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Shira Gorshman (April 10, 1906 – April 4, 2001) was a Yiddish language short story writer and memoirist.
Biography
She was born in the small town of Krakės in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Lithuania) to an extremely poor family and began working at a young age. She was able to achieve a basic education, and like many Lithuanian Jews was multi-lingual. She was self-supporting by the time she was 14, and had her first daughter when she was 16.
At a young age, Gorshman moved to Kaunas, where she became active in Zionist organizations. In 1924, she moved to Palestine as a pioneer, and there worked doing heavy labor with Gdud HaAvoda, a short-lived, left-wing Zionist organization intended to create mobile labor pools for the nascent Jewish colonies in Palestine. In Gdud ha-Avodah, members worked and lived together, pooling all income, while completing major construction projects such as road-building.
In 1928, with others from this group, Gorshman returned to the Soviet Union to build another utopian commune, this one an agricultural colony in Crimea. Her much later memoir, (In the Footsteps of Gdud ha-Avodah), published in 1998, describes both communal undertakings.
In Crimea, Gorshman met Mendl Gorshman, a painter, and they moved to Moscow together. There, she began writing. Her stories were published in Yiddish newspapers in Kiev and Moscow, and in numerous anthologies. Gorhsman remained in Moscow for many years, writing short stories and memoirs. "The central hero in her work is the woman as a folk-figure in this uneasy historical epoch," wrote The Forward in her obituary. "This particular figure, through whom the writer embodied the important problems of reality, always appears in a time when the foundations of old forms of social organization are broken, and new relationships and alliances in social life and in the life of a new kind of family are being constructed." Gorshman moved to Israel in 1990, where she continued to write and publish her stories. She died in Ashqelon in 2001.
Her books include (The Power of Life), (33 Stories), (Life and Light), (Mid-Week Holiday), (Resistance), (Chana's Sheep and Cows), (I Love to Wander), (As If For the First Time), (Without Malice), and the aforementioned . Very little of her work is available in English translation, but a story of hers appears in the anthology Found Treasures and another is found in Beautiful as the Moon, Radiant as the Stars.
References
Bibliography
Obituary, (The Forward), April 13, 2001. (In Yiddish).
Author biography, Found Treasures: Stories by Yiddish Women Writers. Toronto: Second Story Press, 1994.
Jones, Faith. "Shira Gorshman: A Life in Three Acts." JBooks.com.
. Moscow, 1995. (In Russian).
External links
An article about post-Soviet Yiddish that mentions Shira Gorshman
1906 births
2001 deaths
People from Kėdainiai District Municipality
People from Kovensky Uyezd
Lithuanian Jews
Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Ashkenazi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
20th-century short story writers
Israeli women short story writers
Israeli short story writers
Soviet women writers
Soviet writers
Yiddish-language writers
20th-century Israeli women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shira%20Gorshman |
was a pioneer Japanese botanist noted for his taxonomic work. He has been called "Father of Japanese Botany", having been one of the first Japanese botanists to work extensively on classifying Japanese plants using the system developed by Linnaeus. His research resulted in documenting 50,000 specimens, many of which are represented in his Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan. Despite having dropped out of grammar school, he eventually attained a Doctor of Science degree, and his birthday is remembered as Botany Day in Japan.
Early life
Tomitaro Makino was born in Sakawa, Kōchi to a prestigious sake brewer. His parents died during his early childhood, and he was raised mainly by his grandmother. Though he dropped out of school after two years, he cultivated a strong interest in English, geography, and especially in botany. In 1880, he became a teacher at the primary school in his hometown, where he published his first academic botanical paper.
In 1884, he moved to Tokyo to pursue his botanical interests at the University of Tokyo where he worked with Ryōkichi Yatabe. He married in 1890 and later had 13 children.
Career
In 1887, Makino started to publish an academic journal of botany.
In 1936, he published Makino Book of Botany, a six volume text on botany, in which he describes 6000 species, 1000 of which he discovered.
He is best known for his Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan, published 1940, which is still used as an encyclopedic text today.
In 1948, he was invited to the Imperial Palace to give a lecture on botany for Emperor Hirohito.
Legacy
In total, Makino named over 2500 plants, including 1000 new species and 1500 new varieties. In addition, he discovered about 600 new species.
After his death in 1957, his collection of approximately 400,000 specimens was donated to Tokyo Metropolitan University. The Makino Herbarium in Tokyo and the Makino Botanical Garden on Mount Godai in his native Kōchi were named in his honor. He was also named an Honorary Citizen of Tokyo.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Makino, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 270+ works in 430+ publications in 4 languages and 1,060+ library holdings.
Makino shokubutsugaku zenshū (Makino's Book of Botany) Sōsakuin, 1936
Makino shin Nihon shokubutsu zukan (Makino's New Illustrated Flora of Japan), Hokuryūkan, 1989,
See also
Ranman (TV series) : the main character Mantarō Makino (played by actor Ryunosuke Kamiki) is inspired by Makino, and its story is based on his real life.
References
External links
With plants I live - Tomitaro Makino, a short biography
Makino Botanical Gardens on Mount Godai
National Diet Library photos and biography
20th-century Japanese botanists
Botanists active in Japan
People from the Empire of Japan
People from Kōchi Prefecture
1862 births
1957 deaths
19th-century Japanese botanists
Japanese taxonomists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomitaro%20Makino |
The Charm is the third studio album by American hip hop recording artist Bubba Sparxxx from Georgia. It was released on April 4, 2006 via Purple Ribbon Records and Virgin Records, a follow-up to Deliverance. Unlike the previous installments, it is the first album to have very little input from Timbaland, with production being handled and provided by Mr. Collipark and Organized Noize, and Big Boi serving as executive producer on the album. The guest appearances featured on the album were fellow rappers Cool Breeze, Petey Pablo, Duddy Ken, Killer Mike and the Ying Yang Twins, and singers Frankie J, Scar and Sleepy Brown.
The album received a generally positive reception but critics found it uneven in its amalgam of mainstream hip-hop songs and serious internal tracks. The Charm debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 with 51,000 copies sold in its first week released and spawned two singles: "Ms. New Booty" and "Heat It Up".
Critical reception
The Charm garnered favorable reviews but music critics were divided by Bubba's decision to leave Timbaland for Big Boi and change his production and lyrical content. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66, based on 18 reviews.
Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club praised the production work from Organized Noize and Bubba for still being able to deliver strong philosophical lyrics with bits of humor in them, concluding that "Sparxxx will probably never move enough units to justify his early billing as rap's next great white hope, but creatively, he continues to exceed even the loftiest expectations". Soren Baker of the Los Angeles Times also praised Organized Noize's production for making Bubba sound commercially viable while allowing him to add more lyrical depth to his repertoire. Justin Cober-Lake of Stylus Magazine felt that the change in production from Deliverance didn't hamper Bubba's ability to continue delivering aggressive lyricism over club tracks.
Pitchfork writer Tom Breihan, despite finding some tracks that demean women, praised the upbeat and energetic production for allowing Bubba to lace them with introspective lyrics and funny punchlines, concluding that he "wants to become a pop star, and he probably won't succeed, but he hasn't lost his heart". Justin Monroe of Vibe said that despite mainstream tracks like "Run Away" and "Ms. New Booty", Bubba maintains his tendency to bring sharp lyricism to his rhymes, concluding that "While his hedged bets reduce both risk and reward, his rural raps restore at least some of the magic in The Charm". Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews felt a little disappointed with the album, finding most of the material filled with either both strong production and tight lyricism or sub-standard beats and deflated delivery, concluding that "Bubba still has that potential and does come with some good tracks, but it's a short album you can finish in under an hour that compared to his prior works sounds and feels vaguely unsatisfying".
Michael Endelman of Entertainment Weekly was mixed towards the record, saying that crunk tracks like "Ms. New Booty" dour the experience after tracks like "Ain't Life Grand" exhibit Bubba's true talents as a rapper. Jeff Vrabel of PopMatters felt that the lack of Timbaland and presence of Big Boi as executive producer throughout the album allowed for dull and meandering beats for Bubba to use to deliver uninspired brag raps without any creativity, calling it "one of year's most disappointing belly-flops". Peter Relic of Rolling Stone criticized the record's production and Bubba's lyricism for feeling generic and lacking in charm like his previous efforts, concluding that "Though newly aligned with Big Boi's Purple Ribbon stable, Bubba Sparxxx appears only able to follow for now".
Track listing
Chart history
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
2006 albums
Bubba Sparxxx albums
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by Big Boi
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by Mr. Collipark
Albums produced by Organized Noize
Dungeon Family albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Charm |
The Infinite Wonders of Creation is the third and final album in a trilogy by Luca Turilli's eponymous band. The album was released in Europe on 26 May 2006 and was later released in USA on 6 June 2006 by Magic Circle Music.
A Limited Version of the album was released and contains a piano version of the song "Altitudes" and a single CD with the Luca Turilli's Dreamquest song "Virus" (The single CD also includes a remix of "Virus", along with the tracks "Too Late" and "Sospiro Divino".) This album is notable for the addition of much more use of a female voice done by Bridget Fogle, and for being the only Luca Turilli album with Turilli on keyboards. The male voices were done, as on all of his earlier albums, by Olaf Hayer.
Track listing
Lineup
Bridget Fogle – female lead vocals
Olaf Hayer – male lead vocals
Luca Turilli – guitars, keyboards, composer
Sascha Paeth – bass
Robert Hunecke-Rizzo – drums
Charts
References
External links
Luca Turilli's Web Site
Magic Circle Music Web Site
Luca Turilli albums
2006 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Infinite%20Wonders%20of%20Creation |
Melvin Jonah Lasky (15 January 1920 – 19 May 2004) was an American journalist, intellectual, and member of the anti-Communist left. He founded the German journal Der Monat in 1948 and, from 1958 to 1991, edited Encounter, one of many journals revealed to have been secretly funded by the CIA through the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF).
From 1950 to 1963, the CIA covertly supported the CCF and a number of its publications, including Encounter. While Lasky did admit he knew of the CIA's role as a funding source prior to its reveal in 1966, rumors that he was a CIA agent have not been substantiated by evidence. In 1947, Lasky wrote an influential document that made the case for a cultural Cold War intended to win over European intellectuals.
Early life and World War II
Lasky was born in The Bronx of New York City and schooled at City College of New York, where he wrote for the student newspaper, The Campus. He continued his education at University of Michigan and Columbia University. He briefly considered himself a Trotskyist but at 22 moved away from communism entirely because of disgust with Stalin. He began working for the New Leader in New York and was editor from 1942 to 1943. Lasky wrote an editorial during this time criticizing the Allies for failing to address The Holocaust directly in their World War II efforts.
He was the older brother of Floria Lasky, an influential entertainment lawyer, and Joyce Lasky Reed, the President and founder of the Fabergé Arts Foundation and former Director of European Affairs at the American Enterprise Institute.
He served in World War II as a combat historian for the 7th Army. Lasky remained in Germany after the war, making his home in Berlin, where he worked for American military governor Lucius D. Clay. During this time, Lasky was an outspoken critic of the United States' earlier reluctance to intervene to stop the genocide of European Jews.
Germany and Der Monat
After Lasky left the Army, he became a German correspondent for the New Leader and for the Partisan Review. In 1947, Lasky sent a message to General Lucius D. Clay which became known as "The Melvin Lasky Proposal". In this document, Lasky argued for a more aggressive campaign of cultural and psychological operations to combat the Soviet Union in the Cold War. It reads:
The time-honored U.S. formula of 'shed light and the people will find their own way' exaggerated the possibilities in Germany (and in Europe) for an easy conversion . . . It would be foolish to expect to wean a primitive savage away from his conviction in mysterious jungle-herbs simply by the dissemination of modern scientific and medical information . . . We have not succeeded in combatting the variety of factors—political, psychological, cultural—which work against U.S. foreign policy, and in particular against the success of the Marshall Plan in Europe.
Soon after, Lasky received Marshall Plan funding to create the German-language journal Der Monat ("The Month"), airlifted into Berlin during the 1948 Soviet blockade. Its purpose was to support U.S. foreign policy and win over German intellectuals views that were socially progressive but anti-communist. Der Monat continued as a prominent highbrow Germanophone journal, incorporating essays and articles from many Western European and North America intellectuals as well as dissidents from the Eastern Bloc. Contributors included Theodor Adorno, Hannah Arendt, Franz Borkenau, Thomas Mann, Arthur Koestler, Raymond Aron, Ignazio Silone, Heinrich Böll, Hans Sahl, Max Frisch, T. S. Eliot, Saul Bellow, Milovan Djilas, Richard Löwenthal, Peter de Mendelssohn, Hilde Spiel, and Hermann Kesten. The journal also received funding from the Ford Foundation and the CIA. According to CIA official Ray S. Cline the journal "would not have been able to survive financially without CIA funds".
Lasky helped to found the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) at a 1950 conference he organized in West Berlin. Frank Wisner, of the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination, criticized Lasky for making American sponsorship of the conference too obvious. Although temporarily expelled from the CCF by Wisner, Lasky was included again in 1953 as a member of the "Tri-Magazine Editorial Committee", which established policies and topics for Der Monat, Preuves, and Encounter. As part of this committee, Lasky argued that these magazines must express some dissent against the American government or risk being exposed as propaganda. Furthermore, Lasky contributed to sustaining West Berlin's role as a symbol of transatlantic solidarity.
Der Monat was sold to Die Zeit and temporarily ceased publication in 1971. From 1978 until 1987, Der Monat (now titled Der Monat (Neue Folge) or simply Der Monat (N. F.)) re-surfaced as a Die Zeit quarterly without Lasky's involvement as editor-in-chief, but Lasky remained publisher along with his German wife Helga Hegewisch, while the journal's new editor-in-chief was SPD politician and later German Minister of Culture Michael Naumann. A new economy and marketing publication called Der Monat appearing in Germany since 1997 has nothing to do with the former journal's socio-political concept and design.
Encounter
In the English-speaking world, Lasky was best known for his role as Editor-in-Chief of Encounter. He succeeded Irving Kristol, the original editor and founder, in 1958 and helped turn the young magazine into one of the most highly regarded periodicals in Europe. Lasky steered Encounter to represent the point of view of the anti-Communist, anti-Totalitarian Left, and reportedly favored the journal's political side over its more purely cultural endeavors. He remained at Encounter until the magazine folded in 1991.
Both Encounter and Der Monat had long received funding from the CIA-sponsored Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). Lasky denied knowledge of CIA funding in a 1966 letter (written jointly with Irving Kristol and Stephen Spender) to The New York Times. However, Lasky confessed privately to Frank Kermode (recruited as editor in 1965) that he had known about CIA funding for some years. In 1967, Ramparts and other publications revealed the CIA's relationship to the CCF and its publications, embarrassing many who were involved.
Other activities and private life
Lasky was the author of many books including Utopia and Revolution, Voices in the Revolution, On the Barricades and Off, and The Language of Journalism. He was married twice, to Brigitte Lasky (née Newiger) with whom he had two children, Vivienne Lasky and Oliver Lasky, and to German novelist Helga Hegewisch.
Lasky died in May 2004 of a heart ailment. A portion of Lasky's unpublished memoirs appears in News from the Republic of Letters, as well as in The Berlin Journal, Spring, 2007.
Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies
In October 2010, the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich opened the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies, a research center associated with the university's American Studies department. The Lasky Center is home to Lasky's personal library and papers. Its director is Christof Mauch.
Published works
1962. ‘Africa for beginners, a traveller’s notebook’ library of Congress 62-15206
1988. The Use and Abuse of Sovietology. Transaction Publishers.
1988. On the Barricades, and Off. Transaction Publishers.
2000. The Language of Journalism: Newspaper Culture. Transaction Publishers.
2004. Utopia and Revolution: On the Origins of a Metaphor. Transaction Publishers.
2005. European Notebooks: New Societies and Old Politics, 1954-1985. Transaction Publishers.
2006. Voices in a Revolution: The Collapse of East German Communism. Transaction Publishers.
2007. Media Warfare: The Americanization of Language. Transaction Publishers.
2014. Profanity, Obscenity and the Media, Volume Two. Transaction Publishers.
See also
Der Monat (German Wikipedia)
Encounter (magazine)
Congress for Cultural Freedom
Bibliography
Saunders, Francis Stonor, Who Paid the Piper? CIA and the Cultural Cold War, 1999, Granta, (USA: The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, 2000, The New Press, ).
Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, .
External links
Melvin J. Lasky, 84; Outspoken Anti-Communist, Washington Post, May 27, 2004
Cold Warrior: Saying goodbye to Melvin J. Lasky, Reason Online, June 2, 2004
Letters They Wouldn't Publish, The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, January 23, 2006
A Brief Encounter: Melvin Lasky is a legend. Better yet, he dislikes Maureen Dowd., Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2001
Republic of Letters
References
1920 births
2004 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Jewish American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
City College of New York alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Berlin
American anti-communists
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
United States Army personnel of World War II
American expatriates in Germany
American magazine founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20J.%20Lasky |
The redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, is a pimelodid (long-whiskered) catfish. In Venezuela, it is known as cajaro, in Guyana, it is known as a banana catfish, and in Brazil, it is known as pirarara, stemming from the Tupi language words pirá and arara. It is the only extant species of the genus Phractocephalus. This fish is common in the aquarium trade, although its massive adult size makes it unsuitable for all but the largest aquariums. They feed on fish, crustaceans and fallen fruits. They are not evaluated by IUCN.
Fossil species
Although the redtail catfish is the only living representative of this genus, there are other members that date back to the upper Miocene, and are only known from fossil remains. P. nassi was described in 2003, from the Urumaco Formation at Urumaco, Venezuela. Another fossil species, P. acreornatus, is known from the Solimões Formation, Acre, Brazil. This genus has a minimum age of about 13.5 million years.
Description
Phractocephalus hemioliopterus can reach about in length, and about in weight. However, this is exceptionally rare, and most do not approach this size. They average in length. These colorful large catfishes have a brownish back, with yellow sides, and characteristic orange-red dorsal fin and caudal fin (hence the common name). Sometimes the dorsal, pelvic and anal fins are also red. They have a broad head with long whiskers, dark black body and white underneath that extends from the mouth to the caudal fin. It has a pair of barbels on the upper jaw, and two pairs on the lower jaw. Their whiskers are sensitive and have chemical reception cells which are used as the sense of smell. They breed using external fertilization after laying their eggs. They communicate by making a clicking sound to warn off potential dangers.
Distribution and habitat
The redtail catfish is native to the Amazon, Orinoco, and Essequibo river basins of South America, in Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Bolivia, and Brazil. It is found only in fresh water, and inhabits larger rivers, streams, and lakes. They eat during the evening and night and stay motionless during the day. They are bottom-dwellers and move about quite slowly. Red-tailed catfish are territorial fish. Redtail catfish is also an invasive species in Malaysia; they are now found mostly in the Perak River and Pahang River.
Relationship to humans
Due to the potential large size of this species, redtail catfish are considered a game fish by anglers. The current IGFA world record for weight belongs to the Brazilian Gilberto Fernandes with .
It is said that the natives do not eat the meat of the redtail catfish because it is black in coloration.
In Thailand, it is an alien species that has been introduced by humans, like the common pleco, zebra tilapia, and alligator gar.
In some places, it is feared because it has been believed to be the cause of the mysterious drownings of many of the passengers aboard the passenger ship Sobral Santos II when it sank.
In the aquarium
The redtail catfish is an extremely popular fish in Amazonian-themed exhibits at public aquaria, where they are often housed with other large fish, such as Colossoma macropomum or pacu, and other large catfish.
Juveniles are often available as aquarium fish, despite their eventual large size. In an aquarium where they may be well-fed, these fish can grow quite rapidly, and require tanks of at least when fully mature. Weekly feeding is appropriate for this catfish; overfeeding is a common cause of death in this species. It feeds heavily on live and dead fishes and other meat. Even as a juvenile of only a few inches in length, they are able to swallow many of the more common aquarium fish (such as tetras or guppies), and it is only appropriate to house this fish with other species of relatively large size. Redtail catfish also have a habit of swallowing inedible objects in the aquarium. Though these are often regurgitated, both the swallowing and the regurgitation can present a problem for the fish, and these objects are best kept out of the aquarium.
The redtail catfish has been hybridized with other fish, such as the Pseudoplatystoma or Tiger Shovelnose Catfish, through the use of hormones, in attempts to create a viable food fish: the Tiger Redtail Catfish. These hybrid fish sometimes make it into the aquarium hobby under a variety of common names.
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
References
Pimelodidae
Catfish of South America
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Catfish
Fish described in 1801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redtail%20catfish |
Fernando Colunga Olivares () (born 3 March 1966) is a Mexican actor best known for his work in Mexican telenovelas.
Colunga gained international fame for playing Luis Fernando de la Vega in the Mexican soap opera Maria la del Barrio. He is also known for his roles as Manuel Fuentes-Guerra in the historical drama set in the Mexican post-independence period of the mid-19th century, Real love, and for playing Jesús García in Porque el amor manda. He received his drama education at Centro de Educación Artística de Televisa (CEA) in Mexico City.
Career
Colunga worked as an actor in 1988, when he debuted twice as Eduardo Yañez's stuntman in the soap opera Dulce Desafío. After that, he decided to start his acting career and enrolled in the Centro de Educación Artística de Televisa in 1990. In his early career, he was known to many audiences for his role in the Mexican version of Sesame Street. Colunga also starred in other shows, such as The Web, Marked Time, and All Of It.
He starred in telenovelas, including Cenizas y Diamantes, Madres Egoístas and Maria Mercedes. Carla Estrada offered him a role in the soap opera, Más Allá del Puente, together with Maria Sorté in 1993-1994. After this telenovela, Colunga played a role in Marimar. In 1994, the film Kiss Me On The Mouth featuring Colunga and Paulina Rubio, was shown in the cinema. In 1995, Colunga played the role of Lieutenant Raul Gutierrez in Alondra, a period novel produced by Carla Estrada. He acted alongside Veronica Merchant, Gonzalo Vega, Ernesto Laguardia, Marga Lopez, Ana Colchero, Juan Manuel Bernal, Beatriz Sheridan, and Eric del Castillo.
In 1995-1996, Colunga got his first starring role with Thalía in the telenovela, Maria la del Barrio, giving life to Luis Fernando de la Vega. With this telenovela, Colunga began to be known internationally.
He later starred in Esmeralda (1997) with Leticia Calderon, seen in countries as disparate as Indonesia and the Czech Republic. After the success of Esmeralda, he made a foray into theater with Original Sin Not where he starred with Chantal Andere, as Jenny and Bill, in an unhappy marriage in the process of destruction. His next show was in 1998, La Usurpadora, with Venezuelan actress Gabriela Spanic, Juan Pablo Gamboa, Chantal Andere, Alejandro Ruiz, Enrique Lizalde and Dominika Paleta. He played Carlos Daniel Bracho, a man who knows that the usurper, Paulina, has replaced his wife Paola, and is being blackmailed for it.
His next telenovela were Nunce Te Olvidare (1999) by Edith Gonzalez and Abrazame Muy Fuerte (2000) with Aracely Arambula, Victoria Ruffo, Cesar Evora and Nailea Norvind. After this, he spent time away from telenovelas to study acting and production. He also played a role in Navidad Sin Fin in 2001. In 2003, he worked in Amor Real with Adela Noriega; a production of Carla Estrada, where he played Manuel Fuentes Guerra, the bastard son of a rich landowner. He starred alongside Mauricio Islas and Helena Rojo. In 2003, he won the TVyNovelas Award for Best Actor. After Amor Real, Colunga took some time from TV acting and concentrated on theater. Along with César Evora, he adapted screenplays and launched Death Trap.
After spending several months touring with his work, Colunga returned to television with the telenovela of Carla Estrada, Alborada (2005) and Pasion (2007). He shared the stage with actors like Valentino Lanús, Daniela Romo, Mariana Garza, Luis Roberto Guzmán, Vanessa Guzman, Arturo Peniche, Irán Castillo, Susana González, Sebastián Rulli, and Daniela Castro.
In 2008, he worked on the telenovela Manana Es Para Siempre sharing credits with Silvia Navarro and Lucero. This telenovela is produced by Nicando Diaz, in which he plays Eduardo Juarez, a man who, for his revenge against Barbara Greco (Lucero) changes his name to Franco Santoro. In 2010, he was the star of the telenovela Soy Tu Dueña produced by Nicandro Diaz; he shared credit with Lucero, Gabriela Spanic, and Jacqueline Andere.
In 2012, he starred in Porque el Amor Manda with Blanca Soto, Erick Elias, and Claudia Alvarez, debuting in the genre of telenovela with a comic touch. Porque el Amor Manda is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio. It was an adaptation of the 2011 Secretary. This starred Colunga and Blanca Soto, with Erick Elias and Claudia Alvarez, who play the main antagonists of the story.
In 2015, he worked on the telenovela Pasión y Poder sharing credits with Jorge Salinas and Susana González.
Filmography
Films
Television performances
See also
TVyNovelas Award for Best Lead Actor
References
External links
Fernando Colunga at the Internet Movie Database
1966 births
Living people
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Male actors from Mexico City
Naturalized citizens of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Colunga |
In the United States, the paramedic is a allied health professional whose primary focus is to provide advanced emergency medical care for patients who access Emergency Medical Services (EMS). This individual possesses the complex knowledge and skills necessary to provide patient care and transportation. Paramedics function as part of a comprehensive EMS response under physician medical direction. Paramedics often serve in a prehospital role, responding to Public safety answering point (9-1-1) calls in an ambulance. The paramedic serves as the initial entry point into the health care system. A standard requirement for state licensure involves successful completion of a nationally accredited Paramedic program at the certificate or associate degree level.
History
Prior to 1970, ambulances were staffed with advanced first-aid level responders who were frequently referred to as "ambulance attendants." There was little regulation or standardized training for those staffing these early emergency response vehicles or the required equipment carried inside. Around 1966 in a published report entitled "Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society", (known in EMS trade as the White Paper) medical researchers began to reveal, to their astonishment, that soldiers who were seriously wounded on the battlefields of Vietnam had a better survival rate than those individuals who were seriously injured in motor vehicle accidents on California freeways. Early research attributed these differences in outcome to a number of factors, including comprehensive trauma care, rapid transport to designated trauma facilities, and a new type of medical corpsman; one who was trained to perform certain critical advanced medical procedures such as fluid replacement and airway management, which allowed the victim to survive the journey to definitive care.
During the 1960s a Los Angeles cardiologist named Walter S. Graf became concerned about the lack of actual medical care being given to coronary patients during emergency transportation to a hospital. In 1969, while serving as president of the Los Angeles Chapter of the American Heart Association, he created a "mobile critical care unit", consisting of a Chevy van, a registered nurse, and a portable defibrillator. The same year his patient Kenneth Hahn, a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, persuaded the Supervisors to approve a pilot program to train county firefighters as "Mobile Intensive Care Paramedics". A change in state law was necessary to allow personnel other than doctors and nurses to render emergency medical care. Hahn recruited two state legislators who wrote the Wedworth-Townsend Paramedic Act of 1970, signed into law by Governor Ronald Reagan on July 15, 1970, despite opposition from doctors, nurses, and attorneys. Paramedic training began the next month at the Freeman Memorial Hospital under Graf's direction. It was the first nationally accredited paramedic training program in the United States.
Other communities in the United States were also experimenting with advanced emergency medical care. Pittsburgh's branch of Freedom House paramedics are credited as the first emergency medical technician (EMT) trainees in the United States. Pittsburgh's Peter Safar is referred to as the father of CPR. In 1967, he began training unemployed African-American men in what later became Freedom House Ambulance Service, the first paramedic squadron in the United States. Almost simultaneously, and completely independent from one another, experimental programs began in three U.S. centers; Miami, Florida; Seattle, Washington; and Los Angeles, California. Each was aimed at determining the effectiveness of using firefighters to perform many of these same advanced medical skills in the pre-hospital setting in the civilian world. Many in the senior administration of the fire departments were initially quite opposed to this concept of 'firemen giving needles', and actively resisted and attempted to cancel pilot programs more than once. In Seattle, the Medic One program at Harborview Medical Center and the University of Washington Medical Center, started by Leonard Cobb, M.D., began training firefighters in CPR in 1970. Dr. Eugene Nagel trained city of Miami firefighters as the first U.S. paramedics to use invasive techniques and portable defibrillators with telemetry in 1967. Dr. Jonathan Wasserberger helped actualize the teaching curriculum associated with this innovative training in 1973.
Elsewhere, the novel approach to pre-hospital care was also evolving. Portland's Leonard Rose, M.D., in cooperation with Buck Ambulance Service, instituted a cardiac training program and began training other paramedics. Baltimore's R. Adams Cowley, the father of trauma medicine, devised the concept of integrated emergency care, designing the first civilian Medevac helicopter program and campaigning for a statewide EMS system. Other communities that were early participants in the development of paramedicine included Jacksonville, Florida, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (in an expanded program), and Seattle, Washington (in an expanded program). In 1972 the first civilian emergency medical helicopter transport service, Flight for Life opened in Denver, Colorado. Emergency medical helicopters were soon put into service elsewhere in the United States. It is now routine to have paramedic and nurse-staffed EMS helicopters in most major metropolitan areas. The vast majority of these aeromedical services are utilized for critical care air transport (inter-hospital) in addition to emergency medical services (pre-hospital).
A television producer, working for producer Jack Webb, of Dragnet and Adam-12 fame, was in Los Angeles' UCLA Harbor Medical Center, doing background research for a proposed new TV show about doctors, when he happened to encounter these 'firemen who spoke like doctors and worked with them'. This novel idea would eventually evolve into the Emergency! television series, which ran from 1972–1977, portraying the exploits of a new group called 'paramedics'. The show captured the imagination of emergency services personnel, the medical community, and the general public. When the show first aired in 1972, there were only 6 full-fledged paramedic units operating in 3 pilot programs (Miami, Los Angeles, Seattle) in the whole of the United States. No one had ever heard the term 'paramedic'; indeed, it is reported that one of the show's actors was initially concerned that the 'para' part of the term might involve jumping out of airplanes! By the time the program ended production in 1977, there were paramedics operating in every state. The show's technical advisor was a pioneer of paramedicine, James O. Page, then a Battalion Chief responsible for the Los Angeles County Fire Department 'paramedic' program, but who would go on to help establish other paramedic programs in the U.S., and to become the founding publisher of the Journal of Emergency Medical Services.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the field continued to evolve, although in large measure, on a local level. In the broader scheme of things the term 'ambulance service' was replaced by 'emergency medical service' to reflect the change from a transportation system to a system that provides actual medical care. The training, knowledge base, and skill sets of both paramedics and emergency medical technicians (both competed for the job title, and 'EMT-Paramedic' was a common compromise) were typically determined by what local medical directors were comfortable with, what it was felt that the community needed, and what could actually be afforded. There were also tremendous local differences in the amount and type of training required, and how it would be provided. This ranged from in-service training in local systems, through community colleges, and ultimately even to universities. During the evolution of paramedicine, a great deal of both curriculum and skill set was in a state of constant flux. Permissible skills evolved in many cases at the local level, and were based upon the preferences of physician advisers and medical directors. Treatments would go in and out of fashion, and sometimes, back in again. The use of certain drugs, Bretylium for example, illustrate this. In some respects, the development seemed almost faddish. Technologies also evolved and changed, and as medical equipment manufacturers quickly learned, the pre-hospital environment was not the same as the hospital environment; equipment standards that worked fine in hospitals could not cope well with the less controlled pre-hospital environment.
Physicians began to take more interest in paramedics from a research perspective as well. By about 1990, most of the 'trendiness' in pre-hospital emergency care had begun to disappear, and was replaced by outcome-based research and evidence-based medicine; the gold standard for the rest of medicine. This research began to drive the evolution of the practice of both paramedics and the emergency physicians who oversaw their work; changes to procedures and protocols began to occur only after significant outcome-based research demonstrated their need. Paramedics became increasingly accountable for their errors as well, and these too led to changes in procedure. Such changes affected everything from simple procedures, such as CPR, to changes in drug protocols and other advanced procedures. As the profession of paramedic grew, some of its members actually went on to become not just research participants, but researchers in their own right, with their own projects and journal publications.
Education
The education and skills required of paramedics vary by state. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) designs and specifies a National Standard Curriculum
for EMT training. Most paramedic education and certifying programs require that a student is at a minimum educated and trained to the National Standard Curriculum for a particular skill level. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) is a private, central certifying entity whose primary purpose is to maintain a national standard. NREMT also provides certification information for paramedics who relocate to another state.
Paramedic education programs can be as short as six months or as long as four years. An associate degree program is two years, often administered through a community college. Degree programs are an option, with two-year associate degree programs being most common, although four-year bachelor's degree programs exist. In contrast to Commonwealth countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, generally the minimum education is a two- to three-year degree at an accredited college or university for the entry-level paramedic, with four-year or even graduate degrees becoming the preferred credential in such jurisdictions. Many paramedic programs in the United States are through adult career and technical schools that provide a certificate of completion upon completion of the program. All programs must meet the current national standard curriculum. The institutions offering such training vary greatly across the country in terms of programs and requirements, and each must be examined by the prospective student in terms of both content and requirements where they hope to practice.
Regardless of education, all students must meet the same state requirements to take the certification exams, including the National Registry exams which consist of a psychomotor skills practical examination and a Computer Based Testing (CBT). In addition, most locales require that paramedics attend ongoing refresher courses and continuing medical education to maintain their license or certification. In addition to state and national registry certifications, most paramedics are required to be certified in pediatric advanced life support, pediatric prehospital care or pediatric emergencies for the prehospital provider, prehospital trauma life support; international trauma life support, and advanced cardiac life support. These additional requirements have education and certification from organizations such as the American Heart Association.
Credentialling and oversight
In the U.S., the community college training model remains the most common, although some university-based paramedic education models exist. These variations in both educational approaches and standards has led to tremendous differences from one location to another. There may be situations in which a group of people with 120 hours of training, and another group (in another jurisdiction) with university degrees, were both calling themselves 'paramedics'. There were some efforts made to resolve these discrepancies. The National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT) along with National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) attempted to create a national standard by means of a common licensing examination, but to this day, this has never been universally accepted by U.S. States, and issues of licensing reciprocity for paramedics continue, although if an EMT obtains certification through NREMT (NREMT-P, NREMT-I, NREMT-B), this is accepted by 40 of the 50 states in the United States. This confusion was further complicated by the introduction of complex systems of gradation of certification, reflecting levels of training and skill, but these too were, for the most part, purely local. To clarify, at least at a national level, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which is the federal organization with authority to administer the EMS system, defines the various titles given to prehospital medical workers based on the level of care they provide. They are EMT-P (Paramedic), EMT-I (Intermediate), EMT-B (Basic), and First Responders. While providers at all levels are considered emergency medical technicians, the term "paramedic" is most properly used in the United States to refer only to those providers who are EMT-P's. Apart from this distinction, the only truly common trend that would evolve was the relatively universal acceptance of the term 'emergency medical technician' being used to denote a lower level of training and skill than a 'paramedic'.
Changes in procedures also included the manner in which the work of paramedics was overseen and managed. In the earliest days of the field, medical control and oversight was direct and immediate, with paramedics calling into a local hospital and receiving orders for every individual procedure or drug. This still occurs in some jurisdictions, but is becoming very rare. As physicians began to build a bond of trust with paramedics, and experience in working with them, their confidence levels also rose. Increasingly, in many jurisdictions day-to-day operations moved from direct and immediate medical control to pre-written protocols or 'standing orders', with the paramedic typically only calling in for direction after the options in the standing orders had been exhausted. Medical oversight became driven more by chart review or rounds, than by step by step control during each call.
Scope of practice
In the United States there are no federal guidelines for the scope of practice for any level of EMS provider. In the field, paramedics follow a set of pre-approved procedures and interventions for particular scenarios. For example, all fifty states allow for the administration of some form of anti-convulsive. In the state of Massachusetts a paramedic may administer the anti-convulsant, midazolam, up to a maximum of 6 mg . While in Maine paramedics are allowed to administer midazolam in upwards of 10 mg boluses. These pre-approved procedures are known as standing orders. Standing orders cannot surpass a provider's scope of practice. Scopes of practice represent the degree to which providers are trained.
The following is derived NHTSA's "National EMS Scope of Practice model". Without federal mandate, each state's office of emergency medical services may alter their respective standing orders. The purpose of the model is to provide a guide toward standardization in patient care that both improves patient outcomes but allows for reciprocity between states. Prior to certification as a paramedic, candidates must be a certified EMT. Traditionally, a paramedic is allowed to perform all skills an EMT may perform.
Below are some of the key skills and procedures expected of a paramedic in the United States.
Key skills and procedures
Assessment and evaluation of general incident scene safety.
Triage of patients in a mass casualty incident.
Patient primary and secondary assessments.
Effective verbal and written reporting skills (Documentation).
Carrying/Lifting/Extrication of patients.
Peripheral intravenous cannulation.
Cardiac monitoring and manual defibrillation.
ECG acquisition and interpretation.
Orotracheal intubation.
Medications
One of the primary differences between emergency medical technicians and paramedics includes the breadth and number of medications paramedic ambulances typically carry. Due to the variation between each state EMS office it would be cumbersome and unrealistic to list each and every single medication paramedics carry across the United States. Instead, different medications are carried to serve similar patient-care scenarios. Most services carry medications like albuterol or ipratropium to alleviate bronchospasm during an acute asthma attack. They carry cardiac medications to reverse deadly heart rhythms like amiodarone and lidocaine. They can also use medications like atropine, adenosine and different types of beta-blockers as heart rate controls. Paramedics may also utilize a number of other medications for analgesia, such as antiemetics and anti-convulsants. In the setting of inter-facility transfers providers may continue the administration of other medications that are not typically carried in the field (Heparin, Blood products, Potassium).
Variations in scope
The aforementioned skills and medications are often standing orders in state protocols. The expectations and responsibilities of providers varies across state lines. There are instances where special waivers granted by states allowing paramedic services to go beyond their protocols. For example, some paramedics in New Hampshire may be allowed to perform a surgical cricothyrotomy, medics in Virginia are allowed to use ultrasound as a diagnostic technique and paramedics in Arizona are allowed to perform rapid-sequence intubation utilizing paralytic and sedating medication to completely control a patient's airway.
Employment
Paramedics are employed by various public and private emergency service providers. These include private ambulance services, fire departments, public safety or police departments, hospitals, law enforcement agencies, the military, and municipal EMS agencies in addition to and independent from police or fire departments, also known as a 'third service'. Paramedics may respond to medical incidents in an ambulance, rescue vehicle, helicopter, fixed-wing aircraft, motorcycle, or fire suppression apparatus.
Paramedics may also be employed in medical fields that do not involve transportation of patients. Such positions include offshore drilling platforms, phlebotomy, blood banks, research labs, educational fields, law enforcement and hospitals.
Aside from their traditional roles, paramedics may also participate in one of many specialty arenas:
Critical care transporters move patients by ground ambulance or aircraft between medical treatment facilities. This may be done to allow a patient to receive a higher level of care in a more specialized facility. Registered Nurses with training in Emergency Nursing may work with paramedics in these settings. Paramedics participating in this role generally also provide care not traditionally administered by Paramedics who respond to 911 calls. Examples of this are blood transfusions, intra-aortic balloon pumps, and mechanical ventilators.
Tactical paramedics work on law enforcement teams (SWAT). These medics, usually from the EMS agency in the area, are commissioned and trained to be tactical operators in law enforcement, in addition to paramedic duties. Advanced medical personnel perform dual roles as operator and medic on the teams. Such an officer is immediately available to deliver advanced emergency care to other injured officers, suspects, innocent victims and bystanders. The advantage to having dual role paramedics is that medical care is provided almost immediately.
Hospital paramedics are sometimes employed in either of the outpatient and inpatient areas. Emergency departments employ the largest number of paramedics working inside of hospitals. Considered ambulatory care, emergency departments are classified as an outpatient area of a hospital. Depending on their scope of practice and job description within the emergency department, paramedics are allowed to triage and assess incoming patients, provide analysis and interpretation of both labs and EKGs, intravenous therapy, drug administration, transportation of emergency department patients to diagnostic testing or their inpatient rooms. Paramedics are also employed indirectly in the inpatient areas of hospitals as well. Paramedics are utilized in intensive care units assisting other licensed staff with ICU patients and they are utilized on high risk transport teams by providing transportation, continuation of care and assisting in sedation of patients during minimally invasive and invasive procedures at the bedside and in diagnostic areas. Because of the nature and purpose of these teams, paramedics work closely with radiology, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine and anesthesiology.
Salary
The salary of a paramedic in the US varies. The mean average is $30,000, with the lowest 10% earning under $20,000 and the top 10% earning over $50,000, considerably less than the salaries of paramedics in Canada. Factors such as education and location of the paramedic's practice influence the salary. Paramedic supervisors and managers may make between $60,000- $80,000, depending on location.
See also
Flight Paramedic
Emergency medical responder levels by state
United States Air Force Pararescue
Emergency medical services in the United States
References
National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council. Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 1966.
Further reading
External links
National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians homepage
National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
NHTSA Emergency Medical Services national page
Paramedicine.com
Emergency medical services in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedics%20in%20the%20United%20States |
The Suite Paysanne Hongroise is an arrangement of music by Béla Bartók, by Paul Arma.
The suite consists of folk song arrangements originally written for piano, and was transcribed for flute and piano by Paul Arma; later he also arranged it for flute and orchestra. It is based on folk songs that Bartók collected in Eastern Europe.
See also
Béla Bartók
Suites by Béla Bartók | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite%20paysanne%20hongroise |
Vernon Leon Macklin (born September 25, 1986) is an American basketball coach and former professional basketball player. He is an assistant coach of the Ulsan Hyundai Mobis in the Korean Basketball League (KBL). Macklin played college basketball for the University of Florida before being drafted was by the Detroit Pistons in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft.
Early years
Macklin was born in Portsmouth, Virginia. He attended I. C. Norcom High School in Portsmouth, where he played for the Norcom Greyhounds high school basketball team for three years. Macklin finished his prep career at Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham, Virginia, while helping the Hargrave Tigers to a 28–2 season and averaging twenty points and fifteen rebounds per game. Following his senior season, he was named a McDonald's All-American. At six feet, ten inches tall, and 210 pounds, Macklin was a five-star recruit at the power forward position. Rivals.com ranked him as the twelfth best overall player and the third best forward in the high school class of 2006. In addition, Macklin was one of only ten players selected for the 2006 USA Basketball Junior National Select Team, which participated in the Nike Hoop Summit.
College career
Macklin first attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and began his college career as a member of the Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team. During his two seasons with the Hoyas, he played behind future NBA players Jeff Green and Roy Hibbert. After his sophomore season, he transferred to the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Billy Donovan's Florida Gators men's basketball team. After sitting out the 2008–09 season as required by NCAA transfer rules, he played for the Gators during the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, and started 71 consecutive games. During his senior season, Macklin led the Gators in field goal completion percentage and blocks, and averaged 11.6 points and 5.4 rebounds per game; the Gators won the Southeastern Conference (SEC) regular season championship and advanced to NCAA Tournament Elite Eight.
Macklin graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in sociology in 2011.
College statistics
|-
| align="left" | 2006–07
| align="left" | Georgetown
| 31 || 0 || 9.8 || .741 || .000 || .435 || 1.5 || .5 || .0 || .1 || 2.9
|-
| align="left" | 2007–08
| align="left" | Georgetown
| 34 || 0 || 12.8 || .598 || .000 || .250 || 2.1 || .6 || .2 || .7 || 3.4
|-
| align="left" | 2009–10
| align="left" | Florida
| 34 || 34 || 25.3 || .607 || .000 || .588 || 5.5 || .8 || .6 || .9 || 10.6
|-
| align="left" | 2010–11
| align="left" | Florida
| 37 || 37 || 24.5 || .593 || .000 || .451 || 5.4 || .8 || .4 || .7 || 11.6
Professional career
2011–12 season
Macklin was selected with the 52nd overall pick in 2011 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. On March 11, 2012, he was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA D-League. On April 9, 2012, he was recalled by the Pistons.
2012–13 season
In July 2012, Macklin joined the Pistons for the 2012 NBA Summer League. On August 19, 2012, he signed a one-year deal with Royal Halı Gaziantep of the Turkish Basketball League in August 2012. In November 2012, he was released by Gaziantep after just five games.
On December 18, 2012, Macklin was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA D-League.
On February 14, 2013, he signed with Barangay Ginebra San Miguel as their import for the 2013 Commissioner's Cup. He helped the team reach the Commissioner's Cup final, where they fell 3-0 in a best of 5 series.
2013–14 season
In July 2013, Macklin joined the Los Angeles Clippers for the 2013 NBA Summer League.
On December 5, 2013, he signed with Liaoning of the Chinese Basketball Association. Later that month, he left after just seven games.
2014–15 season
In July 2014, Macklin joined the Orlando Magic for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 26, 2014, he signed with the New Orleans Pelicans. However, he was later waived by the Pelicans on October 9, 2014.
On November 22, 2014, he signed with Al Jaysh of Qatar.
38th William Jones Cup
In July 2016, Macklin represented the Philippine club Mighty Sports PH in the 38th William Jones Cup, and later on winning the Gold Medal for the club with an unbeaten record of 8-0.
2017–18 season
In March 2018, Macklin signed with the Magnolia Hotshots of the Philippine Basketball Association as their import for the 2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup.
Coaching career
On July 6, 2022, Macklin announced his retirement from playing basketball on his Instagram account. He became an assistant coach for Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus in the Korean Basketball League (KBL) starting that year.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 23 || 0 || 5.9 || .543 || .000 || .571 || 1.5 || .2 || .2 || .2 || 2.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 23 || 0 || 5.9 || .543 || .000 || .571 || 1.5 || .2 || .2 || .2 || 2.0
See also
2006 high school boys basketball All-Americans
List of Florida Gators in the NBA
References
External links
Florida Gators bio
1986 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Qatar
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players
Basketball players from Virginia
Centers (basketball)
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Detroit Pistons players
Florida Gators men's basketball players
Fort Wayne Mad Ants players
Gaziantep Basketbol players
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players
Goyang Sono Skygunners players
Kawasaki Brave Thunders players
Liaoning Flying Leopards players
Magnolia Hotshots players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Portsmouth, Virginia
Hargrave Military Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Macklin |
The First Battle of Guararapes was a battle in the conflict called the Insurrection of Pernambuco, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in Pernambuco, in a dispute for the dominion of that part of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
Beginnings
On 18 April 1648, around forty five hundred Dutch soldiers and five artillery pieces marched south, coming from Recife. On their way south, they eliminated a small defensive outpost at the village of Barreta. The few survivors regrouped at the village of , headquarters of the Portuguese resistance, where they reported the incident.
Commanders of the resistance called for a march of 2,000 combatants towards the Jaboatão dos Guararapes ("Drums" in native language) Hills against an enemy better equipped and in superior numbers.
Forces involved in the conflict
Dutch Forces
Sigismund van Schoppe, the Dutch commander, experienced in Brazilian campaigns where he used to fight since he was a Captain, intended to proceed to the south, targeting initially the village of Muribeca - a key point to reach Santo Agostinho Cape. His plan was to isolate the resistance troops from reserves and supplies that might have come from the south, and then have them destroyed by his superior force.
Portuguese Forces
Francisco Barreto de Meneses, the Portuguese commander (Mestre-de-Campo-General), had recently arrived to that region and decided to follow his subordinate's suggestions: they would go to their enemy instead, and force the Dutch troops into a decisive encounter. This was a bold move, considering they had half the numbers of their adversaries, and no artillery. At this point, information sent from the fallen Barreta outpost had come to them, and they knew exactly the size and equipment available to the Dutch forces.
Battle
At the beginning of the fight, von Schoppe may have realized that he would have to fight a much stronger force than the one he had defeated in Barreta. Also, the opportunity to choose the proper place to meet a superior force was crucial for the Portuguese victory. The terrain was damp, mostly swamp, and did not allow for the classical in-line formation of European armies. Forced into a narrow front, the Dutch's advantages had been almost nullified.
The Portuguese forces were divided into five terços commanded by Barreto de Meneses, , Filipe Camarão, and Henrique Dias. André Vidal de Negreiros was the commander of the fifth terço kept in reserve.
Barreto de Meneses concentrated his efforts on the space between the East face and the main swamp. In the center, Fernandes Vieira's terço had the mission to penetrate as deep as possible into the enemy's formation. On the right flank, Filipe Camarão would use the long experience of the natives in fighting in the swamped terrain. Henrique Dias would use the "terço dos negros" (black's terço) to keep the Dutch from advancing and then avoiding the spear head advance from being flanked.
Limited by the lack of space for maneuver, von Schoppe concentrated most of his forces on the space between the east face and the main swamp. Three of his battalions were face-to-face against the terços of Vieira and Camarão, while two other battalions of his would try to flank the advancing forces and would be contained by the terço of Dias. Two Dutch battalions would not be allowed to maneuver and would stay back, out of action.
The closed space also did not allow the use of firearms to its full potential and maximized the use of native weapons and the short sword. Diogo Lopes Santiago, a possible eye witness of that event, gives his gruesome account of that encounter: "(...) and as they ran away, our soldiers would follow them with their swords with cuts and slashes, cutting legs, arms, heads, some killing, others wounding badly, laying on the field bodies without arms, trunks without heads (...) holding their sword in the middle of those squadrons, piles of enemies, giving spokes to some and to others death, showing the sword, tinted in blood".
See also
Second Battle of Guararapes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Rocha, Sebastião da. History of Portuguese America.
History of South America
Military history of Brazil
Guararapes
Guararapes
Guararapes
Guararapes I
Guararapes
Pernambuco
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1648 in Brazil
1640s in Brazil
1648 in the Dutch Empire
Dutch Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Battle%20of%20Guararapes |
Hillarys is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is based in Perth's northern suburbs. Politically, it is typically a safe Liberal seat but Caitlin Collins won it for the Labor Party for the first time at the 2021 election.
Geography
Hillarys is an outer northern suburban seat in Perth. It is bounded to the north by Ocean Reef Road, to the east by the Mitchell Freeway, to the west by the Indian Ocean and to the south by Hepburn Avenue. The district includes the suburbs of Hillarys, Padbury, Kallaroo, Mullaloo, Beldon and Craigie.
History
The district was first contested at the 1996 state election, essentially replacing the seat of Whitford. It was held by Liberal MP Rob Johnson from its creation until his 2017 defeat, after resigning from the party to sit as an independent. The district boundaries were redistributed in 2019 and saw the suburb of Sorrento being removed while the suburbs of Beldon and Mullaloo added.
Members for Hillarys
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Hillarys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Hillarys |
Ronald Elmer "Chief" Delorme (born September 3, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and the chief amateur scout for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Delorme played in the NHL for the Colorado Rockies and the Vancouver Canucks, and in the WHA for the Denver Spurs/Ottawa Civics.
Delorme was born in North Battleford, but grew up in Cochin, Saskatchewan. Though Delorme retired from the NHL in 1985, he has remained on the Vancouver Canucks staff for over 20 years as a scout and was appointed chief amateur scout in 2000.
Delorme is a Canadian Métis. As a Cree man, he was instrumental in breaking barriers for Indigenous people in professional sport, and continues to inspire Indigenous youth to participate in sport by visiting reserves and sharing his story.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1955 births
Baltimore Clippers (SHL) players
Canadian Métis people
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Denver Spurs draft picks
Denver Spurs (WHA) players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Kansas City Scouts draft picks
Lethbridge Broncos players
Living people
Métis sportspeople
Ottawa Civics players
Prince Albert Raiders (SJHL) players
Sportspeople from North Battleford
Swift Current Broncos players
Vancouver Canucks players
Vancouver Canucks scouts
Canadian ice hockey right wingers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Delorme |
The Hwang River is a tributary of the Nakdong River, flowing through Gyeongsangnam-do in southeastern South Korea. It originates in Geochang, from the union of various streams flowing from the slopes of Deogyusan, and meets the Nakdong in Hapcheon County. It covers about 117 kilometers. The name literally means "yellow," and refers to the yellow sand found along much of the river's course.
Thanks to its relatively unpolluted waters and abundant fish, the Hwang is home to a population of endangered European otters. It has great fishes.
See also
List of rivers
Hwang Ho
Rivers of South Korea
Rivers of South Gyeongsang Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang%20River |
Blue Flame is an American 1993 independent sci-fi film starring former child actress Kerri Green as one of two seductive aliens who live inside the head of a renegade police officer.
External links
1993 films
American independent films
1993 science fiction films
Films scored by Tyler Bates
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Flame%20%28film%29 |
Mother Küsters' Trip to Heaven () is a 1975 German film written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. It stars Brigitte Mira, Ingrid Caven, Karlheinz Böhm and Margit Carstensen. The film was shot over 20 days between February and March 1975 in Frankfurt am Main. The film drew on both Sirk-style melodramas and Weimar era workers' films to tell a political coming of age story.
Plot
Emma Küsters (Mira), a working-class woman, lives in Frankfurt with her son and daughter-in-law. While she is doing outreach work assembling electric plugs, Frau Küsters learns that her husband Hermann (a tire-factory worker for twenty years) has killed his supervisor or his supervisor's son and then committed suicide. It later becomes apparent that Mr. Küsters had become temporarily insane after hearing layoff announcements.
A group of reporters take advantage of the grieving Mother Küsters to sensationalize the deaths. Finding no solace from her son Ernst (Meier), daughter-in-law Helene (Irm Hermann), who promptly go on holiday, or daughter (Caven), Küsters turns to Karl and Marianne Thälmann (Böhm and Carstensen), two members of what turns out to be the German Communist Party (DKP). They introduce themselves at Hermann's funeral, and invite her to their home, which Marianne had inherited.
The Communists see Küsters's husband as a 'revolutionary' and a misguided victim of capitalism, but she is initially unpersuaded; her husband saw communists as troublemakers. Her daughter Corinna advises her mother to have nothing to do with them, and points out the differing conditions enjoyed by the authorities and the people in the East. An article on the tragedy by Niemeyer (Gottfried John), a photojournalist who had earlier shown a particular interest in the family, appears in a magazine. Emma finds the article objectionable, but her daughter, who has embarked on an affair with Niemeyer, defends him on 'earning a living' grounds. At the factory, Emma Küsters finds that the company pension scheme will not apply in her case; the workers' council and the company board are at one on the issue. Her daughter leaves, and Ernst and Helene, newly returned from holiday, announce they are to set up home on their own. Helene, expecting a child, does not get along with her sister-in-law.
Emma Küsters now joins the Communist Party, having found Karl's newspaper article more sympathetic, but after Küsters speaks at her first DKP political gathering she meets a young male paper seller who claims to really have her interests at heart in clearing her husband's name. He gives her his contact details. She quickly grows impatient with the communists' passive tactics; they have to campaign in the forthcoming elections Karl explains. She connects with a small group of anarchists, who, though even smaller in number than the communists, claim to have more spirit.
There are two endings to the film:
The anarchists' leading member, Horst Knab, demands to see Niemeyer at the magazine's offices but the secretary ('Lilo Pempeit', Fassbinder's mother) says he is unavailable. The editor suggests Küsters send in a letter which he might publish. The anarchists take the staff hostage at gunpoint, including Niemeyer, now living with Corinna, who arrives unaware how far the situation has developed. The anarchists demand the release of all political prisoners in West Germany, a Mercedes 600 to take them to the airport and a Boeing 707 to take them out of the country. Küsters looks horrified at the anarchists' demands but is killed in a subsequent clash with the police. Knab kills Linke (the editor) but Knab is also shot. (The last stages of the narrative are detailed with captions.)
In another ending (primarily used for the American edition), Niemeyer is at the magazine offices but as the staff start to leave at the end of their working day, the two anarchists grow bored with the sit-down strike and leave with Küsters remaining. After being told by her daughter Corinna, clearly now living with Niemeyer who has 'phoned her, that she is making herself ridiculous, Emma Küsters meets the friendly janitor of the newspaper's offices, whose wife is dead. The widow and widower leave to have dinner together, apparently beginning a romantic relationship.
Fassbinder's film criticizes the bloodthirst of the 1970s German media in a similar manner to The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (directed by Volker Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta). However, Fassbinder's film goes further by criticizing the overwhelming selfishness present in contemporary society. Nearly everyone who Mother Küsters encounters is self-serving and unconcerned with comforting her. Fassbinder also clearly criticizes the small German Communist Party's moderation and "armchair activism".
Cast
Brigitte Mira – Emma Küsters
Ingrid Caven – Corinna Corinne, aka Corinna Küsters
Armin Meier – Ernst Küsters
Irm Hermann – Helene Küsters
Karlheinz Böhm – Karl Tillmann
Margit Carstensen – Frau Marianne Tillmann
Gottfried John – Niemeyer
Matthias Fuchs – Horst Knab
Kurt Raab as Gustav
References
Bibliography
Braad Thomsen, Christian, Fassbinder: Life and Work of a Provocative Genius, University of Minnesota Press, 2004,
Gerhardt, Christina, "Fassbinder's Mother Küsters Goes to Heaven in a Genealogy of the Workers' Films," Film Criticism 41.1 (February–March 2017).
External links
Review of the Mother Küsters' Trip to Heaven DVD at the World Socialist Web Site
1975 films
1975 drama films
German drama films
West German films
1970s German-language films
Films directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
Films critical of communism
1970s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20K%C3%BCsters%27%20Trip%20to%20Heaven |
The Eastern Football Netball League (known previously as the Eastern Districts Football League and later the Eastern Football League) is an Australian rules football league, based in the eastern suburbs of metropolitan Melbourne.
History
The Eastern Districts Football League was established on 15 February 1962, but its origins can be traced back to the Reporter District Football League established in 1903.
From 1927 until World War 2, the league was known as the Ringwood District Football League. It was known as the Croydon District Football League and the Croydon Mail Football League between World War 2 and 1949. In 1950 the league became known as the Croydon-Ferntree Gully League.
In 1997, the Eastern District Football League and the Knox Junior Football Association united to create the Eastern Football League.
Following a restructure during 2018, the league now consists of five divisions, and 2019 had 45 clubs. Premier and First Division had 10 clubs each, Second and Third Divisions have eight clubs each, and Fourth Division has nine with the admission of Croydon North-MLOC for 2019. After the conclusion of the 2019 season, on 15 October the league announced a re-branding to the Eastern Football Netball League, recognising netball as a key part of the league structure.
On 3 June 2020, the EFNL cancelled its 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
With the admission of Beaconsfield and Oakleigh District for 2022, there are now 48 clubs, including 12 in the Premier Division.
Clubs
Men's Premier Division (2023)
Men's Division 1 (2023)
Men's Division 2 (2023)
Men's Division 3 (2023)
Men's Division 4 (2023)
Women's Premier Division (2023)
Women's Division 1 (2023)
Women's Division 2 (2023)
Women's Division 3 (2023)
Women's Division 4 (2023)
Junior Only Clubs
Clubs Currently in Recess
Premiers
Premiership Table
Premiership Timeline
Division Promotion and Relegation Timeline
Additional Information
1965 - Divisional promotion and relegation began between Division 1 and 2. Clubs such as Scoresby (Division 2 Premiers in 1962, 63, 64, 65) were not promoted despite winning the Division 2 premiership several times and clubs such as Heathmont were not relegated despite having finished last in 1962 and 1964.
1971 - Divisional promotion and relegation began between Division 2 and 3. Olinda (Division 3 Premiers in 1965, 66, 67) and Mount Evelyn (Division 3 Premiers in 1969, 70) won several premierships in a row without promotion and clubs such as Mulgrave (Division 2 Last Place 1968, 69) and Upper Ferntree Gully (Division 2 Last Place 1970, 71) were not relegated despite finishing last for two years in a row.
1986 - Division 4 was added to the league. The last seven teams of the 1985 Division 3 season were relegated to Division 4 for 1986 (Mount Evelyn, Lilydale, Nunawading, South Wantirna, South Waverley Sandown, Blackburn South and Kilsyth), joining Wonga Park who was admitted as a new club.
2019 - With Division 1 becoming Premier Division, Division 2 becoming Division 1 and Division 3 becoming Division 2, the newly created Division 3 comprised the bottom six teams of Division 3 of 2018 (Waverley Blues, Donvale, Ferntree Gully, South Belgrave, Warrandyte and Chirnside Park), as well as the two Grand Finalists of Division 4 of 2018 (Whitehorse Pioneers and Glen Waverley Hawks).
Eastern Football League Premiers (1962–present)
Five Division Competition (2019–)
Four Division Competition (1986–2018)
Three Division competition (1962–1985)
Former clubs
Balwyn Combined Football Club (1996 only)
Bennettswood Football Club (1968–1986)
Bennettswood-Blackburn South Football Club (1987–1990)
Blackburn South Football Club (1984–1986)
Clayton Football Club (1985–1998), transferred to Southern Football Netball League
Canterbury Football Club (2009–2013), transferred to Victorian Amateur Football Association
East Hawthorn Football Club (1970–1972)
Mount Evelyn Football Club (1962–2001), transferred to Yarra Ranges Football & Netball League
Noble Park Bears Football Club (1989–1996)
Olinda Football Club (1965–1985), transferred to Yarra Ranges Football & Netball League and now known as Olinda-Ferny Creek
Sandown Football Club (1977–1983), also known as South Waverley Sandown (1984–1997) & Southern Cobras (1998–2005), transferred to Southern Football Netball League
Surrey Hills Football Club (1962–1993), merged with East Camberwell to form Surrey Park Football Club
Wandin Football Club (1962–1971), transferred to Yarra Ranges Football & Netball League
Waverley Football Club (1991–1998)
Wonga Park (1986), also known as North Croydon Football Club (1987–1990)
Yarra Glen Football Club (1962–1984), transferred to Yarra Ranges Football & Netball League
References
External links
Official Eastern Football League Site
Eastern Football League Umpire Association Site
Eastern Football League Fan Web Site
Australian rules football competitions in Victoria (state)
Sports leagues established in 1962
Netball leagues in Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Football%20Netball%20League |
Charcoal lighter fluid is a flammable fluid used to accelerate the ignition of charcoal in a barbecue grill. It can either be petroleum based (e.g., mineral spirits) or alcohol based (usually methanol or ethanol). It can be used both with lump charcoal and briquettes. Lighter-fluid infused briquettes, that eliminate the need for separate application of lighter fluid, are available. The use of lighter fluid is somewhat controversial as the substance is combustible, harmful or fatal if swallowed, and may impart an unpleasant flavor to food cooked upon fires lit with it.
The sale of petroleum-based charcoal lighter fluid is regulated in some jurisdictions due to its potential to cause photochemical smog through evaporation of its volatile organic compounds. The South Coast Air Quality Management District requires that all charcoal lighter fluids sold in its jurisdiction (essentially Southern California) meet the air quality standards set forth in District Rule 1174. Common substitutes to aid in the starting of charcoal fires are chimney and electric fire starters.
In former Soviet countries, the alcohol-based lighter fluid is sometimes consumed as a surrogate alcohol among very poor alcoholics because of its cheap price compared to vodka, just as it is with Troynoy Eau de Cologne. Lighter fluid is poisonous and should never be consumed.
Charcoal lighter fluid, known as LF-1, was used in the Pratt & Whitney J57 engine, which powered the Lockheed U-2 aircraft. With an additive to improve thermal oxidative stability, it was covered by a military specification and known as Thermally Stable Jet Fuel, JPTS.
References
Fuels
Barbecue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal%20lighter%20fluid |
Joondalup is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The district is located in the northern suburbs of Perth.
Joondalup has tended to be a marginal seat, having been marginal from 1996 until 2021, when it became a safe seat for the first time since 1986.
Geography
The district lies in Perth's outer north, taking in areas west of Lake Joondalup. The seat includes the suburbs of Connolly, Edgewater, Joondalup, Heathridge, Ocean Reef, Iluka as well as part of the suburb of Currambine.
History
Joondalup was first created for the 1983 state election when it was won by Labor candidate Jackie Watkins, who held the seat for two terms. Joondalup was abolished and replaced by the new seat of Wanneroo ahead of the 1989 state election, at which point Watkins became the member for Wanneroo.
The seat was recreated for the 1996 state election when it was won by Liberal Party candidate Chris Baker. Baker was defeated after one term by Labor candidate Tony O'Gorman at the 2001 state election. O'Gorman held the seat until he was defeated at the 2013 state election by Liberal candidate Jan Norberger. Norberger was unable to overcome the Labor landslide at the 2017 state election and was defeated by Labor candidate Emily Hamilton after only one term.
The district boundaries were redistributed in 2019 which saw the suburbs of Beldon and Mullaloo removed from Joondalup electoral district and Iluka and part of Joondalup were added.
Members for Joondalup
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008 2013 2017
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Joondalup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Joondalup |
Carl Adams (born August 3, 1942) is a former NASCAR driver from National City, California. He made 28 Cup Series starts in his career. He earned five top-ten finishes and had a best effort of 23rd in the point standings in 1975.
Adams began racing at Cajon Speedway near San Diego, California in 1962; eventually racing concurrently in both Super Stocks and the open wheel Modified Sportsman classes and winning feature events in both before moving into CRA Sprint Cars.
Additionally, Adams had great success racing Super Modifieds on a winter tour of ovals in South Africa. Adams won three CRA Sprint Car features before turning to the NASCAR Grand National West division in 1972. He was named GNW rookie of the year for 1972. Adams competed on the GNW circuit in 1973 before heading off to the premier series in 1974 and 1975.
Racing career results
NASCAR Winston Cup Series
References
Living people
1942 births
People from National City, California
Racing drivers from San Diego
NASCAR drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Adams%20%28racing%20driver%29 |
LWL is a three-letter acronym which can mean:
Lifewide learning
Load Waterline Length / Length at waterline
La wea loca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWL |
On the evening of August 4, 1962, American actress Marilyn Monroe died at age 36 of a barbiturate overdose inside her home at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Her body was discovered before dawn the following morning, on August 5. Monroe had been one of the most popular Hollywood stars during the 1950s and early 1960s, and was a top-billed actress for the preceding decade. Her films had grossed $200 million by the time of her death.
Monroe had suffered from mental illness and substance abuse, and she had not completed a film since The Misfits, released on February 1, 1961, which was a box-office disappointment. Monroe had spent 1961 preoccupied with her various health problems, and in April 1962 had begun filming Something's Got to Give for 20th Century Fox, but the studio fired her in early June. Fox publicly blamed Monroe for the production's problems, and in the weeks preceding her death she had attempted to repair her public image by giving several interviews to high-profile publications. She also began negotiations with Fox on being re-hired for Something's Got to Give and for starring roles in other productions.
Monroe spent the last day of her life, August 4, at her home in Brentwood. She was accompanied at various times by publicist Patricia Newcomb, housekeeper Eunice Murray, photographer Lawrence Schiller and psychiatrist Ralph Greenson. At Greenson's request, Murray stayed overnight to keep Monroe company. At approximately 3 a.m. on Sunday, August 5, Murray noticed that Monroe had locked herself in her bedroom and appeared unresponsive when she looked inside through a window. Murray alerted Greenson, who arrived soon after, entered the room by breaking a window, and found Monroe dead. Her death was officially ruled a probable suicide by the Los Angeles County coroner's office, based on information about her overdosing and being prone to mood swings and suicidal ideation. No evidence of foul play was found, and accidental overdose was ruled out because of the large amount of barbiturates she had ingested.
Despite the coroner's findings, several conspiracy theories suggesting murder or accidental overdose have been proposed since the mid-1960s. Many of these involve U.S. President John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert F. Kennedy, as well as union leader Jimmy Hoffa and mob boss Sam Giancana. Because of the prevalence of these theories in the media, the office of the Los Angeles County District Attorney reviewed the case in 1982 but found no evidence to support them and did not disagree with the findings of the original investigation.
Background
For several years heading into the early 1960s, Marilyn Monroe had been dependent on amphetamines, barbiturates and alcohol, and she experienced various mental health problems that included depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and chronic insomnia. Monroe had acquired a reputation for being difficult to work with, and she frequently delayed productions by being late to film sets in addition to having trouble remembering her lines. She also had an FBI file open since 1956 due to her "problematic" relationships with accused communists.
By 1960, Monroe's behavior was adversely affecting her career. For example, although she was the preferred choice of author Truman Capote to play Holly Golightly in the film adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany's, Paramount Pictures declined to cast her due to fear that she would complicate the film's production. The two films Monroe completed in the 1960s, Let's Make Love (1960) and The Misfits (1961), were both commercial failures. During the filming of the latter she had had to spend a week detoxing in a hospital. Her third marriage, to author Arthur Miller, also ended in divorce in January 1961.
Instead of working, Monroe spent a large part of 1961 preoccupied with health problems and did not work on any new film projects. She underwent surgery for her endometriosis and a cholecystectomy, and spent four weeks in hospital care—including a brief stint in a mental ward—for depression. Later in 1961, she moved back to Los Angeles after six years in Manhattan; she purchased a Spanish hacienda-style house at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood. In early 1962, she received a "World Film Favorite" Golden Globe award and began to shoot a new film, Something's Got to Give, a remake of My Favorite Wife (1940).
Days before filming began, Monroe caught sinusitis; the studio, 20th Century Fox, was advised to postpone the production, but the advice was not heeded and filming began on schedule in late April. Monroe was too ill to work for the majority of the next six weeks, but despite confirmations by multiple doctors, Fox tried to pressure her by publicly alleging that she was faking her symptoms. On May 19, Monroe took a break from filming to sing "Happy Birthday" on stage at U.S. President John F. Kennedy's birthday celebration at Madison Square Garden ten days before his actual birthday. This caused a great amount of publicity for Monroe, but also significant speculation about an extramarital affair with the president and concerns from government agents.
After Monroe returned to Los Angeles, she resumed filming and celebrated her 36th birthday on the set of Something's Got to Give on June 1. She was again absent for several days, which led Fox to fire her on June 7 and sue her for breach of contract, demanding $750,000 in damages. Monroe was replaced by Lee Remick, but after co-star Dean Martin refused to make the film with anyone other than Monroe, Fox sued him as well and shut down the production.
Fox publicly blamed Monroe's drug dependency and alleged lack of professionalism for the demise of the film, even claiming that she was mentally disturbed. To counter the negative publicity, Monroe gave interviews to several high-profile publications, such as Life, Cosmopolitan and Vogue, during the last weeks of her life. After successfully renegotiating her contract with Fox, filming with Monroe was scheduled to resume in September on Something's Got to Give, and she made plans for starring in What a Way to Go! (1964) as well as a biopic about Jean Harlow.
Timeline
Monroe spent the last day of her life, Saturday, August 4, 1962, at her Brentwood home. In the morning, she met photographer Lawrence Schiller to discuss the possibility of Playboy publishing nude photos taken of her on the set of Something's Got to Give. She also received a massage from her personal massage therapist, talked with friends on the phone, and signed for deliveries. Also present at the house that morning were her housekeeper, Eunice Murray, and her publicist Patricia Newcomb, who had stayed overnight. According to Newcomb, they had an argument because Monroe had not slept well the night before.
At 4:30 p.m. PDT, Monroe's psychiatrist Ralph Greenson arrived at the house to conduct a therapy session and asked Newcomb to leave. Before Greenson left at around 7 p.m., he asked Murray to stay overnight and keep Monroe company. At approximately 7–7:15, Monroe received a call from Joe DiMaggio Jr., with whom she had stayed close since her divorce from his father, the elder Joe DiMaggio. DiMaggio told Monroe that he had broken up with a girlfriend he did not like, and he detected nothing alarming in Monroe's behavior. At around 7:40–7:45, Monroe telephoned Greenson to tell him the news about the breakup of DiMaggio and his girlfriend.
Monroe retired to her bedroom at approximately 8 p.m. She received a call from actor Peter Lawford, brother-in-law of President Kennedy, who was hoping to persuade her to attend his party that night. Lawford became alarmed because Monroe sounded like she was under the influence of drugs. She told him, "Say goodbye to Pat, say goodbye to the president, and say goodbye to yourself, because you're a nice guy", before drifting off. Unable to reach Monroe, Lawford called his agent Milton Ebbins, who unsuccessfully tried to reach Greenson and later called Monroe's lawyer, Milton A. "Mickey" Rudin. Rudin called Monroe's house and was assured by Murray that she was fine.
At approximately 3:30 a.m. on Sunday, August 5, Murray woke up "sensing that something was wrong" and saw light from under Monroe's bedroom door, but she was not able to get a response and found the door locked. Murray telephoned Greenson, on whose advice she looked in through a window, and saw Monroe lying facedown on her bed, covered by a sheet and clutching a telephone receiver. Greenson arrived shortly thereafter. He entered the room by breaking a window and found Monroe dead. He called her physician, Hyman Engelberg, who arrived at the house at around 3:50 a.m. and officially confirmed the death. At 4:25 a.m., they notified the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD).
Inquest and 1982 review
Deputy coroner Thomas Noguchi conducted Monroe's autopsy on the same day that she was found dead, Sunday, August 5. The Los Angeles County coroner's office was assisted in the inquest by psychiatrists Norman Farberow, Robert Litman, and Norman Tabachnik from the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, who interviewed Monroe's doctors and psychiatrists on her mental state. Based on the advanced state of rigor mortis at the time her body was discovered, it was estimated that she had died between 8:30 and 10:30 p.m. on August 4.
The toxicological analysis concluded that the cause of death was acute barbiturate poisoning; she had 8 mg% (mg/dl) of chloral hydrate and 4.5 mg% of pentobarbital (Nembutal) in her blood and a further 13 mg% of pentobarbital in her liver. The police found empty bottles of these medicines next to her bed. There were no signs of external wounds or bruises on the body.
The findings of the inquest were published on August 17; Chief Coroner Theodore Curphey classified Monroe's death a "probable suicide." The possibility of an accidental overdose was ruled out because the dosages found in her body were several times over the lethal limit and had been taken "in one gulp or in a few gulps over a minute or so." At the time of her death, Monroe was reported to have been in a "depressed mood", and had been "unkempt" and uninterested in maintaining her appearance. No suicide note was found, but Litman stated that this was not unusual, because statistics showed that less than forty percent of suicide victims left notes.
In their final report, Farberow, Litman, and Tabachnik stated:
Miss Monroe had suffered from psychiatric disturbance for a long time. She experienced severe fears and frequent depressions. Mood changes were abrupt and unpredictable. Among symptoms of disorganization, sleep disturbance was prominent, for which she had been taking sedative drugs for many years. She was thus familiar with and experienced in the use of sedative drugs and well aware of their dangers ... In our investigation we have learned that Miss Monroe had often expressed wishes to give up, to withdraw, and even to die. On more than one occasion in the past, she had made a suicide attempt, using sedative drugs. On these occasions, she had called for help and had been rescued. It is our opinion that the same pattern was repeated on the evening of Aug. 4 except for the rescue. It has been our practice with similar information collected in other cases in the past to recommend a certification for such deaths as probable suicide. Additional clues for suicide provided by the physical evidence are the high level of barbiturates and chloral hydrate in the blood which, with other evidence from the autopsy, indicates the probable ingestion of a large amount of drugs within a short period of time: the completely empty bottle of Nembutal, the prescription for which (25 capsules) was filled the day before the ingestion, and the locked door to the bedroom, which was unusual.
In the 1970s, claims surfaced that Monroe's death was a murder and not suicide. Due to these claims, Los Angeles County District Attorney John Van de Kamp assigned his colleague Ronald H. "Mike" Carroll to conduct a 1982 "threshold investigation" to see whether a criminal investigation should be opened. Carroll worked with Alan B. Tomich, an investigator for the district attorney's office, for over three months on an inquiry that resulted in a thirty-page report. They did not find any credible evidence to support the theory that Monroe was murdered.
In 1983, Noguchi published his memoirs, in which he discussed Monroe's case and the allegations of discrepancies in the autopsy and the coroner's ruling of suicide. These included the claims that Monroe could not have ingested the pills because her stomach was empty; that Nembutal capsules should have left yellow residue; that she may have been administered an enema; and that the autopsy noted no needle marks despite the fact that she routinely received injections from her doctors. Noguchi explained that hemorrhaging of the stomach lining indicated that the medication had been administered orally, and that because Monroe had been an addict for several years the pills would have been absorbed more rapidly than in the case of non-addicts. Noguchi also denied that Nembutal leaves dye residue, and he noted that only very recent needle marks are visible on a body, and that the only bruise he noted on Monroe's body, on her lower back, was superficial and its placement indicated that it was accidental and not linked to foul play. Noguchi finally concluded that based on his observations, the most probable conclusion is that Monroe committed suicide.
Public reactions and funeral
Monroe's unexpected death was front-page news in the United States and Europe. According to biographer Lois Banner, "it's said that the suicide rate in Los Angeles doubled the month after she died; the circulation rate of most newspapers expanded that month." The Chicago Tribune reported that they had received hundreds of phone calls from members of the public requesting information about her death. French filmmaker Jean Cocteau commented that her death "should serve as a terrible lesson to all those, whose chief occupation consists of spying on and tormenting film stars", her former co-star Laurence Olivier deemed her "the complete victim of ballyhoo and sensation", and Bus Stop director Joshua Logan stated that she was "one of the most unappreciated people in the world".
Monroe's funeral was held on August 8 at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, where her foster parents Ana Lower and Grace McKee Goddard had also been buried. The service was arranged by her former husband Joe DiMaggio, her half-sister Berniece Baker Miracle and her business manager Inez Melson, who decided to invite only around thirty of her closest family members and friends, excluding most of Hollywood. Police were present to keep the press away and to control the several hundred spectators who crowded the streets around the cemetery.
The funeral service, presided over by a local minister, was conducted at the cemetery's chapel. Monroe was laid out in a green Emilio Pucci dress and held a bouquet of small pink roses. Her longtime make-up artist and friend, Allan "Whitey" Snyder, had done her make-up. The eulogy was delivered by Lee Strasberg, and a selection from Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony as well as a record of Judy Garland singing "Over the Rainbow" were played. Monroe was interred at crypt No. 24 at the Corridor of Memories. DiMaggio arranged for red roses to be placed in a vase attached to the crypt three times a week for the next twenty years.
In 1992, Hugh Hefner paid $75,000 to be interred at Westwood Memorial Park, in the crypt beside Monroe's. In 2009, he said to the Los Angeles Times: "Spending eternity next to Marilyn is an opportunity too sweet to pass up." In 2022 The Independent referred to her death as a "global obsession".
Administration of estate
In her will, Monroe left several thousand dollars to her half-sister Berniece Baker Miracle and her secretary May Reis, a share for the education of her friend Norman Rosten's daughter, and established a $100,000 trust fund to cover the costs of the care of her birth mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, and the widow of her acting teacher Michael Chekhov. From the remaining estate she granted twenty-five percent to her former psychiatrist Marianne Kris "for the furtherance of the work of such psychiatric institutions or groups as she shall elect", and seventy-five percent, including her personal effects, film royalties and real estate, to Strasberg, whom she instructed to distribute her effects "among my friends, colleagues and those to whom I am devoted". Due to legal complications, the beneficiaries were not paid until 1971.
When Strasberg died in 1982, his estate was willed to his widow Anna, who claimed Monroe's publicity rights and began to license her image to companies. In 1990, she unsuccessfully sued the Anna Freud Centre, to which Kris had bequeathed her Monroe rights, in an attempt to gain full rights to Monroe's estate. In 1996, Anna Strasberg hired CMG Worldwide, a celebrity-legacy licensing group, to manage the licensing rights.
Anna Strasberg went on to prevent Odyssey Group, Inc. from auctioning effects that Monroe's business manager Inez Melson, who had also been named Monroe's special administrator of estate, handed down to her nephew, Millington Conroy. Between 1996 and 2001, CMG entered into 700 licensing agreements with merchandisers. Against Monroe's wishes, Lee Strasberg had never distributed her effects amongst her friends, and in 1999 Anna commissioned Christie's to auction them, netting $13.4 million. In 2000, she founded Marilyn Monroe LLC.
Marilyn Monroe LLC's claim to exclusive ownership of Monroe's publicity rights became subject to a "landmark [legal] case" in 2006, when the heirs of three freelance photographers who had photographed her—Sam Shaw, Milton Greene, and Tom Kelley—successfully challenged the company in courts in California and New York State. In May 2007, the courts determined that Monroe could not have passed her publicity rights to her estate, as the first law granting such right, the California Celebrities Rights Act, was not passed until 1985.
Monroe's estate terminated their business relationship with CMG Worldwide in 2010, and sold the licensing rights to Authentic Brands Group the following year. Also in 2010, the estate sold Monroe's Brentwood home for $3.8 million, and published a selection of her private notes, diaries and correspondence as a book called Fragments: Poems, Intimate Notes, Letters.
Conspiracy theories
1960s: Frank A. Capell, Jack Clemmons
During the 1960s, there were no widespread conspiracy theories about Monroe's death. The first allegations that she had been murdered originated in anti-communist activist Frank A. Capell's self-published pamphlet The Strange Death of Marilyn Monroe (1964), in which he claimed that her death was part of a communist conspiracy. Capell claimed that Monroe and U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had an affair, and that Monroe had threatened to cause a scandal, leading Kennedy to order her to be assassinated. In addition to accusing Kennedy of being a communist sympathizer, Capell also claimed that many other people close to Monroe, such as her doctors and ex-husband Arthur Miller, were communists.
Capell's credibility has been seriously questioned because his only source was columnist Walter Winchell, who in turn had received much of his information from Capell; Capell, therefore, was citing himself. Capell's friend, LAPD Sergeant Jack Clemmons, aided him in developing his pamphlet; Clemmons, who was the first police officer on the scene of Monroe's death, became a central source for conspiracy theorists. He later made claims that he had not mentioned in the official 1962 investigation: he alleged that when he arrived at Monroe's house, Murray was washing her sheets in the laundry, and he had "a sixth sense" that something was wrong.
Capell and Clemmons' allegations have been linked to their political goals. Capell dedicated his life to revealing an "International Communist Conspiracy" and Clemmons was a member of the Police and Fire Research Organization (FiPo), which sought to expose "subversive activities which threaten our American way of life". FiPo and similar organizations were known for their stance against the Kennedys and for sending letters to the FBI incriminating them; a 1964 FBI file that speculated on an affair between Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy is likely to have come from them. Furthermore, Capell, Clemmons, and a third person were indicted in 1965 by a California grand jury for "conspiracy to libel by obtaining and distributing a false affidavit" claiming that U.S. Senator Thomas Kuchel had once been arrested for a homosexual act in retaliation for Kuchel's support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Capell pleaded guilty, and charges against Clemmons were dropped after he resigned from the LAPD.
In the 1960s, Monroe's death was also discussed in Charles Hamblett's Who Killed Marilyn Monroe? (1966) and in James A. Hudson's The Mysterious Death of Marilyn Monroe (1968). Neither Capell's, Hamblett's, or Hudson's accounts were widely disseminated.
1970s: Norman Mailer, Robert Slatzer, Anthony Scaduto
The allegations of murder first became part of mainstream discussion with the publication of Norman Mailer's Marilyn: A Biography in 1973. Despite not having any evidence, Mailer repeated the claim that Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy had an affair and speculated that she was killed by either the FBI or the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), who wished to use the murder as a "point of pressure ... against the Kennedys". The book was heavily criticized in reviews, and later that year Mailer recanted his allegations in an interview with Mike Wallace for 60 Minutes, stating that he had made them to ensure commercial success for his book, and that he believes Monroe's death was "ten to one" an "accidental suicide".
Two years later, Robert F. Slatzer published The Life and Curious Death of Marilyn Monroe (1975), based on Capell's pamphlet. In addition to his assertion that Monroe was killed by Robert F. Kennedy, Slatzer also controversially claimed to have been married to Monroe in Mexico for three days in October 1952, and that they had remained close friends until her death. Although his account was not widely circulated at the time, it has remained central to conspiracy theories.
In October 1975, music journalist Anthony Scaduto published an article about Monroe's death in soft porn magazine Oui, and the following year expanded his account into book form as Who Killed Marilyn Monroe? (1976), published under the pen name Tony Sciacca. His only sources were Slatzer and his private investigator, Milo Speriglio. In addition to repeating Slatzer's claims, Scaduto alleged that Monroe had kept a red diary in which she had written confidential political information she had heard from the Kennedys, and that her house had been wiretapped by surveillance expert Bernard Spindel on the orders of union leader Jimmy Hoffa, who was hoping to obtain incriminating information against the Kennedys.
1980s: Milo Speriglio, Anthony Summers
In 1982, Speriglio published Marilyn Monroe: Murder Cover-Up, in which he claimed that Monroe had been murdered by Hoffa and mob boss Sam Giancana. Basing his account on Slatzer and Scaduto's books, Speriglio added statements made by Lionel Grandison, who worked at the Los Angeles County coroner's office at the time of Monroe's death. Grandison claimed that Monroe's body had been extensively bruised but this had been omitted from the autopsy report, and that he had seen the "red diary", but it had mysteriously disappeared.
Speriglio and Slatzer demanded that the investigation into Monroe's death be re-opened by authorities, and the Los Angeles District Attorney agreed to review the case. The new investigation could not find any evidence to support the murder claims. Grandison was found not to be a reliable witness as he had been fired from the coroner's office for stealing from corpses. The allegations that Monroe's home was wiretapped by Spindel were also found to be false. Spindel's apartment had been raided by the Manhattan District Attorney's office in 1966, during which his tapes were seized. Spindel later made a claim that he had wiretapped Monroe's house, but it was not supported by the contents of the tapes, to which the investigators had listened.
The most prominent Monroe conspiracy theorist in the 1980s was British journalist Anthony Summers, who claimed that Monroe's death was an accidental overdose enabled and covered up by Robert F. Kennedy. His investigation on Monroe began as an assignment for the British tabloid the Sunday Express to cover the Los Angeles District Attorney's 1982 review. Summers' book, Goddess: The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe (1985), became one of the most commercially successful Monroe biographies. Prior to writing on Monroe, he had authored a book on a conspiracy theory of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
According to Summers, Monroe had severe substance abuse problems and was psychotic in the last months of her life. He alleges that Monroe had affairs with both John and Robert Kennedy, and that when Robert ended their affair she threatened to reveal their association. Kennedy and Lawford attempted to prevent this by enabling her addictions. According to Summers, Monroe became hysterical and accidentally overdosed, dying in an ambulance on the way to the hospital. Kennedy wanted to leave Los Angeles before Monroe's death became public to avoid being associated with it, and therefore her body was returned to her bedroom and the overdose staged as a suicide by Lawford, the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover.
Summers based his account on interviews he had conducted with 650 people connected to Monroe, but his research has been criticized by biographers Donald Spoto and Sarah Churchwell. According to Spoto, Summers contradicts himself, presents false information as fact, and misrepresents what some of Monroe's friends said about her. Churchwell, meanwhile, has stated that while Summers accumulated a large collection of anecdotal material, most of his allegations are speculation; many of the people he interviewed could provide only second- or third-hand accounts, and they "relate what they believe, not what they demonstrably know". Summers was also the first major biographer to find Slatzer a credible witness, and relies heavily on testimonies by other controversial witnesses, including Jack Clemmons and Jeanne Carmen, a model-actress whose claim to have been Monroe's close friend has been disputed by Spoto and Lois Banner.
Summers' allegations formed the basis for the BBC documentary Marilyn: Say Goodbye to the President (1985), and for a 26-minute segment produced for ABC's 20/20. The 20/20 segment was never aired, as ABC President Roone Arledge decided that the claims made in it required more evidence to back them up. Summers claimed that Arledge's decision was influenced by pressure from the Kennedy family.
1990s: Brown and Barham, Donald H. Wolfe, Donald Spoto
In the 1990s, two new books alleged that Monroe was murdered: Peter Brown and Patte Barham's Marilyn: The Last Take (1992) and Donald H. Wolfe's The Last Days of Marilyn Monroe (1998). Neither presented much new evidence but relied extensively on Capell and Summers as well as on discredited witnesses such as Grandison, Slatzer, Clemmons, and Carmen; Wolfe also did not provide any sources for many of his claims and disregarded many of the findings of the autopsy without explanation.
In his 1993 biography of Monroe, Donald Spoto disputed the previous conspiracy theories but alleged that Monroe's death was an accidental overdose staged as a suicide. According to him, Monroe's doctors Greenson (psychiatrist) and Engelberg (personal physician) had been trying to stop her abuse of Nembutal. In order to monitor her drug use, they had agreed to never prescribe her anything without first consulting with each other. Monroe was able to persuade Engelberg to break his promise by lying to him that Greenson had agreed to it. She took several Nembutals on August 4 but did not tell this to Greenson, who prescribed her a chloral hydrate enema; the combination of these two drugs killed her. Afraid of the consequences, the doctors and Murray then staged the death as a suicide.
Spoto argued that Monroe could not have been suicidal because she had reached a new agreement with Fox and because she was allegedly going to remarry DiMaggio. He based his theory of her death on alleged discrepancies in the police statements given by Monroe's housekeeper and doctors, a claim made by Monroe's publicist Arthur P. Jacobs's wife that he had been alerted of the death already at 10:30 p.m., as well as on claims made by prosecutor John Miner, who was involved in the official investigation. Miner had alleged that her autopsy revealed signs more consistent with an enema than oral ingestion.
2000s: John Miner, Matthew Smith
Miner's allegations that Monroe's death was not a suicide received more publicity in the 2000s, when he published transcripts that he claimed to have made from audiotapes that Monroe recorded shortly before her death. Miner claimed that Monroe gave the tapes to Greenson, who invited him to listen to them after her death. On the tapes, Monroe spoke of her plans for the future, which Miner argues is proof that she could not have killed herself. She also discussed her sex life and use of enemas; Miner alleged that Monroe was killed by an enema that was administered by Murray.
Miner's allegations have received criticism. During the official review of the case by the district attorney in 1982, he told the investigators about the tapes, but did not mention that he had transcripts of them. Miner claimed that this was because Greenson had sworn him to silence. The tapes themselves have never been found, and Miner remains the only person to claim they existed. Greenson was already dead before Miner went public with them.
Biographer Lois Banner knew Miner personally because they both worked at the University of Southern California; she further challenged the authenticity of the transcripts. Miner had once lost his license to practice law for several years, lied to Banner about having worked for the Kinsey Institute, and had gone bankrupt shortly before selling the alleged transcripts. He had first attempted to sell the transcripts to Vanity Fair, but when the magazine had asked him to show them to Summers in order to validate them, it had become apparent that he did not have them.
The transcripts, which Miner sold to British author Matthew Smith, were therefore written several decades after he alleged to have listened to the tapes. Miner's claim that Monroe's housekeeper was in fact her nurse and administered her enemas on a regular basis is also not supported by evidence. Furthermore, Banner wrote that Miner had a personal obsession about enemas and practiced sadomasochism; she concluded that his theory about Monroe's death "represented his sexual interests" and was not based on evidence.
Smith published the transcripts as part of his book Victim: The Secret Tapes of Marilyn Monroe (2003). He asserted that Monroe was murdered by the CIA due to her association with Robert F. Kennedy, as the agency wanted revenge for the Kennedys' handling of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Smith had already written about the topic in his previous book, The Men Who Murdered Marilyn (1996). Noting that Smith included no footnotes in his 1996 book and only eight in Victim, Churchwell has called his account "a tissue of conjecture, speculation and pure fiction as documentary fact" and "arguably the least factual of all Marilyn lives". The Miner transcripts were also discussed in a 2005 Los Angeles Times article.
Notes
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
"Marilyn Monroe Dead, Pills Near" Articles of Monroe's death in The New York Times
"From the Archives: Marilyn Monroe Dies; Pills Blamed" in Los Angeles Times
"Funeral for a Hollywood legend: The death of Marilyn Monroe in Los Angeles Times
"Marilyn Monroe Is Dead" in Chicago Tribune
"Marilyn is Dead Obituary in The Guardian
"Death of Marilyn Monroe" A British Pathé newsreel
Marilyn Monroe
1962 in California
1962 in Los Angeles
Monroe, Marilyn
Monroe, Marilyn
August 1962 events in the United States
Conspiracy theories in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Marilyn%20Monroe |
Six Ways to Sunday is a 1997 American crime drama film with elements of comedy directed by Adam Bernstein. It is based on Charles Perry's novel Portrait of a Young Man Drowning.
Plot
Eighteen-year-old Harry (Norman Reedus), is an innocent, bashful burger boy who lives with his overly attentive mother Kate. Harry's father left the family sometime before the events of the film, leaving Kate for another man. They live in a ratty old apartment, where Kate treats her son like a child, even going as far to draw his bath water and connect a wire to his reading lamp, shutting it off when Harry is busy to get his attention. One day, Arnie (Adrien Brody), Harry's oldest and best friend, goes to a strip club, where the boss owes Arnie's mob boss money. Harry watches as Arnie beats the owner, and snaps, releasing his rage out on the owner, pummeling him to the point where Arnie has to pull Harry off to avoid killing him. Outside, both are visibly shocked by Harry's outburst, but Harry is shocked and confused at the fact that he liked it. Not long after, Arnie's boss Abie Pinkwise, meets the two at a local diner, where he remarks how much potential Harry has in the mob business. He invites Harry to become his apprentice, and Harry accepts. After leaving, Arnie attempts a heist at a small store, but backfires when the clerk holds him at gun point, sending him to jail. When Harry is told to ditch a car (evidence in a homicide), by his bosses, he leaves evidence (a magazine with his name on it), and a witness. He is arrested but is proven to be loyal to his employers by keeping silent, despite being beaten by the police. Now trusting him, the bosses get him out of jail and take him out to celebrate at a brothel. When alone with one of the women, Harry is unaroused, and timidly asks the prostitute if he seems normal. When he answers that he doesn't feel that way for neither men nor women, she gently replies that she isn't the kind of professional he should be talking to. He goes home dejected, and when his mother smells perfume on him the first signs of her jealous tendencies begin to show.
As the months pass Abie shows Harry the ropes but when faced with killing someone, Harry hesitates, but ultimately does the crime, letting himself go as he did when beating the strip club owner. That night, upset by what he did, Harry goes to Louis Varga's house, only to find it empty, sans for Iris, his Hungarian maid. She offers him coffee, and it is here where Harry's alter-ego Madden (Holter Graham), appears. With Madden in control, Harry frightens Iris and thus causes her to quit. Angry, Mr. Varga makes Harry apologize to Iris, and makes Harry say he is in love with her to prompt her to come back under Mr. Varga's employment. Hesitantly, Iris accepts Harry's timid offer and the two begin dating, with Harry actually falling in love with Iris along the way, much to his mother's anger and jealousy.
When Harry finds a house that he likes, he is set on moving into it as a means to escape his mother's controlling nature, but when she moves with him, she decorates the house as a replica of their old apartment, much to her sons anger. Arnie is then released from prison, and Harry hopes to get him back in the game as their getaway driver for a new hit coming up. However, the hit goes awry when it is revealed far too late that the man to be killed by both Harry and Abie, is actually Abie's long-lost uncle. Devastated, Abie pauses long enough for the police to be called, which is where Arnie flees. Abie and Harry manage to escape. While Abie grieves at home, falling off the wagon after years of sobriety, Harry and "Madden" meet up again and this leads him to Iris' house, where the consummate their relationship. Arnie then comes forward with the promise of immunity, and flips on Harry and Abie. Both Abie and Harry keep quiet during the interrogation.
The mob has the three released, but now that it is clear that Arnie is a liability and cannot be trusted, Mr. Varga orders Abie and Harry to kill him. When Abie hesitates, still drinking and distraught over his uncle, Harry kills Arnie himself, despite his friend's pleading. Once again, in this blood-lust haze, Harry seeks comfort with Iris. At Arnie's funeral, Mr. Varga reminds Harry that when Abie drinks, he starts talking, and this makes him a liability. Mr. Varga hints that they may need to kill Abie to keep him silent. When Kate finds Iris' hair in Harry's underwear, he admits to having a girlfriend and Kate calmly says she would like to meet her. The stress puts a strain on Iris and Harry's sex life, and even "Madden's one-track mind" is of no use (during past sexual encounters, Harry has only had sex with Iris under Madden's persona). Worried for Harry's mental health, Iris resolves they really try, without Madden's help. The two go to a hotel, where they make love after Harry has her put on a mourning veil. At the family dinner where Iris was to meet Kate, things seem to be going well, until Kate has her son go out for ginger ale, leaving the two women alone. When Harry returns he finds Iris gone, his mother having driven her away in a jealous rage. Harry admits that he may be in love with Iris and is about to go after her when his mother stops him. Harry remains home and breaks off contact with Iris, his mother's hold over him stronger than ever.
Despite the fact that Abie has stopped drinking and is no longer a threat, Mr. Varga orders Harry to kill Abie anyway. Harry kills Abie with the same ice-pick he gave Harry earlier in the film, in front of a diner full of witnesses. More upset than ever, Madden is revealed again, and though he goes to first Iris, then a brothel for relief, he turns to his mother. It is revealed though flashbacks that Madden is truly Harry. Harry then has sex with Kate, who proclaims that she had waited "so long" for this.
The next morning is mundane, Harry takes his usual bath while his mother is in the kitchen. He hears a thud and goes to investigate, and there finds his mother hanging from the ceiling thinking she killed herself (Harry actually killed her, but his mental state won't let him notice). Mr. Varga calls Harry to inform him that they are relocating elsewhere, as Harry's act in the diner put them all under danger of arrest. Harry, clearly distraught from Kate's death, says that he will take his mother's corpse with him, and that she will "not get in the way" of their escape. Disturbed, Mr. Varga agrees to pick him up, only to attempt to kill him when Harry gets into the backseat. Harry draws his own gun and shoots both Mr. Varga and his henchman dead and takes the car to the bus station.
Iris, who had left the city for California to be with her brother, is delighted to have Harry going with her. They sit on the bus, overjoyed to breakaway from the city and the mob altogether. Harry looks away across the seat with a smile, and shows Kate's body bag resting casually in the seat.
Cast
Norman Reedus as Harold
Deborah Harry as Kate, Harold's controlling mother, who has repressed incestuous feelings for her son.
Adrien Brody as Arnie, Harold's gangster friend
Clark Gregg as a cop who interrogates Harold
Isaac Hayes as another cop who interrogates Harold, but who is secretly working for the Jewish mob
Elina Löwensohn as Iris, Harold's love interest
Jerry Adler as Louis Varga, Mob boss
Anna Levine as Annibelle, a prostitute (as Anna Thomson)
Peter Appel as Abie Pinkwise, Harry's mentor
Holter Graham as Madden, Harry's alter-ego
David Ross as Recurring Thug
Producers
Dorothy Aufiero – co-producer
Adam Bernstein – producer
David Collins – producer
Marc Gerald – co-producer
Charles Johnson – executive producer
Michael Naughton – producer
Chipp Sandground – co-executive producer
Jonathan Shoemaker – line producer
Todd Shuster – co-executive producer
Daniel Sollinger – executive producer
Michael Williams – co-producer
Sources
Amazon.com entry
External links
1997 films
1990s crime comedy films
American crime comedy films
Films based on American novels
Incest in film
Films scored by Theodore Shapiro
1997 comedy films
Matricide in fiction
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Ways%20to%20Sunday |
Kingsley is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is located in the northern suburbs of Perth.
Geography
Located in the northern suburbs of Perth, the district of Kingsley is a north–south elongated electorate bordered by four major roads. It is bounded to the west by the Mitchell Freeway, to the north by Ocean Reef Road, to the east by Wanneroo Road and to the south by Beach Road. The district covers the entirety of five suburbs: Kingsley, Greenwood, Hamersley, Warwick and Woodvale.
History
Kingsley was first created ahead of the 1989 state election and won by Liberal candidate Cheryl Edwardes. Edwardes held the seat until her retirement at the 2005 state election, when her husband Colin Edwardes ran to succeed her as the new Liberal candidate, but was defeated by Labor candidate Judy Hughes. Kingsley was the only seat the Labor Party took from the Liberal Party at the 2005 election.
A redistribution ahead of the 2008 state election mostly wiped out the Labor margin in Kingsley. Accordingly, Hughes was defeated after one term by Liberal candidate Andrea Mitchell. Mitchell was re-elected in 2013, but was defeated in 2017 by Labor candidate Jessica Stojkovski.
Members for Kingsley
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Kingsley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Kingsley |
Canada's role in the Afghanistan War began in late 2001. Canada sent its first element of soldiers secretly in October 2001 from Joint Task Force 2, and the first contingents of regular Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) troops arrived in Afghanistan in January–February 2002. The operations were aimed at identifying and neutralizing Al-Qaeda members in that country and toppling the Taliban regime which was supporting international terrorism. Canada's role in the Afghan conflict grew in 2006 when Canadian troops relieved US forces in Kandahar province, taking command of the multinational brigade in the region during a major Taliban offensive.
Later operations in Afghanistan focused on security, reconstruction, and training the Afghan National Army (ANA) and Afghan National Police. The CAF made up the bulk of these missions, supplemented by personnel from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Foreign Affairs Canada, and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Major reconstruction projects included the Dahla Dam and irrigation system, improvement of roads and bridges, construction of schools, and immunization programs.
The CAF had the highest per-capita casualty rate among coalition members. 159 Canadian soldiers died on missions in theatre and another 22 died in non-combat circumstances. Public opposition to the war grew over time, and the financial cost of Canada's contribution to the war was estimated as high as $18.5 billion by 2011. The last CAF soldiers left Afghanistan in March 2014.
Background
The Canadian Armed Forces' (CAF) role in post-Cold War conflicts has been that of a peacekeeping force, focused on new techniques to contain violence and restore functioning civil societies. After Canadian peacekeeping troops came under fire in the 1993 Medak Pocket incident—a 15-hour firefight during the Croatian War of Independence—it became clear to Canadian military leadership that the rules of engagement had to allow peacekeeping forces to make a rapid tactical transition to an offensive force when attacked. This notion shaped Canadian training and military operations in the subsequent decades.
In peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Somalia, and Haiti, Canadian and NATO troops have sought to deepen their cooperation with local and international development organizations, working together towards reconstruction goals. The approach to Canadian involvement in Afghanistan was based on the same model.
In 2001, following the September 11 terrorist attacks and the US declaration of the war on terror, Canadian Minister of National Defence Art Eggleton advised Governor General Adrienne Clarkson to authorize more than 100 Canadian Forces members then serving on military exchange programs in the US and other countries to participate in US operations in Afghanistan. Eggleton summed up the dominant thinking in the government at the time: "Any Canadian military deployment to Afghanistan may well be similar to a situation in Eritrea and Ethiopia where we went in on the first wave, we helped establish the stabilization, the basis for ongoing peace support operations that would come after ... but then turned it over to somebody else." The operations were aimed at identifying and neutralizing Al-Qaeda members in that country, as well as toppling the Taliban regime, which was supporting international terrorism.
In addition to standard combat training, mission-specific training has been part of a Canadian soldier's preparation for service on peacekeeping, peacemaking, and stability operations since the 1960s. This played a significant role in the war in Afghanistan. Soldiers needed to be aware of local traditions, beliefs and social institutions, and why groups "might oppose the establishment of peace and order." This training, accompanied by psychological triaging with a soldier's family, made the Afghanistan deployment the most-prepared of any overseas CAF mission. There was a clear goal during training: that success of the mission was a sustainable Afghan government that could serve the needs of its peoples. It was this notion that shaped the Canadian and NATO approach toward reconstructing Afghanistan.
2001–2002: Operation Apollo, Initial deployment
General Ray Henault, Chief of the Defence Staff, issued preliminary orders to several CAF units as Operation Apollo was established. The Canadian commitment to US operations in Afghanistan was originally planned to last until October 2003.
Approximately 40 Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2) soldiers were sent to southern Afghanistan in early December 2001. The Canadian public was not informed of the deployment, and Sean M. Maloney's book Enduring the Freedom reported that JTF2 had been deployed without Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's knowledge in early October 2001.
Regular forces arrived in Kandahar in January–February 2002. In March, three Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) snipers fought alongside US Army units during Operation Anaconda. In the operation the team broke, and re-broke, the kill record for a long-distance sniper kill set during the Vietnam War. Operation Anaconda was also the first time since the Korean War that Canadian soldiers relieved American soldiers in a combat situation. Canadian forces also undertook Operation Harpoon in the Shah-i-Kot Valley. Other forces in the country provided garrison and security troops.
The Tarnak Farm incident occurred on 18 April 2002, when an American F-16 jet dropped a laser-guided bomb on a group of soldiers from the 3rd Battalion PPCLI Battle Group. The soldiers were conducting night-time training on a designated live-fire range, but the American pilots mistook their gunfire for a Taliban insurgent attack. The friendly fire incident killed four Canadians and wounded eight. Their deaths were the first Canadian deaths in Afghanistan, and the first in a combat zone since the Korean War.
2003–2005: Operation Athena
In August 2003, the Canadian Forces moved to the northern city of Kabul where it became the commanding station of the newly formed International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Canada dubbed this Operation Athena and a 1,900-strong Canadian task force provided assistance for improving civilian infrastructure, such as well-digging and repair of local buildings.
In March 2004, Canada committed $250 million in aid to Afghanistan and $5 million to support the 2004 Afghan election.
On 13 February 2005, Defence Minister Bill Graham announced Canada was doubling the number of troops in Afghanistan by the coming summer, from 600 troops in Kabul to 1200.
In spring 2005, officials announced that the Canadian Forces would return to the volatile Kandahar Province, taking command of the region from US forces. Stage one of Operation Athena ended in December 2005 with the fulfillment of the stated aim of "rebuilding the democratic process" in Afghanistan.
2006: Operation Archer
Operation Archer followed Athena beginning in February 2006. Unlike the ISAF-led Athena, Archer was part of the US military command. By spring 2006, Canada had a major role in southern Afghanistan, with a battle group of 2,300 soldiers based at Kandahar. Canada also commanded the multinational brigade for Regional Command South, a main military force in the region, with Canadian Brigadier-General David Fraser formally taking over from US forces on 28 February.
In May 2006, the Canadian government extended Canadian military commitments to Afghanistan by two years, replacing earlier plans to withdraw soldiers in 2006. Foreign Affairs Canada stated that the commitment would employ a "whole of government approach", in which the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), utilizing personnel from the military, Foreign Affairs, the Canadian International Development Agency and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), would provide a dual role of security as well as reconstruction of the country and political structure.
On 31 July 2006, the NATO-led ISAF assumed command of the south of the country and the Canadian Task Force was transferred from the jurisdiction of Archer (Operation Enduring Freedom) to Athena (ISAF).
2006–2009: Taliban resurgence
When Canadian Forces returned to Kandahar, the Taliban began a major offensive. There were a record number of attacks against Canadian soldiers that spring, including six deaths.
Operation Mountain Thrust was launched in the beginning of summer 2006, in response to the gathering of Taliban forces in Kandahar and Helmand provinces. Canadians of the 1 PPCLI Battle Group were one of the leading combatants and the first fighting when the Battle of Panjwai took place. Daily firefights, artillery bombardments, and allied airstrikes turned the tides of the battle in favour of the Canadians. After the operation concluded, Taliban fighters returned to the Panjwai District in numbers that had not been seen before in a single area in the post-Anaconda war.
The Canadian Forces came under NATO command at the end of July, and the 1 RCR Battle Group replaced the PPCLI. Canadians launched Operation Medusa in September in an attempt to clear the areas of Taliban fighters from Panjwai. The fighting of Operation Medusa led to a second, fiercer Battle of Panjwai in which daily gun-battles, ambushes, and mortar and rocket attacks targeted the Canadian troops. An estimated 1,500 to 2,000 Taliban fighters were reluctant to give up the area, and after being surrounded by the Canadian Forces, they dug in and fought a conventional style battle. After weeks of fighting, the Taliban were cleared from the Panjwai area and Canadian reconstruction efforts began.
On 15 September 2006, the Canadian government committed a squadron of Leopard C2 tanks from Lord Strathcona's Horse and an additional 200 to 500 troops to Afghanistan.
On 1 November 2006, Fraser stepped down as head of NATO Regional Command South, which was rotated to Dutch command.
On 15 December 2006, the Canadians launched Operation Falcon Summit into Zhari District, to the north of Panjwai, as part of the NATO-led Operation Mountain Fury. During Operation Falcon Summit, the Canadians gained control of several key villages and towns that were former Taliban havens, such as Howz-E Madad. During the first week of the operation, massive Canadian artillery and tank barrages were carried out in a successful attempt to clear pockets of Taliban resistance. The operation concluded with plans to build a new road linking Panjwai with Kandahar's Highway 1 that runs east–west through Zhari.
In February 2007, the 2 RCR Battle Group took over combat operations in several districts of Kandahar Province.
From 15 July 2007 to February 2008, units from CFB Valcartier near Quebec City served in Kandahar filling most positions in the Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team (OMLT) and providing the protective company for the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT). The 3rd Battalion Royal 22e Régiment Battle Group, with supporting troops from 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group and a composite tank squadron from Lord Strathcona's Horse conducted operations on the ground. This rotation reflected a change in tactics, with emphasis on systematically clearing, holding and building in the districts of Panjwai and Zhari, while also protecting Arghandab District and the Afghan–Pakistan border in the area of Spin Boldak. The focus was on intimately working with the Afghan army, police and civil administration to hold cleared areas rather than subsequently lose them to returning Taliban, as had previously occurred throughout the south and east.
In February 2008, the Van Doos contingent was replaced by a force centred on a PPCLI battle group. Also in February, Canadian Major-General Marc Lessard took command of Regional Command South for nine months.
On 13 March 2008, the Harper Conservative government's motion to extend the military mission past February 2009 into 2011 was approved in a parliamentary vote with the support of the Liberal opposition. The extension of almost another three years had a focus on reconstruction and training of Afghan troops, and set a firm pullout date, calling for Canadian troops to leave Afghanistan by December 2011. While the Liberals voted in favour of the Conservatives' confidence motion, the New Democratic Party and the Bloc Québécois voted against it, having consistently rejected any extension of the military mission. NDP leader Jack Layton said "There are millions of Canadians who don't want this strategy to continue. The population prefers a road to peace."
As part of the new US administration's policy on Afghanistan, 17,000 new US troops were deployed to the country with a third stationed in Kandahar province. On 10 August 2009, Brig-Gen. Jonathan Vance of Task Force Kandahar transferred the authority of some of Kandahar Province to Col. Harry Tunnell IV, commander of the US Army's 5th Stryker Brigade. Canadian troops were then stationed primarily around Kandahar City and the surrounding districts.
2010–2011: US surge, combat ends
On 1 December 2009, the US president announced a major troop increase that sent another 30,000 troops to Afghanistan. The Canadian troops remained mostly active in the Panjwai and Kandahar districts, where they were located at the end of 2009. Canadians were also active in the Zhari and Daman districts.
In February 2010, Canadian air forces and ground troops from 3PPCLI took part in the highly publicized Marja offensive. In early 2010, Task Force Kandahar also contributed to creating the 3rd brigade of the 205th Afghan National Army (ANA) Corps that was deployed in Kandahar and Helmand province. In April 2010 the 1st Battalion Royal Canadian Regiment (1RCR), along with O Company of the 3rd Battalion Royal Canadian Regiment (3RCR), was deployed to relieve PPCLI in the southern districts of Kandahar province. In late May 2010, heavy fighting ensued and continued for much of the summer. During this time, two major operations involving about 160 troops along with two platoons of ANA were conducted under the name Operation Azida 1 and Operation Azida 2. 7 Platoon 3RCR's involvement in the operations over three months confronted them with as many as 75 skirmishes with Taliban forces, and approximately 50–75 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were found. On one occasion, a Chinook helicopter was struck in flight by an insurgent RPG. This resulted in a hard landing, and destruction of the helicopter, but with no reported serious injuries. The violent clashes and skirmishes continued through the end of August, leaving O Company 3RCR and their combat attachments with over a dozen serious injuries. Two weeks later Canadian Forces transferred Kandahar city to US forces, at which point most of Canada's forces were in the Panjwai district, Dand and Daman. On 27 November 2010, in the tenth and final troop rotation, the 1st Battalion of the Royal 22e Régiment took over, marking the final rotation before Canada's withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Canada withdrew the bulk of its troops from Afghanistan in 2011, with the Infantry Battle Group withdrawn by the end of July (handover of battlespace was completed 6 July, and all Canadian Forces personnel and equipment were withdrawn from Kandahar by the end of December. In September 2008, Conservative leader Stephen Harper had pledged the withdrawal by saying that a decade at war is enough, having extended the withdrawal deadline twice previously. He acknowledged that neither the Canadian public nor the troops themselves had any appetite to stay in the war and said that only a small group of advisers might remain.
2011–2014: Operation Attention, NATO training mission and withdrawal
On 9 December 2010, it was announced that after the end of combat operations in July 2011, approximately 950 newly posted specialized CAF personnel would be posted to the NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan to continue the training of the ANA and Afghan National Police. CAF personnel also provided force protection, SECFOR and quick reaction force elements to the ISAF mission. Canada's contribution to this mission was dubbed Operation Attention and took place mostly around Kabul with some training occurring at Mazar-i-Sharif.
By late 2013, Canada began withdrawing its final soldiers from the training mission. In October, the force was down to 650 personnel from over 800. On 12 March 2014, the government announced with little fanfare that the mission was formally completed with a flag-lowering ceremony held in Kabul.
The last 84 soldiers left Afghanistan on 15 March 2014, ending Canada's twelve-year military presence in the country.
2021: Operation Aegis
Members of Canadian Special Operations Forces Command were briefly redeployed to Afghanistan in August, during the August 2021 Taliban offensive. The Canadian military operation, Operation Aegis, aimed to evacuate its citizens, close the Canadian embassy, and help facilitate the 2021 Kabul airlift. After assisting with the evacuation of more than 3,700 people, the Canadian Armed Forces ended its airlift mission in Afghanistan on 26 August.
Provincial reconstruction team
A key element of Canadian operations in Afghanistan was the Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team (KPRT), one of 25 provincial reconstruction teams (PRTs) throughout the country. These units were introduced by the US government to support reconstruction efforts in unstable states, performing duties ranging from humanitarian work to the training of police and the military. Following NATO's involvement, command of some PRTs was transferred from the US to other nations under the ISAF.
KPRT was comprised around 330–335 personnel, composed largely of Canadian Forces elements (315) and a few diplomats, correctional officers, development specialists, and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
KPRT also included one US State Department official, one US development official, and several US police mentors.
By 2007, the Canadian effort to rebuild Kandahar was following the National Solidarity Program (NSP), a strategy to empower local village councils, shifting outlooks from essential self-preservation to community governance. This required much time and patience by KPRT, earning trust, with power gradually transitioning "from drug lords and Taliban chieftains back to Afghans".
Among the challenges was instilling a belief in good government, which required the training of an organised and professional police force.
The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) focused on improving irrigation systems during a ten-year drought, allowing farmers to open unused fields and radically increase crop production. The farmers also had to be lifted from the fear imposed by the drug lords and Taliban who exploited them. By 2007, the mission had convinced Kandaharis who joined in the reconstruction efforts despite a Taliban resurgence.
The PRT was about one-eighth of the total 2,830 Canadian military forces in Afghanistan. The 2008 Manley report recommended that the KPRT be given more funding and attention and be placed under civilian leadership. The KPRT was transferred to a civilian command in April 2010, with the Representative of Canada in Kandahar Ben Rowswell as KPRT Director and former US Ambassador Bill Harris as deputy director. With impending Canadian withdrawal in 2011 and an increasing number of US soldiers and civilians in Kandahar, the KPRT transitioned from Canadian to American command in late 2010 to early 2011.
Major projects
Prompted by the Manley report, the Canadian Government highlighted several of its so-called "signature" projects in Kandahar Province:
Dahla Dam and irrigation system: Canada invested $50 million over three years toward projects to assist with irrigation and basic services across the region. It was believed that such funding would create 10,000 seasonal jobs.
Education: Canada invested $12 million over three years into improving the education system across Kandahar.
Polio eradication: Canada invested up to $60 million over three years toward the immunization of an estimated seven million children across Afghanistan, including 350,000 in Kandahar province.
As a result of these signature projects, over 6,000 schools were built and six of thirteen million children were enrolled. Transportation infrastructure was greatly improved, providing much better access to healthcare. The NSP also saw tremendous progression in the Afghan government, with over 16,000 community development councils elected, prioritizing projects that suit local needs.
Other operations
Canada's naval contribution to the Afghanistan War was part of the American-led Combined Task Force 150 (CTF 150), whose purpose was maritime patrol and enforcement near Afghanistan. Canada's maritime forces served as part of Operation Apollo, Operation Altair, and Operation Saiph – the last having a greater focus on the Horn of Africa.
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) increased activities abroad, including in support of Canada's participation in the war in Afghanistan. The executive director of its civilian oversight committee noted in January 2009 that this support had noticeably altered the spy agency and urged policy improvements to manage its growing operations overseas.
Canada assisted in the collection, storage and decommissioning of 10,000 heavy weapons left in Afghanistan over decades of conflict, including artillery, tanks and rocket launchers.
Canada helped clear about one third of the estimated 10 to 15 million mines in Afghanistan.
Canada lent money to over 140,000 people in Afghanistan.
Canada helped train the Afghan police and army.
Since December 2001, Canada was an active participant in the civilian-led United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. The Canadian military terms it Operation ACCIUS.
In September 2005, Canada initiated the Strategic Advisory Team – Afghanistan (SAT-A), known as Operation ARGUS, to mentor aspects of the Afghan government on defence issues. It usually contained around fifteen personnel and one CIDA official. The SAT-A had often been considered a pet project of Chief of Defense Staff Rick Hillier and was shut down in August 2008, a month after his retirement.
Since early 2006, the Canadian Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team (OMLT) helped to train and equip the ANA to take over security from the coalition. OMLT's 200 personnel trained 1,000 Afghan soldiers at a time, and also had a subgroup to mentor the Afghan National Police.
Public opinion
The mission to Afghanistan was politically controversial with the Canadian public: On 31 August 2006, New Democrat leader Jack Layton called for the withdrawal of Canadian troops from the south of Afghanistan, to begin immediately and soon afterwards pursue peace negotiations with the Taliban insurgents. He argued that the mission lacked clear objectives and measures of success and that the counter-insurgency operation was undermining reconstruction in Afghanistan. The Liberals and the governing Conservatives were generally supportive of the mission in Afghanistan. While initially in support of the war, the Bloc Québécois opposed any extension beyond the initial withdrawal date. Opinion amongst pundits and academics was generally divided along ideological lines, with left-leaning media outlets and think-tanks being against the war, and right-leaning publications and institutes being supportive.
Successive surveys conducted by various pollsters across the political spectrum suggest opposition to the war amongst the general public grew over time:
At the end of 2001, a poll quoted by The Washington Post showed that 74% of Canadians supported the US-led war in Afghanistan.
One year after the September 11 attacks, Ekos reported that a majority of Canadians still supported the participation of the Canadian military in Afghanistan, with only one in five opposing.
In 2006, as Canada was expanding its presence in the country, a Strategic Counsel poll conducted for CTV News and The Globe and Mail suggested that a majority of Canadians opposed or were ambivalent to the War in Afghanistan, with 54% opposing. In Quebec, as much as 70% opposed the war, while in the West more Canadians were in support (49%) than opposed (45%).
In May 2008, the Canadian mission was extended by recommendation of a report from John Manley, a national poll by Angus Reid Public Opinion suggested that 54% of Canadians thought the House of Commons was wrong, while 41% agreed; two months later, 58% opposed and 36% agreed. At that point, Canada had lost 86 soldiers in the war.
In December 2009, public opinion on the War in Afghanistan stood at approximately the same numbers, with 53% opposing and 42% supporting the mission in Afghanistan. However, 66% were opposed to expanding Canada's role in the country, 28% were in support. At that point, Canada had lost 133 soldiers in the war.
At the end of 2010, nine years after the initial invasion, the Canadian government decided to extend Canada's involvement until 2014; however the combat mission was ending in 2011, and the new mission involved 950 instructors to help train Afghan troops. According to a national poll conducted by Angus Reid, 48% of Canadians agreed with this decision, while 44% disagreed; however, 56% still opposed the military mission in the country.
As the combat mission wrapped up, a poll conducted on 1570 Canadians in July 2011 for QMI Agency and Sun Media showed 30% of respondents felt the sacrifice was worthwhile, and 58% did not. The Léger poll also found that male respondents were more likely to feel the mission was worth the sacrifice than female respondents.
Many Canadians were vocal in their opposition to the war, and several protests were held by many anti-war groups, most of them organized under the Canadian Peace Alliance umbrella. In Quebec, some parliamentarians refused to stand in honour of soldiers visiting the National Assembly. Other Canadians were supportive of the mission, and more particularly of the troops. A grassroots phenomenon known as the Highway of Heroes that started in 2006 saw hundreds of local residents gathering along bridges to salute soldiers' remains travelling between CFB Trenton and the Coroner's office in Toronto. Some Canadians also participated in Red Fridays in honour of the soldiers.
Fatalities
Military deaths
Between 2001 and 2014, 159 Canadian soldiers died while on missions in Afghanistan. Of these, 123 were due to hostile circumstances, including 95 due to improvised explosive device (IED) or landmines, 21 due to rocket-propelled grenade, small arms or mortar fire, 11 due to suicide bomb attacks, and one died falling from a cliff during a combat operation that involved firefight. An additional 22 soldiers died in accidents or other non-combat circumstances; 7 due to friendly fire, 6 in vehicle crashes, 2 in a helicopter crash, 2 from accidental falls, 2 from accidental gunshots, 1 suicide death and 2 unspecified non-combat-related deaths in the country. Additionally, one unspecified non-combat-related death occurred at a support base in the Persian Gulf. Canada suffered the third-highest absolute number of deaths of any nation among the foreign military participants, and one of the highest casualties per capita of coalition members since the beginning of the war. More than 2000 soldiers were injured during the war between April 2002 and March 2014. 635 soldiers were injured in action while 1412 were injured in patrol or non-combat situations.
Non-military deaths
One senior Foreign Affairs official, Glyn Berry, and four Canadian civilians were killed in Afghanistan due to hostile circumstances.
Military equipment lost or damaged
The Canadian Forces lost over 34 vehicles and 359 were damaged during the mission. The land force lost 13 LAV III and another 159 were damaged by roadside bombs or enemy fire. At least three Leopard C2 were destroyed and 15 were damaged. A dozen unspecified trucks in various sizes and models were damaged and seven were destroyed. A number of floodlight assembly trailers and kitchen trailers were destroyed during various rocket attacks against Kandahar International Airport. The majority of the equipment was destroyed by former CIA TC/3.6 and TC/6 anti tank mines left behind during the Soviet–Afghan War. From the beginning of the war in 2002 until 2009, the Canadian Forces had no heavy-lift helicopter for supplying forward operating bases (FOB) and had to do road convoys, which were regularly the target of IEDs. Canadian Forces also lost two helicopters, one Bell CH-146 Griffon and one CH-147 Chinook, hit by Taliban small arms fire.
Unit recognition
Battle honours for the Afghanistan mission was bestowed in May 2014 to units of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force that participated. Fifteen RCN surface vessels received the theatre honour "Arabian Sea". The "Afghanistan" theatre honour went to two units of the RCN, 65 units of the Canadian Army, four units of the RCAF and one unit of the Special Forces.
Several units were recognized with the Commander-in-Chief Unit Commendation, including the 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment, 1st Battalion, PPCLI, 3rd Battalion, PPCLI, and 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment.
The Calgary Highlanders were awarded the Canadian Forces Unit Commendation for contributing more reserve soldiers to deployed units in Afghanistan than any other reserve unit. The unit deployed 107% of its established strength to the mission in Afghanistan, "significantly more than any other reserve unit".
Individual valour and bravery awards
Over the first four years in Afghanistan, a number of decorations for bravery or for military merit were awarded to Canadian soldiers. Of particular note, in December 2003, four PPCLI snipers from 3 PPCLI were awarded Mentions in Dispatches by the Canadian Army and the Bronze Star by the US Army for their actions in combat during Operation Anaconda, 2–11 March 2002. These were Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale, Master Corporal Tim McMeekin, Corporal Dennis Eason, Corporal Rob Furlong and Master Corporal Arron Perry.
The numbers of decorations being awarded increased when Canadian forces took over responsibility for Kandahar Province in 2006 and confronted an insurgency that was determined to regain control of the Pashtun heartland. During the period 2006–2011, Canadian forces came under fire from enemy forces for the first time since the Korean War and, because of this, 109 Decorations for Military Valour were awarded for the first time since the new system of decorations had been established in 1993. By the end of Operation Athena in 2011, the following awards had been made for courage "in the presence of the enemy":
Star of Military Valour – 20
Medal of Military Valour – 89
Mentions in Despatches – 308
The first awards of Decorations for Military Valour were made in 2006 to members of 1 PPCLI Battle Group.
On 27 October 2006, Sergeant Patrick Tower of the PPCLI became the first recipient of the Canadian Star of Military Valour. It came as a result of actions on 3 August, where he assumed command of his platoon under fire, and escorted them to safety.
Sergeant Michael Thomas Victor Denine, PPCLI, was awarded the Medal of Military Valour for his actions as part of Operation Archer. On 17 May 2006, though under intense rocket-propelled grenade, machine gun and small arms fire, he exited a light armoured vehicle and manned the pintle-mounted machine gun. In spite of being completely exposed to enemy fire, Denine laid down such a volume of suppressive fire that he forced the enemy to withdraw.
On 24 May 2006, while under intense enemy fire, Master Corporal Collin Ryan Fitzgerald, PPCLI, entered and re-entered a burning platoon vehicle, driving it off the roadway and allowing vehicles trapped in the enemy's kill zone to break free, for which he was awarded the Medal of Military Valour.
On 13 July, during Operation Archer, Private Jason Lamont, PPCLI, ran across open ground through concentrated enemy fire in order to deliver first aid to a wounded comrade, for which he was also awarded the Medal of Military Valour.
Major William Hilton Fletcher, PPCLI, received the Star of Military Valour. He was recognized for demonstrating extraordinary bravery during his service in Afghanistan from January to August 2006. He repeatedly exposed himself to intense fire while leading C Company, 1 PPCLI Battle Group, on foot, to assault heavily defended enemy positions.
Captain Derek Prohar, PPCLI, received the Medal of Military Valour. Assigned as liaison officer with US Special Forces in Afghanistan during the battle at Sperwan Ghar, 5–12 September 2006, Prohar operated as the rear machine gunner on the battalion commander's vehicle. He was wounded by an IED during an intense enemy ambush. Despite his injuries, he continued returning fire and assisted the commander with the control of the attack, which resulted in the successful seizing of key terrain.
Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant Chris Hasler, a Canadian, was invested with the Distinguished Flying Cross personally by Queen Elizabeth II on 23 May 2007 for flying resupply missions under fire in Chinook helicopters in Afghanistan in 2006. He is the first Canadian to be decorated for bravery in the air since the Korean War.
At the end of 2006, every Canadian soldier was selected by the Canadian Press as the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year due to the war in Afghanistan.
Controversies
Canadian soldier charged with second-degree murder
In late December 2008, reports surfaced of alleged inappropriate conduct concerning the death of a "presumed insurgent". The Canadian Forces National Investigation Service investigated the incident, resulting in second-degree murder charges against Captain Robert Semrau on 31 December. Semrau, who was serving with NATO's Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team supervising and mentoring Afghan soldiers in Helmand Provence, was alleged to have killed a wounded insurgent found by ANA troops on 19 October 2008. According to the "detention review synopsis" filed by the crown prosecutor, Afghan soldiers found a man whose wounds "appeared too severe for any type of treatment in situ" and disarmed him. The statement alleged that Semrau was seen near the wounded man when two shots were heard. The document stated the prosecution's belief that Semrau fired both shots, which resulted in the death of the insurgent. The prosecution also said that it would produce a witness who would testify that he saw Semrau shoot the wounded man. The body of the man was left behind at the scene of the ambush and was never found.
Court proceedings began on 25 January 2010, before a military judge and a five-person panel. On 19 July, Semrau was found not guilty of murder, attempted murder, and negligence, but guilty of disgraceful conduct. On 5 October, he was dismissed from the military and his rank was reduced to second lieutenant, but he was not sentenced to jail. Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-Guy Perron, explaining his sentencing, described Semrau as a courageous soldier and leader, and that he was "probably caught between his moral values and his duties as a soldier". He also said that Semrau had even more responsibility towards his duties because he was in a leadership position: "How can we expect our soldiers to respect the rules of engagement if our officers don't?". Semrau was interviewed for CBC Radio on the publication of his book, The Taliban Don't Wave.
Afghan detainee abuse scandal
In 2007, allegations arose that the Canadian military was handing detainees over to the Afghan military without first making sure that they would not be abused. This evolved into a political scandal in Canada that eventually resulted in Defense Minister Gordon O'Connor being demoted.
On 18 November 2009, allegations regarding the treatment of Taliban prisoners captured by Canadian forces in Afghanistan resurfaced in parliamentary testimony by Richard Colvin, the second highest-ranked member of Canada's diplomatic service in Afghanistan from 2006 to 2007. Colvin testified that "According to our information, the likelihood is that all the Afghans we handed over were tortured. For interrogators in Kandahar, it was a standard operating procedure." Colvin also testified that he had made numerous reports to both the Department of Defence and the Foreign Affairs Department about the situation, starting in 2006. Defense Minister Peter MacKay responded to the allegations saying "I don't believe it's credible. I don't believe it's backed up by fact and what we have to deal with in a parliamentary hearing, as we do in a court of law, or another judicial or public inquiry, is evidence that can be substantiated".
Financial cost
The estimated cost of continuing Canadian operations in Afghanistan is the subject of considerable debate. Initial government estimates for the period 2001 to 2009 were as low as $9 billion according to Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay in June 2006, but later government estimates of the incremental cost of the conflict (as distinct from the fixed cost of DND operations unrelated to Afghanistan) increased to $5 billion in March 2008 due to equipment purchases.
Independent estimates of the total cost of the conflict range as high as $18.5 billion by 2011, according to the Parliamentary Budget Officer. The discrepancy between this and government estimates lies in the difficulty in distinguishing between routine military costs and those dedicated specifically to the Afghan conflict, as well as the inclusion of long-term costs relating to injured soldiers and estimated lost productivity caused by personnel afflicted with operational stress injuries, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
Bases
Camp Julien in Kabul
Camp Nathan Smith in Kandahar
Camp Mirage airbase, a logistics base outside of Afghanistan (taken down after UAE airline dispute)
Equipment
Effect on CAF Equipment
Canada's effort in Afghanistan had a noticeable effect on some of the CAF's equipment holdings. The most obvious areas were: tactical aviation, UAVs, and main battle tanks (MBT).
During and following the war, Canada's tactical aviation evolved from solely using utility versions of the CH-146 Griffon to using a mix of CH-47 Chinook and CH-146 Griffon, the latter of which often act as armed escorts.
The many-year effort to provide the CAF with UAVs came to fruition with the deployment of the SAGEM Sperwer to Kabul and then to Kandahar.
The fighting in Kandahar, notably during Operation Medusa, led the CAF to abandon its plan to transition to a wheeled, lightly armoured, 105mm-armed Armoured Combat Vehicle (see Tanks of Canada) instead of its Leopard 1 MBTs. Instead, it replaced the Leopard 1 with the Leopard 2 MBT.
Relevant equipment
Diplomatic ties
On 25 January 2002, Canada officially re-established diplomatic relations with Afghanistan. This was followed by the opening of Canada's embassy in Kabul in September 2003. Canada's current representative is Ambassador Francois Rivest.
In popular culture
The movie Hyena Road revolves around a group of Canadian soldiers from Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) fighting the Taliban while surrounded by the political, tribal, and military complexities of Kandahar Province. The novelization, based on the screenplay by Paul Gross, was published in 2015.
See also
Afghanada
Afghan War order of battle
Operation Herrick
Canadian Afghan detainee issue
Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan
Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan
Protests against the war in Afghanistan
Rana FM
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Bercuson, David J. and J.L. Granatstein. Lessons Learned? What Canada Should Learn from Afghanistan (Calgary, 2011).
External links
"Canada's military mission in Afghanistan". CBCNews.ca, 2009-02-10
Canada in Afghanistan: Military & Development Roles | Mapleleafweb.com
"Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan". Government of Canada
"International Campaign Against Terrorism in Afghanistan". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
South-West Asia Theatre Honours. Government of Canada, May 2014
Military history of Canada
Military history of Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Afghanistan–Canada military relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20in%20the%20War%20in%20Afghanistan |
COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM. It was intended as the business programming equivalent of the scientific programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). It served as one of the forerunners to the COBOL language. Developed by Bob Bemer, in 1957, the language was the first to feature the programming language element known as a picture clause.
Contributions to COBOL
Several elements of COMTRAN were incorporated into COBOL:
Picture clause.
Paragraphing: dividing code into paragraphs (with line breaks not significant).
Paragraph names. Assigning names to paragraphs, and jumps ('s) are to a paragraph name, not to a line number.
clause on file input operations.
Figurative constant .
Passing a numeric value () back to the operating system when the program terminates.
Picture clause
A picture clause element defines how a particular data item should be formatted, for output. It consists of a string of letters and digits. It is similar to the FORTRAN format specifier seen in the READ and WRITE statements, or the formatting strings seen in more modern languages like C. This became an important part of COBOL.
Sample program
This is a sample COMTRAN program, doing payroll calculations.
01001 *PROCEDURE
01002 CALL (EMPLOYEE.NUMBER) EMPLOYNO,
01003 (BONDEDUCTION) BONDEDUCT,
01004 (BONDENOMINATION) BONDENOM,
01005 (BONDACCUMULATION) BONDACCUM,
01006 (INSURANCE.PREM) INSPREM,
01007 (RETIREMENT.PREM) RETPREM,
01008 (DEPARTMENT.TOTAL) DPT.
01009 START. OPEN ALL FILES.
01010 GET.MASTER. GET MASTER, AT END DO END.OF.MASTERS.
01011 GET.DETAIL. GET DETAIL, AT END GO TO END.OF.DETAILS.
01012 COMPARE.EMPLOYEE.NUMBERS. GO TO COMPUTE.PAY WHEN DETAIL EMPLOYNO
01013 IS EQUAL TO MASTER EMPLOYNO, LOW.DETAIL WHEN DETAIL
01014 EMPLOYNO IS LESS THAN MASTER EMPLOYNO.
01015 HIGH.DETAIL. MOVE 'M' TO MASTER ERRORCODE, FILE MASTER IN
01016 ERROR.FILE.
01017 GET MASTER, AT END DO END.OF.MASTERS.
01018 GO TO COMPARE.EMPLOYEE.NUMBERS.
02001 LOW.DETAIL. MOVE 'D' TO DETAIL ERRORCODE, FILE DETAIL IN
02002 ERROR.FILE.
02003 GO TO GET.DETAIL.
02004 END.OF.MASTERS. IF DETAIL EMPLOYNO = HIGH.VALUE THEN GO TO
02005 END.OF.RUN OTHERWISE SET MASTER EMPLOYNO = HIGH.VALUE.
02006 END.OF.DETAILS. IF MASTEREMPLOYNO = HIGH.VALUE THEN GO TO
02007 END.OF.RUN OTHERWISE SET DETAIL EMPLOYNO = HIGH.VALUE, GO
02008 TO COMPARE.EMPLOYEE.NUMBERS.
02009 END.OF.RUN. MOVE CORRESPONDING GRAND.TOTAL TO PAYRECORD, FILE
02010 PAYRECORD, CLOSE ALL FILES.
02011 STOP 1234.
02012 COMPUTE.PAY. IF DETAIL HOURS IS GREATER THAN 40 THEN SET DETAIL
02013 GROSS = (DETAIL HOURS - 40) * MASTER RATE * 1.5.
02014 SET DETAIL GROSS = DETAIL GROSS + MASTER RATE * 40, DO
02015 FICA.ROUTINE, DO WITHHOLDING.TAX.ROUTINE.
02016 IF MASTER BONDEDUCT IS NOT EQUAL TO ZERO THEN DO
02017 BOND.ROUTINE.
02018 DO SEARCH FOR INDEX = 1(1)12.
02019 NET. SET PAYRECORD NETPAY = DETAIL GROSS - DETAIL FICA - DETAIL
02020 WHT -DETAIL RETIREMENT - DETAIL INSURANCE - DETAIL
02021 BONDEDUCT.
References
Further reading
IBM's Early Computers, by Charles Bashe, Lyle Johnson, John Palmer, and Emerson Pugh, 1986, MIT Press, .
External links
Genealogy Programmers Solve Y2K in 1958
IBM Commercial Translator General Reference Manual (pdf, 8.2M) Page 87.
Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 1957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMTRAN |
The Curragh of Kildare, also known as The Winter it is Past, is a folk song particularly associated with the Irish tradition.
Elements of some versions of the song suggest that it dates from at least the mid 18th century. The Curragh of Kildare speaks of the actual Curragh, which is a large area of common land in Kildare, Ireland, used to rally the Irish Army.
Textual history
The history of the text is rather complicated. Versions were taken down at different times in Ireland by collectors like George Petrie and P. W. Joyce. The song has also been collected in Scotland and even in England; the singer Frank Purslow collected a version (The Winter's Gone and Past) in Dorset. Petrie was of the opinion that it was an "old Anglo-Irish song" and argued that the Scottish versions were most likely developed from it. Several printed ballad versions exist, under titles such as The Lamenting Maid.
The most well known version of the text, usually referred to by the title The Winter it is Past, is attributed to Robert Burns. Burns appears to have developed it from a popular stall-ballad, The Lovesick Maid, which referred to a highwayman called Johnson, who was hanged in 1750 for robbery in the Curragh. Burns polished the original text considerably and removed two stanzas referring directly to Johnson. The resulting ballad was published in the collection the Scots Musical Museum.
Different airs have been used for the song. Petrie suspected that one had been composed expressly for the stall-ballad, probably in Scotland around 1750, but expressed an opinion that "the same song united to a melody unquestionably Irish has been [...] known in Ireland [...] for an equal or much longer period". The tune used for Burns' version has been identified as a (distant) relative of that used for the American ballad Fare You Well, My Own True Love.
The song as currently performed was popularised by The Johnstons, and later by Christy Moore, while versions also exist by Paddy Reilly, The Fureys, Bert Jansch and others. Modern renditions have tended to use a text where the singer is male, and the "true love" female, whereas in the early ballads such as The Lamenting Maid the opposite was the case.
References
External links
The sheet music
Irish folk songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Curragh%20of%20Kildare |
Engaruka is an abandoned system of ruins located in northwest Monduli District in central Arusha Region. The site is in geographical range of the Great Rift Valley of northern Tanzania. Situated in the Monduli District, it is famed for its irrigation and cultivation structures. It is considered one of the most important Iron Age archaeological sites in Tanzania. The site is located in the ward of Engaruka. The site is registered as one of the National Historic Sites of Tanzania.
The site
Sometime in the 15th century, an Iron Age farming community built a large continuous village area on the footslopes of the Rift Valley escarpment, housing several thousand people. They developed an intricate irrigation and cultivation system, involving a stone-block canal channeling water from the Crater Highlands rift escarpment to stone-lined cultivation terraces. Measures were taken to prevent soil erosion and the fertility of the plots was increased by using the manure of stall fed cattle. For an unknown reason Engaruka was abandoned at latest in the mid-18th century. The site still poses many questions, including the identity of the founders, how they developed their farming system, and why they left.
Construction of Engaruka has traditionally been credited to the ancestors of the Iraqw, a Cushitic-speaking group of cultivators residing in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. The modern Iraqw practice an intensive form of self-contained agriculture that bears a remarkable similarity to the ruins of stone-walled canals, dams and furrows that are found at Engaruka. Iraqw historical traditions likewise relate that their last significant migration to their present area of inhabitation occurred about two or three centuries ago after conflicts with the Barbaig sub-group of the Datoga, herders who are known to have occupied the Crater Highlands above Engaruka prior to the arrival of the Maasai. This population movement is reportedly consistent with the date of the Engaruka site's desertion, which is estimated at somewhere between 1700 and 1750. It also roughly coincides with the start of the diminishment of the Engaruka River's flow as well as those of other streams descending from the Ngorongoro highlands; water sources around which Engaruka's irrigation practices were centered. According to the Maasai, who are the present-day occupants of Engaruka, the Iraqw also already inhabited the site when their own ancestors first entered the region during the 18th century.
Engaruka has also been linked to the Sonjo, a numerically small Bantu-speaking living some 60 miles to the northwest. Like the Iraqw, they are known for their use of irrigation systems in agriculture. The Sonjo also maintain terraced village sites, albeit of considerably more rudimentary form than what is found at Engaruka. New studies have also revealed new information about the Middle Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic occupational histories of the area.
History of archaeological research
The first European to record the existence of these ruins was Gustav Fischer, who passed them on July 5, 1883, and compared them to the tumbled-down walls of ancient castles. Scoeller and Kaiser mentioned the ruins of "Ngaruku" including great stone circles and dams in 1896-97. The first detailed and archaeological investigation was by Hans Reck, in 1913. Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey investigated the site in 1935, but were disappointed by the lack of burial sites. They estimated a population of 30,000, but this figure is now considered exaggerated.
John Sutton of the British Institute in Eastern Africa later conducted excavations at Engaruka, and in 2002–2005 Ari Siiriainen led a research team from the Department of Archaeology at the University of Helsinki. In 2001-2004, studies were conducted by Daryl Stump of University College London as part of his PhD thesis work. In 2006, the University of Helsinki resumed Siiriainen's work, concentrating on the connections between Engaruka and the Sonjo area.
Modern Engaruka
Engaruka is also the name of a modern village not far from the archaeological site.
The Maasai conduct tourist tours of the site.
References
See also
Engaruka Collection of excerpts from different sources, by the nTZ, Northern Tanzania Information Resource
Maps, Weather, and Airports for Engaruka, Tanzania, United Rep. of Weather graphs.
Nurse, Derek & Franz Rottland. 1991. ‘Sonjo: Description, Classification, History’, in Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 12/13, 171-289.
Westerberg, L.-O., Holmgren, K., Börjeson, L., Håkansson, N.T., Laulumaa, V., Ryner, M., and Öberg, H., 2010: The development of the ancient irrigation system at Engaruka, Northern Tanzania: Physical and societal factors. The Geographical Journal, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00370.x
Archaeological sites in Tanzania
Former populated places in Tanzania
Archaeological sites in Arusha Region
Archaeological sites of Eastern Africa
Archaeological history of Eastern Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engaruka |
myTunes is a program that originally allowed Windows users to download music from an iTunes music share over a network, circumventing restrictions in iTunes that only allow streaming music. The software was widely popular on college campuses across the U.S. in the early 2000s. It was developed by Bill Zeller at Trinity College.
myTunes became defunct in 2006. As ZDNetUK News.com reported on 9 March 2004, "the popular software has all but vanished from the Net, and its programmer's sites have gone dark. But this time, it's not the doing of an angry record industry or a conflict-averse Apple. Trinity College sophomore Bill Zeller, who wrote the program in less than two weeks of off-time coding last year, says he simply lost the source code in a catastrophic computer crash." Zeller said: "I was about to release the second version, when I lost everything. I may put it back online, but there won't be any updates. I don't want to rewrite it." Subsequently, an entirely rewritten version, myTunes Redux, was released, which again operated successfully until once more disabled in iTunes version 7.
History
On October 16, 2003, Apple Computer released a version of its iTunes software for Windows.
On October 26, 2003, Zeller released the first version of his software, myTunes.
On March 9, 2004, it is reported that the source code for myTunes is lost.
On April 28, 2004, Apple Computer released version 4.5 of iTunes, which disabled myTunes and other similar programs.
On September 5, 2004, Zeller released myTunes Redux which overcame Apple Computer's restrictions and added various other features.
On September 27, 2006, Apple Computer released version 7 of iTunes, again disabling the current version of myTunes.
See also
ourTunes
References
External links
http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2007/03/14/17721/
Online music database clients
ITunes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyTunes |
The Samoan national Australian rules football team, nicknamed the Kangaroos (), represents Samoa in the team sport of Australian rules football. The team is selected from the best Samoan born players, who are currently mostly players from the Samoa Australian Rules Football Association.
Samoa debuted internationally at the Arafura Games in 1999, where the team won the Bronze medal.
Between 1999 and 2002, Samoa played the occasional test match against other countries, most of them with loose eligibility rules, allowing Melbourne based Samoan players to participate.
Samoa competed against Nauru in 2001 during Nauru's tour of Australia. Among the Samoan representatives was a young Aaron Edwards.
And there is a man called Murray silver who kicked 97 goals in a season and 0 in the grand final and let his team and mates down. Second best afl footballer behind Edwards.
But we love Murray
Samoa sent a team to the inaugural 2002 Australian Football International Cup. The International Cup nation team was nicknamed the "Bulldogs" and wore the colours of the Western Bulldogs (who had donated the jumpers) which happen to be the same colours as the Flag of Samoa. Samoa finished 7th overall in the cup.
In 2004, Samoa fielded a side in the Australian Football Multicultural Cup and made it all the way through to the Grand Final, but were solidly defeated by Israel.
A much improved Samoa attended the 2005 International Cup, finishing in 5th position overall. Samoan players Fia Tootoo and Mateta Kirisome were selected in the International Cup All-Star team. Among the Samoan squad were future rugby internationals Mikaele Pesamino and Rambo Tavana.
The team appeared at the 2008 International Cup, but their nickname was changed to the "Kangaroos" and they now wear a similar strip to the North Melbourne Football Club. The affiliation with the Kangaroos came through the rise of Aaron Edwards in AFL's ranks, becoming a power forward and taking one of the best marks of the year for the Kangaroos in the 2007 AFL Finals Series. The Samoan-born North Melbourne star attended most of the games involving Samoa in person during the 2008 cup, although he was not allowed to represent Samoa under the AFL International Cup criteria. While Samoa began the cup with a strong win over India, Samoa's 2008 cup hopes were dashed after a drubbing at the hands of the Japan Samurai before being solidly defeated by the New Zealand Falcons.
The team performs the Siva tau (war dance) before each game.
International competition
International Cup
2002: 7th
2005: 5th
2008: 10th
2011: Did not compete
Arafura Games
1995: Did not compete
1997: Did not compete
1999: 3rd
2001: Did not compete
See also
References
External links
Google Video of Samoan National Team performing 'Siva Tua' war dance at 2005 International Cup
National Australian rules football teams
Australian rules football in Samoa
Aus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa%20national%20Australian%20rules%20football%20team |
The , and later were limited express train services operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) on the Hakodate Main Line between the cities of Sapporo and Asahikawa in Hokkaido, Japan, between 1986 and 2007.
History
White Arrow services began on 3 March 1986 as a new limited express operating between and via the Hakodate Main Line, supplementing the existing Lilac services also operating between Sapporo and Asahikawa.
From 1 September 1990, the service was renamed Super White Arrow with the introduction of new 785 series EMUs.
Services were discontinued from the start of the 1 October 2007 timetable revision when the Super White Arrow was combined with the Lilac service to form the new Super Kamui service.
Service pattern
White Arrow services served the following stations:
- - -
Super White Arrow services operated at hourly intervals, with 13 return workings daily, departing on the hour from Sapporo and Asahikawa, and served the following stations:
- - (some trains only) - (some trains only) - - -
The Super White Arrow services operated at a maximum speed of 130 km/h, with an average speed of 102.6 km/h, completing the 136.8 km journey in 1 hour and 20 minutes.
Rolling stock
781 series 4-car EMUs (White Arrow) 1986–1990
785 series 4/6-car (later 5-car) EMUs (Super White Arrow) 1990–2007
References
External links
Hokkaido Railway Company
Named passenger trains of Japan
Railway services introduced in 1986
Railway services introduced in 1990
Railway services discontinued in 2007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Arrow |
Hitting Home may refer to:
Hitting Home (TV series), a 2015 Australian documentary television series presented by Sarah Ferguson that reported on domestic violence in Australia
Hitting Home (film), also known as Obsessed, a 1987 Canadian drama film based on a novel by Tom Alderman
"Hitting Home", song by Acoustic Ladyland from the album Skinny Grin
Hitting Home, a television programme from University of Salford's Channel M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitting%20Home |
Sacramento Knights was an American soccer team based in Folsom, California, United States. Founded in 2003, the team played in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2008, when the franchise folded and the team left the league. It has been announced that the team will play its 2009 season at Folsom High School as part of the United Soccer League.
The team played its home games in the stadium at Cosumnes River College, and will play its 2009 season at Folsom High School. The team's colors are maroon, navy blue, gold and white.
The team had spent the 2008 season on hiatus while the club's finances and infrastructure are reorganised, but did not return to full competition in 2009.
History
Players
2007 roster
Year-by-year
Honors
NPSL Champions 2006
NPSL Northwest Division Champions 2006
NPSL West Division Champions 2005
Head coaches
Ron Preble (2003–2007)
Chris Hawken (Vice President Operations 2003–2005 & Interim Co-Head Coach 2005)
Stadia
Stadium at Cosumnes River College; Sacramento, California (2003–2007)
Stadium at Folsom High School; Folsom, California (2009–present)
External links
Sacramento Knights
National Premier Soccer League teams
K
Defunct soccer clubs in California
2003 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Association football clubs established in 2003
Folsom, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento%20Knights%20%282003%E2%80%932007%29 |
In mathematics, a solvmanifold is a homogeneous space of a connected solvable Lie group. It may also be characterized as a quotient of a connected solvable Lie group by a closed subgroup. (Some authors also require that the Lie group be simply-connected, or that the quotient be compact.)
A special class of solvmanifolds, nilmanifolds, was introduced by Anatoly Maltsev, who proved the first structural theorems. Properties of general solvmanifolds are similar, but somewhat more complicated.
Examples
A solvable Lie group is trivially a solvmanifold.
Every nilpotent group is solvable, therefore, every nilmanifold is a solvmanifold. This class of examples includes n-dimensional tori and the quotient of the 3-dimensional real Heisenberg group by its integral Heisenberg subgroup.
The Möbius band and the Klein bottle are solvmanifolds that are not nilmanifolds.
The mapping torus of an Anosov diffeomorphism of the n-torus is a solvmanifold. For , these manifolds belong to Sol, one of the eight Thurston geometries.
Properties
A solvmanifold is diffeomorphic to the total space of a vector bundle over some compact solvmanifold. This statement was conjectured by George Mostow and proved by Louis Auslander and Richard Tolimieri.
The fundamental group of an arbitrary solvmanifold is polycyclic.
A compact solvmanifold is determined up to diffeomorphism by its fundamental group.
Fundamental groups of compact solvmanifolds may be characterized as group extensions of free abelian groups of finite rank by finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent groups.
Every solvmanifold is aspherical. Among all compact homogeneous spaces, solvmanifolds may be characterized by the properties of being aspherical and having a solvable fundamental group.
Completeness
Let be a real Lie algebra. It is called a complete Lie algebra if each map
in its adjoint representation is hyperbolic, i.e., it has only real eigenvalues. Let G be a solvable Lie group whose Lie algebra is complete. Then for any closed subgroup of G, the solvmanifold is a complete solvmanifold.
References
Lie algebras
Structures on manifolds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvmanifold |
The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (commonly referred to as simply the Executive Committee or ExComm) was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It was composed of the regular members of the National Security Council, along with other men whose advice the President deemed useful during the crisis. EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on October 22, 1962. It was made up of twelve full members in addition to the president. Advisers frequently sat in on the meetings, which were held in the Cabinet Room of the White House's West Wing and secretly recorded by tape machines activated by Kennedy. None of the other committee members knew the meetings were being recorded, save probably the president's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
Declassifying the tapes
The original tape recordings of EXCOMM's meetings are currently held at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Dorchester, Boston. Great strides have been made in declassifying and publishing the tapes. Excerpts from the first meeting, which took place on October 16, 1962, document the reactions of the committee members upon initially hearing the news that medium and long-range ballistic missiles might be stationed in Cuba. In the summer of 1985, McGeorge Bundy, who served as EXCOMM's Special Assistant for National Security, transcribed the tapes from the October 27, 1962 meeting. James G. Blight, while Executive Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, edited and annotated Bundy's transcriptions. Authorities in Washington and at the library granted Bundy access to the tape recordings given his role with EXCOMM.
Bundy considered the October 27 meeting especially important, as it was the meeting which immediately preceded EXCOMM's resolution of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Bundy believed the tape recordings included important historical information that should be shared with the public: notably, how political decisions are carried out when involving matters pertaining to nuclear weaponry.
In the mid-1990s, the audio tapes were systematically declassified (with a modest number of excisions) and released, first as published transcripts and later as downloadable audio files.
Decision-making
The EXCOMM's deliberations are a favorite topic of social scientists. Irving Janis argued that they were relatively free of the "groupthink" that plagued discussions leading up to the Bay of Pigs. Allison and Zelikow make frequent reference to them in the second edition of Essence of Decision, in connection with the "bureaucratic politics" perspective.
One political theorist, James Blight, has analyzed the behavior of EXCOMM's members in the midst of the impending crisis with the Soviet Union. He suggests that the thought of war with the Soviet Union instilled a sense of fear in the committee members so that their deliberations became more productive as they reacted to this emotion. Blight argues that EXCOMM's focus of attention shifted: as the possibility of war with the Soviet Union became more probable, the committee members became less concerned with removing the missiles from Cuba and instead focused their energy on avoiding a nuclear war.
Sociologist David Gibson has explored the EXCOMM's deliberations from a discourse-analytic, or conversation-analytic, perspective. He argues that inasmuch as Kennedy's decisions were shaped by the ExComm's deliberations, they hinged on the group not talking about the dangers that awaited around every corner—such as the danger that the U.S. would have to bomb operational nuclear missiles were the blockade to fail to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles.
Historian Bayard De Volo argues that the composition of the committee as all-male influenced its decisions. She argues that gender operated as a ‘pre-emptive deterrent against decisions and actions associated with femininity’, which therefore discouraged signs of weakness and attempts at cooperation. This can be seen in the response of the hawkish Joint Chiefs of Staff to the crisis as well as Kennedy himself who believed a failure to act through strength would expose him to the risk of impeachment.
Membership
National Security Council
John F. Kennedy, President
Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice President
Dean Rusk, Secretary of State
C. Douglas Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury
Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense
Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General
McGeorge Bundy, National Security Advisor
John McCone, Director of Central Intelligence
General Maxwell D. Taylor, U.S. Army, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Other members
George Ball, Under Secretary of State
Llewellyn Thompson, Ambassador to the Soviet Union
Roswell Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense
Dean Acheson, Former United States Secretary of State. Sent by President Kennedy to France to garner support from Charles de Gaulle for the U.S. during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Advisers
Central Intelligence Agency
Ray S. Cline, head of the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence
Arthur Lundahl, Director of the National Photographic Interpretation Center
Department of Defense
Paul Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs
Office of Emergency Planning
Edward A. McDermott, Director
Department of State
U. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
Adlai Stevenson, Ambassador to the United Nations
Edwin M. Martin, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs
Information Agency
Donald Wilson
White House
Kenneth O'Donnell, Special Assistant to the President
David Powers, Special Assistant to the President
Theodore Sorensen, Special Counsel to the President
Morgan Ferguson, Assistant Special Counsel to the President
Bromley Smith, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council
References
External links
List of all NSC ExComm Meetings, 1962-1963
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
United States National Security Council
Cold War history of the United States
Cuban Missile Crisis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXCOMM |
Robert Harris "Bob" Justman (July 13, 1926 – May 28, 2008) was an American television producer, director, and production manager. He worked on many American TV series including Lassie, The Life of Riley, Adventures of Superman, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, Search, and Then Came Bronson.
Career
Born to a Jewish family in New York City, Justman was one of the pioneers behind Star Trek, working both as an associate and supervising producer on Star Trek: The Original Series and Star Trek: The Next Generation. He was also the assistant director of the first two Star Trek episodes: "The Cage" and "Where No Man Has Gone Before." During Star Trek: The Original Series, he served as Gene Roddenberry's right-hand man, who managed the show along with John D. F. Black, Herbert F. Solow, D.C. Fontana, and Gene L. Coon. Justman was reportedly the first to call Gene Roddenberry "The Great Bird of the Galaxy," drawn from a throwaway line from the original series episode "The Man Trap".
Justman served as associate producer of Star Trek during its first two seasons, and was promoted to co-producer at the start of the third before resigning, partly due to exhaustion, and partly due to his displeasure with the decline in quality of the series, as well as what he considered its poor treatment by Paramount, the new owner of the studio. Paramount radically reduced the production budget during its third season.
Justman's motion picture credits as an assistant director included The Big Combo (1955), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Attack (1956), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).
Justman also appeared in front of the camera once as an actor, playing the "Elder of Luminos" in "A Feasibility Study", a 1964 episode of The Outer Limits. His name also became the name of a shuttlecraft in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Along with Herbert F. Solow, Justman wrote the book Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, published by Pocket Books in 1996. According to Publishers Weekly, "As told by Solow, Star Trek's co-producer , and Justman, the executive in charge of production , this is arguably the definitive history of the TV show...With plenty of behind-the-scenes material that will be of interest to Trek fans, this book puts a good deal of emphasis on the show's business side, elucidating production difficulties, cost overruns, and the seemingly constant debate with NBC over the show's future." (Publishers Weekly inadvertently gave Solow's title to Justman and vice versa.)
Death
Justman died on May 28, 2008, in Los Angeles from the complications of severe Parkinson's disease.
References
TrekMovie.com: TOS & TNG Producer Robert Justman Has Passed Away
Robert H. Justman, a creative force on 2 'Star Trek' TV series LA Times, June 1, 2008
Notes
External links
Robert H. Justman Interview
BBC Star trek interviews: Robert Justman
1926 births
2008 deaths
American television directors
20th-century American Jews
Television producers from New York City
21st-century American Jews
Unit production managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Justman |
In formal language theory, an alphabet, sometimes called a vocabulary, is a non-empty set of indivisible symbols/glyphs, typically thought of as representing letters, characters, digits, phonemes, or even words. Alphabets in this technical sense of a set are used in a diverse range of fields including logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. An alphabet may have any cardinality ("size") and depending on its purpose maybe be finite (e.g., the alphabet of letters "a" through "z"), countable (e.g., ), or even uncountable (e.g., ).
Strings, also known as "words" or "sentences", over an alphabet are defined as a sequence of the symbols from the alphabet set. For example, the alphabet of lowercase letters "a" through "z" can be used to form English words like "iceberg" while the alphabet of both upper and lower case letters can also be used to form proper names like "Wikipedia". A common alphabet is {0,1}, the binary alphabet, and a "00101111" is an example of a binary string. Infinite sequence of symbols may be considered as well (see Omega language).
It is often necessary for practical purposes to restrict the symbols in an alphabet so that they are unambiguous when interpreted. For instance, if the two-member alphabet is {00,0}, a string written on paper as "000" is ambiguous because it is unclear if it is a sequence of three "0" symbols, a "00" followed by a "0", or a "0" followed by a "00".
Notation
If L is a formal language, i.e. a (possibly infinite) set of finite-length strings, the alphabet of L is the set of all symbols that may occur in any string in L.
For example, if L is the set of all variable identifiers in the programming language C, Ls alphabet is the set { a, b, c, ..., x, y, z, A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, 0, 1, 2, ..., 7, 8, 9, _ }.
Given an alphabet , the set of all strings of length over the alphabet is indicated by . The set of all finite strings (regardless of their length) is indicated by the Kleene star operator as , and is also called the Kleene closure of . The notation indicates the set of all infinite sequences over the alphabet , and indicates the set of all finite or infinite sequences.
For example, using the binary alphabet {0,1}, the strings ε, 0, 1, 00, 01, 10, 11, 000, etc. are all in the Kleene closure of the alphabet (where ε represents the empty string).
Applications
Alphabets are important in the use of formal languages, automata and semiautomata. In most cases, for defining instances of automata, such as deterministic finite automata (DFAs), it is required to specify an alphabet from which the input strings for the automaton are built. In these applications, an alphabet is usually required to be a finite set, but is not otherwise restricted.
When using automata, regular expressions, or formal grammars as part of string-processing algorithms, the alphabet may be assumed to be the character set of the text to be processed by these algorithms, or a subset of allowable characters from the character set.
See also
Combinatorics on words
Terminal and nonterminal symbols
References
Literature
John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, 1979. .
Formal languages
Combinatorics on words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet%20%28formal%20languages%29 |
Shawnee Mission South High School is a high school located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States, serving students in grades 9-12. The school is one of several public high schools located within Shawnee Mission and operated by Shawnee Mission USD 512 school district. The school colors are green and gold and the school mascot is the Raider. The average annual enrollment is approximately 1,600 students. The school newspaper is called The Patriot.
History
Shawnee Mission South High School was established in 1966.
The school's mascot was chosen by the first graduating class of 1967. The Raider was chosen as a mascot because of the popular band Paul Revere & the Raiders.
Throughout its history, Shawnee Mission South has hosted several prominent concerts. The Who played a concert with The Buckinghams at Shawnee Mission South on November 17, 1967. The concert was performed in the gymnasium that currently still stands. The Byrds appeared in concert in the school's gymnasium in March 1969. The Amboy Dukes performed in a "senior class only" concert, in the football stadium, May, 1971. Brewer & Shipley performed in the cafeteria in 1976.
In 1983, Shawnee Mission South was named a Blue Ribbon School, the highest honor an American school can achieve. In 1997, the school was named a Blue Ribbon School for the second time in the school's history.
Academics
Shawnee Mission South High School is a two-time Blue Ribbon School, occurring in 1983 and 1997. Beginning in the 2007–2008 school year, the Shawnee Mission School District adopted a new program, Project Lead the Way, as the district's signature engineering program, offered at Shawnee Mission South High School. The classes for Lead the Way include Introduction to Engineering Design, Principles of Engineering, Digital Electronics, Aerospace Engineering, and Engineering Design and Development. Another program unique to Shawnee Mission South was that of the Center for International Studies. The Center for International Studies (CIS) provided intensive instruction in four languages: Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. The program also provided students the opportunity to attend geopolitics classes rather than regular social studies courses. As of now, only Arabic is still taught at Shawnee Mission South, with Chinese being taught at Shawnee Mission East High School, Japanese at Shawnee Mission Northwest High School, and Russian at Shawnee Mission North High School. In 2005, South's Science Olympiad team made district news by winning the state of Kansas competition and advancing to the national level. As of January 22, 2012, the Shawnee Mission South Academic Decathlon team has won the Kansas State Academic Decathlon Competition and advanced to nationals for fifteen years in a row.
Extracurricular activities
The Raiders compete in the Sunflower League and are classified as a 6A school (despite the drop in enrollment), the largest classification in Kansas according to the Kansas State High School Activities Association. Throughout its history, Shawnee Mission South has won several state championships in various sports. Many graduates have gone on to participate in collegiate athletics.
Athletics
State championships
Non-athletic Programs
Debate
The debate team won the NCFL National Championship in 2022 and repeated as national champions in 2023. The debate team also won the 2023 National Speech & Debate Tournament
Notable alumni
Ethan Corson, member of the Kansas Senate representing the 7th district; Director of Kansas Democratic Party; Senior Advisor to U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker; and Chief of Staff of the International Trade Administration
David Dastmalchian, actor
Stephen Dolginoff, writer, composer
Richard Gilliland, actor
Gina Grad, voice actor, radio and podcast personality
Neal Jeffrey, former Baylor and NFL quarterback
Tom Kane, voice actor
Steve Little, NFL football kicker and punter
Mike Morin, MLB baseball player
Rodney Peete, former USC and NFL quarterback; sports television broadcaster
Rob Riggle, actor, comedian
Vince Snowbarger, lawyer and politician
Peter Spears, Academy Award-winning filmmaker and actor
Carla Sunberg, 10th President of Nazarene Theological Seminary, 1979
Bobby Voelker, professional mixed martial artist, current UFC Welterweight
See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in Kansas
Other high schools in Shawnee Mission USD 512 school district
Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village
Shawnee Mission North High School in Overland Park
Shawnee Mission Northwest High School in Shawnee
Shawnee Mission West High School in Overland Park
References
External links
Education in Overland Park, Kansas
Schools in Johnson County, Kansas
Public high schools in Kansas
Educational institutions established in 1966
1966 establishments in Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee%20Mission%20South%20High%20School |
The 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 65th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 14 and 15 June 1997.
The race saw the first of a record (as of 2022) 9 wins at Le Mans for Danish driver Tom Kristensen, on what was his La Sarthe debut.
Pre-race
The Dunlop chicane was modified slightly in order to slow speeds again but also accommodate larger gravel traps as runoff area for the protection of motorcycle riders using the Bugatti Circuit. Frenchman Sébastien Enjolras lost his life in a pre-qualifying accident in his Welter Racing WR LM97-Peugeot.
Qualifying
The race’s governing body, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), decided that the starting order would be decided by the fastest LMP cars lining up in the odd positions of the grid, and the fastest GT1 cars lining up in the even positions.
Class leaders are in bold.
The no. 40 Team Davidoff McLaren was withdrawn from the race after being damaged in a fire during Saturday morning warm-up.
Race
The 1997 race was won by the same chassis as had won in 1996, marking the second time that Joest had won back-to-back Le Mans with the same chassis (previously done in 1984 and 1985). They were able to beat factory teams in the GT1 and LMP classes from Porsche, BMW and Nissan. The TWR-Porsche was not the fastest on track during the race, but was able to take advantage of the leading Porsche 911 GT1's and McLaren F1 GTR's mechanical problems, allowing the Joest Racing machine to claim victory by one lap.
Official results
Statistics
Pole Position - #7 Joest Racing - 3:41.581
Fastest Lap - #7 Joest Racing - 3:45.068
Distance - 4909.6 km
Average Speed - 207 km/h
Highest Trap Speed — Porsche GT1-Evo - 326 km/h (qualifying)
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans |
"The Apology" is the 165th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld. This was the ninth episode for the ninth and final season. It first aired on December 11, 1997. In this episode, Jerry learns his girlfriend is a nudist, George tries to get an apology out of his old friend Jason Hanke (played by James Spader) through Hanke's participation in Alcoholics Anonymous's twelve-step program, and Kramer gives up on keeping his showers short, opting to instead spend all day in the shower.
Plot
Jerry is dating Melissa, a woman who is comfortable being naked in his apartment in nonsexual contexts. While initially amused by Melissa's quirk, he finds that certain commonplace actions, such as coughing and squatting, make her nudity repulsive. Jerry plans to make Melissa understand his revulsion by using a belt sander while naked, but Melissa objects to his nudity before he even turns on the sander. Jerry convinces Melissa to wear clothes more often, but Jerry and Melissa now cannot stop picturing each other naked.
George learns that his childhood friend Jason Hanke is a recovering alcoholic and, as Step 9 of Alcoholics Anonymous's Twelve Steps, is apologizing for all his misdeeds. George gets angry when Jason moves on to Step 10 without apologizing for embarrassing him at a party a few years earlier. George asked to borrow his sweater, and Jason refused, saying the neck would be stretched out, which made everyone else laugh. When George broaches the subject, Jason refuses to apologize, saying that his concern about his sweater was sincere. George petitions Jason's sponsor to intervene; his anger over the old embarrassment instead convinces the sponsor to enroll George in an anger management class. Jason goes to the anger management class after snapping at George and some teenagers at his job at an ice cream shop. He and George have another confrontation at the meeting.
After Jerry informs Kramer that his hour-long showers are not normal, Kramer attempts to reduce his time showering. He cuts it down to a half-hour, but only by not rinsing off the lather or drying off. Jerry gives him some pointers on more efficient showering, but refuses his request for a personal demonstration, and when Kramer tries observing in a public shower he is mistaken for a voyeur, given a black eye, and ejected. Frustrated at these failures, he decides that since he enjoys showers so much, he should go the other direction and spend all his time showering. He buys a waterproof phone, and installs a garbage disposal in his bathtub drain so that he can prepare meals in the shower.
Elaine notices her co-worker Peggy puts sanitary paper on a toilet only used by the two of them, yet she is clearly not a germophobe because she finishes off another co-worker's half-drunk water bottle. When Elaine confronts her about this, she says Elaine disgusts her because she is sexually promiscuous. Insulted, Elaine rubs Peggy's keyboard on her butt and her stapler under her armpit, and coughs on her doorknob. Peggy calls in sick the next day, but Elaine insists her illness must be psychosomatic. David Puddy agrees, and accompanies Elaine to Peggy's to convince her to come back to work. He reveals to Peggy that he is a recovering germophobe and persuades her that she is one too.
Elaine makes up with Peggy by inviting her over for a dinner cooked by Kramer. When Kramer reveals that he prepared the dinner while showering, they are all horrified. David has to go back to Germophobes Anonymous, with Peggy and Elaine now joining him.
Production
James Spader was invited to fill the role of Jason Hanke by Seinfeld co-creator/star Jerry Seinfeld, who was a friend of Spader's. Jason Alexander had worked with Spader previously in the 1990 film White Palace.
The table read for the episode was held on November 8, 1997. Most scenes were filmed in front of a live studio audience on November 12, but the scenes in which Melissa is nude were filmed without an audience on November 10. This was for the sake of propriety, though Melissa actress Kathleen McClellan was not actually naked at any time during the filming.
Critical reception
In a 2012 retrospective review, David Sims of The A.V. Club praised David Puddy's scenes, as well as Kramer's live-in shower and how it ultimately ties in to the Elaine story. He also said Megan Cole "is very good at looking freaked-out by Elaine". He was less enthusiastic about the George and Jerry stories, saying that while James Spader is perfectly cast and the stories had good premises, he did not like the directions they went in.
Social science writer Eric Horowitz cited the situation between George and Jason as "a fairly accurate representation" of how a person's desire for an apology stems from feeling angry and wanting assurance the transgression won't happen again, and of how perpetrators want to make an apology when they regret the action. Because Jason does not regret what he did to George, he sees no reason to apologize, and this same lack of regret is what makes George want the apology all the more.
References
External links
Seinfeld (season 9) episodes
1997 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Apology%20%28Seinfeld%29 |
Darryl George Greenamyer (August 13, 1936 – October 1, 2018) was an American aviator. He started his flying career in the US Air Force Reserve. After leaving the Air Force, he then began to work at Lockheed where he eventually became an SR-71 test pilot at Skunk works. While working at Lockheed he met many of the engineers who would later help him make modifications to future race planes. He won his first victory in the Unlimited Class at the Reno Air Races in 1965. He is the third most successful competitor in Reno Air Race history.
History
On August 16, 1969, flying the highly modified Grumman F8F-2 Bearcat "Conquest I" (N1111L), Greenamyer broke the 30-year-old FAI Class C-1 Group I 3 km speed record with a speed of . An earlier attempt in 1966 by Greenamyer had to be aborted due to directional stability problems and an attempt in 1968 ended with a blown piston. The previous record had been set by Fritz Wendel flying a German Messerschmitt Me 209 in 1939. The record-breaking was featured in the 1970 documentary "Man for the Record" (Pennzoil/Cobra Enterprises). Greenamyer won the National Air Races six times with this airplane before donating it to the Smithsonian in 1977.
"Red Baron" F-104
On October 24, 1977, Greenamyer, flying a modified F-104 Starfighter "Red Baron" (N104RB), set a FAI Class C-1 Group III 3 km speed record of , which still stands. An earlier attempt on October 2, 1976, yielded a higher speed (), but one timing camera didn't work on one run, meaning the record couldn't be certified.
He built the Starfighter by collecting and putting together myriad parts over a 13-year period. The cockpit side panels and some control column bearings of the Red Baron came from the very first production F-104A, which crashed in Palmdale, California 22 years earlier. The tail of the Red Baron, minus stabilizers, came from a junkyard in Ontario, California. The stabilizers and some nose wheel parts were from scrap piles in Tucson and Homestead, Florida. The idler arm for the elevator controls, the ejection seat rails and some electrical relays came from an F-104 that crashed and burned at Edwards Air Force Base on the edge of the Mojave Desert. Greenamyer got his throttle quadrant from a Tennessee flying buff he met at the Reno National Air Races. The trunnion mounts for the nose gear, some of the cooling-system valves and a few relays on the Red Baron came from a 25-ton pile of junk that Greenamyer bought at Eglin Air Force Base. In a swap with NASA, he obtained the nose of a Lockheed NF-104A, with its reaction controls. The all-important J79-GE-10 engine was obtained from the US Navy.
On February 26, 1978, while preparing an assault on the FAI altitude record using the same aircraft, he was unable to get the landing gear to lock before landing. As it was dangerous to land in this condition, he was forced to eject and the airplane was destroyed.
Other projects
In 1994, Greenamyer led an unsuccessful mission to rescue the Kee Bird, a B-29 aircraft which crash-landed in Greenland in 1947. The attempted recovery resulted in the loss of the airframe by fire on the ground in 21 May 1995 and the life of the engineer, Rick Kriege, helping to restore it to flightworthy condition.
Greenamyer had been working on building an Unlimited Class racer named "Shockwave". This racer combines the outer wing panels of a Sea Fury with a new centre section and fuselage. The tail is from a F-86 Sabre and it is planned to be powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-4360.
After the Sport Class was introduced at the Reno Air Races in 1998, Greenamyer built a Lancair Legacy (N33XP) that he has since raced successfully.
Other sports
Besides aircraft, Greenamyer was also active in drag racing. In addition, he owned several classic Ferraris.
Awards
He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1997.
He received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award in 1970 for the successful speed record achievement in 1969.
See also
List of F-104 Starfighter operators
Fastest propeller-driven aircraft
References
External links
Daryl Greenamyer at Family Tree Maker website (retrieved 2013-12-24)
1936 births
2018 deaths
People from South Gate, California
Military personnel from California
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
American air racers
American test pilots
American aviation record holders
Aviators from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl%20Greenamyer |
Dreamquest, also known as Luca Turilli's Dreamquest, was a symphonic electro metal band led by Italian musician Luca Turilli, known for his work in the band Rhapsody of Fire (formerly known as Rhapsody). He created the band wanting to propose a style of modern metal combined with the genres he loved the most: pop, electronic and symphonic music. He wrote the lyrics, composed and arranged all the music. For the first time he only presented himself as keyboard player of the band while the guitar parts were handled by Rhapsody of Fire session member Dominique Leurquin.
The music of the band combines powerful metal instrumentation with angelic, operatic, female vocals, modern synths and orchestral elements to create a sound that might best be described as 'symphonic electro pop/metal'. The lyrics are about spirituality and deep inner research, linked in someway to the mystic world of dreams. The identity of the vocalist, credited only as "Myst", was in question. Fans had speculated Mystique's identity to be Bridget Fogle, who contributed to Turilli's 3rd album The Infinite Wonders of Creation, but as of 2020, this was not been confirmed. On August 28, 2021, in his official YouTube channel, Luca Turilli posted a song from the album Lost Horizons called Energy, where in the thumbnail and in the description of the video, he reveals that the vocalist named "Myst" or "Mystique" was none other than the Bridget Fogle herself, who contributed to the album The Infinite Wonders of Creation in 2006.
Shortly after the release of Lost Horizons, Turilli began work on a second Dreamquest album. In December 2006, it was reported that only the mixing was left to be completed. In 2011, however, Turilli ended work on all his various projects to concentrate on the newly formed Luca Turilli's Rhapsody.
Members
"Mystique" (Bridget Fogle) - vocals
Dominique Leurquin - guitar
Luca Turilli - keyboard
Sascha Paeth - bass
Robert Hunecke-Rizzo - drums
Discography
Virus (Single, 2006)
Lost Horizons (Album, 2006)
See also
Luca Turilli
Rhapsody of Fire
Luca Turilli's Rhapsody
References
External links
Luca Turilli Web Site
Luca Turilli's Dreamquest Web Site
Italian power metal musical groups
Italian symphonic metal musical groups
Musical quintets
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups disestablished in 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20Turilli%27s%20Dreamquest |
WWF Mania is a professional wrestling television program that was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It aired on Saturday mornings on the USA Network between 1993 and 1996 and summarized the weekly events in WWF programming. In its earlier years, Mania usually featured a show exclusive wrestling match. For roughly the first year of its run, Mania also took viewer calls live and only viewers in the Eastern and Central time zones could participate in that portion of the show.
History
Mania was originally hosted by Todd Pettengill, who was later joined by "Macho Man" Randy Savage from 1993 to 1994. From December 1994 to July 1995 Pettengill was joined by Stephanie Wiand. For feature matches (matches exclusive to Mania), Sean Mooney and Lord Alfred Hayes were the broadcasters, until Mooney left in the Spring of 1993, which led to Hayes being phased out from the broadcast booth. From then on Mania used various other broadcasters for the weekly exclusive match, including Jim Ross and Gorilla Monsoon. The 1994 Slammy Awards took place on an episode of WWF Mania.
In September 1996, Mania was rebranded as WWF Blast-Off for the Superstation WGN, while Mania was then discontinued and later replaced with WWF LiveWire.
In the United Kingdom, Mania aired on Friday nights and Saturdays at noon on Sky One. During this airing, Mania served as a summary show exclusively for Monday Night Raw until Raw premiered in the United Kingdom in 1995 on Sky Sports.
In the United Kingdom WWF Mania was released on VHS in 1994 and was hosted by Johnny Polo. It featured a Ten-Man Tag Team match with I.R.S., Jeff Jarrett, Rick Martel, and The Headshrinkers vs. Tatanka, 1-2-3 Kid, Bob Holly, and The Smoking Gunns.
References
External links
Mania
USA Network original programming
WWE Raw
1993 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20Mania |
Maylands is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Maylands is named for the inner northeastern Perth suburb of Maylands, which falls within its borders.
Formerly a fairly safe Liberal seat, it has been held by the Labor Party for all but one term since 1956. Since a redistribution prior to the 1968 election, it has been a safe Labor seat. In addition to incorporating old Labor areas, demographic change in the former Liberal strongholds of Maylands and Inglewood as young, educated and largely single working people moved in to replace an older, more affluent population has ensured the Labor vote over several decades.
History
Maylands was created at the 1929 redistribution, at which five new metropolitan electorates were created to replace former Goldfields seats in Parliament. Its first member was elected at the 1930 election, giving an eighth and final term in Parliament to former Premier John Scaddan, sitting as a Nationalist member. He was defeated at the 1933 election by a Labor candidate, but it reverted to an Independent Nationalist (later Liberal), Harry Shearn, who held the seat until his death on 25 January 1951. A redistribution in 1955 brought in suburbs in the Bayswater area, making the seat notionally Labor. Merv Toms won the seat for Labor at the 1956 election, while Edward Oldfield, the previous member, resigned from the Liberal Country League and held neighbouring Mount Lawley as an independent. After the 1961 redistribution, Toms elected to contest the new seat of Bayswater at the 1962 election, whilst Oldfield, who had since joined the Labor party, won Maylands, but narrowly lost it three years later. Another redistribution in 1966 changed the seat's status from marginal Liberal to safe Labor, and since John Harman's win at the 1968 election, it has been held by the Labor Party. Harman ended his 18-year political career with a three-year stint as Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, and on his retirement, North Province MLC Peter Dowding moved from the Upper House into the seat. He became Premier of Western Australia on 25 February 1988 upon Brian Burke's retirement from politics. As the WA Inc scandal that came to be synonymous with his predecessor first became public knowledge then came to dominate political discourse in the State, Carmen Lawrence became Premier on 12 February 1990, and he resigned from parliament two months later. At the resulting by-election, Judy Edwards, who later served as Environment Minister in the Gallop Cabinet, was successful in retaining the seat for Labor.
Geography
Maylands is an odd-shaped seat, bounded by the Swan River to the south, Tonkin Highway to the east, Walter Road to the north and northwest, and Eighth and Central Avenue to the southwest. It includes all of Bedford and Embleton, almost all of Bayswater, Maylands and Inglewood, and small sections of Morley and Dianella. The Bayswater industrial area and Centro Galleria shopping centre are within the electorate's boundaries.
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, resulted in the seat losing a section of Morley and Dianella between Morley Drive and Walter Road, as well as a small section of western Maylands along Guildford Road.
Members for Maylands
Election results
References
External links
Maylands
Constituencies established in 1930
1930 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Maylands |
Siegfried Uiberreither (29 March 1908 – 29 December 1984) was an Austrian Nazi Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the Reichsgau Styria during the Third Reich.
Early life
Born in Salzburg, he was the son of an engineer named Josef Überreither. The family name was officially changed to Uiberreither in June 1933. Uiberreither attended volksschule and realschule in Salzburg, and in 1924 joined the Schill Youth (Schilljugend), a right-wing youth organization founded by Gerhard Roßbach. In 1927, he joined the Austrian Nazi Party. From 1927 to 1933, he studied law and political science at the University of Graz while working as a construction worker. From 1930 to 1938, he was employed as a secretary and, later, executive secretary for the Workers' Sickness Fund (Arbeiterkrankenkasse) in Graz. In 1933 he joined the Sturmabteilung (SA), serving in SA-Standarte 27 in Graz. In July 1933, shortly after the Austrian Nazi Party was outlawed by Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, he graduated from his studies with a Doctor of Law, . Uiberreither remained active in the underground Party as ideological officer (1935-1937) and (from October 1937) leader (Führer) of the illegal SA-Brigade 5, "Mittel-Steiermark", based in Graz.
Career after the Anschluss
Following Austria's Anschluss with Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938, Uiberreither was promoted to SA-Brigadeführer and was named Acting Police President for Graz. On 10 April he was elected to the Reichstag. On 24 May 1938, Adolf Hitler appointed him Gauleiter of Gau Styria. Additionally, on 9 June he was named Landeshauptmann of Styria, thus uniting under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. On 1 October 1938, Uiberreither officially joined the Nazi Party with membership number 6,102,560. On 9 November of the same year, he was advanced to the rank of SA-Gruppenführer.
In May 1939 Uiberreither married Käte Wegener (1918–2012), the daughter of Alfred and Else Wegener. They had four sons. In October 1939 he entered military service as a mountain trooper (Gebirgsjäger) with the 3rd Mountain Division and participated in the German landings in Norway. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class and the War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class. In July 1940, he was discharged from the Wehrmacht with the rank of Leutnant in the reserves.
On 1 April 1940, a new more centralized administrative structure went into effect in Austria. The federal States were abolished and the country was divided into 7 Reichsgau, each headed by a Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) reporting directly to Hitler. Uiberreither was appointed Reichstatthalter of Reichsgau Styria. On 14 April 1941 after the conquest of Yugoslavia, he was named the Chief of Civil Administration in the occupied area of Lower Styria (now part of Slovenia). This was an area of 6,050 square kilometers with a population of approximately 530,000. Uiberreither was given a mandate by Hitler to "Make this territory German again for me." Accordingly, Uiberreither oversaw a policy of ruthless Germanization. He convened a meeting on 6 May 1941 at Maribor to plan measures that resulted in the expulsion to Serbia of tens of thousands of Slovenes in three waves beginning in July 1941. The Slovene language was banned and place names were Germanized. These repressive actions led to increased partisan attacks upon German occupation authorities and their local collaborators.
In addition, the Aktion T4 program of euthanasia involving mentally impaired individuals was operational within Styria and Lower Slovenia at this time. It is estimated that over 500 patients from various mental care facilities were gassed to death at the Hartheim Euthanasia Center near Linz. Also, 62 children and teenagers were killed at the Fendhof hospital in Graz.
On 16 November 1942, Uiberreither was appointed the Reich Defense Commissioner for his Reichsgau. On 9 November 1943, he was promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer. In September 1944 he became the leader of the Volkssturm in Styria, a last-ditch Nazi Party militia set up towards the end of the Second World War and associated with the Nazi "Werwolf" organization. This consisted of conscripted males between the ages of 16 and 60 who were not already in the military. Uiberreither was also charged with construction of defensive positions against the anticipated assault by the Red Army, which involved the procurement of forced civilian labor.
Postwar life
In May 1945, after the Allies had overrun the Reich and Hitler was dead, Uiberreither was arrested in Murau by British authorities and later compelled to testify as a witness at the Nuremberg Trials.. He was held at the former Dachau concentration camp but he fled in 1947 when he learned of plans to hand him over to Yugoslavia for prosecution. There were unconfirmed reports that he escaped to Argentina, though this is disputed. It is known that he eventually lived with his family in Sindelfingen under an assumed name, Friedrich Schönharting. He died there in 1984, reportedly of Alzheimer's disease.
References
Sources
External links
Sworn statement from Siegfried Uiberreither in connection with the Nuremberg Trials
Photos of Siegfried Uiberreither (skip down about 3/5 of page)
1908 births
1984 deaths
Aktion T4 personnel
Austrian Nazis
Gauleiters
Governors of Styria
German Army personnel of World War II
Holocaust perpetrators in Austria
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Military personnel from Salzburg
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Sturmabteilung officers
Volkssturm personnel
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Uiberreither |
Kirk Craig Saarloos (born May 23, 1979) is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current head baseball coach of the TCU Horned Frogs. He played college baseball at Cal State Fullerton for coach George Horton from 1999 to 2001 and played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for seven seasons from 2002 to 2008.
The Houston Astros selected Saarloos in the third round of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft. He played 7 years a pitcher in MLB, with Houston from 2002 to 2003, the Oakland Athletics 2004 to 2006, Cincinnati Reds in 2007 before returning to Oakland in 2008.
High school and college
Saarloos graduated from Valley Christian High School in Cerritos, California, where he was a three-sport (baseball, football and soccer) athlete. He attended California State University, Fullerton, where he established himself as one of the best closers in college baseball during his sophomore and junior seasons. In 1999, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League.
In , his senior year, Saarloos became a starting pitcher (the new closer was Chad Cordero) and established himself as the ace of the staff, winning 15 games with a 2.18 earned run average (ERA). On April 9, 2001, he threw a no-hitter against Pacific as he struck out 11 and retired 22 consecutive batters before a two-out infield error in the ninth inning, but he got the next batter to end the game. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft in the third round as the 86th overall pick.
Professional career
Saarloos quickly rose in the Astros organization, making brief stops at Double-A Round Rock and Triple-A New Orleans before being called up to the major leagues in his second year as a professional. In , he went 6–7 with a 6.01 ERA with Houston and was sent down to New Orleans for the next season. In , he again pitched very well in the minors but posted a 4.93 ERA in 36 games for the big club. He also contributed to the Astros' six-pitcher no-hitter of the New York Yankees on June 11, throwing the last out of the third inning and all of the fourth. It was around this time he caught the eye of Oakland Athletics assistant general manager Paul DePodesta. A few weeks into the season, after appearing in only two games for New Orleans, he was traded to the Athletics for Chad Harville. They sent him to Triple-A Sacramento, where he pitched well enough to receive a call-up and start five games for Oakland.
In , with Mark Mulder and Tim Hudson traded away, the Athletics had openings in their rotation. Saarloos beat out Keiichi Yabu and Juan Cruz to win the last starter spot in the rotation. Saarloos succeeded, going 10–9 with a 4.17 ERA in 27 starts. He was widely considered to be among the best #5 starters in the American League, sporting one of the lowest home run rates.
With the signing of veteran starter Esteban Loaiza before the season, the A's bumped Saarloos to the bullpen. Soon after, Rich Harden got injured, and Saarloos was put in as a fifth starter for a few games. He was also used in many varying relief roles, much like Justin Duchscherer was in 2005, but also as a spot starter. Shifting between the bullpen and the rotation, Saarloos finished with a record of 7–7 in 35 games for the A's. He allowed more home runs (19) than the previous season (11). On January 19, , Saarloos signed a one-year $1.2 million deal with the Athletics.
On January 23, 2007, Saarloos was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for minor league reliever David Shafer. Both teams also received a player to be named later. On May 28, 2007, Saarloos was sent to the minors after failing to retire any of the seven batters he faced in a 14–10 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates the night before. In his lone season with the Reds, Saarloos had a 7.17 ERA in 42.2 innings. On October 12, 2007, Saarloos was outrighted to the minor leagues. He refused the assignment and became a free agent.
On January 15, , Saarloos signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Oakland Athletics. On April 14, he was added to the major league roster but was designated for assignment on April 23. He was sent outright to Triple-A on April 25. On August 18, Saarloos was recalled. He became a free agent at the end of the season.
Saarloos signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Cleveland Indians in January ; after training camp, he was sent to Minor League camp on March 24, 2009. He went 3–10 in 16 games at the AAA level. He retired after the 2009 season.
Scouting
Saarloos had a variety of pitches, including a four-seam fastball, a curveball, a slider, and a changeup. However, his best pitch was his mid-to-high 80s sinker. For this reason, Saarloos was known predominantly as a sinkerball specialist and as such, got few strikeouts (batters tend to hit groundballs when faced with a sinker). In fact, his 2.99 strikeouts per nine innings in 2005 ranked third to last in Major League Baseball and was the lowest mark in Oakland Athletics history for a starting pitcher.
Coaching career
Saarloos was on the 2011 Cal State Fullerton coaching staff as an undergraduate assistant coach. His primary duties were as pitching coach. Opposing teams batted .250 against his pitchers, and he coached Big West Pitcher of the Year Dylan Floro and four Freshmen All-American pitchers. In 2012, Saarloos returned to Cal State Fullerton as their full-time pitching coach and assisted in recruiting. He became the pitching coach at Texas Christian University in the summer of 2012. He led the team to the lowest ERA in school history since 1968.
He was named the head coach at TCU on June 15, 2021. In 2022, Saarloos led the Horned Frogs to a regular season Big 12 Championship, and an appearance in the College Station regional. In 2023, the Horned Frogs finished 4th in the Big 12 regular season standings, won the Big 12 tournament championship, and won the Fayetteville Regional. They beat Indiana State in the Super Regional and advance to the College World Series.
Head coaching record
See also
Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
List of Houston Astros no-hitters
List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
List of California State University, Fullerton people
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players
Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball coaches
TCU Horned Frogs baseball coaches
Baseball players from Long Beach, California
Major League Baseball pitchers
Houston Astros players
Oakland Athletics players
Cincinnati Reds players
American people of Dutch descent
Round Rock Express players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Sacramento River Cats players
Louisville Bats players
Cotuit Kettleers players
Anchorage Bucs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20Saarloos |
Mend or MEND may refer to:
to mend, or to repair
Mend, Iran, a village in Iran
Mend (album), by De Rosa, 2006
Muslim Engagement and Development, a British NGO
Middle East Nonviolence and Democracy, a Palestinian NGO
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, a Nigerian militant group
2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase, encoded by menD gene in E. coli
Meet Each Need with Dignity, a Californian non-profit
The Mend (group), a British boy band
The Mend (film), a 2014 American film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEND |
Señor Boombox (2002) is an album by Disco Biscuits.
The album charted on two Billboard Magazine entries; Top Electronic Albums at #13 and Top Independent Albums at #46.
Track listing
"Hope" (Jon Gutwillig, David Murray) – 4:35
"Float Like a Butterfly" (Sam Altman, Marc Brownstein, Gutwillig, Aron Magner, E.D. Clay) – 4:27
"In the Sky" (Brownstein) – 0:46
"Floodlights" (Brownstein) – 2:40
"Jigsaw Earth" (Gutwillig, Dan Glimcher) – 7:15
"Sugarcane" (Altman, Brownstein, Gutwillig, Magner, Audley Freed)– 1:08
"Sound One" (Altman) – 3:30
"The Tunnel" (Brownstein, Jerry Goldsmith) – 7:46
"Sprawl" (Altman, Brownstein, Gutwillig, Magner) – 0:29
"Floes" (Altman) – 7:24
"Triumph" (Brownstein) – 3:33
"Hope II" (Jon Gutwillig, David Murray) – 4:15
"Hope III" (Jon Gutwillig, David Murray) – 15:37
Disco Biscuits albums
2002 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%20Boombox |
The Allegheny mound ant (Formica exsectoides) is a species of ant native to the Atlantic area of North America. Its range extends from Nova Scotia to parts of Georgia. Like other field ants, the Allegheny mound ant builds large mounds, however this species tends to build some of the largest. Aside from the mounds, the ants also act as pests by killing vegetation within of their mounds. The ants inject formic acid into surrounding plants, killing small trees and shrubs. Members of the formic acid producing genus Formica are known for their citrus taste. The Allegheny mound ant's appearance is very striking: both its head and thorax are red-orange; its gaster is black-brown.
The ant's colonies are complex. Several different mounds may be interconnected. The tunnels may extend into the ground and upwards in the mound. The mound serves as a solar incubator for the eggs and larvae. Unlike most other ants, Allegheny mound ants have multiple queens. Maturation from egg to adult takes 2.5–3 months. They hunt a wide assortment of arthropods as a protein source and collect aphid honeydew as a source of sugars.
The ants are very aggressive and will bite if a mound is disturbed.
In the Northeastern United States, Allegheny mound ants (Formica exsectoides) are credited with causing lesions typically in the form of a deep constriction about 10 cm long on the main stem of small individuals of a variety of species, both hardwoods and conifers, including white pine and Scots pine. Spruces were not mentioned, but Peirson did not state whether spruces had been examined. The mounds vary in size with age, many reaching 1 m in height and 2 m in diameter. No live trees or shrubs of any height occur in close proximity to the mounds.
References
http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/Shetlar/factsheet/christmasstree/allegheny_mound_ants.htm
Ants of North America. Species checklists for U.S. States
External links
"Tiny camera explores ant colony" on YouTube
Allegheny
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects of Canada
Insects described in 1886
Taxa named by Auguste Forel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20mound%20ant |
The Arauca River () rises in the Andes Mountains of north-central Colombia and ends at the Orinoco in Venezuela. For part of its run it is the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela. The major city on its banks is Arauca, Colombia and El Amparo, Venezuela.
Course
The Arauca is typical of the rivers that flow east across the Llanos Orientales starting as a swift mountain stream and becoming wider and slower as it crosses the plains.
It starts high in the Andes, in the Páramo del Almorzadero at over above sea level. Initially, it is called the Chitagá, and it receives inflows from the Carabo and the Cacota, and then twists its course towards the east joining with the Culaga and the Bochaga. Its name then changes to the Margua. The Negro, the Colorado, and the San Lorenzo then flow into it.
From the right bank come the Cubugón and the Cobar from the Sierra Nevada de Chita. The Tunebo Indians call this stretch the Sarare. Now flowing across a flat zone, it divides to form the Charo Island. Serving as the demarcation line between Colombia and Venezuela for of border, on the right side, the Royata, Bojabá and Banadía flow in, and on the left the Cutufí enters.
From then on, it takes the name Arauca in tribute to the Araucana tribe, which inhabited the mountain ranges of the upper course and belonged to the great Arawak family. Now in the savannas of the Llanos Orientales, it often becomes a braided river with the main course splitting to form the subsidiary channels, such as the one called Agua Limón.
Various subsidiary channels are used extensively for transportation from the town of Arauca down to its mouth on the Orinoco. The course of the river is 80 percent navigable in small boats.
References
External links
Photographs of the Arauca River
Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Venezuela
Colombia–Venezuela border crossings
Orinoco basin
Colombia–Venezuela border
International rivers of South America
Border rivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca%20River |
Frank Boardman "Pistol Pete" Eaton (October 26, 1860 – April 8, 1958) was a scout, sheriff, and cowboy.
Early life
Eaton was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut, and at the age of eight, he moved with his family to Twin Mound, Kansas.
When Eaton was eight years old, his father, an abolitionist, was shot in cold blood by six former Confederates, who during the war had served with the Quantrill Raiders. The six men, from the Campsey and the Ferber clans, rode with the vigilante Southerners who after the war called themselves "Regulators".
In 1868, Mose Beaman, his father's friend, said to Frank, "My boy, may an old man's curse rest upon you, if you do not try to avenge your father". That same year, Mose taught him to handle a gun.
Adult life
At the age of fifteen, before setting off to avenge his father's death, Eaton said he visited Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, a cavalry fort, to learn more about how to handle a gun. Although too young to join the army, he outshot everyone at the fort and competed with the cavalry's best marksmen, beating them every time. Eaton claimed that after many competitions, the fort's commanding officer, Colonel John Joseph Coppinger, gave Frank a marksmanship badge and a new nickname, "Pistol Pete". Like many of his tales, this may not be completely factual.
During his teen years, Eaton wrote that he was faster on the draw than Buffalo Bill. From his first days as a lawman, he was said to "pack the fastest guns in the Indian Territory". By the end of his career, Eaton would allegedly have eleven notches on his gun.
Eaton was said to have been given a cross by a girlfriend, which he wore around his neck and which saved his life when it deflected a bullet during a gunfight. He would write later that, "I’d rather have the prayers of a good woman in a fight than half a dozen hot guns: she’s talking to Headquarters".
Eaton claimed to serve as a U.S. Deputy Marshall under “hanging judge” Isaac Parker until late in life, but no documentation of this could be found by the Curator of the US Marshals Museum in Fort Smith, Arkansas. At twenty-nine, he joined the land rush to Oklahoma Territory. He settled southwest of Perkins, Oklahoma, where he served as sheriff and later became a blacksmith. He was married twice, had nine children, 31 grandchildren, and lived to see three great-great-grandchildren. He died on April 8, 1958, at the age of 97.
Eaton usually carried a loaded Colt Single Action Army and often said "I'd rather have a pocket full of rocks than an empty gun." He was also known to throw a coin in the air, draw and shoot it before it hit the ground. The common saying in the mid-western United States, "hotter than Pete's pistol", traces back to Eaton's shooting skills, along with his legendary pursuit of his father's killers.
Author
Frank Eaton wrote two books that exemplify the life of a veteran of the Old West. His first, was an autobiography titled Veteran of the Old West: Pistol Pete, which tells a tale of his life as a Deputy United States Marshal and cowboy. Much of the story of his deputization appears to be fictional, however, as there are no corroborating sources for his claims and there is no record of the Deputy US Marshal and US Judge mentioned. His second book, which was published thirty years after his death, is entitled Campfire Stories: Remembrances of a Cowboy Legend. Campfire Stories is a collection of yarns and recollections that Frank Eaton would tell to the many visitors that came to sit on his front porch in Perkins, Oklahoma.
He is buried in the Perkins Cemetery in Perkins, Oklahoma.
From Cowboy to mascot
After seeing Eaton ride a horse in the 1923 Armistice Day parade in Stillwater, Oklahoma, with Cowgirl "SPO" Phillips and Cowpoke "Real Deal" Rieger, a group of Oklahoma A&M College (now Oklahoma State University) students decided that Eaton's "Pistol Pete" would be a suitable mascot for the school.
Previously the college had been known as the "Princeton of the Prairie" with a tiger mascot and colors of orange and black. Many at the school were unhappy with the "Tigers" mascot and felt "Pistol Pete", symbolic of the American Old West and Oklahoma's land run roots, better represented the college. Soon afterward, The Oklahoma Times began calling A&M's teams the "Cowboys" rather than the Aggies. "Cowboys" and "Aggies" were used interchangeably until the school became Oklahoma State in 1957, and "Cowboys" became the sole nickname.
However, it was not until 1958 that "Pistol Pete" was adopted as the school's mascot. The familiar caricature of "Pistol Pete" was officially sanctioned in 1984 by the university as a licensed symbol.
In more recent years, the University of Wyoming and New Mexico State University began using variations of OSU's artwork as logos for their schools. NMSU recently updated their logo design which is distinct from the OSU logo of Pistol Pete.
Director's Award
On March 15, 1997, the National Cowboy Hall of Fame posthumously honored Frank Eaton with the Director's Award. Eaton's youngest daughter Elizabeth Wise, together with Oklahoma State University President James Halligan, accepted the award for Eaton.
On April 9, 2022, Frank Eaton was posthumously inducted by the National Cowboy Western Heritage Center and Museum in Oklahoma City into the Hall of Great Westerners. The award was accepted by three of Eaton's grandchildren, (Elizabeth Wise's children), William Wise, Dinah Wagner and Harvey Wise. Sharing the stage with them were 27 former Oklahoma State University Pistol Pete mascots.
See also
Pistol Pete (mascot)
References
Notes
External links
Frank Eaton Collection OSU Library Special Collections and University Archives
Frank Eaton Historic Home Oklahoma Territorial Plaza Trust
Pistol Pete Interview Series Oklahoma Oral History Research Program
1860 births
1958 deaths
19th-century American writers
20th-century American writers
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Douglas County, Kansas
People from Perkins, Oklahoma
American folklore
Cowboys
Oklahoma sheriffs
American town marshals
Writers from Oklahoma
Lawmen of the American Old West
American cattlemen
American blacksmiths
People of Indian Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Eaton |
Mindarie was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The district was named for the outer northern Perth suburb of Mindarie, which falls within its borders.
History
Mindarie was created at the 2003 redistribution out of parts of Wanneroo and Joondalup, accounting for significant population growth in the City of Wanneroo which had pulled the Wanneroo district northwards and eastwards in order to keep all seats at a roughly equal population. The seat was first contested in the 2005 election at which Labor member John Quigley, who had formerly represented the abolished inner-northern seat of Innaloo, was successful.
Mindarie was abolished by the 2011 redistribution, replaced by the electorate of Butler at the 2013 state election. The change was necessitated by the move of the namesake suburb into the neighbouring electorate of Ocean Reef.
Geography
Mindarie stretched from the coastal boundary of the City of Wanneroo to its northern and eastern limits, and comprised 547 km² of land otherwise bounded in the south by the Kinross east-west boundary fence, Burns Beach Road, Wanneroo Road, Flynn Drive, Old Yanchep Road and Neaves Road. Its boundaries include the outposts of Yanchep and Two Rocks, the populated suburbs of Butler, Jindalee, Clarkson, Merriwa, Mindarie, Quinns Rocks and Ridgewood, the semi-rural localities of Carabooda, Neerabup, Nowergup, and the unpopulated localities of Alkimos, Eglinton, Pinjar and Tamala Park.
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, radically changed the boundaries—the seat then only included the southern part of Quinns Rocks and all of Clarkson, Mindarie and Tamala Park of the region now included within it. The rest of the seat, within the City of Joondalup, included the suburbs of Burns Beach, Currambine, Iluka, Kinross, Ocean Reef and a small northwestern section of Mullaloo. Those regions are now in the new seat of Ocean Reef.
Members for Mindarie
Election results
References
External links
Former electoral districts of Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Mindarie |
This is a list of lakes and reservoirs in Norway, sorted by county.
For the geography and history of lakes in that country, see Lakes in Norway, including:
List of largest lakes in Norway
List of deepest lakes in Norway
Akershus
Bjørkelangen
Bogstadvannet
Dælivannet
Engervannet
Hallangen
Hurdalsjøen
Lyseren
Mangen
Mjøsa
Øgderen
Østernvann
Øyangen (Gran)
Øyeren
Rødenessjøen
Setten
Aust-Agder
Åraksfjorden
Blåsjø
Botnsvatnet
Botsvatn
Breidvatn
Byglandsfjorden
Fisstøylvatnet
Grøssæ
Gyvatn
Hartevatnet
Herefossfjorden
Holmavatnet
Holmevatnet
Homstølvatnet
Hovatn
Høvringsvatnet
Kilefjorden
Kolsvatnet
Kvifjorden
Longerakvatnet
Måvatn
Myklevatnet
Nasvatn
Nelaug
Nesvatn
Nystølfjorden
Ogge
Ormsavatnet
Østre Grimevann
Øyarvatnet
Ramvatn
Reinevatn
Rore
Rosskreppfjorden
Sæsvatn
Skyvatn
Store Bjørnevatn
Store Urevatn
Straumsfjorden
Svartevatnet
Syndle
Topsæ
Uldalsåna
Vatndalsvatnet
Vegår
Buskerud
Bjornesfjorden
Brommafjorden
Damtjern (Ringerike)
Eikeren
Flakavatnet
Geitsjøen
Halnefjorden
Hettefjorden
Juklevatnet
Kravikfjorden
Krøderen
Langesjøen
Lauvnesvatnet
Mykle
Norefjorden
Nygardsvatnet
Nyhellervatnet
Øljusjøen
Ørteren
Øvre Hein
Øyangen (Ringerike)
Pålsbufjorden
Rødungen
Samsjøen (Ringerike)
Skaupsjøen
Sperillen
Stolsvatnet
Strandavatnet
Tingvollfjorden (Buskerud)
Tinnhølen
Tisleifjorden
Tunhovdfjorden
Tyrifjorden
Ullerentjernet
Ustevatn
Vavatn
Vestre Bjonevatnet
Finnmark
Bajášjávri
Bajit Spielgajávri
Biggejávri
Bjørnstadvatnet
Čárajávri
Čorotjávri
Dátkojávri
Doggejávri
Gahččanjávri
Gákkajávri
Gardsjøen (Sør-Varanger)
Garsjøen
Gásadatjávri
Gavdnjajávri
Geađgejávri
Geašjávri
Geassájávri
Geatnjajávri
Guolehis Suolojávri
Hæmmujávri
Havvatnet
Idjajávri
Iešjávri
Juovvajávri
Kjæsvannet
Klistervatnet
Kovvatnet (Finnmark)
Láhpojávri
Latnetjávri
Nissojávri
Nuorbejávri
Rágesjávri
Sálganjávri
Soagŋojávri
Store Måsvannet
Stuora Galbajávri
Stuorajávri (Alta)
Stuorajávri (Kautokeino)
Sundvatnet
Šuoikkatjávri
Suolojávri (Kautokeino)
Suolojávri (Lebesby)
Svanevatn
Virdnejávri
Vuolit Spielgajávri
Hedmark
Atnsjøen
Digeren
Engeren
Falningsjøen
Femund
Flensjøen
Fundin
Galtsjøen
Gardsjøen (Grue)
Gjesåssjøen
Gutulisjøen
Harrsjøen
Hukusjøen
Innerdalsvatnet
Isteren
Langsjøen
Lomnessjøen
Mangen
Marsjøen
Mjøsa
Møkeren
Nedre Roasten
Nugguren
Osensjø
Råsen
Rogen
Rokosjøen
Savalen
Siksjøen
Skasen
Skjervangen
Storsjø (Nord-Odal)
Storsjøen (Rendalen)
Vermunden
Vurrusjøen
Hordaland
Askevatnet
Askjelldalsvatnet
Bjølsegrøvvatnet
Blådalsvatnet
Bondhusvatnet
Eidfjordvatnet
Evangervatnet
Finsevatnet
Flakavatnet
Gjønavatnet
Granvinsvatnet
Halnefjorden
Hamlagrøvatnet
Henangervatnet
Holmavatnet (Hordaland)
Jordalsvatnet
Juklavatnet
Kalandsvatnet
Kvennsjøen
Langavatnet (Odda)
Lille Lungegårdsvannet
Løkjelsvatnet
Lønavatnet
Nordmannslågen
Onarheimsvatnet
Oppheimsvatnet
Ringedalsvatnet
Røldalsvatnet
Sandvinvatnet
Skaupsjøen
Skjerjavatnet
Skogseidvatnet
Stakkastadvatnet
Steinslandsvatnet
Storavatnet, Laksevåg
Storavatnet, Holsnøy
Svartediket
Sysenvatnet
Taugevatn
Tinnhølen
Torfinnsvatnet
Valldalsvatnet
Vangsvatnet
Veivatnet
Vigdarvatnet
Votna
Møre og Romsdal
Aursjøen
Brusdalsvatnet
Djupvatnet
Eikesdalsvatnet
Foldsjøen
Gråsjøen
Moldevatnet
Votna
Nord-Trøndelag
Almåsgrønningen
Andorsjøen
Bangsjøan
Byavatnet
Eidsvatnet
Feren
Finnvollvatnet
Fjergen
Fossemvatnet
Funnsjøen
Gilten
Grøningen
Grungstadvatnet
Gusvatnet
Hammervatnet
Havdalsvatnet
Hoklingen
Holden (Lierne)
Holden (Verran)
Holderen
Ingjelsvatnet
Innsvatnet
Jengelvatnet
Kalvvatnet
Kingen
Kvesjøen
Laksjøen
Leksdalsvatnet
Limingen
Lysvatnet (Verran)
Mellingsvatnet
Meltingvatnet
Mjosundvatnet
Mokkavatnet
Movatnet
Murusjøen
Namsvatnet
Ormsetvatnet
Ovrejaevrie
Øyvatnet
Rengen
Saglivatnet
Salvatnet
Sandsjøen
Snåsavatnet
Sønningen
Store Øyingen
Storfrøyningen
Storgåsvatnet
Storgollomsvatnet
Storgrønningen
Stortissvatnet
Storvatnet (Leksvik)
Storvatnet (Nærøy)
Straumsetervatnet
Tunnsjøen
Tunnsjøflyan
Ulen
Veresvatnet
Nordland
Åbjørvatnet
Alsvågvatnet
Andfiskvatnet
Andkjelvatnet
Arstaddalsdammen
Balvatnet
Baugevatnet
Båvrojávrre
Bjørnefossvatnet
Blåmannsisvatnet
Bleiksvatnet
Bleikvatnet
Blerekvatnet
Bogvatnet
Børsvatnet
Daningen
Drevvatnet
Eidevatnet
Elsvatnet
Famnvatnet
Faulvatnet
Fellvatnet
Finnknevatnet
Fiskelausvatnet (Grane)
Fiskeløysvatnet (Saltdal)
Fjærvatnet
Fjellvatnet
Fjerdvatnet
Forsanvatnet
Forsvatnet
Fustvatnet
Gåsvatnet
Gautelisvatnet
Geitvatnet
Gjømmervatnet
Grasvatnet
Grovatnet
Hartvikvatnet
Heggmovatnet
Helgåvatnet
Hjertvatnet
Hopvatnet
Horndalsvatnet
Hundålvatnet
Indre Sildvikvatnet
Iptojávri
Jengelvatnet
Kaldvågvatnet
Kallvatnet
Kalvvatnet
Kilvatnet
Kjårdavatnet
Kjelvatnet (Ballangen)
Kjelvatnet (Fauske)
Kjemåvatnet
Kjerringvatnet (Hattfjelldal)
Kobbvatnet
Krutvatnet
Kvitvatnet
Låmivatnet
Langvatnet (Ballangen)
Langvatnet (Fauske)
Langvatnet (Gildeskål)
Langvatnet (Rana)
Langvatnet (Sørfold)
Langvatnet (Tysfjord)
Leirvatnet (Sørfold)
Litle Sokumvatnet
Litlumvatnet
Litlverivatnet
Livsejávrre
Lossivatnet
Luktvatnet
Lysvatnet (Meløy)
Majavatnet
Makkvatnet
Markavatnet (Meløy)
Melkevatnet
Mellingsvatnet
Mjåvatnet
Mørsvikvatnet
Muorkkejávrre
Nedre Fagervollvatnet
Nedre Fiplingvatnet
Nedre Veikvatnet
Nedrevatnet
Niingsvatnet
Nordre Bjøllåvatnet
Ømmervatnet
Överuman
Øvrevatnet
Ramsgjelvatnet
Ranseren
Raudvatnet
Reingardslivatnet
Reinoksvatnet
Rekvatnet
Rødvatnet
Røssvatnet
Rotvatnet
Røyrvatnet
Rundvatnet
Saglivatnet
Sandnesvatnet
Sausvatnet
Sealggajávri
Sefrivatnet
Siiddašjávri
Sildhopvatnet
Simskardvatnet
Sisovatnet
Skilvatnet
Skogvollvatnet
Šluŋkkajávri
Sokumvatnet
Solbjørnvatnet
Soløyvatnet
Søre Bukkevatnet
Søre Vistvatnet
Storakersvatnet
Store Svenningsvatnet
Storglomvatnet
Stormålvatnet
Stormyrbassenget
Storskogvatnet
Storvatnet (Ballangen)
Straumfjordvatnet
Straumvatnet
Strindvatnet
Trollvatnet
Unkervatnet
Unna Guovdelisjávri
Valnesvatnet
Vatnvatnet
Virvatnet
Vuolep Sårjåsjávrre
Oppland
Akksjøen
Atnsjøen
Aursjoen
Aursjøen
Avalsjøen
Bessvatnet
Breiddalsvatnet
Bukkehammartjørna
Bygdin
Dokkfløyvatn
Einavatnet
Feforvatnet
Flatningen
Fleinsendin
Gjende
Grønvatnet
Helin
Lalmsvatnet
Lemonsjøen
Lesjaskogsvatnet
Losna
Mjøsa
Nedre Heimdalsvatn
Olefjorden
Olstappen
Otrøvatnet
Øvre Leirungen
Øvre Sjodalsvatnet
Øyangen (Gran)
Øyangen (Nord-Fron)
Øyangen (Valdres)
Prestesteinsvatnet
Randsfjorden
Rauddalsvatn
Rondvatnet
Russvatnet
Samsjøen (Ringerike)
Sandvatnet/Kaldfjorden/Øyvatnet
Slettningen
Slidrefjord
Steinbusjøen
Strondafjorden
Tesse
Tisleifjorden
Tordsvatnet
Tyin
Vågåvatn
Vangsmjøse
Vestre Bjonevatnet
Vinstre
Oslo
Bogstadvannet
Lutvann
Maridalsvannet
Nordre Puttjern
Nøklevann
Østensjøvannet
Øvresetertjern
Sognsvann
Sværsvann
Tryvann
Østfold
Ara
Aspern
Femsjøen
Isesjøen
Lyseren
Mingevannet
Øgderen
Ørsjøen
Øyeren
Øymarksjøen
Rødenessjøen
Rømsjøen
Store Erte
Store Le
Vansjø
Vestvannet
Visterflo
Rogaland
Aksdalsvatnet
Austrumdalsvatnet
Blåsjø
Byrkjelandsvatnet
Edlandsvatnet
Eiavatnet
Flassavatnet
Frøylandsvatnet
Frøylandsvatnet (Sandnes)
Grøsfjellvatnet
Hofreistæ
Holmavatnet
Holmevatnet
Hovsvatnet
Limavatnet
Lundevatn
Nilsebuvatnet
Nodlandsvatnet
Oltedalsvatnet
Orrevatnet
Ørsdalsvatnet
Øvre Tysdalsvatnet
Stakkastadvatnet
Stokkavatnet (Forus)
Suldalsvatnet
Svartevatnet
Teksevatnet
Tysdalsvatnet
Vatsvatnet
Vigdarvatnet
Vostervatnet
Sogn og Fjordane
Austdalsvatnet
Breimsvatn
Degnepollvatnet
Dingevatn
Eldrevatnet
Emhjellevatnet
Endestadvatnet
Fretheimsdalsvatnet
Hafslovatnet
Holsavatnet
Holskardvatnet
Hornindalsvatnet
Jølstravatn
Juklevatnet
Lovatnet
Nyhellervatnet
Øljusjøen
Oppstrynsvatn
Prestesteinsvatnet
Styggevatnet
Tyin
Sør-Trøndelag
Aursund
Benna
Bolagen
Botn (Sør-Trøndelag)
Esandsjø
Femund
Feragen
Flensjøen
Fundin
Gagnåsvatnet
Gjevilvatnet
Håsjøen
Hostovatnet
Jonsvatnet
Korssjøen
Malmsjøen
Nedre Roasten
Nesjø
Øyangsvatnet
Øyungen
Rambergsjøen
Riasten
Rien
Rogen
Samsjøen (Sør-Trøndelag)
Selbusjø
Sørungen
Stordalsvatnet
Storvatnet (Leksvik)
Straumsetervatnet
Svorksjøen
Vasslivatnet
Våvatnet
Telemark
Bandak
Bolkesjø
Farris
Flåvatn
Fyresvatn
Holmavatnet
Kalhovdfjorden
Kviteseidvatn
Lake Tinn
Møsvatn
Nisser
Norsjø
Seljordsvatnet
Songevatnet
Toke
Totak
Troms
Altevatnet
Geavdnjajávri
Leinavatn
Lille Rostavatn
Lysvatnet (Lenvik)
Niingsvatnet
Prestvannet
Rihpojávri
Rostojávri
Šuoikkatjávri
Vest-Agder
3. Stampe
Gillsvannet
Gjuvvatnet
Gravatnet
Gyvatn
Juvatn
Kilefjorden
Kulivatnet
Kumlevollvatnet
Kvifjorden
Lundevatn
Lygne
Nåvatnet
Øre
Øyarvatnet
Rosskreppfjorden
Selura
Sirdalsvatnet
Svartevatnet
Valevatn
Venneslafjorden
Vollevannet
Ytre Øydnavatnet
Vestfold
Eikeren
Farris
Goksjø
Hallevatnet
See also
Geography of Norway
List of rivers in Norway
References
Norway
Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lakes%20of%20Norway |
AFL New Zealand is the governing body of Australian rules football in New Zealand. AFL New Zealand regulates the regional competitions and runs a national draft to its 4 team AFL New Zealand Premiership national league.
AFL New Zealand currently has 30,000 Registered Players, although this is refuted, as it would mean that each of the clubs in the country has 1,875 players per team.
National team
Australian rules football is a sport played in New Zealand rapidly gaining popularity. AFL New Zealand co-ordinate the national team, who have competed in the Australian Football International Cup and crowned international champions in 2005.
Since 2012 the national side has played against the National Australian Under 17 team (NAB AFL Academy). The first game was won convincingly by the AFL Academy by 91 points. 2013 saw the Australians win by 44 points and in 2014 it took a goal in the final minutes to win their third straight game by only 4 points.
New Zealand Heritage Team
NZAFL selects a team of the best Australian-based players with NZ heritage.
This team includes some AFL legends including Simon Black (Brisbane Lions AFL) and Wayne Schwass – (Sydney Swans AFL).
Provincial Championships
The AFLNZ National Provincial Championships were an annual tournament between the regional leagues comprising the New Zealand Australian Football League. The first of the current incarnation of the NPC was held on 25 and 26 September 2004 in Christchurch.
Representative Teams:
Canterbury Cobras
Wellington Tigers
Auckland Buccaneers
Waikato Thunder
Otago Riot
National League - AFL New Zealand Premiership
Since 2016 AFL New Zealand runs a 4 team 8 round men's national competition as part of its high performance program similar to the AFL Academy club pathway in Australia.
Players are recruited via a national draft from throughout the country.
Matches are played at North Harbour Stadium outer oval in Auckland and QE2 Park Christchurch.
A women's national league was established in 2019, with only Waitākere having a full women's roster, an opponent, the Lions was drafted from female players across the country.
Men's
National Men's League teams:
Western Crows 2016-
Southern Saints 2016-
Central Giants 2016-
Northern Suns 2016-
Men's Results
Women's
National Women's League teams:
Western Ravens 2021-
Central Shakers 2021-
Northern Storm 2021-
Former teams:
Magpies 2019
Lions 2019
Women's Results
Affiliated leagues
Auckland Australian Football League
Canterbury Australian Football League Official Site
Waikato AFL
Wellington AFL
Otago AFL
See also
Australian rules football in New Zealand
Countries playing Australian rules football
References
External links
1994 establishments in New Zealand
Aus
Aus
Sports organizations established in 1994
Australian rules football governing bodies outside Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20New%20Zealand |
Loveman's was a Chattanooga, Tennessee-based chain of department stores with locations throughout East Tennessee and North Georgia. Relatives of the founder of the chain founded Loveman's of Alabama and Loveman's located in Nashville, Tennessee.
History
In 1875, David Bernard Loveman and his brother Herman Herschel Loveman arrived in Chattanooga from Atlanta, Georgia and formed D. B. Loveman and Bro., a dry goods concern. In 1877, Ismar Noa joined the company and it became D. B. Loveman & Company. In 1884 they purchased property at the southeast corner of Eighth and Market Streets, in what was described as "the most important single real estate transaction that had taken place" in Chattanooga up until that time. Building commenced in 1885, and the city's first department store was constructed. It would become Chattanooga's largest department store, and remain so for just over a hundred years.
December 26, 1891, the building was destroyed by fire and the business suffered accordingly. David even declared bankruptcy, but business did not cease. Eventually the company regained its footing and prospered, employing 300 people by 1917. In addition to the downtown Chattanooga flagship store, Loveman's expanded to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, along with several suburban stores in Chattanooga with locations such as East Ridge, Tennessee. Loveman's established a store at Eastgate Mall in 1965. In the early 1970s, Loveman's located in the former JCPenney store in Highland Plaza. (In 1972, JCPenney opened at the then new Northgate Mall in nearby Hixson.) In 1980, Loveman's was an original anchor at Walnut Square Mall in Dalton, Georgia. Loveman's final expansion came as an anchor at Hamilton Place Mall in 1987.
In 1988, however, the chain, which had acquired considerable debt, was bought by Proffitt's, which in turn was acquired in 2005 by Belk. Starting in 2001, the flagship downtown building had been converted to mixed use, with luxury condominiums on the upper floors developed by RiverCity Company. In August 2008, the second floor was purchased at auction by the Maclellan Foundation for $1.4 million. Cohutta Banking Co. of Tennessee plans to move during the fall of 2008, into on the building's ground floor.
References
External links
The Liebman-Loveman Family, Loveman Merchants Page 2 (retrieved Aug 30, 2008).
"New Vitality for the Lovemans on Market," Envirolink Handbook Southeast website, undated (retrieved Aug 30, 2008).
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Defunct department stores based in Tennessee
Companies based in Chattanooga, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveman%27s%20%28Chattanooga%29 |
Elmer Scipio Dundy (March 5, 1830 – October 28, 1896) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska. He was the namesake of Dundy County, Nebraska.
Biography
Born on March 5, 1830, in Trumbull County, Ohio, Dundy read law in 1853. He entered private practice in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, and Falls City, Nebraska Territory (unorganized territory until May 30, 1854) from 1853 to 1858. He was a member of the Council of the Territory of Nebraska from 1858 to 1862. In June, 1861 Elmer Dundy married Ohio native Mary H. Robison and they had a son a year later, Elmer Scipio Dundy Jr., followed by 3 daughters: Mary Mae, Luna, and Enid Alva (died at one year of age). He resumed private practice in Falls City from 1862 to 1863. He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska Territory from 1863 to 1868.
Federal judicial service
Following the admission of the State of Nebraska to the Union on March 1, 1867, Dundy was nominated by President Andrew Johnson on April 4, 1868, to the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska, to a new seat authorized by 15 Stat. 5. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 9, 1868, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on October 28, 1896, due to his death in Omaha, Nebraska, at which time Dundy was the longest-serving judge appointed by Johnson.
Notable cases
On May 12, 1879, Dundy ruled in the case Standing Bear v. Crook that Standing Bear and other Ponca were "people" who able to bring petitions for habeas corpus, and that Indians who had severed their relationships with their tribes could not be ordered to a reservation against their will. The next year, Dundy was part of the lower court panel that heard Elk v. Wilkins, which asserted that Indians who had left their tribes and submitted to the jurisdiction of the United States were American citizens. In 1884, the United States Supreme Court rejected Elk's petition, holding that Indians born in tribal relations in the United States could only become citizens under specific federal laws. It was not until 1924 that all Indians born in the United States were declared citizens with the passing of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
Dundy County
Dundy was the namesake of Dundy County, Nebraska.
"Skip" Dundy
Dundy's son, Elmer Scipio Dundy Jr., better known as "Skip" Dundy, was born in Falls City, Nebraska in 1862. Skip Dundy grew up to become a promoter on Coney Island, due to in part the stories told by Buffalo Bill Cody who was a familiar visitor in the Dundy home.
References
Sources
External links
1830 births
1896 deaths
Nebraska state court judges
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska
United States federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson
19th-century American judges
People from Trumbull County, Ohio
Dundy County, Nebraska
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Scipio%20Dundy |
LALD is an initialism that may refer to:
Live and Let Die
Live and Let Die (novel), a James Bond novel by Ian Fleming
Live and Let Die (film), a 1973 film starring Roger Moore loosely based upon the novel
Live and Let Die (soundtrack), the soundtrack album of the 1973 film
"Live and Let Die" (song), a song by Paul McCartney and Wings from the above soundtrack
Live and Let Die (album), the final album by hip-hop duo Kool G Rap & DJ Polo
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency, a disease caused when the body does not produce enough active lysosomal acid lipase enzyme
Liquid Atomic Layer Deposition
See also
Live and Let Die (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LALD |
The Maryland State Police (MSP), officially the Maryland Department of State Police (MDSP), is the official state police force of the U.S. state of Maryland. The Maryland State Police is headquartered at 1201 Reisterstown Road in the Pikesville CDP in unincorporated Baltimore County.
Organizational structure
The Maryland State Police is organized into a structure based on the United States military, composed of:
Department of State Police (commanded by the Colonel)
Bureaus (commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel)
Commands (commanded by a Major)
Troops (commanded by a Captain)
Divisions (commanded by a Captain or Civilian Director)
Barracks (commanded by a Lieutenant)
Sections (commanded by a Captain or Lieutenant or Civilian Director)
Units (commanded by a First Sergeant)
The Maryland State Fire Marshal is a member of the department and is charged with investigation and prosecution of suspicious fires and arson throughout the state.
All sworn members are organized into 1 of 4 bureaus or are assigned to the Office of the Superintendent.
Office of the Superintendent
The Office of the Superintendent includes staff and units that directly support the administrative responsibilities of the Secretary. Those units and staff report to the chief of staff. Some of the main functions of the Office of the Superintendent include:
Strategic Planning Command
The Strategic Planning Command deals with all planning within the department. The command manages the Budget and Finance Division, Government Affairs Unit, Policing Division, Staff Inspections Section, and Planning and Research Division. Within the Planning and Research Division is the Property Unit and the Accreditation Section. The Accreditation Section is responsible for authoring, review and issuance of all departmental directives. In addition, this section manages all aspects of the MSP's CALEA accreditation. The MSP received CALEA's coveted Tri-Arc award in November 2014 and is accredited in Law Enforcement, Training Academy, and Communications.
Criminal Intelligence Section
The section collects, analyzes, and coordinates the acquisition and dissemination of criminal intelligence information.
Department Prosecutor Section
The section has overall responsibility for the prosecution of all sworn disciplinary cases.
Executive Protection Section
The Executive Protection Section provides security for executive branch leaders in the State of Maryland, such as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Comptroller, and Treasurer.
Legislative Security Section
The Legislative Security Section is charged with ensuring the safety and security of the President of the Senate, Speaker of the House, and all members of the General Assembly while in session.
Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
The section is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Governor's Code of Fair Practices; state and federal discrimination laws; and administers an equal employment practices program consistent with the requirements of federal and state laws governing equal employment opportunity and the State Personnel and Pensions Article.
Internal Affairs Division
The section ensures thorough and objective investigations of allegations and complaints of misconduct against employees so that a proper defensive or appropriate disciplinary actions is processed.
Legal Counsel Section
The legal advisor represents the superintendent on legal issues and handles all matters referred by the superintendent.
Office of Media Communications
The office is responsible for the daily dissemination of information to the media and public, and the facilitation of internal communication from the Office of the Superintendent.
Vehicle Theft Prevention Council
Subtitle 2-702 of the Public Safety Article established the Vehicle Theft Prevention Council and Vehicle Theft Prevention Fund to assist in the prevention and deterrence of vehicle theft and related crimes, including vandalism and theft of property from vehicles.
Field Operations Bureau
The Field Operations Bureau is the most visible part of the Maryland State Police since it includes all troopers who regularly interact with the public. Within the Bureau are two commands: the Northern Command and Southern Command which together encompass the 22 barracks. The Northern Command is divided into the Central, Northern, and Western troops and the Southern Command is divided into the Eastern, Southern, and Washington Metro troops.
In addition to the traditional law enforcement services, each Barrack also provides additional services to assist the public. These services include salvage inspections and car seat safety checks.
The Automotive Safety Enforcement Division is responsible, by law, for the State's vehicle safety inspection program and all safety equipment repair orders issued by law enforcement agencies. The Division also supervises more than 1,600 inspection stations throughout the State.
The Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Division operates weigh and inspection stations. It also focuses efforts on safety inspections of commercial motor vehicles traveling in the State, while also concentrating on the prevention of commercial vehicles being used as weapons of terror. The Special Operations Division includes many specialized units and teams which provide safety and rescue assistance to the citizens of Maryland.
The Field Operations Bureau is currently commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Frank B. Lioi, Chief.
State Police Impaired Driving Reduction Effort
A component of the Field Operations Bureau, SPIDRE was launched in May 2013 and focuses on reducing alcohol related crashes in Maryland by targeting areas across the state with high crash rates involving impaired drivers. The program complements the MSP's extensive efforts to improve highway safety and help Maryland achieve the goal of zero deaths on our roadways. It is funded by the Maryland Department of Transportation's Highway Safety Office.
In 2013, 152 people were killed in alcohol related crashes, accounting for 33 percent of all traffic fatalities in 2013. Using data to identify high risk areas, the elite team of seven specially trained Maryland state troopers and their partners continue to make arrests in these concentrated areas to further reduce the number of deaths and injuries caused by impaired driving. Maryland state troopers will continue to collaborate with law enforcement partners in an effort to reduce the number of alcohol related crashes in Maryland.
Criminal Investigation Bureau
The Criminal Investigation Bureau provides the investigative functions for the Department in partnership with allied law enforcement agencies. It consists of the Criminal Investigation Command and the Drug Enforcement Command. The Criminal Investigation Command includes the Criminal Enforcement Division and the Forensic Sciences Division.
The Criminal Enforcement Division is composed of special investigative groups that work on criminal enforcement, gang and firearms enforcement, computer crimes, missing children, homicides, fugitive apprehension, vehicle theft, insurance fraud and environmental crimes. The Forensic Sciences Division provides forensic laboratory analysis and expert testimony.
The Drug Enforcement Command includes the Drug Enforcement Division. Their responsibility is to lead the Maryland State Police drug control strategy by focusing on the disruption of drug trafficking at every level. Through a variety of investigative techniques, personnel attempt to identify, infiltrate, and dismantle drug organizations operating in Maryland. The bureau underwent a realignment in 2013. Barrack investigators were placed into regional commands scattered geographically throughout the state. Investigators assist allied agencies with both minor and major investigations. A primary focus of the bureau are those crimes having an inter-jurisdictional nexus (crimes which cross local, county, or state borders).
The Criminal Investigation Bureau is currently commanded by Lieutenant Colonel David L. Ruel, Chief.
Support Services Bureau
The Support Services Bureau is divided into three commands: Logistics, Personnel, and Technology and Information Management. It provides materials and services to the Department of State Police and allied law enforcement agencies to enable them to meet their obligations and responsibilities. The Bureau's responsibilities also include managing the Department's information technology and communications systems.
The Aviation Command transports critically injured citizens to trauma centers. The Command also provides aerial support for the Department and allied public safety agencies, conducts search and rescue operations, and aids in criminal investigation and traffic control.
The Support Services Bureau is currently commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Dalaine M. Brady
Aviation Command
The agency operates a large Aviation Command focusing on medevac operations. Aviation also supports ground units of the state and local police. Funding comes from a vehicle registration surcharge ($17.00 per vehicle per year as of 2015) collected by the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration.
Based out of seven strategically located sections, the Aviation Command operates two types of aircraft. The command operates as a multi-role helicopter unit conducting all scene-based medevac operations in the State of Maryland. Crews on the helicopter consist of two pilots and two Trooper/Flight Paramedics. Inter-facility (hospital to hospital) remain the responsibility of private medevac providers. The only exception is neonatal transports which are still handled by the State Police through an agreement with the Maryland Neonatal Transport Team.
In addition to medevacs, the Aviation Command provides advanced search-and-rescue services and airborne hoisting in emergency situations through the deployment of highly trained crews. The command routinely assists allied law enforcement agencies by providing a robust airborne law enforcement platform through the use of advanced camera and searchlight capabilities.
On October 20, 2010, Maryland State Police awarded a $71 million contract to AgustaWestland to provide six AW139 helicopters. In 2013, the contract totaled 10 AW139s at a price of $121.7 million.
As of December 31, 2014, all seven of the Aviation Command's sections were operational using the new AW139 aircraft. All 11 of the Eurocopter Dauphins were subsequently retired and sold at auction.
Current Fleet (As of May 10, 2020):
AW139 Fleet Data:
Retired Fleet:
Dauphin Fleet Data:
JetRanger Fleet Data (Incomplete Fleet Information):
The Aviation Command was instrumental in the support of the first trauma center in the USA, the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore.
History
Until 1921, Maryland had no state-wide police force. In that year, in response to increasing crime, the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles organized a team of police officers who were given statewide jurisdiction to enforce traffic and criminal laws. They gained jurisdiction through deputization by county sheriffs. An associated plainclothes investigative unit became known as the "State Police Force."
In 1935, the Maryland State Police was established as a separate unit of state government, funded out of revenues from the Department of Commissioner of Motor Vehicles. It was granted additional statewide police powers to enforce fish, oyster, game and other conservation laws and maintain a training school. It was made part of the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services in 1970.
In 1994, the Department of Maryland State Police was formed as a separate executive department; it was renamed the Department of State Police in 1995. Recent superintendents have included David B. Mitchell from 1995 to 2003, Ed Norris from 2003 to 2004, Thomas E. Hutchins from 2004 to 2007, Terrence Sheridan from 2007 to 2011 and Marcus L. Brown from 2011 to 2015.
Colonel William M. Pallozzi was appointed as the acting superintendent on February 17, 2015. Colonel Pallozzi was overwhelmingly confirmed by the Maryland Legislature and on March 26, 2015, was officially sworn in as Maryland State Police Superintendent. Colonel Pallozzi began his career as a patrol trooper with the Maryland State Police in 1989. Since that time, he has held various supervisory and leadership positions, including commander of the Executive Protection Division; chief of staff in the Office of the Superintendent; chief of the Criminal Investigation Bureau; and chief of the Support Services Bureau. In his last role, he oversaw multiple, complex projects and programs impacting every aspect of the Maryland State Police.
In the history of the force, forty-three state troopers have been killed in the line of duty.
Jurisdiction
The Maryland State Police has jurisdiction throughout Maryland and may, in its discretion or at the request of any municipal agency, or when ordered by the Governor of Maryland, exercise and enforce statewide laws without regard to jurisdiction within the boundaries of the State of Maryland. Otherwise, except under certain conditions as defined by statute, the agency does not enforce criminal laws within the jurisdiction of those incorporated municipalities which have their own police force.
The department also has the authority and jurisdiction to investigate allegations of police corruption concerning any municipal agency within the state. The department also enforces controlled substance laws throughout the state.
Uniform and equipment
The police uniform has remained the same since 1951. The standard uniform consists of olive pants with a black stripe down the side, a tan colored button-up shirt is worn, with long sleeves in winter and short sleeves in summer. A black tie is worn with the long-sleeve shirt. Some also wear black sweaters in cold weather. Class A uniforms consist of a dress blouse and Sam Browne belt. The ranks of trooper first class, corporal, sergeant, and first sergeant wear yellow chevrons showing their rank on both sleeves. Members of certain specialized units wear a military camouflage work uniform.
A felt Stetson hat is worn in the winter months with a long sleeve shirt and tie, and a straw Stetson is worn in the summer months with the short sleeve shirt.
Maryland State Police troopers are issued the Glock 22 chambered in 40 S&W, replacing the Beretta Px4 Storm and a Remington 870 shotgun. Qualified troopers are also issued the Colt M16-A1 or the Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifles.
Vehicles
Troopers patrol in marked or unmarked vehicles. Early marked patrol units were olive green with black fenders. Beginning in 1972, vehicles (including helicopters) were painted yellow. Beginning in about 1984 new vehicles were painted tan with black and olive side stripes from front to rear. In approximately 1996, the agency changed back to the historic colors, and painted vehicles with most horizontal surfaces olive green and most vertical surfaces black.
MSP currently operates a fleet consisting of the Ford Police Interceptor Utility, Ford Police Interceptor Sedan, Chevrolet Caprice 9C1, and Chevrolet Tahoe PPV, with the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor being phased out of service. Most newer vehicles are painted in the traditional green over black paint schemes, however, some are painted all black with traditional MSP lettering. All marked patrol vehicles contain the Maryland State Police Shield on both the driver and passenger door as well as "State Trooper" decals on the fenders and rear of the vehicle. Trooper's vehicles are not equipped with prisoner cages. Prisoners, by policy, are transported in the front seat.
Most vehicles assigned to patrol functions are equipped with mounted radar units, in-car mobile data terminals, printers, and barcode scanners that allow troopers to access various law enforcement databases as well as provide the hardware support for the MSP's Etix electronic citation program. This setup enables troopers to spend more time on patrol as they are able to complete reports through an internet-based computer-aided dispatch / report management system.
Training
The Maryland State Police Training Academy is in Sykesville, Maryland, along with the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission. The academy is live-in and consists of twenty-six weeks of basic instruction.
Candidates take college-level academic classes for which they receive 45 college credits. Training includes instruction in the use of the agency's firearms as well as in criminal law, motor vehicle law and emergency vehicle operation. Vehicle training is conducted on the training commission's course.
Upon completion of training, troopers are assigned to one of twenty-three barracks located around Maryland. There troopers will complete an additional eight weeks of field training under the supervision of a Field Training Trooper (FTT).
Barracks
Rank structure
The Maryland State Police is a paramilitary organization with a rank structure modeled after the United States military. The ranks of corporal through captain are based on promotional testing; majors and above are appointed by the superintendent.
The Maryland State Police rank structure is as listed:
Demographics
Male: 90%
Female: 10%
White: 78%
African-American/Black: 15%
Hispanic: 2%
Asian: 1%
Specialized units
Homeland Security and Intelligence Division (HSID)
Criminal Enforcement Division (CED)
Executive Protection
S.T.A.T.E. Team (SWAT)
Aviation Command
D.A.R.E.
Accident Reconstruction
Canine Unit (K9)
Crime Lab
Media Communications
Computer Crimes
Automotive Safety Enforcement Division
Police Academy or Training Division
Motorcycle Unit–Troopers from the Motorcycle Unit also patrol on All-Terrain Vehicles.
Licensing Division
Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Division
Underwater Recovery Unit (MSP URT)
Trooper 2 crash
On September 28, 2008, around 12:00am, Trooper 2 (Eurocopter AS 365N1 Dauphin, N92MD) crashed with five people aboard in Walker Mill Regional Park in Prince George's County. Out of the five aboard, there were four confirmed fatalities, which included pilot Stephen H. Bunker (retired corporal), paramedic Trooper First Class Mickey C. Lippy, Emergency Medical Technician Tonya Mallard (Waldorf Volunteer Fire Department), and one of the two patients on board. This resulted in the grounding of all aircraft, until the cause was determined, with allied agencies covering the state. Aircraft were inspected and brought up to cover missions two weeks after the crash with no resulting incidents.
This is the fourth fatal crash in the history of the Aviation Division. The most recent fatal crash prior to this occurred on January 19, 1986.
Controversies
Former superintendents (secretaries) of state police
Col. Edward T. Norris (Secretary of State Police 2003) pled guilty to federal corruption and tax charges. Federal prosecutors said he used the money, in part, to pay for extramarital encounters with six women. He served 6 months in federal prison, followed by three years of supervised probation and was ordered to perform 500 hours of community service.
Col. Marcus L. Brown (Secretary of State Police 2011-2015) after leaving the Maryland State Police, was appointed acting head of the Pennsylvania State Police by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf. Brown became the subject of a Hampden Township, PA Police misdemeanor theft investigation after Brown was caught on video attempting to remove opponents' political signs. Many Republican senators expressed concern, "the incident calls into question Brown's judgment and ability to handle controversy and difficult situations within the bounds of the law."
Brown apologized, admitting, he "made a mistake in judgment", adding his actions didn't reflect well on himself or the state police. Brown lost his appointment for commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police confirmation vote, mostly along party lines, and subsequently withdrew his name from consideration. Gov. Tom Wolf recalled Brown's nomination June 8, 2015, and later appointed him to another position that didn't require confirmation.
Racial profiling
In 1998 several individual plaintiffs, were joined by the NAACP, and the ACLU in filing a federal lawsuit alleging Maryland State Troopers were continuing to engage in racial profiling and discrimination. In 2003, the Maryland State Police entered into a Consent Decree with the US Department of Justice to resolve major portions of the case. The consent decree required, among other things; implementation of a policy against racial profiling, audio visual recording of traffic stops and searches, a 24 hour toll free hotline to receive discrimination complaints, and increased training.
In 2008 the State Police finally settled what had become known as the "driving while black" case, by agreeing to pay $300,000 in damages and legal costs, and up to $100,000 to retain an independent consultant to implement policy and practices changes.
Domestic Spying
In 2008, it was revealed through Freedom of Information Act requests that the Maryland State Police had been engaged in domestic spying of anti-war, anti-death penalty and environmental activists, and classified 53 of them as "terrorists," although none of them committed a violent crime. The police admitted that there was never any evidence linking these individuals with any intention to commit any acts of violence. Among those listed as terrorists were two Roman Catholic nuns living in Baltimore.
Search tactics questioned
On the morning of March 11, 2014, officers from the Montgomery County Police Department, Maryland State Police, Rockville City Police, and Prince George's County Police acting on a tip set up a roadblock on across all 12-lanes on Interstate 270 and walked car to car with pistols, shotguns and semiautomatic rifles searching for three armed bank robbery suspects. The incident brought hundreds of cars and thousands of motorists on the interstate to a standstill for 45-minutes as dozens of police officers conducted vehicle-to-vehicle searches. The search tactics came into question, with reports of officers walking down I-270 between stopped cars with guns drawn, telling people to get back in their vehicles, and open their trunks. One woman was reportedly shouted at by police with weapons drawn after she'd opened her car door to throw up, having gotten carsick from sitting in traffic. MCPD Chief Manger defended the incident. Don Troop, a motorist in the traffic, told the Washington Post that a group of officers made its way to his car and other cars around him. "They were just walking along saying: "Pop the trunk! Pop the trunk!" Troop said he overheard a man in a truck next to him call out to another motorist: "The police are looking for bank robbers." A short time later, about nine officers approached his car — including state police in tan uniforms, county police in dark uniforms and at least one plainclothes officer wearing a yellow tie. Among their commands to motorists that Troop heard: "Stay in your car." "Pop the trunk." "Get your hands on the steering wheel. Get you hands up where we can see them." Cpl. Aaron Smith, a pilot flying a Prince George's County helicopter dispatched to assist stated "We saw that they were searching traffic and going vehicle to vehicle." Montgomery County Police spokesman Captain Paul Starks described the incident as a "systematic check of trunks and rear hitches" of detained vehicles. Three suspects were identified in the traffic and taken into custody without incident. One handgun and bank currency were recovered. No legal action was filed against any police department due to the incident.
See also
List of law enforcement agencies in Maryland
State Police (United States)
State Patrol
Highway Patrol
Maryland State Police Museum - Pikesville, Maryland
References
External links
MSP Aviation Command
Maryland Trooper's Association
State law enforcement agencies of Maryland
Government agencies established in 1921
1921 establishments in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20State%20Police |
I Love Toys is a miniseries on VH1 and the eighth installment of the I Love the... series that premiered on March 6, 2006. It is a countdown of the 100 greatest toys, chosen partially through public voting on vh1.com and also consideration of "sales, historical significance and longevity," according to VH1.
Each day for 5 days, they would count down from 100 to 1, which is 20 toys per episode. Parts 1-4 were each one hour long, while Part 5 was a special 90-minute edition aired on March 10, 2006. As with the other nostalgia series, the program included commentary by various entertainers, including several who had appeared in most or all of the other shows, such as actor Michael Ian Black, comedian/actress Rachael Harris, Scientologist comedian Evan Wecksell and writer/satirist Mo Rocca.
Hasbro, Inc., turned the selection of a large number of its toys into a press release promoting the company.
Commentators
Carlos Alazraqui
Ant
Julissa Bermudez
Michael Ian Black
Chris Booker
Bow Wow Wow
Amanda Bynes
The Click Five
Jeff Cohen
Rachael Leigh Cook
Fred Coury
Sunda Croonquist
Molly Culver
The Donnas (Brett Anderson and Maya Ford)
Bil Dwyer
Hallie Eisenberg
Emme
Greg Fitzsimmons
Jake Fogelnest
Drew Fraser
Doug E. Fresh
Godfrey
Elon Gold
Douglas Goldstein
Genevieve Gorder
Gilbert Gottfried
Pete Gray
Luis Guzman
Rachael Harris
Mark Hoppus
Scott Ian
Wendy Kaufman
Jo Koy
Ben Lee
Rex Lee
Lisa Lisa
Beth Littleford
Joe Lorge
Loni Love
Kathleen Madigan
Mike Marino
Biz Markie
Ricky Martin
Debbie Matenopoulos
Darryl McDaniels
Andy Macdonald
Billy Merritt
Daryl Mitchell
Kel Mitchell
Modern Humorist (Michael Colton and John Aboud)
Billy Morrison
Jason Mraz
Gunnar Nelson
Patrice O'Neal
Mat Plendl
Megyn Price
Rachel Quaintance
Efren Ramirez
Mo Rocca
Tom Root
Darius Rucker
Stuart Scott
Brad Sherwood
Hal Sparks
Joel Stein
French Stewart
Michael Strahan
Erik Per Sullivan
Jeff Sutphen
Misti Traya
Alanna Ubach
Frank Vincent
Evan Wecksell
Lauren Weedman
Billy West
Jill Whelan
Wil Wheaton
Chris Wylde
Ying Yang Twins
Recurring segments
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel action figure attempts jump over random objects and crashes into them.
Scary Toys: Toys that scare people.
Cobra Commander's Day Off: Hal Sparks, dressed as a life-size version of action figure villain Cobra Commander, spends his time playing mildly annoying practical jokes on others.
Supermarket Surprise!: Small prizes found in corner store gum ball vending machines.
Rank Update: Mo Rocca recaps the toys from each episode.
Grow a...?: Toys that grow when you put them in water.
Big in Japan: Voltron and Hello Kitty present toys popular in Japan, but less so in the United States.
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: VH1 spoofs its own television shows, using toys.
Real Etch a Sketch Masterpieces: Masterpieces that are drawn on an Etch a Sketch.
Lego Extreme Challenge: An artist creates an "I Love Toys" logo, using Lego.
During the credits of every episode, a clip from a popular music video was played without any type of commentary. These were usually replaced with a show promo by VH1.
The Toys
Part 1: 100-81
100: Magic 8 Ball
99: Thumbelina doll
98: BB guns
97: Spirograph
96: Pong
95: Chutes and Ladders
94: Laser Tag
93: Sea Monkeys
92: Dominoes
91: Uno
90: Models
89: Dungeons & Dragons
88: Care Bears
87: Radio Control Cars
86: Ouija Board
85: My Little Pony
84: Gumby
83: Memory
82: Little Golden Books
81: Wooly Willy
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel jumps Barrel O' Monkeys
Scary Toys: Cymbal-banging monkey toy
Cobra Commander's Day Off: 9:17AM - Steal Morning Paper; 10:30AM - Defile Hal Sparks
Supermarket Surprise: Super Ball
Rank Update: Sea Monkeys, Uno, Models and Pong
Grow a...?: Caterpillar
Big in Japan: Astro Boy
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: Driven and Where Are They Now?
Part 2: 80-61
80: Baby Alive
79: Trivial Pursuit
78: Green Army Men
77: Stickers
76: Balsa Wood Airplanes
75: Weebles
74: Erector Set
73: Rainbow Brite
72: Colorforms
71: Walkie-Talkies
70: Candy Land
69: Slip 'n Slide
68: Smurfs
67: Tinkertoys
66: Risk
65: Jigsaw Puzzles
64: Roller Skates
63: Rubik's Cube
62: Life
61: Operation
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel jumps Imperial Walker
Scary Toys: Jack-in-the-box
Cobra Commander's Day Off: 11:15AM - Cheat at Chess; 11:47AM - Gas DMV
Supermarket Surprise: Ring
Rank Update: Green Army Men, Baby Alive and Balsa Wood Airplanes
Grow a...?: Alligator
Big in Japan: My Melody
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: Storytellers and Behind the Music
Part 3: 60-41
60: Tickle Me Elmo
59: Simon
58: Mad Libs
57: Stretch Armstrong
56: Barrel O' Monkeys
55: Mouse Trap
54: View-Master
53: He-Man
52: Speak & Spell
51: Lincoln Logs
50: Game Boy
49: Clue
48: Little People
47: Evel Knievel Stunt Cycle
46: Hungry Hungry Hippos
45: Frisbee
44: Raggedy Ann and Andy
43: See 'n Say
42: Jump rope
41: Transformers
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel jumps a globe
Scary Toys: Great Garloo
Cobra Commander's Day Off: 12:20PM - Rip Off Tourists; 12:27PM - Oppress Minority
Supermarket Surprise: Helmet
Rank Update: Mouse Trap, View-Master, Game Boy and He-Man
Grow a...?: Butterfly
Big in Japan: Godzilla
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: VH1 All Access: Awesomely Bad Fashion and The Surreal Life
Part 4: 40-21
40: Big Wheel
39: Tea Set
38: Pogo Stick
37: Mattel Classic Football
36: Strawberry Shortcake
35: Tonka Trucks
34: Connect Four
33: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
32: Shrinky Dinks
31: Twister
30: Battleship
29: Cabbage Patch Kids
28: Crayola Crayons
27: Silly Putty
26: Lionel Trains
25: Lite-Brite
24: Water guns
23: Nerf
22: Teddy bears
21: Nintendo
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel jumps Sheriff Dillo
Scary Toys: Perfection
Cobra Commander's Day Off: 3:25PM - Ruin Workspace; 5:01PM - Terminate Connection
Supermarket Surprise: Homie
Rank Update: Pogo Stick, Tonka Trucks, Twister and Strawberry Shortcake
Grow a...?: Princess
Big in Japan: Afro Samurai
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: Before They Were Rock Stars and I Love the '80s
Part 5: 20-1
20: Atari
19: Easy-Bake Oven
18: Scrabble
17: Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots
16: Etch A Sketch
15: Matchbox and Hot Wheels cars
14: Bicycles
13: Snoopy Sno-Cone Machine
12: Radio Flyer wagon
11: Play-Doh
10: Wiffle Bat and Ball
9: Slinky
8: Yo-yo
7: Star Wars Action Figures
6: Monopoly
5: Mr. Potato Head
4: G.I. Joe
3: Lego
2: Barbie
1: Hula hoop
Evel Knievel's Amazing Toy Stunts: Evel Knievel jumps spaghetti and meatballs
Scary Toys: Saucy Walker doll
Cobra Commander's Day Off: 1:15PM - Piss Off Chrome Dome; Sabotage Men's Room
Supermarket Surprise: Paratrooper
Rank Update: Atari, Bicycles, Snoopy Sno-Cone Machine, Play-Doh and Easy-Bake Oven
Grow a...?: Lizard
Big in Japan: Business Man
Spoofs of VH1 Shows: The Fabulous Life of... and Celebrity Fit Club
Real Etch-a-Sketch Masterpieces: Andy Warhol, Albert Einstein and Jay Leno
LEGO Extreme Challenge: 1,768 Bricks, 8 Colors and 7 Hours
References
External links
VH1 original programming
Television shows based on toys
2000s American television miniseries
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20Toys |
The term quantum singularity is used to refer to many different phenomena in fiction. They often only approximate a gravitational singularity in the scientific sense in that they are massive, localized distortions of space and time. The name invokes one of the most fundamental problems remaining in modern physics: the difficulty in uniting Einstein's theory of relativity, which includes singularities within its models of black holes, and quantum mechanics. In fact, since according to relativity, singularities, by definition, are infinitely small, and expected to be quantum mechanical by nature, a theory of quantum gravity would be required to describe their behavior. No such theory has yet been formulated.
Star Trek
A Star Trek quantum singularity is a phenomenon of multiple varieties. One such variety appears in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Parallax" which creates a mirror image along with a temporal distortion. Voyager flies into the singularity after seeing an image of itself inside, and becomes trapped. To escape, the crew uses a shuttle to fire a tachyon beam at the entry. In the Voyager episode "Hunters", the crew discover a Hirogen relay station almost 100,000 years old, powered by a quantum singularity, also referred to by Tom Paris as a black hole. The word "tiny" being used to describe a quantum singularity, about "a centimeter" in diameter, making it relatively large, although it is more likely that the stated diameter instead refers to the singularity's event horizon. In the episode "Scorpion", Species 8472 and the Borg, make use of quantum singularities to travel to and from fluidic space.
Artificial quantum singularities are also used to power Romulan Warbirds as first described in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Face of the Enemy". Additionally, in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Visionary", the side effects from quantum singularities cause Miles O'Brien to shift through time.
Futurama
In the Futurama episode "Love and Rocket", after Bender breaks up with the Planet Express Ship, whom he only dated during this episode, the ship, which took the break-up pretty hard, threatens to fly into a giant quasar. Thus "the power of 10 billion black holes will smush me and Bender together into a beautiful eternal quantum singularity." Bender gets the crew out of the situation by professing his love for the ship, albeit sarcastically, which distracts her long enough for Fry and Leela to disable the ship's logical processes and restore life support systems.
Megas XLR
In the Megas XLR episode "Battle Royale", the villain Magnanimous threatens to drop Kiva and Jamie into a quantum singularity, which he says is "like a black hole, only portable, and with a cooler name."
Farscape
In the Farscape episode "Back and Back and Back to the Future", a scientist belonging to the Ilanic race develops a quantum singularity ultimate weapon, described essentially as a portable black hole, to be used against their enemies.
Stargate SG-1
The Supergate, a gigantic Stargate designed by the Ori to allow the intergalactic transport of starships, is made up of 90 smaller pieces assembled using a regular Stargate. Once interconnected, a nearby planet is collapsed into a quantum singularity using a special force field to provide the massive power needed to open a wormhole to the Ori galaxy. Samantha Carter theorizes that the singularity allows a connection to be maintained indefinitely.
The first Ori attempt to create a Supergate in the Milky Way fails, when Vala Mal Doran inserts her Tel'tak into the incomplete ring and prevents the segments from connecting completely. The shockwave from the forming singularity blasts the gate into oblivion. A second Supergate is later successfully built allowing a fleet of Ori motherships passage into the Milky Way. The SGC eventually blocks Ori access to the Supergate by opening a connection from a Pegasus gate powered by a "natural" black hole.
City of Heroes
In the MMORPG City of Heroes, the quantum singularity is the "pet" power a gravity controller attains at level 32. The singularity takes the form of a portable human sized ball of light surrounded by waves of coloured energy that follows its summoner. The singularity has a variety of gravity based attacks.
References
Physics in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20singularity |
Nedlands is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Nedlands is named for the inner western Perth suburb of Nedlands, which falls within its borders.
History
Nedlands was created at the 1929 redistribution, at which five new metropolitan electorates were created to replace former Goldfields seats in Parliament. Its first member was elected at the 1930 election, and for most of its first eight decades it was a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors. As such, it was held by a succession of senior non-Labor figures.
From 1953 to 2001, the seat was held by the Court family. Hon. Sir Charles Court won the seat in 1953, handing it to his son, Hon. Richard Court, in 1983. Charles served as Premier from 1974–1982, and Richard became Premier from and 1993–2001. They are one of only three father-son combinations in Australia to have served as state premiers (including the Butlers in South Australia and the Cains in Victoria).
Its first member, Hon. Sir Norbert Keenan, was an Attorney-General, and all but one non-Labor member has been promoted to cabinet or the opposition front bench.
Recent history
At the 2001 state election, Labor won government on the second-largest swing against a sitting government in the state's history at the time. However, Labor was pushed into third place in Nedlands, though Court's own margin was cut to 4.93% by Independent candidate Liz Davenport, a prominent fashion designer and member of the Liberals for Forests party. In the days after the election, Court was attempting to organise a succession whereby he and his deputy leader, Colin Barnett, the MLA for neighbouring Cottesloe, would both resign their seats. Federal Curtin MP Julie Bishop would resign her seat and hand it to Barnett, then run in the ensuing by-election to replace Court in Nedlands or Barnett in Cottesloe. Court would then hand the Liberal leadership to Bishop as soon as she was safely in the legislature. The aim was to prevent Barnett from succeeding Court. However, the plan ended up on the front page of The West Australian, Bishop decided against a switch to State politics, and Court retired from politics shortly afterward. At the resulting by-election in 2001, Sue Walker, a DPP lawyer, won the seat for the Liberals against the unrelated Steve Walker, a Greens candidate, who overtook the ALP on preferences.
Walker served in the Shadow Ministry in a variety of roles, most prominently as Shadow Attorney-General. When Matt Birney attempted to remove her from the Ministry in March 2006, he lost his own leadership in a party-room ballot to Paul Omodei, who immediately reinstated her. Walker resigned from the Liberal party on 8 February 2008 after Troy Buswell attained the leadership, sitting as an independent thereafter. She contested the 2008 state election, claiming significant local support in doing so. However, at the 2008 Western Australian election, Bill Marmion won the seat for the Liberal Party, defeating Walker by 10,266 to 9,280 on the two-candidate-preferred vote.
At the 2017 state election, Marmion suffered a two-party-preferred swing of almost 11 percent, dropping the Liberals' margin over Labor to 8.3 percent, the lowest since 1933.
The Labor Party won Nedlands for the first time at the landslide 2021 state election, with Katrina Stratton defeating Marmion on a swing almost as large as the one the Liberals suffered in 2017. Marmion lost over 16 percent of his primary vote from 2017, and Stratton defeated him after Green preferences flowed overwhelmingly to her.
Geography
Nedlands is bounded by the Swan River to the south and southeast, Thomas Street and Kings Park to the east, Loch Street and Brockway Road to the west, and Cambridge Street to the north. Its boundaries include the suburbs of Crawley, Daglish, Dalkeith, Jolimont, Nedlands, Shenton Park, Subiaco, West Leederville, along with parts of Floreat and Wembley. Major features within the electorate include Subiaco Oval, Karrakatta Cemetery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia and Parliament House.
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, resulted in the seat losing most of Wembley and all of West Leederville while gaining part of Floreat and a non-residential section of Shenton Park north of the railway.
Demographics
Nedlands and the neighbouring electorates of Churchlands to the north and Cottesloe to the west comprise the affluent western suburbs of Perth—the Australian Bureau of Statistics's SEIFA index (2001) ranked them as the highest three electorates by socio-economic status in Western Australia, with high scores on educational and employment opportunity. At the 2006 census, the median individual income in the Nedlands electorate, based on its 2005 boundaries, was $666 per week compared to $513 in the Perth metropolitan area, and the median weekly household income was $1,392 compared to $1,086 across Perth. 58.7% of the population were professionals or managers.
All three seats are traditionally safe Liberal seats, and are located almost entirely within the blue-ribbon federal Liberal seat of Curtin.
Members for Nedlands
Results
References
External links
Nedlands
1930 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Nedlands |
The Sangam landscape (Tamil: அகத்திணை "inner classification") is the name given to a poetic device that was characteristic of love poetry in classical Tamil Sangam literature. The core of the device was the categorisation of poems into different tiṇais or modes, depending on the nature, location, mood and type of relationship represented by the poem. Each tiṇai was closely associated with a particular landscape, and imagery associated with that landscape—its flowers, trees, wildlife, people, climate and geography—was woven into the poem in such a way as to convey a mood, associated with one aspect of a romantic relationship.
Symbolism
Classical Tamil love poetry assigns the human experiences it describes, and in particular the subjective topics that those experiences relate to, to specific habitats. Every situation in the poems is described using themes in which the time, the place and the floral symbols of each episode are codified. These codifications are used as symbols to imply a socio-economic order, occupations and behaviour patterns, which, in turn, are symbolized, by specific flora and fauna. Details of secondary aspects are just as rigidly codified—the seasons, the hour a god, musical instruments and, above all, the sentimental connotations of each landscape: lovers' meetings, patient waiting, lovers' quarrels, separation, and the anxiously awaited return.
Geographical and non-geographical thinais
Under this codification, the inner universe associated with love is divided into seven modes, or thinai, five of which are geographical and associated with specific landscapes, and two of which are non-geographical and not associated with any specific landscape. Four of the geographical landscapes are described as being landscapes that occur naturally in the Tamil lands. These are: kuṟiñci (குறிஞ்சி)—mountainous regions, associated with union, mullai (முல்லை)—forests, associated with waiting, marutam (மருதம்)—cropland, associated with quarreling, and neital (நெய்தல்)—seashore, associated with pining. The fifth—pālai (பாலை), or desert, associated with separation—is described in the Tolkappiyam as not being a naturally existing landscape.
From these basic associations of landscape and subject, a wide range of specific themes suitable for each landscape were derived. Thus, for example, the commentary on the Iraiyanar Akapporul states that as a result of the association of the kuṟiñci landscape with union, it was also associated with the fear of separation, reassurance, the hero's or heroine's discussions with their friends, their being teased or taunted by their friends, their replies to their friends, the friends' role as intermediary, the meeting of the lovers, grief and doubt, and other similar themes. According to the Tamilneri vilakkam, a 9th-century text on poetry, the love themes described by the five thinais constitute "the Tamil way of life" or "the Tamil way of love" (tamiḻneṟi).
The two non-geographical modes—kaikkilai and peruntiṇai—were seen as dealing with emotions that were non-conforming, and therefore were not associated with any specific landscape. Kaikkilai, dealt with unreciprocated or one-sided love, while peruntiṇai, dealt with 'improper' love or love against the rules of custom.
Poetic attributes of the landscapes
The following table is adapted from table 7.3 in The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination (Singh, 2008).
The geographical thinais
In Tamil, each of the five geographical thinais are named for a flower that is characteristic of that landscape. In English translation, however, it is customary to use the name of the landscape rather than that of the flower, largely because the flowers lack the cultural association with a specific language in English that they have in Tamil.
Kurinji—Mountainous Region
The mountain is the scene of the lovers' union at midnight. It is the cold, dewy season. The forest is rich with lakes, waterfalls, teak, bamboo and sandalwood. In this region millet grows and wild bees are a source of honey.
Love in this setting is exemplified by Murugan, and one of his wives, Valli, the daughter of a mountain dweller. He wears the sparkling red kantal flower and rides a peacock, the bird of the mountains.
The name of the region, Kurinchi, is also the name of the famous Kurinji flower (Strobilanthes kunthiana) from the lofty hills of Tamil country. The Strobilanthes, a shrub whose brilliant white flowers blossom for only a few days once every ten or twelve years, blanketing the slopes in radiant whiteness under the sun. This event of jubilation and purity symbolizes the frenzy of a sudden love shared, in concert with the unleashed forces of nature: the amorous dance of peacocks, their echoing cries, the splash of waterfalls, the roar of savage beasts. The lovers hold each other tighter still and forget the dangers of the mountain path.
The people of this region were known by the names kanavar, vedar and kuravar whose prime occupation was hunting, honey harvesting and millet cultivation. The Vedars or Vettuvars (derived from vettai - hunting) were the main hunters, kanavars (derived from kanam - forest) hunted elephants and pigs, the kuravars or kunravar (derived from kunru - hill) were forest cultivators. Their headmen were known as Verpan, Poruppan and Silamban. Their totems included Murugan (god of war and hunting, under the name Seyyon), the Vel (spear of Murugan), the tiger and the tree Venkai. Their settlements were known as sirukuti and their place-names attached the suffixes kuricci (hilly village) and malai (hill).
Mullai—Forests
Mullai is the land of the forest. The forest is rich with lakes, waterfalls, teak, bamboo and sandalwood. In this region millet grows and wild bees are a source of honey. Mullai or Jasmine (Jasminum auriculatum) is the flower of the forests. The inhabitants were known as kovalar, ayar and idaiyar, whose occupation included livestock, shifting cultivation, husbandry and dairy farming. The kovalars were cowherder and the ayar were pastoralists involved in cattle herding. Their settlements were known as pāti and seven nrega the suffixes patti, vati, katu and ental attached to their place-names. Their headmen bore the titles kon, Annal, Tonral, Kuramporai, and headwomen as Manaivi.
The theme of the forest and of shepherds at play, the image of confident waiting for the loved one, produced an original offshoot; for this is the region of Maayon (Ancient Tamil god), and the love theme it represents symbolizes the devotee waiting in the hope that Maayon will eventually come and fill his soul, thus experiencing the joys of expectation.
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding=4 cellspacing="0" width="600" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #fafafa; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
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முல்லை—தலைவி கூற்று
சுடர்செல் வானஞ் சேப்பப் படர்கூர்ந்
தெல்லறு பொழுதின் முல்லை மலரும்
மாலை என்மனார் மயங்கி யோரே
குடுமிக் கோழி நெடுநக ரியம்பும்
பெரும்புலர் விடியலு மாலை
பகலும் மாலை துணையி லோர்க்கே.
—மிளைப்பெருங் கந்தனார்.
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The sun goes down and the sky reddens, pain grows sharp,
light dwindles. Then is evening
when jasmine flowers open, the deluded say.
But evening is the great brightening dawn
when crested cocks crow all through the tall city
and evening is the whole day
for those without their lovers.
(Kuruntokai-234)' tr. George L. Hart
|}
Marutham—Cropland
The plains were the scene of triangular love plots in which the hero's visits to the courtesan oblige the heroine to counter with a mixed show of coquetry and moodiness, tactics whose limits are described in the Thirukkural ("Sulking is like flavouring with salt; a little suffices, but it is easy to go too far."). Senon, the god of thunderstorm, is the god of Marutham land. The inhabitants were known as ulavar, velanmadar, toluvar and kadaiyar or kadasiyan whose occupations were involved in agriculture. The ulavar were the ploughers, the velanmadar and toluvar the tillers and the kadaiyars were the farmworkers. Their headmen were known as Mahinan, Uran and Manaiyol. Their settlements were known as perur and their place-names often had the suffixes eri, kulam, mankalam and kudi.The Marutam (Lagerstroemia speciosa) tree was the characteristic tree of this region.
Neithal—Seashore
The seashore affords many examples of the compelling charm of Sangam poetry and the extraordinary freshness of its realism. From behind the conventional symbolization of waiting there emerges a picture of the life of the fisherfolk; the nets and boats drawn up on the beach, scuttling crabs and cart wheels bogged down in the sand, the odour of drying fish, cut into thick slices, which attracts the birds, beautiful village girls peering through the Pandanus hedges, and the wind blowing through the cracks in the roughly constructed straw huts at night. Kadalon, the water god, is worshiped in Neithal. The inhabitants were known as parathavar, nulaiyar and umanar whose occupations included fishing, coastal trade, pearl diving and salt manufacturing. The parathavars were sailors and fishermen, the nulaiyar were the divers and umanars the salt manufacturers and merchants. Their settlements were known as pakkam or pattinam, which were maritime trading ports. The headmen were known as Thuraivan, Pulampan and Serppan.
The neithal, or water lily is the characteristic flower of the region.
Pālai—Dry Lands
In classical Tamil prosody, the pālai or wasteland is not seen as being a naturally occurring ecology. Ilampuranar, in his commentary on the Tolkappiyam, explains that instead, the landscape of the wasteland with which the paalai is associated emerges when other landscapes whither under the heat of the burning sun.
The palai flower is identified as Wrightia (Wrightia tinctoria). The people inhabiting this region are known as eyiner, maravar and kalvar who were involved in waylaying, highway robbery and soldiering. The Eyiner (from ey – bow) were hunters who hunted with bow, the maravar (from maram – valour) were soldiers and the kalvar (from kal – robbery) were robbers. Their chiefs were known as mili, vitalai and kalai. Their settlements were known as kurumpu. Kotravai, the Mother goddess and goddess of war, is worshipped here.
The theme of wasteland and separation occupies half of one of the most famous anthologies, the theme of the mountain being only secondary.
References
Gros, Francois, Poetry in a landscape; the world of Sangam - Indian literature, UNESCO Courier, March 1984.
Kaḷaiviyal eṉṟa Iṟaiyaṉār Akapporuḷ. South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society Ltd., Madras: 1976.
Tolkappiyam porulatikāram, iḷampūraṇar uraiyuṭaṉ''. Vol 1: akattiṇaiyiyal, puṟattiṇaiyiyal. South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society Ltd., Chennai: 2000.
Tamil poetics
Tamil-language literature
Tamil philosophy
Cultural history of Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam%20landscape |
or is a lake in the municipalities of Røyrvik and Lierne in Trøndelag county, Norway. The lake lies just south of the large lake Limingen, and just west of the border with Sweden. It is above sea level and has a volume of . The deepest part of the lake is deep. It is the seventh largest lake in Norway.
Gudfjelløya
The island Gudfjelløya () lies in Tunnsjøen lake. It's highest point is above sea level; which is higher than the lake. The peak is named: Gudfjellet (in english "God's Mountain"). This makes Gudfjelløya the highest island within a lake in Norway; and in Europe. It's towering higher than the island of Monte Isola within Lake Iseo, in northern Italy. The island is located in the lake's central parts. The area is about . To the southwest of it, the lake's second largest island is situated. That is: Litlfjelløya (in english: "Little Mountain Island"); also called Reinøya (in english: "Reindeer Island"). It's highest point is above the lake's water surface.
References
Lierne
Røyrvik
Lakes of Trøndelag | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnsj%C3%B8en |
Infantile cortical hyperostosis (ICH) is a self-limited inflammatory disorder of infants that causes bone changes, soft tissue swelling and irritability. The disease may be present at birth or occur shortly thereafter. The cause is unknown. Both familial and sporadic forms occur. It is also known as Caffey disease or Caffey's disease.
Presentation
An affected infant typically has the following triad of signs and symptoms: soft-tissue swelling, bone lesions, and irritability. The swelling occurs suddenly, is deep, firm, and may be tender. Lesions are often asymmetric and may affect several parts of the body. Affected bones have included the mandible, tibia, ulna, clavicle, scapula, ribs, humerus, femur, fibula, skull, ilium, and metatarsals. When the mandible (lower jaw bone) is affected, infants may refuse to eat, leading to failure to thrive.
Genetics
ICH is associated with autosomal dominant pathogenic variants in COL1A1 and possibly IFITM5.
Pathophysiology
In the early stages of infantile cortical hyperostosis, biopsy shows inflammation of the periosteum and adjacent soft tissues. After this resolves, the periosteum remains thickened, and subperiosteal immature lamellar bone can be seen on biopsy, while the bone marrow spaces contain vascular fibrous tissue. Eventually, the inflammation and subperiosteal changes resolve, and hyperplasia of lamellar cortical bone can be seen.
Radiographs initially show layers of periosteal new bone formation with cortical thickening. Periosteal new bone may cover the diaphysis of the bone, causing an increase in diameter of the bone. Over time, the periosteal new bone density increases, becoming homogeneous with the underlying cortex. Eventually, the bone remodels and resumes a normal appearance.
Diagnosis
Most infants with infantile cortical hyperostosis are diagnosed by physical examination. X-rays can confirm the presence of bone changes and soft tissue swelling. Biopsy of the affected areas can confirm the presence of typical histopathological changes. No specific blood tests exist, but tests such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and alkaline phosphatase levels are often elevated. A complete blood count may show anemia (low red blood cell count) and leukocytosis (high white blood cell count). Other tests may be done to help exclude other diagnoses. Ultrasound imaging can help diagnose prenatal cases.
Differential diagnosis
Osteomyelitis (bone infection), which is much more common than infantile cortical hyperostosis, must be excluded, since it requires urgent treatment. Other diagnoses that can mimic this disorder and need to be excluded include physical trauma, child abuse, Vitamin A excess, hyperphosphatemia, prostaglandin E1 and E2 administration, scurvy, infections (including syphilis), Ewing sarcoma, and metastatic neuroblastoma.
Prognosis
Infantile cortical hyperostosis is a self-limited condition, meaning that the disease resolves on its own without treatment, usually within 6–9 months. Long-term deformities of the involved bones, including bony fusions and limb-length inequalities, are possible but rare.
Epidemiology
The disease has been reported to affect 3 per 1000 infants younger than 6 months in the United States. No predilection by race or sex has been established. Almost all cases occur by the age of 5 months. The familial form is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable penetrance. The familial form tends to have an earlier onset and is present at birth in 24% of cases, with an average age at onset of 6.8 weeks. The average age at onset for the sporadic form is 9–11 weeks.
Cortical hyperostosis is a potential side effect of long-term use of prostaglandins in neonates.
History
Dr. John Caffey (1895–1978) first described infantile cortical hyperostosis in 1945. He described a group of infants with tender swelling in the soft tissues and cortical thickenings in the skeleton, with onset of these findings during the first 3 months of life. Dr. Caffey was regarded throughout the world as the father of pediatric radiology. His classic textbook, Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis, which was first published in 1945, has become the recognized bible and authority in its field.
References
External links
Radiographs of Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
Genetic diseases and disorders
Osteopathies
Pediatrics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile%20cortical%20hyperostosis |
Lisa Rieffel (born January 12, 1975) is an American actress and singer.
Life and career
Rieffel was born in Denville, New Jersey. As a child, she starred on Broadway and at The Kennedy Center in Raggedy Ann: The Musical Adventure. She is a founding member and lead singer of the Los Angeles-based alternative rock band Killola. The band has released three albums: Louder, Louder! (2006), I Am The Messer (2008) and Let's Get Associated (2010) as well as a live DVD/CD titled Killola: Live in Hollywood (2007).
In television, Rieffel was a series regular in The Thorns, Ann Jillian, The Trials of Rosie O'Neill, Women of the House, and Empty Nest (season 5 only). In 1998, Rieffel was an original cast member of The King of Queens during the show's first season, taking part in four of the sitcom's first six episodes before leaving the show. Some of Rieffel's other television credits include The Cosby Show, Blossom, Roseanne, Married... with Children, Party of Five, The Pretender, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Brotherly Love, and NCIS.
Her film credits include Forget Paris (1995) and Drowning Mona (2000).
Rieffel co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "So Pretty" for the 2003 film Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde; the song, however, was not featured on the soundtrack album.
In 2007, Rieffel starred in the cult-popular web-series Girltrash! created by Angela Robinson. Girltrash! was a gritty, pulp comedy-drama with a decidedly lesbian spin. The web-series co-starred Rieffel, Margaret Cho, Rose Rollins, Michelle Lombardo, Riki Lindhome, Jimmi Simpson, Mandy Musgrave, and Gabrielle Christian. The webisodic consisted of 11 installments, airing weekly via OurChart.com, a fictitious website-turned-social-network controlled by Showtime.
The feature film Girltrash: All Night Long began production in December 2009. The script was written by Angela Robinson, with Killola writing and producing the original songs for the film's musical numbers. After several postponements, Girltrash: All Night Long was finally released in January 2014.
Personal life
Rieffel is married to Killola bassist Johnny Dunn. They have a daughter, Jolee Rose (born December 2011), who gained viral fame in May 2020 for her original song "I Wonder What's Inside Your Butthole". Rieffel and her husband have hosted their own live radio show on Monday nights via her band's website since 2007.
References
External links
(Killola.com)
1975 births
Actresses from New Jersey
American alternative rock musicians
American child actresses
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
American women rock singers
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
People from Denville, New Jersey
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
GZR members
21st-century American women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Rieffel |
Amarillo, Texas is a city in the US.
Amarillo, yellow or golden in Spanish, may also refer to:
People
Amarillo Slim (1928–2012), American poker player
Eric Amarillo (born 1971), Swedish singer
Music
Record labels
Amarillo Records, a record label
Songs
"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo", a 1971 song written and released by Neil Sedaka as "Amarillo"
"Amarillo", a 1976 song co-written and performed by Emmylou Harris
"Amarillo", a 1999 song from the album Escorpión de Primavera by Anasol
"Amarillo" (Gorillaz song), a 2011 song by Gorillaz
"Amarillo", a 2017 song from El Dorado by Shakira
"Amarillo" (J Balvin song), a 2020 song from Colores by J Balvin
Other uses
Amaryllis, a plant commonly referred to as amarillo
"Amarillo" (Better Call Saul), an episode of Better Call Saul
See also
Amaryllis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo%20%28disambiguation%29 |
In nautical contexts, a cleat is a device for securing a rope.
Types
Types of cleat designs include the following:
A horn cleat is the traditional design, featuring two “horns” extending parallel to the deck or the axis of the spar, attached to a flat surface or a spar, and resembling an anvil.
A cam cleat in which one or two spring-loaded cams pinch the rope, allowing the rope to be adjusted easily, and quickly released when under load.
A jam cleat in which the line is pinched in a v-shaped slot.
A clam cleat (or jam cleat) in which the rope is held between two fluted stationary pieces. Such a cleat vaguely resembles two halves of a clam shell held back to back. It is more compact than a cam cleat, but the rope is less easily released under load.
A cleat hitch is a knot used to secure a rope to a cleat.
References
External links
http://www.bcx.news/photos/things/water/nautical/cleats/
Watercraft components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat%20%28nautical%29 |
Bhupinder Singh (born 1 April 1965) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Punjab and played two One Day Internationals for India in 1994.
Bhupinder Singh was a member of selection committee, a post to which he was nominated in 2005, and which he retained in 2006.
Bhupinder Singh is also an administrator in the Punjab Cricket Association.
References
Punjab, India cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Indian cricket administrators
1965 births
Living people
India national cricket team selectors
Indian cricket coaches
Guru Gobind Singh Sports College, Lucknow alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupinder%20Singh%20%28Indian%20cricketer%29 |
Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture and the largest city in the Chūgoku region, Japan.
Hiroshima may also refer to:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hiroshima (book), a 1946 book written by John Hersey
Hiroshima (1953 film), a 1953 Japanese film about the bombing of Hiroshima and its aftermath
Hiroshima (1995 film), a 1995 Japanese-Canadian film about the bombing of Hiroshima
Hiroshima: BBC History of World War II, a 2005 television documentary
Hiroshima (band), an American jazz band formed in 1974
Hiroshima (painting), a 1961 painting by Yves Klein
"Hiroshima" (song), a song by Dave Morgan and recorded by Wishful Thinking in 1971 and Sandra in 1990
Hiroshima – Rising from the Abyss, a 2001 album by Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band
"Hiroshima", a song by Ben Folds
"Hiroshima", a song by Bjorn Afzelius
Hiroshima (Mazda factory), an automobile manufacturing complex in Aki, Hiroshima
Hiroshima Prefecture, in the Chūgoku region on Honshu island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Getaway Plan are an Australian rock music band, which formed in 2004. Founding mainstays are Matthew Wright on lead vocals, piano and rhythm guitar and Clint Ellis on lead guitar. They were joined in 2014 by Dan Maio on drums, and his brother, Mike Maio on bass guitar. Former long-term members are Dave Anderson on bass guitar and Aaron Barnett on drums and percussion.
The Getaway Plan found commercial success in Australia upon the release of their debut studio album, Other Voices, Other Rooms, in 2008. The album peaked at number one on the AIR Charts (Australian Independent Records) and number 14 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Their second studio album, Requiem, appeared in 2011. The group's first self-funded, A double a-sided single is "Lovesick/Mirrors" (2013). The Getaway Plan released their third studio album, Dark Horses, in 2015. It debuted at number ten on the ARIA Albums Chart – their highest position in Australia.
History
Formation and Hold Conversation (2004–2008)
The Getaway Plan were originally a five piece band. The original members met in 2002 whilst attending Sandringham College in the southern beachside suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Playing originally as a four piece pop-punk/rock band under the name "Thirtyfivehours". Following the breakup of Thirtyfivehours, the remaining members met guitarist, Clint Ellis and new drummer, Aaron Barnett, and recruited them for a new heavier-sounding project. The Getaway Plan's first gig was at a community hall in November '03.
Following a 2004 demo recording, the band signed a record deal with Boomtown Records; Boomtown released the band's debut commercial release, an EP entitled, Hold Conversation. Tracks from the EP received airplay on Australian national youth radio station, Triple J, including medium rotation for the track, "If The Suspense Doesn't Kill Us, Something Else Will..."
Their fellow fifth member, rhythm guitarist/backup singer and long time friend, Benny Chong left the band in 2006.
Commercial breakthrough and Other Voices, Other Rooms (2008–2009)
In 2007, The Getaway Plan travelled to Florida in the United States to record their debut album with James Paul Wisner. They lived and worked together for over two months to complete the album, titled Other Voices, Other Rooms. Lead vocalist Matthew Wright said of the work behind the album, "It’s the result of over three years touring and about three months of writing".
The band spent 12 weeks writing the album, in a little rehearsal room in Australia. Once enough material had been written, they began a search for a producer. The band opted not to use a local for the job, guitarist Clint Splattering explained, "We couldn’t really find anyone in Australia that we felt was on the same page as us, there are a lot of great producers in Australia but none that we felt were on the same level that we wanted them to be on." After sending out a "bunch of emails", they received a reply from James Paul Wisner, who had previously worked with the likes of The Academy Is..., Dashboard Confessional and Underoath. Wisner ended up producing the album.
The Getaway Plan recorded their first ever music video for the single "Streetlight" in October 2007. The song was released in the beginning of November 2007 through Boomtown and Shock Records, it was the first taste of new material for fans. Following the successful release of "Streetlight" and significant radio airplay on Triple J, the band supported American band My Chemical Romance on their Australian arena tour and opened for The Used on their Australian tour in May 2007.
The band's debut album was released in February 2008, achieving great success for an independent band. Other Voices, Other Rooms debuted at number 14 on the ARIA charts and number 1 on the Australian Independent charts. It was the number 3 Australian album on the ARIA chart. The second single from the album "Where the City Meets the Sea" was released in March 2008, bringing the band airplay on national radio station Nova.
In July 2008 the band performed live nationally on Rove. "Where the City Meets the Sea" was announced the Best Independent Single/EP at the annual AIR Awards.
Hiatus (2009–2010)
On 25 February 2009, The Getaway Plan announced in their MySpace blog that they would disband in 2009. The band stated:
Post-breakup projects
Shortly after the breakup of The Getaway Plan, all members had announced their own projects separately. Wright formed the indie duet Young Heretics with singer/songwriter Kitty Hart. The pair had a Jack and Meg White style mystery surrounding the particulars of their relationship, reported by the media to be brother and sister despite rumours the pair were, in fact, lovers. Young Heretics are now defunct. Ellis and Barnett formed another band called Avalanche for Aeris with Kevin Orr, which has since split up. Barnett was also in a band called, "Saskia" along with Anderson, ex-Anastacia guitarist Jayszun Vandewerff, and Amanda Grafanakis who finished 13th in reality TV show Australian Idol 2008. In 2009, guitarist Clint Ellis joined The Amity Affliction. He left the band in 2011. Aaron was also at one point in the live band for Melbourne hardcore band, Deez Nuts.
Reformation and Requiem (2010–2013)
On 23 July 2010, it was announced on Facebook that the reality of youth depression had inspired The Getaway Plan to reunite for a one off music event, REVIVAL - This Is Not The End of Your Story, in conjunction with To Write Love on Her Arms, a not for profit movement. The show took place on 24 September 2010 at Billboard The Venue in Melbourne and sold out within an hour of tickets going on sale.
Prior to this event appeared a strange countdown on the band's official site finishing on 27 September at 12:00pm AEST. When the countdown reached zero a picture of the band popped up to replace it. The picture appeared to be the band in a room with their instruments and what also appeared to be song names and BPM's written on a white board. Also appearing were 8 other countdowns running simultaneously, all ending at different points in the future, with the last ending on 19 November. Every time a countdown finished, a short video was posted informing fans of the band's progress. The first video, "01", simply showed Matthew Wright playing a guitar and humming. The next four videos, "02" to "05", featured short interviews with the band members.
On 1 November 2010, the band played at Melbourne under age festival, Another World. The fans didn't know what to expect as the band didn't announce the show themselves and had no talk of it. The band opened with a brand new song never played before. The track was believed to be called "Move Along" as one of the videos on the band's website showed the matching lyrics to the song. The file with these lyrics was named "Move Along". A week later, at the end of one of the countdowns, another video was posted, "06", carrying footage of the band's sound check and setting up for the show. The fans watching also got a glimpse at the setlist and it was confirmed that the new track was named "Move Along". The final video, "07", showed Matthew confessing that he thought the band's break-up had been beneficial, both for the band as a whole, and the band members themselves, as friends.
On 19 November 2010, the band announced through their website that they would officially be reforming. The band announced they would be heading off to Canada in April to record the new album with producer David Bottrill. Along with these two announcements they also announced a tour, dubbed "The Getaway Plan: Reclamation" tour, planned for February 2011 in celebration of their reformation. This marked the end of the countdowns sequenced on their website.
On 14 April 2011, it was confirmed in a short video posted on the band's official website and tumblr that the new album marking their reformation will be called 'Requiem' with a release of September 2011.
During the months of April through September, the band continued to provide blog updates, including 7 webisodes, which featured interviews with band members, giving the public some insight into the recording process of 'Requiem'.
On 18 August 2011, The Getaway Plan released a song, "Phantoms" from their upcoming album, Requiem on their official Facebook page.
On 4 November 2011, Requiem was released through We Are Unified.
Line-up changes and departure from label (2013–2014)
On 1 July 2013, The Getaway Plan announced that they had decided to part ways with bass player David Anderson and that they were also no longer with their long time record label/management, UNFD. Along with this announcement came the news of their new bass player, long-time friend, Jase Clarke and their first ever fully independent release; A double A-Sided single, entitled "Lovesick/Mirrors". To support the release they also announced their broadest Australian tour in nearly five years.
"Lovesick/Mirrors" was released digitally through iTunes on 12 August 2013. The band also released a limited run of hand numbered, 7-inch vinyl were sold on their online webstore.
The Getaway Plan embarked on their third tour of Europe and the UK in September, 2013, supporting US band Sleeping With Sirens.
On 13 February 2014, The Getaway Plan announced on Facebook that they had decided to parted ways with drummer, Aaron Barnett. With this news also came the announcement of new drummer, Dan Maio.
Dark Horses (2014–present)
On 1 September 2014, The Getaway Plan announced their plans for their third LP, entitled Dark Horses. The band chose to avoid record labels and remain independent and set up a crowd-funding campaign through Pledgemusic.com. The band self-recorded a 4 track EP entitled 'Journaux' which was made available as an exclusive to pledgers.
Dark Horses was the first album by The Getaway Plan to be fully written and recorded in Australia. They worked with producer, Sam K, creating the album between November 2014 and March 2015.
Dark Horses was released on 3 July 2015. The album debuted at #1 on the AIR Charts and #10 on the ARIA Albums Chart making it the band's highest ever ARIA debut and their first ever entry in to the ARIA top ten.
Former tour manager controversy
In March 2010, the band's former touring manager (who had been sacked in 2009), John Zimmerman, was arrested and charged with rape, child pornography and various related offences. In November 2011, he pleaded guilty to the charges and in December 2011 was sentenced to 16 years imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. The charges stem from crimes committed between 2006 and 2010; while Zimmerman was the tour manager for The Getaway Plan, he lured his victims "with offers of concert tickets, or fame and money which never materialised".
Daniel Cribb at TheMusic website said the band assured their fans and the wider public that "they had nothing to do with it". Matthew Wright told Cribb how they dealt with the controversy: "We dealt with it in our own way. We kind of detached ourselves from the situation as much as we could because we just want to play music and that's all that matters to us, and we don't want anything to get in the way of that. We had no association with any of it – as I'm sure the public know. You'd have to be stupid to try and pin something on us".
Band members
Current members
Matthew Wright – lead vocals, piano (2004–2009, 2010–present), rhythm guitar (2006–2009; 2010–present)
Clint Owen Ellis (Splattering) – lead guitar (2004–2009, 2010–present)
Dan Maio – drums, percussion (2014–present)
Mike Maio – bass guitar (2014–present)
Former members
Benny Chong – rhythm guitar, vocals (2004–2006)
Dave Anderson – bass guitar (2004–09, 2010–2013)
Aaron Barnett – drums, percussion (2004–2009, 2010–2014)
Jase Clarke – bass guitar (2013–2014)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Compilation albums
Demo albums
Singles
Awards
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| Themselves
| Best Independent Artist
|
|-
| Other Voices, Other Rooms
| Best Independent Hard Rock/Punk Album
|
|-
| "Where the City Meets the Sea"
| Best Independent Single/EP
|
|-
References
External links
TheGetawayPlan.com Official site
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups reestablished in 2010
Musical groups from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Getaway%20Plan |
The Electoral district of Perth is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Perth is named for the capital city of Western Australia whose central business district falls within its borders. It is one of the oldest electorates in Western Australia, with its first member having been elected in the inaugural 1890 elections of the Legislative Assembly.
Perth has traditionally been a safe Labor seat Party, but was briefly held by Liberal Eleni Evangel between 2013 and 2017. Perth is currently held by Labor MLA John Carey.
Geography
Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and southeast, Mitchell Freeway and Thomas Street to the west, Green Street to the north, and Walcott Street to the northeast. Its boundaries include the suburbs of East Perth, Highgate, Leederville, Mount Hawthorn, Northbridge, North Perth, Perth and West Perth along with part of Mount Lawley southwest of Walcott Street. Major features inside the electorate include Perth's central business district, Kings Park, the East Perth redevelopment precinct and Hyde Park.
Historically, the boundaries included a much smaller area. In 1911, it only covered the central business district and Northbridge, and in 1929, a section between Newcastle and Bulwer Streets was added. When it was recreated from parts of the abolished West Perth and East Perth districts at the 1961 redistribution, the Perth electorate included all of West Perth and part of Kings Park, but its northern boundary only extended to Vincent Street, Hyde Park and the East Perth railway station. The 1972 redistribution added part of West Leederville east of Kimberley Street, and extended the northern boundary to include southern Leederville and parts of North Perth and Mount Lawley. By 1982, it extended to Walcott Street, and the 1994 redistribution saw it extend well into the former seat of Mount Lawley.
The 2007 redistribution, which came into effect at the 2008 election, removed Menora and parts of Mount Lawley northeast of Walcott Street, while including all of West Perth as well as Kings Park, which had previously been part of Nedlands.
Demographics
As redistributions alter an electorate's area and demographic profile, the 2006 Census conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on the boundaries prior to the redistribution is the main source of information on the electorate's current profile. At the 2006 census, the median age of the electorate's residents was 35 years, compared to 36 across metropolitan Perth—only 12.1% of the electorate's population (compared with 19.5%) were below 15, but the 25–54 age group was significantly greater. Only 53.7% of its residents were born in Australia, compared to 61.5% in Perth, and much less of the remainder were from northwestern Europe (10.78% as against 13.93%). At home, significantly more electorate residents spoke Italian, Cantonese, Mandarin and Greek at home, and whilst the top three religions (Catholicism, no religion and Anglicanism) differed little from other parts of Perth, Buddhism and Eastern Orthodox adherents outnumbered those of the Uniting Church. Only 36% were married compared to 49% across Perth, whilst only 47.7% of homes (compared to 67.2%) were fully owned or being purchased. The median income in the electorate was $606 compared with $513, and 49.5% of the electorate's workers were professionals or managers compared with 31.8%.
In the 2007 redistribution, Menora, with a median income of $397 and a median age of 48, with 42.5% being 55 years or over, was removed, whilst West Perth, with a slightly larger population and a median income of $698 and a median age of 34, and a higher percentage of professionals and managers than the electorate's average, was added.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics do not collect data on sexuality, but the electorate is home to a significant portion of Perth's gay community. Perth's main gay venues, Connections Nightclub and the Court Hotel, as well as events such as the Pride Parade and Fairday, are located in the electorate.
History
The electoral district of Perth was created as one of the initial 30 single-member districts, and one of only six in the Perth–Fremantle area. Its first member, who was elected on 10 December 1890, was Dr Edward Scott, a doctor by training who had been elected as Mayor of Perth the previous year. He resigned in December 1891, and was replaced at the resulting by-election on 12 January 1892 by Thomas Molloy. Molloy became embroiled in a controversy regarding provision of state aid to private schools, which he and fellow Catholic MLAs Timothy Quinlan and Alfred Canning supported. The Catholic Vicar General, Father Anselm Bourke, established the Education Defence League with their assistance. However, the issue became a major one in the 1894 election amongst the voting public, and all three MLAs lost their seats, Molloy losing to George Randell, a prominent Congregationalist who had led the cause against state aid. Randell became the Opposition Leader to Premier John Forrest, but stepped down from that role a year later in July 1895, and did not contest the 1897 election, which was won by a supporter of Forrest.
In the 1901 election, after which the Oppositionists under George Leake were able to form a minority government, Frank Wilson, formerly the member for Canning, won the seat. After five months, the Leake government failed, and the governor eventually invited Alf Morgans of the Ministerial Party to form a government and appoint a six-member Ministry. Morgans appointed Wilson minister of mines and commissioner of railways on 21 November 1901. Until 1947, members of parliament who were appointed as ministers were required to resign their seat and recontest it at a ministerial by-election, which was normally a fairly non-eventful matter. However, Leake and his allies contested the six by-elections with such organised campaigning that three of the six ministers, including Wilson, were defeated.
In 1911, the seat was won for the first time for the Labor Party by Walter Dwyer, a lawyer who helped to draft the Industrial Arbitration Act 1912 during the first Scaddan administration; however, he was defeated by James Connolly of the new Liberal Party in 1914. Connolly became a minister without portfolio in the new Wilson government in 1916, but resigned in June 1917 when appointed to the role of Agent General for Western Australia. Robert Pilkington of the Nationalist Party won the subsequent by-election on 21 July 1917 and election two months later, before leaving for England in 1921. Harry Mann, a former detective who, amongst other things, oversaw gaming and racing, was elected in his place.
A controversy erupted in 1933 upon the establishment of a Lotteries Commission, to which Mann, along with John Scaddan and Legislative Council member Alec Clydesdale, were appointed. Several profitable newspaper competitions, including that of The Sunday Times, were prohibited due to being thinly disguised forms of gambling. In response, a Citizens' Reform League was formed to defend the crosswords, and at the elections later that year, both Mann and Scaddan lost their seats—with Perth being won by former Labor Senator Ted Needham, who was to hold the seat until its abolition at the 1950 election, and North Perth for the following three years until his retirement. One sideline to Needham's campaigns was watchmaker and jeweller William Murray, who had placed a public notice in The West Australian on 28 October 1930 stating that Parliament "has become an out-of-date instrument for achieving the will of Anglo-Saxon peoples" and seeking names and addresses of anyone wishing to work towards overthrowing it—and then ran for election as a Nationalist in 1936 and 1943.
The seat was re-established at the 1962 election with different boundaries—the neighbouring seats of West Perth, East Perth and North Perth having all been abolished in the 1961 redistribution—and was won by Labor's Stanley Heal, the previous member for West Perth. He was defeated at the 1965 election by Peter Durack of the Liberal Country League, who was in turn defeated by Terry Burke in 1968. Burke, the brother of Brian Burke who went on to serve as Premier from 1983 until 1988, went on to hold the seat for 19 years until 1987. He faced some high-profile Liberal opponents, including future Legislative Councillor Bob Pike in 1971, historian and author Hal G.P. Colebatch in 1977 and Olympic swimmer Peter Evans in 1986.
Burke resigned in 1987, and Labor's Dr Ian Alexander, a City of Perth councillor and town planner from the party's left faction, won the subsequent by-election on 9 May 1987. He spent much of his parliamentary time on Aboriginal issues, sustainability and the environment and the Northern Suburbs Transit System project. On 4 March 1991, Ian Alexander resigned from the Labor party citing "frequent breaches of the party's basic principles and platforms", and sat as an independent until the 1993 election. Dr Alexander did not stand for election in 1993, and Labor's Diana Warnock, a former radio talk-show host, won the seat with 50.29% of the two-party-preferred vote against the Liberals' Hal G.P. Colebatch.
On 21 October 1999, Warnock announced her departure at the next election for personal reasons, and threw her support behind former Town of Vincent mayor John Hyde, a member of the Centre faction of the Labor Party who had the support of the Left faction and some Centre members of Parliament. However, the key Centre unions had backed former ministerial adviser Adele Farina for the post, and Labor's affirmative action policy for candidates in winnable seats meant that failing to pick a female candidate would risk sitting male MPs. A week later, the Centre faction openly split, with a breakaway group endorsing Hyde. On 5 November, Farina withdrew from the contest, leaving Hyde to be preselected unopposed ahead of the 2001 election. He maintained the seat for Labor at the election, becoming the first openly gay man to sit in the Western Australian parliament.
On 9 March 2013, Liberal candidate and City of Perth councillor Eleni Evangel defeated Hyde and Labor in an upset victory with a significant swing amid the Liberals' decisive victory that year, becoming the first Liberal member for Perth since the 1960s. However, Evangel was herself swept out four years later by Labor's John Carey, the mayor of the City of Vincent, amid the Liberals' collapse in the metropolitan area.
Members for Perth
Election results
References
External links
Perth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Perth |
Wu Han may refer to:
Wu Han (Han dynasty) (吳漢; died 44), Eastern Han dynasty general
Wu Han (historian), PRC historian and politician whose writing was an impetus for the Cultural Revolution
Wu Han (pianist), Chinese-American classical pianist
Wu Han (Indiana Jones), fictional character in the Indiana Jones franchise
See also
Wuhan, capital of Hubei Province, China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Han |
Hollow Man 2 is a 2006 American science fiction horror film directed by Claudio Fäh and starring Peter Facinelli, Laura Regan and Christian Slater. In the film, a government experiment goes wrong, leaving soldier Michael Griffin (Slater) permanently invisible. When his health starts to deteriorate, he goes after the scientists who ruined his life. It is the stand-alone sequel to the 2000 film Hollow Man, released direct-to-video on May 23, 2006.
Plot
At a cocktail party at the Reisner Institute, a Washington think tank, an invisible force drags a scientist named Devin into a nearby bathroom, where the force (implied to be a person) brutally throws Devin around for information. Devin mentions another scientist, Maggie Dalton, who knows the "formula" the invisible person is looking for. Apparently accepting this, the man releases him, warning him not to divulge information about this incident to anybody. As soon as the invisible man leaves (or rather, pretends to leave), Devin attempts to call someone on his cell phone, but the invisible man smashes the phone and slashes Devin's throat. The police arrive at the laboratory to conduct a murder investigation, but the laboratory's military supervisor, Colonel Gavin Bishop, insists it is an internal military incident and the police have no jurisdiction. Fearing attacks on the remaining scientists, the lab's owner, Dr. William Reisner, employs Frank Turner and his partner, Detective Lisa Martinez, to protect Maggie, but refuses to divulge any information on the nature of his work.
The two detectives stand guard outside Maggie's house. When Lisa opens the door to let the cat in, the invisible man sneaks past her into the house. Just as he reaches the study where Maggie is, Lisa tracks him down, and he strangles her with a lamp's power cord. Suddenly, armed military commandos appear and storm the house, using thermal goggles to target and corner the invisible man. Outside, Turner confronts Bishop, realizing that they used him and Lisa to lure the invisible man to the house. Several stun grenades go off around the house, incapacitating the soldiers and allowing the invisible man to escape in pursuit of Turner and Maggie. He almost catches up to them, but is struck and badly injured by a car, and flees.
Maggie is taken into protective custody by the police, where Turner's superior and friend, Captain Tom Harrison, has received orders to have her transferred to military custody. Frank helps Maggie escape from the police station and they flee in a stolen car. Bishop and Reisner, knowing their careers would end if Maggie talks, declare them fugitives.
Maggie later tells Turner that five years prior, a team of scientists figured out how to make humans invisible, but something went wrong, leaving only two survivors. A year after the original project was scrapped, the Reisner Institute restarted the experiments as a covertly Department of Defense-funded operation to create the perfect soldier, codenamed "Silent Knight", which attempts to render humans invisible. The resulting serum does turn human tissue invisible, but with adverse effects: as it allows light to pass directly through the subject, the radiation damages the cells and causes physical and mental degradation, slowly killing the person. Maggie developed a compound called the "Buffer" to counteract the effects of that particular radiation. A soldier named Michael Griffin volunteered, and the serum succeeded, but the Buffer failed and Griffin seemingly died, which in turn got Maggie fired. Maggie believes that Griffin faked his death so he could use his powers without restraint, but now needs the antidote to the radiation before he dies.
Maggie receives a message from a man named Ludlow, who has been in contact with her for weeks. Turner uses his contacts to find Ludlow, a soldier enlisted into the program after Sebastian Caine (the original guinea pig), but before Griffin. He had gone into hiding, but is now slowly dying from radiation. Ludlow has also been tracking Griffin, and reveals the true story to his supposed "death" and the program itself: Operation Silent Knight was never about national security, and neither was Griffin given the Buffer, since the Department used him to assassinate their political enemies.
Meanwhile, Griffin infiltrates Bishop's office and both get into a fight. The latter attempts to reason with him and then, getting desperate, stabs him, but does not kill him, with a pen. Griffin impales Bishop with the same pen, and uses his computer to locate Ludlow. Arriving at the hideout, Griffin attacks Turner, but Ludlow intervenes, sacrificing himself to allow Turner and Maggie to escape. Griffin decides to make them return by capturing Maggie's sister. When they meet at the train station where he is hiding, Griffin silently catches Maggie and tries to turn her invisible so he can take her unnoticed, but Turner intervenes. After a short fight, Griffin escapes with Maggie, leaving Turner with the arriving Reisner and his guards. A short time later, Reisner pursues an invisible man, but is soon captured and held by him. Believing him to be Griffin, he offers to send for the Buffer. The figure, however, is Turner, who used Griffin's discarded syringe to become invisible as well. Reisner, backing away, is hit and killed by a speeding car.
Griffin takes Maggie to her old college laboratory to create the Buffer for him. Griffin forces her to inject herself with it first, then injects himself with another dose. With his survival seemingly assured, Griffin tries to kill Maggie, but Turner (now invisible) intervenes and knocks him out of the laboratory window. Turner runs outside, where Griffin renders him unconscious. As Griffin slowly turns visible, Maggie reveals that Griffin has actually been poisoned; as the vial contained rat poison. Maggie ends up losing consciousness. Enraged, Griffin takes a shovel and attempts to kill her; but Turner, having recovered, stops him and impales him with the shovel. He then carries Maggie away for medical attention, leaving Griffin's now completely visible body outside in the rain.
A few days later, Maggie is recovering in hospital and is poised to be released. Heather tells her that Turner has not been found. Maggie insists that he will come back to her, as she knows that he needs her. Outside, they are being watched by a hooded invisible man, presumably Turner, who then walks away.
Cast
Release
The film was released direct-to-video on May 23, 2006. Along with the film, the DVD also included the "Inside Hollow Man 2" featurette, a visual effects featurette and storyboards.
In 2013 Mill Creek Entertainment released the film for the first time on Blu-ray in a 2 pack set along with the original Hollow Man; all extras were dropped for the Blu-ray release.
Reception
Hollow Man 2, as a direct-to-video release, had lower expectations than its preceding film.
References
External links
2006 direct-to-video films
2006 films
American science fiction horror films
2000s science fiction horror films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films shot in Vancouver
Films about invisibility
Films directed by Claudio Fäh
Films with screenplays by Joel Soisson
Destination Films films
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films
2000s English-language films
2000s monster movies
2000s American films
English-language science fiction horror films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow%20Man%202 |
Asiamericana is a dubious genus of coelurosaur known only from isolated teeth found in the Bissekty Formation of Kazakhstan. It was named to recognize the occurrence of similar fossil teeth in Central Asia and North America. These regions once formed a connected land mass, during the Cretaceous period.
Discovery and naming
The holotype teeth were discovered during the Uzbek-Russian-British-American-Canadian (URBAC) expedition by Lev Alexandrovich Nessov between 1974 and 1985 and were first described by Nesov (1985). The type species is A. asiatica, which was named and described by Nesov (1995).
The holotype of A. asiatica is CCMGE 460/12457, and two other teeth (ZIN PH 1110/ 16 and ZIN PH 1129/16) are also known. All three teeth are known from the CBI-14 site of the Bissekty Formation of Kazakhstan.
Description
The teeth themselves are straight, lack a constriction at the base, and lack serrations.
Classification
In his initial description of the unusual teeth, Nesov speculated that they may belong to either saurodont fish or to spinosaurid dinosaurs. He later changed his opinion, deciding that they definitely represented theropod remains, and this opinion was followed by most later researchers who excluded them from reviews of spinosaurid teeth for this reason.
However, in 2013 a study assumed that the teeth were identical to those of the possibly dromaeosaurid Richardoestesia isosceles, and renamed the species into Richardoestesia asiatica. A subsequent study confirmed this in 2019.
References
Prehistoric coelurosaurs
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiamericana |
Inwardo or Gülgöze ( - Iwardo or In wardo, Ayin Warda, Ain Wardo) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province, Turkey.
Gülgöze is populated by Assyrians and had a population of 272 in 2021.
History
First World War
Prior to the start of the First World War, the village had about 200 families, all of whom belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Church. During the Assyrian genocide, tens of thousands of refugees from throughout Tur Abdin arrived here for safety. At one point, the number of people in the village was up to 21,980 people. Refugees arrived from villages including Habasnos, Midyat, Bote, Keferze, Kafro Eloyto, Mzizah and Urnas. Even refugees from outside Tur Abdin arrived, coming from villages such as Deqlath, Bscheriye, Gozarto, Hesno d Kifo and Mifarqin.
Being aware of the Turks and Kurds were coming to Gülgöze, the villagers and refugees created a militia to defend themselves, which was led by Gallo Shabo. Their resistance lasted 60 days, and ended in success.
At the same time, the Kurdish authority of Midyat was given orders to attack Gülgöze and Arnas. However, Aziz Agha, the leader of the Midyat area, told them that they didn't have enough soldiers to attack both areas, and therefore they would attack Gulgoze only, and then go to Arnas later on. Therefore, The Kurds of Tur Abdin and Ramman, under the generalship of Ahmed Agha and Salem Agha, collected themselves in Mardin, and created a unit of 13,000 men. The government authorized the distribution of arms, and they headed towards Gülgöze, arriving late at night to begin the siege.
After hours of gun-battle, the villagers defeated the Kurds and drove them out, but there were many casualties on both sides regardless. After 10 days, The Kurds attacked again only to be beaten yet again, as they lost well over 300 men. Before the beginning of a third attempt, Kurdish leaders called for aid from the mayors of Diyarbakır (Raschid) and Mardin (Badri). However, after a third attempt also failed and after 30 days of battle, Aziz Agha suggested a peace treaty between the two sides. 3 villagers met with Aziz to discuss a peace treaty, But the villagers refused to lay down their weapons, thus the battle continued. The siege continued for another 30 days leading to many deaths on both sides. In the end, the Kurdish soldiers surrendered and left the Syriac Orthodox population of Tur Abdin alone, hence why the Tur Abdin region is the only Christian populated area left in Turkey outside of Istanbul. The total death toll of this 60-day siege is unknown, but there were at least 1,000 deaths with both sides losses combined.
References
Tur Abdin
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Neighbourhoods in Midyat District
Places of the Assyrian genocide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClg%C3%B6ze%2C%20Midyat |
Jordan (died 12 August 1127), count of Ariano (from 1102), was the ruler of the county of Ariano in the eastern Campania during the reign of the Duke William II. He was the son and successor of Count Herbert and Altrude of Buonalbergo.
In 1113–4, Jordan and Robert I of Capua waged war against Benevento, but the Archbishop Landulf II made peace with them.
He rebelled against Duke William and, at Nusco in 1121, he took a troop of knights to threaten and insult the duke, saying, according to Falco of Benevento, "I will cut your coat short for you," before plundering the district. William begged assistance from his more powerful relative Roger II of Sicily, who, in exchange for Calabria and the duke's halves of Palermo and Messina, sent a corps of knights and a sum of gold, which assisted Duke William in seizing most of the county of Ariano. When Jordan died, his young son was put under the suzerainty of his neighbour, Count Ranulf of Alife.
Sources
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South, 1016–1130. London, 1967.
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 2003.
Italo-Normans
Norman warriors
1127 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20of%20Ariano |
NFL Challenge is a video game for MS-DOS released in 1985 by XOR Corporation. It uses statistical models for not only the NFL season, but also the outcome of a single football game.
Game play
Unlike most football games, this one was more abstract. The players acted as coaches, picking the offensive or defensive plays from a series of nested menus. The computer then ran the plays against each other, using the pre-configured abilities of the teams and players picked.
There was no interaction once the play was called, other than making a decision to accept or deny a penalty if called. This made for an abstract game, unlike others where the player actually participated in the offense or defense.
One of the user changeable features of the game was the fact that you could create or edit your own dream team, or enhance the performance of a particular current player who was having a good season, via a simple text edit of the roster files. The rosters were all named by team with player numbers as opposed to names being stored, but you easily determine which player was which and arrange trades, enhancements, or create an All-Pro team to play against regular teams.
Reception
Computer Gaming World called NFL Challenge "the finest computer sports game I've ever seen. It is a high-tech, state-of-the-art simulation that is truly remarkable in recreating the 'feel' of a professional football game". It cited the documentation, detailed and accurate playbook, and team statistics as strengths, while lack of player names or statistics was a weakness, and concluded "Visicalc is the program that sold Apple computers, NFLC may be the one that sells IBM PC's to sports gamers".
Wyatt Lee reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "still, to this date, the cream of the crop."
Cultural references
ESPN used the simulation in 1988 for a program called NFL Dream Season. Historic NFL teams were computer-simulated against one another in an eight-week season, then playoffs, then the "Dream Bowl". ESPN used the computer simulation results to play back the game using NFL Films footage to make it appear that one was watching an actual game. The 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the 1972 Miami Dolphins 21-20.
The following year, ESPN broadcast Dream Bowl II, with the defending champion 1978 Steelers pitted against the then-Super Bowl Champion San Francisco 49ers. Even with John Stallworth out early in the game due to an injury, the Steelers defeated the 49ers in overtime after a Joe Montana pass was intercepted around midfield by Mel Blount, who returned the interception for a touchdown. Steve Sabol, NFL Films president, disagreed with the simulation result, feeling that San Francisco had a better team.
XOR made available the Dream Season disk after the show's run, with the actual teams used by ESPN's program.
Legacy
The company went out of business in the early 1990s, after advertising NFL Challenge Premium Edition'', which never made it to market. There were several customers who had prepaid for the product, only to never receive the game.
References
1985 video games
XOR Corporation games
National Football League video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL%20Challenge |
Sambhaji Brigade is a Maratha outfit, based in Maharashtra, India. It is a branch of the Maratha Seva Sangh. The Brigade is named after the Maratha emperor Sambhaji son of the first Maratha emperor Shivaji.
Known for its controversial and often violent agitations, it gained exposure after its members attacked, vandalised and ransacked the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, claiming that it helped American scholar James Laine’s book on Shivaji titled Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, certain parts of which were unacceptable to them. During this attack on BORI, they destroyed many precious and rare manuscripts which laid to decades of research to waste.
Sambhaji Brigade demands reservation for the Maratha community and wants inclusion of Marathas in Other Backward Classes (OBC) category. They also demand free education for Maratha children and registered marriages instead of religious ceremonies. The organization has been described as having an anti-Brahmin caste stand and has been repeatedly criticized for its extremist views.
Controversies
Sambhaji Brigade is known for aggressive and violent agitations. Their first violent protest was an attack on Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Several historical records were destroyed in this attack including handwritten copies by Adya Shankaracharya. This was followed by uprooting of Dadoji Kondev's Statue from Lal Mahal, then by attacks on Waghya dog's statue on Raigad fort and then by attacks on R. R. Patil.
2004 James Laine incident
A group of brigade members attacked and vandalised the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute(BORI) in January 2004. The attack was prompted by the controversy over James Laine's controversial book Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India (OUP, 2003); scholars from the institute had collaborated with Laine on information for his book about the founder of the Maratha Empire, Shivaji, which the group had viewed as blasphemy claiming that book features "derogatory remarks on Shivaji and his mother". Angry mob of Sambhaji Brigade stormed the BORI and destroyed priceless manuscripts and artifacts. Then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee condemned this violence though he upheld the importance of disagreement and debate in a democracy. After the incident 72 members of the group were arrested. In 2004 the director-general of police announced that a legal ban on the organization was being investigated, but as of 2015, organization has never been banned.
Statue of Dadoji Konddev
In 2010, NCP-controlled Pune Municipal Corporation's (PMC) decision to remove the statue of Dadoji Kondadev was claimed to be consistent with the party's policy to encourage demands of hardline Maratha groups. It is claimed that such a stance had helped the NCP maintain its dominance among the Maratha youth in Pune and rural Maharashtra. Sambhaji Brigade was also involved in a protest to remove the statue of Dadoji Kondadev from Lal Mahal in Pune claiming that he was just introduced as teacher of Shivaji by Brahmin historians. About 30 to 40 people entered Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and attacked Mayor's office. This led to a statewide protest by Political parties such as BJP, Shiv Sena and MNS. Following to this Government of Maharashtra (which included NCP) removed name of Dadoji Konddev from school history books stating that Government's committee of historians found no evidence that Dadoji Konddev was teacher of Shivaji. The move was heavily criticized by historians and scholars. Some members of the government-appointed committee also resigned in protest citing that the committee head Jaysing Pawar only had caste considerations in mind when submitting the report, without regard to actual historical evidence.
Attack on Waghya's Statue on Raigad Fort
The group was also responsible for a protest and attack against a dog's (Waghya) statue located on Raigad Fort next to Shivaji's memorial. According to legend the dog (named Waghya) was Shivaji's dog. The group claimed that the dog was not real and there should not be a memorial for it. This act was strongly opposed by local Dhangar community for they believe that the dog was real. In fact many people say that Waghya was Shivaji's dog and the reason for why the memorial was constructed over there.
Ram Ganesh Gadkari bust vandalism
In January 2017, four Sambhaji Brigade followers pulled down a bust of celebrated Marathi playwright Ram Ganesh Gadkari which was located in Sambhaji Park in central Pune and threw it in the nearby Mutha river. The Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu (CKP) community, the community to which Gadkari belonged later organized a meeting to protest this incident at the Ram Ganesh Gadkari Rangayatan (a theater named after Gadkari) in Thane. Sambhaji Brigade claimed that Gadkari had portrayed Sambhaji in bad light in an unfinished play Rajsanyas, written a century ago by referring to some out-of-context content.
Indian National Congress leader Nitesh Rane later rewarded the vandals and made inflammatory remarks claiming that he had announced a reward earlier in 2016 for removing the bust, and was proud of the act carried out by the accused. He also tweeted that Sambhaji Brigade was not involved in the act, even when the outfit had claimed responsibility for the action. The vandalism was largely seen as an attempt to garner votes by playing the community card in the city's civic elections which were due to be held in a few weeks.
Reservation
Ambedkarite lawyer Gunaratna Sadavarte was attacked in December 2018 by a worker affiliated to the outfit.
Ink thrown at journalist
On 5 December 2021, two activists of Sambhaji Brigade hurled ink at a journalist and writer Girish Kuber in Nashik in protest against some controversial references about Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in his book.
Leadership
Purushottam Khedekar is one of the founders of this organisation. He is also a prominent leader in the Maratha Seva Sangh, a related organisation and co-founder of Shiva Dharma. Khedekar has written several hateful and anti-Brahmin propaganda books like Bhatta Cha Kardhankal (a book with virulently anti-Brahmin propaganda) and Maharaj Mala Maaf Kara (Translates as "Your Majesty, I ask for your forgiveness". This book abused 17th century Marathi Hindu saint Samarth Ramdas. Pune Police issued an arrest warrant against Khedekar for inciting anti-Brahmin feelings and causing caste discrimination. In 2015 he submitted an affidavit in the court and apologized unconditionally for his remarks on Brahmin women.
Shiva Dharma
The Maratha Seva Sangh, founded by Khedekar, has been demanding reservations for the Maratha community and is also supporting creation of a new religion of its own called 'Shiva Dharma'
References
External links
http://www.sambhajibrigade.in/
Ethnocentrism
Far-right politics in India
Organisations based in Maharashtra
Organizations with year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambhaji%20Brigade |
William Douglas Gilmour (born December 29, 1942 in Powell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian politician. A Registered Professional Forester, he was elected as an opposition Member of Parliament for the Comox Alberni riding in the 1993 election. He was re-elected in the Nanaimo-Alberni constituency in the 1997 election. In both elections he ran as a member of the Reform Party. At the end of his second term, the Reform Party folded into the Canadian Alliance. He did not run in the 2000 general election.
References
1942 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
20th-century Canadian politicians
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
People from Powell River, British Columbia
Reform Party of Canada MPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Gilmour%20%28politician%29 |
Saradindu Mukherjee (born 5 October 1964) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Bengal and played three One Day Internationals for India in 1990–91.
He is remembered for his heroics in the 1990-91 Asia Cup where he was India's preferred spinner in the tournament, ahead of Venkatapathy Raju and Ravi Shastri. Mukherjee conceded 3.37 runs an over in the tournament from 29 overs. Despite being the most miserly of the Indian bowlers, he never played for India again. Of all Indian bowlers who have bowled 75 balls since 1990, Mukherjee has been the most economic.
Saradindu Mukherjee is also credited for having taken a hat-trick on his Ranji Trophy debut.
References
External links
Bengal cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
East Zone cricketers
1964 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saradindu%20Mukherjee |
Wanneroo is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is located in the northern suburbs of Perth.
Wanneroo is a traditionally a marginal seat; it has been held by the government of the day on every occasion since its creation in 1989. However, at the 2021 state election, which resulted in a second consecutive landslide for Mark McGowan, the marginal trend was broken and Wanneroo became a very safe seat for the Labor Party.
Geography
Wanneroo is based in the outer northern suburbs of Perth. It includes the suburbs of Ashby, Banksia Grove, Carramar, Gnangara, Hocking, Jandabup, Madeley, Mariginiup, Pearsall, Sinagra, Tapping, Wangara and Wanneroo.
History
Wanneroo was first created for the 1989 state election. It replaced the abolished seat of Joondalup, and was won by Labor MP Jackie Watkins, then the member for Joondalup. Watkins lost the seat one term later when Labor lost government at the 1993 state election. The seat remained in Liberal Party hands for two terms until the party lost government at the 2001 state election. This pattern asserted itself again at the 2008 state election when Labor's two term hold on the seat ended with the defeat of the Labor government.
Members for Wanneroo
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Wanneroo
Constituencies established in 1989
1989 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Wanneroo |
STS-127 (ISS assembly flight 2J/A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was the twenty-third flight of . The primary purpose of the STS-127 mission was to deliver and install the final two components of the Japanese Experiment Module: the Exposed Facility (JEM EF), and the Exposed Section of the Experiment Logistics Module (ELM-ES). When Endeavour docked with the ISS on this mission in July 2009, it set a record for the most humans in space at the same time in the same vehicle, the first time thirteen people have been at the station at the same time. Together they represented all ISS program partners and tied the general record of thirteen people in space with the first such occurrence of 1995.
The first launch attempt, on June 13, 2009, was scrubbed due to a gaseous hydrogen leak observed during tanking. The Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate (GUCP) on the external fuel tank experienced a potentially hazardous hydrogen gas leak similar to the fault that delayed the mission STS-119 in March 2009. Since a launch date of June 18, 2009, would have conflicted with the launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)/Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), NASA managers discussed the scheduling conflict with both the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter project and the Air Force Eastern Range, which provides tracking support for rockets launched from Florida. A decision was made to allow the shuttle to attempt a second launch on June 17, 2009, allowing LRO to launch on June 18, 2009.
The second launch attempt on June 17, 2009, was also scrubbed due to hydrogen leak issues seen from the Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate. Due to conflicts with the launch of the LRO, and due to a beta angle constraint, the next available launch opportunity was scheduled for July 11, 2009. A successful tanking test for leak checks was performed on July 1, 2009, with modified GUCP seals allowing launch preparations to proceed as scheduled. Because of lightning strikes near the launch pad during the evening of July 10, 2009, NASA scrubbed the launch for the third time and rescheduled for July 12, 2009. Due to a Return To Launch Site (RTLS) weather violation, NASA scrubbed the launch for the fourth time on the evening of July 12, 2009.
STS-127's fifth launch attempt, on July 13, 2009, was also scrubbed due to anvil clouds and lightning within of the launch site, which violated launch safety rules. STS-127 finally launched successfully on its sixth launch attempt, on July 15, 2009, at 18:03 EDT. Pieces of foam were observed falling off of the External Tank during the ascent, the same occurrence that had led to the loss of Columbia in 2003. However, Endeavour received only minor scuffs to its heat shield, the damage not enough to cause concern over reentry. The shuttle landed at Kennedy Space Center 16 days later at 10:48 EDT on July 31, 2009.
Crew
Mission payload
Endeavour carried a wide variety of equipment and cargo in the payload bay, with the largest item being the Kibō Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM EF), and the Kibō Japanese Experiment Logistics Module – Exposed Section (ELM-ES). The exposed facility is a part of Kibō that will allow astronauts to perform science experiments that are exposed to the vacuum of space. The exposed section is similar to the logistics module on the Kibō laboratory, but is not pressurized. Once its payloads were transferred to the JEM EF, the ELM-ES was returned to the payload bay.
Also inside the payload bay was an Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD), containing a variety of equipment and spare components for the station. The carrier contained six new batteries for installation on the P6 truss, that was installed during two of the mission's spacewalks, as well as a spare space-to-ground antenna and a spare linear drive unit and pump module which was stored on an external stowage platform on the station's truss during one of the spacewalks.
Two satellites were also carried by the orbiter, for deployment when the mission ended. The Dual Autonomous Global Positioning System On-Orbit Navigator Satellite, called DRAGONSAT, gathers data on autonomous spacecraft rendezvous and docking capabilities, and consists of two picosatellites, the AggieSat2, and PARADIGM (BEVO-1), which acquire GPS data from a device at NASA and send it to ground stations at Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin. After release, the two picosatellites remained attached for two orbits to collect GPS data, and separated during the third orbit.
A second satellite, the Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE-2), is part of a United States Department of Defense project flown by the Naval Research Laboratory to provide high-quality satellites, and will measure the density and composition of the low Earth orbit atmosphere while being tracked from the ground, to better predict the movement and decay of objects in orbit. ANDE-2 consists of two spherical microsatellites, ANDE Active spacecraft (Castor) and the ANDE Passive spacecraft (Pollux), and will be tracked by the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) network as well as the Space Surveillance Network (SSN). One of the satellites, Pollux, is running Arduino libraries, with its payload programmed and built by students.
A set of experiments to be deployed on the ISS were carried by STS-127, including Dosimetry for Biological Experiments in Space (ESA), Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crew Member Immune Function, the student-made Image Reversal in Space (CSA/ISU), Nutritional Status Assessment (NASA), NASA Biological Specimen Repository and Tomatosphere-II (CSA).
The STS-127 Official Flight Kit (OFK) included water samples from each of the five Great Lakes, a resin statue of a water droplet for the One Drop Foundation, and a copy of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony for the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, among other mementos.
The docking module was also mounted with the DragonEye 3D Flash LIDAR ranging system manufactured by Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc. The module was launched to test the docking system which will be used by the commercial SpaceX Dragon re-usable cargo carrier to send supplies to the ISS during the post-shuttle era. The Dragon spacecraft made its successful maiden flight in December 2010.
Mission milestones
The mission marked:
158th NASA crewed space flight
128th Space Shuttle mission
127th shuttle mission since STS-1
23rd flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour
29th shuttle mission to the ISS
102nd post-Challenger mission
14th post-Columbia mission
1st time that two Canadians have been in space at the same moment
Shuttle processing
Endeavour served as the STS-400 rescue vehicle for STS-125, and was prepared for a possible liftoff from Launch Pad 39B on May 15, 2009, four days after the launch of STS-125. After Atlantis performed the late inspection and was cleared for re-entry, Endeavour was officially released from stand-by status on May 21, 2009, and preparations for STS-127 were initiated.
Endeavour moved from Launch Pad 39B to 39A on May 31, 2009, in preparation for STS-127. The crew of STS-127 arrived at Kennedy Space Center on June 2, 2009, for the Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) that concluded with a full launch dress rehearsal. The Flight Readiness Review (FRR), a meeting during which NASA managers assess mission preparations and officially set the launch date, concluded on June 3, 2009. For the first time, live status updates about the FRR were published periodically during the meeting via NASA's Twitter stream.
Launch attempts
The launch countdown began June 10, 2009, but on June 13, 2009, as tanking was underway, a gaseous hydrogen leak on a vent line near the Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate was observed, and the June 13, 2009, launch was scrubbed at 00:26 EDT. As liquid hydrogen fuel is pumped in, some of it boils off as the extremely cold liquid enters the warm external tank. The vent line valve controls the resulting buildup of gas pressure by allowing excess gas to escape into a ground-side vent line, which leads to a flare stack at a safe distance away from the pad. A similar leak situation was seen during the first launch attempt of STS-119. NASA managers met on June 14, 2009, and June 15, 2009, and evaluated the leak, discussed steps that had to be taken, and set a new launch date of June 17, 2009, at 05:40 EDT.
A second launch attempt was made on June 17, 2009, for which NASA moved the planned launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to a new date. On June 17, 2009, loading of the shuttle's external tank with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen was delayed three hours due to poor weather around the launch site, but tanking began once the weather cleared. Approximately two hours after tanking began, engineers saw leak indications in the GUCP similar to those seen during the first launch attempt. The launch was officially scrubbed at 01:55 EDT.
Following the launch scrub, Chairman of NASA's Mission Management Team LeRoy Cain noted that engineers would work to understand the hydrogen leak issue and come up with a solution to the problem. Cain said managers were hopeful that the issue could be resolved in time for the next available launch opportunity on July 11, 2009. Due to the delay of STS-127, managers noted that it was likely that the launch of STS-128 on August 7, 2009, would be pushed back slightly.
[[File:Space Shuttle Endeavour lightning strike.jpg|right|thumb|Lightning strikes Endeavour'''s Launch Pad.]]
On July 1, 2009, the shuttle managers conducted a new series of tanking tests to confirm a hypothesis that a misaligned vent port housing was the root cause of the leaks. The existing rigid seal was replaced with a flexible one in the hope that it would maintain a tight fix even under the cryogenic conditions that seem to cause the leak. The test was declared a success with no leaks detected on the GUCP. The mission was announced to be targeting a July 11, 2009, launch. On the evening of July 10, 2009, the launch pad region was hit by eleven strikes of lightning, which pushed back the July 11, 2009, launch time by at least 24 hours. Two of the strikes were strong enough to trigger an evaluation by NASA engineers. The inspections revealed that no damage had been done to the Space Shuttle.
NASA scrubbed Endeavour' July 12, 2009, launch attempt at T-minus 9 minutes and holding due to Cumulus clouds and lightning near the launch pad. During the final Go/No-Go polls, Mission Control in Houston declared a "No-Go" due to unacceptable weather forecast for a possible Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) abort, and planned for emergency scenarios when one or more engines shut down early leaving insufficient energy to reach the Transatlantic Abort Landing (TAL) sites. Similarly, during the July 13, 2009, attempt, RTLS weather was also "no go." Meanwhile, shuttle weather officer Kathy Winters informed the launch director, Pete Nickolenko, that the launch pad weather had changed to RED as the Phase-1 Lightning warning was issued for the Kennedy Space Center. The launch was scrubbed at T-minus 9 minutes and holding and was quickly reset for July 15, 2009 (a 48 hours scrub turn around) due to weather concerns on July 14, 2009, and the desire to replace the Tyvek covers over the forward Reaction Control System thrusters.
Mission timeline
July 15 (Flight Day 1, Launch)
On July 15, 2009, at 18:03:10 EDT, the launch was finally successful. Upon reviewing the launch video footage, imagery analysts noted eight or nine instances of foam shedding from the External Tank. The pictures of the external tank taken when jettisoning showed loss of foam in the intertank ribbing. The chairman of the Mission Management Team was not concerned and felt that the Space Shuttle would be cleared for re-entry on its return voyage—which it was a few days later.
The payload doors were opened after reaching orbit followed by deployment of the Ku band antenna and activation of the shuttle's mechanical arm.
July 16 (Flight Day 2)
The thermal protection system was inspected with the Shuttle Robotic Arm/Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) and the voluminous data downlinked for analysis. The orbital maneuvering system pods were inspected for tile damage or protruding tiles. The extravehicular mobility units were checked in addition to the rendezvous system tests and centerline camera installation. In preparation for the docking, the docking ring was extended.
July 17 (Flight Day 3, ISS Docking)
The shuttle successfully docked with the station above the Earth, following rendezvous pitch maneuver (RPM) photography of Endeavours thermal protection system by the Expedition 20 Crew. During this procedure, the shuttle flips over on its back to the station so that the station crew can capture high resolution imagery of the underside of the shuttle. The docking happened on the ISS's PMA-2 (Pressurized Mating Adapter) on the Harmony module and the hatch was opened after leak checks. As part of the crew swap, station crew member Koichi Wakata was replaced with Tim Kopra. The two astronauts specially fitted seatliners were interchanged. As part of preparation for EVA 1, astronauts Wolf and Kopra camped out in the Quest airlock. A quick review of the RPM imagery showed no serious concerns beyond two instances of coating loss. Further analysis of the imagery will be done. A boost of the station was completed with the shuttle's vernier thrusters to avoid a piece of space debris. The SRBs were retrieved and their camera imagery is expected to give more detail on the ET foam shedding.
July 18 (Flight Day 4, EVA 1)
EVA 1 started with astronauts Dave Wolf and Tim Kopra switching their spacesuit power to internal battery at 16:19 UTC. Despite a communication problem with the spacewalkers, the Japanese Exposed Facility was successfully installed on the Japanese Experiment Module by means of a complex series of steps involving the robotic arms of both the station and the shuttle. The JEF was first unberthed from the shuttle payload bay by the station arm, after which the shuttle arm took the load. The station arm was then moved to the worksite on Node-2 (Harmony), wherefrom it took the 4.1 ton facility back. The facility was then successfully latched on to the Experiment Module. As part of the EVA, the spacewalkers successfully deployed the port Unpressurized Cargo Carrier Attach System (UCCAS), which could not be deployed during STS-119. During the prior mission, the deployment failed due to a jamming caused by a stuck detent pin. Engineers designed a custom tool to force the pin to release, which was used to deploy the mechanism. Meanwhile, the shuttle managers announced that there would be no need for a focused inspection of the heat shield. The nose cap and wing leading-edge panels of the shuttle were cleared for entry as they were, but a reentry clearance was not given. Beyond one impact site having a gouge, the rest of the impacts were found to be mostly a loss of coating. The other activity scheduled for EVA 1, the deployment of a starboard side cargo carrier, was postponed for want of time. A fuel cell issue found before launch was analyzed, though the cell continued to function as expected with no impact to the mission.
July 19 (Flight Day 5)
The installation of the Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD) on the port side of the station was successfully completed with the use of both the shuttle and station robotic arms. The cargo pallet, containing spares and fresh batteries for the station, was lifted out of the shuttle bay by the shuttle arm and handed off to the station's Canadarm2, which maneuvered it to its position. The pallet's contents will be set up in upcoming EVAs. A malfunction in a new toilet in the Destiny laboratory caused the crew to use the one in the Russian segment while attempts were made to identify the fault. Meanwhile, the shuttle was cleared for reentry.
July 20 (Flight Day 6, EVA 2)
Astronauts Wolf and Marshburn began EVA 2 at 15:27 UTC out of the Quest airlock. The EVA was to transfer the spare components brought by the shuttle from the ICC-VLD to External Stowage Platform-3. The spares were handled by Wolf riding the station's robotic arm to the P3 truss stowage platform where he and Marshburn attached them for long-term storage. The purpose of the spares was to provide redundancy to the station in the period following the shuttle's retirement. The spares unloaded include a Ku-Band Space-to-Ground antenna, a pump module for the coolant system and a drive unit for the station's robotic arm's mobile transporter. A planned installation of a camera on the Japanese Experiment Facility was postponed to a future EVA for want of time. Meanwhile, the malfunctioning toilet was set right with the replacement of internal parts and cleared for normal use after tests.
July 21 (Flight Day 7)
In one of the more relaxed days, the Japanese logistics carrier was attached to the Japanese Exposed Facility. The cargo pallet was unberthed from the shuttle by the shuttle's robotic arm and handed to the station's robotic arm which then soft fixed it temporarily to the facility. After the experiments, containing an X-ray astronomy payload, a space environment monitor and a communications system, are installed the pallet will be returned to Earth by the shuttle.
July 22 (Flight Day 8, EVA 3)
The spacewalk involving astronauts Wolf and Cassidy started at 14:32 UTC. As part of preparation for experiment installation on the Japanese external science deck, Cassidy removed the thermal covers off the experiment carrier. Meanwhile, Wolf removed obstructions, consisting of a steel handrail and an equipment installation socket, from the Harmony node to clear the way for an upcoming Japanese automated resupply ship. The other task for EVA 3, involving replacement of four of the six batteries in the P6 truss, did not go as planned. Each 170 kg (375 lb) battery was to be removed and placed in a temporary stowage platform while a new one is taken from the ICC-VLD and fixed. The old ones will be returned to Earth. When two new batteries had been installed and three old ones removed, the levels in Cassidy's suit showed an upward trend. Even though it never exceeded the safety limits, the EVA was called off with both astronauts returning into the station. This left one old battery in a temporary flexible stowage position. The rest of the batteries will be installed in a future EVA with the rest of the EVAs being under replanning.
July 23 (Flight Day 9)
The Kibō robotic arm was inaugurated operationally with it being used to install experiments on to the Japanese exposed facility. The three experiments, transferred from the Japanese cargo pallet, consisted of Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, Inter-orbit Communication System and Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment-Attached Payload. As per the revised plan for EVA 4 astronauts Cassidy and Marshburn will replace the remaining four batteries on P6 and complete the already deferred installation of a camera on the Japanese experiment facility.
July 24 (Flight Day 10, EVA 4)
The fourth spacewalk, by Cassidy and Marshburn, involved replacement of the final four of the six batteries on P6 truss integrated electronics assembly. After berthing the old batteries in the ICC-VLD, the cargo pallet was returned to the Endeavours payload bay by the shuttle's robotic arm. The elevated levels of in Cassidy's suit during EVA 3 was attributed to the astronaut working at a fast pace.
July 25 (Flight Day 11)
The crew of both the shuttle and station had a day off. The day was uneventful except for the station's American removal system shutting down without any immediate impact.
July 26 (Flight Day 12)
The Japanese Exposed Section cargo carrier was berthed in Endeavours payload bay by the shuttle's robotic arm after it was handed the pallet by the station's robotic arm. After this the crew of both the station and the shuttle held a joint news conference. Meanwhile, the malfunctioning American removal system has been transitioned to manual mode in order to keep it running.
July 27 (Flight Day 13, EVA 5)
Cassidy and Marshburn started EVA 5 at 11:33 UTC when they switched their suit power to internal battery. For this spacewalk, the absorbent system in the suits were changed from Lithium Hydroxide to METOX due to problems with Cassidy's usage. Cassidy completed the reconfiguring of power channels in the Zenith 1 patch panel which are used for the control moment gyroscopes. Before the rewiring, two of the gyroscopes were fed by the same power channel. Since a failure of the channel can knock down two gyros and put the station in a degraded position the reconfiguration was made necessary. This rewiring made the two gyros to operate from separate power channels. Meanwhile, Marshburn secured some multi-layered insulation on the Dextre. Later both the spacewalkers installed video cameras on the front and back of the Japanese exposed facility which will be used in dockings of the Japanese cargo crafts and normal operation. The cameras flew up in launch configuration and now have been installed in an operational configuration, thus completing the JEF assembly. Meanwhile, due to Cassidy's METOX limitation, the deployment of the PAS was deferred to a future spacewalk. Instead some get ahead tasks were completed which included installation of handrails and a portable foot restraint.
July 28 (Flight Day 14, ISS Undocking)
After a crew farewell Endeavour undocked from the ISS at 17:26 UTC. Unlike most other launches, hatch closure, which happened at 15:08 UTC, and undocking happened on the same day due to the extended delay in launching and the arrival of the Progress 34 cargo craft. After undocking Hurley began a fly around of the station giving the shuttle crew an opportunity to photograph the station's current configuration in all directions. Then a final separation burn was completed at 3:09 pm EDT.
July 29 (Flight Day 15)
The OBSS was grappled by the shuttle's robotic arm and used to inspect Endeavours thermal protection system for damage from orbital debris. The imagery will be analyzed to clear the shuttle for reentry. Meanwhile, the foam loss on the external tank was initially attributed to substrate contamination ahead of the application of the foam. Later during the processing of STS-128, voids in the foam was highlighted as a trigger for the shedding. The air trapped in the voids could have expanded due to the high temperatures generated during ascent thus breaking the foam.
July 30 (Flight Day 16)
The crew checked out the shuttle's systems for the landing, and successfully deployed the DRAGONSat and ANDE-2 satellites. The shuttle was cleared for reentry, with the TPS imagery showing no concerns. The shuttle tracked two chances of landing at KSC on July 31, and could land no later due to its limited carbon dioxide-scrubbing LiOH supply.
July 31 (Flight Day 17, Landing)
After a 16-day mission, Endeavour'' landed successfully at Kennedy Space Center at 10:48 EDT on July 31, 2009. The landing had to be undertaken before August 1, due to -scrubbing lithium hydroxide limitations. There were two opportunities to land on July 31, of which the first was ultimately utilized.
EVAs
Five spacewalks were conducted during STS-127.
Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.
See also
2009 in spaceflight
List of human spaceflights
List of International Space Station spacewalks
List of Space Shuttle missions
List of spacewalks 2000–2014
Media
References
Notes
Inline citations
NASA
External links
SpaceFlightNow's Mission Status Center for STS-127
NASA's Space Shuttle page
NASA's STS-127 page
Mark Polansky on Twitter
NASA's Twitter page
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft which reentered in 2009
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-127 |
Anasazisaurus ( ; "Anasazi lizard") is a genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid ("duckbill") ornithopod dinosaur that lived about 74 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous Period. It was found in the Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation, in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico, United States. Only a partial skull has been found to date. It was first described as a specimen of Kritosaurus by Jack Horner, and has been intertwined with Kritosaurus since its description. It is known for its short nasal crest, which stuck out above and between its eyes for a short distance.
History
Adrian Hunt and Spencer G. Lucas, American paleontologists, named this dinosaur in 1993. Its name is derived from the Anasazi, an outdated term for the Ancestral Pueblo Native American people, and the Greek word sauros ("lizard"). The Ancestral Puebloans were famous for their cliff-dwellings, such as those in Chaco Canyon, near the location of fossil Anasazisaurus remains. The term "Anasazi" itself is actually a Navajo language word, anaasází ("enemy ancestors"). There is one known species (A. horneri), which is named in honor of Jack Horner, an influential paleontologist who first described the skull in 1992. The holotype skull (and only known specimen) was collected in the late 1970s by a Brigham Young University field party working in San Juan County, and is housed at BYU as BYU 12950.
Horner originally assigned the skull to Kritosaurus navajovius. Later, Hunt and Lucas claimed that the Kritosaurus holotype was undiagnostic and judged the genus to be a nomen dubium. They decided to give BYU 12950 the new name Anasazisaurus horneri. Some later authors, including those of the most recent review, followed this decision. However, others disagreed, including Thomas Williamson, who made the most detailed published case. In a paper published in 2014, Alberto Prieto-Marquez agreed that Anasazisaurus horneri is similar to Kritosaurus navajovius, but found it distinct enough to be considered a valid species of Kritosaurus, as K. horneri. While this conclusion has been accepted in later papers,<ref name="ramirezvelasco2021"/ one study finds it to be a member of the Saurolophini, although it did not include Kritosaurus navajovius.
Description
The anatomy of Anasazisaurus is poorly known. The skull is somewhat poorly preserved, lacks the lower jaw, beak, and quadrate, and was only recently fully prepared. It has a sort of tab or flange of bone, from the nasals, that rises between and above the eyes and folds back under itself. This unique crest allows it to be distinguished from similar hadrosaurs, like Gryposaurus. The top of the crest is roughened, and the maximum preserved length of the skull is ~90 centimeters (~35 in). According to Gregory S. Paul, it was about 7.5 meters long and weigh up to 2500 kg.
Classification
Anasazisaurus is a saurolophine hadrosaurid, meaning it lacked a hollow crest. The most recent review recognized it as distinct, but did not try to place it beyond Hadrosaurinae.
Paleobiology
As a hadrosaurid, Anasazisaurus would have been a large bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing. Its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its beak, and held in the jaws by a muscular cheek. Feeding would have been from the ground up to ~4 meters (13 ft) above.
Paleoecology
Anasazisaurus was discovered in the Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation, which is one of the lower members. This formation dates from the late Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous Period (73-74 million years ago), and is also the source of several other dinosaurs, like Bistahieversor, Kritosaurus, Naashoibitosaurus, Parasaurolophus, Pentaceratops, Nodocephalosaurus, Saurornitholestes, and Ziapelta.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Saurolophines
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Natural history of San Juan County, New Mexico
Taxa named by Spencer G. Lucas
Fossil taxa described in 1993
Paleontology in New Mexico
Campanian genus first appearances
Campanian genus extinctions
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazisaurus |
Hi-Res Adventure #6: The Dark Crystal is a graphic adventure game based on Jim Henson's 1982 fantasy film, The Dark Crystal. The game was designed by Roberta Williams and was the first Hi-Res Adventure directly released under the SierraVenture label in 1983. Versions were published for the Apple II and Atari 8-bit family. An alternate version of the game intended for younger players called Gelfling Adventure was released in 1984.
Development
It took Roberta Williams a little over a month to develop the design for the game, which was then turned over to programmers and artists.
Reception
Softline in 1983 wrote that "In a way, it's better than the movie", stating The Dark Crystal "thin story that failed to serve the movie well is comparatively top-drawer material in the game" and calling the graphics "delightful". The game received a Certificate of Merit in the category of "1984 Best Computer Adventure" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards.
In a 1983 review of the Atari 8-bit version for Hi-Res magazine, Mark S. Murley found the game too clearly linear and disliked having to swap between three disks. He wrote:
Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #21
References
External links
The Sierra Help Pages
Official free re-creation of the game
1983 video games
Adventure games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
The Dark Crystal
Video games based on films
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dark%20Crystal%20%28video%20game%29 |
Little Qualicum Falls Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, on central Vancouver Island, that encompasses the entire southern shore of Cameron Lake. The Island Rail Corridor line to Port Alberni passes through the park.
History
Little Qualicum Falls Provincial Park was originally established as a park in 1940 to protect the old growth Douglas Fir forest.
Activities
Swimming, fishing, campgrounds and day-use areas are available within the park, as well as sail boarding due to a wind funnel created by the surrounding mountains, Mount Wesley to the north and Mount Arrowsmith to the south. The park maintains 6 km of walking trails within its perimeter.
See also
Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region
References
Official BC Government Park website
British Columbia Tourism website
vislandcamping.com review
External links
Photo of Little Qualicum Falls, undated, U.Wash Digital Collections
Little Qualicum Falls Loop, hiking guide
Regional District of Nanaimo
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Waterfalls of British Columbia
Mid Vancouver Island
1940 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Qualicum%20Falls%20Provincial%20Park |
Lockhart Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park Located 40 km north of Creston, British Columbia, Canada, on BC Highway 3A. "This park and the adjacent Lockhart Creek Provincial Park extend , from the sunny shores of Kootenay Lake to the headwaters of Lockhart Creek. "This small park provides the only easy access to public camping along the south arm of Kootenay Lake. An 18-site campground and day-use area are located near a sand and fine gravel beach."
Activities
Canoeing: There are paddling, canoeing, and kayaking opportunities at this park.
Fishing: There are fishing opportunities in Kootenay Lake, especially for Gerrad Rainbow trout.
Hiking: The adjacent Lockhart Creek Provincial Park has a well-maintained hiking trail that follows the north side of Lockhart Creek gaining about of elevation over a 3-hour hike.
Swimming: There are swimming opportunities in Kootenay Lake at this park. There are no lifeguards on duty at provincial parks.
External links
BC Parks - Lockhart Beach Provincial Park.
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Regional District of Central Kootenay
West Kootenay
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park |
Lockhart Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located adjacent to Lockhart Beach Provincial Park, 40 km north of Creston, British Columbia on the east shore of Kootenay Lake.
History
The park was established 1995.
Conservation
The park aims to protect an old-growth cedar-hemlock forest, as well as a wide variety of fish and bird life. The park encompasses one of the few /valleys in the region without roads and protects a diverse old growth forest.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping, hiking, fishing (in season), and hunting (in season). Multi-day backpackers can access Kianuko Provincial Park from Lockhart Creek.
Location
Located 40 kilometres north of Creston, British Columbia on the east side of Kootenay Lake.
Size
3,734 hectares in size.
External links
Lockhart Creek Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Regional District of Central Kootenay
West Kootenay
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park |
Loveland Bay Provincial Park is a provincial park on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located on the north side of Campbell Lake, just west of the city of Campbell River.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Mid Vancouver Island
1966 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveland%20Bay%20Provincial%20Park |
Lowe Inlet Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on the Inside Passage of the North Coast, 118 km south of Prince Rupert and 75 km north of Butedale. Established on 14 June 1994, the park now contains approximately ( of upland and of foreshore).
Images
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
North Coast Regional District
North Coast of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%20Inlet%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Lower Nimpkish Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the lower Nimpkish River. It is an undeveloped wilderness park that seeks to preserve the habitat while offering fishing and nature appreciation opportunities to the public.
See also
Nimpkish Lake Provincial Park
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Northern Vancouver Island
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Nimpkish%20Provincial%20Park |
Lower Skeena River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Skeena Country
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Skeena%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Lower Tsitika River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
History
The park was established on July 12, 1995.
Geography
The park is in size. This park protects the lands between three previously established Ecological Reserves, namely Tsitika Mountain Ecological Reserve, Mt. Derby Ecological Reserve and Robson Bight (Michael Bigg) Ecological Reserve.
The park is located east of Woss, British Columbia on Vancouver Island.
Conservation
The reserve helps to protect the upland portions of Robson Bight (Michael Bigg) Ecological Reserve and its sensitive Orca habitat.
Recreation
The recreational activities available are backcountry camping, hiking and fishing. The park receives minimal visits as hikers are prohibited from entering the Tsitika River estuary.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
External links
Lower Tsitika River Provincial Park at BC Parks
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Northern Vancouver Island
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Tsitika%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
David Allison Fraser is a retired Canadian Forces officer who served as a major-general in Land Force Command. The country’s first general officer to command American troops in combat since the Second World War, Fraser's most noteworthy role was as brigadier-general during Operation Medusa, which took place in Afghanistan from September 1–17, 2006 as part of NATO’s coalition efforts in the region.
Since retiring from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2011 after 32 years of service, Fraser has worked in the private sector, currently serving as president of AEGIS Six Corporation. In May 2018, he released Operation Medusa: The Furious Battle That Saved Afghanistan from the Taliban, which he co-authored with Brian Hanington. The book recounts his experience as commander of NATO forces in this battle, detailing the preparation, execution and aftermath of the conflict.
Education
Fraser studied political science and psychology at Carleton University in Ottawa, graduating in 1980 with a bachelor of arts. He graduated from the Canadian Armed Forces Command and Staff College in Toronto in 1990 and earned a Master of Management and Policy from the Royal Military College and Queen's University in 2001. He completed the American Capstone program and trained at the Ivey Business School, where he currently acts as a mentor.
Military career
Fraser joined the Canadian Armed Forces after graduating from Carleton University in 1980. His responsibilities and positions over the next 19 years were varied, including acting as chief of staff for the Alberta District, working as a Canadian officer responsible for domestic and international planning, and commanding Infantry Battalion in Canada and Bosnia. Fraser then worked as director of the Land Force Command Reserve Restructure in Ottawa from 2001 to 2003 and as co-director of the Bi-National Planning Group in Colorado Springs from 2003 to 2005. He deployed to Afghanistan in January 2006, where, as a brigadier-general, he commanded thousands of NATO troops. One of his main responsibilities there was to lead Operation Medusa in southern Afghanistan that September. Fraser subsequently acted as commandant of the Canadian Forces College in Toronto from 2007 to 2009 and led the Joint Headquarters Renewal Project in 2009 and 2010. He directed the Land Force Doctrine and Training System, and the 1st Canadian Division until 2011, retiring from military service that year.
Operation Medusa
Operation Medusa, which took place from September 1 to 17, 2006 during the second Battle of Panjwaii, was a seminal moment in Canada’s involvement in the Invasion of Afghanistan. Intended to secure the authority of the democratic government of Afghanistan in the south of the country, the Canada-led offensive was the largest battle fought by Canadian troops since the country’s involvement in the Korean War.
Fraser was sent to the southern Afghan province of Kandahar, where, as Commander of Regional Command South, he controlled thousands of NATO troops in the southern Afghan provinces of Kandahar, Helmand, Zabul, Uruzgan, Daikundi and Nimroz. The battle spanned a stretch of the Arghandab River valley west of the city of Kandahar. The Taliban amassed on the north side as NATO forces pushed forward from the southern bank. The operation was generally considered successful as it maintained NATO’s credibility within the region and overwhelmed the Taliban forces, which suffered heavy losses.
These successes of Operation Medusa came at the cost of six Canadian and twelve British lives. Then General and Chief of Defence Staff Rick Hillier commented afterward on the toll of the first two days of the operation, underscoring the loss of life. Charles Company of the Royal Canadian Regiment was hit particularly hard. On September 4, an American A10 warthog aircraft mistakenly strafed the company as it was preparing to attack a Taliban position, resulting in one death and thirty injuries. Despite this and other unforeseen difficulties such as running out of ammunition, the Canadians prevented further advance of the Taliban within Afghanistan. In his book Operation Medusa: The Furious Battle That Saved Afghanistan from the Taliban, Fraser assessed the effect of the operation, calling it a costly yet necessary fight that enabled Afghanistan to continue as a western installed democracy. The efforts of the Canadians and their allies were instrumental in enabling western back Afghan leaders to develop a new constitution, to ensure free and democratic elections, to make it possible for more girls to go to school, and to initiate reform in defence, justice and finance structures within the country.
Controversy
Despite its success, the operation and its aftermath were not without controversy. In 2007 and 2008, newspaper reports revealed that the Leopard tanks sent to Afghanistan had been taken from Canadian monuments. Fraser had requested tanks for the operation to make advances into Taliban controlled settlements while minimizing collateral damage. According to the Canadian Forces, however, such reports were exaggerated since it retained sufficient numbers of functioning tanks in its inventory at the time.
In 2016, Operation Medusa was once again brought into public discussion after Fraser admitted that he believed one of the results of the battle had been counterproductive. He commented that the coalition’s attempts to remove the Taliban while attacking al-Qaeda complicated the international community’s ability to complete its mission. According to Fraser, this change in strategy left a vacuum of leadership in its wake. The Taliban consequently took root and flourished at a local level. Afghan leaders have since resumed negotiations with the Taliban in Pakistan, attesting to Fraser’s analysis. According to Fraser, Canada made a similar mistake in Libya, which has since suffered two civil wars. He urged in 2018 that the whole-of-government, multicultural approach used by Canada during Operation Medusa be applied in the upcoming peacekeeping efforts in Mali.
In 2017, Harjit Sajjan, the Minister of National Defence, who had served as the primary liaison between Canadian commanders and local Afghan leaders during the conflict, claimed that he had been the architect of the operation. Later that year, Sajjan issued a formal apology for embellishing his role in the battle after he was criticized by fellow military personnel. His apology included reference to David Fraser, hailing Fraser’s leadership as elemental to Operation Medusa’s success.
Reception
Reception of the book was generally positive. Brett Boudreau extolled its clear and accessible account of the battle, while Murray Brewster commented that it spoke volumes with its dignified omission of Harjit Sajjan and the ensuing controversy. The greatest acclaim was from J. Paul de B. Taillon. His article in The Dorchester Review stated that Operation Medusa should be "compulsory reading for junior and senior officers, politicians, bureaucrats, and academics." Taillon also deemed the book a "corrective for those who believe that fighting or reading about the ‘last war’ is of little value."
Retirement
Fraser’s first appointment in the private sector was as chief operating officer of Blue Goose Pure Foods, a retailer of organic meats headquartered in Toronto. He took up the same position at INKAS, a national manufacturing company specializing in armoured vehicles, until June 2016. Fraser has since worked professionally as a public speaker. In 2016, he delivered the keynote address at the FABTECH Canada conference, focusing his remarks on the nature of effective teamwork and leadership.
Operation Medusa: The Furious Battle That Saved Afghanistan from the Taliban
In collaboration with Brian Hanington, David Fraser wrote Operation Medusa: The Furious Battle That Saved Afghanistan from the Taliban, a book about his experience as the commander of this operation. It was published in 2018 and sat on The Globe and Mail Canadian Non-Fiction Bestsellers List for a number of weeks. The book offers the senior commander’s view of the political, strategic and tactical complexities of the bloodiest battle in NATO’s history. It has been described by Murray Brewster as a cautionary tale of political hubris that offered lessons for Canada’s current peacekeeping missions.
Awards
Fraser received numerous awards during his tenure in the Canadian Armed Forces. The United States government presented him with the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star. He was also awarded several Canadian honours, such as the Commander of Military Merit award, the Meritorious Service Cross, the Vimy Award, the Atlantic Council of Canada Award and the Meritorious Service Medal.
References
Canadian generals
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Queen's University at Kingston alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Fraser%20%28military%20officer%29 |
Yokine was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia from 1996 to 2008. It was named for the northern Perth suburb of Yokine which fell within its borders. The last member for Yokine was Bob Kucera who held the seat for the Labor Party by a margin of 8.2%.
The seat was replaced at the 2007 distribution, taking effect at the 2008 election by the new seats of Mount Lawley and Nollamara.
History
The seat was created at the 1994 redistribution, replacing the seat of Dianella and taking in parts of Balcatta. It was first contested at the 1996 election by Dianella Liberal MLA Kim Hames, Balcatta Labor MLA Nick Catania and Upper House Labor MLC Sam Piantadosi. The seat was won by Hames, who served in the Outer Cabinet during Court's second term in office. Labor nominated Bob Kucera, the popular former Assistant Police Commissioner, who won the seat against Hames in the 2001 election on a 7% swing. He won again in 2005, but in the leadup to the 2008 election, he was ruled ineligible to contest the Labor preselection. In June 2008, he resigned from the Labor Party and continued to sit as an Independent.
Geography
The electorate was based in Perth's inner northern suburbs and included the suburbs of Yokine and Coolbinia, as well as parts of Balga, Westminster, Mirrabooka, Nollamara, Dianella and Inglewood.
Members for Yokine
Election results
References
ABC 2005 election guide
Former electoral districts of Western Australia
1996 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1996
2008 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Yokine |
The 79th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25, 2007, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted for the first time. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 10, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Maggie Gyllenhaal.
The Departed won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Pan's Labyrinth with three awards, Dreamgirls, An Inconvenient Truth, and Little Miss Sunshine with two, and Babel, The Blood of Yingzhou District, The Danish Poet, Happy Feet, The Last King of Scotland, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Lives of Others, Marie Antoinette, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, The Queen, and West Bank Story with one. The telecast garnered nearly 40 million viewers in the United States.
Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 79th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2007, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and the actress Salma Hayek. Dreamgirls received the most nominations with eight, and Babel came in second with seven. This marked the first and only occurrence that the film with the most nominations was not a Best Picture nominee. This also marks the first time in over seventy years where no film appeared in more than six different categories.
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 25, 2007. With his latest unsuccessful nomination for Best Actor, Peter O'Toole became the most nominated performer without a competitive win. Best Supporting Actress winner Jennifer Hudson became the fifteenth person to win for their debut film performance. "I Need to Wake Up" from An Inconvenient Truth became the first song from a documentary film to win Best Original Song.
Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().
Honorary Academy Award
Ennio Morricone In recognition of his magnificent and multifaceted contributions to the art of film music.
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
Sherry Lansing
Films with multiple nominations and awards
The following 19 films received multiple nominations:
The following five films received multiple awards:
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.
Presenters (in order of appearance)
Performers (in order of appearance)
Ceremony information
Because of the declining viewership of recent Academy Awards ceremonies, producer Gil Cates declined to helm the upcoming festivities. The Academy sought ideas to revamp the show while renewing interest with the nominated films. In September 2006, the Academy selected producer Laura Ziskin to oversee production of the telecast for a second time. Nearly three months later, actress and comedian Ellen DeGeneres, who had previously emceed three Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies between 2001 and 2005, was chosen as host of the 2007 ceremony. In an article published in the Los Angeles Times, Ziskin explained the decision to hire DeGeneres saying "Certainly, I believe the presence of Ellen will help the ratings absolutely. She's popular with a very wide audience. She is not a niche performer. She touches a lot of demographics."
AMPAS christened this year's telecast with a theme celebrating movie quotes. In tandem with the theme, advertising agency TBWA\Chiat\Day designed the official ceremony poster featuring 75 quotes from several Oscar-nominated or winning films. To stir interest surrounding the awards, filmmaker Spike Lee released a trailer featuring everyday people around New York City reciting famous film lines. During the ceremony, a montage produced by director Nancy Meyers saluted the work of screenwriters and their contributions to film.
During the telecast, former U.S. Vice President and environmental activist Al Gore, and Best Actor nominee Leonardo DiCaprio announced that AMPAS would incorporate several environmentally and ecologically conscious features into the ceremony. Designed by Frank Webb and Matthew White, the Architectural Digest greenroom where presenters and winners mingled backstage featured several environmentally friendly features such as a rug made of recycled plastic bottles and walls painted without any volatile organic compounds. Other eco-friendly features included the transportation for guests of the awards via hybrid electric vehicles, usage of recyclable paper for ballots and invitations, and serving meals at the Governor's Ball on reusable plates and biodegradable dishware.
Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony. William Ross served as musical director for the ceremony. J. Michael Riva designed a new set and stage design for the ceremony. Voice actor Don LaFontaine was hired with Gina Tuttle as announcers for the telecast. Actor Greg Vaughan and Lucky columnist Allyson Waterman co-hosted "Road to the Oscars", a weekly behind-the-scenes video blog on the Oscar ceremony website. Members of the dance troupe and contortionist group Pilobolus performed interpretive shadow figures representing scenes and logos from the nominated films. Actors Jack Black, Will Ferrell, and John C. Reilly performed a lighthearted musical number written by comedic director Judd Apatow and music composer Marc Shaiman satirizing comedy's lack of recognition at the Academy Awards. Conducted by musician Steve Sidwell, the Sound Effects Choir performed voice effects to a montage of classic films. Another vignette directed by documentary filmmaker Errol Morris featuring several Oscar nominees discussing what it means to be an Oscar nominee was shown at the beginning of the show. Italian director Giuseppe Tornatore assembled a tribute highlighting previous winners of the Best Foreign Language Film. Filmmaker Michael Mann produced a montage highlighting American life through the eyes of cinema.
Box office performance of nominated films
At the time of the nominations announcement on January 23, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $244 million with an average of $48.7 million per film. The Departed was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $121.7 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Little Miss Sunshine ($59.6 million), The Queen ($35.6 million), Babel ($23.7 million) and finally Letters from Iwo Jima ($2.4 million).
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 29 nominations went to nine films on the list. Only The Pursuit of Happyness (12th), Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (15th), The Devil Wears Prada (16th), The Departed (17th) and Dreamgirls (28th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (1st), Cars (2nd), Superman Returns (6th) and Happy Feet (8th).
Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle lamented, "It was long. It was flat. And it was bloated. Worst of all, it was boring." He also wrote that "it was difficult for Ellen's subtle rambling to translate because people want pop and humor and declarative sentences in their Academy Awards. Which they didn't exactly get." The Denver Post television critic Joanne Ostrow bemoaned, "Pleasant and innocuous but hardly exciting, DeGeneres forgot the primary Academy Award host directive: It's not about the host. Hollywood's biggest night (and television's second-biggest annual gathering, after the Super Bowl) is a celebration of film." The Washington Post columnist Tom Shales gave an average review for DeGeneres but criticized the overall slow and choppy pacing of the program noting that it was "punishingly too long."
Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Columnist Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times lauded DeGeneres's performance writing that she was "cheeky but good-natured, far less barbed and sardonic than Jon Stewart last year or Chris Rock in 2005." She added that her style brought a "casual Friday mood to Fancy Sunday." St. Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised host DeGeneres and producer Ziskin for turning "the evening into an upbeat celebration––and the most entertaining Oscars in years." Television editor Dave Kronke of the Los Angeles Daily News gave high marks for DeGeneres commenting, "Her material was amusing but scarcely a laugh riot, yet it was amiable and delineated that the evening was a celebration of all the nominees, not just the winners."
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 39.92 million people over its length, which was a 2.5% increase from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 76.72 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23.59% of households watching over a 38.86 share. In addition, the program scored a higher 18-49 demo rating with a 14.18 rating over a 33.71 share among viewers in that demographic.
In July 2007, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 59th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won two of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (J. Michael Riva, Geoffrey Richman, and Tamlyn Wright) and Outstanding Music Direction (William Ross).
In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute, presented by actress Jodie Foster, honored the following people:
Glenn Ford - Actor
Bruno Kirby - Character actor, comedian
Alida Valli - Actress
Betty Comden – Songwriter
Jane Wyatt - Actress
Don Knotts - Actor, comedian
Red Buttons - Actor, comedian
Gillo Pontecorvo – Director
Darren McGavin - Actor
Richard Fleischer – Director
Sven Nykvist – Cinematographer
Joe Barbera – Producer, cartoonist
Tamara Dobson - Actor, model
Gretchen Rau – Set designer
June Allyson - Actress
Gordon Parks – Director
Philippe Noiret - Actor
Maureen Stapleton - Actress
Jack Wild - Actor
Vincent Sherman – Director
James Doohan - Actor
Shohei Imamura – Director
Carlo Ponti – Producer
Peter Boyle - Character actor
James Glennon – Cinematographer
Sidney Sheldon – Screenwriter
Jack Palance - Actor
Mako - Actor
Jack Warden - Character actor
Basil Poledouris – Composer
Henry Bumstead – Art director
Jay Presson Allen – Screenwriter
Robert Altman – Director
Before the montage was shown, Foster briefly eulogized casting director and Oscar winner Randy Stone who died nearly two weeks before the ceremony.
See also
13th Screen Actors Guild Awards
27th Golden Raspberry Awards
49th Grammy Awards
59th Primetime Emmy Awards
60th British Academy Film Awards
61st Tony Awards
64th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
References
Bibliography
External links
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
News resources
Oscars 2007 BBC News
Academy Awards coverage CNN
Analysis
2006 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 2007 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
Academy Awards ceremonies
2006 film awards
2007 in Los Angeles
2007 in American cinema
2007 awards in the United States
February 2007 events in the United States
Television shows directed by Louis J. Horvitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th%20Academy%20Awards |
Edith MacArthur (8 March 1926 – 25 April 2018) was a Scottish actress noted for her elegant screen presence.
Early life
MacArthur was born in Ardrossan, North Ayrshire, the daughter of Donald MacArthur and Minnie Ross MacArthur. She studied at Ardrossan Academy and the Royal College of Music. During World War II, she worked at the Admiralty Map Correction station in Ayrshire.
Career
MacArthur began acting with the amateur Ardrossan & Saltcoats Players. She worked in various Scottish stage companies before moving to London in 1960. She made her London stage debut that year, in Alec Coppel's The Gazebo, at the Savoy. With the Royal Shakespeare Company in the 1960s, she played Lady Montague in Romeo and Juliet. She was twice in London productions of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, in different roles, in 1966 and in 1994–1995. She and Tom Fleming were known for Carlyle and Jane, their staged readings of the letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh Carlyle. She was long associated with the Pitlochry Festival Theatre.
MacArthur was frequently seen on television, with a long list of credits including Z-Cars, The Borderers, The Troubleshooters, Sutherland's Law, The Standard, The Omega Factor, The Sandbaggers, Doctor Finlay, Hamish Macbeth, Casualty and Sea of Souls. In 1972, she played the tragic Scottish mother Jean Guthrie in Sunset Song, the television adaptation of Lewis Grassic Gibbon's novel. Her best-known role was the Lady Laird Elizabeth Cunningham in Take the High Road, which she portrayed from the first episode in 1980, until December 1986 when the character was killed off in a car crash.
MacArthur was said to have discovered the future Doctor Who actor David Tennant. After seeing his first performance at age 10 in Paisley, she told his parents he would become a successful stage actor. Tennant went on to play MacArthur's son twice on stage, in Long Day's Journey into Night and Hay Fever.
In 2000, MacArthur was made an MBE for her contribution to the dramatic arts.
Personal life
MacArthur died 25 April 2018 at the age of 92, in Edinburgh. In her obituary in The Scotsman, she was described as "an actress whose breathtaking elegance and beauty – and uncompromising dedication to the craft she loved – was matched by a brilliant intelligence, and wicked, earthy sense of humour." Her papers are archived at the National Library of Scotland.
References
External links
Edith MacArthur at the British Film Institute
A 1996 photograph of Edith MacArthur, by Robert Trotter, in the National Galleries of Scotland.
1926 births
2018 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Ardrossan
Scottish television actresses
Scottish stage actresses
20th-century Scottish actresses
21st-century Scottish actresses
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
People educated at Ardrossan Academy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20MacArthur |
Teatro de los Insurgentes () is a theater located on Mexico City's Avenida de los Insurgentes. Opened in 1953, the theater seats 959 spectators.
History
The construction of Teatro de los Insurgentes was funded by José María Dávila in 1953 as part of President Miguel Alemán's program of urban renewal. Architect Alejandro Prieto, chosen by Dávila, was in charge of designing the theater. Dávila commissioned muralist Diego Rivera to paint La historia del teatro, a visual history of the theatre in Mexico on the building's façade. The Marxist artist placed the character of Cantinflas in the center of the mural in the form of a Robin Hood figure, distributing the wealth of the rich to the poor. The mural also references Mexican historical characters like Miguel Hidalgo or José María Morelos.
The theater's inaugural performance was Cantinflas' elaborate return to the stage after considerable success in films. The work, Yo, Colón, placed Cantinflas in the role of the Paseo de la Reforma statue of Christopher Columbus, who came to life and made candid "discoveries" about contemporary Mexican society. The play was written by Alfredo Robledo and Carlos León, Federico Ruiz was the music composer and Guillermo Keys-Arenas was in charge of choreographing the show.
In 2005, Rivera's mural was restored, funded by Televisa, owner of the theater.
Events
Theater
In 1974, Pippin made its Spanish-language debut at the theater. It was produced by Mexican pop singer Julissa, who also played Catherine. Also in the cast were Burt Rodríguez as Leading Player, Héctor Ortiz as Pippin, Guillermo Rivas as Charles, Anita Blanch as Berthe, and Jacqueline Voltaire as Fastrada.
In 1975 a version of Sugar was produced in the theater. It starred the singer Enrique Guzmán and the actors Héctor Bonilla, Chabelo and Sylvia Pasquel.
In 2022, the Mexican production of Network, featuring Daniel Giménez Cacho, Zuria Vega and Arturo Ríos, debuted in the theater.
Sports
Teatro de los Insurgentes was one of the venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics, hosting the weightlifting competitions. In order to host the Olympics, some modifications were made to the theater: a gym was built inside the theater as well as bathrooms, a sauna room and individual locker rooms for the competitors. A giant sculpture of a weightlifter, nicknamed "Judas", was placed on the Avenida de los Insurgentes in front of the venue.
Music
American Latin rock band Santana played in the theater on 24 September 1973, as a part of their Caravanserai Tour.
References
1953 establishments in Mexico
Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic weightlifting venues
Theatres in Mexico City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro%20de%20los%20Insurgentes |
Vakkadai Biksheswaran Chandrasekhar (21 August 1961 – 15 August 2019) was an Indian cricketer, who represented the country in seven One Day Internationals (ODIs) during 1988–90.
Born in Madras, Chandrasekhar played for Tamil Nadu and Goa at the domestic level. Making his first-class debut in 1986 for Tamil Nadu, he went on to play for the side till 1994–95. During his period, Chandrasekhar established himself as a key player for Tamil Nadu. He was highly successful in the 1987–88 season accumulating over 551 runs. Chandrasekhar also scored heavily in the 1991–92 season and captained Tamil Nadu for a short period before playing for Goa. All in all, he scored 4,999 runs from 81 matches when he retired from first class cricket. Termed as an "aggressive" player he set the record for the fastest hundred by an Indian in first class cricket. In 2012, he was appointed the coach of Tamil Nadu. Chandrasekhar was also a commentator and ran a cricket academy in Chennai.
Playing career
Chandrasekhar made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu during the 1986/87 season. He had two equally successful domestic seasons—1987–88 and 1994–95—aggregating 551 and 572 runs respectively. He had been one of the prominent players in Tamil Nadu's Ranji Trophy victory in the former season. In the next season he scored a century off 56 balls in a match in the Irani Trophy, an Indian record in first class cricket at the time. His good performances with the bat at the domestic level earned him a place in the national side when he was chosen for the ODI team against New Zealand in December 1988. Opening the batting with Krishnamachari Srikkanth, his Tamil Nadu partner, Chandrasekhar scored 10 runs in the match which India won by four wickets. He scored his only fifty in the third match of the series; he scored 53 runs from 77 balls in the Indian victory. He was again selected for the Rothmans Cup Triangular Series in 1990 where he scored poorly. After the tournament, he was never selected for the Indian team.
However, his impressive form in domestic cricket led to his being named the captain of Tamil Nadu. He continued to represent the team until 1995/96 when he started playing for Goa. His highest score of 237 not out was achieved against Kerala while playing for Goa in 1995–96; he carried his bat in a team total of 384.
Other work
In July 2012, Chandrasekhar was appointed the coach of Tamil Nadu. Within a year, he was sacked from the position as the team remained seventh in their group in the league stage of the Ranji Trophy and failed in the Vijay Hazare Trophy. He also served on selection panels both at the national and domestic levels and worked as a commentator. Chandrasekhar also ran a cricket academy in Chennai.
Death
Chandrasekhar died by suicide, hanging himself at his Chennai residence on 15 August 2019.
References
1961 births
2019 suicides
Tamil Nadu cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Goa cricketers
India national cricket team selectors
Cricketers from Chennai
Indian cricket coaches
Indian cricket commentators
Suicides by hanging in India
2019 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.%20B.%20Chandrasekhar |
Cockburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is based in Perth's south-western suburbs. Politically, it is a safe Labor seat.
Geography
Cockburn is located in the south-western suburbs of Perth. It is a coastal electorate, lying to the west of the Kwinana Freeway. The district includes the suburbs of Cockburn Central, Atwell, Yangebup, Munster, Beeliar, Success, most of Coogee and Lake Coogee, as well as parts of South Lake.
History
Cockburn was first contested at the 1962 state election. The seat's first member was Henry Curran, who had previously been the member for South Fremantle.
Cockburn has been at all times held by the Labor Party.
Members for Cockburn
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Cockburn
1962 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Cockburn |
École secondaire Franco-Jeunesse is a French high school in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada and is administered by the Conseil scolaire Viamonde. Franco-Jeunesse opened up a new school as of September 2012. The school was previously conjoined with NCIVS, but now neighbours SFX and the French community centre. It is well known in Sarnia for its advanced Technology and Robotics programs.
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
CSDCSO
External links
High schools in Sarnia
French-language high schools in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20secondaire%20Franco-Jeunesse |
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