001 and it was threatening to collapse. In December of that year, Shmuel Spiegel managed to raise $25,000 for emergency repairs. However, despite offering cholent (the traditional Sabbath lunch stew) at the Sabbath morning kiddush, Spiegel had to search local streets to make the ten men for the minyan. In 2004 the regular membership hovered around 40. Spiegel kept the synagogue running at an annual cost of around $75,000.
Collapse
On January 22, 2006, the roof of the synagogue caved in, severely damaging the main sanctuary. Joshua Cohen, writing in The Forward in 2008, described the roof as "falling in respectfully, careful not to disturb the local nightclubs, or the wine and cheesery newly opened across the street". No one was injured, and a party to celebrate that fact was later held at the Chasam Sopher Synagogue on Clinton Street.
The National Trust for Historic Preservation issued a press release about the collapse, in which it described "older religious properties, like the First Roumanian-American Synagogue" as "national treasures", and stated:
The roof collapse at First Roumanian–American Synagogue this week demonstrates that houses of worship must have access to necessary technical assistance, staff and board training, and the development of new funding sources in order to save these landmarks of spirituality, cultural tradition, and community service.
Amy Waterman, executive director of a project to repair and renovate the Eldridge Street Synagogue, noted in The Forward:
Synagogues like the First Roumanian-American Congregation, more familiarly known as the Rumanische shul, were the first spiritual homes for successive waves of European immigrants. They were built more than 100 years ago, and just like the bridges and tunnels of New York City, they're bound to fail if not attended to.
Though First Roumanian-American had hosted a wedding as recently as October 30, 2005, the sanctuary had not been in regular use for over 10 years as a result of the difficulty maintaining it. Services had been held instead on a lower floor, and by autumn 2005 the roof was so porous that on Yom Kippur—even in the basement—they prayed "with buckets". After a contractor found water damage in the ceiling beams in early December, the three Spiegel brothers had been holding services in their mother Chana's apartment at 383 Grand Street, where they placed the congregation's 15 Torah scrolls following the roof cave-in. The synagogue's historic ark was also retrieved from the ruins. According to Shmuel Spiegel, "the insurance company [was] playing hardball."
Because the building had never been registered as a National Historic Landmark, after the collapse it was demolished on March 3, 2006. The New York City Department of Buildings said that the decision to demolish was the congregation's, but congregational vice president Joshua Shainberg said the Department of Buildings had left them no choice: "The Department of Buildings told us, 'You are to demolish it or we are to demolish it.' There were figures of up to $1.5 million for demolition." At the time of the building's collapse, the Spiegel brothers vowed that it would be re-built, but not nearly as large: "perhaps 20 feet high by 60 feet deep by 75 feet wide, which would cost about $2 million to $3 million".
Richard Price described the collapsed building in his novel Lush Life, writing that, after the demolition, only the rear wall with a Star of David in stained glass remained: "The candlesticks were standing up in the rubble, and the whole place looked like an experimental stage set—like Shakespeare in the Park." By October 2007 all that was left was "an empty lot dotted with weeds and crushed bricks". In a 2008 addendum to his book Dough: A Memoir, Mort Zachter described the remains as "a multimillion dollar real estate opportunity masquerading as a vacant, weed-strewn lot".
Controversy
The collapse of the roof, and subsequent destruction of the synagogue, generated widespread concern and criticism among preservationists, who blamed Jacob and Shmuel Spiegel—a charge the family rejected.
Julia Vitullo-Martin, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and director of its Center for Rethinking Development, stated that First Roumanian-American's roof collapse and subsequent destruction dramatized an "ongoing though undocumented synagogue crisis—particularly in poor neighborhoods" and revealed a broader problem peculiar to Jewish houses of worship:
In the years preceding the building's collapse, the congregation had received offers of assistance from the New York Landmarks Conservancy, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Lower East Side Conservancy, and the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, though reports on the amounts and types of assistance offered varied. The congregation, then under the leadership of Jacob Spiegel, rejected them. Joel Kaplan of the Lower East Side Conservancy stated that the congregation "didn't want the several hundred thousand dollars in landmarking grants that went to other Lower East shuls, money that could have kept the shul in repair".
The reasons given for this rejection also varied. According to Vitullo-Martin, writing in The Wall Street Journal, Shmuel Spiegel was not sure why the offers were rejected, as the records were "buried in the rubble". Vitullo-Martin speculated that congregants might have hesitated to agree to a condition that they would need permission from the state for any sale or alteration of the building during the following 20 years. According to The New York Times, Spiegel stated that the repairs required were so extensive that the congregation could not have made them even with this financial assistance. According to The Jewish Week, Spiegel stated that the congregation "didn't want outside interference", was "uncomfortable with the idea of being landmarked and having to answer to landmark guidelines", and was also uncomfortable with making part of the building into a "museum of past glory", as others nearby had done.
Zachter writes:
Notes
References
Singing in the Dark, National Center for Jewish Film website. Accessed September 15, 2009.
Further reading
Zachter, Mort. Dough: A Memoir, University of Georgia Press, 2007.
External links
, The New York Times, February 28, 1910.
Photographs of First Roumanian-American from March 1994 by Gene Lowinger.
"Breaking: Rivington Street Synagogue Deconstruction?", Curbed NY, February 7, 2006.
"On the Market: Incredible Shrinking Synagogue Site", Curbed NY, March 14, 2006.
"Incredible Shrinking Synagogue Listing", Curbed NY, March 16, 2006.
"More Bad News from Incredible Shrinking Synagogue", Curbed NY, March 31, 2006.
"CurbedWire: Incredible Shrinking Synagogue, $14m", Curbed NY, September 25, 2006.
1885 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures demolished in 2006
Demolished churches in New York City
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Former Presbyterian churches in New York City
Former synagogues in New York (state)
Lower East Side
Orthodox synagogues in New York City
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Religious organizations established in 1885
Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City
Romanesque Revival synagogues
Romanian-Jewish culture in New York (state)
Synagogues completed in 1860
Synagogues in Manhattan
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Roumanian-American%20Congregation |
How to Beat the High Cost of Living is a 1980 American comedy heist film directed by Robert Scheerer and starring Susan Saint James, Jane Curtin, and Jessica Lange. Set in the aftermath of the economic recession of the 1970s, the film follows three women in suburban Oregon who, each facing personal and financial crises and desperate for money, devise a plan to steal a large amount of cash from a giveaway event in the local shopping mall. The film features supporting performances by Dabney Coleman, Fred Willard, Richard Benjamin, Eddie Albert, Scott Elliott, Cathryn Damon, Sybil Danning, and a cameo by Curtin's fellow Saturday Night Live co-star Garrett Morris.
The film was produced by American International Pictures (AIP) but released under Filmways in the summer of 1980, as AIP had merged with the latter following the film's completion. It is considered the final AIP production, before its revival by MGM in 2020.
Plot
Jane, Elaine, and Louise are suburbanites in Eugene, Oregon. These three women, friends since high school, are currently all struggling with money due to a turbulent national economy and high inflation. Jane is divorced, trying to cope with the man she is dating, Robert; her newly single father, who moves in with Jane after his wife leaves him for another woman; and her young children, who need dental work. Jane learns she is pregnant, which makes Robert unhappy since both he and Jane are nearly broke. Elaine's husband, an architect, has left her for a younger woman. He has also left her with no money, no credit cards, and many overdue bills. Louise owns an unsuccessful antiques store, and relies on funds from her veterinarian husband Albert to keep the store open.
After her electricity is shut off, a depressed Elaine gets drunk and her car is pulled over by police officer Jack. Elaine makes a pass at him, trying to get out of the ticket. When he accepts, he then reveals he is married, and Elaine smacks him with her purse. Meanwhile, Louise is served a court order and learns that her husband plans on suing her to force her into bankruptcy to wipe away the enormous debt she has incurred.
The women become desperate. Elaine has a yard sale to raise money, selling her husband's possessions, including his deodorant. At the peak of their woes, Elaine visits the local mall, where an acquaintance, Natalie, has coaxed her into helping out with staging a community pageant. Elaine stares at a large, clear ball soon due to hold thousands of dollars in a giant cash "give away" and formulates the idea of stealing the money. She calls Jane and Louise to the mall, where they scheme to steal the money by drilling a hole beneath the ball and sucking out as much cash as possible with a high-powered vacuum, then escaping via the river behind the mall. Despite getting caught by officer Jack in the act of stealing items needed for the heist, Elaine again manages to sweet-talk her way out of being taken to jail. As a test run to prepare themselves, the women drive to Medford where they appoint Jane to attempt an armed robbery at a Safeway, but the sheepish Jane's effort fails when the impervious cashier mistakes her pistol for a toy water gun she assumes Jane is purchasing.
On the evening of the heist, each woman has an unexpected distraction, but finally find their way to the mall. Jane and Louise go to work beneath the cash ball while Elaine readies herself to throw the switch to the mall's lighting controls, aiding their escape. Unfortunately, a minor occurrence nearly causes mall security to notice the noise caused by Jane and Louise stealing the money. With no other way to distract the guards and shoppers, Elaine begins to rant about the high cost of living and how so many things cost "the shirt off your back – and even that's not enough!" She begins an impromptu striptease, exposing her bosom to the crowd. An indoor light pole falls directly into the ball, sending cash flowing out into the mall, driving people into a frenzy to collect it. During the uproar above, Jane and Louise make their escape to the river with two large trash bags filled with cash, only to have their canoe tip over when Louise stands up. They both fall in, and Louise can't swim, leaving Jane to decide to save the cash or her friend. She saves Louise and the two bags float away.
Hours later, the sun is rising and both Jane and Louise are still on the bank of the river, crestfallen over the loss of the money, joined by Elaine, wrapped in a blanket. The three begin to argue, but Louise notices a bag floating by and all three of them dive in after it.
At the film's end, Jane has married Robert and gotten her father a condo in a senior's complex; Louise reopens her store and takes back her husband, whom she had left; and Elaine begins dating the officer, with enough secret money to bring her back to the lifestyle she had been accustomed to.
Cast
Production
Development
Robert Kaufman had written the script for How to Beat the High Cost of Living in 1971–1972, and Kaufman (and then later with Jere Henshaw) had 20th Century-Fox, Warner Bros., and Universal Pictures, all interested in the project if he could land major, bankable stars. Kaufman and Henshaw could not get the film made until Henshaw was hired by American International Pictures as executive senior vice president in charge of production. The pair first made the financially successful Love at First Bite, which gave them the green light to make How to Beat the High Cost of Living with younger, lesser-known names. The screenplay was originally titled Moneyball.
Casting
In 1975, during the production's early development stages, Carol Burnett and Glenda Jackson were originally attached to the star in the film. After Burnett dropped out of the production, Jackson was to co-star with Jane Fonda and Shirley MacLaine, though this iteration of the cast never reached fruition.
After 20th Century-Fox acquired the rights to develop the film, they sought Ali MacGraw, Goldie Hawn, and Barbra Streisand for the lead roles; Ann-Margret was also considered. After the development with 20th Century-Fox fell through and American International Pictures took over the production, offers were made to Margot Kidder, Dyan Cannon, Sally Field, and Diane Keaton, but each turned down the project. Eventually, Jane Curtin, who had garnered notoriety for her work on Saturday Night Live, was cast, alongside Susan Saint James and Jessica Lange.
Many of the minor supporting cast was hired from the Oregon Repertory Theater Company, in addition to approximately two thousand locals hired as extras, as well as cheerleaders from the University of Oregon.
Filming
The production was originally planned to film in Salem, Oregon, but instead was shot in Eugene due to the screenplay requiring a shopping mall location that was near a river; Eugene's Valley River Center is positioned against the bank of the Willamette River. The production was budgeted at $4.75 million with a 42-day shooting schedule. Filming began on September 5, 1979 and wrapped in late October.
While filming an outdoor scene in Eugene, a middle-aged man drove by in a car and yelled "Jane, you ignorant slut!", referring to the Curtin and Dan Aykroyd Weekend Update Point/Counterpoint segment on Saturday Night Live.
Release
Home media
MGM Home Entertainment released How to Beat the High Cost of Living on DVD in 2003. In 2015, Olive Films released the film on Blu-ray and DVD.
References
Sources
External links
1980 films
1980 comedy films
1980s crime comedy films
1980s female buddy films
1980s heist films
Adultery in films
American crime comedy films
American heist films
American International Pictures films
1980s English-language films
Films about criminals
Films about divorce
Films directed by Robert Scheerer
Films scored by Patrick Williams
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Eugene, Oregon
Filmways films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Beat%20the%20High%20Cost%20of%20Living |
Michel Joseph Martelly (; born 12 February 1961) is a Haitian musician and politician who was the President of Haiti from May 2011 until February 2016.
Martelly was one of Haiti's best-known musicians for over a decade, going by the stage name Sweet Micky. For business and musical reasons, Martelly has moved a number of times between the United States and Haiti. When travelling to the United States, Martelly mostly stays in Florida. After his presidency, Martelly returned to his former band and sang a carnival méringue entitled "Bal Bannan nan" (Give Her the Banana), as a mocking response to Liliane Pierre Paul, a famous Haitian female journalist in Port-au-Prince.
As a singer and keyboardist, "Sweet Micky" is known for his Kompa music, a style of Haitian dance music sung predominantly in the Haitian Creole language, but he blended this with other styles. Martelly popularized a "new generation" of compas with smaller bands relying on synthesizers and electronic instruments. From 1989 to 2008, Martelly recorded over a dozen studio albums and a number of live CDs. As a musician and club owner in Haiti in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Martelly became associated with the neo-Duvalierist Haitian military and police, including figures such as police chief Michel François, and he agreed with the 1991 Haitian coup d'état against Jean-Bertrand Aristide. In 1995, after Aristide had been restored to office, Martelly's name appeared on a hit list of coup supporters, and he stayed away from Haiti for almost a year. During this time, he released a song, "Prezidan" (on the album Pa Manyen), "an exuberant ditty that called for a president who played compas". However, he did not run for political office until 2010, when he became a candidate for President of Haiti.
After the catastrophic earthquake, Martelly won the 2010–11 Haitian general election for his party Repons Peyizan (Farmers' Response Party), after a run-off against candidate Mirlande Manigat. Martelly had come in third in the first round of the election, until the Organization of American States forced Jude Célestin to withdraw due to alleged fraud. Martelly assumed his position of the President of Haiti on 14 May 2011 after René Préval retired to his home in Marmelade. His election campaign included a promise to reinstate the nation's military, which had been abolished in the 1990s by Jean-Bertrand Aristide. He resigned as president in February 2016. He was sanctioned by the Canadian Government, which accuses him of involvement in human rights violations and supporting criminal gangs, on 17 November 2022.
For the political scientist Frédéric Thomas, the accession to power of Michel Martelly in 2011 marked the beginning of a "form of legal banditry" and constitutes a key step in the process of decay of the Haitian state.
Early life
Martelly was born in Côtes-de-Fer, the son of Gerard Martelly, a Shell Oil executive and Marie Madeleine Martelly (née De Pradines, b. 1931 – d. 21 October 2016). On his mother's side, his grandfather Auguste de Pradines was a troubadour who wrote comic protest songs against the 1915–34 United States occupation of Haiti. After graduating from high school at the Institution Saint Louis de Gonzague, Martelly enlisted in the Haitian Military Academy, but (according to Martelly) was expelled after impregnating the daughter of a general. In 1984, he moved to the United States, and worked in construction and briefly attended a community college in Miami. In 1986, after one semester, he divorced his first wife, an American citizen, and returned to Haiti just as Jean-Claude Duvalier, then president-for-life, was heading into exile. In 1987, Martelly returned to Miami with his then-girlfriend, Sophia Saint-Rémy, whom he later married in a small ceremony in Miami, Florida. They returned to Haiti in 1988.
Upon his return to Haiti, Martelly had his first breakthrough in the music industry when he began playing keyboard as a fill-in musician in local venues in Pétion-Ville and Kenscoff, upscale suburbs of Port-au-Prince. Martelly "sang playful, romantic numbers over a slow méringue beat called compas, the only music allowed under the Duvaliers." After the 1991 Haitian coup d'état saw the expulsion of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, "Martelly opened a Pétion-Ville club called the Garage, where he entertained many of the coup's main architects, including the much-feared chief of national police, Michel François, later convicted in absentia for massacring Aristide supporters."
Music
Martelly has been heralded as a pioneer of a unique genre of compas, a style of Haitian dance music sung predominantly in the Haitian Creole language. Originally, compas, was the creation of Nemours Jean-Baptiste. Martelly, a keyboardist and the self-proclaimed "President of Compas," popularized a nouvelle génération, or "new generation" style, of smaller bands with few members that relied predominantly on synthesizers and electronic instruments to reproduce a fuller sound. Martelly's live performances and recordings are sometimes laced with physical humor and humorous sociopolitical commentaries and satires. Although he is the most recognized musician and public personality in Haiti, Martelly's performance style has sometimes ignited controversy throughout Haitian communities.
Recording career
By 1988, Martelly's musical talent, stage craft, and his pattering style of compas had gained tremendous popularity at El Rancho Hotel and Casino and The Florville, another local venues. That year, he recorded his first single, "Ou La La", which became an instant hit, followed by "Konpas 'Foret des Pins'" in 1989, also from his debut album Ou La La. During the period of about 1988–2008 Martelly, using his stage name Sweet Micky, recorded fourteen studio albums and a number of live CDs. His music features slow méringue, compas, troubadour, carnival méringue, rabòday, etc.
In 1997, Martelly's crossover appeal to other musical genres was evident when hip hop star, Wyclef Jean of The Fugees featured him on the title track for Jean's solo effort Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival featuring the Refugee Allstars. As Jean proclaims on 'The Carnival,' "Surprise – it's Sweet Micky, y'all!" Also in 1997, Martelly released an album containing one of his most celebrated hits, Pa Manyen ("Don't Touch"). The song is an adaptation of "Angola", composed by the renowned artist/composer/record producer Ramiro Mendes (of the Mendes Brothers), first recorded by Cesária Évora, the legendary Cape Verdean singer. Pa Manyen went on to be featured in various compilation albums, including the popular Putumayo Presents: French Caribbean in 2003. The song was also covered by Venezuelan singer, Soledad Bravo as "Canta, Canta Corazon" and by Jose Luiz Cortes of Cuba. See also the Mendes Brothers' original version of the song, performed by Ramiro Mendes included in the group's 1997 album—Para Angola Com Um Xi Coracao. Martelly is also notorious for his cursing on stage, cross-dressing as well as using homophobic slurs. His celebrity status as a popular compas musician would become a major factor in his popularity as a politician.
Political career
In 1992, Martelly played for free at a protest against the arrival of a UN representative charged with negotiating the return of Jean-Bertrand Aristide after the 1991 Haitian coup d'état. Martelly later explained "I did not want Aristide back... You want me to be a de facto [supporter of the coup]. I'm a de facto. It's my right. It's my country. I can fight for whatever I believe in." After Jean-Bertrand Aristide had been restored to office, some former military officers, paramilitaries and secret police associated with the old regime were assassinated. In February 1995, a "hit list" of such individuals was circulated, and included Martelly's name. After an individual on the list was murdered, Martelly's wife warned him not to come back from his tour, and it was almost a year before he returned to Haiti. During this time he released a song, Prezidan, "an exuberant ditty that called for a president who played compas". At the 1996 Carnival, to which Manno Charlemagne, the mayor of Port-au-Prince, invited him, Martelly dressed in a pink wig and bra. As Martelly explained, it was intended in part as a political statement: "If you see me as a Macoute, then I'm a Macoute. If you see me as gay, I'm gay. What you think of me is no problem, as far as I am concerned. You have the right to think what you want. I know who I am, and that's the main thing."
In 1997, Martelly participated in "Knowledge Is Power", an HIV educational music video with a message about preventing the spread of HIV. His humanitarian work as the president of the Fondation Rose et Blanc, created by his wife Sophia and himself, to help the poor and disenfranchised of the country, was the basis for his choice as the Good Will Haitian Ambassador for the Protection of the Environment by the Haitian Government.
In 2004, following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état against Aristide, Gérard Latortue, a friend of Martelly's, became Prime Minister. At this time, Martelly was living in Florida but in 2007, he moved back to Haiti. In the process, when the mortgage/financial sector crashed, he defaulted on more than $1m in loans, losing 3 properties to foreclosure.
Following the 2010 earthquake, Martelly ran for President of Haiti in the general elections. He benefited from his celebrity status as a musician, and held musical rallies called koudjay (musical political endorsement rallies), drawing crowds and media attention. He also benefited from the support of Bill Clinton (UN Special Envoy to Haiti) and the active support of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. He challenged the results as to whether he placed second, making the runoff, or third. On 3 February 2011, it was announced that he would participate in a run-off election scheduled for 20 March 2011. On 4 April 2011, a senior official announced that Martelly had won the presidential run-off election against candidate Mirlande Manigat with more than 60% of the vote. Amongst the Core Group Nations of Haiti, some of their ambassadors notably the Secretary of the State of the U.S. during the Obama administration former first First Lady Hillary Clinton decided that Maretlly was the winner.
Presidency
After the devastating earthquake, Martelly was sworn in as President of Haiti on 14 May 2011, marking the first time in Haitian history that an incumbent president peacefully transferred power to a member of the opposition. On the anniversary of the earthquake, the incumbent Haitian Prime Minister, Jean-Max Bellerive, resigned to allow Martelly to choose his own Prime Minister. Martelly was quick to pledge reforms for the post-earthquake reconstruction process.
In August 2011, Martelly announced a plan to reinstate the nation's military. This plan was controversial as many human rights activists were concerned about the return of a military responsible for many atrocities in the past.
In September 2011, Martelly formed an advisory board that included business executives, bankers, and politicians such as former U.S. President Bill Clinton, which he hoped would improve the economy.
In February 2012, Martelly's Prime Minister Garry Conille resigned after having been in office five months. He was replaced in May by Laurent Lamothe, the Haitian Foreign Minister.
Between March and April 2012, Martelly was accused of corruption, with allegations that during and after the 2010 earthquake and presidential election, he had accepted $2.6 million in bribes to ensure that a Dominican Republic construction company would continue to receive contracts under his presidency. Martelly denied the allegations. Companies owned or controlled by Félix Bautista had received no-bid contracts worth $200 million, awarded by former Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive. In October 2013, Martelly met with a Franco-Polish arms dealer Pierre Dadak and two Canadian businessmen to discuss a $20 billion plan to develop Île-à-Vache, a plan which came to nothing, but has the source of some controversy. In November 2013, anti-government protests were held in the country over the high cost of living and corruption.
Mid-term Senate elections had been originally due in May 2012, while the municipal poll was three years behind schedule. They were again postponed on 26 October 2014—the day they were due to be held—because of an ongoing stalemate between the government and a group of opposition senators over an electoral law. The Haitian government faced months of protests over the delayed elections. Haitian Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe resigned on 14 December and was replaced by Evans Paul. But street protests continued, with renewed calls for the president's resignation.
On 13 January 2015, the parliament was dissolved after its term expired and four days later, thousands of protesters in Port-au-Prince again demanded the president's resignation. Police used tear gas and water cannon to disperse the crowd. Martelly urged protesters to respect public order and said he had reached a deal with the opposition to form a consensus government within the next 48 hours. New election dates were announced in March 2015, both for parliament and for president. Martelly was ineligible to run again as Haiti's constitution does not allow for consecutive terms.
On 9 August 2015, the first election Haiti had under President Michel Martelly took place. The citizens voted in the first round to fill two-thirds of the 30-member Senate and the entire 119-member Chamber of Deputies. In the capital, groups of young men ripped up paper ballots as heavily armed police shot into the air to re-establish order. Rocks were thrown in response before authorities closed the polling station. Local media reported the closure of numerous polling places in other parts of the country and scattered arrests of people accused of voting more than once. 54 polling stations, roughly 5 percent of the total, were closed amid violence and other disruptions. The first round of Haiti's presidential election was scheduled for 25 October 2015.
Presidential elections were held in Haiti on 25 October 2015, alongside local elections and the second round of the legislative elections. The runoff of this election were scheduled for 27 December 2015. According to preliminary results posted by the Provisional Electoral Council, Jovenel Moïse obtained 32.81% of the preferences, and Jude Célestin won 25.27%.
After the preliminary results were published on 25 October 2015, Jude Célestin said he did not recognize them. His criticism was joined by five other presidential candidates. They issued a joint statement denouncing the results as "anti-democratic" and called for the people's vote to be respected. Martelly openly declared his support for Moïse. The supporters of Célestin protested in the streets, together with the supporters of Jean-Charles Moïse's Platfom Pitit Desalin and supporters of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Fanmi Lavalas party the presidential candidate of which, Maryse Narcisse, finished fourth behind Jean-Charles Moïse and also denounced the results during a news conference. The protesters threw rocks and burned tires. The police responded with tear gas and made some arrests. The police also stopped and searched the vehicle of a former top government prosecutor, Claudy Gassant, who is a supporter of Moïse.
Martelly resigned the presidency on 10 February 2016, leaving Haiti without a president for a week. On 17 February 2016, he was succeeded by Jocelerme Privert who served as interim president. Amid allegations of fraud in the 2015 elections, Privert created a month-long verification commission to restore legitimacy to the electoral process. In May 2016, the commission audited ~13,000 ballots and determined that the elections had been dishonest and recommended a complete redo of the election.
In 2015, Pras of the Fugees completed a documentary entitled Sweet Micky for President and directed by Ben Patterson. The film chronicles the rise of Martelly through his election to fight corruption as President of Haiti. The film had its World premiere at the 2015 Slamdance Film Festival and later appeared on Showtime.
Canadian Government Sanctions Against Martelly
On 17 November 2022, the Government of Canada imposed joint sanctions against Martelly and former Prime Ministers Laurent Lamothe and Jean Henry Ceant. The sanctions against Martelly was a response to his allegedly involvement in "gross and systematic human rights violations in Haiti." Specifically Martelly is accused of supporting violent armed gangs in Haiti that terrorize the population. A "tormented" Martelly was seen returning to Haiti from Miami 24 hours before the sanctions were publicly announced, traveling with nine pieces of luggage.
A press release by the office of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau mentioned that Martelly is "suspected of protecting and enabling the illegal activities of armed criminal gangs.
Personal life and later music career
Martelly divorced his first wife, an American citizen, in 1986.
Martelly has a brother, Girard, who served in the United States Armed Forces.
Martelly currently lives in Haiti, but held several homes in Palm Beach, Florida. He lives with his wife and former manager, Sophia Saint–Rémy, and their four children, Olivier, Sandro, Yani, and Malaika. In 2006, Martelly announced his unofficial retirement from recording and performing, but two years later announced a return to music with a new single, Magouyè, and the video/short film, "Bandi Legal yo ki rive". He is a cousin of Port-au-Prince hotel manager and musician Richard Morse.
In April 2012, Martelly was flown to the United States for treatment of what was later diagnosed as a pulmonary embolism. It was attributed to the immobilisation of his arm necessitated by recent shoulder surgery.
Discography
References
External links
Official website
Music
Sweet Micky: Mon Colonel, music video
1961 births
2010s in Haiti
21st-century Haitian politicians
Grand Crosses with Silver Breast Star of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
20th-century Haitian male singers
Haitian people of Mulatto descent
Living people
Politicians from Port-au-Prince
Musicians from Port-au-Prince
Presidents of Haiti
Repons Peyizan politicians
Haitian expatriates in the United States
21st-century Haitian male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Martelly |
A law label is a legally required tag or label on new items describing the fabric and filling regulating the United States mattress, upholstery, and stuffed article (e.g., pillows, plush toys, comforters, etc.) industry. Typically these tags begin with a phrase such as This tag may not be removed under penalty of law except by the consumer. Some states require tags on used bedding as well.
The purpose of the law label is to inform the consumer of the hidden contents, or "filling materials" inside bedding and furniture products. The law label was born in the early 1900s to prevent these articles from being further manufactured with contents such as horse hair, corn husks and whatever else a manufacturer could find to use that the consumer would never see, similar to food labeling.
Laws requiring these tags were passed in the United States to inform consumers as to whether the stuffed article they were buying contained new or recycled materials.
Such stuffed article labelling laws exist in other jurisdictions, for example, the tag required on duvets sold in the United Kingdom, that describe the materials used and the tog insulation rating.
Many mattress manufacturers such as Sealy, Simmons and Serta require these tags to be produced in the event of a warranty claim.
Popular culture
The wording of the warnings printed on some law labels has caused a common misconception in the USA that removing such a label under any circumstance is a crime, prohibiting consumers from removing labels from items they have purchased. Especially contributing to this confusion was that originally the wording on such labels did not contain the phrase except by consumer.
External links
International Association of Bedding and Furniture Law Officials – Organization of state officials who are responsible for the enforcement of consumer oriented bedding and furniture laws in their respective states.
Minnesota Statutes 325F.31: Bedding to be labeled. – Legal requirements in Minnesota for labeling new or remanufactured bedding.
Minnesota Statutes 325F.28: Material must be renovated. – A legal definition of requirements in Minnesota for sterilizing and renovating old mattresses.
Bedding
Informal legal terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20label |
The Telegoons is a comedy puppet show, adapted from the highly successful BBC radio comedy show of the 1950s, The Goon Show produced for BBC television and first shown during 1963 and 1964. Two series of 13 episodes were made. The series was briefly repeated immediately after its original run, and all episodes are known to have survived. Harry Secombe, Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan reprised their original voice roles from the radio series and appeared in promotional photos with some of the puppets from the series. Among the puppeteers were Ann Field, John Dudley, and Violet Phelan. The original radio scripts were adapted by Maurice Wiltshire, who had previously co-written a number of radio episodes with Larry Stephens.
The only official broadcasts of any Telegoons material since the 1960s were a short excerpt, claimed to have been newly printed from the original negative, shown on the 1980s BBC archive series Windmill, and a brief excerpt during the quiz programme Telly Addicts. However DVD compilations of all episodes (from unknown sources) are available on eBay and other outlets.
A lengthy excerpt from a cast recording for the episode "The Lost Colony" is included on The Goon Show Compendium Volume 11 CD box set. The recording, made at Olympic Studios, is taken from a tape kept by the studio's former owner.
Comic book adaptation
A Telegoons comic strip appeared in TV Comic, drawn by Bill Titcombe and was published in 1963-1964.
Episodes
1st Series (1963):
1. The Ascent of Mount Everest - 5 October
Based on part of The Goon Show series 3 episode 24
2. The Lost Colony - 12 October
Based on The Sale of Manhattan, series 6 episode 11
3. The Fear of Wages - 19 October
Based on series 6 episode 25
4. Napoleon's Piano - 26 October
Based on series 6 episode 4
5. The Last Tram - 2 November
Based on series 5 episode 9
6. The China Story - 16 November
Based on China Story, series 5 episode 17
7. The Canal - 23 November
Based on series 5 episode 6
8. The Choking Horror - scheduled for 30 November; postponed due to repeat of Doctor Who: An Unearthly Child, Episode 1; broadcast 28 December
Based on series 6 episode 22
9. The Hastings Flyer - 7 December
Based on The Pevensey Bay Disaster, series 6 episode 10, remade as The Hastings Flyer - Robbed, series 6 episode 15
10. The Mystery of the Marie Celeste-Solved - 14 December
Based on The Mystery of the Marie Celeste (Solved) series 5 episode 8
11. The International Christmas Pudding - 21 December
Based on series 6 episode 9
2nd Series (1964):
12. Scradje - 28 March
Based on series 6 episode 26
13. The Booted Gorilla - 4 April
Based on series 5 episode 10
14. The Underwater Mountain - 11 April
Based on The Greatest Mountain in the World series 4 episode 23, remade as Vintage Goons episode 2
15. The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler of Bexhill-on-Sea - 18 April
Based on series 5 episode 3
16. Tales of Old Dartmoor - 25 April
Based on series 6 episode 21
17. Lurgi Strikes Britain - 2 May
Based on series 5 episode 7
18. Captain Seagoon R.N. - 9 May
Based on Personal Narrative, series 7 episode 8
19. The First Albert Memorial to the Moon - 16 May
Based on series 4 episode 7, remade as The Albert Memorial, Vintage Goons episode 14
20. The Whistling Spy Enigma - 23 May
Based on series 5 episode 1
21. Tales of Montmartre - 30 May
Based on series 6 episode 21
22. The Africa Ship Canal - 6 June
Based on series 7 episode 22
23. The Affair of the Lone Banana - 13 June
Based on series 5 episode 5
24. The Terrible Revenge of Fred Fu-Manchu - scheduled for 20 June; postponed due to overrunning coverage of cricket from Lord's; broadcast 1 August
Based on Series 6 episode 12
25. The Nadger Plague - 27 June
Based on series 7 episode 3
26. The Siege of Fort Knight, or, The Underwater Gas-Stove - 18 July
Based on series 4 episode 30, remade as Vintage Goons episode 13
Sources
External links
The Official G.S.P.S. Telegoons tribute site
Rare British Television Reviews — The Telegoons
BBC television comedy
British television shows featuring puppetry
1963 British television series debuts
1964 British television series endings
The Goon Show
Television shows adapted into comics
1960s British comedy television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Telegoons |
James Ash (born Jamie Graham Appleby; 10 June 1973), is an English-born Australian musician, songwriter and record producer. He is the co-founder and keyboardist of Australian electro-rock group Rogue Traders, where he plays the keyboard and guitar.
Ash was born in Windsor, Berkshire, England and his early schooling was at Wessex Gardens, Golders Green in North London and then Ashfold School in Buckinghamshire. He and his brother Gary then moved to Langwarrin, Victoria, Australia in 1982. The move only lasted 18 months, however, and the boys returned to the United Kingdom. Education continued at Paignton College, Devon – then Cheam High, Surrey. Ash moved back to Australia in 1988 for one year and undertook Year 11 at Sandringham Secondary College in Melbourne.
Ash began writing music in 1989 on a Amiga. Soon after returning to the United Kingdom in 1989, James met long-term collaborator Steve Davis who introduced him to Dance Music and DJing. Meanwhile, James completed his education at Carshalton College, Carshalton in 1992 and finally emigrated back once again to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Ash joined Melbourne community based radio station Hitz FM in 1993 as an on-air announcer. He began DJing in clubs in late 1993.
Ash's first proper DJ gig was at Melbourne venue Lazar's and was acquired after he lied about his skills as a nightclub DJ. He had actually never DJ'ed in a nightclub before. Ash got dragged off after just ten minutes by the manager who told him he was rubbish. He convinced the manager to give him another try next week and came into the venue during the daytimes to practise.
Ash has been an active member of Australia's DJ fraternity since 1994, and has held residencies at most of Melbourne's leading clubs over the years.
Ash's first record released was Be With Me under the name Faith in Technology through Colossal Records. He quickly followed this up with Thunderchild under the moniker Thunderchild, released through leading Australian Dance label, Vicious Vinyl.
Since 1994 Ash has released over forty remixes and original productions under names including: Faith In Technology, Thunderchild, Elan, Union State and Rogue Traders.
In 1998 Ash turned 25 and moved to Melbourne dance radio station Kiss FM where he remained for the next few years.
In 2000 Ash and long-term collaborator Steve Davis changed the name of their production partnership from Union State to Rogue Traders.
In November 2008 after having enjoyed the success of two hit Rogue Traders albums and while working on the fourth Rogue Traders album, Ash released a dance song "Son of 91" on TV Rock's record label, making this track the first Ash had released under his own name. The track is a throwback to late eighties to early nineties dance music.
Personal life
James is married to singer Melinda Appleby (née Richards) who appeared on the first Rogue Traders album We Know What You're Up To and continued to contribute to the writing of the following Rogue Traders albums.
Awards and nominations
APRA Award
2009 Dance Work of the Year nomination for "Don't You Wanna Feel" written by Jamie Appleby, Steven Davis, Natalie Bassingthwaighte, Dougal Drummond.
References
External links
Rogue Traders official site
Roguesonline.com: A Rogue Traders fansite
Rogue Traders Official Forum, which James frequents
Rogue Traders official Myspace site
1973 births
APRA Award winners
Living people
English DJs
English keyboardists
Musicians from Windsor, Berkshire
English emigrants to Australia
Rogue Traders members
Musicians from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Ash |
Annie Man Chung-Han (), born 20 July 1976, is an actress from Hong Kong. Annie born in Hong Kong, she is a native person of Sheung Shui district, Hong Kong.
Career
She started her career in television series in 1993 at the age of 16 at ATV. After spending 6 years at ATV, Annie transferred to the biggest television broadcasting company in Hong Kong--TVB in 2000.
In 2005, Man ended her corporation with TVB where her first-team place was lost, and looked forward to retrieving her career in Mainland China.
She played the role of a girl with a developmental disability in the 1997 film Mad Stylist directed by Stephen Yip.
ATV (1993 - 1999)
Throughout her 6 years at ATV, Man has appeared in a total of 22 series and took on the lead role on numerous occasions. In 1998, she was even voted by fans as one of the top 10 actresses in ATV.
List of ATV series with Annie's appearance:
1993: Shanghai Godfather II (再見黃埔灘 II 之再起風雲), as Yu Xiao Man;
1994: Bays Of Being Parents (可憐天下父母心), as Zhang Jia Xin;
1994: Beauty Pageant (ATV) (鳳凰傳説), as Fang Xue Ming;
1994: Secret Battle Of The Majesty (君臨天下), as Princess Gong Hui (Ge Ge);
1994: Outlaw Hero (法外英雄), as Cheng Jia Mei;
1995: Vampire Expert (僵屍道長), Yu Bi Xin;
1995: Pao Qingtian (包青天之公正廉明);
1996: The Little Vagrant Lady (飃零燕), as Li Ya Qiu;
1996: King Of Gamblers (千王之王重出江湖), as Zhong Ruo Fu;
1996: Vampire Expert II (僵屍道長II), as Lei Xiu;
1996: Tales From The Dorms (坊間故事之甘戴綠頭巾);
1996: The Little Vagrant Lady II (飃零燕 II 之孤星淚), as Li Ya Qiu;
1997: Year Of Chameleon (97 變色龍), as Peng Xiao Qin;
1997: Coincidentally (等著你回來), as He Ru Zhu (i.e. Dai Zhu);
1997: Pride Of Chaozhou (我來自潮州), Chen Suo Zhen;
1997: Gold Rush (著數一族), as Dai Xue Yi;
1998: Thou Shalt Not Cheat (呆佬賀壽), as Yuan Xiao Xuan;
1998: Heroine Of The Yangs (穆桂英大破天門陣), as Yang Pai Feng;
1998: Heroine Of The Yangs II (穆桂英 II 十二寡婦征西), as Yang Pai Feng;
1998: I Come From Guangzhou (我來自廣州), as Ya Di (i.e. Xia Ku Cao);
1998: Flaming Brothers (縱橫四海), as Ming Xing (child version);
1999: Ten Tigers Of Guangdong (廣東十虎), as Su Qiu Shuang;
TVB (1999 - 2005)
Shortly after signing on with TVB, Annie was cast into a major series, The Legendary Four Aces where she played a prominent role. Her major break came in 2001 when she was cast as the lead actress in Colourful Life alongside Frankie Lam (whom she had previously partnered with at ATV). Annie's character in the series, the lovable princess with a heart of gold called Dun Zhu (顿珠), had such a lasting memory on the audience that she became instantly recognised by the name of her character.
Later in the same year, she took on yet another lead role in Whatever It Takes (co-starring Benny Chan). Despite being seen by many as a promising young actress, her talents had not been recognised and she was thereafter reduced to supporting roles.
During her years at TVB, Annie has appeared in 13 TV series as well as making guest appearances at various host shows.
TVB
2000: The Legendary Four Aces (金裝四大才子), as Zhu Xiao Lian;
2000: Seven Sisters (七姐妹), as Xie Mei Ning;
2001: Colourful Life (錦繡良緣), as Dun Zhu;
2001: Whatever It Takes (天子尋龍), as Bi Yao/Yang Yuhan
2002: Burning Flame II (烈火雄心 II), as Ye Xiang Yang;
2002: Slim Chances (我要 Fit 一 Fit), as Sun Qiao Bi;
2002: Take My Word For It (談判專家), as Ye Ke Ren;
2003: Perish in the Name of Love (帝女花), as Li Yu Xian;
2003: Greed Mask (迷情家族), as Zhou Yi Tong;
2004: To Love With No Regrets (足稱老婆八兩夫), as Lu Qian;
2004: Strike at Heart (驚艷一槍), as Zhi Nu;
2005: The Gateau Affairs (情迷黑森林), as Sarah;
2006: A Pillow Case of Mystery (施公奇案), as Qian Li Shu;
Movies
1995: Thunderbolt (霹靂火), as Xiao Mei;
1995: Love, Guns And Glass (玻璃搶的愛);
1996: Muto Bontie (摩登菩呢提);
1996: Those Were The Days (4 個 32A 和一個香蕉少年), as Pat;
1997: Mad Stylist (至激殺人犯), as Xiao Hua;
1999: Night Club (舞廳), as Linda;
2000: Killers From Beijing (雇用兵), as Ah Shen;
2000: Evil Fade (魔鬼教師);
2001: Wishful Milenio (千禧願), as Xiao Chun;
2003: Chemical Crisis (連鎖奇幻檔案之生化危城);
2004: Koma (救命), as Ah Shan;
2005: Lavender Eternal (星夢情真);
2008: Hong Kong Bronx
China Mainland (2008 - Present)
2008: The Kung Fu Master Wong Fei Hung (仁者黃飛鴻), as Little Sparrow;
2009: Shi Da Qi Yuan (十大奇冤), as Su Qin;
2009: Zhan You Gu Shi (战友故事), as Mai Li
2010: Love (爱), as unknown
VIU (2020 - Present)
2020: Warriors Within (打天下), as Mo Keli;
Personal life
On March 2, 2012, Annie married a businessman, Jason Lee.
On August 20, 2012, Annie gave birth to a daughter, Jaime.
External links
Annie Man's Weibo
References
Living people
1976 births
Hong Kong film actresses
Hong Kong television actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Man |
Candace Kaye Bailey (born May 20, 1982) is an American actress and television personality best known as a co-host of the former television programs U-Pick Live on Nickelodeon and Attack of the Show! on G4.
Early life
Bailey was born in Birmingham, Alabama and relocated with her family to the Pensacola, Florida area at age two. At age 12, Bailey joined a New York City modeling company in the summer. Bailey graduated from Gulf Breeze High School of Gulf Breeze, Florida in 2001 and attended Marymount Manhattan College in New York City.
Career
Bailey is a former Junior Olympic gymnast.
In 1999, Bailey at age 17 made her on-screen debut on The Sopranos episode "Boca" as character Deena Hauser. While attending Marymount Manhattan, Bailey got her first television presenting job on the Nickelodeon children's show U-Pick Live in 2002 and would continue on the show until 2005 and she and her co-host Brent Popolizio formed a fictional band in the show called The Pickles, the name is from the Pickles Family characters in the animated series Rugrats. Bailey hosted an April Fools Day episode of Slime Time Live on Nickelodeon in 2003. In 2004, Bailey co-hosted a children-oriented Super Bowl XXXVIII pre-game show on Nickelodeon.
In her first role as a regular character in a fictional TV series, Bailey played Skylar Stevens on the CBS series Jericho from 2006 to 2008. In 2008, Bailey appeared in the music video of "Goodnight Goodnight" by Maroon 5. After Jericho was cancelled, Bailey worked as a cocktail waitress and babysitter between acting jobs. Bailey said that the work made her more appreciative of her acting opportunities.
Bailey returned to screen acting in a fifth season episode of Ghost Whisperer in 2010. On January 11, 2011, Bailey joined Kevin Pereira (who left the show on May 31, 2012) as the new co-host of Attack of the Show! and remained on the show until its then-final episode on January 23, 2013.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Video games
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Birmingham, Alabama
Actresses from Florida
American female artistic gymnasts
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American television hosts
American women television presenters
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Marymount Manhattan College alumni
People from Pensacola, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Bailey |
"Freak Like Me" is a song by American R&B singer Adina Howard, released on January 25, 1995 by East West and Lola Waxx, as the debut single from her first album, Do You Wanna Ride? (1995). The song reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, as well as number two on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart for four weeks, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of one million copies. Its music video was directed by Hype Williams. In 2023, Billboard ranked "Freak Like Me" among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time". The song has been covered by several artists, including British girl group Sugababes, who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with their version in 2002.
Background
"Freak like Me" is a R&B song with a g-funk beat. The song's drum beat is sampled from Sly & the Family Stone's "Sing a Simple Song". The song also interpolates "I'd Rather Be with You" by Bootsy's Rubber Band. Hence, Eugene Hanes, Marc Valentine, Loren Hill, William "Bootsy" Collins, and George Clinton's son George Jr. (the last of whom died in 2010) are credited as joint authors and composers. In honor of the song's 20th anniversary, a documentary focusing on the song's (and singer Adina Howard's) impact was released titled Adina Howard 20: A Story of Sexual Liberation. It received a nomination for "Outstanding Independent Documentary" at the 2016 Black Reel Awards.
Critical reception
Billboard wrote, "The G-funkiest R&B smash of the ’90s, using a Bootsy Collins interpolation, a Sly & The Family Stone sample and a Chronic-styled synth hook to attract that kind of man (because Adina Howard’s that kind of girl)." Bill Speed from the Gavin Report stated that newcomer Howard "is hot with her debut single "A Freak like Me", but don't be fooled by what appears to be another coochie song. It's way more than that." He concluded with that it "will be one of those funky hip-hop flavored hits that all demos will enjoy." Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel complimented its "memorable chorus". Alan Jones from Music Week felt "it's a record with immense pedigree; a softly percolating laidback soul/R&B nugget which reveals its subtle strength. With repeated plays it should dent the Top 40 this time and open up the market for Ms Howard's excellent album Do You Wanna Ride?" Ralph Tee from the Record Mirror Dance Update wrote, "The track is pure hip hop soul combining Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre beats and sounds with a style of vocal that's taken Brandy all the way with "I Wanna Be Down"." Another editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "slinkily rolling r&b swayer."
Music video
The original music video for the song was directed by American director Hype Williams.
Track listing
"Freak like Me" (radio version) – 4:04
"Freak like Me" (remix featuring rap by Inspector Rick) – 4:17
"Freak like Me" (dub instrumental) – 4:12
"Freak like Me" (remix without rap) – 4:06
"Freak like Me" (instrumental) – 4:10
"Freak like Me" (a cappella) – 2:35
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
|}
Tru Faith & Dub Conspiracy version
On August 28, 2000, a collaboration between two UK garage groups, Tru Faith & Dub Conspiracy, released a cover version of "Freak like Me". English singer Imaani provided vocals on the song. This version reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart. The CD and 12-inch formats include remixes by Wideboys and Dome.
Track listings
UK CD maxi-single
"Freak like Me" (radio edit) – 3:21
"Freak like Me" (original mix) – 4:49
"Freak like Me" (Wideboys Vocal Mix) – 5:01
"Freak like Me" (Dome's Freaky Deaky Mix) – 5:59
UK 12-inch vinyl
A1. "Freak like Me" (original mix) – 4:49
A2. "Freak like Me" (Wideboys Dub) – 4:35
B1. "Freak like Me" (Vocal Remix) – 5:10
B2. "Freak like Me" (Freaky Deaky Mix) – 5:10
Charts
Sugababes version
In 2002, English girl group Sugababes recorded a cover of "Freak like Me". Conceived and produced by English producer Richard X, the cover samples the 1979 song "Are "Friends" Electric?" by Gary Numan and Tubeway Army. In 2001, Richard X had created a bootleg mashup of the original recordings of "Freak Like Me" and "Are "Friends" Electric?", titled "We Don't Give a Damn About Our Friends", which he released under the alias Girls on Top. That song became a successful underground dance track. Richard X wanted to release the mashup commercially, but he could not get permission from Howard to use her vocals, so he enlisted the Sugababes to re-record the vocals.
"Freak like Me" was released on April 22, 2002, as the lead single from their second studio album, Angels with Dirty Faces (2002). It was the first Sugababes single to feature Heidi Range, who joined after the departure of Siobhán Donaghy in August 2001. The Sugababes version blends the original recording's samples into an R&B and rock track. This version of the song used the radio edit lyrics of Howard's song ("brotha" is used instead of "nigga"). Numan was now credited as a co-writer of the song. A remix of the song, billed as the "We Don't Give a Damn Mix", was used for the video and also appears on Richard X's 2003 album Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1.
Critical reception
The Guardian named "Freak like Me" as the best number-one single of 2002. NME complimented the track as "genius" and claimed, "if this gets to number one, we'll be grinning all summer. Yes, even The Critics." Billboard named the song number 45 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.
Numan considered the Sugababes version of "Freak like Me" to be better than "Are 'Friends' Electric?".
Chart performance
"Freak like Me" was released in the United Kingdom on April 22, 2002. The song became Sugababes' first number-one single when it debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, remaining in the top 10 for four weeks. The British Phonographic Industry certified the song gold for selling and streaming over 400,000 units.
Outside of the United Kingdom, the song was also successful: it reached the top 10 in Flanders, Ireland, and Norway. In Australia, "Freak like Me" was released on June 17, 2002, and became the fourth single by Sugababes to make the singles chart, reaching number 44. It would be their lowest-charting single in Australia until the release of "Shape" in 2003.
Music video
The music video was directed by Dawn Shadforth and Sophie Muller and was filmed in London. It uses the "We Don't Give a Damn Mix" of the song, which is more faithful to the original mash-up. Set in a strange nightclub, the video serves to introduce then-recently added member Heidi Range. It begins outside the nightclub with a man tumbling down the stairs, with Keisha Buchanan in a long coat, seen only from below the knee, walking out of a door, over the man's body and up the stairs. Mutya Buena is seen standing on the stairs facing the direction where the man is lying. Inside, they spot Range dancing and flirting with many guys. They both quickly clash with her, and a fight between them ensues, which ends with Range falling to the floor unconscious. A man tries to help her up, but Buena grabs him by the neck and throws him away from her. Range wakes up again soon after, and stumbles out of the club with another man, where they begin to kiss, until she suddenly bites hard into his arm. Meanwhile, Buchanan takes a man outside, and she leads him into a dark alley, where they flirt briefly, before she scares him away. Buena then goes outside as well, and overpowers a man who towers over her. The music video ends with Buchanan and Buena accepting Range into the group, and dancing into the night. The demonstrations of supernatural strength shown throughout the video and Range biting the man on the arm are generally understood to imply that the women are, as the song suggests, vampire-like "freaks." Julian Morris stars in the music video as one of the boys running from Buena.
Track listings
Notes
denotes additional producer(s)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
1994 songs
1995 debut singles
2000 singles
2002 singles
Adina Howard songs
East West Records singles
Island Records singles
Mashup songs
Music videos directed by Hype Williams
Number-one singles in Scotland
Positiva Records singles
Song recordings produced by Richard X
Songs written by George Clinton (funk musician)
Sugababes songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Universal Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak%20like%20Me |
Abby Mann (December 1, 1927 – March 25, 2008) was an American film writer and producer.
Life and career
The son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Mann was born as Abraham Goodman in Philadelphia. He grew up in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He was best known for his work on controversial subjects and social drama. His best known work is the screenplay for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), which was initially a television drama that aired in 1959. Stanley Kramer directed the film adaptation, for which Mann received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. In his acceptance speech, he said:
Mann later adapted the play for a 2001 production on Broadway, which featured Maximilian Schell from the 1961 film in a different role. In the introduction to the printed script, Mann credited a conversation with Abraham Pomerantz, U.S. Chief Deputy Counsel, for giving him the initial interest in Nuremberg. Mann and Kramer also collaborated on the films Ship of Fools and A Child Is Waiting.
While working for television, he created the series Kojak, starring Telly Savalas. Mann was executive producer, but was also credited as a writer on many episodes. His other writing credits include the screenplays for the television films The Marcus-Nelson Murders, The Atlanta Child Murders, Teamster Boss: The Jackie Presser Story, and Indictment: The McMartin Trial, as well as the film War and Love. He also directed the 1978 NBC TV miniseries King. In 1974, he signed a deal with Columbia Pictures Television to develop long-form television projects.
Personal life
Mann was married to Myra Maislin. His wife had two children from a previous marriage, Adrienne Cohen Isom, and Aaron Cohen, a former Israeli Duvdevan Unit Special Forces operative.
Mann died of heart failure in Beverly Hills, California on March 25, 2008, aged 80. He died one day after Richard Widmark, one of the stars of Judgment at Nuremberg. Mann is interred in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery.
Selected filmography
Port of Escape (1956)
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)
A Child Is Waiting (1963)
Ship of Fools (1965)
The Detective (1968)
The Marcus-Nelson Murders (1973)
King (1978, also director)
The Atlanta Child Murders (1985)
Teamster Boss: The Jackie Presser Story (1992)
References
External links
1961 Academy Award winners list
1927 births
2008 deaths
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Television producers from Pennsylvania
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers from Pittsburgh
People from Greater Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Philadelphia
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American male television writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20Mann |
Girolamo Maggi (1523, in Anghiari – 27 March 1572 in Constantinople), also known by his Latin name Hieronymus Magius, was an Italian scholar, jurist, poet, military engineer, urban planner, philologist, archaeologist, mathematician, and naturalist who studied at Bologna under Francis Robortello. He authored several works, including a collection of poems on the Flemish wars, (Cinque primi canti della guerra di Fiandra, 1551), one detailing military fortifications (Della fortificatione delle città, by his friend Giacomo Fusto Castriotto, but edited, annotated, and published posthumously by Maggi in 1564), and several on the subject of philosophy.
Early life and education
Maggi was born in Anghiari, Tuscany. Little is known about his youth. His year of birth is unknown; several authors have speculated, based on varying access to information. Maggi specifically mentioned how, in infancy, he was attacked by the same pestilence which, in 1563, he states was the most recent one to occur. This was most likely the black death of 1527 spread by Charles V's Protestant mercenaries (Landsknechts) when they defeated the French and pillaged the Vatican, but may have been one of the following year or of three years later. His parents were Paolo and Luisa, who quickly left him an orphan.
As a young man, Maggi studied oratory with Pierantonio Ghezzi from Laterina, a master of Latin. Afterwards, to proceed with the then popular studies, he went at first to the nearby University of Perugia, then to that of Pisa, and finally to that of Bologna. In Pisa, he attended the lectures of the famous professor of Latin and Greek oratory, Francis Robortello, who was a faculty member from 1543 to 1549.
Professional life
Maggi, who beyond his native Tuscan, had mastered Latin and was erudite in Greek, Hebrew, and Spanish. Availing himself of such endowments, he went into jurisprudence, more to examine its spirit than its profession. Initially, he studied the method of Andrea Alciato, then that of Bartolo da Sassoferrato and the 14th and 15th century schools of thought.
He became interested in ancient history, and quickly began studying epigraphy and architectonics. As part of this interest, Maggi accumulated a large collection of ancient tombstones, including ones from Como, Ravenna, Rieti, Foligno, Perugia and Rome. In Pisa, where he was still engaged in formal studies, and in other Italian cities, he visited and examined sepulchres and sarcophagi, and used his growing knowledge to dispute a universally accepted belief of the time: the idea of the existence of giants in ancient days. All of this work formed the bases for his tractatus on sepulchres. He worked diligently to provide correct interpretations of ancient works of Roman law and, for his successful explanation of a section of the Pandects of Justinian, as he himself tells the story, he was embraced and kissed by Robertello. In Pisa, he probably obtained his doctoral degree in 1546, and returned to his native land two years later.
In 1548, he was requested by his fellow citizens to visit Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He began this endeavor in Venice, the city where in those times, the greatest Italian minds lived quietly and profited greatly from their studies, due to the vast commerce of books fueled by the carefulness and tolerance of the government; there he again saw Robortello, and started a friendship with the famous writer Pietro Aretino. Maggi, who had nothing to offer, may have sought protection from Aretino, or hoped to avoid harsh criticism from him, when he sang the following hendecasyllabic verses, published in his 1551 Guerro di Fiandro (Canto II, verse 56):
Pleased by the words, Aretino sent this poem on the Flemish wars to Chiapino Vitelli, the famous Spanish mercenary general, in February 1551, along with a letter praising Maggi's talents. Vitelli's family owned much land around Anghiari, in an area only a few miles from the Maggi estate. So, Maggi endeavored to please Vitelli, a soldier of Cosimo, to obtain good entrance at the royal court in Florence. He also praised Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, father of Cosimo I, whose daring son's rise to the throne of Florence well represented Maggi's goal. In five canti, Maggi often complained about his sad fate, showing himself unhappy with the legal profession exercised by him out of necessity.
Ottoman invasion
He was a judge and military defense engineer in Famagusta on Cyprus when the island was invaded by Ottoman Turks in 1571. Besieged by the Turks, he invented machines to defend Famagusta against their attacks. When the island was conquered, Maggi was sent to the dungeons at Constantinople where, locked in chains, he wrote from memory two detailed treatises, De tintinnabulis, on bells and carillons, and the explicitly illustrated De equuleo, on torture devices.
In attempts to be freed, he dedicated the first treatise to Carolus Rym (Charles Ramire), ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, and the second treatise to François de Noailles, bishop of Aire and ambassador to the King of France. They were pleased with his works, and endeavoured to obtain his release. Their efforts, however, were brought to light as he was being released to the Italian ambassador. The prison captain ordered him to be detained and executed by strangulation.
His two treatises were published posthumously in 1608 and 1609, respectively.
Works
References
Citations
Bibliography
Short biography. URL accessed 2006-03-06.
Original documents at Digicoll.library.wisc.edu/.
D'Israeli, Isaac. "Imprisonment of the Learned". Curiosities of Literature. George Routledge & Sons.
Ditchfield, Peter Hampson. Books Fatal to Their Authors. URL accessed 2006-03-06.
Further reading
Buratti, Alessandro. Elogio di Girolamo Magi celebre letterato di Anghiari... Perugia, Nella Stamperia Costantini, Santucci e Comp., 1809. pp 115.
External links
1520s births
1572 deaths
People from the Province of Arezzo
16th-century Italian mathematicians
Italian poets
Italian male poets
16th-century Italian architects
Italian archaeologists
Italian military engineers
Historical linguists
16th-century Italian historians
University of Pisa alumni
University of Perugia alumni
University of Bologna alumni
Italian male non-fiction writers
16th-century Italian judges
Executed philosophers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo%20Maggi |
Mary Irene Colette Ellis ( McCrossan, 18 November 1935 – 11 July 2021), better known by the stage name Colette O'Neil, was a Scottish actress, noted for her various roles on British television.
Life and career
O'Neil was a semi-regular cast member of Coronation Street in the mid-1960s as Ruth Winter, and also made frequent guest appearances in series such as Z-Cars, Dixon of Dock Green, Adam Adamant Lives!, No Hiding Place and Softly, Softly. She was also a leading cast member in the drama series The Standard and The Spoils of War.
She played the role of Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, in the BBC television version of The Wars of the Roses.
In 1983 she appeared in Doctor Who in the role of Tanha in the serial Snakedance.
She latterly appeared in Taggart, Lovejoy, Hamish Macbeth, Heartbeat, Peak Practice, Holby City, Monarch of the Glen and Bad Girls.
Her film appearances were few, but included roles in Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969), The Smashing Bird I Used to Know (1969), Dreams Lost, Dreams Found (1987), Wild Flowers (1989), and Mortdecai (2015).
She also appeared as Hannah Sempel, the "keeper of the keys", in the BBC Radio drama "McLevy" alongside Scottish actors Brian Cox and Siobhan Redmond.
O'Neil married Michael Ellis and had two daughters and one son. She died in Glasgow in July 2021, at the age of 85.
Radio credits
References
External links
Colette O'Neil radio
1935 births
2021 deaths
Actresses from Glasgow
Scottish radio actresses
Scottish television actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette%20O%27Neil |
Ashok Kurjibhai Patel (; born 6 March 1957) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Saurashtra and played eight One Day Internationals for India in 1984–85. He is currently the coach of the Gujarat State Cricket Team. He is also currently the coach in CricMax, NJ.
References
Saurashtra cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
West Zone cricketers
1957 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok%20Patel |
The 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season was the first college football season of the 21st century. It ended with the University of Miami winning the national title for the fifth time.
The Hurricanes were led by Larry Coker, who was in his first year as head coach after five years as Miami's offensive coordinator under Butch Davis and became the first head coach since 1989's Dennis Erickson from the University of Miami to win a national title in his first season. Coker had the benefit of inheriting a star-studded program that Davis had rebuilt in the aftermath of NCAA sanctions in the mid-to-late '90s. Miami completed a perfect 12–0 season, which culminated in a 37–14 win over Nebraska in the Rose Bowl BCS National Championship Game.
In yet another controversial season for the BCS, (AP) No. 4 Nebraska was chosen as the national title opponent despite not having even played in the Big 12 championship game. The Huskers went into their last regularly scheduled game at Colorado undefeated, but left Boulder having lost the game by a score of 62–36. The Buffaloes went on to win the Big 12 championship game. The BCS computers, among other things, didn't weigh later games any more heavily than earlier games, and one-loss Nebraska came out ahead of two-loss No. 3 Colorado and one-loss, No. 2 Oregon. Some fans chanted "number 4" at the title game held at the Rose Bowl.
Florida State did not win the ACC championship for the first time since joining the conference in 1991, losing out to Maryland. Steve Spurrier left the Florida Gators at the end of the season to coach the Washington Redskins, accepting what was then the largest salary for an NFL head coach.
The season had one of the more competitive Heisman Trophy races with Eric Crouch of Nebraska winning by only a small margin over Rex Grossman of Florida. All of the five finalists played the quarterback position. Two of the finalists were coached at some point by Oregon offensive coordinator Jeff Tedford. Indiana quarterback Antwaan Randle El earned first-team All-America honors from the FWAA after becoming the first NCAA Division I-A quarterback to throw for 40 touchdowns and rush for 40 touchdowns in a career. He also became the first player in NCAA I-A history to record 2,500 total yards from scrimmage in four consecutive seasons.
Joe Paterno needed just 2 victories to pass legendary Alabama Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant as the winningest coach in Division I-A college football, However, after the Nittany Lions started the season 0–4 it looked like Bear Bryant's record would remain intact for at least 1 more year. After a 20–0 drubbing Penn State took against Michigan at home on Oct 6, the Nittany Lions were a dismal 1–6 since Paterno notched his 321st coaching win on October 28, 2000.
At Northwestern on October 20, the Lions lost a late 31–28 lead to fall behind 35–31 with two minutes to go. With their starting quarterback, Matt Senneca, out with an injury, Penn State put its collective hopes on the shoulders of redshirt freshman quarterback Zack Mills. Mills drove the Lions 69 yards in 1:41, leading Penn State to its first victory of the year by a 38–35 margin. The victory gave Paterno 323 career wins, tying Bear Bryant's record.
A week later, Penn State hosted Ohio State, who held on to a small lead for most of the game until the Buckeyes started to pull away with a 27–9 lead following a 44-yard interception return for a touchdown by Derek Ross in the third quarter. Penn State would fight all the way back with a 69-yard touchdown run by Mills and a 26-yard pass to Tony Johnson to cut the lead to 27–22, and they would take the lead early in the fourth quarter with a 13-yard touchdown pass to Eric McCoo. Penn State's 29–27 win moved Paterno in to first place on the all-time coaching victories list with 324 wins. He would later slip behind Bobby Bowden at Florida State, but he would relinquish the top spot a few years later. Paterno remains the winningest coach in Division I-A college football with a final record of 409–136–3.
The newly formed Boise State/Fresno State rivalry would be a major factor in the race to be the "BCS buster" for several seasons. Both teams ultimately lost the race to Utah, who became the first to bust the BCS in 2004, and the first to make a second trip in 2008.
The Aloha Bowl and Oahu Bowl lost funding after Chrysler Corporation, which owned the former bowl's sponsor of Jeep, was acquired by Daimler-Benz and became DaimlerChrysler. The Aloha Bowl moved to Seattle and became the Seattle Bowl.
The New Orleans Bowl began to play, the host team being the Sun Belt champion.
End of season upsets and BCS drama
The final three weeks of the regular season saw an incredible amount of drama as several teams were in prime position to earn their way to the national championship game in the Rose Bowl. For most of November, Miami and Nebraska were the only two undefeated teams in the power conferences and clearly the top contenders for the title. But on November 23, the day after Thanksgiving, Nebraska suffered a devastating 62–36 loss to Colorado which seemingly caused their season to fall by the wayside. Conference rival Oklahoma had been ranked third behind Nebraska and Miami in the BCS standings, but the Sooners' hopes dissolved the next day when they were upset at home by Oklahoma State 16–13. These losses affected not only the national championship race but also the Big 12 standings, as the conference championship game would now feature Texas and Colorado instead of the expected Nebraska-Oklahoma matchup.
Miami, Florida, and Texas now held the top three spots in the BCS standings heading into their games on December 1, but all three teams would be pushed to the brink in a single thrilling day. Miami barely escaped Virginia Tech 26–24 to finish as the only undefeated team in the nation and clinch a Rose Bowl berth. However, the other clubs were not so fortunate. Florida lost 34–32 to Tennessee in Gainesville; as with Nebraska and Oklahoma, the loss not only ended the Gators' national championship dreams but also kept them out of the conference title game. Later that evening, Texas entered the Big 12 finals against Colorado in prime time television knowing that a win would almost certainly seal their spot in the Rose Bowl, but the Longhorns fell 39–37 in yet another nailbiter.
After their victory over Florida, Tennessee stepped into the number two spot going into the following week's SEC Championship against LSU. However, the Volunteers felt the same sting that Nebraska, Oklahoma, Florida, and Texas had all encountered the previous few weeks. After a 31–20 upset by the Tigers, Tennessee's hopes of National Championship appearance were gone as quickly as they had come.
Miami was left at the top of all the polls, and the debate began about who deserved to play in the Rose Bowl. Many felt Colorado was the hottest team in the country after dismantling Nebraska and then beating the Longhorns in the Big 12 title game, but their two losses at the beginning of the year were tough to ignore. Others felt Oregon deserved the honor, being ranked in both the AP and Coaches' Polls as the number two team in the country. Ultimately, after all of the upsets, Nebraska ended up as the number two team in the BCS, despite being the team whose loss started all of the drama three weeks earlier.
Rules changes
The NCAA Rules Committee adopted the following rules changes for the 2001 season:
Charged team time-outs are reduced to 30 seconds if the team taking the time-out requests it. Otherwise, team time-outs are 90 seconds in length.
Eliminated TV/Radio time-outs during overtime periods.
All penalties committed by the offense behind the neutral zone are enforced from the previous spot, completely repealing the 1991 rule that enforced offensive holding, clipping, and illegal use of hands occurring behind the line from the spot of the foul.
Stopping the clock once a runner's helmet comes off.
Runners are exempt from being called for hurdling.
Roughing the passer penalties committed during a two-point conversion will be assessed on the ensuing kickoff or, if committed during overtime, on the succeeding spot.
Guidelines for officials on lightning-related game issues are included in the rulebook.
Conference and program changes
One team upgraded from Division I-AA, thus increasing the number of Division I-A schools from 116 to 117.
The Big West Conference stopped sponsoring football after the 2000 season. Its remaining football-playing members departed for the WAC, the Sun Belt (see below), or independence:
Boise State joined the WAC
Utah State opted to become an Independent.
The Sun Belt Conference, previously a non-football conference, began sponsoring football during the 2001 season, absorbing many of the Big West's former members.
Arkansas State, New Mexico State and North Texas joined from the Big West.
Idaho joined the Sun Belt as a football-only member
Louisiana–Lafayette, Louisiana–Monroe, and Middle Tennessee joined after playing as independents.
TCU joined Conference USA from the Western Athletic Conference
Louisiana Tech joined the Western Athletic Conference after five years as an independent.
Troy State joined Division I-A football this season.
Regular Season
August–September
The preseason AP Poll was led by Florida at No. 1 and Miami at No. 2, followed by three consecutive Big 12 teams: defending champion Oklahoma at No. 3, Nebraska at No. 4, and Texas at No. 5.
August 25: No. 3 Oklahoma defeated North Carolina 41-27 in the Hispanic College Fund Football Classic, while No. 4 Nebraska beat Texas Christian 21-7 in the Pigskin Classic. The other leading teams had not yet begun their schedules, and the top five remained the same in the next poll.
September 1: All of the top five teams won easily: No. 1 Florida defeated Marshall 49-14, No. 2 Miami won 33-7 at Penn State, No. 3 Oklahoma visited Air Force for a 44-3 victory, No. 4 Nebraska beat Troy State 42-14, and No. 5 Texas won 41-7 over New Mexico State. Miami moved to the top of the next AP Poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Oklahoma, No. 4 Texas, and No. 5 Nebraska. Florida held onto the top spot in the Coaches Poll.
September 8: The top teams continued to dominate their opponents. No. 1 Miami shut out Rutgers 61-0, No. 2 Florida beat Louisiana-Monroe 55-6, No. 3 Oklahoma defeated North Texas 37-10, No. 4 Texas won 44-14 over North Carolina, and No. 5 Nebraska was a 27-10 winner over No. 17 Notre Dame. Miami now held the No. 1 spot in both polls, followed in the AP rankings by No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Oklahoma, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Texas.
Games scheduled for September 15 were cancelled due to the terrorist attacks four days earlier. One of the affected games was a SEC matchup between No. 2 Florida and No. 8 Tennessee, which was rescheduled for early December and ended up having a major effect on the national championship picture.
September 20-22: No. 1 Miami was idle. No. 2 Florida belatedly opened conference play with a 44-10 win at Kentucky. No. 3 Oklahoma was also idle. No. 4 Nebraska breezed past Rice 48-3, and No. 5 Texas won 53-26 at Houston. The top five remained the same in the next AP Poll.
September 27-29: No. 1 Miami visited Pittsburgh for a 43-21 win. No. 2 Florida blanked No. 21 Mississippi State 52-0. No. 3 Oklahoma nearly blew a 21-point second-half lead but held on for a 38-37 nailbiter over No. 11 Kansas State. No. 4 Nebraska won 36-3 at Missouri, and No. 5 Texas beat Texas Tech 42-7. The top five again remained the same.
October
October 6: No. 1 Miami beat Troy State 38-7, but the AP voters were more impressed by No. 2 Florida’s 44-15 defeat of No. 18 LSU. No. 3 Oklahoma squared off against No. 5 Texas in the Red River Shootout, and the Longhorns were kept out of the end zone in a 14-3 Sooners win. No. 4 Nebraska won 48-14 over Iowa State, and No. 7 Oregon blasted Arizona 63-28. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Miami, No. 3 Oklahoma, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Oregon, with Miami retaining first place in the Coaches Poll.
October 13: No. 1 Florida fell 23-20 to Auburn on a Tigers field goal with time running out. The rivalry between No. 2 Miami and No. 14 Florida State often produced nail-biting finishes, but this time the Hurricanes pulled away in the second half on their way to a 49-27 victory. No. 3 Oklahoma won 38-10 at Kansas, No. 4 Nebraska was a 48-7 victor at Baylor, No. 5 Oregon beat California by the same 48-7 margin, and No. 7 UCLA prevailed 35-13 over No. 10 Washington. Miami returned to the No. 1 spot in both polls, followed by No. 2 Oklahoma, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Oregon.
October 20: No. 1 Miami was idle. No. 2 Oklahoma defeated Baylor 33-17. No. 3 Nebraska was tied at the half with Texas Tech, but the Cornhuskers ultimately managed a 41-31 victory. No. 4 UCLA beat California 51-17. No. 5 Oregon led Stanford by two touchdowns at the start of the fourth quarter, but the Cardinal made a furious comeback to defeat the Ducks 49-42. No. 6 Virginia Tech was idle but moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Oklahoma, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Virginia Tech. The year’s first BCS standings were released this week, and the computers placed Oklahoma in the top spot with Miami in fourth place.
October 25-27: No. 1 Miami, lauded by the pollsters but snubbed by the BCS, improved their resume by blasting West Virginia 45-3. The biggest game of the week took place in Lincoln between No. 2 Oklahoma and No. 3 Nebraska, and the Cornhuskers broke open a defensive struggle with a trick play for a 63-yard touchdown pass and a 20-10 victory. No. 20 Stanford pulled off their second upset in a row, 38-28 over No. 4 UCLA. In another surprise, No. 5 Virginia Tech fell 22-14 to Syracuse. No. 6 Florida beat No. 15 Georgia 24-10, and No. 7 Texas won 35-16 at Missouri. With several undefeated teams losing this week, Miami and Nebraska were now the only two teams in the power conferences without a loss. The AP’s top five were No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Oklahoma, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Texas, while the BCS ranked Nebraska at the top and put Michigan (AP No. 6) in place of Florida.
November
November 3: There was little competition at the top this week. No. 1 Miami shut out Temple 38-0, No. 2 Nebraska won 51-7 at Kansas, No. 3 Oklahoma rebounded from their loss to the Cornhuskers by blanking Tulsa 58-0, No. 4 Florida beat Vanderbilt 71-13, and No. 5 Texas visited Baylor for a 49-10 win. The AP’s top five remained the same; with Michigan losing to Michigan State on a controversial last-second play, the BCS elevated AP No. 6 Tennessee into the Wolverines’ No. 4 spot.
November 10: No. 1 Miami found themselves in deep trouble against unranked Boston College, clinging to a five-point lead as the Eagles had a first-and-goal at the Hurricanes’ nine-yard line with 30 seconds left. But a Boston College pass was deflected to Miami’s Matt Walters, who handed off to Ed Reed for an 80-yard touchdown return which clinched an 18-7 Hurricanes victory. No. 2 Nebraska trailed at the half but came back to beat Kansas State 31-21. No. 3 Oklahoma defeated Texas A&M 31-10, No. 4 Florida won 54-17 at No. 14 South Carolina, and No. 5 Texas shut out Kansas 59-0. The AP’s top five again remained the same. Despite the Longhorns’ big win, the BCS dropped Tennessee and Texas from their top five in favor of Oregon (AP No. 7) and Florida.
November 17: No. 1 Miami hosted No. 14 Syracuse, with the winner guaranteed at least a share of the Big East title. Recovering from last week’s close call, the Hurricanes overwhelmed their opponents 59-0. No. 2 Nebraska was idle. No. 3 Oklahoma won 30-13 at Texas Tech, No. 4 Florida defeated No. 21 Florida State 37-13, and No. 5 Texas was also idle. The next top five was No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 Texas.
November 23-24: Miami and Nebraska, the only undefeated teams in the major conferences, had held the top two spots in the polls throughout November. On Thanksgiving weekend, No. 1 Miami maintained their standard by blasting No. 12 Washington 65-7. However, No. 2 Nebraska received a major shock from No. 14 Colorado. The Buffaloes raced out to a 35-3 lead in the second quarter and cruised to a 62-36 victory, scoring the most points by any opponent in Cornhuskers history (including a record six touchdowns by running back Chris Brown). Since Colorado only had one conference loss, the two teams finished tied atop the Big 12 North and the head-to-head tiebreaker kept Nebraska out of the conference championship game. The Big 12 South title was decided in an equally surprising manner. No. 4 Oklahoma came into their rivalry game against Oklahoma State having outscored their last three opponents 119-23, while the Cowboys had a record of just 3-7. But the two teams engaged in a hard-fought defensive struggle until backup quarterback (and future major league baseball player) Josh Fields led Oklahoma State on a late drive which ended in a touchdown pass and a 16-13 Cowboys win. This opened the door for No. 5 Texas, who earned the right to face Colorado with a 21-7 victory at Texas A&M. No. 3 Florida and No. 6 Oregon were idle, but the chaos in the Big 12 allowed both teams to move up in the next poll. No. 7 Tennessee got the same benefit after shutting out Vanderbilt 38-0. The AP’s new top five were No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Texas, No. 4 Oregon, and No. 5 Tennessee; the BCS agreed on the top three but kept Nebraska in the running at No. 4.
December
December 1: The late-season drama continued as each of the top five teams played a game decided by three points or less. No. 1 Miami led 20-3 at the half and 26-10 in the fourth quarter, but No. 14 Virginia Tech scored a touchdown, passed for a two-point conversion, and took a blocked punt back 59 yards for another score. This time the Hokies failed to convert the two-point play, leaving the score at 26-24. Virginia Tech got the ball back once more, but Ed Reed made his second game-saving play in less than a month with an interception that sealed Miami’s perfect regular season. No. 2 Florida matched up against No. 5 Tennessee in the game that was delayed due to the September 11 attacks, playing for the SEC East title and a berth in the conference championship game. In a back-and-forth contest with several lead changes, a missed two-point conversion again made the difference as Florida cut the score to 34-32 with 86 seconds left but failed to complete the two-point pass. With the Gators out of the way, No. 3 Texas could earn a shot at the title by winning the Big 12 Championship Game. The Longhorns had beaten No. 9 Colorado 41-7 in October, but this time the Buffaloes rushed out to a 29-10 lead in the second quarter as Texas quarterback Chris Simms committed four turnovers before leaving with an injured finger. Major Applewhite, the Longhorns’ starting QB in 1998 and 1999 who had lost his job to Simms, led the team on a furious comeback that fell just short, with Colorado winning a 39-37 decision for their second shocking upset in as many weeks. Having already clinched at least a share of the Pac-10 title, No. 5 Oregon won the conference outright in a 17-14 defensive struggle against rival Oregon State. No. 6 Nebraska had finished their schedule, but they moved up in the next AP Poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Tennessee, No. 3 Oregon, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 Nebraska. However, the BCS ranked Nebraska at No. 3 ahead of Colorado and Oregon.
December 8: No. 2 Tennessee was in the driver’s seat for a national title berth as they matched up against No. 21 LSU in the SEC Championship Game. Just like Texas in the Big 12 title game, the Volunteers were playing an opponent they’d defeated earlier in the year. And, just like Texas, they flubbed the opportunity: LSU scored two fourth-quarter touchdowns for a 31-20 comeback win that gave coach Nick Saban his first championship of a major conference. The final AP Poll featured No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Oregon, No. 3 Colorado, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Florida—but the BCS had different plans.
Undefeated No. 1 Miami was an obvious choice to play for the national championship in the Rose Bowl, but deciding their opponent was a more difficult matter. In the last three weeks of the season, five teams ranked No. 2 or No. 3—Nebraska, Oklahoma, Florida, Texas, and Tennessee—had suffered upset losses when they were in the driver’s seat for a berth in the title game. In a controversial decision, the BCS computers selected Nebraska despite Oregon’s No. 2 ranking in both human polls and Colorado’s 26-point win over the Cornhuskers. The Ducks and Buffaloes ended up playing each other in the Fiesta Bowl. No. 5 Florida got an at-large BCS berth and faced No. 6 Maryland, the ACC champion, in the Orange Bowl; the Big Ten and SEC winners, No. 7 Illinois and No. 12 LSU, squared off in the Sugar Bowl.
Regular season top 10 matchups
Rankings reflect the AP Poll. Rankings for Week 8 and beyond will list BCS Rankings first and AP Poll second. Teams that failed to be a top 10 team for one poll or the other will be noted.
Week 5
No. 3 Oklahoma defeated No. 5 Texas, 14–3 (Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas)
Week 6
No. 7 UCLA defeated No. 10 Washington, 35–13 (Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California)
Week 8
No. 2/3 Nebraska defeated No. 1/2 Oklahoma, 20–10 (Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Week 13
No. 6/5 Tennessee defeated No. 2/2 Florida, 34–32 (Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, Gainesville, Florida)
No. 7/9 Colorado defeated No. 3/3 Texas, 39–37 (2001 Big 12 Championship Game, Texas Stadium, Irving, Texas)
Conference standings
Bowl Championship Series rankings
Final BCS standings
Miami
Nebraska
Colorado
Oregon
Florida
Tennessee
Texas
Illinois
Stanford
Maryland
Oklahoma
Washington State
LSU
South Carolina
Washington
Source:
Bowl games
BCS bowls
Rose Bowl: No. 1 Miami (FL) (BCS No. 1) 37, No. 4 Nebraska (BCS No. 2) 14
Fiesta Bowl: No. 2 Oregon (Pac-10 champ) 38, No. 3 Colorado (Big 12 champ) 16
Sugar Bowl: No. 12 LSU (SEC champ) 47, No. 7 Illinois (Big 10 champ) 34
Orange Bowl: No. 5 Florida (At Large) 56, No. 6 Maryland (ACC champ) 23
Other New Year's Day bowls
Cotton Bowl Classic: No. 10 Oklahoma 10, Arkansas 3
Florida Citrus Bowl: No. 8 Tennessee 45, No. 17 Michigan 17
Gator Bowl: No. 24 Florida State 30, No. 15 Virginia Tech 17
Outback Bowl: No. 14 South Carolina 31, No. 22 Ohio State 28
December bowl games
Holiday Bowl: No. 9 Texas 47, No. 21 Washington 43
Peach Bowl: North Carolina 16, Auburn 10
Tangerine Bowl: Pittsburgh 34, NC State 19
Sun Bowl: No. 13 Washington State 33, Purdue 27
Independence Bowl: Alabama 14, Iowa State 13
Alamo Bowl: Iowa 19, Texas Tech 16
Insight.com Bowl: No. 18 Syracuse 26, Kansas State 3
Liberty Bowl: No. 23 Louisville (C-USA champ) 28, No. 19 BYU (MWC champ) 10
Humanitarian Bowl: Clemson 49, Louisiana Tech (WAC Champ) 24
Motor City Bowl: No. 25 Toledo (MAC Champ) 23, Cincinnati 16
Seattle Bowl: Georgia Tech 24, No. 11 Stanford 14
Music City Bowl: Boston College 20, No. 16 Georgia 16
Las Vegas Bowl: Utah 10, Southern California 6
GMAC Bowl: Marshall 64, East Carolina 61 (2 OT)
Silicon Valley Classic: Michigan State 44, No. 20 Fresno State 35
Galleryfurniture.com bowl: Texas A&M 28, TCU 9
New Orleans Bowl: Colorado State 45, North Texas (Sun Belt Champ) 20
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other annual awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) – Ken Dorsey, Miami
Walter Camp Award (Back) – Eric Crouch, Nebraska
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) – Eric Crouch, Nebraska
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) – David Carr, Fresno State
Doak Walker Award (Running back) – Luke Staley, BYU
Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide receiver) – Josh Reed, Louisiana State
John Mackey Award (Tight end) – Daniel Graham, Colorado
Dave Rimington Trophy (Center) – LeCharles Bentley, Ohio State
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) – Roy Williams, Oklahoma
Chuck Bednarik Award – Julius Peppers, North Carolina
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) – Rocky Calmus, Oklahoma
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) – Julius Peppers, North Carolina
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) – Bryant McKinnie, Miami, OT
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive back) – Roy Williams, Oklahoma
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) – Seth Marler, Tulane
Ray Guy Award (Punter) – Travis Dorsch, Purdue
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – Larry Coker, Miami
The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award: Ralph Friedgen, Maryland
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
HMS Sulphur was a 10-gun of the British Royal Navy, famous as one of the ships in which Edward Belcher explored the Pacific coast of the Americas.
Ship history
Sulphur was launched in 1826, and in 1829 carried Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Irwin, officers, passengers and a detachment of troops from the 63rd Regiment of Foot to the Swan River Colony. On 23 July 1830 boats and men from and Sulphur pulled off the Parmelia Reef near the Swan River. Medina had grounded while delivering immigrants.
Sulphur was converted into a survey ship in 1835 together with sailed to the Pacific Ocean. Captain Frederick Beechey commanded the expedition under orders to survey the Pacific coast "from Valparaíso to 63°30' N." By the time the ship reached Valparaíso on 9 June 1836 however, Beechey became too ill to continue leading the vessel and departed for the United Kingdom. Henry Kellett replaced Beechey and sailed for Panama City where the expedition waited for a replacement officer. Edward Belcher arrived at the port in March 1837 as the new officer and the expedition continued its operations, sailing for the Federal Republic of Central America.
Sulphur reached the capital of Russian America New Archangel, on 11 September where Governor Ivan Kupreyanov greeted the British with a colonial ball. After departing south, Sulphur reached the site of the first Nootka Convention, Yuquot, on 3 October. After meeting with local Nuu-chah-nulth dignitaries, the British vessel then went to the mouth of the Columbia River. Bad weather prevented the ship from visited from Fort Vancouver and instead sailed south for Yerba Buena in Alta California. Sulphur returned to the Columbia River on 28 July 1839. After visiting Fort Vancouver the expedition went south, reaching San Blas on 24 November, where it remained until December. Sailing for the Marquesas Islands, Sulphur reached the archipelago in January 1840.
She participated in the First Opium War between 1840 and 1841.
On 21 July 1841, HMS Sulphur was damaged in the 1841 Hong Kong typhoon resulting in her total dismasting.
The ship was used to survey the harbour of Hong Kong in 1841 and returned to England in 1842. She was used for harbour service from 1843, and was broken up by 20 November 1859, by then the last bomb vessel on the Navy List.
Richard Brinsley Hinds (1811-1846) served as surgeon on Sulphur 1835-42. He was a naturalist, and collected numerous samples of plants and marine animals for study. He edited and The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur (1844). The introduction to Zoology, Volume 1 provides a detailed description of the voyage.
Sulphur Channel on the north shore of Hong Kong Island was named after the ship.
See also
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
List of bomb vessels of the Royal Navy
Notes
References
External links
Zoomable image of Belcher's Map of Hong Kong
Blecher, Edward. Narrative of a Voyage round the World performed in H.M.S. Sulphur, 1836-1842. Vol. 2
1826 ships
Bomb vessels of the Royal Navy
Exploration ships of the United Kingdom
History of Western Australia
First Opium War ships of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Sulphur%20%281826%29 |
Rajinder (Raj) Singh Ghai (born 12 June 1960)is a former Indian cricketer. He played Ranji Trophy for 10 years and captained the Punjab State team for 3 years. He also went on to play for Indian cricket team, India from 1984 to 1986. Playing in his very first one-day international game against England he got Wicket of Tim Robinson in his very first over which is a rare feat. Praised by the press as one of the fastest Indian Bowler of his time along with Kapil Dev and Chetan Sharma, Raj was also famous for his hard hitting batsmanship, having achieved a highest score of 114 not-out against "Services" in 1986.
References
Punjab, India cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
North Zone cricketers
1960 births
Living people
Cricketers from Jalandhar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinder%20Ghai |
Gabâ or gabaa, for the people in many parts of the Philippines particularly among Visayans, is the concept of a non-human and non-divine, imminent retribution. A sort of negative karma, it is generally seen as an evil effect on a person because of their wrongdoings or transgressions. The word has later been recycled for translating "divine retribution" or "divine fury" in the translations of the Bible to many local dialects in the Philippines. It is also translated as nemesis. The opposite of "Gaba" is Grasya, literally Grace in Spanish, which pertains to blessings from the Heavens. The English word which is closest to, or would best describe the word "Gaba", is "Comeuppance".
Background
The gabâ can be characterized through various Cebuano proverbs:
It is not necessarily immediate in its effect. (Ang gabâ dili sama sa sili nga mohalang dayon.)
It may come unexpectedly. (Ang gabâ dili magsaba.)
It is not limited to transgressions against fellow human beings: objects considered holy can also cause gabâ, such as dropping on the ground a sacred root crop of ubi. (The concept was later extended to religious icons such as bibles or rosaries). Even the least-valued object may cause it. (Bisan ang ube makagabâ.)
It could happen to persons who are important to the transgressor. For example, people would say "gigabâan" of a womanizing father whose daughter has a child out of wedlock.
Sources
The source of gabâ is not a god or God or an absolute karmic principle, but in the spirits of nature. It must have arisen out of the animism of pre-Spanish Cebuanos. With the coming of Christianity into the Islands, gabâ became "absorbed" in the Roman Catholic Church. In-depth examination, however, would show that it is incompatible with Catholic dogma.
Applications
Gabâ and panghimaraot
Gabâ is distinct from panghimaraot (curse) whereby a transgressed person pronounces a maldesyon against the transgressor. In panghimaraot, evil is asked to befall on the sinner; with gabâ, evil is sure to befall on the sinner, even if it is not asked. Sometimes Cebuanos blurt out threats of gabâ, "Gabâ-an ka gyod!", but it is not taken to mean that gabâ is being asked; it is only a reminder to the transgressor that no one is excluded from it. Sometimes sinners also ask for exclusion in pidgin Spanish: Puyra gabâ! (Fuera gabâ)
Gabâ and karma
Gabâ is not synonymous with the Hindu-Buddhist law of karma: gabâ is only in the negative (a punishment), unlike karma which may be good or bad. Both concepts are known to the Visayan peoples, although gabâ is considered purely indigenous, while karma was historically imported.
Gabâ and divine retribution
Gabâ is not, strictly speaking, the same as punishment from a godhead, such as the monotheisms' God or the Greek goddess Nemesis: gabâ does not presuppose an Ultimate Being.
Ill-doings to one's fellowmen does not alone cause Gaba but actions like wasting food, disrespecting elders, abusing animals, desecrating holy places or objects, cursing God, and destroying Nuno sa Punso cause Gaba as well. An expression is also common among the Bisaya and Hiligaynon, Purya Gaba which is said when one walks in an eerie place, this is believed to ward off evil.
Social effects
Some sociologists believe that Gabâ is one of the causes of the complacency of Cebuanos: because of their belief in it, they prefer to be silent on abuses. It gives hope to the oppressed that someday the abuses will be paid for.
In popular culture
The concept of Gabâ features prominently in the 2022 Irish-Filipino horror film Nocebo, which revolves around a Cebuana Ongo hexing an exploitative European fashion designer in revenge for her daughter's death in a sweatshop fire.
See also
Anito
Karma in Buddhism
Philippine mythology
References
Fernandez, Guiraldo C., "The Understanding of Gabâ and its Relation to the Doctrine of Karma", USC Graduate Journal, University of San Carlos (Cebu City), 2004. Vol XXI, No. 1, pp. 33–45. Online: http://research.usc.edu.ph/research_journals/tools/process_specific_request.jsp?table=theses&search=4
Garcia, Lilian, "Some Observations of the Gabâ Phenomena", Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 1976. Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 309–410.
Lomoljo, Luz, "Gabâ in the Christian Perspective: Suggested Themes for Religious Education", unpublished master's thesis, University of San Carlos, 1994.
Cebuano culture
Visayan mythology
Religion in the Philippines
Austronesian spirituality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C3%A2 |
Grossmont College is a public community college in El Cajon, California. Its name originated with the silent film actor and producer William J. Gross, who was enticed by Ed Fletcher to invest in the purchase of land, part of which was called Grossmont. The campus sits in the Fletcher Hills community of El Cajon and is bordered by the cities of San Diego and Santee. Grossmont College along with Cuyamaca College make up what is the Grossmont-Cuyamaca Community College District. Grossmont is part of the California Community College System.
Grossmont College is also home to Grossmont Middle College High School, where selected high school students can receive both high school and college credit for taking courses on campus. The newspaper for Grossmont College is The Summit. Its radio station is Griffin Radio.
Facilities
The facilities of Grossmont College are situated across 135 acres. At its inception, the campus was planned to accommodate an enrollment of 2,500 daytime students. The first incarnation of the completed campus was expected to hold 4,800 students. On October 18, 1965, a bond for $3.5 million was approved by area voters. This made it possible to complete the college's initial master plan. By September 25, 1967, the new facilities were completed. Since that time, student enrollment increased dramatically and created the need for new and remodeled campus facilities.
In recent years, the college has undergone major improvements of its facilities including:
Academics
Grossmont College offers more than 150 degree and certificate programs. Each year, about 1,500 students earn Associate in Arts degrees, Associate in Science degrees, and/or advanced/basic certificates. In addition, the students are offered general education and transfer programs.
Athletics
Grossmont College offers several men's and women's intercollegiate sports:
Notable alumni
Sergio Bailey II - NFL and XFL football player
Lester Bangs - Music journalist
Doug Benson - Comedian
Quintin Berry - MLB Player, Boston Red Sox
Rachel Bilson - American actress
Brian Patrick Butler - Actor and filmmaker
Brad Daluiso - American football player
Chad DeGrenier - American football player and coach
Stephanie Nicole Garcia-Colace - Professional wrestler, actress, known as Nikki Bella
Mark Goffeney (1969-2021) - Armless guitar player, child celebrity, disability advocate
Robert Hays - American actor
Arthur Hobbs - Defensive back for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Barry Jantz - Former La Mesa City Councilman/CEO of Grossmont Healthcare District
Brian Jones (born 1968) - politician serving in the California State Senate
David Leisure - Actor
Kevin McCadam - NFL defensive back, Atlanta Falcons
Dan Melville - American football player
Sean O'Sullivan - MLB Player, Boston Red Sox
Dat Phan - Vietnamese American stand-up comedian
Joe Roth - College football quarterback
Wally Schlotter - Chairman of the San Diego Film Commission from 1978 to 1996
Cathy Scott - True crime author and journalist
Bernard Seigal - Musician, Beat Farmers' original member, music journalist, editor college newspaper The Summit
Scott Sherman - former San Diego City Council member
Brian Sipe - NFL quarterback, Cleveland Browns
Alexandra Slade - Actress
Akili Smith - NFL quarterback, Cincinnati Bengals
Casey Tiumalu - NFL running back, Los Angeles Rams
Todd Watkins - NFL wide receiver
References
External links
California Community Colleges
Education in El Cajon, California
Universities and colleges in San Diego County, California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
1961 establishments in California
Universities and colleges established in 1961
Two-year colleges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont%20College |
Zoyla Gloria Ruiz Moscoso (December 23, 1926 – December 4, 2009), better known by her stage name Leticia Palma, was an actress who worked in Mexican cinema. She was most famous for her role in Roberto Gavaldón's En la palma de tu mano, which ranked 70th on Somos magazine's 1994 list of the 100 best Mexican films.
Biography
Born in Paraíso, Tabasco, Palma starred in a dozen films before a dispute with Jorge Negrete, then-president of the National Association of Actors (ANDA), led to her being banned from the Mexican film industry.
According to Palma, she and Negrete were nearly involved in a traffic accident on the Paseo de la Reforma in the summer of 1952. Negrete claimed that he was not involved, and that he just happened to be nearby at the time. When Palma talked to the press afterwards, not only did she comment on Negrete's driving, but she also took advantage of the opportunity to accuse Negrete of using his influence in the union to attempt to sabotage her career.
Negrete argued that union sanctions were placed due to her stealing her own contract files from the offices of ANDA. Palma was married to a wealthy American and she became involved in the struggle between Mario Moreno "Cantinflas" and Negrete over leadership of the union, campaigning actively for Moreno.
On January 10, 1953, ANDA held a special assembly to judge Palma. Moreno argued on her behalf, attempting to negotiate a settlement. Palma could never prove her accusations against Negrete, and the majority of ANDA members voted in favor of her expulsion, ending her career.
Cinema historian Emilio García Riera described her as "one of the most interesting presences" on the Mexican silver screen. She died on December 4, 2009, in Cuernavaca, México.
Filmography
Apasionada (1952)
Por qué peca la mujer (1951)
Women Without Tomorrow (1951)
En la palma de tu mano (1950)
Road of Hell (1950)
También de dolor se canta (1950) (as herself)
Vagabunda (1950)
Cuatro contra el mundo (1949)
Hipócrita..! (1949) (credited as Nazira or Nacira de Tello)
Escuela para casadas (1949) (credited as Nazira or Nacira de Tello)
El hombre de la máscara de hierro (1943)
Yo bailé con don Porfirio (1942)
External links
Leticia Palma at Estrellas del Cine Mexicano
20th-century Mexican actresses
Mexican film actresses
Actresses from Tabasco
1926 births
2009 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia%20Palma |
Datu Daya was a legendary lord of Kandaya ("Daya's (kingdom)"), the place that is now known as Daanbantayan, Cebu, in the Philippines.
According to oral tradition, Datu Daya was the ruler of the first settlers in northern Cebu. The new settlers cleared forests and in a few years were able to establish a progressive community. Muslim raiders continually attacked the community and kidnapped women and children until a bantayan (watchtower) was constructed to defend the town. For his glory, Datu Daya was idolized.
Cultural remnants
The town of Daanbantayan, Cebu has an annual celebration of chants and dances known as Haladaya (literally, "a tribute to Daya").
Before the conversion of the district now known as Daanbantayan into a town, it was known as Kandaya (kang Daya - Daya's place in Cebuano).
See also
Rajah Humabon
Lapu-lapu
Ferdinand Magellan
Miguel López de Legazpi
Sri Lumay- Founder of Rajahnate of Cebu.
Sinhapura
Rajahnate of Cebu
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Cebu City
Cebu
History of the Philippines (900-1521)
Chola Dynasty
References
Filipino paramount rulers
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Filipino Roman Catholics
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Cebu
Filipino people of Malay descent
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu%20Daya |
Nigerian Americans (;
;
) are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The number of Nigerian immigrants residing in the United States is rapidly growing, expanding from a small 1980 population of 25,000. The 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) estimated that 461,695 U.S. residents were of Nigerian ancestry. The 2019 ACS further estimated that around 392,811 of these (85%) had been born in Nigeria. Similar to its status as the most populous country in Africa, Nigeria is also the African country with the most migrants to the United States, as of 2013. In a study which was carried out by consumer genetics company 23andMe which involved the DNA of 50,281 people of African descent in the United States, Latin America, and Western Europe, it was revealed that Nigeria was the most common country of origin for testers from the United States, the French Caribbean, and the British Caribbean. Most Nigerian Americans, like British Nigerians, predominantly originate from southern Nigeria, as opposed to the Islamic northern half of the country.
History
Atlantic slave trade (17th century – 1808)
The first people of ancestry from what is now modern Nigeria to arrive in what is now the modern United States were brought by force as slaves. These enslaved people were not called Nigerians but were known by their ethnic nations due to Nigeria not being a country until the early 1900s, after the slave trade was over. Calabar and Badagry (Gberefu Island), Nigeria, became major points of export of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most slave ships frequenting this port were English. Most of the slaves of Bight of Biafra – many of whom hailed from the Igbo hinterland – were trafficked to Virginia. After 400 years in the United States and the lack of documentation because of enslavement, African Americans have often been unable to track their ancestors to specific ethnic groups or regions of Africa. Like Americans of other origins, at this point most African Americans have ancestors of a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Most of the people who were stolen from Nigeria were likely to have been, Igbo or Yoruba. Other ethnic groups, such as the Fulani and Edo people were also captured and transported to the colonies in the New World. The Igbo were exported mainly to Maryland and Virginia. They comprised the majority of all enslaved Africans in Virginia during the 18th century: of the 37,000 Africans trafficked to Virginia from Calabar during the eighteenth century, 30,000 were Igbo. In the next century, people of Igbo descent were taken with settlers who moved to Kentucky. According to some historians, the Igbo also comprised most of the slaves in Maryland. This group was characterized by high rates of rebellion and suicide, as the people resisted and fought back against enslavement. Many Nigerians of Igbo origin were also brought into the U.S. in the late 1960s as war refugees during Nigerian civil war.
Some Nigerian ethnic groups, such as the Yoruba, and some northern Nigerian ethnic groups, had traditional, cultural identification marks, such as tattoo and scarification designs. These could have assisted a kidnapped and enslaved person who escaped in locating other members of their ethnic group, but few enslaved people managed to escape the colonies. In the colonies, slavers tried to dissuade the practice of traditional tribal customs. They also mixed people of different ethnic groups to make it more difficult for them to communicate and band together in rebellion.
U.S. President Thomas Jefferson officially outlawed the Atlantic slave trade in 1808, although some enslaved Africans continued to be illegally smuggled into the country and the institution of slavery persisted until the American Civil War.
Modern migration (1960s – present)
In modern times, most Americans of unambiguous Nigerian ancestry are voluntary immigrants and their descendants. Various leaders of the Nigerian independence movement such as Eyo Ita, Mbonu Ojike, and Nnamdi Azikiwe were educated in the United States during the 1930s-1940s. When President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, U.S. restrictions on immigration from regions outside of Northwestern Europe were eliminated, allowing for a greater number of Nigerians in the United States.
The modern generation of Nigerian migrants was initially motivated by the desire to pursue educational opportunities in undergraduate and postgraduate institutions in the United States. During the 1960s and the 1970s aftermath of the Nigerian Civil War, the Nigerian government funded the education of Nigerian students attending U.S. universities. While this was occurring, there were several military coups, interspersed with brief periods of civilian rule. The instability resulted in many Nigerian professionals emigrating, especially doctors, lawyers and academics, who found it difficult to return to Nigeria.
During the 1980s, a larger wave of Nigerians immigrated to the United States. This migration was driven by political and economic problems exacerbated by the military regimes of self-styled generals Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha. Other émigrés comprised a large number of refugees, fleeing on account of religious persecutions, endless political unrests and ethnic/tribal conflicts, the presumption of Nigeria as a failing state, or just to enhance the quality of lives for themselves and their families (Ogbuagu, 2013). The most noticeable exodus occurred among professional and middle class Nigerians who, along with their children, took advantage of education and employment opportunities in the United States.
This exodus contributed to a "brain-drain" of Nigeria's intellectual resources to the detriment of its future. Since the advent of multi-party democracy in March 1999, the former Nigerian head-of-state Olusegun Obasanjo has made numerous appeals, especially to young Nigerian professionals in the United States, to return to Nigeria to help in its rebuilding effort. Obasanjo's efforts have met with mixed results, as some potential migrants consider Nigeria's socio-economic situation still unstable (Ogbuagu, 2013b).
Since 1980, the estimated population of foreign-born Nigerians has grown from 25,000 to 392,811 in 2019.
Socioeconomics
Education
According to Rice University research, Nigerian Americans are the most educated group in the United States.
According to the 2008-2012 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, 61.4% of Nigerian Americans aged 25 years or older hold a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 28.5% of the total U.S. population. The Migration Policy Institute reports that 29% of Nigerian Americans have a master's degree, PhD, or an advanced professional degree (compared to 11% of the U.S population overall). Nigerian Americans are also known for their contributions to medicine, science, technology, arts, and literature.
Nigerian culture has long emphasized education, placing value on pursuing academic excellence as a means to financial security. Examples of Nigerian Americans in education include Akintunde Akinwande, Oyekunle Olukotun, Jacob Olupona and Dehlia Umunna, professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Harvard University respectively. Recent famous examples include ImeIme Umana, the first black woman to be elected president of the Harvard Law Review, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the first woman to become the head of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Tanitoluwa Adewumi, a homeless child refugee who went on to become a chess prodigy. Examples of Nigerian Americans in popular media include Dr. Bennet Omalu, portrayed in the 2015 film Concussion, and Emmanuel Acho, host of the weekly activist webcast Uncomfortable Conversations with a Black Man.
A large percentage of black students at highly selective top universities are immigrants or children of immigrants. Harvard University, for example, has estimated that more than one-third of its black student body consists of recent immigrants or their children, or were of mixed-race parentage. Other top universities, including Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Rice, Duke and Berkeley, report a similar pattern. As a result, there is a question as to whether affirmative action programs adequately reach their original targets: African Americans who are descendants of American slaves and their discriminatory history in the US.
According to the 2021 Open Doors report, the top five U.S. institutions with the largest student population of Nigerian descent (in no particular order) are Texas Southern University, University of Houston, University of Texas at Arlington, University of North Texas, and Houston Community College. According to Institute of International Education's 2017 Open Doors report, 11,710 international students from Nigeria studied in the U.S. during the 2016–17 academic year, the 12th highest country of origin and highest of any African country.
Income
In 2018, Nigerian Americans had a median household income of $68,658 - higher than
$61,937 for all overall U.S. households. In 2012, Nigerian Americans had a poverty rate of 12.8%, lower than the U.S. national average of 14.9% and lower than the total African American poverty rate of 27.2%.
Relations with other black Americans
In 2017, sociologist Onoso Imoagene argued that second generation Nigerian Americans are forming a distinct "diasporic Nigerian ethnicity" rather than assimilating into the mainstream African American culture, in contrast to what should have been predicted by segmented assimilation theory. Limited sociological research suggests that Nigerian Americans may have a more positive opinion of the American police compared to the broader black community. The Marshall Project and Prison Legal News have reported that the Texas Department of Criminal Justice heavily recruits Nigerians to serve as guards in Texas prisons, where a significant proportion of the prisoners are black.
Demography and areas of concentrated residence
As of 2013, the World Bank estimated that 252,172 Nigerian migrants live in the US. This is 23% of all Nigerian migrants, the most of any destination country. Nigerian migrants represent 0.5% of all migrants in the U.S., the 32nd highest of all U.S. source countries.
US states with the largest Nigerian populations
The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 U.S. residents report Nigerian ancestry.
The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. It also estimates that these states have the highest Nigerian-born population:
Texas 60,173
Maryland 31,263
New York 29,619
California 23,302
Georgia 19,182
Illinois 15,389
New Jersey 14,780
Florida 8,274
Massachusetts 6,661
Pennsylvania 6,371
North Carolina 3,561
Religious demographics
In terms of religion, the Nigerian community in the United States is split, as approximately 70% practice Christianity while 28% follow Islam and the remainder practice other religions (2%).
Traditional attire
Among Nigerian Americans, traditional Nigerian attire remains very popular. However, because the fabric is often hard to acquire outside of Nigeria, traditional attire is not worn on an everyday basis but rather, reserved for special occasions such as weddings, Independence Day celebrations, birthday ceremonies and Muslim Eid celebrations. For weddings, the fabric used to sew the outfit of the bride and groom is usually directly imported from Nigeria or bought from local Nigerian traders and then taken to a local tailor who then sews it into the preferred style. Due to the large number of Nigerians living in America and the cultural enrichment that these communities provide to non-Nigerians, the traditional attire has been adopted in many parts of the country as a symbol of African ethnicity, for example, clothes worn during Kwanzaa celebrations are known to be very influenced by Nigerian traditional attire. In recent years, the traditional fabric has attracted many admirers especially among celebrities such as Solange Knowles and most notably Erykah Badu. On the fashion runway, Nigerian American designers like Boston-born Kiki Kimanu are able to combine the rich distinct colors of traditional attire with Western styles to make clothes that are highly sought after by young Nigerian professionals and Americans alike.
Nigerian American ethnic groups
Nigerian-Americans can be subdivided into Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups - the Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani.
Igbo American
Igbo Americans are people in the United States that maintain an identity of a varying level of Igbo ethnic group that now call the United States their chief place of residence (and may also have US citizenship). Many moved to the US following the effects of the Biafran War (1967–1970).
Yoruba American
Yoruba Americans are Americans of Yoruba descent. The Yoruba people () are an ethnic group originating in southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin in West Africa. The first Yoruba people who arrived to the United States were imported as slaves from Nigeria and Benin during the Atlantic slave trade. This ethnicity of the slaves was one of the main origins of present-day Nigerians who arrived to the United States, along with the Igbos. In addition, native slaves of current Benin hailed from peoples such as Nago (Yoruba subgroup, although exported mainly by Spanish, when Louisiana was Spanish), Ewe, Fon and Gen. Many slaves imported to the modern United States from Benin were sold by the King of Dahomey, in Whydah.
The native tongue of the Yoruba people is spoken principally in Nigeria and Benin, with communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas. A variety of the language, Lucumi, is the liturgical language of the Santería religion of the Caribbean.
Fulani and Hausa American
Fulani and Hausa Americans are people in the United States that maintain a cultural identity of various levels from the Fulani and Hausa ethnic groups and now call the United States home. Most speak Hausa, Fulfulde as well as English fluently and Arabic on various levels. The first wave of Fulani immigrants arrived as a result of the Atlantic Slave trade. Recent Fulani and Hausa arrivals immigrated to the United States during the 1990s. They now make up a large percentage of the Muslim communities across America.
Organizations
Nigerian American organizations in the US include:
Houston, Texas-based Nigerian Union Diaspora (NUD)
Society for Africans in the Diaspora (SAiD Institute)
Houston, Texas-based Nigerian American Multicultural Council, NAMC (namchouston.org)
Washington, D.C.-based Nigerian-American Council or Nigerian-American Leadership Council
The Alliance of Nigerian Organizations in Atlanta, Georgia
The Nigerian Association Utah
The Nigerian Ladies Association of Texas (NLAT)
The Nigerian American Multi Service Association, NAMSA (namsa.org)
First Nigeria Organisation
United Nigeria Association of Tulsa
The Alliance of Nigerian Organizations in Georgia is an organization that tries to satisfy the interests of the community, and represents all Nigeria nonprofit associations in the state (such as Nigerian Women Association of Georgia – NWAG-), in tribal issues, ethnic, educational, social, political and economic. Through the ANOG, the Office of Nigerian Consulate in Atlanta reaches the Nigerian community associations.
National Council of Nigerian Muslim Organizations in USA;
The National Council of Nigerian Muslim Organizations is an organization that teaches Islam, study the elements of religion, favoring Muslim integration in the U.S., creating a Muslim American identity and promoting interpersonal relationships.
Nigerian Ladies Association of Texas (NLAT) is an apolitical, non-profit formed by Nigerian women that promote fellowship, community and family values. NLAT is looking for ways to improve the lives of its members and their families and contribute to improving the life and development of Nigeria and the United States of America. The association teaches its members on individual rights (especially the rights of women, creating media to promote respect for these rights, to promote equality and peace between the sexes) and establishes job opportunities for Nigerians living in Texas, organizes and provides resources to women and children in Nigeria and the US, teaches Nigerian culture to the new generations, working with women's groups in the U.S. and drives programs to promote education and health services. and the Nigerian American Multi Service Association (NAMSA) provides services to community members.
Nigerian Lawyers Association (NLA): Incorporated in 1999, the Nigerian Lawyers Association (“NLA”) NLA's principal objectives are to cultivate the science of jurisprudence. Its first president was John Edozie of Madu, Edozie, and Madu law firm.
NNAUSA is an organization for the Ngwa Diaspora in America
Nigerian American associations representing the interests of determined groups include:
The Association of Nigerian Physicians in the Americas (ANPA)
Igbo studies association, USA
Nigerian Nurses Association USA
Ogbakor Ikwerre USA, Inc. is a non–profit organization of Ikwerre indigenes residing in the United States of America and Canada. We are committed to the survival and prosperity of the Ikwerre people and the entire Ikwerre community. OIUSA is an incorporate body that was founded on July 6, 1996 in Los Angeles, California. The organization is incorporated in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, but headquartered in Los Angeles. Membership comprises individuals and associations that subscribe to OIUSA vision. Members come from all over the 50 states in the US and Canada
Nigerian Student Association
Notable people
See also
Igbo Americans
Yoruba Americans
Africans in the United States
African immigration to Latin America
History of Nigerian Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth
List of topics related to Black and African people
Nigeria–United States relations
References
Further reading
Emeka, Amon. "'Just black' or not 'just black?' ethnic attrition in the Nigerian-American second generation." Ethnic and Racial Studies 42.2 (2019): 272–290.
Ette, Ezekiel Umo. Nigerian Immigrants in the United States: Race, Identity, and Acculturation (Lexington Books, 2012).
Ogbaa, Kalu. The Nigerian Americans (Greenwood, 2003).
Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013). “Diasporic Transnationalism”: Towards a framework for conceptualizing and understanding the ambivalence of the social construction of “Home” and the myth of Diasporic Nigerian homeland return. Journal of Educational and Social Research 3(2), 189–212; Doi:10.5901/jesr. 2013.v3n2p189; ISSN 2239-978X. http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/jesr/article/view/157.
Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013). Remittances and in-kind products as agency for community development and anti-poverty sustainability: Making a case for Diasporic Nigerians. International Journal of Development and Sustainability 2(3),1828-1857. Online – www.isdsnet.com/ijds ISDS Article ID: IJDS13052905
Rich, Timothy. "You can trust me: A multimethod analysis of the Nigerian email scam." Security Journal 31.1 (2018): 208–225. online
Sarkodie-Mensah, Kwasi. "Nigerian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 329–341. online
https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3-13.pdf
https://www.isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3.html
https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3-13.pdf
American
West Africans in the United States
African-American society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Americans |
William Chrisman High School is a high school located in Independence, Missouri, United States, as part of the Independence School District.
History
The school was founded in 1888 and was known as Independence High School. The first building was located at the intersection of Pleasant and Truman Road, the current location of the Palmer/Central Office Building. It is from this location that President Harry S. Truman, First Lady Bess Truman, and Truman White House Press Secretary and Pulitzer Prize winner Charles Griffith Ross graduated in 1901.
In 1917 the Independence School District passed a levy and bond to build a new high school building. Margaret Chrisman Swope offered to sell the district land for the new school at the southeast corner of Union and Maple for $1 in exchange for naming the school after her father, William Chrisman. Chrisman had served as a member of the first school board in 1866 and was also a prominent lawyer and banker in the community. The new building opened in 1918 as William Chrisman High School. The high school moved to its current site in 1956, at the northeast corner of Noland Road and U.S. Route 24 (Independence Avenue), when a major addition was added to Ott Elementary School and the building was converted into the high school. Since that time the building has undergone numerous additions.
Demographics
William Chrisman is home to 1,491 students from Independence, Missouri, and part of Sugar Creek, Missouri, (as of the beginning of the 2013–2014 school year). The student population's racial breakdown is: 72.5% white, 12.6% black, 9.1% Hispanic, 0.7% Asian, and 0.3% Native American.
Extracurricular
Sports and activities
William Chrisman is a member of the Suburban Kansas City- White, a division of the Greater Kansas City Suburban Conference League, which realigns/changes every two years. Consisting of high schools: William Chrisman, Oak Park, Raytown, Fort Osage, Liberty North, and Staley William Chrisman also plays Truman, and Van Horn, which are also part of the Independence School District.
The William Chrisman Bears compete in the following sports:
Fall
Boys: cross country, football, soccer, swimming
Girls: volleyball, cross country, golf, softball, tennis, dance, cheer
Winter
Boys: basketball, wrestling
Girls: basketball, swimming, dance, cheer
Spring
Boys: baseball, golf, tennis, track & field
Girls: soccer, track & field
Robotics
The school district's FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 1723 the FBI (First Bots of Independence), was founded in 2006. The student members from all three ISD high schools meet almost all year round at William Chrisman High school. The FBI is also active in the ISD community; many members from the team mentor ISD middle school and elementary school FIRST Lego League teams and host an annual FIRST Lego League tournament at George Caleb Bingham Middle School.
Notable alumni
Madisen Ward - musician, Madisen Ward and The Mama Bearn
Forrest "Phog" Allen - KU basketball coach
Don Buschhorn - former MLB player (Kansas City Athletics)
Mort Cooper - former MLB player (St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Braves, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs)
Walker Cooper - former MLB player (St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs)
Paul Henning - TV producer (The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction, Green Acres)
Jared Huffman - US Congressman, CA Dist 2
Sharon Kinne - Serial Killer, One of the longest fugitives in American history
Russ Morman - former MLB player (Florida Marlins, Chicago White Sox, Kansas City Royals); and current hitting coach for the Fresno Grizzlies
Paul C. Nagel - historian and biographer
Charles Ross - White House Press Secretary/Pulitzer Prize Winning Journalist
Ellis Short - billionaire investor
Tava Smiley - TV actress
Orvar Swenson - pediatric surgeon
Bess Wallace Truman - former First Lady of the United States
Harry S. Truman - 33rd President of the United States
References
Buildings and structures in Independence, Missouri
Educational institutions established in 1888
1888 establishments in Missouri
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Chrisman%20High%20School |
WGLU (102.5 FM) is a Christian radio station that is an affiliate of K-LOVE. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation. WGLU was a simulcast of sister station WPCH (96.5 FM). This station was assigned the WGLU call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 15, 2020.
History
History as Peach
On the week of March 17, 2008, fans of the "Peach 96.5" were told that they can listen to the station online until the station returned to the air as "Peach 102.5" on March 24, 2008. During this week, a country format known as "96.5 The Bull" broadcast on both the 102.5 and 96.5 frequencies. "The Peach" returned to return to the air on its new frequency at 102.5 on March 24, 2008. Prior to this, the station aired a Spanish format.
On September 15, 2008, the country format at 96.5 as "96.5 The Bull" was removed and replaced with a Peach simulcast of 102.5 and 96.5. This was the second time that "The Peach" has aired at 96.5. With the simulcast, the then-WZCH at 102.5 covered Warner-Robins clearly, while WPCH covered Macon and surrounding areas clearly. Unlike when it aired only on 96.5 or 102.5, "The Peach" could now be heard clearly throughout the whole Macon/Warner-Robins area.
On March 22, 2011, the station broke away from the simulcast on 96.5. The new format was announced at 4 PM on Friday, March 25, 2011. Since breaking away from the 96.5 simulcast, 102.5 started playing various formats before finally deciding on a country format. They were then known as New Country 102.5.
The country format proved to be a failure from the start when on September 29, 2011, Clear Channel Communications announced that they were selling WZCH to the Educational Media Foundation and would be affiliated with K-Love, a station that plays Christian music. The new format started not long after that date.
References
External links
WGLU's official website
Radio stations established in 1995
K-Love radio stations
1995 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational Media Foundation radio stations
GLU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGLU |
Area codes 845 and 329 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of New York. The numbering plan area comprises the mid- and lower Hudson Valley, specifically Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Ulster counties, and parts of Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, and Sullivan counties.
Area code 845 was created on June 5, 2000, by an area code split from most of the territory of area code 914, which was retained by Westchester County.
Prior to October 2021, area code 845 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.
On May 11, 2022, the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA) authorized the new area code 329 for an overlay of the 845 area, with an effective in-service date of March 24, 2023.
Service area
Numbering plan area 845/329 includes the following communities.
Airmont
Beacon
Beekman
Blauvelt
Brewster
Carmel
Chester
Chestnut Ridge
Clarkstown
Clinton Corners
Congers
Cornwall
Cold Spring
Cottekill
Crawford
Dover Plains
East Fishkill
Fishkill
Fleischmanns
Garrison
Goshen
Halcott
Haverstraw
High Falls
Highland
Hopewell Junction
Hyde Park
Jeffersonville
Kingston
LaGrange
Liberty
Mahopac
Margaretville
Middletown
Millbrook
Monroe
Monsey
Montebello
Monticello
Montgomery
Nanuet
Nelsonville
Newburgh
New City
New Paltz
New Windsor
Nyack
Olive
Orangetown
Patterson
Pawling
Pearl River
Phoenicia
Piermont
Pleasant Valley
Pine Bush
Pomona
Port Jervis
Poughkeepsie
Red Hook
Rhinebeck
Rosendale
Saugerties
Sloatsburg
Spring Valley
Staatsburg
Stone Ridge
Stony Point
Suffern
Tappan
Valley Cottage
Walden
Wallkill
Wappingers Falls
Warwick
Washingtonville
Wingdale
West Nyack
West Point
Woodbury
Woodstock
References
External links
845
845
Rockland County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20845%20and%20329 |
Fremantle is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is located in the inner south-west of Perth, centring on the port of Fremantle.
Fremantle is a historically safe Labor seat, though the Greens WA have polled well in recent times. Labor held the seat from 1924 until a 2009 by-election which was lost to Greens candidate Adele Carles. Carles quit the party in the following year, sitting as an independent for the remainder of her term. The seat returned to Labor at the 2013 election.
Geography
Fremantle is a north–south elongated electorate. It is bounded to the north by the Swan River and to the west by the Indian Ocean. A series of roads make up the district's short southern and long eastern boundary. The district takes in the suburbs of Beaconsfield, East Fremantle, Fremantle, North Coogee, South Fremantle and White Gum Valley, as well as parts of the suburbs of Bicton, Hamilton Hill, Palmyra and Spearwood. The district also includes Rottnest Island.
History
Created for the 1890 election, Fremantle was one of the original 30 districts of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. It has remained as an electorate ever since. In its early years, the seat changed hands regularly between different candidates. However, the seat became more favourable to the Labor Party in the early 20th century, and has been held by the Labor Party at all times between 1924 and 2021, except from 2009 to 2013.
Fremantle's longest-serving member was Joseph Sleeman, member for 35 years from 1924 to 1959. David Parker, member for Fremantle from 1980 to 1990, served as Deputy Premier of Western Australia under Premier Peter Dowding from 1988 to 1990. The seat's member until his retirement in 2009 was Jim McGinty, who was the Opposition Leader from 1994 to 1996 and Attorney-General in the Gallop and Carpenter governments from 2001 to 2008. He was replaced in the 2009 Fremantle state by-election by Greens candidate Adele Carles, who won the seat having outpolled Labor on the primary vote, and gaining sufficient preference flow to fill McGinty's vacancy. In doing so, Carles set a number of firsts for the Greens in Australia.
The seat reverted to form in 2013 election, with Simone McGurk reclaiming the seat for Labor on Green preferences. A redistribution ahead of the 2017 election ballooned McGurk's margin from a fairly safe 57.9 percent to a comfortably safe 65.4 percent. McGurk's margin blew out in Labor's 2017 landslide, when she took 73.1 percent of the two-party vote, making Fremantle Labor's fourth-safest seat.
Members for Fremantle
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: 1996–2005
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Fremantle
Electoral district
1890 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Fremantle |
Van Horn High School is a public high school located at 1109 S. Arlington Ave. in Independence, Missouri, United States, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of 2008, it is part of the Independence School District. It previously was part of the Kansas City, Missouri School District when it opened in 1955.
School background
Van Horn was originally constructed in 1955 on the site of "Honeywood", the house of former Civil War era Kansas City mayor Robert T. Van Horn, a prominent newspaper publisher and statesman. The area close to Van Horn is known as "Inner City" and was annexed by the city of Independence. Van Horn serves sections of Independence, Sugar Creek, and Blue Summit.
Van Horn opened in 1955 and its first class graduated in 1956. The school colors of gray and red were chosen by the first student council and the name "falcons" was selected because it was the mascot of the newly established U.S. Air Force Academy. The school was dubbed "The Factory" because of its new age metallic look that covered the exterior of the building. Patrons suggested that until the renovations of 2011, many people struggled to identify it as a school when they drove by as it looked much like a factory that one would see in an industrial area.
Van Horn was named the first "A+ designated school" of the Kansas City, Missouri School District. During the 1960s, continued to grow as many professionals and blue collar workers flocked to the area. The school ballooned to over 2000 students in the late 1960s and it became apparent that another high school was needed to ease overcrowding. A measure was put on the ballot for a new high school to be built at Cassell Park which was located in southwest Independence. The measure passed but the Kansas City School District decided to reallocate funds towards building a new middle school in another part of the city. Patrons suggested that this caused a great deal of frustration and planted the seeds for animosity between the community and the Kansas City School District.
At an attempt to compete with urban sprawl, the KCSD began busing students to Van Horn from all parts of Kansas City. This program led to students attending Van Horn who were not from the community. As the building and school spirit deteriorated, the school began to drop off academically during the 1980s. Time magazine conducted a story in which they called it one of America's "Dropout Factories." This was an instance in which the school's nickname was no longer flattering. The school continued to see a steady decline in attendance and academic progress throughout the 1990s.
2008 change of district
In November 2007, the voters of Independence, the city in which Van Horn and its feeder schools are located, and Kansas City, the district that housed the school, voted for Van Horn, its feeder middle school, and three elementary schools to be taken over by the Independence School District. The change was made because of the poor performance of the Kansas City Missouri school district. Independence won after an election and a court battle.
Kansas City students formerly assigned to Van Horn were transferred to East High School, formerly East Elementary School.
2018 building expansion
In 2017, the voters of the Independence School District unanimously passed a no-tax increase bond. This bond allowed for expansion at Van Horn. Construction began on a brand new competition gym which was located just east of the existing school. In addition to locker rooms and a new concession stand, this structure also provided a mezzanine suitable for the school's wrestling program. Van Horn also added a culinary kitchen and a metal shop which allowed the school to become the hub for these programs for the district's academy program. A new practice athletics field was also created just to the north of the Truman Road bridge. On the north side of Van Horn, the old "E" Building was destroyed and additional parking was added.
Robotics
The school district's FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 1723 the FBI (First Bots of Independence), was founded in 2006. The student members from all three ISD high schools meet almost all year round at William Chrisman High school. The FBI is also active in the ISD community; many members from the team mentor ISD middle school and elementary school FIRST LEGO League teams and host an annual FIRST Lego League tournament at George Caleb Bingham Middle School.
Van Horn also had a separate robotics team, Team 1981 - The Gearheads, before being taken over by Independence School District and combining teams.
Famous alumni
Rick Sutcliffe - 1979 NL Rookie of the Year, 1984 Cy Young Award winner, three-time All Star
References
External links
Van Horn High School
Buildings and structures in Independence, Missouri
Educational institutions established in 1956
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri
1956 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Horn%20High%20School%20%28Missouri%29 |
James Draper St. Clair (April 14, 1920 – March 10, 2001) was an American lawyer, who practiced law for many years in Boston with the firm of Hale & Dorr. He was the chief legal counsel for President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal.
Early life
James St. Clair was born on April 14, 1920, in Akron, Ohio. He was raised in a number of Midwest cities, including Erie, Pennsylvania, Buffalo, New York, and Albany, New York. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 1941. From 1942 to 1945 was an officer in the United States Navy. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1947 and joined the firm of Hale & Dorr two years later. He became a senior partner in 1954.
Legal career
Army–McCarthy hearings
St. Clair first gained notice while assisting Joseph Welch in the Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954. St. Clair selected Fred Fisher to assist with the case. Fisher was sent home before the hearings began after Welch confirmed his prior membership in the National Lawyers Guild, an organization accused of Communist sympathies. Joseph McCarthy attacked Fisher's membership in the group, which led to Welch's famous line "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?"
In 1955, St. Clair assisted with the defense of Wendell H. Furry, a Harvard physics professor who was charged with Contempt of Congress for refusing to testify before McCarthy and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
1960s and 70s
In 1961, he was hired by Massachusetts Governor John A. Volpe to prepare removal proceedings against Boston police commissioner Leo J. Sullivan. The following year he handled the removal proceedings against state waterways director Rodolphe G. Bessette following Bessette's indictment for perjury and conspiracy. In 1967 he defended Frederick Wiseman when the Massachusetts government attempted to censor Titicut Follies, Wiseman's documentary about the conditions of Bridgewater State Hospital. In 1968 he defended William Sloane Coffin, a Yale chaplain who was found guilty of treason for advising students to avoid the draft (Coffin's counsel during the appeals process, Arthur Goldberg, got the conviction overturned). In 1972, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court appointed St. Clair and Raymond Young to investigate the complaints against Judge Jerome P. Troy. During the early 1970s, St. Clair served as the chief counsel for the Boston School Committee in a lawsuit that led to court ordered bussing. He left the case to become counsel for President Nixon and Hale & Dorr resigned from the case that following year when the school committee refused to approve a citywide busing plan.
Counsel for Richard Nixon
In December 1973, St. Clair was appointed as a special counsel to Richard Nixon. He had previously been offered the position of chief litigator for special prosecutor Archibald Cox, however he chose to work for Nixon instead, as he wanted to be in charge rather than report to another attorney. He assisted Republican counsel to the House Judiciary Committee Albert E. Jenner Jr. and defended Nixon before the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Nixon. The court ruled unanimously against Nixon. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, and St. Clair's assignment as his legal counsel ended on August 14 after completing Judge John Sirica's request to make a final search for a missing White House tape.
Later career
In 1976, St. Clair was assigned by the Roxbury District Court to defend Randolph Lewis, an African-American charged with severely beating a white man, who later died. During the trial, St. Clair was assigned bodyguards due to threats made against him. Lewis was found guilty, but St. Clair was able to get the conviction overturned on appeal. The indictments against Lewis were dropped in 1983.
St. Clair served as legal counsel for the states of Maine, South Carolina, and the town of Mashpee, Massachusetts, who were being sued by Native Americans claiming lands once occupied by their tribes. In 1982 he represented Boston Marathon sponsorship agent Marshall Medoff in his dispute with the Boston Athletic Association. In 1983, St. Clair led Buddy LeRoux's legal battle to take over ownership of the Boston Red Sox. In 1987 he defended Westfield State College president Francis J. Pilecki, who was accused of sexually molesting two students. Pilecki was found not guilty in one of the cases and the charges were dropped in the other after a civil settlement was reached.
In 1992, Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn appointed St. Clair to lead a commission investigating the Police Department. The commission made 36 recommendations, including that Flynn not reappoint his lifelong friend, Francis Roache, as police commissioner. The police department elected to adopt 31 of the 36 recommendations, however the mayor elected to retain Roache.
Personal life and death
St. Clair resided in Wellesley, Massachusetts. He died on March 10, 2001, at a nursing home in Westwood, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife of 56 years and three children, one of whom, Margaret, served as Secretary of Energy under Governor Edward J. King.
References
1920 births
2001 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal
People from Akron, Ohio
People from Wellesley, Massachusetts
Military personnel from Ohio
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr people
United States Navy personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20St.%20Clair |
Belcher Bay is a bay at Kennedy Town on the northwest shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is located east of Sulphur Channel. The bay is named after Edward Belcher, a Nova Scotia-born British naval officer who surveyed the surrounding water and land in the Victoria Harbour in 1841. Green Island and Little Green Island are located within the bay.
It is currently used as a site for larger ships to load and unload goods between barges instead of mooring along docks.
In 2019, Belcher Bay Promenade opened in phases. However, due to a plan to build a road connecting western Hong Kong Island to the northeastern part of Lantau Island, land reclamation in front of the promenade would be necessary and would require the closure of the area for five years.
See also
Belcher's Street
References
Bays of Hong Kong
Kennedy Town
Victoria Harbour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcher%20Bay |
Raytown Senior High School is a high school located in Raytown, Missouri. The school was established in 1914. The enrollment of Raytown High School currently stands at 1503 students. The school, located in downtown Raytown, underwent two years of renovations from 1992–1994. The most recent renovations were completed just before the 2008–2009 term, and included the addition of 2 science classrooms. The school currently has Missouri A+ designation, and is MSIP Accredited.
Notable alumni
Bobbi Johnson Kauffman, 1963 graduate; Miss USA 1964.
Roger Allen III, 2004 graduate; Football player, Guard for Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Bob Allison, 1952 graduate; 1959 American League Rookie of the Year with the Washington Senators
Gene Clark, an American singer-songwriter and founding member of the folk rock band the Byrds
Jeff Cornell, Former MLB player (San Francisco Giants)
David F. Duncan, 1965 graduate; drug policy advisor to the Clinton White House
Tyronn Lue, 1995 graduate; former professional basketball player, Head coach with the Los Angeles Clippers
Dominique Morrison, 2008 graduate; college basketball player for Oral Roberts
Aldon Smith, NFL Player for Dallas Cowboys.
References
External links
Raytown C-2 School District
Educational institutions established in 1914
Schools in Jackson County, Missouri
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri
1914 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytown%20Senior%20High%20School |
Walter Weller (30 November 1939 – 14 June 2015) was an Austrian-born conductor and classical violinist. He made several recordings over the years, founded his own string quartet. and led/co-led several well known orchestras and operas. Weller won multiple awards throughout his lifetime.
Life
Weller was born in Vienna, Austria, where he began taking violin lessons at the age of six. He went on to study at the Vienna Hochschule für Musik and first gained renown as a prodigy on the violin. His father, also named Walter Weller, was a violinist in the Vienna Philharmonic. At age 17, Weller became a member of both the Vienna Philharmonic and the Vienna State Opera Orchestras. In 1961, at age 22, he became joint concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic with Willi Boskovsky, and remained in this post for 11 years.
While leading the orchestra, Weller also established and led his own string quartet, the Weller Quartet, from 1958 to 1969. In 1966, he married Elisabeth Samohyl, and the couple had a son.
Weller's first engagements as a conductor were in 1966, deputising at short notice for Karl Böhm. His conducting debut at the Vienna State Opera was in 1969, leading Die Entführung aus dem Serail. He later served as Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) of Duisburg, Germany, for the 1971–1972 season. From 1975 to 1978, he was principal conductor of the Niederösterreichischen Tonkünstlerorchester. From 1994 to 1997, he was Chief Conductor of the Basel Symphony Orchestra, the last conductor with that title before the orchestra joined with the Radio Symphony Orchestra Basel to form the Sinfonieorchester Basel, and in parallel, was GMD in Basel. He also served as principal guest conductor of the Spanish National Orchestra from 1987 until 2002. Weller served as Music Director of the National Orchestra of Belgium from 2007 to 2012, at which time he became Honorary Conductor of the orchestra. In 2010, he became the first honorary conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra. He also became Conductor Laureate of the Stuttgart Philharmonic Orchestra and Associate Director of the Valencia Orchestra.
In Great Britain, Weller held several principal conductorships. From 1977 to 1980, he was principal conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. He then held the same post with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1980 to 1986. In 1992, he became principal conductor of the Scottish National Orchestra, and helped to mediate strained relations between the orchestra's musicians and management at the time. He served as the SNO's principal conductor until 1997, and subsequently became the orchestra's Conductor Emeritus.
Recordings
Weller's recordings include work with Fuga Libera, Decca, EMI, Ars Musici, Collins Classics, Camerata Tokyo and Chandos Records.
The Weller Quartet's recordings for Decca Records included Haydn’s complete Op 33, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Berg and Shostakovich. Weller's recording début as a conductor was with the Suisse Romande Orchestra, in Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1 and Symphony No. 9. His recordings of the Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Prokofiev symphony cycles have long remained available on LP and CD.
Recognition
Weller was awarded the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for services to the Republic of Austria in 1998. He was also the recipient of the Mozart Interpretationspreis, Salzburg. In Vienna, he was awarded the "Golden Beethoven Medal".
The Bank of Scotland honored Weller by printing his portrait on a special 50 pound note.
References
Sources
The Gramophone, February 1973
External links
National Orchestra of Belgium French-language biography of Weller
Walter Weller biography
1939 births
Male conductors (music)
Austrian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Concertmasters
Musicians from Vienna
2015 deaths
Players of the Vienna Philharmonic
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
20th-century classical violinists
21st-century Austrian conductors (music)
21st-century male musicians
21st-century classical violinists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Weller |
Fort Osage High School is a high school located at 2101 N. Twyman Rd. in unincorporated Jackson County, Missouri, in the Kansas City metropolitan area, adjacent to Independence. It belongs to the Fort Osage R-1 School District and serves a section of northern Independence.
It currently serves approximately 1,500 students from grades 9-12. It is named after the Fort Osage National Historic Landmark along the Missouri River in nearby Sibley, Missouri.
Athletics
Fort Osage's baseball team has appeared in three 4A state championships having won in 1991 and 1997, and finishing as runners up in 1996.
Since 2009, Fort Osage's football team has appeared in the Class 5 state championship game 5 times in 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2022. They won the state championship game in 2015.
Fall athletics
Football
Cross Country
Golf (Girls)
Soccer (Boys)
Softball
Tennis (Girls)
Volleyball
Winter athletics
Basketball (Boys)
Basketball (Girls)
Wrestling
Spring athletics
Baseball
Golf (Boys)
Soccer (Girls)
Tennis (Boys)
Track & Field
Spirit squads
Cheerleading
Indianettes (dance team)
Fort Osage activities
Fine Arts activities
Fort Osage Bands
Symphonic Band
Wind Ensemble
Jazz Band
Show Band
Fort Osage Marching Band, The Red & White Brigade
Other fine arts
Drama
Choir
Art Club
Student Publications Indian Legends (yearbook)
Clubs and other activities
Computer Science Club
Fort Supporter's Club
Student Council
National Honor Society (NHS)
National Art Honors Society (NAHS)
Rotary Club
Future Farmers of America (FFA)
Scholar Bowl
Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA)
Speech + Debate
Special Olympics
Chess Club
Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA)
Club 121
Crochet Club
Notable alumni
Albert Pujols, MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals
Betty Lennox, WNBA player for the Los Angeles Sparks
Chris Metzler, documentary filmmaker
Chad Troutwine, co-founder of Veritas Prep, movie producer
E. J. Gaines, NFL player for the Buffalo Bills
Bruce Van Dyke, NFL drafted by Philadelphia Eagles, 1966, also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, 1967-1973, and the Green Bay Packers, 1974-1976
Skylar Thompson, quarterback for the Miami Dolphins
References
External links
Fort Osage High School
Fort Osage High School (old website)
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Osage%20High%20School |
Lee's Summit High School is a high school in Lee's Summit, Missouri, United States. It is located near downtown Lee's Summit on Blue Parkway, next to the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Route 291. It is one of three high schools in the Lee's Summit R-VII School District.
History
The original building, built in 1953 using military surplus paint, has been added onto throughout the years. The first addition in 1963 was built to house freshmen and sophomores. Later, a Field-house and Performing Arts center were added (1963 and 1979 respectively). A corridor connecting the cafeteria and the "B Building" was then added (this glass hallway is referred to as "the Breezeway"). A major addition, including a lecture hall was completed during the 2000-01 school year. Recently, a weight room was added during the 2009-2010 school year.
Academics
Lee's Summit is an A+ designated high school. LSHS has received prestigious honors, including the Missouri Gold Star School award for 3 years and a U.S. News & World Report "Best High School" in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Extracurricular activities
Lee's Summit High School has an Air Force Junior ROTC program, which has been awarded AFJROTC Distinguished Unit many times, most recent being the 2017-2018 school year. LSHS AFJROTC also has different types of activities such as Raider Team, Drill Team, and Honor Guard. The Honor Guard team has presented the colors in many NCAA Sport Tournaments, the 2016 Ringside World Boxing Championship, and recent NASCAR races.
Notable alumni
Felix Anudike-Uzomah, Kansas City Chiefs (Class of 2020), defensive end
Paul Coverdell (Class of 1957), U.S. Senator
Forrest Griffith, former professional football player
Angela Lindvall (Class of 1997), fashion model
Audrey Lindvall (Class of 2001), fashion model
Matt Tegenkamp (Class of 2000), former Olympian
Pat Metheny (Class of 1972), Grammy Award-winning jazz guitarist
Mike Metheny (Class of 1967), trumpeter, educator
Bruce Polen, college football player and coach
Robert K. Dixon, member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Drew Lock (Class of 2015), NFL quarterback
KC Lightfoot (Class of 2018), 2020 Olympics Track and field, pole vaulter
References
External links
Official Website
Educational institutions established in 1953
Buildings and structures in Lee's Summit, Missouri
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri
1953 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s%20Summit%20High%20School |
Lee's Summit North High School is a high school that serves grades 912. It is in Lee's Summit, Missouri, United States and is the second of three high schools opened there. The other two schools are Lee's Summit West High School and Lee's Summit High School. Lee's Summit North opened in the fall of 1995. Their mascot is the Bronco. The school offers classes for the IB Diploma. Bernard Campbell Middle School students attend Lee’ Summit North.
Academics
Lee's Summit North's A Debate team took third place in Public Forum debate at the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA) 2006 Speech & Debate Championship. In 2007, the Lee's Summit Debate Team sent 6 students to nationals—one team in Policy Debate, one team in Public Forum Debate, one individual in congress and one individual in Lincoln-Douglas Debate. Ben Jewell is the debate coach.
LSN Youth in Government is one of the largest delegations to attend the Clark State convention, in 2011 they had seven of the thirteen bills passed into YIG Law. Sponsored by Sarah Jones Courtney and Rhonda Ireland.
Athletics
The Lee's Summit North Boys Track & Field Team won the state championship in 2005 and 2007. They also took 2nd place in 2004 and 3rd place in 2006. The Boys Cross Country Team won the state championship in 2010 and took 2nd place in 2009. Also, the Lee's Summit North Baseball team placed second in the Class 4 Missouri State Baseball Championships in 2009.
The girls soccer team won state in 2000 and took second in both 2002 and 2009.
The Varsity cheerleading squad won the 5A Class state championships in 2004 and 2005, which took place at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri in November of each year. In 2006, the squad placed fourth. Also the varsity cheerleading squad is a 4- time State championship starting from 2014-2018
The Varsity girls tennis team won state in 2013 and placed third in 2012.
NFL wide receiver Tyreek Hill began coaching as an assistant for the schools football team in 2020.
Theatre
Lee's Summit North theatre has received 2 Outstanding Overall Production awards from Bluestar, a local theatre awards program.
Notable alumni
Dennis Hopeless, American comics writer
Tommy Frevert, American football player
References
1995 establishments in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Lee's Summit, Missouri
Educational institutions established in 1995
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s%20Summit%20North%20High%20School |
Lee's Summit West High School is located at 2600 Southwest Ward Road in Lee's Summit, Missouri, United States. It opened in the fall of 2004 and is part of the Lee's Summit R-VII School District. Current enrollment is approximately 2000 students. The mascot of the school is the Titan. The school newspaper is the Titan Scroll, which is a member of the High School National Ad Network. After a $32 million bond passed in April 2006, the high school received facility improvements and an expansion which was completed in 2009.
Academics
In 2013, Lee's Summit West High School was selected as a Blue Ribbon School. The Blue Ribbon Award recognizes public and private schools which perform at high levels or have made significant academic improvements.
Athletics
Lee's Summit West is a part of the Greater Kansas City Suburban Gold Conference. Their rivals are Lee's Summit and Lee's Summit North. The following Missouri State High School Activities Association sports are offered:
Baseball (boys)
Basketball (boys & girls)
Cross country (boys & girls)
Boys state champions – 2008
Girls state champions – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
Football (boys)
State champions – 2007, 2010, 2013
Golf (boys & girls)
Lacrosse (boys and girls)
Soccer (boys & girls)
Girls state champions – 2005, 2006
Softball (girls)
Swimming (boys & girls)
Tennis (boys & girls)
Track and field (boys & girls)
Girls state champions – 2006, 2010, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019,
Volleyball (girls)
State champions – 2007
Wrestling (boys and girls)
Notable alumni
Mario Goodrich - gridiron football player
Evan Boehm – gridiron football player
Michael Dixon – basketball player
Matt Hall – baseball player
Monte Harrison – baseball player
Shaquille Harrison – basketball player
Alex Lange – baseball player
Trevor Rosenthal – baseball player
Veronica Merrell – YouTuber
Vanessa Merrell – YouTuber
References
External links
Lee's Summit West High School website
Educational institutions established in 2004
Buildings and structures in Lee's Summit, Missouri
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri
2004 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s%20Summit%20West%20High%20School |
Murdoch was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. It existed from 1977 to 1989 and again from 1996 to 2008.
Murdoch was named for Sir Walter Murdoch, a prominent academic for whom Murdoch University, which was located in the electorate, was also named. The district was regarded as a safe seat for the Liberal Party, which held the seat for its entirety of two existences.
Geography
At the time it was abolished, Murdoch was bounded by the Canning River to the northeast, Fifth and Karel Avenues to the east, Hope Road to the south, North Lake Road to the west, and Leach Highway to the northwest, and including an additional section between Riseley Street, Blue Gum Reserve and Bull Creek. Its boundaries included Murdoch University, St John of God Hospital in Murdoch and the suburbs of Bateman, Brentwood, Bull Creek, Murdoch, North Lake, Rossmoyne and Winthrop, along with Kardinya east of North Lake Road, Leeming west of Karel Avenue and small portions of Booragoon and Mount Pleasant.
The 2007 redistribution, which came into effect at the 2008 election, saw the electorate replaced by the Bateman electorate, which excluded sections of Murdoch south of South Street (including Murdoch University) but added a small section at its northwest (Booragoon south of Marmion Street and Myaree east of North Lake Road).
History
The seat of Murdoch was established on 9 June 1976 in a redistribution under the Electoral Districts Act 1947, and was first contested at the 1977 state election. While initially thought to be reasonably safe for the Labor party, major demographic change in the mid-1970s resulting from the creation of suburbs such as Bull Creek and Leeming on what had previously been swampy agricultural land, resulted in a relatively safe Liberal seat by the time of the election, and Barry MacKinnon easily won the seat. MacKinnon went on to become Leader of the Opposition from 1986 until 1992, when he lost the leadership to Richard Court and subsequently retired from politics.
The Murdoch electorate was largely replaced by the electorate of Jandakot in the redistribution prior to the 1989 election, but the change was reversed in the following redistribution which took effect at the 1996 election. By this time, Mike Board had replaced MacKinnon as the member for the electorate. Board retired in 2005, and Trevor Sprigg won the seat at the following election. However, following his death on 17 January 2008, a by-election was held on 23 February 2008 at which University of Western Australia law lecturer Christian Porter was elected.
Murdoch was abolished at the 2007 distribution, taking effect at the 2008 election, largely replaced by the new seat of Bateman.
Members for Murdoch
Results
References
External links
Murdoch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Murdoch |
Lone Jack High School is a high school in Lone Jack, Missouri. It is operated by Lone Jack School District. The principal is Kathy Butler.
References
External links
High schools in Jackson County, Missouri
Public high schools in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone%20Jack%20High%20School |
The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium, also known as Kaloor Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Ernakulam Kochi, Kerala, India. Since the 2017 renovation, the stadium has a seating capacity of 80,234
. Previously, it used to have capacity of 80,000 spectators, that was limited to 41,000 for Indian Super League matches due to various security reasons. It is the home ground of the Indian Super League Club Kerala Blasters FC. The stadium is widely touted to have hosted one of the loudest audiences for association football matches in the world.
The stadium has played host to a number of international cricket and football matches but after 2014 it didn't hold any cricket match due to ISL. The extensive grounds of the stadium serve as venue for important exhibitions, cinema events and political rallies in the city. The most innovative aspect of the stadium is its unique lighting towers of 2 kW Floodlights which when switched on fully can provide lighting levels for HD telecast. The Structure of the tower is itself one of a kind in India. Greater Cochin Development Authority leased out the Jawaharlal Nehru International stadium at Kaloor to the Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) for a period of 30 years.
The stadium acts as the home ground for teams including Kerala cricket team, Kerala Blasters FC (Indian Super League). As of 19 August 2017, the stadium has hosted 10 One Day Internationals. Stadium holds the privilege of having the fifth loudest crowd (128 db) in the world, during ISL 2016 final match where Kerala Blasters played against Atletico de Kolkata.
Kochi was one of the six host cities for 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in India. It was extensively renovated before the event.
History
Early years and football's popularity
The Kaloor Stadium was originally constructed as a cricket stadium. But considering that Kerala is one of the few regions in India where football enjoys considerable popularity it was used for football matches also. Indeed, in a match between India and Iraq in 1997, approximately 1,00,000 spectators filled up the venue, thus overcrowding it, which remains a record at this place. This was in the Nehru Cup International Football Tournament in 1997, which was the first tournament at the venue.
The stadium won several laurels for being constructed in a timely manner. The stadium was completed under the watchful eyes of late V. Joseph Thomas IPS who was the head of the Greater Cochin Development Authority. He was a huge fan of football from his college days at St. Thomas College, Palai and also served as the patron of the Kerala State Athletics Association. The stadium was inaugurated by then President of India Shankar Dayal Sharma in 1996. It has 1.3 kilometres in outer circle.
International cricket
After 1998, football went down and cricket took the centre-stage for many years, drawing sell-out and high money grossing games. In fact, the highest money grosser at the venue was made in a cricket ODI match between India and its arch-rival Pakistan in April 2005. The first ODI played on this ground was between India and Australia on 1 April 1998.
Kaloor stadium hosted the first match India played after Sachin Tendulkar's retirement. The pavilion was renamed as Sachin Tendulkar pavilion as an honour to him before this match between India and West Indies on 21 November 2013 which India won by 6 wickets.
The stadium underwent a massive renovation including a modern turf, an aesthetic modern roofing and a four-lane road from the south side of the stadium.
The first Indian Premier League game at the stadium was on 9 April 2011, when the Kochi Tuskers Kerala hosted the Royal Challengers Bangalore. It was the first IPL match for the Kochi Tuskers. Five of their 2011 home games were played in this stadium, and the other two were played at the Holkar Cricket Stadium, Indore. The stadium hosted the semi-final and final of the 2013 Duleep Trophy.
Return of football and the ISL
In 2011, Chirag United claimed the tenancy of the venue. However, the premier football club of India was still not able to fill up the stadium's massive capacity. Football returned to prominence at the venue after the launch of Indian Super League in 2014. The stadium is the home ground to Kerala Blasters, one of the teams with the most fanbases in the ISL. Some of the games involving the home team drew crowds in excess of 55,000 in the inaugural edition.
The first Indian Super League game at the stadium was on 6 November 2014, when the Kerala Blasters FC hosted the FC Goa. It was the first ISL match for the Kerala Blasters. The stadium had an average attendance of over 40,000 for the Indian Super League matches in 2014. The game between Kerala Blasters FC and Chennaiyin FC saw 61,323 spectators on 30 November 2014.
The stadium was the venue for 2013 Santosh Trophy finals.
In popular culture
The famous "Maro Maro" song composed by A.R. Rahman for the Tamil movie Boys directed by Shankar, climax scenes of the Tamil movie Velayudham starring Vijay, Malayalam movie Run Baby Run starring Mohanlal and many other Indian Films were shot in the stadium.
ODI matches held
Indian Premier League
The cricket stadium in Kochi was expected to serve the Chennai Super Kings or the Royal Challengers Bangalore as a home venue apart from Chennai and Bangalore for the initial IPL seasons. However both the franchises initially refused and later promised to reconsider the offer, fearing a decline in revenues. Eventually no matches of the first 3 IPL seasons were played in Kochi.
The auction for expanding the initial eight franchises to ten for the 2011 season was held on 22 March 2010. Rendezvous Sports World made the second highest bid of 15333 million, and elected to base its team in Kochi.
The first IPL match held at the stadium was between Kochi Tuskers Kerala and Royal Challengers Bangalore on 9 April 2011. The match was also Kochi Tuskers first ever IPL match.
ODI records at the venue
Batting
Highest Total: 321/6 (50 overs) by West Indies vs. India on 8 October 2014.
Lowest Total: 191 (48.3 overs) by India vs. Zimbabwe on 13 March 2002.
Most Runs : Rahul Dravid (223 runs from 292 balls in 5 matches)
Highest Score: Marlon Samuels (West Indies) 126* runs from 116 balls vs. India on 8 October 2014.
Average 1st innings total : 273
Average 2nd innings total : 225
Bowling
Most Wickets : Sachin Tendulkar (10 Wickets, 33 Overs, 4 Matches)
Best Bowling : Sachin Tendulkar 5/32 (India vs. Australia on 1 April 1998)
Highest partnerships by wicket
List of centuries
Key
* denotes that the batsman was not out.
Inns. denotes the number of the innings in the match.
Balls denotes the number of balls faced in an innings.
NR denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at Edgbaston.
The column title Date refers to the date the match started.
The column title Result refers to the player's team result
One Day Internationals
List of Five Wicket Hauls
Key
One Day Internationals
IPL records at venue
Most Runs : Brendon McCullum (Kochi)
Most Wickets : Vinay Kumar (Kochi) (6)
Highest total in an innings : Royal Challengers Bangalore (162/4)
Lowest total in an innings : Kochi Tuskers Kerala (74/10)
Highest Score: Virender Sehwag (Delhi Daredevils) vs Kochi Tuskers Kerala (80 runs from 47 balls)
Best Bowling : Ishant Sharma (5/12) vs. Kochi Tuskers Kerala
Highest partnership : Sangakkara and Cameron White (90 runs off 69 balls)
Highest partnerships by wicket
Kerala Blasters FC
The stadium is the official home ground for the Kerala Blasters FC in Indian Super League since 2014. Kerala Blasters had won their first ISL home match against FC Goa for 1–0 conducted on 06 November 2014.
The game between Kerala Blasters FC and Chennaiyin FC saw 61,234 spectators on 30 November 2014. Kerala Blasters has the highest average attendance (47,427) for football clubs outside of Europe in domestic league matches, at that time.
In the inaugural season of Indian Super League, Kerala Blasters finished fourth in the group stages with 19 points from 14 games and qualified for Semi-final after beating Pune City FC. Kerala Blasters FC was unbeaten in six of their seven home games.
In semi-final which happened to be the last home match of this year for Kerala Blasters FC, Kerala Blasters FC won in emphatic fashion by trouncing toppers Chennaiyin FC with scoreline 3–0. One of the goals was scored by Malayali midfielder Sushanth Mathew away from 30 yards through a curling long-ranger, shot over renowned footballers Alessandro Nesta and Mikaël Silvestre and it became a proud and memorable moment for sports fans in Kerala. The opening ceremony of Hero Indian Super League 2017/18 was hosted in the stadium.
Chirag United Club Kerala
The former I-League football team Chirag United Club Kerala (erstwhile Viva Kerala) played their home matches in the stadium for the 2011–12 I-League season.
2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup
On 5 December 2013, the FIFA Executive Committee chaired by FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter decided that host of 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup will be India upon evaluation of bid sent by AIFF with Kochi as one of the eight possible venues. Later, Chief Minister of Kerala Mr.Oommen Chandy stated that they will soon sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Sports Ministry in that regard after an exclusive cabinet meet on the issue. Government has appointed senior IAS officer Mr. APM Mohammed Hanish as Nodal Officer as per Fifa's direction.
On 11 December 2014, FIFA team inspected the stadium and emphasised to improve the quality of pitch and need of bucket seats in the second tier of the stadium. With Kochi registering an average crowd of 47,000 for ISL, the city has gathered attention from the authorities in terms of attracting crowd.
On 6 April 2015, AIFF cleared Kochi as one of the venues after receiving FIFA's technical committee report. Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Goa and Kolkata are the other venues.
Kerala Strikers
The Celebrity Cricket League team Kerala Strikers played its home matches in the stadium since 2012.
Accessibility
The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium is located in the heart of the city. It lies beside the Banerjee Road between Kaloor and Palarivattom, a common stretch among many city bus routes. The Stadium Link Road from the southern side allows access from Thammanam and Kathrikadavu, although there is no public transport along this route. The stadium is situated at from the North (Town) and South (Junction) railway stations respectively.
All city buses passing through the Kaloor-Palarivattom stretch have a stop at the stadium. The JLN Stadium metro station of the Kochi Metro is situated right in front of the stadium. The presence of a prominent bus stop as well as a metro station makes it a prime location and one which can be easily accessed from any part of the city.
See also
Sports in Kerala
List of stadiums in India
V. Joseph Thomas IPS
Kerala Cricket Association
Greater Cochin Development Authority
List of football stadiums in India
List of association football stadiums by capacity
List of Asian stadiums by capacity
References
External links
360-degree view of stadium
Cricket grounds in Kerala
Football venues in Kerala
Sports venues in Kochi
Chirag United Club Kerala
Indian Super League stadiums
2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup venues
Kerala Blasters FC
Tourist attractions in Kochi
Sports venues completed in 1996
1996 establishments in Kerala
Kochi Tuskers Kerala
20th-century architecture in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20Stadium%20%28Kochi%29 |
Bealtaine (also called Beltane) is an ancient Gaelic holiday.
Beltaine may also refer to:
Beltaine (band), a Polish folk band
Beltaine (album), an album by Inkubus Sukkubus
"Beltaine" (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltaine%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Kalyandev ji Maharaj (26 June 1876 (claimed) – 14 July 2004), known as Swami Kalyandev, was an Indian-born ascetic who was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award in India, for his social work in the villages of India.
Biography
Swami Kalyandev was born as Kaluram on the claimed date of 26 June 1876, in the village of Kotana, Bagpat district, Uttar Pradesh and grew up in Mundbhar, Muzaffarnagar. In his youth, he traveled to Ayodhya and Haridwar. While in Haridwar he heard of Swami Vivekananda's visit to Khetri, and traveled there to meet him.
On his return from Khetri, Kalyandev became the disciple of Swami Purnananda of Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh. Purananda named him Swami Kalyandev. Kalyandev did tapasya in the Himalayas for a few years but then decided to help the poor people of his region. Kalyandev established almost three hundred schools and medical facilities for the people of western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi and elsewhere. He was also noted for his advocacy against untouchability and the caste system.
Kalyandev also supported rebuilding of neglected religious and historical sites. He renovated a monument in Shuktal, Muzaffarnagar associated with Shuka. There, he also established the Shukadeva Ashrama and Seva Samiti. He also renovated parts of Hastinapur, and several pilgrimage sites in Haryana.
Later life
In 1982 he received the Padma Sri award, and in 2000 he received the Padma Bhushan. He was also awarded an honorary D.Litt. by Meerut University. In the late 1980s future Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh came to Shukatal to pray along with his wife and Kalyandev told him to do his first rally near Bhayla. His advice has been credited with repopularizing Singh as a politician.
During an interview, Kalyandev said his inspiration came in 1893, when he met Vivekananda in Khetri, who said to him, "If you want to see God, go to the huts of the poor. And if you want to attain God, then serve the poor, the helpless, the downtrodden and the miserable." Kalyandev stated that to attain God through service of the poor is the mantra he received from Swamiji.
Swami Kalyandev died in India on 14 July 2004. His age has been disputed due to uncertainty surrounding his birth date.
See also
Longevity claims
References
2004 deaths
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Longevity claims
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
People from Baghpat
Ascetics
20th-century Indian philosophers
Social workers from Uttar Pradesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami%20Kalyandev |
Peel was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1989 to 2008.
The district was based in the south-western suburbs of Perth.
Peel was at all times a safe Labor seat.
History
Peel was first created for the 1989 state election. It was won by Labor candidate Norm Marlborough, who retained the seat at all subsequent elections.
2007 by-election
Marlborough resigned in late 2006 amidst a corruption scandal. The resulting by-election saw Labor candidate Paul Papalia elected as the district's new member. Papalia represented the seat until its abolition ahead of the 2008 state election.
At the redistribution that resulted in its abolition, Peel was divided between two new seats: Warnbro, which comprised the southern three quarters of the electorate, and Kwinana, which was created from the northern quarter of Peel, plus parts of neighbouring districts. At the 2008 election, Papalia became the member for Warnbro.
Geography
Peel was a north–south elongated electorate based in the outer south-western suburbs of Perth. It surrounded, but never included, the satellite community of Rockingham. In its original form, Peel ran from the suburbs to the north-east of Rockingham down to suburbs to the south-east of Rockingham. However, due to the district lying in a high growth area, successive redistribution saw areas shed at its northern end. In its final form, the district went no further north than to Rockingham's immediate east.
Members for Peel
Election results
External links
Former electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Peel |
Screen Actors Guild Awards (also known as SAG Awards) are accolades given by the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). The award was founded in 1995 to recognize outstanding performances in movie and prime time television. SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in the Hollywood film industry since then, along with the Golden Globe Awards and the Oscars. SAG awards focus both on individual performances and on the work of the entire ensemble of a drama series and comedy series, and the cast of a motion picture.
Nominations for the awards come from two committees, one for film and one for television, each numbering 2,100 members of the union, randomly selected anew each year, with the full membership (165,000 as of 2012) available to vote for the winners. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards in acting categories. The awards have been telecast on TNT from 1998 to 2022, and have been simulcast on TBS from 2007 to 2022. In May 2022 it was announced that both TNT and TBS will no longer air the awards. In January 2023, it was announced that Netflix will air the awards live beginning in 2024 as part of a new multi-year partnership, with the 2023 ceremony being announced to be live streamed on Netflix's YouTube channel as Netflix was still working out its live streaming capabilities at the time of the announcement.
The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25, 1995, from Universal Studios' Stage 12. The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Auditorium. On December 4, 2017, it was announced that the awards show would have its first ever host in its then twenty-four year history, with actress Kristen Bell presiding over the ceremony. As of 2023, Shakespeare in Love is the only film to receive nominations for all four acting categories and the ensemble award and Everything Everywhere All at Once is the only film to receive four awards, including the ensemble award.
The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is tall, weighs over , is cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.
Ceremonies
1995: 1st Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1994
1996: 2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1995
1997: 3rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1996
1998: 4th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1997
1999: 5th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1998
2000: 6th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 1999
2001: 7th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2000
2002: 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2001
2003: 9th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2002
2004: 10th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2003
2005: 11th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2004
2006: 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2005
2007: 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2006
2008: 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2007
2009: 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2008
2010: 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2009
2011: 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2010
2012: 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2011
2013: 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2012
2014: 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2013
2015: 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2014
2016: 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2015
2017: 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2016
2018: 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2017
2019: 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2018
2020: 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2019
2021: 27th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2020
2022: 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2021
2023: 29th Screen Actors Guild Awards, for the year 2022
Categories
Film
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role in a Motion Picture
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Motion Picture
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
Television
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama Series
Life Achievement
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award
Superlatives
Per performer
Multiple wins
(Minimum of 3 wins)
Multiple nominations
(Minimum of 10 nominations)
Per film
Multiple wins
Multiple nominations
Note: Winners are indicated in bold type.
Per TV
Multiple wins (throughout seasons)
(Minimum of 3 wins)
Multiple nominations (throughout seasons)
(Minimum of 10 nominations)
References
External links
Performing arts trophies
Awards established in 1995
1995 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen%20Actors%20Guild%20Awards |
Mac Hyman (born Mackenzie Hooks Hyman; August 25, 1923July 17, 1963), was an American fiction writer who is known for his best-selling novel No Time for Sergeants, which was adapted into a popular Broadway play and a motion picture.
Early life and service
Hyman was born in Cordele, Georgia, where he discovered his passion for writing as a student in high school, and first displayed his skill in a humorous article published in the school newspaper. Following a year at North Georgia College and State University, he attended Duke University starting in 1941. He interrupted his studies to serve in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II as a photo navigator Lieutenant on B-29's and flew 29 combat missions over Japan.
When he returned to Duke in 1946 under the G.I. Bill, his talent was recognized by his creative writing professor, William Blackburn, who became his mentor and lifelong friend, and who eventually edited his collected letters. Just before graduating from Duke in February 1947, Hyman married his high school sweetheart, Gwendolyn Holt. In 1949, after the first of his three children was born, he reenlisted in the air force and served until 1952.
Writing debut
Between 1947 and 1954, drawing heavily on his personal experiences from the army, Hyman worked on No Time for Sergeants, the misadventures of a country bumpkin draftee named Will Stockdale, whose hometown of Callville closely resembles Cordele, and who narrates his own story in an uneducated southern dialect. Several publishers rejected the manuscript before it was finally accepted by Random House and published in 1954. The popularity of the book resulted in a Broadway show and a film, which launched the career of Andy Griffith.
After No Time for Sergeants
Hyman, who was living in Cordele with his wife and three children, had published just three short stories and was struggling with his second novel when he died of a heart attack in 1963, just one month before his fortieth birthday. That second novel, Take Now Thy Son, and a collection of Hyman's letters entitled Love, Boy: The Letters of Mac Hyman were both published posthumously.
Other works and facts
His short story "The Hundredth Centennial" was published by The Paris Review in 1954. Another short story, "The Dove Shoot", was published in a collection of works by Duke authors in 1963.
Hyman's daughter Gwyn Hyman Rubio is the author of Icy Sparks and The Woodsman's Daughter.
References
External links
Mac Hyman biography at the New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Mac Hyman - comedy or tragedy writer?"
1923 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American humorists
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Duke University alumni
People from Cordele, Georgia
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20Hyman |
Shahbaz () is the name of a fabled bird in Persian mythology. It is described as having a body similar to an eagle, being bigger in size than a hawk or falcon, and having inhabited an area within the Zagros, the Alborz, and the Caucasus within Greater Iran. In ancient Persian mythology, the Shahbaz was a god who helped the Iranian peoples and guided the Faravahar to the Iranian lands.
History
The word Shahbaz literally translates to "royal falcon". It was standard practice for the Persian Shah to keep a royal falcon or another bird of prey. This symbol represented both strength and aggressiveness. The ancient Egyptian deity of Horus is speculated to have been the archetype for the standard of Cyrus the Great, who founded the Achaemenid Empire.
British explorer Richard F. Burton considered the symbol to refer to the goshawk species Accipiter gentilis. Shahbaz could have alternatively referred to another common bird over the skies of the Iranian Plateau: the eastern imperial eagle, though this observation has never been claimed by historians as merited.
During the Achaemenid era, the Persian imperial flag was hence rectangular in shape, divided kite-like into four equal triangles alternating between two colours. The standard, a ceramic plaque with the fabled bird-like creature that is speculated to be the Shahbaz () carved out, was found during excavations at Persepolis in the early 20th century. The belief is that this was the official symbol of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great and his heirs.
See also
Chamrosh, a Persian mythical bird that is described as having inhabited the Alborz Mountains
Huma bird, a legendary bird in Persian and later cultural Islamic mythology
Simurgh, a mythical bird in Iranian literature
References
Mythological birds of prey
Persian legendary creatures
Zoroastrian legendary creatures
Persian mythology
Asian mythology
Horus
Falcon deities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbaz%20%28bird%29 |
The 77th Street station is a station on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at 77th Street and Fourth Avenue in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, it is served by the R train at all times.
The 77th Street station was constructed as part of the Fourth Avenue Line, which was approved in 1905 and subsequently modified. Construction on the segment of the line that includes 77th Street started on January 24, 1913, and was completed in 1915. The station opened on January 15, 1916, as part of an extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 59th Street to 86th Street. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1926–1927 and in 1968-1970.
History
Construction and opening
The 77th Street station was constructed as part of the Fourth Avenue Line. The plan for the line was initially adopted on June 1, 1905, before being approved by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York on June 18, 1906 after the Rapid Transit Commission was unable to get the necessary consents of property owners along the planned route. The Rapid Transit Commission was succeeded by the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC) on July 1, 1907, and the PSC approved the plan for the line in October and November 1907.
As part of negotiations between New York City and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company for the expansion of the city's transit network, the line was leased to a subsidiary of the BRT. The agreement, known as Contract 4 of the Dual Contracts, was signed on March 19, 1913. In 1912, during the Dual System negotiations, the construction of an extension of the Fourth Avenue subway from 43rd Street to 89th Street, just south of the 86th Street station, was recommended. This recommendation was approved by the Board of Estimate on February 15, 1912. The PSC directed its chief engineer to create plans on June 14, 1912. The two contracts for the extension, Route 11B, were awarded on September 16, 1912, to the Degnon Construction Company for a combined $3.8 million (equivalent to $ million in ).
On January 24, 1913, construction began on Route 11B2, which includes this station and extends between 61st Street and 89th Street. Construction was completed on this section in 1915. 77th Street station opened on January 15, 1916, as part of an extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 59th Street to 86th Street.
Station renovations
1920s
On June 27, 1922, the New York State Transit Commission commissioned its engineers to examine platform-lengthening plans for 23 stations on the lines of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), the successor to the BRT, to accommodate eight-car trains. As part of the project, 77th Street's platforms would have been lengthened from to . Progress on the extensions did not occur until February 16, 1925, when the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT) commissioned its engineers to examine platform-lengthening plans for this and eleven other stations along the Fourth Avenue Line. It estimated the project would cost $633,000 () (). The BMT had been ordered by the Transit Commission to lengthen these platforms since September 1923. The NYCBOT received bids for the project on February 25, 1926. The contract was awarded to the Corson Construction Company for $345,021 () (). The extensions opened on August 1, 1927.
1960s
The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940. In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) started a project to lengthen station platforms on its lines in Southern Brooklyn to to accommodate 10-car trains. On July 14, 1967, the NYCTA awarded a contract to conduct test borings at eleven stations on the Fourth Avenue Line, including 77th Street, to the W. M. Walsh Corporation for $6,585 () in preparation of the construction of platform extensions (). The NYCTA issued an invitation for bids on the project to extend the platforms at stations along the Fourth Avenue Line between 45th Street station and Bay Ridge–95th Street, including this station, on May 3, 1968.
However, work had already started on the platform extension project in February. As part of the renovation project, the station's platforms were extended at its northern and southern ends, for a total of , and the station's elaborate mosaic tile walls were covered over with white cinderblock tiles. The latter change, which was also made to 15 other stations on the BMT Broadway and Fourth Avenue Line, was criticized for being dehumanizing. The NYCTA spokesman stated that the old tiles were in poor condition and that the change was made to improve the appearance of stations and provide uniformity. Furthermore, it did not consider the old mosaics to have "any great artistic merit".
In 2017, as part of an initiative to increase the accessibility of the New York City Subway system, the MTA indicated that it was considering installing elevators at the 77th Street and 95th Street stations.
Station layout
This underground station has two tracks and two side platforms. The R stops here at all times. The station is between to the north and to the south.
While the 95th Street-bound platform has columns along its full length, the Manhattan-bound platform is mostly columnless, with only a few columns located in the middle of the platform and at either end. The columns on the 95th Street-bound platform are curved, except for those near the staircases to the mezzanine and at the north end of the platform, which are typical I-beams, and are where the platform was extended in 1970. All of the columns are painted yellow and alternate ones have "77 Street" signs on them.
Prior to the station's 1970 renovation, it was finished all in white and marble tile, and it had its own color scheme to allow regular passengers to identify the station based only on the color of the marble trimmings. Since that renovation, the station walls have consisted of white cinderblock tiles, except for small recesses in the walls, which contain orange-painted cinderblock tiles. These recesses contain the station-name signs as well as white text pointing to the exits.
Provisions
The Fourth Avenue Line south of 59th Street, including the Bay Ridge Avenue and 77th Street stations, was built as a two-track structure under the west side of Fourth Avenue with plans for two future tracks on the east side of the street. The station is designed to allow the northbound platform to become the Manhattan-bound express trackway if the two additional tracks were built. To facilitate the conversion, the northbound platform is mostly columnless and is wider than the southbound platform. Furthermore, there is space underneath the platform for the trackway.
Exits
The station's full-time entrance is a mezzanine at the south end above the platforms and tracks. Two staircases from each platform go up to a waiting area/crossover, where a turnstile bank provides entrance/exit from the system. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases going up to either northern corners of 77th Street and Fourth Avenue. The northwest staircase has its original ornate banisters and railings. Inside the mezzanine, there are mosaics indicating a newsstand and two restrooms, all of which are now closed, and directing to each platform.
In addition, the Bay Ridge-bound platform has an exit-only at the north end, which consisted of one high entry-exit turnstile on the platform. A single platform-level exit-only turnstiles leads to a double flight staircase that goes up to the northwest corner of 76th Street and Fourth Avenue. The landing here has the station's original trim line with "77" tablets on it.
References
External links
Station Reporter — R Train
The Subway Nut — 77th Street Pictures
77th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
76th Street exit only stairs from Google Maps Street View
Platforms from Google Maps Street View
BMT Fourth Avenue Line stations
New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1916
Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
1916 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th%20Street%20station%20%28BMT%20Fourth%20Avenue%20Line%29 |
Steven Louis Goldman (born 1941) is the Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at Lehigh University.
Biography
Goldman studied as an undergraduate at Polytechnic University of New York, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics. He then attended Boston University, where he received Master of Arts and PhD degrees in Philosophy. In the 1970s, Goldman was on faculty in the philosophy department at the State College campus of Pennsylvania State University. At Pennsylvania State, he was involved in the development of one of the first U.S. academic programs in science, technology, and society studies (STS).
In 1977, Goldman joined the faculty at Lehigh University, as Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in the Humanities.
He has a joint appointment in the departments of philosophy and history because his teaching and research focus on the history, philosophy, and social relations of modern science and technology. Professor Goldman came to Lehigh from the philosophy department at the State College campus of Pennsylvania State University, where he was a co-founder of
one of the first U.S. academic programs in science, technology, and society (STS) studies. For 11 years (1977–1988), he served as director of Lehigh’s STS program and was a co-founder of the National Association of Science, Technology and Society Studies. Professor Goldman has received the Lindback Distinguished Teaching Award from Lehigh University and a Book-of-the-Year Award for a book he coauthored (another book was a finalist and translated into 10 languages). He has been a national lecturer for Sigma Xi—the scientific research society—and a national program consultant for the National Endowment for the Humanities. He has served as a board member or as editor/advisory editor for a number of professional organizations and journals and was a co-founder of Lehigh University Press and, for many years, co-editor of its Research in Technology Studies series. Goldman retired from Lehigh University in 2016, but is still associated with the Department of Philosophy as a Professor Emeritus.
Since the early 1960s, Professor Goldman has studied the historical development of the conceptual framework of modern science in relation to its Western cultural context, tracing its emergence from medieval and Renaissance approaches to the study of nature through its transformation in the 20th century.
He has published numerous scholarly articles on his social-historical approach to medieval and Renaissance nature philosophy and to modern science from the 17th to the 20th centuries and has lectured on these subjects at conferences and universities across the United States, in Europe, and in Asia. In the late 1970s, the professor began a similar social-historical study of technology and technological innovation since the Industrial Revolution. In the 1980s, he published a series of articles on innovation as a socially driven process and on the role played in that process by the knowledge created by scientists and
engineers. These articles led to participation in science and technology policy initiatives of the federal government, which in turn led to extensive research and numerous article and book publications through the 1990s on emerging synergies that were transforming relationships among knowledge, innovation, and global commerce.
Goldman is the author of the following courses for The Teaching Company:
Science in the Twentieth Century: A Social Intellectual Survey (2004)
Science Wars: What Scientists Know and How They Know It (2006)
Great Scientific Ideas That Changed the World (2007)
References
1941 births
Living people
Lehigh University faculty
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Boston University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences alumni
20th-century American Jews
Philosophers of science
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20L.%20Goldman |
Rockingham is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is located in the outer south-western suburbs of Perth.
Rockingham has been held at all times by the Labor Party, and is currently held by Magenta Marshall.
Geography
The electorate is a compact, urban district centred on the coastal community of Rockingham, a satellite suburb to the south-west of Perth. The district also takes in the neighbouring suburbs of Peron, Shoalwater, Safety Bay, as well as parts of Cooloongup, East Rockingham and Waikiki. The district also includes Garden Island.
The seat was created in 1974 at the height of the Charles Court government's popularity, and was initially a marginal Labor seat. However, a redistribution ahead of the 1980 election made it much friendlier to Labor, and since then it has been one of Labor's safest seats. Since 1980, Labor's hold on the seat has only been seriously threatened twice, in 1989 and 1993.
Members for Rockingham
Rockingham has had only two members. The first, Mike Barnett, served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly for most of the Burke and Dowding governments. He retired in 1996 and handed the seat to Mark McGowan, a minister in the Gallop and Carpenter governments, and later a prominent member of the opposition to the Barnett government.
McGowan was elected leader of WA Labor, and hence Leader of the Opposition, in 2012. As a measure of Labor's strength in the seat, McGowan picked up a modest swing in his favour in 2013 even as Labor was heavily defeated statewide.
Four years later, McGowan led Labor to the largest majority government in the state's history. Along the way, his own margin in Rockingham swelled from an already comfortably safe 13.2 percent to 23.4 percent. In 2021, he led Labor to the most comprehensive election victory at any level in Australia since Federation, with 53 out of 59 seats. His own margin in Rockingham ballooned to 37.7 percent, the safest seat in the state. On 29 May 2023 McGowan announced his resignation, citing "exhaustion" from the position.
Election results
References
External links
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Electoral districts of Western Australia
Electoral district
1974 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Rockingham |
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium may refer to several sports stadiums in India:
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Goa, also known as Fatorda Stadium, multi-use
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Coimbatore, multi-purpose
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ghaziabad, multi-purpose
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai, multi-use football and athletics
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi, football (soccer) and cricket
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong, multi-use football and polo
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirappalli, cricket
Jawaharlal Nehru University Stadium, multi-purpose university sports complex in Delhi
Nehru Stadium, Guwahati, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Indore, cricket
Nehru Stadium, Kottayam, multi-use football and athletics
Nehru Stadium, Pune, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Durgapur, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Tumkur, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Hubli, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Shimoga, multi-purpose
Nehru Stadium, Gurgaon, multi-purpose | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20Stadium |
Mass killings of Tutsis were conducted by the majority-Hutu populace in Burundi from 21 October to December 1993, under an eruption of ethnic animosity and riots following the assassination of Burundian President Melchior Ndadaye in an attempted coup d'état. The massacres took place in all provinces apart from Makamba and Bururi, and were primarily undertaken by Hutu peasants. At many points throughout, Tutsis took vengeance and initiated massacres in response.
The United Nations Population Fund and the Government of Burundi conducted study in 2002 which concluded that a total of 116,059 people died during the events. The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events.
Background
From the mid-1960s, the country of Burundi was politically dominated by its Tutsi ethnic minority at the expense of the Hutu majority. Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA), which served as the legal ruling party from 1966, was overwhelmingly made up of Tutsis. Military officers dominated the presidency, coming to power through coups. During this time there were instances of ethnic repression, particularly in 1972 when the Burundian military quashed a Hutu rebellion and then murdered thousands of civilians.
In 1987 Pierre Buyoya became President of Burundi following a coup. He initially ignored the country's ethnic strife and perpetuated Tutsi domination of public life. In August 1988 violence broke out and the army massacred thousands of Hutus. Facing substantial foreign pressure, Buyoya initiated reforms designed to end Burundi's systemic ethnic violence, while UPRONA attempted to incorporate more Hutus into its ranks. The Tutsi establishment in the army and security forces nevertheless resisted change. A commission appointed by the president produced a constitution which provided for democratic elections. The document was adopted via referendum in March 1992 followed shortly thereafter by the creation of new political parties. Buyoya scheduled free elections in 1993 and offered himself as UPRONA's presidential candidate. UPRONA's main challenger became Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU), a party largely associated with Hutus. In the 1 June presidential election Buyoya faced Melchior Ndadaye, who was backed by FRODEBU. Ndadaye won the election in a landslide, earning 64 percent of the popular vote. In the subsequent parliamentary elections on 29 June, FRODEBU won 71.4 percent of the vote and earned 80 percent of the seats in the National Assembly. The party also took over most local administration.
Prelude
Rumours circulated in Burundi that the army would attempt to intervene to disrupt the transition. A plot from a handful of officers discovered on 3 July to seize Ndadaye's residence failed due to a lack of support from other components of the military, resulting in several arrests. Ndadaye was sworn-in as President on 10 July. He assembled a government of 23 ministers, including 13 FRODEBU and six UPRONA members. Nine of the ministers were Tutsi, including Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi, a member of UPRONA.
Ndadaye's tenure was largely peaceful, but during his time in office Burundi was subject to several social and political disruptions. Among the former, the media—recently liberalised—often used its freedom to discuss public issues in an inflammatory manner. Thousands of Burundian Hutu refugees who had fled during the violence of 1972 began returning en masse and demanding the reclamation of their property. Though Ndadaye suggested resettling them in vacant lands, many local officials made room for them by evicting others from their homes. Politically, Ndadaye's government reexamined several contracts and economic concessions made the by the previous regime, posing a threat to Tutsi elite business interests. Military reforms also led to the separation of the gendarmerie's command from the army, the replacement of the chiefs of staff of the army and gendarmerie, and new requirements for enrollment into the army were introduced. The army was due to open its annual recruitment drive in November, and there were fears among some Tutsi soldiers that this process would be altered in a way that would threaten their dominance of the institution.
At some point a group of army personnel began planning a coup against Ndadaye's government. Their exact identity remains disputed.
Massacres
Tensions finally reaching the boiling point on 21 October 1993 when President Ndadaye was assassinated during a coup attempt, and the country descended into a period of civil strife. The Rwanda-based Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) reported that a coup had taken place and that Ndadaye had been captured on 21 October. This led young FRODEBU members to arm themselves and take Tutsis and Hutu UPRONA members hostage. Once RTLM announced later that day that Ndadaye was dead, the hostages were executed.
By 22 October, Hutus were attacking Tutsis in the provinces of Kirundo, Ngozi, Gitega, Muyinga, Ruyigi, and Karuzi, and in parts of Kayanza, Muramvya, Rutana, and Bujumbura Rural. Violence was less intensive in the Cibitoke and Bubanza Provinces in the northwest and Cankuzo Province in the east. Only the provinces of Makamba and Bururi completely avoided the violence. Hutu peasants were primarily involved, though in some instances FRODEBU members in provincial and communal governments engaged in anti-Tutsi violence. In Butzei, one FRODEBU administrator was reported to have arranged for over three dozen Tutsi civil servants to be burnt.
In several instances Tutsis engaged in reprisals. The retaliatory violence was particularly acute in the provinces of Karuzi, Gitega, and Ruyigi. On 24 October in Ruyigi town, Tutsis murdered 78 Hutu civil servants who were seeking refuge at a bishop's compound. The Tutsi-dominated army also engaged in reprisal killings. One of the few exceptions to this was in Karuzi Province, where the local commander, Major Martin Nkurikiye, went unarmed with two FRODEBU parliamentarians into villages to try to convince armed Hutus to stand down. The army protected Tutsis by resettling them in fortified villages. Minister of Health Jean Minani—who was in Rwanda at the time—accused the army of committing genocide. In November the Permanent Francophone Council condemned the killings.
Initial estimates of the death toll from the ethnic violence ranged from 25,000 to 500,000. A joint study conducted by the United Nations Population Fund and the Burundian government in 2002 estimated the number of people killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993 to be 116,059, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi and what proportion were Hutu.
Aftermath
In 1997, the Burundian government passed a law which penalised genocide and crimes against humanity. Later that year, the government charged hundreds of persons accused of responsibility in the killings of Tutsis, with 44 being sentenced to death.
In 2014 the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to investigate crimes committed during ethnic violence since independence in 1962.
Assessment of the violence as genocide
In May 1994, a UN preliminary fact-finding commission determined that the massacres of Tutsis were not part of "any premeditated plan for the extermination of the Tutsi ethnic group by the Hutu". Conversely, the following year the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi concluded that the killings constituted "an effort to completely destroy the Tutsi ethnic group. Tutsis were not simply killed in a spurt of violence, but systematically hunted...evidence is sufficient to establish that acts of genocide against the Tutsi minority took place in Burundi on 21 October 1993, and the days following". The commission noted that "the evidence is insufficient to determine whether or not these acts of genocide were planned or ordered by leaders at a higher level". FRODEBU accused the commission of bias and capitulating to demands of Tutsi politicians, church figures, and journalists to have their ethnic group's losses labeled genocide.
The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events. Burundian Tutsi authors maintain that the killings were premeditated. Political scientist Filip Reyntjens wrote in 1995 that "there is no evidence that a genocidal plan ever existed, and the allegations that it did were part of a strategy to exonerate the army and to implicate FRODEBU." Academic Nigel Watt considered the violence to be a "double genocide", with the first one being perpetrated by Hutus against Tutsis, and the second being by the army against Hutus. He also wrote that there was no evidence that plans to kill Tutsis were formulated on a national scale but that "the speed of the mobilisation suggests that some people feared [a coup] might happen and made preparations."
Legacy
The killings have received little coverage in international media or academia. Des Forges wrote that, "The lack of international response to the killing in Burundi led to the cataclysm in Rwanda". Burundian Tutsis attach more significance to the 1993 massacres relative to the 1972 Ikiza, which Hutus emphasise. Some Burundians perceive both events as genocides worthy of remembrance, but generally factions have formed to claim the precedence of one event over the other and commemorate them accordingly. Radical Tutsi ideologues, while stressing that the 1993 events were a genocide targeting Tutsis, often neglect to mention the thousands of Hutus killed by the army during the same period and the flight of thousands more as refugees to Rwanda. Tutsi academics tend to give Ndadaye's assassination only cursory attention in their histories of the violence. In contrast, Hutu writers usually emphasise the killing of Ndadaye and the massacres of Hutus inflicted by the army and ignore the killings of Tutsis. The Tutsi extremist group AC Genocide-Crimoso later established several monuments to commemorate Tutsis killed in 1993. The Burundian government erected a monument in 2010 to commemorate victims of all post-colonial violence in the country.
See also
Rwandan genocide
Burundian Civil War
References
Works cited
Lemarchand, René (1996). Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide, Cambridge University Press,
Further reading
United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting. Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997, Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)
Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Burundi. 18 September 1997.
René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten et al. New York: Routledge, 2004. 321–337.
"Burundi Genocide", News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000)
1993 in Burundi
1993 murders in Africa
Massacres in 1993
Ethnic cleansing in Africa
Genocides in Africa
Massacres in Burundi
Human rights abuses in Burundi
Racially motivated violence
Ethnic conflicts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20ethnic%20violence%20in%20Burundi |
An astronomical interferometer or telescope array is a set of separate telescopes, mirror segments, or radio telescope antennas that work together as a single telescope to provide higher resolution images of astronomical objects such as stars, nebulas and galaxies by means of interferometry. The advantage of this technique is that it can theoretically produce images with the angular resolution of a huge telescope with an aperture equal to the separation, called baseline, between the component telescopes. The main drawback is that it does not collect as much light as the complete instrument's mirror. Thus it is mainly useful for fine resolution of more luminous astronomical objects, such as close binary stars. Another drawback is that the maximum angular size of a detectable emission source is limited by the minimum gap between detectors in the collector array.
Interferometry is most widely used in radio astronomy, in which signals from separate radio telescopes are combined. A mathematical signal processing technique called aperture synthesis is used to combine the separate signals to create high-resolution images. In Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) radio telescopes separated by thousands of kilometers are combined to form a radio interferometer with a resolution which would be given by a hypothetical single dish with an aperture thousands of kilometers in diameter. At the shorter wavelengths used in infrared astronomy and optical astronomy it is more difficult to combine the light from separate telescopes, because the light must be kept coherent within a fraction of a wavelength over long optical paths, requiring very precise optics. Practical infrared and optical astronomical interferometers have only recently been developed, and are at the cutting edge of astronomical research. At optical wavelengths, aperture synthesis allows the atmospheric seeing resolution limit to be overcome, allowing the angular resolution to reach the diffraction limit of the optics.
Astronomical interferometers can produce higher resolution astronomical images than any other type of telescope. At radio wavelengths, image resolutions of a few micro-arcseconds have been obtained, and image resolutions of a fractional milliarcsecond have been achieved at visible and infrared wavelengths.
One simple layout of an astronomical interferometer is a parabolic arrangement of mirror pieces, giving a partially complete reflecting telescope but with a "sparse" or "dilute" aperture. In fact, the parabolic arrangement of the mirrors is not important, as long as the optical path lengths from the astronomical object to the beam combiner (focus) are the same as would be given by the complete mirror case. Instead, most existing arrays use a planar geometry, and Labeyrie's hypertelescope will use a spherical geometry.
History
One of the first uses of optical interferometry was applied by the Michelson stellar interferometer on the Mount Wilson Observatory's reflector telescope to measure the diameters of stars. The red giant star Betelgeuse was the first to have its diameter determined in this way on December 13, 1920. In the 1940s radio interferometry was used to perform the first high resolution radio astronomy observations. For the next three decades astronomical interferometry research was dominated by research at radio wavelengths, leading to the development of large instruments such as the Very Large Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array.
Optical/infrared interferometry was extended to measurements using separated telescopes by Johnson, Betz and Townes (1974) in the infrared and by Labeyrie (1975) in the visible. In the late 1970s improvements in computer processing allowed for the first "fringe-tracking" interferometer, which operates fast enough to follow the blurring effects of astronomical seeing, leading to the Mk I, II and III series of interferometers. Similar techniques have now been applied at other astronomical telescope arrays, including the Keck Interferometer and the Palomar Testbed Interferometer.
In the 1980s the aperture synthesis interferometric imaging technique was extended to visible light and infrared astronomy by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group, providing the first very high resolution images of nearby stars. In 1995 this technique was demonstrated on an array of separate optical telescopes for the first time, allowing a further improvement in resolution, and allowing even higher resolution imaging of stellar surfaces. Software packages such as BSMEM or MIRA are used to convert the measured visibility amplitudes and closure phases into astronomical images. The same techniques have now been applied at a number of other astronomical telescope arrays, including the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer, the Infrared Spatial Interferometer and the IOTA array. A number of other interferometers have made closure phase measurements and are expected to produce their first images soon, including the VLTI, the CHARA array and Le Coroller and Dejonghe's Hypertelescope prototype. If completed, the MRO Interferometer with up to ten movable telescopes will produce among the first higher fidelity images from a long baseline interferometer. The Navy Optical Interferometer took the first step in this direction in 1996, achieving 3-way synthesis of an image of Mizar; then a first-ever six-way synthesis of Eta Virginis in 2002; and most recently "closure phase" as a step to the first synthesized images produced by geostationary satellites.
Modern astronomical interferometry
Astronomical interferometry is principally conducted using Michelson (and sometimes other type) interferometers. The principal operational interferometric observatories which use this type of instrumentation include VLTI, NPOI, and CHARA.
Current projects will use interferometers to search for extrasolar planets, either by astrometric measurements of the reciprocal motion of the star (as used by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the VLTI), through the use of nulling (as will be used by the Keck Interferometer and Darwin) or through direct imaging (as proposed for Labeyrie's Hypertelescope).
Engineers at the European Southern Observatory ESO designed the Very Large Telescope VLT so that it can also be used as an interferometer. Along with the four unit telescopes, four mobile 1.8-metre auxiliary telescopes (ATs) were included in the overall VLT concept to form the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). The ATs can move between 30 different stations, and at present, the telescopes can form groups of two or three for interferometry.
When using interferometry, a complex system of mirrors brings the light from the different telescopes to the astronomical instruments where it is combined and processed. This is technically demanding as the light paths must be kept equal to within 1/1000 mm (the same order as the wavelength of light) over distances of a few hundred metres. For the Unit Telescopes, this gives an equivalent mirror diameter of up to , and when combining the auxiliary telescopes, equivalent mirror diameters of up to can be achieved. This is up to 25 times better than the resolution of a single VLT unit telescope.
The VLTI gives astronomers the ability to study celestial objects in unprecedented detail. It is possible to see details on the surfaces of stars and even to study the environment close to a black hole. With a spatial resolution of 4 milliarcseconds, the VLTI has allowed astronomers to obtain one of the sharpest images ever of a star. This is equivalent to resolving the head of a screw at a distance of .
Notable 1990s results included the Mark III measurement of diameters of 100 stars and many accurate stellar positions, COAST and NPOI producing many very high resolution images, and Infrared Stellar Interferometer measurements of stars in the mid-infrared for the first time. Additional results include direct measurements of the sizes of and distances to Cepheid variable stars, and young stellar objects.
High on the Chajnantor plateau in the Chilean Andes, the European Southern Observatory (ESO), together with its international partners, is building ALMA, which will gather radiation from some of the coldest objects in the Universe. ALMA will be a single telescope of a new design, composed initially of 66 high-precision antennas and operating at wavelengths of 0.3 to 9.6 mm. Its main 12-meter array will have fifty antennas, 12 metres in diameter, acting together as a single telescope – an interferometer. An additional compact array of four 12-metre and twelve 7-meter antennas will complement this. The antennas can be spread across the desert plateau over distances from 150 metres to 16 kilometres, which will give ALMA a powerful variable "zoom". It will be able to probe the Universe at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution, with a resolution up to ten times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope, and complementing images made with the VLT interferometer.
Optical interferometers are mostly seen by astronomers as very specialized instruments, capable of a very limited range of observations. It is often said that an interferometer achieves the effect of a telescope the size of the distance between the apertures; this is only true in the limited sense of angular resolution. The amount of light gathered—and hence the dimmest object that can be seen—depends on the real aperture size, so an interferometer would offer little improvement as the image is dim (the thinned-array curse). The combined effects of limited aperture area and atmospheric turbulence generally limits interferometers to observations of comparatively bright stars and active galactic nuclei. However, they have proven useful for making very high precision measurements of simple stellar parameters such as size and position (astrometry), for imaging the nearest giant stars and probing the cores of nearby active galaxies.
For details of individual instruments, see the list of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths.
At radio wavelengths, interferometers such as the Very Large Array and MERLIN have been in operation for many years. The distances between telescopes are typically , although arrays with much longer baselines utilize the techniques of Very Long Baseline Interferometry. In the (sub)-millimetre, existing arrays include the Submillimeter Array and the IRAM Plateau de Bure facility. The Atacama Large Millimeter Array has been fully operational since March 2013.
Max Tegmark and Matias Zaldarriaga have proposed the Fast Fourier Transform Telescope which would rely on extensive computer power rather than standard lenses and mirrors. If Moore's law continues, such designs may become practical and cheap in a few years.
Progressing quantum computing might eventually allow more extensive use of interferometry, as newer proposals suggest.
See also
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)
ExoLife Finder, a proposed hybrid interferometric telescope
Hypertelescope
Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope, an optical interferometer
Navy Precision Optical Interferometer, a Michelson Optical Interferometer
Radio astronomy#Radio interferometry
Radio telescope#Radio interferometry
List
4C Array
Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA)
Allen Telescope Array (ATA), formerly known as the One Hectare Telescope (1hT)
Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA)
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)
Australia Telescope Compact Array
CHARA array
Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)
Chicago Air Shower Array (CASA)
Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA)
Interplanetary Scintillation Array (IPS array) also called the Pulsar Array
LOFAR (LOw Frequency ARray)
Modular Neutron Array (MoNA)
Murchison Widefield Array (MWA)
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)
Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
Submillimeter Array (SMA)
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA)
Telescope Array Project
Very Large Array (VLA)
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA)
Very Small Array
References
Further reading
M. Ryle & D. Vonberg, 1946 Solar radiation on 175Mc/s, Nature 158 pp 339
Govert Schilling, New Scientist, 23 February 2006 The hypertelescope: a zoom with a view
External links
How to combine the light from multiple telescopes for astrometric measurements
at NPOI... Why an Optical Interferometer?
Remote Sensing the potential and limits of astronomical interferometry
The Antoine Labeyrie's hypertelescope project's website
pt:Interferômetro de Michelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20interferometer |
The 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with a double overtime national championship game. Ohio State and Miami both came into the Fiesta Bowl undefeated. The underdog Buckeyes defeated the defending-champion Hurricanes 31–24, ending Miami's 34-game winning streak. Jim Tressel won the national championship in only his second year as head coach.
Rose Bowl officials were vocally upset over the loss of the Big Ten champ from the game. Former New England Patriots coach Pete Carroll returned the USC Trojans to a BCS bid in only his second season as head coach. Notre Dame also returned to prominence, as Tyrone Willingham became the first coach in Notre Dame history to win 10 games in his first season.
Beginning with the 2002 season, teams were allowed to schedule twelve regular season games instead of eleven leading to additional revenues for all teams and allowing players the enhanced opportunity to break various statistical records.
Rules changes
The NCAA Rules Committee adopted the following rules changes for the 2002 season:
The penalty for violating the so-called "Halo Rule" (two yard restricted area around the punt/kick receiver) without making contact with the receiver is increased from five yards to 10 yards.
Flagrant personal fouls committed during possession by the defense in overtime will be carried over to the next extra period. Previously, those fouls were disregarded but the player committing the foul was ejected from the game.
All players are required to wear facemasks of the same color.
Penalties committed during a touchdown play can now either be enforced on the PAT or the ensuing kickoff.
Conference and program changes
No teams upgraded from Division I-AA, leaving the number of Division I-A schools fixed at 117.
The only conference move during this season saw the University of Central Florida leave the Independent ranks to join the Mid-American Conference as its 14th member.
Regular season top 10 matchups
Rankings reflect the AP Poll. Rankings for Week 9 and beyond will list BCS Rankings first and AP Poll second. Teams that failed to be a top 10 team for one poll or the other will be noted.
Week 2
No. 1 Miami defeated No. 6 Florida, 41–16 (Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, Gainesville, Florida)
Week 3
No. 6 Ohio State defeated No. 10 Washington State, 25–7 (Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio)
Week 4
No. 10 Florida defeated No. 4 Tennessee, 30–13 (Neyland Stadium, Knoxville, Tennessee)
Week 7
No. 1 Miami defeated No. 9 Florida State, 28–27 (Miami Orange Bowl, Miami, Florida)
No. 2 Oklahoma defeated No. 3 Texas, 35–24 (Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas)
No. 6 Georgia defeated No. 10 Tennessee, 18–13 (Sanford Stadium, Athens, Georgia)
Week 8
No. 2 Oklahoma defeated No. 9 Iowa State, 49–3 (Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, Norman, Oklahoma)
Week 13
No. 2/2 Ohio State defeated No. 9/12 Michigan, 14–9 (Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio)
Week 14
No. 6/6 USC defeated No. 7/7 Notre Dame, 44–13 (Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California)
Conference standings
Bowl Championship Series rankings
Final BCS rankings
Bowl games
The Rose Bowl normally features the champions of the Big Ten and the Pac-10. However, Big Ten-champion Ohio State, finishing No. 2 in the BCS, had qualified to play in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl for the national championship against Miami (Florida) Earlier in the season, Ohio State had defeated Washington State 25–7.
After the national championship was set, the Orange Bowl had the next pick, and invited No. 3 (No. 5 BCS) Iowa from the Big Ten. When it was the Rose Bowl's turn to select, the best available team was No. 8 (No. 7 BCS) Oklahoma, who won the Big 12 Championship Game. When it came time for the Orange Bowl and Sugar Bowl to make a second pick, both wanted Pac-10 co-champion USC. However, a BCS rule stated that if two bowls wanted the same team, the bowl with the higher payoff had priority. The Orange Bowl immediately extended an at-large bid to the No. 5 Trojans and paired them with at-large No. 3 Iowa in a Big Ten/Pac-10 "Rose Bowl East" matchup in the 2003 Orange Bowl. The Rose Bowl was left to pair Oklahoma with Pac-10 co-champion Washington State. Rose Bowl committee executive director Mitch Dorger was not pleased with the results.
As such, the BCS instituted a new rule, whereby a bowl losing its conference champion to the BCS championship could "protect" the second-place team from that conference from going to another bowl. This left the Sugar Bowl with No. 14 BCS Florida State, the winner of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Notre Dame at 10–2 and No. 9 in the BCS standings was invited to the 2003 Gator Bowl. Kansas State at No. 8 also was left out.
BCS bowls
Fiesta Bowl: No. 2 Ohio State (BCS No. 2 Big Ten Champ) 31, No. 1 Miami (BCS No. 1 Big East Champ) 24 (2 OT)
Sugar Bowl: No. 4 Georgia (BCS No. 3 SEC Champ) 26, No. 16 Florida State (BCS No. 14 ACC Champ) 13
Orange Bowl: No. 5 USC (BCS No. 4) 38, No. 3 Iowa (BCS No. 5 At-Large) 17
Rose Bowl: No. 8 Oklahoma (BCS No. 7 Big 12 Champ) 34, No. 7 Washington State (BCS No. 6 Pac-10 Champ) 14
Other New Year's Day bowls
Cotton Bowl Classic: No. 9 Texas 35, LSU 20
Capital One Bowl: No. 19 Auburn 13, No. 10 Penn State 9
Gator Bowl: No. 17 NC State 28, No. 11 Notre Dame 6
Outback Bowl: No. 12 Michigan 38, No. 22 Florida 30
December Bowl Games
Holiday Bowl: No. 6 Kansas State 34, Arizona State 27
Peach Bowl: No. 20 Maryland 30, Tennessee 3
Tangerine Bowl: Texas Tech 55, Clemson 15
Sun Bowl: Purdue 34, Washington 24
Independence Bowl: Mississippi 27, Nebraska 23
Alamo Bowl: Wisconsin 31, No. 14 Colorado 28
Insight Bowl: No. 24 Pittsburgh 38, Oregon State 13
Liberty Bowl: TCU (C-USA Champ) 25, No. 23 Colorado State (MWC Champ) 3
Humanitarian Bowl: No. 18 Boise State (WAC Champ) 34, Iowa State 16
Motor City Bowl: Boston College 51, Toledo 25
Hawai'i Bowl: Tulane 36, Hawai'i 28
Seattle Bowl: Wake Forest 38, Oregon 17
San Francisco Bowl: No. 21 Virginia Tech 20, Air Force 13
Music City Bowl: Minnesota 29, No. 25 Arkansas 14
Las Vegas Bowl: UCLA 27, New Mexico 13
GMAC Bowl: Marshall (MAC Champ) 38, Louisville 15
Silicon Valley Classic: Fresno State 30, Georgia Tech 21
Houston Bowl: Oklahoma State 33, Southern Miss 23
Continental Tire Bowl: Virginia 48, No. 15 West Virginia 22
New Orleans Bowl: North Texas (Sun Belt Champ) 24, Cincinnati 19
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College player of the Year): Larry Johnson, Penn State
Walter Camp Award (top back): Larry Johnson, Penn State
Associated Press Player of the Year: Brad Banks, Iowa
Davey O'Brien Award (quarterback): Brad Banks, Iowa
Johnny Unitas Award (Sr. quarterback): Carson Palmer, USC
Doak Walker Award (running back): Larry Johnson, Penn State
Fred Biletnikoff Award (wide receiver): Charles Rogers, Michigan State
John Mackey Award (tight end): Dallas Clark, Iowa
Dave Rimington Trophy (center): Brett Romberg, Miami
Chuck Bednarik Award (defensive player): E. J. Henderson, Maryland
Lombardi Award (top lineman): Terrell Suggs, Arizona State
Outland Trophy (interior lineman): Rien Long, Washington State
Dick Butkus (linebacker): E. J. Henderson, Maryland
Jim Thorpe Award (defensive back): Terence Newman, Kansas State
Lou Groza Award (placekicker): Nate Kaeding, Iowa
Ray Guy Award (punter): Mark Mariscal, Colorado
The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award: Ty Willingham, Notre Dame
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award: Jim Tressel, Ohio St.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Luc Harvey (born April 4, 1964) is a Canadian politician and the former Member of Parliament for the riding of Louis-Hébert in Quebec from 2006 to 2008. He served as the leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec from January to September 2012. Harvey was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec.
Harvey graduated from Université Laval with a bachelor's degree in political science, and studied English literature at the University of Guelph. Prior to being elected, he was in charge of business strategies at Centre Financier ASSEP, a life insurance broker. In 2006, Harvey ran for office as a member of the Conservative Party against Bloc Québécois politician Roger Clavet and won with 34.22% of the vote.
Harvey attained attention during the 2008 federal election campaign, when he confronted and loudly castigated Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe at the Public Market Sainte-Foy. Duceppe dismissed Harvey by calling him an "imbecile" who "asked why Canada is not in the European Union." Harvey was ultimately defeated by Bloc candidate Pascal-Pierre Paillé during this election.
Harvey has also worked on developing an electronic system designed for aircraft engines, and an experimental plane with Denis Lambert and André Beaudoin. The plane was a winner at the EAA Air Venture Oshkosh show.
In 2011, Harvey bought an old mansion that was converted into a daycare centre. Located less than 2 km of the bridges of Quebec, this centre will be able to receive nearly 160 children in the summer of 2012.
During his free time, Harvey has also worked on the development of the controller shower Geni, of which he is one of the patent owners.
References
External links
1964 births
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Saguenay, Quebec
Candidates in Quebec provincial elections
Conservative Party of Quebec candidates in Quebec provincial elections
Université Laval alumni
Quebec political party leaders
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%20Harvey |
Helen Crump is a fictional dramatic character on the American television program The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968). Helen was a schoolteacher and became main character Sheriff Andy Taylor's girlfriend, and eventually, wife. Helen first appears in the third-season episode "Andy Discovers America" (1963). She also appeared in spinoff program Mayberry R.F.D. (1968–1971), as well as the reunion telemovie, Return to Mayberry (1986). Helen was portrayed by Aneta Corsaut.
Character biography
Helen Crump is from Kansas where she attended college in Kansas City majoring in journalism. Helen takes up residence in Mayberry where she is employed as an elementary schoolteacher.
Helen is first introduced in the third-season episode "Andy Discovers America". Opie and his classmates dislike their new teacher, referring to her as "old lady Crump". When Andy gives Opie advice about his own experience with school, Opie interprets this as not needing to do his history schoolwork. Helen confronts Andy at the courthouse and proceeds to tell him to stay out of her domain. Andy realizes what has happened and finds a way to get the boys excited about learning history. After a dramatic turnaround in the boys' approach to their history assignments, Helen is astonished to learn that Andy played a role in the sudden change. She thanks him and the two become friends. At the end of the episode, Andy shows his attraction to Helen by offering to walk her home.
Helen is actually a terrible cook, which initially causes Barney to think she is a poor match for Andy.
In one episode, Helen directs the high school senior play.
Her uncle, Edward, and her young niece, Cynthia, visit her in Mayberry.
Relationship with Andy Taylor
In the first episode of The Andy Griffith Show spinoff, Mayberry R.F.D., Andy and Helen marry. Other characters from The Andy Griffith Show make guest appearances in the episode.
The couple move to Raleigh, North Carolina, but return to Mayberry at a later date on Mayberry R.F.D. to christen their newborn son, Andrew Samuel Taylor.
In 1986, Andy and Helen appear in the reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry. The couple returns to Mayberry to see Opie and his wife become first-time parents.
Appearances
The following is a list of episodes of The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. featuring Helen.
The Andy Griffith Show
Season Three
Episode 23: "Andy Discovers America"
Episode 29: "A Wife for Andy"
Season Four
Episode 8: "Opie's Ill-Gotten Gain"
Episode 9: "A Date for Gomer"
Episode 13: "Barney and the Cave Rescue"
Episode 27: "Fun Girls"
Episode 29: "The Rumor"
Season Five
Episode 1: "Opie Loves Helen"
Episode 4: "The Education of Ernest T. Bass"
Episode 7: "Man in the Middle"
Episode 13: "Andy and Helen Have Their Day"
Episode 14: "Three Wishes for Opie"
Episode 20: "Goober and the Art of Love
Episode 21: "Barney Runs for Sheriff"
Episode 24: "Guest in the House"
Episode 27: "Aunt Bee's Invisible Beau"
Episode 28: "The Arrest of the Fun Girls"
Episode 30: "Opie Flunks Arithmetic"
Episode 31: "Opie and the Carnival"
Season Six
Episode 2: "Andy's Rival"
Episode 4: "Aunt Bee, the Swinger"
Episode 6: "A Warning from Warren"
Episode 7: "Off to Hollywood"
Episode 9: "The Hollywood Party"
Episode 10: "Aunt Bee on TV"
Episode 14: "The Church Organ"
Episode 15: "Girl Shy"
Episode 17: "The Return of Barney Fife"
Episode 21: "Aunt Bee Learns to Drive"
Episode 22: "Look Paw, I'm Dancing"
Episode 23: "The Gypsies"
Episode 24: "Eat Your Heart Out"
Episode 25: "A Baby in the House"
Episode 26: "The County Clerk"
Episode 29: "The Battle of Mayberry"
Season Seven
Episode 1: "Opie's Girlfriend"
Episode 4: "The Ball Game"
Episode 5: "Aunt Bee's Crowning Glory"
Episode 6: "The Darling Fortune"
Episode 9: "The Senior Play"
Episode 10: "Opie Finds a Baby"
Episode 14: "Goober Makes History"
Episode 15: "A New Doctor in Town"
Episode 16: "Don't Miss a Good Bet"
Episode 17: "Dinner at Eight"
Episode 19: "Barney Comes to Mayberry"
Episode 20: "Andy's Old Girlfriend"
Episode 21: "Aunt Bee's Restaurant"
Episode 24: "Helen, the Authoress"
Episode 29: "Opie's Most Unforgettable Character"
Season Eight
Episode 1: "Opie's First Love"
Episode 3: "A Trip to Mexico"
Episode 4: "Andy's Trip to Raleigh"
Episode 6: "Howard's Main Event"
Episode 10: "Aunt Bee and the Lecturer"
Episode 11: "Andy's Investment"
Episode 12: "Howard and Millie"
Episode 13: "Aunt Bee's Cousin"
Episode 18: "Emmett's Brother-in-Law"
Episode 20: "The Church Benefactors"
Episode 23: "Aunt Bee's Big Moment"
Episode 24: "Helen's Past"
Episode 26: "The Wedding"
Episode 27: "Sam for Town Council"
Episode 29: "A Girl for Goober"
Episode 30: "Mayberry R.F.D."
Mayberry R.F.D.
Season One
Episode 1: "Andy and Helen Get Married"
Season Two
Episode 2: "Andy's Baby"
References
Fictional characters from North Carolina
Fictional schoolteachers
The Andy Griffith Show characters
Television characters introduced in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Crump |
Mount Judi (; , Armenian: Ջուդի լեռը, ; ) is Noah's apobaterion or "Place of Descent", the location where the Ark came to rest after the Great Flood, according to very early Christian and Islamic tradition (based on the Quran, 11:44). The Quranic tradition is similar to the Judeo-Christian legend. The identification of Mount Judi as the landing site of the ark persisted in Syriac and Armenian tradition throughout Late Antiquity, but was abandoned for the tradition equating the biblical location with the highest mountain in Turkey, that is Mount Ararat.
Etymology and geography
The mountainous area that Mount Judi is part of, was known as Qardū () in Syriac texts, Gordyene by Greek and Roman writers, and Kordukh in Armenian.
Syriac, Islamic, and early Christian traditions identify Mount Judi or Qardu as a peak near or northeast of the town of Jazirat ibn 'Umar (modern Cizre in south-east Turkey), at the headwaters of the Tigris River, near the modern border with Syria, and that of Iraq. Arab historian Al-Masudi (d. 956), reported that the spot where the ark came to rest could be seen in his time, and that it was located at 80 parasangs (approximately ) from the Tigris. The mountain was historically located in the province of Corduene, south of Lake Van.
The Arabic word al-Jūdiyy (), originates from the Syriac word Gudo (ܓܘܕܐ) meaning "Mounds" or "Elevations". The relation of some of the spellings is clear. The origin of Judi is less clear. It is usually interpreted as a corrupted version of the same name, via Al-Gurdi (Reynolds 2004). The proposal that the two names are ultimately the same was first advanced by the English Orientalist George Sale in his translation of the Qur'an published in 1734. Sale's footnote reads:
Sale goes on to say that there was once a famous Christian monastery on the mountain, but that this was destroyed by lightning in the year 776 A.D., following which:
The Arabic name of the mountain, Judi, has also been proposed to be a corruption of the Syriac ܩܪܕܘ Qardō written in Arabic with the Arabic letters waw (و) and raa (ر) being confused in early Islamic manuscripts due to their early resemblance, and then making its way into the Qur’an and Islamic tradition. This is supported by the fact that only in the Syriac Bible is the mountain which Noah's ark rested on called Qardō, as opposed to Ararat in other Bibles.
A number of sources (including Islamic and Christian) speak of there being at least two settlements near the mountain, one being the ancient ruins of Thamanin (located to the south of the mountain), and the other being the city of Nesbin (near the border with Syria), from where people had come to visit the ark. Thamanin (meaning "Eighty" in Arabic) is thought to have been founded by Noah and the survivors of the flood, who were thought to number around 80, and a tel that was thought to be the ruin of Thamanin is located east of Cizre (one of the places that is thought to have the tomb of Noah).
A Chaldean Archbishop of Babylon, that is Prince Nouri, had travelled from Kochanis in Turkey to Urmiah in Persia. In Urmiah, he met with Dr. Frederick B. Coan, and told him that during the journey, after making three attempts to find the ark, he went to it on the 25th of April, 1887. Accounts collected by Dr. Lee Spencer and Dr. Jean Luc Lienard of the Southwestern Adventist University in the U.S.A., regarding a number of those who claimed to have seen the ark, point to the ark being in south-eastern Turkey, in a mountainous region with swamps, lakes and oil fields, south of Lake Van and west of Lake Urmia.
Religious traditions
Christianity
The Assyrians of the eastern part of the Tigris River had a legend of the ark resting on the Djûdi mountain in the land of Kard. This legend may in origin have been independent of the Genesis' account of Noah's flood, rooted in the more general Near Eastern flood legends, but following Christianization of the Syrians, from about the second century A.D., it became associated with the Mountains of Ararat, where Noah landed according to Genesis, and from Syria also, this legend also spread to the Armenians. The Armenians did not traditionally associate Noah's landing site with Mount Ararat, known natively as Masis, and continued to associate Noah's ark with Mount Judi, until the 11th century.
The biblical Ararat is thought be a variation of Urartu, an ancient term for the region north of ancient Assyria, which encompasses the Armenian plateau. According to Josephus, the Armenians in the first century showed the remains of Noah's ark at a place called αποβατηριον "Place of Descent" (, Nakhichevan, Ptolemy's Ναξουανα), about southeast of the summit of Mount Ararat ( ). The "mountains of Ararat" in Genesis have become identified in later (medieval) Christian tradition with the peak now known as "Mount Ararat" itself, a volcanic massif in Turkey and known in Turkish as "Agri Dagh" (Ağrı Dağı).
Islam
According to the Qur'an (11:44), the final resting place of the vessel was called "Judi", without the word "mountain".
The ninth century Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh identified the location of mount Judi as being in the land of Kurds (Al-Akrad), and the Abbasid historian Al-Mas'udi (c. 896–956) recorded that the spot where it came to rest could be seen in his time. Al-Mas'udi also said that the Ark began its voyage at Kufa in central Iraq, and sailed to Mecca, where it circled the Kaaba, before finally travelling to Judi. Yaqut al-Hamawi, also known as Al-Rumi, placed the mountain "above Jazirat ibn Umar, to the east of the Tigris," and mentioned a mosque built by Noah that could be seen in his day, and the traveller Ibn Battuta passed by the mountain in the 14th century.
See also
İlandağ of the Lesser Caucasus in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
List of volcanoes in Turkey
Ararat anomaly
Mount Tendürek
The Durupınar site
Karaca Dağ near Diyarbakır
List of mountains in Turkey
Mount Cilo
Mount Uludoruk
Searches for Noah's Ark
The Sinjar Mountains in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
References
External links
Mt. Cudi on NoahsArkSearch.Com
Research concerning Mount Judi including some English articles
Ark search
Discovering the Lost City of Thamanin
Bill Crouse: "Noah's ark's final berth is Cudi"
Geography of Şırnak Province
Mountains of the Armenian Highlands
Judi
Noah's Ark
Judi
Taurus Mountains
Zagros Mountains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Judi |
Jérôme Golmard (9 September 1973 – 31 July 2017) was a French tennis player.
The left-hander reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 22 in April 1999, winning 2 singles titles and reaching the semifinals of Monte Carlo in 1999. Golmard finished his career with over $2.2 million in prize money. Among the many notable players he beat on the ATP Tour are former World No. 1s Andre Agassi, Jim Courier, Gustavo Kuerten, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Marcelo Ríos and Carlos Moyá, as well as Grand Slam champions Richard Krajicek, Goran Ivanišević, Albert Costa, Gastón Gaudio, Thomas Johansson and Michael Chang.
He announced in 2014 that he was diagnosed with motor neuron disease, which causes muscle paralysis, and died of the disease on 31 July 2017.
After tennis
Golmard was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 2014 and died on 31 July 2017, at the age of 43.
ATP career finals
Singles: 4 (2 titles, 2 runners-up)
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 12 (7–5)
Doubles: 4 (1–3)
Performance timeline
Singles
References
External links
1973 births
2017 deaths
Sportspeople from Dijon
French male tennis players
Neurological disease deaths in France
Deaths from motor neuron disease
20th-century French people
21st-century French people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%20Golmard |
South Perth is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in Western Australia. The district is located in the suburbs immediately south of the Perth central business district.
Although occasionally held by an independent, South Perth has typically been a safe Liberal seat. It had never been won by the Labor Party until Geoff Baker won it for the party at the 2021 election.
Geography
South Perth is made up of affluent waterside areas in Perth's inner south. The district is bounded to the north by the Swan River and to the west and south by the Canning River. A series of roads separates the electorate from neighbouring eastern districts. The seat includes the suburbs of Como, Karawara, Manning, Salter Point, Waterford, as well as parts of the suburbs of Kensington and South Perth.
History
South Perth was first created for the 1901 state election, largely replacing the abolished seat of Canning, and won by William Gordon. However, Canning was re-created for the 1904 election and South Perth abolished, with Gordon transferring to Canning.
South Perth was eventually revived for the 1950 state election and has existed continuously as an electorate since then. In 1950, it was won by Liberal candidate George Yates, previously the member for Canning. He was succeeded after one term by Bill Grayden, initially as an independent but soon after as a Liberal. Grayden had previously been the state member for Middle Swan and the federal member for Swan. Grayden was the member for South Perth for 37 years, finally retiring in 1993.
The seat's next MP was Phillip Pendal, first elected as a Liberal but twice re-elected as an independent. Upon Pendal's retirement at the 2005 state election, the seat returned to the Liberal fold when current member John McGrath was elected as its representative. McGrath held the seat until his own retirement at the 2021 election and was succeeded by Geoff Baker. Baker's win was historic as he became the first Labor candidate to win the seat.
Members for South Perth
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
South Perth
1901 establishments in Australia
1904 disestablishments in Australia
1950 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20South%20Perth |
The Bay Ridge–95th Street station (originally 95th Street–Fort Hamilton station) is the southern terminal station on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Despite the name, the station is located in the neighborhood of Fort Hamilton (as its original name implied) at the intersection of 95th Street and Fourth Avenue in southwestern Brooklyn. It is served by the R train at all times. Geographically, this station is the westernmost New York City Subway station.
The station was first planned in 1922 as the first part of an extension to Staten Island through a tunnel under the Narrows. Construction began on December 17, 1923, after the construction contractor submitted, withdrew, and resubmitted its bid. The station opened on October 31, 1925, but the Staten Island extension was never built due to various funding disputes. The platform was lengthened in the 1960s.
History
Construction and opening
On August 25, 1922, the Transit Commission directed its chief engineer, Robert Ridgeway, to plan an extension of the Fourth Avenue Line from 87th Street to Fort Hamilton. Initially, multiple stations along the extension were considered. This extension was to be the first part of an extension to Staten Island through a tunnel under The Narrows. On September 12, 1922, a meeting was held by the Transit Commission to determine whether a stop at 91st Street should be included as part of the planned extension. Ultimately, no station was built at 91st Street. At the meeting it was decided that money for an additional station in between 86th Street and the new terminal at 95th Street would be better spent on an extensive terminal with entrances at 93rd, 94th, and 95th Streets. Other extensions were also planned in 1922: a branch of the line running via 86th Street to 18th Avenue to connect with the New Utrecht Line to Coney Island, Route 19, and the future subway under Tenth Avenue, as well as a branch of the line at 67th Street heading to Staten Island, Route 20.
On December 28, 1922, the Transit Commission announced that it had awarded the contract for the construction of a half-mile extension of the Fourth Avenue Line, Contract 11B, to T. A. Gillespie Company for $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ). However, as the Board of Estimate failed to take action upon it, the contractor withdrew its bid on March 7, 1923. The Transit Commission blamed the Board of Estimate for delays in the awarding of the contract; the Commission said that the city would suffer a substantial loss due to increased construction costs, and because the contract that was given was "highly advantageous to the city." As part of Contract 11B, the extension was built with two tracks, with the exception of a short three-track stretch just north of the terminal at 95th Street. The extension was to be built with a provision to extend the line to Staten Island. As a result of a motion made by Commissioner LeRoy Harkness in front of the Transit Commission, the contract was set to be put back up for bid. On November 2, 1923, the Board of Estimate approved the contract for the line with T. A. Gillespie Company, the same contractor that had bid on the project earlier, but withdrew. The Transit Commission, due to the delay of the project, gave orders on November 3 to speed up the completion of the project. Construction began on December 17, 1923. The final extension to 95th Street, Route 18, opened on October 31, 1925, with the first train leaving at 2 p.m.
Platform extension and elevator installation
The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940. In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) started a project to lengthen station platforms on its lines in Southern Brooklyn from to to accommodate 10-car trains. On July 14, 1967, the NYCTA awarded a contract to conduct test borings at eleven stations on the Fourth Avenue Line, including 95th Street, to W. M. Walsh Corporation for $6,585 () in preparation of the construction of platform extensions. The NYCTA issued an invitation for bids on the project to extend the platforms at stations along the Fourth Avenue Line between 45th Street and this station on May 3, 1968. However, work had already started on the platform extension project in February. The platform at 95th Street was extended by to the south.
As part of a plan to increase accessibility in the New York City Subway, during the early 1990s, the MTA proposed installing elevators at the Bay Ridge–95th Street station by 2010. The agency instead decided to make the 86th Street station accessible, as that station had transfers to more bus routes. In 2017, the MTA indicated that it was considering installing elevators at the 77th Street and 95th Street stations. Funding for elevators at the 95th Street station was included in the MTA's 2020–2024 Capital Program. In December 2022, the MTA announced that it would award a $146 million contract for the installation of eight elevators across four stations, including Bay Ridge–95th Street.
Station layout
This underground station has two tracks and one island platform. The R stops here at all times. The station is the southern terminus for trains; the next station to the north is . The tracks end at bumper blocks at the south end of the platform. North of this station, a center layup track forms just north of the diamond crossover, before ending at a bumper block just south of the 86th Street station.
The platform has yellow painted I-beam columns and alternate ones have "95 Street" signs on them. Both platform walls have their original mosaic trim line with name tablets reading "95TH STREET" along the entire station except for a small section at the north end, where the platform was extended in 1970. Here, the wall is bare black. The station was constructed with a signal tower and dispatcher's office.
Exits
The station has two mezzanines above the platform and tracks. Mosaic directional signs indicate they were originally one full-length mezzanine. The closed-off sections are now used for employee-only spaces. The station's larger, full-time mezzanine is at the south end. It has two staircases from the platform, a turnstile bank, a token booth, and two restrooms. In addition, two staircases going up to either western corners of Fourth Avenue and 95th Street. A passageway leads to another staircase on the east side of the intersection, built inside an alcove of 9425 Fifth Avenue. The station's other mezzanine is unstaffed, containing one staircase from the platform, high entry/exit turnstiles, and two staircases going up to either southern corners of 93rd Street and Fourth Avenue. Additional exits were planned at 94th Street, but were never built.
Provisions for proposed extensions
The station is built on the west side of Fourth Avenue due to plans for a possible extension of the express tracks south of 59th Street. This station had been built mainly to facilitate the Staten Island Tunnel or the "Narrows Tunnel", which would have necessitated express service, although the tunnel was never constructed.
South of this station, there is a false wall at the end of the tracks for a planned extension to 100th or 101st Street and into the never-built Staten Island "Narrows Tunnel", connecting the BMT line with the Staten Island Railway (SIRT) Main Line near its Grasmere station. The station would have also connected with the now-defunct South Beach Branch by disconnecting it from the SIRT main line, with the BMT Fourth Avenue Subway taking over service from the SIRT's Fort Wadsworth station to the Wentworth Avenue terminal. At the time it would have been a very different line had this tunnel been built, with through BMT service from Queensboro Plaza to Wentworth Avenue in Staten Island stopping at this station before proceeding to Staten Island, since this station is also the closest point to Staten Island. There were also plans to construct an underground storage yard here. The SIRT had been electrified in preparation for the tunnel, and had purchased subway cars similar to the AB Standards of the BMT.
The tunnel plan was amended in 1919, moving its location north to Shore Road in Bay Ridge. A groundbreaking ceremony was held by New York City Mayor John Hylan on April 14, 1923 in Bay Ridge and in Staten Island on July 19. In 1925, however—the year bids from contractors were to be entertained by the city—the project was halted and the project's engineering staff laid off. Officially, the plan was delayed due to lack of funding, but Hylan and New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) Chairman John Delaney also wanted to secure freight service for the tunnel. These disagreements caused deadlocks between the parties involved.
Later proposals surfaced to connect the station to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges, which follows the route of the planned tunnel, but the bridge was completed in 1964 without provisions for rail traffic.
References
External links
Station Reporter — R Train
The Subway Nut - Bay Ridge–95th Street Station Pictures
95th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform from Google Maps Street View
BMT Fourth Avenue Line stations
New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn
New York City Subway terminals
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1925
Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
1925 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Ridge%E2%80%9395th%20Street%20station |
André Coindre (26 February 1787 – 30 May 1826), a French Roman Catholic priest, founded the Brothers of the Sacred Heart.
Life
Coindre was born in Lyon, France in 1787. He attended the École Centrale de Lyon and then the minor seminary. From 1809 to 1812 he studied at the Grand Séminaire on the Place Croix-Paquet. Fellow students were Marcellin Champagnat, Jean-Marie Vianney and Jean-Claude Colin.
In 1812, Coindre was ordained at the Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon by Joseph Fesch, Cardinal, Archbishop of Lyon. His superiors recognized that he had a talent for preaching, so he spent his first six months at the seminary improving his skills. His first assignment was as vicar of Bourg-en-Bresse. In 1815 the vicar of the archdiocese invited Coindre to join a group of priests who traveled among the parishes giving missions. His size and demeanor, as well as his fiery rhetoric, helped convert and inspire a range of people from prisoners to wealthy benefactors. He was also named vicar of the Church of Saint-Bruno des Chartreux in Lyon.
He worked with Claudine Thévenet in establishing in 1815 the Association of the Sacred Heart, which three years later became the congregation of the Religious of Jesus and Mary.
As a chaplain in the prisons of Lyon, Father André realized that the young detainees had little hope upon release to help them avoid delinquency. His mission became the moral, intellectual, and religious development of young orphan boys left in distress by the consequent disintegration of family life in the wake of the Revolution. By 1819, Coindre set up an orphanage and trade school near Lyon for homeless boys, and a haven in which young offenders were provided vocational training and Christian formation.
On 30 September 1821 ten men met Coindre at the chapel of the Shrine of Notre-Dame de Fourvière and made private vows in the chapel there, thus founding the Fratres a Sacratissimo Corde Iesu (Brothers of the Sacred Heart), a Roman Catholic religious community primarily devoted to the education of youth. The brothers worked in Lyon and in rural villages where illiteracy was rampant.
He died in Blois, France. An ill Coindre fell from a window to his death. Following André's death, his brother, François Coindre, ran the organization.
Legacy
The Brothers of the Sacred Heart named a boarding school Coindre Hall in honor of the order's founder. The school operated in Huntington, New York, from 1939 to 1971. They also operate Brother Martin High School in New Orleans. Founded in 1854, Saint Stanislaus is a Catholic, all-boys boarding and day school serving young men in grades 7 through 12.
In 1955, the Brothers of the Sacred Heart took over the running of St Columba’s College in St Albans in England.
References
External links
Brothers of the Sacred Heart
Brothers of the Sacred Heart Foundation
Coindre Hall School Memorial Page
1787 births
1826 deaths
Founders of Catholic religious communities
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Clergy from Lyon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Coindre |
The Prony brake is a simple device invented by Gaspard de Prony in 1821 to measure the torque produced by an engine. The term "brake horsepower" is one measurement of power derived from this method of measuring torque. (Power is calculated by multiplying torque by rotational speed.)
Essentially the measurement is made by wrapping a cord or belt around the output shaft of the engine and measuring the force transferred to the belt through friction. The friction is increased by tightening the belt until the frequency of rotation of the shaft is reduced to a desired rotational speed. In practice more engine power can then be applied until the limit of the engine is reached.
In its simplest form an engine is connected to a rotating drum by means of an output shaft. A friction band is wrapped around half the drum's circumference and each end attached to a separate spring balance. A substantial pre-load is then applied to the ends of the band, so that each spring balance has an initial and identical reading. When the engine is running, the frictional force between the drum and the band will increase the force reading on one balance and decrease it on the other. The difference between the two readings multiplied by the radius of the driven drum is equal to the torque. If the engine speed is measured with a tachometer, the brake horsepower is easily calculated.
An alternate mechanism is to clamp a lever to the shaft and measure using a single balance. The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force.
The device is generally used over a range of engine speeds to obtain power and torque curves for the engine, since there is a non-linear relationship between torque and engine speed for most engine types.
Power output in SI units may be calculated as follows:
Rotary power (in newton-meters per second, N·m/s) = 2π × the distance from the center-line of the drum (the friction device) to the point of measurement (in meters, m) × rotational speed (in revolutions per second) × measured force (in newtons, N).
Or in English units:
Rotary power (in pound-feet per second, lbf·ft/s) = 2π × distance from center-line of the drum (the friction device) to the point of measurement (in feet, ft) × rotational speed (in revolutions per second) × measured force (in pounds, lbf).
References
Dynamometers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prony%20brake |
James M. Smith (December 31, 1919 – April 14, 2017) was the longest serving commissioner of Yukon from November 7, 1966 to June 30, 1976. During his tenure, he was instrumental in the creation of Kluane National Park and Reserve and the designation of the Chilkoot Trail as a National Historic Site of Canada. He was also responsible for creating the Arctic Winter Games along with Northwest Territories commissioner Stuart Hodgson and Alaska governor Walter Joseph Hickel. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1976.
References
External links
Commissioners of the Yukon Territory
1919 births
2017 deaths
Members of the Yukon Territorial Council
Commissioners of Yukon
People from Revelstoke, British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Smith%20%28Yukon%20politician%29 |
Peter John Hannan (born August 13, 1954) is an American producer, animator, singer-songwriter, author, illustrator, artist, and entrepreneur.
Hannan is the creator, executive producer, and showrunner of the Nickelodeon series CatDog, for which he also wrote and sang the theme song. He is the story editor, sometime songwriter, and interstitial producer of the animated PBS Kids series Let's Go Luna!. He has created and developed properties for numerous studios. He works as a character designer and writes for various other animated series. He has worked as a consultant on a variety of other shows.
He created a web series called Really Freaking Embarrassing. His single-panel cartoons The Adventures of a Huge Mouth ran in independent newspapers and magazines throughout the U.S., Harper's, Esquire, and many others. He writes and illustrates books, including Petlandia, My Big Mouth: 10 Songs I Wrote That Almost Got Me Killed, The Greatest Snowman in the World, Super Goofballs, Sillyville or Bust, Escape from Camp Wannabarf, School After Dark: Lessons in Lunacy, The Battle of Sillyville: Live Silly or Die! And Freddy! King of Flurb. He has written and illustrated newspaper and magazine pieces with titles like "The Incredible Shrinking Christmas" and "The Good, the Bad, and the Irish."
He co-founded the company FutureVision, which produced a TV concert series featuring blues legends Muddy Waters, Albert King, Buddy Guy & Junior Wells, Bobby Bland, Otis Rush, and Blind John Davis.
Hannan has taught, lectured, and led art, writing, animation, and creativity workshops for pre-school through college students. He has worked as a graphic designer and art director and done illustrations for magazines, newspapers, and advertising. He exhibits paintings, illustrations, and cartoons.
Works
CatDog – Creator
Figure It Out - Writer
Pound Puppies – Writer
Let's Go Luna! – Writer
References
External links
1954 births
American animated film producers
American television producers
American male singer-songwriters
American animators
American male writers
American illustrators
Goddard College alumni
Living people
Nickelodeon Animation Studio people
Showrunners of animated shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hannan%20%28producer%29 |
Muswellbrook railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Northern line in Muswellbrook, in the Muswellbrook Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The station serves the town of Muswellbrook and was designed by John Whitton, the Chief Engineer of NSW Railways. It is also known as Muswellbrook Railway Station and yard group and Musclebrook Railway Station. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The single railway line from Singleton to, and station of "Musclebrook" was completed and opened on 19 May 1869, by the Earl of Belmore, Governor of NSW. Construction for the Muswellbrook section was awarded to George Blunt on 2 September 1864. The station was renamed on 1 September 1890.
The line (formerly known as the Great Northern Railway) runs through the Central Coast, Hunter and New England regions. It was the original main line between Sydney and Brisbane, however this required a change of gauge at Wallangarra. The line is now closed north of Armidale, and the main Brisbane-Sydney route is now the North Coast line.
The original 1869 John Whitton brick station building remains. The 1869 station building is one of several notable early stations attributed to Whitton during his long career with NSW Railways. It borrows heavily from his design experience in England and the influence of Georgian and Victorian architectural styles. Internally it comprised a Station Master's office, ticket office, waiting room, ladies room and lavatories.
Major changes and alterations included installation of a turntable in 1869 and its replacement by a larger one in 1890, lengthening of the platform and provision of an ash pit in 1891.
It was not until 1890 that the Railways Department changed the station name to Muswellbrook. A gatehouse was built at the level crossing in 1892. In 1898 and 1911 the platform was extended and in 1909 a station master's residence was approved for 545 pounds.
Muswellbrook railway precinct was expanded in the early 20th century with addition of the much larger two storey brick railway refreshment rooms immediately adjacent to the station building.
The refreshment rooms were commissioned in 1922, opened the same year. At the time, the Singleton Argus reported:
In 1927 the Refreshment Rooms were extended, altered to include five bedrooms for the public. This building replaced the rest houses, which had been transferred from Murrurundi and Singleton and re-erected at Muswellbrook in 1918.
The subway underpass was constructed in 1928 as a replacement for the level crossing at the Sydney end of the station. An overbridge was built on Bridge Street, replacing the level crossing. Meanwhile, a locomotive depot had been built in 1943.
In 1977 a coal mine at Ulan was opened and the railway was extended from Sandy Hollow to Ulan in 1982 to transport coal to Newcastle, via Muswellbrook.
For a number of years in the 1980s, the passenger services were replaced by road coaches while the line was upgraded. Rail services were restored on 14 March 1988.
In 2007 approval was given for 2-staged refurbishment of the railway refreshment room as a museum; provision of stair & entry ramp and install lift, then for construction of a stand-alone visitor information centre, storeroom, toilets, deck & landscaping.
In 2011 approval was given to demolish the disused signal box.
Muswellbrook formerly had an extensive freight yard including a locomotive roundhouse. The Merriwa section of the Ulan line branches off the Main Northern line at the northern end of the yard.
In early 2007, the Australian Rail Track Corporation commenced work to rationalise the tracks within the yard and add a passing loop long enough to accommodate long trains. Upon completion, freight trains are to pass through the yard area at , improving travel times.
In March 2009, duplication of the Main Northern line reached Muswellbrook station, the completion of a project to upgrade the line to double track between Antiene and Muswellbrook to improve coal haulage capacity.
Platforms and services
The station has one platform and a disused dock platform at the southern end. Muswelbrook is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling between Newcastle and Scone.
It is also served by NSW TrainLink Xplorer services from Sydney to Armidale and Moree.
Description
The station complex comprises a type 3, second class brick station building, completed in 1869. The original station building was a small well proportioned brick structure with simple stone lintels and hipped roof. It is a rendered brick building with a hipped roof of corrugated, galvanised iron (originally slate). The building is elevated above street level. Its entrance is via steps leading to a stone flagged verandah with a hipped roof of corrugated galvanised iron, supported by timber posts. The verandah roof to the street is original. The doors are timber with moulded panels and window frames are timber, double-hung sash type.
The platform awning is an extension of the awning built at the time of construction of the adjacent refreshment room building. It is a cast iron, cantilevered awning of corrugated, galvanised iron.
The internal layout has changed since originally constructed, consisting today of a store room, waiting room, female toilets and male toilets.
The refreshment rooms, were completed in 1921–2, with additions -8. This two storey building is located immediately adjacent to the station building. Two hipped roofs clad in diamond pattern slate tiles with terracotta ridge capping and ram's head finials. The ground floor projects outward from under the first floor, so that a portion has its own roof. The roofs are finished with timber barge boards and painted rough-cast infill. The chimneys are also rough-cast cement. Tuck-pointed brickwork, timber moulded panel doors, some with transom windows, timber double-hung sash windows bordered with stone lintels and ornate, rendered sills and pressed metal cornices.
The layout consists of refreshment rooms and kitchens on the ground floor with passenger accommodation on the upper floor, with associated bathrooms and linen stores. Internally the building features pressed metal cornices and ceilings, hardwood floors, a pine staircase and balustrade.
The type 4 elevated signal box with a hip roof was completed in 1923. It is an elevated, two storey signal box on a timber frame, with pre-cast concrete and asbestos cement cladding. Lower floor comprises a drop-in, pre-cast concrete panel between concrete uprights and conventional timber-framed construction on the upper floor. A hipped roof with broad overhanging eaves, clad in fibro asbestos laid in a diamond pattern and terracotta ridge capping. Window frames are timber, double-hung sash with between 6 and 9 panes. Access is va a steel ladder and there is a toilet on the upper landing.
Other structures include a brick-faced platform, completed in 1869; a carriage dock, also completed in 1869, that was used for parcel and mail vans; and the remains of a locomotive depot, completed in 1943, including a turntable, a T145 jib crane, located within a shed, erected in 1869; and a timber loading bank.
Modifications and dates
Changes of level of the rear of both station and refreshment room buildings have occurred after construction, as follows:
1865station building, platform, carriage dock, crane.
Early 20th centuryextension of station building to Sydney end, adding Station Master's room (back-to-back fireplace with existing (formerly external) fireplace in what is now a store room, was a parcel room). Extension had windows to the street, a fireplace and no door to the station platform (as per 1917, 1918 plans). This extension is gone now (2016).
post card photo shows two chimneys at each ends of the hipped roof, including this one at the "Sydney end". The 1917 plans show "proposed station buildings" including refreshment rooms that were never built, or never built in the configuration on the plans. A 1980 photo shows no chimney protruding from the Sydney end roof hip/ridge. This suggests the configuration of these chimneys is not original and probably dates to the mid 20th century.
1921-22Refreshment Rooms added beside station building.
1927-28addition/extension/modification of refreshment room building.
1923Signal box added.
1943Locomotive depot, including turntable, crane and jib.
Further information
The heritage site does not include the former locomotive depot or its turntable.
Heritage listing
The station group represents an excellent example of an early complex surviving in its basic form and adapted with the addition of other structures as passengers increased. The first station building can be clearly seen with its rare example of an early street verandah and most of its detailing intact. The refreshment room is a good example of a type of building that thrived and are no longer in use. They are significant community buildings in the townscape, dominating the skyline with the bulk of the refreshment rooms. The signal box adds significance to the group and is itself a good example of a later elevated signal box.
The Muswellbrook railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as architecturally rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
See also
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Muswellbrook station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
John Whitton railway stations
Railway stations in the Hunter Region
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1869
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Muswellbrook
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main North railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muswellbrook%20railway%20station |
Aberdeen railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Aberdeen.
History
Aberdeen opened on 20 August 1870. In 2010, the station was refurbished, with a new shelter and retaining walls built.
Platforms and services
The station has one platform and a passing loop. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling between Newcastle and Scone.
There are three services in each direction on weekdays, with two on weekends and public holidays.
It is also served by NSW TrainLink Xplorer services from Sydney to Armidale and Moree. This station is a request stop for the service, so the train only stops here if passengers have booked to board/alight here.
References
External links
Aberdeen station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in the Hunter Region
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1870
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Main North railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20railway%20station%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
Willagee is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The district is located in the southern suburbs of Perth.
Willagee has at all times been a safe Labor seat.
Geography
Willagee is an electorate in Perth's south, to the east and south-east of Fremantle. It includes:
the suburbs of Willagee, Kardinya and Murdoch from the City of Melville;
the suburbs of O'Connor and Samson from the City of Fremantle;
the suburbs of Coolbellup, Bibra Lake, North Lake and South Lake from the City of Cockburn.
History
Willagee was first created at the 1994 redistribution ahead of the 1996 state election. It was won by Labor candidate Alan Carpenter, who later served as Minister for Education and other portfolios in the Gallop Ministry. Following Geoff Gallop's retirement from politics in January 2006, Carpenter became Premier, which he remained until the 2008 state election, at which Labor lost its majority. He retired from politics effective 2 October 2009 and the resulting by-election, held on 28 November, was won by Labor candidate Peter Tinley.
Members for Willagee
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Willagee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Willagee |
The Sewickley Bridge is a steel continuous truss bridge spanning the Ohio River between Sewickley and Moon Township, Pennsylvania, carrying State Route 4025 and the Orange Belt. It was built by American Bridge Company and opened on October 21, 1981.
History and architectural features
The current bridge is the second bridge to occupy the site; the original Sewickley Bridge opened on September 19, 1911, after twenty-six months of construction.
Using lattice-beam cantilever truss design, the bridge was built by the Fort Pitt Bridge Works, and was officially named the Ohio River Bridge No. 1.
The current bridge's center span is long; the side spans are each long. The bridge deck contains two vehicle lanes and a pedestrian sidewalk. It crosses above the river. It is owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
By the late 1970s, the bridge had deteriorated badly. The bridge was closed for emergency repairs from January 30 to May 20, 1977, and also from January 11 to March 2, 1979. A replacement bridge was ordered; the design was completed in late 1979.
The old Sewickley Bridge closed again on May 14, 1980, and was demolished in July of that year.
To reduce construction costs, the piers from the original bridge were reused for the new bridge. This meant that the old bridge had to be completely demolished before the new bridge could be built. The central suspended span was lowered onto barges and floated away, while the rest of the bridge was dismantled piece by piece to maintain balance of the cantilever arms. The crossing was closed for a total of seventeen months before the new bridge opened.
The new bridge mimicked the old bridge's shape and scale, although it used box members instead of lattice beams and was of a continuous truss design instead of a cantilever-and-suspended-span design.
The original bridge was capped by four decorative finial spires; these were saved and put on public display. One sits in a park in downtown Sewickley, along with the keystone-shaped builder's plaque from the original bridge. Another is near the old Sewickley train station between Route 65 and the river, near the north end of the current bridge; the third spire is at Station Square in Pittsburgh. The fourth is on display across the river in Coraopolis.
The location of the bridge is (40.5331234°, -80.1878365°), at an elevation of .
Impact of bridge closures
During the 1970s and 1980s, the length and frequency of the bridge's closures caused economic hardship for multiple businesses in Coraopolis, Edgeworth, Moon Township, and Sewickley. Hegner's Hardware Store reported a revenue loss of twelve to fifteen percent in 1977 while the owner of one Burger King Restaurant in Edgeworth reported a loss of twenty-five percent, or roughly ten thousand dollars per month, that same year. In addition, the health and lives of residents who were experiencing acute bleeding or coronary emergencies and in need of rapid medical treatment at the Sewickley Valley Hospital were put at higher risk due to longer travel times for emergency vehicles.
The bridge closures also significantly lengthened travel time to and from the Greater Pittsburgh International Airport for area residents and visitors.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Ohio River
Gallery
References
External links
Sewickley Bridge 1981
Sewickley Bridge 1911
Reflections of the Sewickley Bridge
Postcard images of the first Sewickley Bridge
Bridges completed in 1911
Bridges completed in 1981
Bridges in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Bridges over the Ohio River
Continuous truss bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Steel bridges in Australia
1911 establishments in Pennsylvania
Truss bridges in Australia
Steel bridges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewickley%20Bridge |
Maribel Yerxa Owen (April 25, 1940 – February 15, 1961) was an American figure skater.
She was the daughter of skaters Maribel Vinson and Guy Owen and the sister of 1961 U.S. Ladies' Champion Laurie Owen. With pairs partner Dudley Richards, they placed tenth at 1960 Winter Olympics and won the U.S. national championship in 1961. Along with her mother, sister, and the U.S. Figure Skating team and coaches, Owen died in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 en route to the 1961 World Championships.
Life and career
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Owen was the first child born to Guy Owen and Maribel Vinson. She was named after her mother, and was known as "Maribel, Jr." or "Mara". Her younger sister Laurence was also a champion skater, both coached by their mother.
Owen began to skate before the age of three and at the time the Owen family was living in Berkeley, California, and she competed in girls' singles competitions representing the St. Moritz Ice Skating Club. After her parents' divorce and her father's death, the Owen family moved east to the Boston area in 1952 to live with their recently widowed grandmother in Winchester. Owen formed a pairs team with Charles Foster (later president of the United States Figure Skating Association). In 1956, when she age 15, she and Foster became the U.S. junior national champions. When Foster retired from competition to attend medical school, she teamed with Dudley Richards, a college roommate of Ted Kennedy at Harvard.
With Richards, she competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics, placing tenth after finishing runner-up at the U.S. championships. They won the 1961 United States Figure Skating Championships and the silver medal at the 1961 North American Figure Skating Championships.
On January 28, 2011, Owen was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame along with the entire 1961 World Team. Her sister Laurence Owen also was inducted and her mother Maribel Vinson Owen was inducted for a third time in 2011; in her capacity as a 1961 World Team Coach. Previously, her mother had been inducted in the inaugural Class of 1976 as a singles skater and for a second time in 1994 as a pairs skater.
Owen was a student at Boston University, where she was majoring in sociology and anthropology. She was also a member of Sigma Kappa sorority at Boston University.
Death
As a result of winning the national championship, Owen was selected to be a member of the U.S. team for the 1961 World Figure Skating Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The team was on Sabena Flight 548, a Boeing 707, which crashed on a clear morning near Brussels, Belgium, killing all on board. Owen was only 20 years old and the World Championships that year were soon cancelled.
Owen was interred next to her mother and sister in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. In Winchester, the Vinson-Owen elementary school was named in her family's honor.
Results
(pairs with Dudley Richards)
See also
Maribel Vinson
Laurence Owen
Guy Owen
Sabena Flight 548
References
External links
Remembering Flight 548: Shattered dreams
About.com – Maribel Y. Owen – 1961 U.S. Pair Skating Champion
American female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics
1961 deaths
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Belgium
1940 births
Figure skaters from Boston
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
American sportspeople of Canadian descent
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1961
20th-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribel%20Owen |
Don Mabie (born January 9, 1947), also known as Chuck Stake, is a Canadian artist based in Nakusp, British Columbia. Mabie has been performing, drawing, assembling, trading and mailing art since the early 1970s.
Career
Born in Calgary, Alberta, Mabie graduated from the Alberta College of Art, Calgary, in Fine Art in 1969, then continued his studies with post-graduate work at Instituto Allende, San Miguel de Allende.
As a member of the international performance collaborative The Nomads, he performed at the arts festival documenta 8 in Kassel, Germany in 1987. He has also performed in Zürich, Switzerland; at the INTER DADA Festival in San Francisco, USA; and on numerous occasions in Calgary at the Glenbow Museum, Illingworth Kerr Gallery, Nickle Galleries, Muttart Gallery (now the Art Gallery of Calgary), Truck, Ten Foot Henry's, The Night Gallery and The New Gallery.
Work
Mabie adopted the name Chuck Stake in 1972 when he became involved with correspondence/mail art. He uses this name for most of his art activities including Artist Trading Cards since 1997. In 2002, Mabie collaborated with Swiss artist M. Vänci Stirnemann on touring The First International Biennial of Artist Trading Cards to South Australia.
In 2000 he was nominated for the Canada Council for the Arts Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts.
In May 2001, Mabie was a recipient of the Alberta College of Art & Design Board of Governors' Award of Excellence for his lifetime contribution to the arts in Alberta. In June 2002, he received one of the 75 Anniversary Alberta College of Art & Design Alumni Awards of Distinction by Alberta Lieutenant Governor Lois Hole.
In August 2006, Mabie had a solo exhibition entitled ART and LIFE at the Kootenay Gallery of Art, History and Science in Castlegar, British Columbia. In January 2007, he participated in HIT OR MISS: An Exhibition of Contemporary Drawing, a group exhibition at the Triangle Gallery of Visual Arts in Calgary.[citation needed]
In 2010, he co-authored the catalogue for the show No story too small to trade: a tiny library of artist trading cards and the global ATC phenomenon at the Dunlop Art Gallery, Saskatchewan.
Mabie spent ten years collaborating on operating The New Gallery with Sandra Vida.
He works are included in private and public collections in Canada, the United States and Europe such as the Alberta Foundation for the Arts and the Archives of American Art, The Smithsonian Institution.
References
External links
History of Artist Trading Cards
Artist Trading Cards at The New Gallery, Calgary, AB
Don Mabie fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
1947 births
Artists from British Columbia
Artists from Calgary
Canadian conceptual artists
Canadian performance artists
Living people
Instituto Allende alumni
People from the Regional District of Central Kootenay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Mabie |
Trey Stokes (born 1960 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American filmmaker and puppeteer, best known for his Star Wars parody series Pink Five, and his puppeteering work on various movie, TV, and motion-ride projects.
Early career
Stokes majored in Cinema Production at the University of Southern California. After working as a puppeteer for several years, he was hired as the head puppeteer on the 1988 remake of The Blob. This led to many other film puppeteering jobs, including Species, RoboCop 2, and eventually head puppeteer on The Abyss.
In 1990, he programmed the motion simulator for The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera at Universal Studios Florida.
In 1995, Stokes was hired as the animation department supervisor for Tippett Studio, and worked on the films Starship Troopers and My Favorite Martian (film).
Stokes gained some notoriety for helping debunk Fox Network's Alien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction? as a hoax with his article "How to Build an Alien". Stokes published the opinions of 15 of his movie industry colleagues about the claimed alien autopsy footage, and all 15 felt the film was a fake. Many, according to Stokes, found the footage so laughable that they couldn't believe that anyone in the business would take it seriously enough to even do a survey about it.
Star Wars fan films
After meeting and teaming up with actress Amy Earhart in 2000 for the now-defunct Aliendog web series, Stokes began directing short films of his own, often in 48-hour film competitions. His 48-hour films, all featuring Earhart, include The Untitled Russian Film, Land of Many Uses, Fish Guys, and Double Shot.
One of the many shorts Stokes and Earhart collaborated on was a 2002 Star Wars spoof entitled Pink Five. Originally intended as a bluescreen test project, the film became an internet hit beyond their expectations. The film was featured on CNN, and became one of the most popular downloads on Ifilm and TheForce.net. In 2003, Pink Five moved to AtomFilms as part of The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, where the film was picked by George Lucas as the grand prize winner of that year's competition. As part of the prize, Stokes travelled to Skywalker Ranch, where the film was remixed at Skywalker Sound.
Recent work
In 2003, Stokes programmed the motion simulators for Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast! at Universal Studios Orlando, and also served as an animation supervisor for the film that accompanied the ride. Later that year, Stokes directed Hooves of Destiny for the National Film Challenge, and the film won three awards, and was named one of the competition's ten best films of 2003.
In 2004, Stokes worked as a lead motion capture integrator for The Polar Express and also worked as a puppeteer on Team America: World Police. Also that year, his short film Woody Burns: A Life won the Grand Prize in the National Film Challenge, and the Pink Five sequel (Pink Five Strikes Back) was picked as the Audience Choice winner in that year's official Star Wars fan film contest.
In 2005, Stokes worked with filmmaker John E. Hudgens on his films Sith Apprentice and American Scary. He also appeared as a Tellarite in two of the final episodes of Star Trek: Enterprise because members of the Trek production crew were fans of the Pink Five films, and invited Stokes and Earhart to appear on the show.
Stokes reteamed with Earhart to complete the Pink Five saga with the eagerly awaited Return of Pink Five, which was released in 2013.
Most recently, Stokes was a consultant on Universal Studios' The Simpsons Ride and directed the webseries Ark, and the feature film 2010: Moby Dick, both starring Renee O'Connor.
References
External links
Pink Five Official website
1960 births
Living people
American puppeteers
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Film directors from Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey%20Stokes |
Benjamin Randall (February 7, 1749 – October 22, 1808) was an American Baptist minister the main organizer of the Free Will Baptists (Randall Line) in the northeastern United States.
Biography
Early years
Benjamin Randall III was born February 7, 1749, at New Castle, Province of New Hampshire to sea captain Benjamin Randall, Jr. (born 1712), and his wife, the former Margaret Mordantt. He was the oldest of 9 children born to the pair, both of whom were of ethnic English heritage.
Randall was provided with a "good commercial education" in the primitive public schools of the day, supplemented with extensive personal reading. A considerable part of Randall's youth was spent as a cabin boy aboard his father's ship, but he did not enjoy the experience, being a sensitive and pious youth who read the Bible daily.
At the age of 17 Randall was apprenticed to a sailmaker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with whom he remained until the age of 21. He parlayed the sewing skills he developed as a sailmaker to the profession of tailoring, becoming proficient at the craft, and occasionally venturing to the related craft of tent-making when such work was to be found.
On September 23, 1770, Christian evangelist George Whitefield paid a visit to Portsmouth as part of his last speaking tour of the country, arriving barely a week before his death. Randall heard Whitefield's sermons several times and was shaken and moved by news of his death. A short period of religious meditation followed with the effect that Randall's piety was awakened and he was himself energized as an evangelist of Christianity.
Despite his religious awakening, Randall continued to work in Marblehead and Salem, Massachusetts during 1771, returning to his native New Castle in the fall of that year to set up shop as a sailmaker in October of that year. In November 1771 he married Joanna Oram (born 1748) of Kittery, Maine, the daughter of another sea captain.
In 1772 Randall and his wife became members of the Congregationalist church of New Castle, but he soon came to find it unfulfilling, finding himself possessed of a zealous religious passion and determination to save souls that was not reciprocated by his fellow congregants. In the spring of 1774 Randall pushed the idea of conducting open meetings which might be attended by a broader public, who could be drawn into the church through the reading of printed sermons, public prayer, and singing.
The holding of public meetings by laymen soon drew the ire of the local church pastor, who quickly came to regard Randall as a rival. This drama would be interrupted by the coming of the American Revolutionary War.
Military interlude
Randall was an ardent American patriot during the revolutionary crisis of 1775 to 1776, and with the outbreak of armed hostilities he briefly enlisted in the Massachusetts militia in the company of Captain John Parsons at New Castle during the first half of 1775. The immediate crisis subsided, however, and the company was soon dismissed.
Following another brief scare in the fall of 1775 Randall again enlisted for a term of two months as an assistant commissary. He would reenlist in September 1776 as a sergeant in a regiment headed by Colonel Pierce Lang, ultimately serving as a militia soldier for a year and a half. Randall remained devout in his Christianity during his military stint, later declaring that he "never lived nearer to God than during that campaign experience."
During his military tenure Randall made a point of regularly visiting the sick and performing the duties of a chaplain in offering religious consolation. Randall was mocked by some within the ranks for his religious exuberance but his actions were ultimately backed by the unit's commanding officer, who threatened severe punishment to any who continued to deride Randall's heartfelt efforts, thereby easing the situation.
Religious conversion
In 1776 Randall found himself in fundamental agreement with the evangelical teachings of the Calvinistic Baptists, and he joined this comparatively small, isolated, and unpopular sect, which believed in active evangelism and the doctrine of baptism by immersion. He soon was an active participant in the Baptist church, reading published sermons and becoming a layman preacher of original sermons in 1777.
Randall was a zealous public speaker on behalf of his faith, holding public meetings day and night and preaching an average of four times a week. Some 30 people were converted at Randall's revival meetings, which were non-standard in form and perceived as a threat by many in the community.
Randall later recalled that "persecution grew very hot, and such threatening language was used that I really felt my life in danger." He was nearly struck in the head with a thrown piece of a brick when walking down the street one day, narrowly escaping death or serious injury when the shard grazed his hair. Randall spent the summer of 1777 traveling farther and farther afield on preaching tours throughout the New England region.
In March 1778 Randall and his family left New Castle for a new home in New Durham, New Hampshire, where they would settle for the rest of Randall's life. Randall became the only resident preacher in the town, his predecessor having recently resigned over a salary dispute. The people of the community built a meeting house for their new religious leader, who maintained himself through the voluntary contributions of his congregation and various odd jobs in tailoring, also tending a small household farm. He would continue to travel and preach to outlying communities, making New Durham his base of operations.
Break with Calvinism
Randall's theological orientation tended towards the idea of rapid salvation, freely available to all who repented of their sins and believed. This idea of free salvation proved to be in conflict with the fundamental doctrines of Calvinism, including predestination, which dominated the official Baptist church. Orthodox followers of the church's doctrine charged Randall with teaching anti-Calvinist doctrines, prompting his split from the church in 1780.
On April 5, 1780, Randall was ordained in New Durham, which was at the time performed by two ordained ministers in good standing laying hands upon the candidate. Two such local ministers were found and Randall was thereby officially qualified for the ministry, given the honorific "Elder," a title commonly given to gospel ministers in the day.
In June 1780, new Articles of Faith and Church Covenant were drawn up by Randall in New Durham and the first Free Baptist church was established — although for the first two decades after this date no prefix to the Baptist name was used. By the end of the year the church numbered seven men and thirteen women.
Randall's doctrine was based upon the notion that human beings had minds which provided them the free will to act and that God was ready to fully forgive behavioral errors resulting from that free volition. Complete atonement for sin was available to all based upon genuine repentance, which was a requirement of God. The duty of religious exhortation to make known that free salvation was available for any to embrace were fundamental pillars of Randall's belief.
Randall and his followers were dismissed by many contemporaries as adherents of a fanatical sect and were pejoratively called a variety of names, including "Randallites," "General Provisioners," "New-Lights," and "Freewillers."
Death and legacy
From the time of his lay preaching until his death of tuberculosis on October 22, 1808, Randall was instrumental in planting many Free Will Baptist churches throughout New England.
See also
Arminianism
Free Will Baptist Church
American Baptist Church
Notes and references
Further reading
Scott Bryant, The Awakening of the Freewill Baptists: Benjamin Randall and the Founding of an American Religious Tradition. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011.
John Buzzell, Life of Elder Benjamin Randal: Principally Taken from Documents Written by Himself. Limerick, ME: Hobbs, Woodman and Co., 1827.
Frank S. Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001.
I. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, Containing Authentic Accounts of their Rise, Progress, Statistics, and Doctrines... Philadelphia: J.Y. Humphreys, 1844.
I.D. Stewart, The History of the Freewill Baptists for Half a Century, with an Introductory Chapter: Volume 1, from the Year 1780 to 1830. Dover, DE: Freewill Baptist Printing Establishment, 1862.
Frederick Levi Wiley, Life and Influence of the Rev. Benjamin Randall: Founder of the Free Baptist Denomination. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1915.
1749 births
1808 deaths
Free Will Baptists
Arminian ministers
18th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from New Castle, New Hampshire
People from New Durham, New Hampshire
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Tuberculosis deaths in New Hampshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Randall |
David Smorgon (born 8 May 1947) is an Australian businessman and member of the Smorgon family.
Business career
David joined the family business at the age of 23. David advanced to be a senior executive at Smorgon Consolidated Industries, which is the large family business that spanned meat, paper, glass, plastics and steel industries. David then spent 25 years as an executive and director with Smorgon Consolidated Industries.
After the sale of Smorgon Consolidated Industries in 1996, David, along with his three children; Dean (b. 1969–70), Ricky (b. 1971–72), and Dale (b. 1974–75), also built up their self-run stockholding organisation, Generation Investment Management focusing on business opportunities, equity and property investments. This corporation is known for providing loan-to-own transactions to assist global corporations with debt, with such clients as Bonds, and coin-operated entertainment business Ride On! Entertainment; the latter in which Ricky and Dale are executive directors.
David was also named the inaugural chairman of Family Business Australia in 1997, a position he held for six years.
In 2013, David accepted the role of Patron for SportsConnect, an organisation connecting business and sport.
In June 2014, David became Executive Chairman of PricewaterhouseCoopers of the Australian branch.
In January 2019, David founded his own company Pointmade and also became the CEO of the company, where he has continued his Family Advisory work under.
Sports Administration career
Western Bulldogs Football Club President
He is most noted for holding the presidency of the Western Bulldogs, an Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He has been a passionate supporter of the club since his youth and held the position of president from 1996 to 2012.
In David's tenure as president of the club, he directed the Bulldogs through constant battles of survival in the cut-throat world of AFL, where business perspective and professionalism are paramount. David also orchestrated a stunning turnaround of the club's financial fortunes in the off-field area and the club's on-field performance also improved dramatically in his tenure. David stepped down as President in December 2012, ending a 16 year reign.
Order of Australia
For his contributions to the community through health, social welfare and education, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2000.
Personal life
Smorgon's wife Roslyn died from cancer on Sunday 27 January 2008 aged 58. As a member of the Smorgon family, his cousin is Graham Smorgon, former Smorgon Steel chairman and former president of the Carlton Football Club.
David was educated at Brighton Grammar.
References
Western Bulldogs administrators
1947 births
Living people
People educated at Brighton Grammar School
20th-century Australian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Australian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Smorgon |
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" is a song written by American hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, alongside Cedric Coleman, as the theme song to the American drama film Hustle & Flow (2005). It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and in 2006 was ranked number 80 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".
Background
The song was performed in Hustle & Flow by Terrence Howard and Taraji P. Henson as their respective characters DJay and Shug. Three 6 Mafia included their own version of the song with vocalist Paula Campbell on a 2006 special edition reissue of their platinum album Most Known Unknown.
In 2015, Howard and Henson compete against each other in the Season 1 finale of the Spike series Lip Sync Battle and, by popular demand, performed the song as the first duet by competitors in the show's history.
78th Academy Awards
At the 78th Academy Awards in 2006, Three 6 Mafia and Henson performed the song shortly before it won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Howard did not wish to perform at the ceremony, and since two of the song's writers are themselves artists in the form of the trio Three 6 Mafia, they were given the opportunity to perform it. Three 6 Mafia became the first hip hop group to win an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the first hip hop artists to perform at the ceremony. It was the second hip hop song to win an Oscar, after Eminem's "Lose Yourself" from the film 8 Mile (2002).
This song became the third in five years to win the Oscar without a Golden Globe Award nomination. The others were "If I Didn't Have You" from Monsters, Inc. (2001) and "Al Otro Lado del Río" from The Motorcycle Diaries (2004).
References
Songs about procurers
2005 songs
Three 6 Mafia songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Songs written by Juicy J
Gangsta rap songs
Songs written by DJ Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Hard%20out%20Here%20for%20a%20Pimp |
Mesa High School is a public high school in Mesa, Arizona, United States. Mesa High School currently accommodates grades 9–12 as part of Mesa Public Schools. Mesa High School is the oldest high school in Mesa, Arizona, and is home of the Jackrabbits. Mesa High has more than 3,200 students and boasts award-winning athletics, music, theatre programs and more.
History
In early 1898, citizens in the Mesa area petitioned for and voted to establish a high school district. Its first classes began in September 1899 on the second floor of the red brick north elementary school, later rebuilt and known as Irving School.
On December 26, 1907, the high school district in Mesa was reorganized into the Mesa Union High School District. The Town Council had leased all of Block 20 to the University of Arizona for 99 years to use as an experimental farm. This was the land bounded by Center St and MacDonald, Second and Third Avenues. It didn't take long to discover that the block was not large enough. On January 4, 1908, they sold it to the school district for $75. Construction began immediately on the building known as "Old Main". The class of 1909 graduated from that original twelve room building. The school had a main floor auditorium with a swimming pool in the basement. The auditorium was used for assemblies, with folding chairs for the early comers and standing room only for the rest. Ten years later, eight more rooms were added plus a small auditorium-gymnasium. During basketball games, spectators sat in the balcony (above the freshman section) or on the stage because the gym was not wide enough for sideline bleachers.
In September 1932, a football player, named Zedo Ishikawa, was accidentally killed with a shotgun blast to the chest while attempting to break up a fight between two dogs. As he neared death he said, "Tell Coach Coutchie and the boys to carry on." As time went on, students began repeating the theme "Carry On" to one another. Eventually, it became the school's official motto.
In 1936, the WPA and PWA provided funds for new construction, and the New Building was constructed west of the Main Building with an arcade in between. The land for this was purchased from Harvey Bush, for $4,000. A new gymnasium building, which included an agriculture shop and auto shop, was also built south of the Main Building — the new site for school dances and basketball games.
In 1967, Mesa won their homecoming football game against rival Westwood High. Then, on Sunday night, October 1, 1967, a disastrous fire started in the science lab, completely destroying the sixty-year-old "Old Main." Classes continued to graduate from the old campus until 1972 when the new Mesa High was built, at a different location (farther east and south). The original Mesa High campus, minus the destroyed Old Main, would be reused in the 1970s as Mesa Central High School, which became the district's vocational school in the 1980s and closed in 1991.
In summer 2015, an aquatic center was added to the campus; it was run by the City of Mesa.
In 2016, the boys basketball team won state championship for Division 1, ending their 12-year championship drought.
Academics
In the 1983–84 school year, it was honored as a Blue Ribbon school.
AIMS test scores for MHS were below the state average in reading, math, and writing for 2002 through 2004, but they improved to substantially above average for 2005.
Athletics
The school won the 5A state championships in 2004 for boys basketball, and three straight 5A-I titles in wrestling from 2006 to 2008. Anthony Robles, who was born without a right leg, won individual state championships in 2005 and 2006. He later went on to win the 2006 Senior Nationals' and wrestled at Arizona State University on a full scholarship. Robles finished fourth at the 2009 NCAA Division I Championships at 125 pounds, seventh at the 2010 tournament, and was national champion in 2011. Home to the Ordaz brothers; Mayk (160) and John Ordaz (130). The only two-time state champion siblings that both recorded undefeated seasons; twice in their high school career, (2009–2012), on the top ten wrestler list from Arizona.
*The Arizona Interscholastic Association recognized these sports and the regular season games thereof as official during these years but did not conduct playoffs to determine AIA state champions for them until 1959 for football and 1983 for soccer. In such times, the press declared state champions (and state runners-up), similar to how the Associated Press independently crowns national champions for some sports at the college level.
Demographics
During the 2020–2021 school year, the demographic break of the 3,460 students enrolled was:
Male - 51.5%
Female - 48.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native - 2.1%
Asian - 0.8%
Black - 4.1%
Hispanic - 67.2%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander - 0.6%
White - 23.9%
Multiracial - 1.3%
Feeder schools
Junior high schools that feed into Mesa High School (and the elementary schools that feed into the junior high schools):
Kino Junior High School:
Thomas Edison Elementary School
Dwight D. Eisenhower Center for Innovation
Oliver Wendell Holmes Elementary School
John Kerr Elementary School
Lehi Elementary School
Abraham Lincoln Elementary School
James Lowell Elementary School
Charles D. Poston Junior High School:
Marjorie Entz Elementary School
Eugene Field Elementary
Nathan Hale Elementary School
Michael Hughes Elementary
Highland Arts Elementary School
Henry Longfellow Elementary School
Harvey L. Taylor Junior High School
Washington Irving Elementary School
Veora Johnson Elementary School
Helen Keller Elementary School
Ann Morrow LIndbergh Elementary School
James Madison Elementary School
William S. Porter Elementary School
Charles I. Robson Elementary School
Marilyn Wilson Elementary School
Notable alumni
Wade Andes - Phoenix Fire Department
Jeremy Accardo – MLB Baltimore Orioles
Wayne Brown – Mayor of Mesa from 1996 to 2000
Jahii Carson – professional basketball player
Jim Carter – NCAA golf champion and PGA Tour
Lee Cummard – NBA D-League Utah Flash
Kyler Fackrell – NFL Green Bay Packers
Aaron Fuller - NCAA Iowa/USC & professional basketball
Jeff Groscost – Arizona House Speaker
Mickey Hatcher – MLB player, 2-time World Series champion
Robert Holcombe – NFL St. Louis Rams, Super Bowl champion
Don Janicki — Marathon runner
Keelan Johnson - NCAA football ASU & NFL Philadelphia Eagles
Mirriam Johnson AKA Jessi Colter – recording artist
Jack Lind – MLB Milwaukee Brewers
Andy Livingston – NFL Pro Bowl selection
Warren Livingston – NFL Dallas Cowboys
Deuce Lutui – NCAA football champion, NFL Arizona Cardinals
Mike MacDougal – MLB All-Star
Orlando McKay – NFL wide receiver
Phil Ortega – MLB Washington Senators
Rudy Owens - MLB Houston Astros
Anthony Robles – NCAA wrestling champion, ESPY winner
Matt Salmon – US Congressman
Vai Sikahema – NCAA football champion, 2-time NFL Pro Bowler
Delbert Stapley – LDS Apostle
Wilford "Whizzer" White – ASU football legend, NFL player
Patsy Willard – US Olympic diving bronze medalist
Yuridia – diamond-certified recording artist
References
External links
Mesa High School Home of the Jackrabbits – Official Mesa High School Website
GreatSchools.net Mesa High School School Overview – School Evaluation & Statistics
Mesa Football – Official Football Site
Mesa Basketball – Official Boys Basketball Site
Educational institutions established in 1899
High schools in Mesa, Arizona
Public high schools in Arizona
1899 establishments in Arizona Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa%20High%20School%20%28Mesa%2C%20Arizona%29 |
Bunbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district, taking in the city of Bunbury, has existed continuously since 1890, being one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 general election. Except for 2005-2008 the seat has always been held by the party of government, making it an effective bellwether. Two early Premiers of Western Australia, Sir John Forrest and Sir Newton Moore, held Bunbury during their time in office. However, after Moore's retirement in 1911, another member for Bunbury was not appointed to a cabinet post until 2008, when John Castrilli became Minister for Local Government under Colin Barnett.
Members for Bunbury
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Bunbury
Electoral district
1890 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Bunbury |
The Iron Cove Bridge is a heritage-listed road bridge that carries Victoria Road (A40) across Iron Cove, between the Sydney suburbs of Drummoyne and Rozelle. Iron Cove is an arm of Sydney Harbour (Port Jackson).
First bridge
The original Iron Cove Bridge was constructed of nine wrought iron lattice girder spans each 38.5 m long, and opened in 1882 after four years of construction. In conjunction with the opening of the first Gladesville Bridge the previous year, the opening of the bridge provided a ferry-free route for road traffic from Sydney via Drummoyne to the Ryde area and then in 1885, with the opening of the first Fig Tree Bridge across the Lane Cove River, to the North Shore.
All that remains at Iron Cove of the original bridge are the sandstone abutments situated on both sides of the cove approximately south of the current bridge. The abutment on the Drummoyne side is listed on the local government heritage list.
Reuse of Bridge Components
When the replacement bridge was opened in 1955, Gordon Duff, the Shire Engineer for Jemalong Shire Council (now part of Forbes Shire) negotiated with the Department of Main Roads to buy the lattice girders from the original bridge for £18,000 and had them transported to , and they were re-used by Jemalong Shire to build a number of bridges. Because of their good resistance to corrosion and the relatively low humidity in the area, all nine of the 1882 bridge's pairs of girders are still in use in three bridges on country roads in the Forbes district. The longest of these is the Bundaburrah Creek bridge on New Grenfell Road 9 km southeast of Forbes, for which five of the nine pairs of girders were reused. This bridge opened in March 1961. The Mafeking Bridge over Back Creek on Wirrinya Rd 30 km south of the Newell Hwy used one pair of trusses. However this bridge was replaced by a new two-span bridge in mid 2023.
Current bridges
A decision to replace the original bridge was made in 1939 just prior to the outbreak of World War II. Design work began in 1942 but due to the Second World War construction by Hornibrook McKenzie Clarke Pty Ltd was unable to be commenced until 1947. The bridge was officially opened by the Hon. J.J. Cahill, MLA, Premier and Colonial Treasurer of NSW on 30 July 1955.
Designed by Laurie Challis from the NSW Department of Main Roads, the Iron Cove Bridge is an impressive steel truss bridge. It consists of four plate girder approach spans and seven steel Pratt truss spans for a total length of . Four lanes of traffic are located within the truss spans and the overall width of the roadway is between kerbs. The roadway consists of a reinforced concrete deck slab with an inset for tram tracks in the centre portion.
The bridge has aesthetically distinctive piers and abutments which reflect the Inter-War Art Deco style. Furthermore, it was the last steel truss bridge to be constructed in New South Wales in which rivets were used for field connections prior to the introduction of high strength bolts.
The bridge was built to carry four lanes of traffic, however a fifth lane was later added to the southwest side of the bridge, cantilevered outside the trusses, forcing traffic to remain in the lane for the length of the bridge. Until the bridge duplication was completed in 2011, the default configuration was three westbound and two eastbound lanes, switching to two westbound and three eastbound lanes during the morning peak.
Bridge duplication
In April 2009, the NSW Government approved plans to construct a second bridge over Iron Cove as part of the Inner West Busway along Victoria Road.
During the proposal phase there were strong protests against the duplicate bridge being built from local residents as well as both local area councils of the City of Canada Bay (Drummoyne side) and Leichhardt (Rozelle side). Local residents within both Drummoyne and Rozelle formed the Victoria Road Community and organised public demonstrations, the last of which on 29 March 2009 attracted over 3000 protest marchers. Opposition to the new bridge was based on independent evaluations concluding that there would be only slight improvements to traffic congestion citybound on Victoria Road during peak hour while local congestion would worsen. Additionally, parkland on both sides of the new bridge would be reduced and independent environmental studies showed the local environment detrimentally impacted by the new bridge construction.
Work on the duplicate bridge commenced in July 2009 and the bridge was opened to traffic late on 28 January 2011. The new bridge was constructed on the western side of the 1955 bridge and carries three westbound traffic lanes with one lane designated as a morning peak bus lane. There is also a grade-separated shared pedestrian footpath and cycleway on the western side of the new bridge which connects to both The Bay Run and Victoria Road. The 1955 bridge now carries three citybound traffic lanes and a 24-hour bus lane. The additional lane of the 1955 bridge outside the bridge supports was closed and is now only used for maintenance reasons.
See also
List of bridges in Sydney
List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney
The Bay Run, a popular pathway for joggers, walkers and cyclists which passes across Iron Cove Bridge
References
Attribution
Further reading
External links
Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales
Inner West Busway (RTA)
Duplication proposal (RTA)
Local Images at InnerWest ImageBank
Local History Collection, Leichhardt Council
Victoria Road Community Committee Inc
Bridges in Sydney
Bridges completed in 1882
Bridges completed in 1955
1955 establishments in Australia
Rozelle, New South Wales
Road bridges in New South Wales
Steel bridges in Australia
Pratt truss bridges
Truss bridges in Australia
Box girder bridges
Concrete bridges in Australia
Bridges completed in 2011
1882 establishments in Australia
1955 disestablishments in Australia
2011 establishments in Australia
Art Deco architecture in Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Cove%20Bridge |
Boduognatus (? – 57 BC) was a leader of the Belgic Nervii during the Gallic Wars. He was the overall commander of the Belgic forces at the Battle of Sabis in 57 BC, in which he surprised, and almost defeated, Julius Caesar.
References
Tribal chiefs in Europe
Belgae
Early Germanic warriors
Pre-Roman Iron Age
Barbarian people of the Gallic Wars
57 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
1st-century BC Germanic people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boduognatus |
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