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The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1932 throughout the world.
Winners club national championship
Argentina: River Plate
Belgium: Lierse S.K.
England: Everton F.C.
France: Olympique Lillois
Germany: Bayern Munich
Iceland: KR
Italy: Juventus
Mandatory Palestine: British Police
Netherlands: Ajax Amsterdam
Poland: Cracovia
Romania: Venus București
Scotland:
Division One: Motherwell F.C.
Scottish Cup: Rangers F.C.
Soviet Union: team of Moscow
Spain: Real Madrid
Turkey: İstanbulspor
International tournaments
1932 British Home Championship (September 19, 1931 – April 9, 1932)
Balkan Cup 1932 in Yugoslavia (June 26 – July 3, 1932)
Baltic Cup 1932 in Latvia (August 28–30, 1932)
1929-32 Nordic Football Championship (June 14, 1929 – September 25, 1932)1932: (June 10 – September 25, 1932)
(1932)
(1929–1932)
II. Dr. Gerö Cup (February 22, 1931 – October 28, 1932)
Births
January 5: Bill Foulkes, English international footballer and manager (died 2013)
January 9: Arne Høivik, Norwegian international footballer (died 2017)
February 27: László Sárosi, Hungarian international footballer (died 2016)
February 28: Noel Cantwell, Irish international footballer (died 2005)
April 16: Henk Schouten, Dutch footballer (died 2018)
May 15: Turgay Şeren, Turkish international footballer (died 2016)
June 22: Salvador Farfán, Mexican midfielder
June 25: Valeriu Soare, Romanian forward
August 11: Giovanni Di Veroli, Italian footballer (died 2018)
September 11: Peter Anderson, English club footballer (died 2009)
November 3: Guillaume Bieganski, French international footballer (died 2016)
November 22: Günter Sawitzki, German international goalkeeper (died 2020)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%20in%20association%20football |
Loretta Maxine Schrijver (born 16 May 1956 in New York City) is a Dutch television host.
Schrijver started working for television after finishing her studies History and Translation Science, after which she became a famous television personality. She was a news anchor for RTL Nieuws on RTL 4 from 1989 until 2000 and again from 2001 until 2007, presenting alongside Jeroen Pauw among others. In 2000 she exchanged RTL 4 for the AVRO and co-hosted the television program Alle dieren tellen mee (All animals count). After working there for a year she decided that public broadcasting didn't suit her and she returned to the RTL News.
In 2005 she was acclaimed the most popular news anchor in the Netherlands in a survey.
Since 2019, Schrijver is a jury member in the Dutch version of The Masked Singer.
Private
In an interview with the NCRV in May 2001, Loretta Schrijver, whose Jewish father survived the Holocaust, distances herself from the position of victim society tends to put her in because of her family history.
References
1956 births
Living people
Dutch journalists
Dutch people of Jewish descent
Dutch television news presenters
Dutch television presenters
Television personalities from New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta%20Schrijver |
Rui En (born Loh Rui En on 29 January 1981) is a Singaporean actress, singer and host.
Early life
Rui En was born on 29 January 1981. Her father worked as a property agent, and her mother is a housewife. Her parents divorced when she was 17; her father remarried three years later, and her mother remarried in 2007. While growing up, she shared in a 2008 The Straits Times interview, she used to smoke and drink socially to cope with the insecurity and instability she felt from her broken home, and after quitting ballet as a co-curricular activity (CCA) in secondary school. She subsequently kicked the habit in 2004.
Rui En studied at Singapore Chinese Girls' School for both her primary and secondary education, and subsequently at Raffles Junior College (RJC). She graduated from Nanyang Technological University with a Bachelor of Business in 2004.
Career
Modelling and music career
Rui En first started modelling after she completed her A Levels in RJC in 1999, and was managed by Phantom Management. In 2001, she was featured in a SingTel ad which propelled her into the limelight and earned her a feature in Singapore's edition of FHM. She subsequently signed on with Hype Records's subsidiary, Artistes Network.
Rui En ventured into Taiwan in 2002 with the stage name 芮恩 (). She made her first appearance as the female lead in label mate Jay Chou's music video for Secret Code (暗號) and went on to co-endorse Panasonic GD68 with him. Rui En subsequently released her debut regional Chinese album, Rui Σn vol. 01, in the same year under the co-production of Hype Records and Alfa Music. Chou composed the song White Feather (白色羽毛) which was released in her debut album, Rui Σn vol. 01.
Rui En was nominated as the Best Local Singer in the Singapore Hits Awards 2003 and was selected alongside Taufik Batisah to perform both the English and Mandarin versions of the 2005 National Day Parade's theme song, Reach Out for the Skies.
After a six years' break, Rui En released her second Chinese album in late 2008 under Hype Records, titled United Nations. This album was only released in Singapore, with all lyrics penned by Rui En herself. Since then, she resumed the use of her original name, 瑞恩. In April 2009, Rui En was invited to perform at Singapore Day 2009 at London's Hampton Court Palace, a yearly event organised by the Overseas Singaporean Unit in the Prime Minister's Office to engage overseas Singaporeans.
Acting career
Rui En made her acting debut in MediaCorp drama, No Problem, in 2002. She landed her first leading role in 2005, with A Promise for Tomorrow. In the following year, she was identified as one of the most promising young actresses in the Singapore Entertainment Industry by local entertainment magazine I-Weekly and was hence labelled as one of the Seven Princesses of Mediacorp.
In 2004, Rui En took over Steph Song's role in the English sitcom Achar! for the second season after Song left the series after falling out with the male lead, Jas Arora. However, after reviewing her performance in that sitcom, Rui En felt that she was acting just for fame and popularity as a clutch to her broken family situation. Thereafter, in addition to quitting smoking and drinking, she decided to stop taking up roles that require kissing and/or intimate scenes. Thus despite being nominated for the Best Newcomer Award in 2004's Star Awards, she was limited in the choice of roles she could take on.
In March 2008, Rui En was involved in a high-profile rejection of the role as an ambitious businesswoman struggling with mental illness in The Defining Moment, which subsequently went to Fann Wong instead. She was reported to have rejected the role due to a rape scene in the script as part of her stance against revealing, kissing or intimate scenes and has been criticised by some as unprofessional. She is reported to have been blacklisted by some producers after this role-rejection incident. After playing a social service worker and AIDS patient in By My Side in 2008, Rui En started to gain recognition, winning one of the eight 'Top 8 Likable Female Lead Characters' awards with her only production that year.
In 2010, Rui En was labelled as one of the 10 Faces to watch in 2010 by MediaCorp's Buzz. Rui En also won several awards for the characters she portrayed, for instance her role as Zhang Luoyun in My School Daze which emerged as the 'Top 10 Favourite Female Characters' in Star Awards 2010, and Lin Jiaqi in The Dream Catchers which emerged as the 'Top 5 Favourite Female Characters'.
In 2011, Rui En re-iterated her stance against revealing, kissing or intimate scenes after interviews for On the Fringe implied that Rui En had filmed a rape scene for the show. Rui En clarified that the so called rape scenes only consisted of her being drugged and was brushed on the hair and face. Rui En won the 'Most Favourite Female Character' award with her role as Yang Xiaodong in Happy Family. Rui En was also credited for her outstanding performance in portraying a widow in With You, winning the 'Best Actress' award in Star Awards 2011.
Rui En was awarded the 'Best Actress in Leading Role' at the 2012 Asian Television Awards, for her role as a tough cop in crime drama Unriddle 2. She went on to win her third acting award in the following year at the Star Awards 2013 for the same role in Unriddle 2, earning her second 'Best Actress Award' at Star Awards. In 2013, Rui En was appointed the spokesperson for L'Oréal Paris Youth Code, making her the first Singaporean spokesperson for the international cosmetics brand.
In addition to her roles in dramas, Rui En has starred in a three-part docudrama produced by Channel NewsAsia, as one of Singapore's pioneer painters, Georgette Chen. The English-language series, which was also adapted into Mandarin, aired on Channel NewsAsia, MediaCorp Channel 5 and MediaCorp Channel 8 in April 2015.
Rui En received the All-Time Favourite Artiste award in the 2016 star awards after winning the Top 10 Most Popular Male Artistes award from 2005 to 2016 respectively with Qi Yuwu.
In 2021, Rui En left Artistes Network.
Personal life
In January 2016, Rui En was also involved in a hit and run accident. There were no casualties involved, and both parties agreed to make a private settlement.
On 13 April 2016, Rui En was involved in a car accident entering a carpark near her home when her car knocked over a stationary motorcycle. On 14 April, it was reported that Rui En was assisting the police with investigations into the accident. She subsequently apologised and responded with an official statement regarding the accident. The owner of the motorcycle accepted Rui En's apology through Wanbao on 15 April. For this incident, Rui En was fined S$700.
Community work
Rui En is the theme song singer for The Community Chest of Singapore. The song, titled "Listen to Your Heart", has been released in the form of EP in years 2003 and 2009.
She is also a regular volunteer at "Beyond Social Services". She has also volunteered for several children welfare organizations. Notably, in 2016, she volunteered her services together with her fan club to commemorate their 9th anniversary.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Variety show
Discography
Solo albums
Rui Σn vol. 01 芮恩Rui Σn同名專輯 (December 2002)
United Nations 共和國 (October 2008)
Compilations
Morning Express VI 阳光系列6 (2003)
This compilation album consists of Rui En's The Way To Be Happy 快乐方式 (Track 3) and Test 考验 (Track 9). The songs were released under Rui En's birth name – 卢瑞恩 (Lú Ruì'ēn).
Celebrating 25 Years of Chinese Drama Collector's Edition 戏剧情牵25 (2007)
This album is a Collector's Edition composed of memorable theme songs spanning across the Singapore Chinese Drama's Twenty-Five years' History. Tracks from Rui En include a remix version of "The Way To Be Happy 快乐方式" and "Unfreeze 解冻". The songs were released under Rui En's stage name – 芮恩 (Ruì'ēn).
Singles
"Listen to Your Heart"
This is the theme song for The Community Chest of Singapore and there are English and Mandarin versions to this song. The songs were released in the form of a Single.
"Reach Out for the Skies (2005)"
This is the theme song for National Day Parade, 2005 and there are English and Mandarin versions to this song. Music videos were produced for both versions.
"Listen to Your Heart – Remix (2009)"
A remix version of the theme song for The Community Chest of Singapore, the Mandarin track was first performed on televised charity show, TrueHearts Show 2009. The EP released in November 2009 consisted of the original tracks and the remixes in both English and Mandarin. This graphic artwork for this single was designed by Rui En's fan club, RBKD, on behalf of The Community Chest of Singapore.
"Sky's the Limit"
A single by Taufik Batisah featuring Rui En.
"Numb" 麻木 (2013)
A single by Rui En.
Drama theme songs
Beautiful Connection – "The Way To Be Happy 快乐方式 "(2002)
This song was nominated as Best Drama Theme Song in Star Awards 2002 and was first released in Morning Express VI. A remix version was released in Celebrating 25 Years of Chinese Drama Collector's Edition.
No Problem! – "Test 考验" (2003)
This is an insert song released in Morning Express VI.
Love at 0 °C – "Unfreeze 解冻" (2006)
This was Rui En's first set of self-penned lyrics published and also her first and only theme song for the drama she is starring in. This song is released in Celebrating 25 Years of Chinese Drama Collecter's Edition.
By My Side – "Slow Dance 慢舞" (2008)
This is an insert song found in Rui En's United Nations.
Singles
Awards and nominations
In 2007, Rui En was presented with the "Nanyang Outstanding Young People Award" by her alma mater Nanyang Technological University.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
Nanyang Technological University alumni
Raffles Junior College alumni
21st-century Singaporean women singers
Singaporean Mandopop singers
Singaporean Christians
Singaporean television actresses
21st-century Singaporean actresses
Singaporean television presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui%20En |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1931 throughout the world.
Events
Winners club national championship
Argentina: Boca Juniors
Belgium: R. Antwerp F.C.
England: Arsenal F.C.
Greece: Olympiacos
Hungary: Újpest FC
Iceland: KR
Ireland:
League of Ireland: Shelbourne
Italy: Juventus
Netherlands: Ajax Amsterdam
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
Poland: Garbarnia Kraków
Scotland:
Scottish Cup: Celtic
Soviet Union: Russia
Spain: Athletic Bilbao
International tournaments
1931 British Home Championship (October 20, 1930 – April 22, 1931)
Shared by and
Baltic Cup 1931 in Estonia (August 30 - September 1, 1931)
1929-32 Nordic Football Championship (June 14, 1929 – September 25, 1932)1931: (May 25 - October 11, 1931)
(1931)
(1929-1932)
Balkan Cup 1929-31 (October 6, 1929 – November 29, 1931)
Balkan Cup 1931 in Bulgaria (September 30 - October 4, 1931)
Births
January 9: Ángel Berni, Paraguayan footballer (died 2017)
January 18: André Piters, Belgian international footballer (died 2014)
February 9: Josef Masopust, Czechoslovak international footballer and manager (died 2015)
February 14: Newton de Sordi, Brazilian international footballer (died 2013)
February 16: Bobby Collins, Scottish international footballer (died 2014)
March 1: Arne Pedersen, Norwegian international footballer (died 2013)
May 16: Vujadin Boškov, Yugoslav international football player and coach (died 2014)
June 13: Jean-Jacques Marcel, French international footballer (died 2014)
June 28: Aleksandar Ivoš, Serbian footballer (died 2020)
July 5: Gerd Lauck, German footballer (died 2005)
August 2: Yuri Kuznetsov, Soviet international footballer (died 2016)
August 5: Billy Bingham, Northern Irish international footballer and manager (died 2022)
September 19: Hiroto Muraoka, Japanese football player (died 2017)
October 13: Raymond Kopa, French international footballer (died 2017)
November 6: Pál Várhidi, Hungarian international footballer and manager (died 2015)
December 27: John Charles, Welsh international footballer (died 2004)
Deaths
5 September: John Thomson, Scottish international footballer (born 1909)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%20in%20association%20football |
The Stargazers were a British vocal group, jointly founded in 1949 by Cliff Adams and Ronnie Milne. Other original members were Marie Benson, Fred Datchler and Dick James.
Very shortly after the group made their first broadcasts with BBC Radio on such programmes as Workers' Playtime and The Goon Show, Dick James decided to resume his career as a solo vocalist, left the group, and was replaced by Bob Brown. Ronnie Milne took care of the musical arranging, while Cliff Adams became their manager, in addition to contributing scores for the group. In September 1953, Milne left the Stargazers to emigrate to Canada, and was replaced in the group by Dave Carey. The group served as backing vocalists for Petula Clark on her first recordings.
Commercial success
Recording for Decca, The Stargazers enjoyed considerable commercial success during the 1950s, including two United Kingdom number one hit singles on their own, "Broken Wings", which was the first recording by a native British act to top the UK Singles Chart (all previous number one singles were by American artists), and "I See the Moon", along with a third number one hit with Dickie Valentine on "The Finger of Suspicion", and were much in demand for back-up work and broadcast work.
In 1954, The Stargazers recorded "The Happy Wanderer" by F.W. Möller with Syd Dean and His Band, which reached number 12 in April of that year. Other UK chart hits included "Close the Door", which reached number 6 in September 1955, and "Twenty Tiny Fingers", which reached number 4 in November 1955. They were voted "most popular vocal group" by readers of the New Musical Express for five years running.
Stargazers' member Fred Datchler went on to form the Polkadots, who enjoyed success in their own right. Beyond their own hit singles and albums, which included a cover version of "April in Paris", the group recorded extensively with Jo Stafford, Peggy Lee and Frank Sinatra. One of Datchler's sons is Clark Datchler of Johnny Hates Jazz.
Discography
Albums
Presenting the Stargazers (Decca, 1954)
South of the Border (Decca, 1959)
Songs of Harry Lauder (with George Elrick) (London, 1960)
The Very Best of the Stargazers (Universal/Spectrum, 1999)
South of the Border and a Singles Compilation 1953–58 (Vocalion, 2003)
Singles
See also
List of artists under the Decca Records label
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
References
Musical groups established in 1949
English pop music groups
English vocal groups
English session musicians
Decca Records artists
1949 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stargazers%20%28vocal%20ensemble%29 |
The Kabyle people (, or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, , ) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers. They represent the largest Berber population of Algeria and the second largest in North Africa.
Many of the Kabyles have emigrated from Algeria, influenced by factors such as the Algerian Civil War, cultural repression by the central Algerian government, and overall industrial decline. Their diaspora has resulted in Kabyle people living in numerous countries. Large populations of Kabyle people settled in France and, to a lesser extent, Canada (mainly Québec) and United States.
The Kabyle people speak Kabyle, a Berber language. Since the Berber Spring of 1980, they have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of Berber languages in Algeria.
Etymology
The word 'Kabyle' (Kabyle: Iqbayliyen) is an exonym, and a distortion of the Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل), which means 'tribes', or 'to accept', which after the Muslim conquest was used for people who accepted the word of the Quran. The term qaba'il was used, and is still somewhat used by various peoples in Algeria to refer to various mountain dwelling tribes, including the Kabyle people.
The term used for Kabyles specifically was 'Zwawa' ('Izwawen' in Kabyle, 'زواوة' in Arabic). This appellation has been used since the medieval era for the tribes of Greater Kabylia, and is featured in important medieval ethnographic works like Ibn Khaldun's. After the French conquest, the French often confused the term "Arabs" and "Kabyle" thanks to the widespread usage of Kabyle all over the country. Although initially the French used the term Kabyle to refer to all Berbers, it was later specified to mean only the modern Kabyle people during the colonial era, however, Zwawa is still the most used term for Kabyles in areas such as western Algeria.
History
The Kabyles were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the Romans, the Byzantines, the Vandals, the Ottoman Turks and the Carthaginians. Even after the Arab conquest of North Africa, the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains.
Fatimid Caliphate
Between 902 and 909, after being converted to Isma'ilism and won over by Abu Abdallah's propaganda, the Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylie helped contribute to the founding of the Fatimid Caliphate, whose support in the conquest of Ifriqiya resulted in the creation of the Caliphate, although the ruling Fatimid dynasty was Arab. After the conquest of Ifriqiya the Fatimids conquered the realm of the Rustamids on the way to Sijilmasa which they also then briefly conquered and where Abdullāh al-Mahdī Billah, who at the time was imprisoned, was then freed and then accepted as the Imam of the movement and installed as the Caliph, becoming the first Caliph and the founder of the ruling dynasty. The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib" and Prof. Dr. Loimeier states that rebellions against the Fatimids were also expressed through protest and opposition to Kutama rule. The weakening of the Abbasids allowed Fatimid-Kutama power to quickly expand and in 959 Ziri ibn Manad, Jawhar the Sicilian and a Kutama army conquered Fez and Sijilmasa in Morocco.
During the reign of al-Aziz Billah, the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio-military groups. In 969 under the command of Jawhar, the Fatimid Kutama troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids, the general Ja'far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success: he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al-Maqrizi, captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt. The general Ja’far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla, the capital, he then conquered Damascus and made himself the master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli. It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4,100,000 km2.
Zirid Dynasty
The Zirid Dynasty was a family of Sanhadja Berbers with origins in the Kabyle mountains. During their reign they established their rule over the entire Maghreb and also established rule in parts of Andalusia. They also had suzerainty over the Emirate of Sicily through the Kalbite emirs and later assassinated the ruler and took over the island. When the Emirate of Sicily was split into separate taifas, Ayyub Ibn Tamim entered Sicily and united all of the taifas under his rule until he left the island.
Hammadid Dynasty
The Hammadids came to power after declaring their independence from the Zirids. They managed to conquer land in all of the Maghreb region, capturing and possessing significant territories such as: Algiers, Béjaïa, Tripoli, Sfax, Susa, Fez, Ouargla and Sijilmasa. South of Tunisia, they also possessed a number of oases that were the termini of trans-Saharan trade routes.
Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku
These two Kabyle Kingdoms managed to maintain their independence and participated in notable battles alongside the Regency of Algiers, such as the campaign of Tlemcen and the conquest of Fez. In the early 16th century Sultan Abdelaziz of the Beni Abbes managed to defeat the Ottomans several times, notably in the First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes.
The Kabyle were relatively independent of outside control during the period of Ottoman Empire rule in North Africa. They lived primarily in three different kingdoms: the Kingdom of Kuku, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas, and the principality of Aït Jubar. Kabylia was the last part of northern Algeria to be colonised by the French during the years 1854–1857, despite vigorous resistance. Such leaders as Lalla Fatma N'Soumer continued the resistance as late as Mokrani's rebellion in 1871.
French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence".
Kabyle villages were ruled through an indirect administration based on the preservation of Kabyle traditional political institutions such as the village’s assemblies djemaas, this institution played a central role in the Kabyle’s self-governing. The djemaas would resolve disputes between the village’s inhabitants and edict the customary law rules. French officials confiscated much land from the more recalcitrant tribes and granted it to colonists, who became known as pieds-noirs During this period, the French carried out many arrests and deported resisters, mainly to New Caledonia in the South Pacific. Due to French colonization, many Kabyle emigrated to other areas inside and outside Algeria. Over time, immigrant workers also began to go to France.
In the 1920s, Algerian immigrant workers in France organized the first party promoting Algerians independence. Messali Hadj, Imache Amar, Si Djilani Mohammed, and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s. They developed militants who became vital to the fighting for an independent Algeria. This became widespread after World War II.
Since Algeria gained independence in 1962, tensions have arisen between Kabylie and the central government on several occasions. In July 1962, the FLN (National Liberation Front) was split rather than united. Indeed, many actors who contributed to independence wanted a share of power but the ALN (National Liberation Army) directed by Houari Boumédiène, joined by Ahmed Ben Bella, had the upper hand because of their military forces.
In 1963 the FFS party of Hocine Aït Ahmed contested the authority of the FLN, which had promoted itself as the only party in the nation. Aït Ahmed and others considered the central government led by Ben Bella authoritarian, and on September 3, 1963, the FFS (Socialist Forces front) was created by Hocine Aït Ahmed. This party grouped opponents of the regime then in place, and a few days after its proclamation, Ben Bella sent the army into Kabylie to repress the insurrection. Colonel Mohand Oulhadj also took part in the FFS and in the Maquis (fr) because he considered that the mujahideen were not treated as they should be. In the beginning, the FFS wanted to negotiate with the government but since no agreement was reached, the maquis took up arms and swore not to give them up as long as democratic principles and justice were a part of the system. But after Mohand Oulhadj's defection, Aït Ahmed could barely sustain the movement and after the FLN congress on April 16, 1964, which reinforced the government's legitimacy, he was arrested in October 1964. As a consequence, the insurrection was a failure in 1965 because it was hugely repressed by the forces of the ALN, under Houari Boumédiène. In 1965 Aït Ahmed was sentenced to death, but later pardoned by Ben Bella. Approximately 400 deaths were counted amongst the maquis.
In 1980, protesters mounted several months of demonstrations in Kabylie demanding the recognition of Berber as an official language; this period has been called the Berber Spring. In 1994–1995, the Kabyle conducted a school boycott, termed the "strike of the school bag". In June and July 1998, they protested, in events that turned violent, after the assassination of singer Matoub Lounès and passage of a law requiring use of the Arabic language in all fields.
In the months following April 2001 (called the Black Spring), major riots among the Kabyle took place following the killing of Masinissa Guermah, a young Kabyle, by gendarmes. At the same time, organized activism produced the Arouch, and neo-traditional local councils. The protests gradually decreased after the Kabyle won some concessions from President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.
On 6 January 2016, Tamazight was officially recognized in Algeria's constitution as a language equal to Arabic.
Geography
The geography of the Kabyle region played an important role in the people's history. The difficult mountainous landscape of the Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia provinces served as a refuge, to which most of the Kabyle people retreated when under pressure or occupation. They were able to preserve their cultural heritage in such isolation from other cultural influences.
The area supported local dynasties (Numidia, Fatimids in the Kutama periods, Zirids, Hammadids, and Hafsids of Bejaïa) or Algerian modern nationalism, and the war of independence. The region was repeatedly occupied by various conquerors. Romans and Byzantines controlled the main road and valley during the period of antiquity and avoided the mountains (Mont ferratus). During the spread of Islam, Arabs controlled plains but not all the countryside (they were called el aadua: enemy by the Kabyle).
The Regency of Algiers, under Ottoman influence, tried to have indirect influence over the people (makhzen tribes of Amraoua, and marabout).
The French gradually and totally conquered the region and set up a direct administration.
Algerian provinces with significant Kabyle-speaking populations include Tizi Ouzou, Béjaïa and Bouira, where they are a majority, as well as Boumerdes, Setif, Bordj Bou Arreridj, and Jijel. Algiers also has a significant Kabyle population, where they make up more than half of the capital's population.
The Kabyle region is referred to as Al Qabayel ("tribes") by the Arabic-speaking population and as Kabylie in French. Its indigenous inhabitants call it Tamurt Idurar ("Land of Mountains") or Tamurt n Iqbayliyen/Tamurt n Iqbayliyen ("Land of the Kabyle"). It is part of the Atlas Mountains and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean.
Culture and society
Language
The Kabyle ethnic group speak Kabyle, a Berber language of the Afro-Asiatic family. It is the largest Berber language in Algeria. It was spoken by 3 million people in 2004 and has significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, with Arabic loanwords representing 22.7% to 46% of the total Kabyle vocabulary, with many estimates putting it at about 35%. Many Kabyles also speak Algerian Arabic and French.
During the first centuries of their history, Kabyles used the Libyco-Berber writing system (ancestor of the modern Tifinagh). Since the beginning of the 19th century, and under French influence, Kabyle intellectuals began to use the Latin script. It is the basis for the modern Berber Latin alphabet.
After the independence of Algeria, some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Old Tifinagh alphabet. This new version of Tifinagh has been called Neo-Tifinagh, but its use remains limited. Kabyle literature has continued to be written in the Latin script.
Religion
The Kabyle people are mainly Muslim, with a small Christian minority. Many Zawaya exist all over the region; the Rahmaniyya is the most prolific.
Catholics of Kabyle background generally live in France. Recently, the Protestant community has had significant growth, particularly among Evangelical denominations.
Economy
The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards and olive trees) and on the craft industry (tapestry or pottery). Mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary). In the middle of the 20th century, with the influence and funding by the Kabyle diaspora, many industries were developed in this region. It has become the second most important industrial region in the country after Algiers.
Politics
The Kabyle have been fierce activists in promoting the cause of Berber (Amazigh) identity. The movement has three groups: those Kabyle who identify as part of a larger Berber nation (Berberists); those who identify as part of the Algerian nation (known as "Algerianists", some view Algeria as an essentially Berber nation); and those who consider the Kabyle to be a distinct nation separate from (but akin to) other Berber peoples (known as Kabylists).
Two political parties dominate in Kabylie and have their principal support base there: the Socialist Forces Front (FFS), led by Ali Laskri who replaced Hocine Aït Ahmed, and the Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD), led by Mohcine Belabbès who replaced Saïd Sadi. Both parties are secularist, Berberist and Algerianist.
The Arouch emerged during the Black Spring of 2001 as a revival of the village assembly, a traditional Kabyle form of democratic organization. The Arouch share roughly the same political views as the FFS and the RCD.
The Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK) also emerged during the Black Spring, It claimed the right for a regional autonomy of Kabylie. On 21 April 2010, MAK proclaimed a Provisional Government of Kabylie in exile (ANAVAD). Ferhat Mehenni was elected president by the National Council of the MAK. In 2013, MAK officially became an independentist movement and changed its name to the Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylie.
Diaspora
For historical and economic reasons, many Kabyles have emigrated to France, both for work and to escape political persecution. They now number around 1 million people. Some notable French people are of full or partial Kabyle descent.
Notable people
Sport
Hicham Boudaoui
Samir Aït Saïd
Mohamed Allek
Larbi Benboudaoud
Soraya Haddad
Loucif Hamani
Cherif Hamia
Kheira Hamraoui
Mohand Chérif Hannachi
Rabah Madjer
Kylian Mbappé
Mahieddine Meftah
Sarah Ourahmoune
Moussa Saïb
Hocine Soltani
Zinedine Zidane
Business
Issad Rebrab
Cinema
Isabelle Adjani
Mhamed Arezki
Ramzy Bedia
Habiba Djahnine
Fellag
Marie-José Nat
Daniel Prévost
Rouiched
Erika Sawajiri
Malik Zidi
Music
Abderrahmane Abdelli
Lounis Aït Menguellet
Assia
Slimane Azem
Chimène Badi
Alain Bashung
Chérifa
Malika Domrane
Idir
Mohamed Iguerbouchène
Marina Kaye
Souad Massi
Matoub Lounès
Kamel Messaoudi
Emma Saïd Ben Mohamed
Marcel Mouloudji
El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka
Rilès
Takfarinas
Paint
M'hamed Issiakhem
Hamid Tibouchi
Politics
Abane Ramdane
Ferhat Abbas
Belaïd Abrika
Hocine Aït Ahmed
Amirouche Aït Hamouda
Lucius Alfenus Senecio
Nasir ibn Alnas
Fadela Amara
Cheikh Mokrani
Belkacem Lounes
Mohand Arav Bessaoud
Lalla Fatma N'Soumer
Salima Ghezali
Ferhat Imazighen Imula
Krim Belkacem
Saïd Mohammedi
Belkacem Radjef
Saïd Sadi
Science
Mouloud Mammeri
Si Amar
Mohammed Arkoun
Kahina Bahloul
Salem Chaker
Mustapha Ishak Boushaki
Noureddine Melikechi
Rachid Ouyed
Si Saïd
Abdelmalek Sayad
Mohand Tazerout
Tassadit Yacine
Literature
Arezki Aït Larbi
Taos Amrouche
Tahar Djaout
Nabile Farès
Mouloud Feraoun
Si Mohand
Salem Zenia
See also
List of Kabyle people
Notes and references
External links
Provisional Government of Kabylie (ANAVAD)
Kabyle Movement of Autonomy
Kabyle centric news site
Social web site
Kabyle centric news site
Ethnologue.com about Kabyle language
Algerian linguistic policy
Cultural site
Analysis
Ethnic groups in Algeria
Indigenous peoples of North Africa
Berber peoples and tribes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle%20people |
The National Alliance of College Summer Baseball consists of 12 summer baseball leagues sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
Leagues
Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League – Eastern Pennsylvania, Northern New Jersey, Staten Island
Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League – DC, Central Maryland, and Suburban Virginia
California Collegiate League - The State of California from Orange County to Napa Valley
Cape Cod Baseball League – Cape Cod area of Massachusetts
Florida Collegiate Summer League – Orlando area
Great Lakes Summer Collegiate League – Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario
Hamptons Collegiate Baseball League – Eastern Long Island in New York
New England Collegiate Baseball League – New England
New York Collegiate Baseball League – Northwestern New York state
Southern Collegiate Baseball League – Western North Carolina and Northwestern South Carolina (Charlotte, NC metro area)
Sunbelt Baseball League – Metro Atlanta, Georgia
Valley Baseball League – Central/Western Virginia
Most Valuable Program Award
Each year, the NACSB honors one or more college or university head coaches with the Most Valuable Program Award.
See also
Baseball awards #U.S. collegiate summer baseball
References
External links
NACSB official website
College baseball in the United States
Baseball governing bodies in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Alliance%20of%20College%20Summer%20Baseball |
Anna Lise Phillips (born 1975) is an Australian actress. She is sometimes credited as Anna Lise, Anna Lise Philips, or Anna-Lise Phillips.
Early life
Phillips grew up in Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia where she was a founding member of the Corrugated Iron Youth Theatre. Her mother was Maggi Phillips, a dancer
.
Career
Philips' first major film role was in The Boys (1998) shortly followed by Envy (also known as The New Girlfriend) for which she was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Feature Film. Other films of note include Sundance award-winning; Animal Kingdom, Walking on Water, BackTrack, The Pack, A Wreck A Tangle, and The Tank.
In 2002 Phillips played Mabel Fine in Icon's telemovie The Three Stooges with Michael Chiklis, Paul Ben Victor, and Evan Handler.
Phillips first acted on television in 2002, starring in Channel 9's Young Lions. In 2009, she appeared as Jeneana Palmer in Channel Seven's TV soap opera Home and Away.
Phillips has appeared in many Australian TV series including McLeod's Daughters, The Secret Life of Us, Farscape, Stingers, Murder Call, Good Guys Bad Guys, Water Rats, Wildside, The Killing Field, Heartbreak High, Terra Nova, Bastard Boys, Crownies, and City Homicide.
In 2012, she was cast in a recurring role in the American television series Revolution. Phillips starred in Foxtel's 2014 miniseries Devil's Playground with Toni Collette. In 2016, she starred in US comedy Sensitivity Training, which was also shown at the LA Film Festival. In 2020, Phillips made a guest appearance in Neighbours as Jenna Donaldson.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Living people
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
Actresses from the Northern Territory
1975 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Lise%20Phillips |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1930 throughout the world.
Events
Winners club national championship
Denmark: B93
Greece: Panathinaikos
Italy: Internazionale Milano F.C.
Hungary: Újpest FC
Poland: Cracovia
Spain: Athletic Bilbao
Argentina: Boca Juniors
England: The Wednesday
Scotland:
Scottish Cup: Rangers
International tournaments
1930 British Home Championship (October 19, 1929 – April 5, 1930)
I. Dr. Gerö Cup (September 18, 1927 – May 11, 1930)
FIFA World Cup in Uruguay (July 13 – 30 1930)
Baltic Cup 1930 in Lithuania (August 15–17, 1930)
1929-32 Nordic Football Championship (June 14, 1929 – September 25, 1932)1930: (June 1 - September 28, 1930)
(1930)
(1929-1932)
Coupe des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (June 28 – July 6, 1930)
Újpest FC (Hungary)
SK Slavia Praha (Czechoslovakia)
First Vienna FC (Austria)
Births
January 9 – Igor Netto, Soviet international footballer (died 1999)
January 27 – Carlos Cecconato, Argentinian footballer (died 2018)
March 14 – Hugh Baird, Scottish international footballer (died 2006)
March 14 – Bora Kostić, Yugoslavian international footballer (died 2011)
March 26 – Sigge Parling, Swedish international footballer (died 2016)
April 29 – Henri Coppens, Belgian international footballer and coach (died 2015)
May 18 – Shyqyri Rreli, Albanian international footballer and manager (died 2019)
June 7 – Hilderaldo Bellini, Brazilian international footballer (died 2014)
June 25
Vic Keeble, English footballer (died 2018)
George Thomas, Welsh footballer (died 2014)
June 26 – Tan Ling Houw, Indonesian Olympicfootballer
June 28 – José Artetxe, Spanish international footballer (died 2016)
July 3
José Luis Lamadrid, Mexican forward (died 2021)
Ferdinando Riva, Swiss forward (died 2014)
July 7 – Tadao Kobayashi, Japanese football player and manager
July 9 – Stuart Williams Welsh international footballer (died 2013)
July 15 – Alberto Michelotti, Italian football player and referee (died 2022)
August 22 – Gylmar dos Santos Neves, Brazilian international footballer (died 2013)
August 23 – Luís Morais, Brazilian football international footballer (died 2020)
September 7 – Julio Abbadie, Uruguayan international footballer (died 2014)
October 28 – Svatopluk Pluskal, Czech international footballer (died 2005)
November 5 – Wim Bleijenberg, Dutch international footballer (died 2016)
November 8 – Suat Mamat, Turkish international footballer (died 2016)
November 26 – Jacques Foix, French international footballer (died 2017)
December 17 – Gerard Kerkum, Dutch footballer and club chairman (died 2018)
December 19 – Georg Stollenwerk, German international footballer and trainer (died 2014)
Deaths
30 July: Joan Gamper (Hans Max Gamper-Haessig), Swiss athlete and founder of FC Barcelona, 52 (suicide)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%20in%20association%20football |
Perilla oil ( Deulgireum) is an edible vegetable oil derived from perilla seeds. Having a distinct nutty aroma and taste, the oil pressed from the toasted perilla seeds is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and cooking oil in Korean cuisine. The oil pressed from untoasted perilla seeds is used for non-culinary purposes.
Production
Perilla oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of perilla, which contains 38-45% lipids.
Nutrition
Perilla oil is considered a rich source of fatty acids, and contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids in perilla oil are mainly palmitic (5-7%) and stearic (1-3%). Monounsaturated fatty acids in perilla oil are oleic (12-22%), while polyunsaturated fatty acids in perilla oil are linoleic (13-20%), gamma-linolenic (0-1%), alpha-linolenic (54-64%), and arachidic (0-1%).
In comparison to other plant oils, perilla oil exhibits one of the highest proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which is between 54 and 64%. The omega-6 fatty acid component is usually around 14%.
Use
Culinary
In Korean cuisine, perilla oil and sesame oil are the two chief oils used in flavoring, sauces, and dips. Usually made from toasted perilla seeds, the oil is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and cooking oil. Either sesame or perilla oil can be used for flavoring namul (vegetable side dishes) and other sides, pan-frying jeon (pan-fried dishes), coating gim (laver) before roasting it, and forming the flavor base for dipping sauce. Specifically, perilla oil is more common in the southern part of Korea as perilla is cultivated more easily in the warmer areas. Nowadays, perilla oil is used in Korean-style western food as well. A Michelin-starred restaurant in Seoul serves nutty vanilla ice cream which has perilla oil as its "secret ingredient."
Industrial
Perilla oil made from untoasted seeds can be used for non-culinary purposes, including in paint, varnish, printing ink and linoleum. As a drying oil similar to tung oil or linseed oil, perilla oil has been used for paints, varnishes, linoleum, printing ink, lacquers, and for protective waterproof coatings on cloth. Perilla oil can also be used for fuel. It is used along with synthetic resins in the production of varnishes. It dries faster than linseed oil and on drying forms a film that is harder and yellows more than that formed by linseed oil. The paint and varnish industry accounts for the largest usage. Perilla oil is also important in the manufacture of printing inks and linoleum, and in more ancient times was a critical component in creating durable earthen floors.
In Japan, perilla oil was important for fueling oil lamps until early 16th century, before it was overtaken by rapeseed oil. The oilseed contains drying oil elements and was imported in bulk as a substitute for linseed oil into the United States from Japan, until the supply was interrupted by war.
In Korea, perilla oil pressed from the untoasted seeds were used to fuel lamps and to oil floor papers.
Use of press cake
The press cake remaining after pressing perilla oil can be used as natural fertilizer or animal feed.
Safety
Perilla oil is categorized as Hazard Grade III of Class 4 Hazardous Substances, by Presidential Order 33005 of Act On The Safety Control Of Hazardous Substances of the Republic of Korea. It is mainly due to its high iodine value (over 130), thus having a small probability of spontaneous combustion.
References
Cooking oils
Condiments
Vegetable oils
Korean condiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla%20oil |
Richard Hovey (May 4, 1864 – February 24, 1900) was an American poet. Graduating from Dartmouth College in 1885, he is known in part for penning the school Alma Mater, Men of Dartmouth.
Biography
Hovey was born in Normal, Illinois, the son of Major General Charles Edward Hovey and Harriet Spofford Hovey. He grew up in North Amherst, Massachusetts, and in Washington, D.C., before attending Dartmouth. His first volume of poems was privately published in 1880.
He collaborated with Canadian poet Bliss Carman on three volumes of "tramp" verse: Songs from Vagabondia (1894), More Songs from Vagabondia (1896), and Last Songs from Vagabondia (1900), the last being published after Hovey's death. Hovey and Carman were members of the "Visionists" social circle along with F. Holland Day and Herbert Copeland, who published the "Vagabondia" series.
Some twenty-nine poets have attempted to write sequels for Byron's Don Juan. Hovey was one of them. Samuel Claggett Chew praised Hovey's “Canto XVII” in his book To the End of the Trail. “This is one of the most convincing reproductions of the spirit and movement of Byron's verse that I have ever come across. It is supposed to be written by Byron in Hades. The poet refuses to take up the poem at the point at which Death had cut him short.—
Southey’s forgotten; so is Castlereagh;
But there are fools and scoundrels still today.
In the sequel we hear nothing of Juan; the satire is expended upon current affairs. Byron is full of curiosity as to events on earth:
I’ve such a next-day’s thirst for information,
I’d even be content to read the Nation.
He died after undergoing minor surgery for a varicocele in 1900.
Selected poems
Sea Gypsy by Richard Hovey
When We Are Dead by Richard Hovey
John Keats
To a Friend
Philosophy
The Old Pine
In Memoriam
Squab Flights
Kronos
College Days
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
The South
References
External links
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
Biography of Richard Hovey
Dartmouth Lyrics by Richard Hovey at Making Of America Books
Poems of Richard Hovey
Illinois State University Hovey Memorial, 1931
Richard Hovey - Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL newspaper)
The Richard Hovey Collection at Dartmouth College Library
1864 births
1900 deaths
Dartmouth College alumni
Poets from Washington, D.C.
People from Amherst, Massachusetts
People from Normal, Illinois
Poets from Massachusetts
19th-century American poets
American male poets
19th-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Hovey |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1929 throughout the world.
Events
Formation of the Football Association of Zambia in 1929.
Winners club national championship
Argentina: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
Austria: Rapid Wien
Belgium: Royal Antwerp
Czechoslovakia: Slavia Prague
Denmark: B93
England: Sheffield Wednesday
France: Olympique Marseille
Germany: SpVgg Fürth
Greece: not held due to financial reasons
Hungary: MTK Hungaria
Iceland: KR
Ireland: Shelbourne
Italy: Bologna
Luxembourg: Spora Luxembourg
Netherlands: PSV Eindhoven
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
Poland: Warta Poznan
Romania: Venus București
Scotland:
Division One: Rangers
Scottish Cup: Kilmarnock
Spain: F.C. Barcelona
Sweden: Hälsingborgs IF (not awarded)
Switzerland: Young Boys
International tournaments
1929 British Home Championship (October 22, 1928 – April 13, 1929)
Baltic Cup 1929 in Latvia (August 14–16, 1929)
1929-32 Nordic Football Championship (June 14, 1929 – September 25, 1932) 1929: (June 14 - October 13, 1929)
(1929)
(1929-1932)
South American Championship 1929 in Argentina (November 1, 1929 – November 17, 1929)
Births
January 5: Aulis Rytkönen, Finnish international footballer (died 2014)
January 7: Manfred Kaiser, East German international footballer (died 2017)
February 3: Néstor Carballo, Uruguayan international footballer (died 1981)
February 3: Büyük Jeddikar, Iranian international footballer (died 2013)
February 6: Ramón Martínez Pérez, Spanish footballer (died 2017)
February 28: Yevgeny Goryansky, Russian football striker and coach (died 1999)
April 17: Karl-Erik Palmér, Swedish international footballer (died 2015)
April 18 – Ion Voinescu, Romanian footballer (died 2018)
April 19: Jiří Hledík, Czech international footballer (died 2015)
May 12: Don Gibson, English club footballer
May 18: Herbert Schoen, East German international footballer (died 2014)
June 23: Bart Carlier, Dutch football player (died 2017)
July 7: Colin Walker, English footballer (died 2017)
July 13: Luciano Panetti, Italian footballer (died 2016)
July 18:
Enore Boscolo, Italian footballer
Roy Killin, Canadian soccer player (Manchester United)
July 21: José Santamaría, Spanish-Uruguayan international footballer
October 22: Lev Yashin, Soviet international footballer (died 1990)
November 12: Ríkharður Jónsson, Icelandic international footballer (died 2017)
November 25: Marcel De Corte, Belgian footballer (died 2017)
November 30: Doğan Babacan, Turkish football referee (died 2018)
December 9: Luis Cid, Spanish football coach, manager (died 2018)
December 17: Eliseo Prado, Argentine international footballer (died 2016)
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%20in%20association%20football |
Perillaldehyde, perillic aldehyde or perilla aldehyde, is a natural organic compound found most abundantly in the annual herb perilla, but also in a wide variety of other plants and essential oils. It is a monoterpenoid containing an aldehyde functional group.
Perillaldehyde, or volatile oils from perilla that are rich in perillaldehyde, are used as food additives for flavoring and in perfumery to add spiciness. Perillaldehyde can be readily converted to perilla alcohol, which is also used in perfumery. It has a mint-like, cinnamon odor and is primarily responsible for the flavor of perilla.
The oxime of perillaldehyde is known as perillartine or perilla sugar and is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose and is used in Japan as a sweetener. It is presented in lower concentrations in the body odor of persons suffering from Parkinson's disease.
See also
Icosane
References
External links
Aldehydes
Food additives
Perfume ingredients
Sugar substitutes
Monoterpenes
Cyclohexenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perillaldehyde |
Perillartine, also known as perillartin and perilla sugar, is a semisynthetic sweetener that is about 2000 times as sweet as sucrose. It is mainly used in Japan.
Perillartine is the oxime of perillaldehyde, which is extracted from plants of the genus Perilla (Lamiaceae).
See also
Sweetener
Oxime
Perilla
Shiso
Oxime V
References
External links
Aldoximes
Sugar substitutes
Monoterpenes
Cyclohexenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perillartine |
This version of the Cinderella ballet, using Sergei Prokofiev's Cinderella music and re-choreographed by Frederick Ashton, is a comic ballet.
Ballet productions
Plot outline
Ashton's Cinderella is his own realised dream of a Petipa ballet and the ballet itself enacts the realisation of dreams, notably Cinderella's own. When we first see her she is a demi-caractere dancer dreaming of being a ballerina—that seems to be the balletic point of her solo with the broomstick in the kitchen—and it is as a ballerina that she magically enters the ballroom, stepping en pointe down the stairs and advancing in pas de bourree to the front of the stage. Back in the kitchen she recalls the slipper (or rather the pointe shoe) that she carries in her apron; the shoe is the clue to her dream and persuades her it was true. The Prince finds Cinderella, but in his arms she discovers her own identity as a ballerina and her dream of herself has been realised. Cinderella's mice design the gown.
Origins
There are many versions of the story of Cinderella (the earliest was written down in China in the 9th century) and it has been the basis for a long list of pantomimes, operas, and ballets.
The earliest Cinderella ballet proper was by Duport in Vienna in 1813, although Drury Lane's Cinderella ten years earlier had a ballet divertissement of Loves and Graces introduced by Venus.
London's first complete Cinderella ballet was seen in 1822, the year Paris first heard Rossini's opera La Cenerentola.
Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and Enrico Cecchetti choreographed Cinderella for the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in 1893 to the music of Baron Boris Fitinhof-Schell—it was in this splendid production that Pierina Legnani first performed in Russia her celebrated feat of 32 fouettes—but none of the choreography has survived.
Adeline Genée first danced Cinderella at the Empire, Leicester Square, on Twelfth Night 1906, and 29 years later to the day Andrée Howard choreographed her one-act Cinderella (in which Frederick Ashton was the elegant Prince) for Rambert's Ballet Club at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate.
The score
Sergei Prokofiev had begun composition on the score for Cinderella in 1941 but, because of the war and his opera War and Peace, the orchestration was not completed until 1944.
The music was choreographed first for the Bolshoi Ballet by Rostislav Zakharov in 1945 and then for the Kirov Ballet by Konstantin Sergeyev in 1946. Olga Lepeshinskaya created Cinderella in Moscow (where Ulanova, who alternated with her, had great success in the role) and Dudinskaya first danced it in Leningrad.
Prokofiev and his collaborators were guided by Perrault's version of the story and by the great Tchaikovsky ballet scores, which themselves served the structure of Petipa's choreography. Prokofiev wrote that he conceived Cinderella (which he dedicated to Tchaikovsky):
and again:
Ashton's choreography
Frederick Ashton first considered the idea of composing a full-evening ballet as early as 1939, when the Vic-Wells Sleeping Princess had proved so successful, but because of the war these ambitions were shelved.
Early in 1946, though, in a speech at the Soviet Theater Exhibition, de Valois said she could not wait to see the first full-length English classical ballet, and during 1946 and 1947 there were constant rumours of possible three-act ballet scores. At one point Delibes' Sylvia seemed the most likely choice (that came in 1952 and was Ashton's second full-length ballet), but in the late spring of 1948 Prokofiev's Cinderella was selected as the score Ashton would choreograph.
He had heard and liked quite a lot of the Prokofiev music and he thought Perrault's story a good one. In the event, Ashton cut some of the music, notably the third-act scene showing the Prince's journey in search of Cinderella (a pretext for a divertissement of national dances: Ashton's comment on this was "I didn't like any of the places he went to, nor the music he wrote for them") and a shorter dance of Grasshoppers and Dragonflies after the Fairy Summer's variation in the first act. The choreography of Cinderella is Ashton's homage to the classical tradition of Petipa, as had been Symphonic Variations of two years earlier, albeit on a smaller scale. In 1948 Ashton also created Scènes de ballet, which distilled the essence of Petipa's ballets down to just one act.
The choreography of Cinderella is full of dreams, some most definitely unfulfilled. In the ballroom, the put-upon, shy Ugly Sister—significantly Ashton's own role—performs a Petipa figure that amounts to her dream of being Odile at Siegfried's ball or the Sugar Plum Fairy. She is in fact full of choreographic dreams, and that is the clue to her character (as is the fact that she has Edith Sitwell's nose). Again in the ballroom the bossy Ugly Sister does a fish-dive with her suitor, a dream of the final pas de deux in The Sleeping Beauty.
References
Sources
Bremster, M. (1993). International Dictionary of Ballet (Vol. 1 and 2). Detroit: St James Press.
External links
Frederick Ashton's "Cinderella" ballet
1948 ballet premieres
Ballets based on works by Charles Perrault
Ballets based on Cinderella
Ballets by Frederick Ashton
Ballets by Sergei Prokofiev
Ballets created for The Royal Ballet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella%20%28Ashton%29 |
Cezarina is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.
Location and communications
Cezarina belongs to the Vale do Rio dos Bois statistical micro-region. It has municipal boundaries with:
north: Palmeiras de Goiás
south: Edealina
east: Varjão
west: Indiara
Cezarina is located 73 kilometers southwest of the state capital, Goiânia. It is on the BR-060 highway, which connects Brasília to Jataí in southwestern Goiás.
Important rivers are the Rio dos Bois, which flows north-south to join the Paranaíba.
Demographic and political data
Population density in 2007: 17.704 inhabitants/km2
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 1.761.%
Urban population in 2007: 5,127
Rural population in 2007: 2,234
Eligible voters in 2007: 6,724
City government in 2005: Mayor (Prefeito)--Adinilso Sirico, Vice-mayor (Vice-Prefeito)--Artur Franco de Almeida Filho, City council (Vereadores): 09
Economy
The economy was based on cattle raising, agriculture, small transformation industries, meat packing, and dairies. There were 38,000 head of cattle in 2006.
Industrial units: 22 (2007)
Retail units: 78 (2007)
Financial institutions: Banco Itaú S.A (2007)
Packing house: Persa Indústria e Comércio de Carnes e Derivados Ltda
Dairy: Laticínios Almeida Reis Ltda (2007)
Automobiles: 760
Pickup trucks: 78
Motorcycles: 404
Agricultural data
Number of farms: 379
Total area: 33,395
Planted area: 2,150 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 25,655
Workers in agriculture: 1,010
Health and education
Infant mortality rate: 25.29 in 1,000 live births (2000)
Hospitals: 01 with 28 beds (2007)
Public health clinics (SUS): 05 (2003)
Literacy rate: 79.1% in 2000
Schools: 06 with 2,171 students (2006)
Higher education: none in June 2005
History
Cezarina began in 1960, with the construction of the BR-060 highway. At that time the rancher, João Argemiro Cezar decided to donate his lands, where the center of the town is now located. He hired Agil José da Rocha to measure the lands, granting him a free lot. Agil José built a gasoline station on the edge of the highway, which became the first building in Cezarina. Little by little the town began to grow. The name "Cezarina" was chosen because of its founder, João Cezar. In 1988 it became a city.
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.747
State ranking: 85 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,976 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezarina |
Brian and Michael were a British music duo best known for their 1978 UK number one hit single, "Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs". Without further chart entries, they remain one-hit wonders in the UK. They comprised two members: Michael Coleman and Kevin Parrott.
Career
The duo had originally been members of a Stax-style soul band called The Big Sound, working mainly in Denmark, Sweden and Germany, but also touring Israel in 1967. The Big Sound had previously backed singer Karol Keyes, now known as the actress Luan Peters. In Denmark, the band were the backing group to the Danish singer, Rock Nalle.
The act Brian and Michael was originally called Burke and Jerk, a comedy duo composed of Brian Burke and Mick Coleman, formed in 1976, some nine years after Coleman had left The Big Sound. During the intervening years Parrott and Coleman had stayed friends, and Coleman had followed Parrott's recording career as lead guitarist with Manchester rock band Oscar, who were signed to DJM Records.
When Coleman first wrote "Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs", he took the song to Parrott. The latter borrowed the estimated £1,000 to produce the record which was recorded at Pluto Studios in Stockport, in the same building as Strawberry Studios. Pluto Studios was owned by the former Herman's Hermits rhythm guitar player Keith Hopwood. The song was recorded over three sessions starting on 25 September 1977. The brass band on the recording is Tintwistle Brass Band, from the village in Derbyshire where Parrott lived at the time.
Parrott tried without success to get a release with several record labels, but eventually secured a recording contract with Pye Records. However, Brian Burke left the act just a couple of weeks after "Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs" was released on 25 November 1977, citing "family reasons".
Parrott left Oscar after 10 years, and teamed up with Coleman again, in the live act to try to keep up the promotion of "Matchstalk Men", and had to be billed as 'Brian'. The first run of records had already been pressed as Brian and Michael before Burke had left the act.
After their success, Brian and Michael released a follow-up single, "Evensong" (written by Phil Hampson), and an album, The Matchstalk Men, followed by a second album named I Can Count My Friends on One Hand. Backing singers St Winifred's School Choir released an unsuccessful album entitled The Matchstalk Children.
Coleman and Parrott remained in the music industry as songwriters and record producers for themselves and other acts. Other chart success as writers/producers were with "The Sparrow" (The Ramblers, No 11 in 1979), and Claire and Friends' "It's 'Orrible Being in Love when You're Eight and a Half" (Number 13 in 1986). Coleman also wrote the hit song "Hold My Hand" for Ken Dodd.
St Winifred's School Choir had their own number one hit with "There's No One Quite Like Grandma" during Christmas time in 1980.
In an article in The Guardian newspaper, Parrott said "we started performing together again in 2002, and are incredibly moved by the reception we get. We did a reunion concert at Manchester's Lowry Centre with the original St Winifred's girls.
In February 2012, Brian and Michael decided to form a new band and recruited their respective brothers, former Dooleys drummer Nigel Parrott, and Tim Coleman as lead vocalist. They also added a keyboard player – The Dakotas keysman, Toni Baker, made several guest appearances – and Ian Jenkins took over the role in 2014.
In 'The Matchstalk Men', Coleman has returned to his bass playing roots, Parrott to his rock guitar style, and the band are performing songs from the two Brian and Michael albums, plus "many of the favourites we grew up with during our 1950s and 1960s formative years".
2015 celebrated 50 years for Kevin Parrott and Mick Coleman as musical colleagues.
Following Tim Coleman's retirement from the band in 2016, the position of lead vocalist with 'The Matchstalk Men' was taken by Steve Pickering (aka comedian Dudley Doolittle), an old friend of Parrott and Coleman's who actually compèred a show at the London Palladium on the night, in 1978, that Brian and Michael topped the bill as 'number one' recording artists.
Ian Jenkins retired from the business in 2017 and his place on keyboards was, once again, filled by Toni Baker.
Kevin Parrott died from a stroke on 9 October 2023.
Discography
Studio albums
The Matchstalk Men (1978), Pye
We Can Count Our Friends on One Hand (1979), Pye
Singles
See also
List of one-hit wonders on the UK Singles Chart
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
List of number-one singles of 1978 (Ireland)
List of performers on Top of the Pops
References
External links
English pop music duos
English folk musical groups
Musical groups from Manchester
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups disestablished in 2023
1978 establishments in England
2023 disestablishments in England
Folk music duos
Male musical duos
Pye Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20and%20Michael |
Controllers
Each company who has released a console has also released a controller for that particular console. The Wii console is capable of using a controller from both the Wii and the GameCube.
Light guns
The 3DO Company
Game Gun- 3DO Interactive Multiplayer
Atari
XG-1-Atari 2600, Atari 8-bit family
Other
Intellivision
CD-i
Nintendo
NES Zapper-Nintendo Entertainment System
Super Scope-Super Nintendo
The Wii Zapper
Sega
Dreamcast light guns-Dreamcast
Menacer-Sega Genesis, Sega CD
Light Phaser-Master System
Music and rhythm peripherals
Nintendo Entertainment System
Miracle Piano Teaching System keyboard
GameCube
Donkey Konga bongo controllers
Dance Dance Revolution controllers
Dreamcast
Samba de Amigo maracas controller set
Dance Dance Revolution controller
PlayStation
Dance Dance Revolution controllers by Konami and third parties
BeatMania controller by Konami
PlayStation 2
Dance Dance Revolution controllers by Konami and third parties
Guitar Hero Gibson SG controllers - PlayStation 2
ParaPara Paradise controller by Konami
BeatMania controllers by Konami
DrumMania controller by Konami and third parties
GuitarFreaks controller by Konami
Pop n' Music controller
Xbox
Dance Dance Revolution controllers by Konami and third parties
Miscellaneous peripherals
NES
R.O.B. - Famicom version known simply as Robot, NES version named R.O.B., short for Robotic Operating Buddy
SNES
Voice-Kun - A Super Famicom device packaged with the Koei games Angelique Voice Fantasy () and EMIT () Vol.1 to 3.
GameCube
Microphone - A microphone meant for use in such games as Mario Party 6.
Casio Loopy
Magical Shop - A device which allows the user to take images from outside video sources, such as DVDs, VHS tapes, or camcorders, add text, and make them into stickers
Nintendo DS
Wii
Nunchuk - An attachment for the Wii Remote. It is plugged into the Wii Remote's expansion port, where the two are connected via a cord.
Classic Controller – A special controller attachment for the Wii Remote. While it is compatible with any Virtual Console game, it is heavily designed after the SNES controller and Sega Genesis controller. Many Wii games can also be played with the Classic Controller.
Wii Sensor Bar – A bar that you point the Wii remote at to get the cursor on the television to work the Wii. The sensor bar is optional, as you can use the Classic Controller or the Classic Controller Pro. The bar comes with every console.
Wii Wheel – An accessory that came packaged with every copy of Mario Kart Wii, though can also be purchased separately. It is also compatible with some driving games, such as Excitebots: Trick Racing and Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing.
Wii Speak – An accessory for the Wii console that allows the player to talk with others around the world without the need for a headset. The device can be placed near a television and anyone in the room will be able to talk. If you have this accessory, you are also able to download the Wii Speak Channel.
Wii Vitality Sensor – A cancelled accessory for the Wii. Announced by Satoru Iwata at E3 in 2009, not much is known about the Vitality Sensor and how it would have been integrated into video games. It has been suggested by Iwata that it would be used to relax the player, telling them their heartbeat and about their body.
Fishing rod peripherals
Dreamcast
Nintendo Labo (Toy-Con 01)
Mouse peripherals
Mega Drive
SNES
Casio Loopy
Dreamcast
See also
List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories
List of Super Nintendo Entertainment System accessories
References
Accessories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20accessories%20to%20video%20games%20by%20system |
Standard Life is a life assurance, pensions and long-terms savings company in the UK which is owned by Phoenix Group.
History
1825–2010
The Standard Life Assurance Company was established in 1825 and reincorporated as a mutual assurance company in 1925. During the 19th century it opened offices in Canada, India, China and Uruguay.
In 2006 demutualisation took place and the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange. The company sold Standard Life Bank plc to Barclays plc in January 2010 and then acquired the remaining 75 per cent stake in Threesixty, a financial advisory support business, that it did not already own for an undisclosed sum in March 2010. It sold its healthcare division to Discovery Holdings, a South African business, in May 2010 and went on to buy Focus Solutions Group, a financial software company, for £42m in December 2010.
2011–2015
In February 2013, the company announced that it had acquired the private client division of Newton Management Limited, a UK wealth management unit of BNY Mellon, in a deal worth up to £83.5 million. In March 2014, it was announced that Standard Life was in advanced talks to purchase rival Phoenix Group Holdings' Ignis Asset Management for around £400 million. Towards the end of the month, Standard Life completed the acquisition for a fee of £390 million.
In September 2014, Standard Life agreed to sell its Canadian operations to The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company, a subsidiary of Manulife Financial Corporation. It completed this sale on 30 January 2015 for a cash consideration of C$4.0bn. The transaction included a Global Collaboration Agreement where Manulife will seek to distribute Standard Life Investments' funds in Canada, the US and Asia. In a round-up of 2014 business, pre-tax profits rose by 19% to £604m, fee-based revenue during the year grew 14% to 1.43bn, and over 340,000 auto-enrolment customers were added. The pay and bonus of Chief Executive, David Nish, rose by 23% to almost £5.5m.
In February 2015, Standard Life announced it was launching a wholly owned, UK-wide, financial advice business saying it was "responding to fundamental changes that were driving unprecedented demand for advice from customers". In doing so, it confirmed that it had entered into an agreement with Skipton Building Society to purchase Pearson Jones, a firm of financial advisers and paraplanners, and this acquisition was completed in May 2015 when the name of its new financial advice business was announced as "1825" – a reference to the year Standard Life was founded.
2016–2017
In July 2016, a property investment fund managed by Standard Life Investments froze withdrawals after experiencing liquidity issues.
In March 2017, Standard Life reached an agreement to merge with Aberdeen Asset Management, in an all-share merger, subject to shareholder approval. It was announced that the merged company was to be named Standard Life Aberdeen. This was achieved by Standard Life being renamed Standard Life Aberdeen on 14 August 2017.
2018 - 2021
In 2018, Phoenix Group Holdings plc acquired Standard Life from Standard Life Aberdeen plc for £2.9 billion.
In May 2021, Phoenix Group acquired the 'Standard Life' brand and in July 2021 Aberdeen Standard Life Group companies rebranded as ‘abrdn’.
Controversy
In January 2006, Standard Life were accused of smearing a policy-holder, Michael Hogan, who was not happy with the way the company was being run. An e-mail sent to Standard Life executives and advisors (which was disclosed under the Data Protection Act) revealed an attempt to discredit him.
In January 2007, the head of Standard Life's life and pensions business, Trevor Matthews, used the racist phrase "nigger in the woodpile" while giving a presentation at one of the company's Edinburgh offices. After issuing an apology, Mr Matthews remained in his job and no disciplinary action was taken.
In March 2007 the company announced it would cut 1,000 jobs in an attempt to save an additional £100 million per year in costs. One month later it was highlighted in the company's annual report that three of Standard Life's top executives (Sandy Crombie, Keith Skeoch and Trevor Matthews) were awarded more than £5 million in pay. A Standard Life spokesman defended the awards, citing the leadership's efforts in turning round the company's fortunes.
In February 2014, Standard Life announced that it may move parts of their operations outside Scotland in the event of Scottish independence, if it was necessary to do so.
See also
List of managers of Standard Life
References
External links
Financial services companies established in 1825
1825 establishments in Scotland
British companies established in 1825
Companies based in Edinburgh
Former mutual insurance companies
Insurance companies of Scotland
Life insurance companies of the United Kingdom
Scottish brands
2018 mergers and acquisitions
2021 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Life |
The 2006–07 A-League was the 30th season of top-flight soccer in Australia, and the second season of the A-League since its establishment the previous season. Football Federation Australia hoped to build on the success of the first season and on the interest generated by the Socceroos competing in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Fox Sports had signed a A$120 million deal over 7 years for the exclusive broadcast rights of the A-League, AFC Champions League, and national team matches (excluding matches played in the World Cup finals).
The television advertisement campaign used for the 2006–07 season was the same as the previous season, with different music. Scribe's song "Not Many" was replaced with Manuel Neztic's "Kickin Down". The second season was marketed as "A-League: Version 2".
Clubs
Foreign players
The following do not fill a Visa position:
1Those players who were born and started their professional career abroad but have since gained Australian Residency (and New Zealand Residency, in the case of Wellington Phoenix);
2Australian residents (and New Zealand residents, in the case of Wellington Phoenix) who have chosen to represent another national team;
3Injury Replacement Players, or National Team Replacement Players;
4Guest Players (eligible to play a maximum of ten games)
Salary cap exemptions and captains
Pre-Season Challenge Cup
This competition was held in July and August in the lead up to the start of the A-League season. The opening round was 15 July 2006. The competition featured a group stage, with three regular rounds and a bonus round, followed by a two-week finals playoff. The bonus group round matched up teams against opponents from the other group, and also offered the incentive of "bonus points" based on goals scored (1 point for 2 goals, 2 points for 3 goals, 3 points for 4 or more goals).
The Pre-Season Cup was used to enhance the A-League's profiles by playing pre-season games in regional centres including the Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, Toowoomba, Launceston, Canberra, Wollongong, Port Macquarie, Orange and Tamworth.
The pre-season cup was won by Adelaide United at the final on 19 August 2006.
Regular season
The league season took a triple round-robin format, and took place over 21 rounds between 25 August 2006 and 21 January 2007.
League table
Results
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Round 7
Round 8
Round 9
Round 10
Round 11
Round 12
Round 13
Round 14
Round 15
Round 16
Round 17
Round 18
Round 19
Round 20
Round 21
Finals series
The Asian Football Confederation announced on 21 November 2006 that Adelaide United and Sydney FC would represent Australia in the 2007 AFC Champions League. Despite an appeal by the Football Federation Australia, it was determined that the 2005–06 A-League premiers and champions would qualify and not those from the current season.
The AFC also indicated that the qualification arrangements would not be reviewed prior to 2009. The FFA have indicated that the premiers and champions of A-League 2006–07 will qualify for the 2008 AFC Champions League – establishing a precedent of maintaining a one-year lag between qualification and participation.
Season statistics
Leading goalscorers
Most yellow cards
Attendances
Highest attendances
55,436: Melbourne Victory vs Adelaide United, 18 February 2007 (Grand Final)
50,333: Melbourne Victory vs Sydney FC, 8 December 2006 (Round 16)
47,413: Melbourne Victory vs Adelaide United, 4 February 2007 (Finals Week 2)
39,730: Melbourne Victory vs Sydney FC, 2 September 2006 (Round 2)
32,371: Queensland Roar vs Sydney FC, 20 January 2007 (Round 21)
Awards
The 2007 A-League Awards ceremony was held on 27 February 2007.
Johnny Warren Medal (Player of the Year): Nick Carle (Newcastle Jets)
Joe Marston Medal (Best player in Grand Final): Archie Thompson (Melbourne Victory)
Rising Star (Young Player of the Year): Adrian Leijer (Melbourne Victory)
Coach of the Year: Ernie Merrick (Melbourne Victory)
Golden Boot Award: Danny Allsopp (11 goals) (Melbourne Victory)
Fair Play Award: Perth Glory
Referee of the Year: Mark Shield
See also
2006–07 Adelaide United season
2006–07 Central Coast Mariners season
2006–07 Melbourne Victory season
2006–07 Newcastle Jets FC season
2006–07 New Zealand Knights season
2006–07 Perth Glory season
2006–07 Queensland Roar season
2006–07 Sydney FC season
Notes
References
External links
A-League official website, including fixtures
Football Federation Australia
SBS The World Game A-League section
FOXSPORTS.com.au A-League section and Official A-League Fantasy competition
A-League Men seasons
Aus
1
1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307%20A-League |
COGO is a suite of programs used in civil engineering for modelling horizontal and vertical alignments and solving coordinate geometry problems. Cogo alignments are used as controls for the geometric design of roads, railways, and stream relocations or restorations.
COGO was originally a subsystem of MIT's Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES), developed in the 1960s. Other ICES subsystems included STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET, and the internal languages ICETRAN and CDL. Evolved versions of COGO are still widely used.
Some basic types of elements of COGO are points, Euler spirals, lines and horizontal curves (circular arcs).
More complex elements can be developed such as alignments or chains which are made up of a combination of points, curves or spirals.
See also
Civil engineering software
References
"Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, Civil Engineering Dept MIT (Aug 1967)
"An Integrated Computer System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC 27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965). Sammet 1969, pp.615-620.
Mathematical software
Surveying
History of software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGO |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1928 throughout the world.
Events
February 10 – La Liga, a top class league of Spain, was official founded.
29 August – Honduran club C.D. Motagua was established.
Winners club national championship
Argentina: Huracán
Belgium: R. Antwerp F.C.
Canada: Westminster Royals
Denmark: B93
England: Everton F.C.
Greece: Aris Thessaloniki F.C.
Iceland: KR
Italy: Torino F.C.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: Građanski Zagreb
Netherlands: Feyenoord Rotterdam
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
Poland: Wisła Kraków
Scotland:
Division One: Rangers F.C.
Scottish Cup: Rangers F.C.
International tournaments
1928 British Home Championship (October 22, 1927 – March 31, 1928)
Olympic Games in Amsterdam, Netherlands (May 27 – June 13, 1928)
Baltic Cup 1928 in Estonia (July 25–27, 1928)
1924-28 Nordic Football Championship (June 15, 1924 – October 7, 1928) 1928: (June 7 - October 7, 1928)
(1928)
(1924-1928)
Births
January 13 – Bengt Gustavsson, Swedish international footballer and manager (died 2017)
January 13 – William Martínez, Uruguayan international footballer (died 1997)
January 25 – Cor van der Hart, Dutch international footballer (died 2006)
February 23 – André Strappe, French international footballer (died 2006)
February 29 – Gustau Biosca, Spanish international footballer and manager (died 2014)
March 12 – Gerhard Harpers, German international footballer (died 2016)
March 19 – Åke Johansson, Swedish international footballer (died 2014)
May 29 – Harald Hennum, Norwegian international footballer (died 1993)
July 1 – Karim Allawi Homaidi, Iraqi footballer
July 11 – Marcos Calderón, Peruvian football coach (died 1987)
July 22 – Jimmy Hill, English footballer and broadcaster (died 2015)
July 25 – Jimmy Jones, Northern Irish international footballer (died 2014)
August 14 – Gunnar Andersson, Swedish-born French club player (died 1969)
September 9 – Fritz Herkenrath, German international goalkeeper (died 2016)
September 23 – Santiago Vernazza, Argentine footballer (died 2017)
September 29 – Mihály Lantos, Hungarian international footballer and manager (died 1989)
October 8: Didi, Brazilian international footballer (died 2001)
October 19 – Mustapha Zitouni, French-Algerian international footballer (died 2014)
October 28 – Lawrie Reilly, Scottish international footballer (died 2014)
October 30 – Raúl Cárdenas, Mexican international footballer (died 2016)
November 26 – Károly Sándor, Hungarian international footballer (died 2014)
Deaths
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20in%20association%20football |
"The Last One", also known as "The One Where They Say Goodbye", is the series finale of the television sitcom Friends. The episode serves as the seventeenth and eighteenth episode of season ten; the episode's two parts were classified as two separate episodes. It was written by series creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and directed by executive producer Kevin S. Bright. The series finale first aired on NBC in the United States on May 6, 2004, when it was watched by 52.5 million viewers, making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years and the fifth most watched overall television series finale in U.S. history as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the decade 2000s on U.S. television. In Canada, the finale aired simultaneously on May 6, 2004, on Global, and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers, becoming the highest viewed episode of the series.
The series finale closes several long-running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) and Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) adopt twins and move to the suburbs. The episode's final scene shows the group leaving Monica and Chandler's apartment for the final time and going for one last cup of coffee together.
Prior to writing the episode, Crane, Kauffman and Bright watched finales from other sitcoms for the inspiration. Kauffman found that she liked the ones that stayed true to the series. Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California; part one was filmed on January 16, and part two on January 23 making it the only episode that was filmed in 2004. The finale was well received by critics and the cast members.
Plot
Part 1
Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow) and Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) pack the belongings of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) and Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), who have accompanied Erica (Anna Faris) to the hospital. Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston) leaves Ross Geller's (David Schwimmer) bedroom after their apparent reunion in the previous episode. Erica gives birth to twins, much to the surprise of Monica and Chandler, who were expecting only one child. At his apartment, Joey shows Phoebe his house-warming gift for Monica and Chandler: a chick and duckling to replace the ones that died. Ross arrives and confesses to the pair that he slept with Rachel. Rachel emerges from her bedroom and, to his disappointment, tells Ross that their night together was "the perfect way to say goodbye".
Later at the Central Perk café, Phoebe convinces Ross to tell Rachel how he feels about her before she leaves for her new job in Paris. As he is about to tell her, Central Perk manager Gunther (James Michael Tyler) confesses his love for Rachel. Back at Monica and Chandler's apartment, Ross decides not to tell Rachel, for fear of rejection. She prepares to leave to catch her flight, but waits long enough for Monica and Chandler to return with the twins, named Erica (after their biological mother) and Jack (after Monica's father). After Rachel leaves, Ross has a change of heart, and Phoebe takes him in her taxi to follow Rachel to the airport.
Part 2
Joey returns to his apartment to fetch the chick and the duck he was hiding, but finds they have become trapped in the foosball table. Chandler and Joey decide to break it open with a crowbar and mallet when they cannot find any other way of getting the birds out, but find themselves too emotionally attached to the foosball table to break it, but Monica does it gleefully. After they retrieve the birds, Chandler suggests Joey keep them, and the two reaffirm their friendship with a long, tense hug.
Phoebe's reckless driving gets her and Ross to JFK Airport and, after buying a ticket to get past security, they search the information boards for Rachel's flight number. When they cannot locate her flight on any of the information boards, Ross calls and checks the number with Monica but discovers they are at the wrong airport; as Rachel is flying out of nearby Newark Airport. Phoebe calls Rachel, who has already boarded her flight, to stall her for time. When a passenger (Jim Rash) overhears Phoebe saying there is a problem with the fictitious "left phalange" of the plane, he gets off the plane, prompting everyone else to leave.
Phoebe and Ross arrive at the airport as Rachel boards the plane again. Ross tells her he loves her, but she is unable to deal with his confession and gets on the plane anyway. A dejected Ross returns home and finds a message from Rachel on the phone. As she realizes that she loves him too, she tries to get off the plane as a flight attendant tries to force her to sit down. The message cuts off and Ross frantically tries fixing the answering machine, wondering out loud if she got off the plane. From behind him, Rachel appears and says she did, and they get back together for good. The following morning, the friends gather in Monica and Chandler's empty apartment and reminisce about how all of them had lived there at one point or another. With some time remaining before Monica and Chandler leave for their new house, the six all leave their keys to the apartment on the kitchen counter and decide to go for one last cup of coffee together, to which Chandler sarcastically and jokingly quips, "Where?" and they all laugh as they head down the hallway. The final shot shows the empty apartment, slowly panning around from the living space to the front door as Jefferson Airplane's "Embryonic Journey" plays.
Production
Writing and music
The series' creators completed the first draft of the hour-long finale in January 2004, four months prior to its airing on May 6. Before writing the episode, David Crane, Marta Kauffman and Kevin S. Bright decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms, paying attention to what worked and what did not. Kauffman found that they liked the ones which stayed true to the series, and they found the finale of The Mary Tyler Moore Show to be the gold standard. The writers had difficulty writing the finale, and spent several days thinking about the final scene without being able to write a word. Crane said that they did not want to do "something high concept, or take the show out of the show".
The music playing as the camera pans across the empty apartment at the end of the episode is "Embryonic Journey" by Jefferson Airplane. The song "Yellow Ledbetter" by the band Pearl Jam is also featured in the episode—after Rachel boards the plane for the first time—making it the first Pearl Jam song to be licensed for a television show. A spokesperson for the group said it was, "simply a matter of the show's producers asking permission".
Filming
The episode was filmed in Los Angeles, California on Stage 24 at Warner Bros. Studios, where Friends had been filmed since its second season. The first part was taped on January 16, and the second on January 23, 2004. After the series finale, Stage 24 was renamed "The Friends Stage".
A month before the filming of the final episode, Aniston said that with each episode it got "harder just to read the lines." She explained that the cast was "all just nerves and raw emotions ... No one knows how to feel. We may need to be sedated on the last night." The producers promised a tearful ending, and the cast admitted their crying was not faked when they filmed their scenes. LeBlanc revealed it had been too much for him and the rest of the cast; he said Kudrow started crying first, and when he looked at Aniston and Cox they also appeared emotional. Schwimmer, who LeBlanc thought was the "consummate professional", was also upset, so LeBlanc "just lost it." Maggie Wheeler, who played Chandler's "on and off" girlfriend Janice, told People, "the entire cast had to go back and have their makeup redone before starting," and that Perry broke the tension by saying, "Somebody is gonna get fired." Perry told the New York Daily News that he did not cry, "but I felt like I was about to for like seven hours."
Although it was planned that some key scenes of the episode would be filmed without an audience to avoid leaks of plot spoilers, the producers decided not to worry about the issue and filmed it all in front of the live studio audience. The producers also instigated the rumor that multiple endings would be filmed; in fact, only one was planned and shot.
At the start of each Friends episode filming, the cast would ordinarily be introduced to the studio audience one at a time, but this time the cast headed out for their pre-curtain bow together. "That made me cry," said Diane Newman, who was the script supervisor of the show. Among the specially invited audience of the taping were Hank Azaria, who played Phoebe's scientist boyfriend David in several episodes over the years; David Arquette, who filmed his then-wife Cox and the others backstage with a video camera; and Wheeler. Missing was Brad Pitt, Aniston's then-husband; Pitt told the producers he wanted to be surprised when the finale aired on television. Although some guests were invited, around 75% of the studio audience were 'ordinary' members of the public so that their reactions would be congruous with the rest of the series. However, friends, family and colleagues of the cast and crew served as extras throughout the episode.
Reception
Promotion, ratings and awards
NBC heavily promoted the series finale, which was preceded by weeks of hype. Viewing parties were organized by local NBC affiliates around the United States, including an event at Universal CityWalk featuring a special broadcast of the finale on an outdoor Astrovision screen. It was shown in New York City, where over 3,000 people watched it on big screens in parks. The finale was the subject of two episodes of Dateline NBC, one of which ran for two hours. Prior to the airing of the episode, a one-hour retrospective of clips from previous episodes was shown. Following the finale, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was filmed on the set of the Friends' Central Perk café, which featured the series' cast as guests. The advertising rates for the finale averaged $2 million for 30 seconds of commercial time. This currently remains as the largest advertising rate ever for a sitcom, breaking the previous record held by the Seinfeld finale at $1.7 million.
The finale was watched by 52.5 million American viewers making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years, and the most watched episode of the decade 2000s on U.S. television. The Friends finale was the fourth most watched overall series finale in U.S. television history, behind the finales of M*A*S*H, Cheers and Seinfeld, which were watched by 105.9, 84.4 and 76.3 million viewers, respectively. The episode was also the second most watched episode of Friends, behind The One After the Superbowl which attracted 52.92 million viewers. The retrospective episode was watched by just under 36 million viewers, and the finale was the second most-watched television show of the year, behind only Super Bowl XXXVIII.
The episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards at the 56th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series or Special and Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series, but lost to the final season of Frasier in both categories.
Critical reviews
Robert Bianco of USA Today described the finale as entertaining and satisfying, and praised it for deftly mixing emotion and humor while showcasing each of the stars. Sarah Rodman of the Boston Herald praised Aniston and Schwimmer for their acting, but felt that their characters' reunion "felt a bit too neat, even if it was what most of the show's legions of fans wanted." Newsday's Noel Holston called the episode "sweet and dumb and satisfying," while Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant felt that newcomers to the series would be "surprised at how laughless the affair could be, and how nearly every strained gag depends on the sheer stupidity of its characters."
An editorial in USA Today highlighted the view of many critics who found problem with the aging cast, commenting, "Friends was getting creaky even as it remained popular." Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com said that despite the "nauseating hype and the disappointing season and the lackluster finale, it's important to remember what a great show this was for such a very long time." Ken Parish Perkins of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram gave the finale a B grade, calling it "more touching than comical, more satisfying in terms of closure than knee-slappingly funny."
Response from the staff
The cast members reportedly got together in Los Angeles; David Schwimmer, who plays Ross, said, "It's exactly what I had hoped. We all end up with a sense of a new beginning and the audience has a sense that it's a new chapter in the lives of all these characters."
At the taping of the episode, the cast and crew passed around yearbooks, custom-made by the production staff, and signed them for each other. The cast gave the producers inscribed Cartier SA watches, while the producers gave the cast Neil Lane jewelry. As the sets were broken down, the cast and crew each got a chunk of the street outside Central Perk in a glass box as a keepsake.
There were three separate wrap parties—a dinner at the Aniston-Pitt residence on January 19, 2004, a sit down at cast hangout Il Sole in West Hollywood on January 22, and a big party for 1,000 guests on January 24 at Los Angeles' Park Plaza Hotel. At the party at the Park Plaza Hotel, The Rembrandts performed the theme song of Friends, "I'll Be There for You", and the cast gave a re-enactment of the pilot episode's first scene.
References
External links
Friends (season 10) episodes
American television series finales
2004 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20One%20%28Friends%29 |
Ebbe Skovdahl Hansen (5 July 1945 – 23 October 2020) was a Danish football manager. He most prominently was a successful manager at Brøndby IF, for whom he had also played in his active years. He helped turn the side into the most dominant Danish team in the 1990s, and he also managed the club in several European campaigns with regular successful UEFA Cup runs, and a UEFA Champions League qualification. He won numerous Danish Superliga and Danish Cup titles.
Career
Skovdahl started playing as a child for Vanløse IF. He played 130 amateur games for the club before he moved to Brøndby IF in the Danish 3rd Division in 1971. Following 89 amateur matches, many of them as team captain, he went on to become Brøndby's third team coach in 1977. He coached a few minor Danish teams Hvalsø IF and Glostrup IC before he secured two consecutive promotions for Brønshøj BK to the Danish 1st Division in 1982, the then best league of football in Denmark. In 1986, he moved back to coach Brøndby, who had just won the Danish football championship in 1985.
Championship coach
Skovdahl went on to coach Brøndby towards its second Danish championship in 1987 and he also guided the club to the quarterfinals of the 1986–87 European Cup international tournament. Following two years at Brøndby, Skovdahl moved to Portugal before the conclusion of the Danish season to coach the defending Portuguese Liga champions Benfica. Birger Peitersen went on to finish his job at Brøndby and secured the 1987 Danish championship. The job at Benfica was too much for the internationally inexperienced Skovdahl, and he lasted half a year in the club. He returned to coach Brøndby in 1988 where he won his first Danish championship as well as the Danish Cup trophy, before Skovdahl had a short interlude at Vejle BK in the 1990 and 1991 seasons. Following the near-bankruptcy of Brøndby IF in 1992, Skovdahl returned to the club once more.
In his first year at Brøndby, he coached a 5–3–2 system, and re-schooled former attacking players Jes Høgh and Ole Bjur to more defensive position, where they blossomed. Though Brøndby did not win the Danish championship in his first year, Skovdahl was named 1992–93 Danish Manager of the Year, for rebuilding the Brøndby team by re-schooling players to their best abilities. He went on to install a 4–4–2 system with hardworking players, whose constant pressure on the opponent, combined with the necessary technical and tactical skills, went on to dominate the Danish championship for half a decade. After a few seasons of stable play and secondary finishes in the domestic league, the big turn-around for the club came in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup when Liverpool F.C. was eliminated, and including that season, Brøndby won three Danish championships in a row. The success of the team under Skovdahl concluded in qualification for the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League tournament, as the second Danish team (after AaB in 1995). In all, Skovdahl won four Danish championships and three Danish Cups and guided Brøndby to a number of individual results in the European competitions.
Aberdeen
In 1999, he moved to become a popular manager of Scottish side Aberdeen F.C. in the top-flight Scottish Premier League (SPL) division. Aberdeen overachieved in Scotland in the eighties and early nineties, but the club started to decline from 1995. By 1999, heavy in debt and not capable of matching the Old Firm in the transfer market, the Dons needed to appoint a successful coach who could work with a small budget. So the club went for the fashionable idea of appointing a successful foreign coach, Ebbe Skovdahl.
In Skovdahl's first season at Aberdeen, the club finished bottom of the 1999–2000 Scottish Premier League, but Aberdeen avoided a potential relegation play-off due to Falkirk not meeting the SPL stadium requirements. Despite overseeing one of the poorest sides in Aberdeen's recent history in his first season in charge, Skovdahl proved popular with the fans. In that first year he brought in many foreign signings, with mixed success, and among his signings were Arild Stavrum, Hicham Zerouali, and Roberto Bisconti. The one highlight of Skovdahl's first season was that Aberdeen reached both the 2000 Scottish League Cup Final and the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, but they lost both finals to Celtic and Rangers respectively.
In the following season Aberdeen's fortunes improved domestically, but were knocked out of the 2000–01 UEFA Cup by Irish side Bohemians on the away goals rule. This was the first time that a Scottish club had been knocked out of European competition by Irish opposition. The next year Aberdeen improved dramatically as Skovdahl guided them to 4th place in the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League. Young players such as Kevin McNaughton, Russell Anderson, Philip McGuire, striker Darren Mackie, and goalkeeper Ryan Esson were developed.
Yet with the Bosman ruling, and Aberdeen's substantial debt, which had built up before Skovdahl became manager, it became clear that the system Skovdahl had used with Brøndby could not be maintained at Aberdeen. With many of the players he had developed on short term contract, and likely to leave at the end of the 2002–03 season, it became clear to Skovdahl that he could not in the long term achieve at Aberdeen what he had with Brøndby. Aberdeen lost narrowly to Hertha Berlin in the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. The club had a poor domestic start to the 2002–03 campaign, prompting Skovdahl to announce his intention to resign. He was replaced by Steve Paterson in December 2002.
Danish return
He returned to Danish Superliga club BK Frem, who he tried to save from relegation, though without success. Following disputes with the club board over the long-term aims of the club, Skovdahl resigned in winter 2005.
Personal life
Skovdahl was the uncle of Danish international footballers Michael and Brian Laudrup.
Death
Skovdahl died after years of battling cancer on 23 October 2020 at the age of 75.
Honours
Danish Championship: 1988, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98
Danish Cup: 1988–89, 1993–94, 1997–98
References
1945 births
2020 deaths
Danish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Vanløse IF players
Brøndby IF players
Danish football managers
Brøndby IF managers
Brønshøj BK managers
S.L. Benfica managers
Vejle Boldklub managers
Aberdeen F.C. managers
Boldklubben Frem managers
Scottish Premier League managers
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Scotland
Danish expatriate football managers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Danish Superliga managers
Footballers from Copenhagen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbe%20Skovdahl |
Hes Games is a 1984 sports game released for the Commodore 64 by HESware.
It was originally developed by 3-2-1 Software for the C64 . It was later upgraded by Michael Crick and released in the UK by Americana as Go For The Gold (#1 hit September 1986) and in the US by COSMI CORP under the label Celery Software. The US title, World Games, was changed to Gold Medal Games to avoid confusion with an Epyx product also called World Games.
Reception
InfoWorld in 1984 stated that HES Games "may be one of the best" of several Olympics-related games, especially praising the weightlifting simulation. The game was positively reviewed by Zzap!64 magazine who gave it a 95% rating.
References
External links
Review in GAMES Magazine
1984 video games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Summer Olympic video games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%20Games |
The International Rostrum of Composers (IRC) is an annual forum organized by the International Music Council that offers broadcasting representatives the opportunity to exchange and publicize pieces of contemporary classical music. It is funded by contributions from participating national radio networks.
The first Rostrum took place in 1954 and involved delegates from the German, French, Belgian and Swiss national broadcasting companies. From then until 2002 the Rostrum's sessions were held at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris, with the exception of 2000 when they were hosted by Muziek Groep Nederland and the Gaudeamus Foundation in Amsterdam. Since 2003, a rotation system has been in place, where the Rostrum is hosted every other year by Radio France and in the intervening year visits a European venue. Starting from 2010 the Rostrum is travelling around Europe by invitation of National Radio Broadcasters. Rostrum in 2020 was postponed until 2021.
Over thirty national radio networks now send delegates, presenting in total sixty or so works each year that have been composed no more than five years previously. Following sessions of listening and discussion, the delegates highlight one of the works submitted (that year's "selected work") and recommend a number of the others. They also highlight one or two works by composers under the age of thirty and recommend one or two others. These selected and recommended works are those most likely to be broadcast or played in concerts sponsored by the participating networks or others that follow the Rostrum's deliberations. All works presented are offered by the European Broadcasting Union to its members via satellite. Copies of recordings, scores and notes featured during the forum are kept at the Gaudeamus Foundation.
From 1991 until 2003 the composer of each year’s selected work was awarded the UNESCO Mozart Medal. Since 2004 the composer of each year’s selected work is awarded the UNESCO Picasso-Miró Medal and the composer or composers under the age of thirty whose work or works are selected are awarded the Guy Huot Bursary for young composers.
Since 2015, the International Rostrum of Composers is part of a large project called Rostrum+ a cooperation project co-funded by the Creative Europe programme of the European Union which aims to rethink the ways in which contemporary music connects with audiences through radio network by exploring new strategies to develop audiences, promote new music, enhance the skills of radio professionals and inspire cooperation between musicians, higher music education institutions and broadcasting companies throughout Europe and beyond.
The selected composer in the General Category of each edition receive a joint commission Radio France / IMC for an Alla Breve composition that are performed by musicians of the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, recorded and broadcast by Radio France in a special program called Alla Breve.
Swedish Radio and IMC jointly commission a work to the composer selected in the “Under 30” category. The composer is invited to Sweden for an introductory 2-day workshop with a local ensemble and then write a work for them which is broadcast live by the Swedish Radio.
List of winners
The International Rostrum of Composers has two main categories:
the general category (the names of the winners are listed in bold)
the category of composers under 30 years of age.
Usually there is one winner in each category, but sometimes there are more winners.
2021
– Held in Belgrade, Serbia.
Ivana Ognjanović (1971, Serbia): Lonesome Skyscraper for orchestra and electronics (2019)
Krists Auznieks (1992, Latvia): Are one for voice, chamber orchestra and electronics (2021)
2019
– Held in San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
Petra Strahovnik (1986, Slovenia): Prana for orchestra (2018)
(1992, Latvia): When for choir and cello (2016)
2018
– Held in Budapest, Hungary.
Páll Ragnar Pálsson (1977, Iceland): Quake for cello and orchestra (2018)
Jan-Peter de Graaff (1992, Netherlands): Le café de nuit for orchestra (2017)
2017
– Held in Palermo, Italy.
(1978, Poland): Brut for cello and ensemble (2014)
Sebastian Hilli (1990, Finland): Reachings for orchestra (2014)
2016
– Held in Wroclaw, Poland.
Oscar Bianchi (1975, Switzerland): Partendo for countertenor and ensemble (2015)
(1987, Estonia): Langedes ülespoole, taeva kaarjasse kaussi for orchestra (2015)
2015
– Held in Tallinn, Estonia.
Jan Erik Mikalsen (1979, Norway): Songr for Orchestra (2014)
Matej Bonin (1986, Slovenia): Cancro for symphony orchestra (2015)
2014
– Held in Helsinki, Finland.
Yannis Kyriakides (1969, Cyprus): Words and Song without Words, for cello and electronics (2013)
Andrzej Kwieciński (1984, Poland): Canzon de' Baci, tenor and orchestra (2013)
2013
– Held in Prague, Czech republic.
Agata Zubel (1978, Poland): Not I, for voice, chamber ensemble and electronics (2010)
Úlfur Hansson (1988, Iceland): So very strange, electroacoustic work (2011)
2012
– Held in Stockholm, Sweden.
Pedro Ochoa (1968, Argentina): Tierra Viva, for piano and tape (2011)
Peter Kerkelov (1984, Bulgaria): Attempt at Screaming, ensemble (2011)
2011
– Held in Vienna, Austria.
Francesco Filidei (1973, Italy): Macchina per scoppiare Pagliacci, for double orchestra (2005)
Juan Pablo Nicoletti (1983, Argentina): Abismo al Abismo, electroacoustic work (2011)
2010
– Held in Lisboa, Portugal.
Simon Steen-Andersen (1976, Denmark): Ouvertures (Part 1), for guzheng, sampler and orchestra (2008)
Kristaps Pētersons (1982, Latvia): Twilight Chants, for mixed choir, double bass and glasses (2009)
2009
– Held in Paris, France.
Martijn Padding (1956, Netherlands): First Harmonium Concerto, for harmonium and orchestra (2008)
(1982, Lithuania): Aquarelle, for mixed choir (2007)
2008
(1969, Japan): L'Heure Bleue, for orchestra (2007)
Florent Motsch (1980, France): Memoire du Vent, for orchestra (2006)
2007
Erin Gee (1974, USA): Mouth Piece IX, for voice and orchestra (2006)
Ülo Krigul (1978, Estonia): Jenzeits, for orchestra (2005)
2006
Arnulf Herrmann (1968, Germany): Terzenseele, for ensemble (2005–06)
Ēriks Ešenvalds (1977, Latvia): Légende de la femme emmurée, for mixed choir (2005)
2005
Mārtiņš Viļums (1974, Latvia): Le temps scintille..., for mixed choir (2003)
Luke Bedford (1978, United Kingdom): Rode with darkness, for large orchestra (2003)
2004
Helena Tulve (1972 Estonia): Sula (Thawing), for orchestra (1999)
Santa Ratniece (1977, Latvia): Sens nacre, for ensemble (2004)
Abigail Richardson-Schulte (1976, Canada): Dissolve, for harp, piano, percussion (2002)
2003 (the 50th edition)
Hanna Kulenty (1961, Poland): Trumpet Concerto, for trumpet and symphony orchestra (2002)
Johannes Maria Staud (1974, Austria): Polygon for piano and orchestra (2002)
2002
Anders Hillborg (1954, Sweden): Dreaming River, for orchestra (1999)
Daniel Vacs (1972, Argentina): Viento negro, for violin (2002)
2001
(1975, Finland): Enchanted Garden, for violin and orchestra (2000)
Brian Current (1972, Canada): For the time being, for orchestra (1999)
2000
Georg Friedrich Haas (1953, Austria): Violin Concerto, for violin and orchestra (1998)
Jüri Reinvere (1971, Estonia): Loodekaar, for chamber ensemble (1998)
1999
Brett Dean (1961, Australia): Ariel's Music, for clarinet and orchestra (1995)
Rolf Wallin (1957, Norway): Ground, for cello and string orchestra (1997)
Maja Ratkje (1973, Norway): Waves II B, for chamber orchestra (1997–78)
1998
Pascal Dusapin (1955, France): Watt, for trombone and orchestra (1994)
(1969, Finland): Seven miniatures, for orchestra (1996)
1997
Marc-Andre Dalbavie (1961, France): Violin Concerto, for violin and orchestra (1997)
(1968, Austria): Abglanz und Schweigen, for chamber ensemble (1996)
1996
Pär Lindgren (1952, Sweden): Oaijé, for orchestra (1993)
Mari Vihmand (1967, Estonia): Floreo, for orchestra (1995–96)
1995
Michio Kitazume (1948, Japan): Ei-Sho, for orchestra (1993)
Paweł Mykietyn (1971, Poland): 3 for 13, for chamber orchestra (1994)
1994
Eero Hämeenniemi (1951, Finland): Nattuvanar, for chamber ensemble (1993)
Thomas Adès (1971, United Kingdom): Living Toys, for chamber orchestra (1993)
1993
Kimmo Hakola (1958, Finland): Capriole, for bass and cello (1991)
Gisle Kverndokk (1967, Norway): Initiation, for violin and orchestra (1992)
1992
Esa-Pekka Salonen (1955, Finland): Floof, for soprano and chamber orchestra (1982)
Jesper Koch (1967, Denmark): Icebreaking, for two accordion and percussion (1991)
1991
Thomas Demenga (1954, Switzerland): Solo per due, for cello and orchestra (1990)
Chris Harman (1970, Canada): Iridescence, for 24 strings (1990)
1990
Édith Canat de Chizy (1950, France): Yell, for orchestra (1985)
Benoît Mernier (1964, Belgium): Artifices, for organ (1989)
1989
Daniel Börtz (1943, Sweden): Parodos, for orchestra (1987)
Jukka Koskinen (1965, Finland): String Quartet, (1987)
1988
Jukka Tiensuu (1948, Finland): Tokko, for male choir and computer-generated tape (1987)
Srđan Dedić (1965, Croatia): Snake Charmer, for bass clarinet (1986)
1987
Roger Smalley (1943, Australia): Piano Concerto, for piano and orchestra (1985)
Kimmo Hakola (1958, Finland): String Quartet, (1986)
1986
Magnus Lindberg (1958, Finland): Kraft, for clarinet, cello, piano, 2 percussion, orchestra and tape (1983–85)
Luc Brewaeys (1959, Belgium): E poi c 'era, for orchestra (1985)
1985
Alejandro Iglesias Rossi (1960, Argentina): Ancestral Rites of a Forgotten Culture, mezzo and 6 percussion (1983)
George Benjamin (1960, United Kingdom): At first light, oboe and orchestra (1982)
1984
Eugeniusz Knapik (1951, Poland): String Quartet, (1980)
Alessandro Solbiati (1956, Italy): Di Luce, for violin and orchestra (1982)
1983
György Kurtág (1926, Hungary): Messages de feu demoiselle R.V. Troussova, soprano and chamber orchestra (1976–80)
Detlev Müller-Siemens (1957, Germany): Passacaglia, for orchestra (1978)
1982
Yoshihisa Taira (1938, France): Meditations, for orchestra (1982)
Magnus Lindberg (1958, Finland): ... de Tartuffe, je crois, for piano quintet (1981)
1981
(1939, Belgium): Réquisitoire, for brass ensemble and percussion (1973)
Jouni Kaipainen (1956, Finland): Trois morceaux de l’aube, for cello and piano (1980–81)
1980
Aleksander Lasoń (1951, Poland): Symphony No. 1, for brass, percussion and 2 pianos (1975)
Akira Nishimura (1953, Japan): Ketiak, for 6 percussion (1979)
1979
Charles Chaynes (1925, France): Pour un monde noir, 4 poems for soprano and orchestra (1976)
1978
Manfred Trojahn (1949, Germany): String Quartet (1976)
1977
Louis Andriessen (1939, Netherlands): De Staat, for 4 female vocal soloists and 27 instruments (1972–76)
1976
Tomás Marco (1942, Spain): Autodafé, for piano, organ, three instrumental groups, and violins in echo (1975)
Dimitar Tapkov (1929, Bulgaria): Cantate pour la paix, for soprano, choir and orchestra (1975)
1975
Zsolt Durkó (1934, Hungary): Burial prayer, oratorios for tenor, baritone, choir and orchestra (1967–72)
1974
(1930, Netherlands): L 'Allegri, soprano and orchestra, (1967)
1973
Henryk Górecki (1933, Poland): Ad Matrem, for soprano, choir and orchestra (1971)
1972
Sándor Balassa (1935, Hungary): Requiem for Lajos reserve, for choir and orchestra (1968–69)
1971
George Crumb (1929, USA): Ancient Voices of Children, soprano and octet (1970)
1970
András Szőllősy (1921, Hungary): Concerto No. 3, for sixteen strings (1969)
Steven Gellman (1947, Canada): Mythos II, for flute and string quartet (1968)
1969
György Ligeti (1923, Hungary/Austria): Lontano, for orchestra (1967)
1968
Jan Kapr (1914, Czechoslovakia): Exercises pour Gydli, for soprano, flute and harp (1967)
Witold Lutosławski (1913, Poland): Symphony No. 2, for orchestra (1966–7)
John Tavener (1944, United Kingdom): The Whale, dramatic cantata (1966)
1967
Franco Donatoni (1927, Italy): Puppenspiel No, for flute and orchestra (1965)
Luboš Fišer (1935, Czechoslovakia): Fifteen Prints after Dürer’s Apocalypse, for orchestra (1965)
1966
Tadeusz Baird (1928, Poland): Four Dialogues, for oboe and chamber orchestra (1965)
1965
(1930, Italy): Wind in the Wind, for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1964)
Tōru Takemitsu (1930, Japan): Textures from the Arc, for piano and orchestra (1964)
1964
Witold Lutosławski (1913, Poland): Three poems by Henri Michaux, for 20 voice choir and orchestra (1963)
1963
Tadeusz Baird (1928, Poland): Variations without a theme, for orchestra (1962)
1962
Niccolò Castiglioni (1932, Italy): Through the Looking Glass, a radio opera
Akira Miyoshi (1933, Japan): String Quartet No. 1 (1962)
Luigi Nono (1924, Italy): España en el corazon, for soprano, baritone, choir and instruments, (1952)
1961
Elliott Carter (1908, USA): String Quartet No. 2, (1959)
1960
Humphrey Searle (1915, United Kingdom): Diary of a Madman, opera (1958)
1959
Tadeusz Baird (1928, Poland): Four Essays, for orchestra (1958)
Witold Lutosławski (1913, Poland): Funeral Music, for string orchestra (1956–8)
1958
Niccolò Castiglioni (1932, Italy): Symphony No. 1, for soprano and orchestra (1956)
Benjamin Lees (1924, USA): String Quartet No.1 (1952)
Constantin Regamey (1907, Switzerland): Cinq Etudes, for female voice and orchestra (1956)
1957
Ingvar Lidholm (1921, Sweden): Ritournelle, orchestra (1955)
1956
Frank Martin (1890, Switzerland): Cembalo Concerto, for harpsichord and orchestra (1951–52)
Hans Werner Henze (1926, Germany): Symphony No. 3 (1949–50)
1955
Luciano Berio (1925, Italy) Chamber Music, for voice, clarinet, cello, harp (1953)
Henri Dutilleux (1916, France): Symphony No. 1, for orchestra (1951)
References
External links
International Rostrum of Composers
International Music Council
Music conferences
Contemporary classical music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Rostrum%20of%20Composers |
Sir John Guildford, JP (by 1508 – 1565), of Hemsted in Benenden, also written Guilford, was an English landowner, administrator and politician.
Origins
Born by 1508, he was the only son of George Guildford (died by 1537), of Hemsted, who was the second son of Sir Richard Guildford and his first wife Anne, daughter of John Pympe, of Nettlestead. His mother was Elizabeth, only daughter and heiress of Robert Mortimer (died 1485 at Bosworth), of Thorpe-le-Soken, and his wife Isabel, daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk. He had two sisters: Mary, who married Sir Owen West (died 1551), and Anne, who married first Walter Woodland and secondly Richard Lynne.
Life
In 1529, in his early 20s, was elected MP for Gatton, a seat controlled by Sir Roger Copley, who was not only his stepmother's brother but also his wife's uncle. His own uncles, Sir Edward Guildford and Sir Henry Guildford, were the knights of the shire for Kent. He may have sat for Gatton in later Parliaments, but the records are lost.
Once the parliamentary sessions were over, in 1530 he enrolled at Gray's Inn to study law. When his uncle Edward died in 1534 without leaving a written will, John claimed that by last wishes spoken at the deathbed he was heir to the manor of Halden and other lands in Kent and Sussex. As this was disputed by Edward's only surviving child Jane and her husband, then known as Sir John Dudley, in the end he was unable to secure the estates, though the episode had an aftermath many years later.
In 1534 he was appointed bailiff of Winchelsea, holding the post for life, and about 1537 inherited his father's property. As a landowner, he was made a justice of the peace for Kent and, in 1542, he was knighted, sitting that year in Parliament as knight of the shire for Kent and thereafter sitting on various commissions involving the county.
By 1546 he had been named as chamberlain of the household of Anne of Cleves, the discarded wife of King Henry VIII, and on the death of the King had to negotiate with the Privy Council on her behalf. While he secured continuing payment for her staff, she was however required to vacate Bletchingley and move to Penshurst Place, where he was still looking after her interests in 1550.
In 1552 he was chosen as High Sheriff of Kent and again came to the attention of John Dudley, now Duke of Northumberland and effective ruler of England while King Edward VI was still a minor. Dudley gave him the lease of some of the lands the two had disputed nearly twenty years earlier and in July 1553, two days before the sickly young king's death, ordered him to raise a company of 30 men. Three days after the king's death, he was required to send at least two gentlemen from Kent to join Dudley's force backing the claim to the throne of his daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey.
It seems Guildford was not compromised by the failed coup, being reappointed to the bench under Queen Mary I and in October 1553 he may have sat as MP for New Romney, the records being unclear. When Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, he was removed from the commission of the peace and took no further part in public life.
On 4 May 1560 he made his will, asking to be buried beside his first wife in the church of Benenden and leaving to his eldest son the mansion house and manor of Hemsted with its contents, including weapons and armour, while his younger sons had generous legacies and funds for their education. His executors were named as Sir Warham St Leger and the MP Sir John Mason.
He died on 5 July 1565, with his will being proved six days later.
Family
Before 1534 he married Barbara (died by 1550), the daughter of Thomas West, 8th Baron de la Warr, and his third wife Eleanor, daughter of Sir Roger Copley. Among their twelve children were:
Sir Thomas (died 1575), MP for Gatton in 1552, who married Elizabeth, daughter of his stepmother Mary and her first husband John Shelley.
Dorothy (died 1584), who married Sir Thomas Walsingham (died 1584) and was the mother of Sir Thomas Walsingham, patron of Christopher Marlowe.
Jane, who married Robert Cranmer (died 1619), of Chepsted in Chevening, and was mother of Anne, who was first wife of the MP Sir Arthur Harris.
Elizabeth, who married as his second wife the MP William Cromer (died 1598), of Tunstall, Kent, a Sheriff of Kent.
Mary, who married as his first wife George Harlakenden (died 1565), of Harlakenden in Woodchurch, Kent.
Anne (died 1580), who married first Walter Mayne (died 1572), of Biddenden, and secondly the MP Levin Bufkin, of Gore Court in Otham.
After 1550, he married secondly Mary, widow of John Shelley (died 1550), of Michelgrove in Clapham, Sussex, and daughter of Sir William Fitzwilliam, of Milton Malsor in Northamptonshire. They had a son Richard.
References
1500s births
1565 deaths
Members of Parliament for New Romney
Bailiffs
English justices of the peace
High Sheriffs of Kent
English MPs 1529–1536
English MPs 1542–1544
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English knights
Knights Bachelor
People from Benenden
People from Winchelsea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Guildford |
Barnaba Cagnoli (1262?-1332) was an Italian friar from Vercelli.
He was born around the year 1262 and became the provincial of Lombardy from 1305 to 1313 and from 1319 to 1324.
In 1317 he was named inquisitor and defender of the faith for Asti and Piedmont.
After the finish of his second provinciality, he was appointed as papal legate in Piedmont by John XXII, reducing the princes and marquess from that region to the unit and the peace, therefore before they were separated of the Church and in war among itself. In 1324 he was elected Master general of the Dominican Order, serving until his death in Paris in 1332.
References
Italian Dominicans
Masters of the Order of Preachers
14th-century Italian Christian monks
People from Vercelli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaba%20Cagnoli |
Lord's No. 1 Ground also known as Lord's was a cricket ground in Durban, South Africa. The ground is believed to have been located on the current site of railway tracks leading to Durban railway station. It hosted 4 matches of Test cricket between 1910 and 1921 with the 2nd Test in 1909/10 and the 1st and 4th Tests in 1913/14, all between South Africa and England, and the 1st Test in 1921/22 between South Africa and Australia. The ground was demolished in 1922.
There were at least four cricket grounds in the Lord's parklands. The entire 1910–11 Currie Cup tournament was played on the Lord's No. 1, Lord's No. 3 and Lord's No. 4 grounds: 21 two-day first-class matches between 13 and 28 March 1911.
International centuries
Four Test centuries were scored on the ground.
Five-wicket hauls
Nine five-wicket hauls were taken in the four Test matches played on the ground. The ground no longer exists.
See also
List of Test cricket grounds
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead
Notes
References
External links
cricketarchive
espncricinfo
Cricket grounds in South Africa
Sports venues in Durban
Test cricket grounds in South Africa
1910 establishments in South Africa
Defunct cricket grounds in South Africa
Sports venues demolished in 1922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s%20No.%201%20Ground |
The provinces of Burundi are subdivided into 119 communes. The communes are further subdivided into collines.
Burundi’s provinces and communes were created on Christmas Day in 1959 by a Belgian colonial decree. They replaced the pre-existing system of chieftains.
In July 2022, the government of Burundi announced a complete overhaul of the country’s territorial subdivisions. The proposed change would reduce the amounts of provinces from 18 to 5, and reduce the amount of communes from 119 to 42. The change needs the approval of the National Assembly and the Senate to take effect.
The communes are listed below, by province:
Bubanza
Commune of Bubanza
Commune of Gihanga
Commune of Musigati
Commune of Mpanda
Commune of Rugazi
Bujumbura Mairie
Commune of Muha
Commune of Mukaza
Commune of Ntahangwa
Bujumbura Rural
Commune of Isale
Commune of Kabezi
Commune of Kanyosha
Commune of Mubimbi
Commune of Mugongomanga
Commune of Mukike
Commune of Mutambu
Commune of Mutimbuzi
Commune of Nyabiraba
Bururi
Commune of Bururi
Commune of Matana
Commune of Mugamba
Commune of Rutovu
Commune of Songa
Commune of Vyanda
Cankuzo
Commune of Cankuzo
Commune of Cendajuru
Commune of Gisagara
Commune of Kigamba
Commune of Mishiha
Cibitoke
Commune of Buganda
Commune of Bukinanyana
Commune of Mabayi
Commune of Mugina
Commune of Murwi
Commune of Rugombo
Gitega
Commune of Bugendana
Commune of Bukirasazi
Commune of Buraza
Commune of Giheta
Commune of Gishubi
Commune of Gitega
Commune of Itaba
Commune of Makebuko
Commune of Mutaho
Commune of Nyanrusange
Commune of Ryansoro
Karuzi
Commune of Bugenyuzi
Commune of Buhiga
Commune of Gihogazi
Commune of Gitaramuka
Commune of Mutumba
Commune of Nyabikere
Commune of Shombo
Kayanza
Commune of Butaganzwa
Commune of Gahombo
Commune of Gatara
Commune of Kabarore
Commune of Kayanza
Commune of Matongo
Commune of Muhanga
Commune of Muruta
Commune of Rango
Kirundo
Commune of Bugabira
Commune of Busoni
Commune of Bwambarangwe
Commune of Gitobe
Commune of Kirundo
Commune of Ntega
Commune of Vumbi
Makamba
Commune of Kayogoro
Commune of Kibago
Commune of Mabanda
Commune of Makamba
Commune of Nyanza-Lac
Commune of Vugizo
Muramvya
Commune of Bukeye
Commune of Kiganda
Commune of Mbuye
Commune of Muramvya
Commune of Rutegama
Muyinga
Commune of Buhinyuza
Commune of Butihinda
Commune of Gashoho
Commune of Gasorwe
Commune of Giteranyi
Commune of Muyinga
Commune of Mwakiro
Mwaro
Commune of Bisoro
Commune of Gisozi
Commune of Kayokwe
Commune of Ndava
Commune of Nyabihanga
Commune of Rusaka
Ngozi
Commune of Busiga
Commune of Gashikanwa
Commune of Kiremba
Commune of Marangara
Commune of Mwumba
Commune of Ngozi
Commune of Nyamurenza
Commune of Ruhororo
Commune of Tangara
Rumonge
Commune of Bugarama
Commune of Burambi
Commune of Buyengero
Commune of Muhuta
Commune of Rumonge
Rutana
Commune of Bukemba
Commune of Giharo
Commune of Gitanga
Commune of Mpinga-Kayove
Commune of Musongati
Commune of Rutana
Ruyigi
Commune of Butaganzwa
Commune of Butezi
Commune of Bweru
Commune of Gisuru
Commune of Kinyinya
Commune of Nyabitsinda
Commune of Ruyigi
References
See also
Provinces of Burundi
Collines of Burundi
Subdivisions of Burundi
Lists of subdivisions of Burundi
Burundi 2
Communes, Burundi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes%20of%20Burundi |
Gabriel Imuetinyan Agbonlahor (born 13 October 1986) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward; he mostly played as a striker, but he was also capable of playing on the wing. He spent his entire professional career with Aston Villa in the Premier League and later the Championship, with loans at Watford and Sheffield Wednesday at the start of his career.
He is a product of Aston Villa's Academy, and made his first-team debut in 2006 following loans to Football League clubs Watford and Sheffield Wednesday. He made 391 total appearances for Aston Villa, including 322 in the Premier League. He scored 87 goals for the club, and is their all-time leading Premier League goalscorer, with 74 across 11 consecutive league seasons. Formerly a regular with the England under-21s, Agbonlahor made his senior international debut for England in 2008 and earned three caps.
Club career
Early career
Before being scouted by Aston Villa, Agbonlahor was playing for Great Barr Falcons and his district. It was at a district game where he was scouted by Aston Villa. During this time he had also been scouted by Wolverhampton Wanderers and played a few games for them, but chose to join his boyhood football team Aston Villa. Agbonlahor came through the youth ranks at local club Aston Villa. He signed a two-year professional contract at the club in June 2005. On 22 September 2005, he was loaned to Championship club Watford, where he made his senior debut six days later, replacing Trevor Benjamin at half time in a 3–1 defeat away to Coventry City. He made his first start in his only other match for Watford, a goalless draw against Leeds United at Vicarage Road on 1 October, in which he made way for Francino Francis after 65 minutes. Agbonlahor was loaned to another team from the division on 28 October, Sheffield Wednesday, where he made eight appearances without scoring.
Agbonlahor's Premier League debut for Villa came on 18 March 2006 at the age of 19, under manager David O'Leary, against Everton at Goodison Park. O'Leary was forced to delve into the youth academy because of a lack of senior strikers due to injury, thus earning Agbonlahor a rare start. He scored after 63 minutes, although Villa went on to lose the match 4–1.
2006–2008
In five pre-season matches of the 2006–07 season, Agbonlahor netted three goals for Aston Villa; a quick double salvo against Walsall (the first a near-post header, the latter a close range finish) in a 5–0 victory, and a consolation strike in a 2–1 defeat at NEC. Agbonlahor started the season on the right wing in Martin O'Neill's new-look Villa team, and would be part of the team that managed to get a point from the first Premier League match at Arsenal's new Emirates Stadium. Agbonlahor's first goal of the season came at home against Charlton Athletic in a 2–0 win. On 30 September, Agbonlahor scored a crucial equaliser against Premiership champions Chelsea just before half-time, heading in Liam Ridgewell's cross with a glancing header to earn Villa a 1–1 draw.
Agbonlahor also provided cup heroics in 2006, scoring an injury-time winner to beat Leicester City 3–2 at the Walkers Stadium. The following match, he scored a consolation effort in Villa's first loss of the season, on 28 October, ten matches in. Agbonlahor completed his run of scoring against the so-called "Big Four", when he scored against Manchester United. Aston Villa were beaten 3–1 in the match at Old Trafford. Agbonlahor then scored deep into injury time in the following match, against Watford on 20 January 2007, to end a Villa winless run that stretched back to 11 November.
Agbonlahor had played every minute of Aston Villa's campaign in 2006–07, until he was replaced by Patrik Berger in the 2–0 away fixture against Reading on 10 February 2007. The following match was the first of the season that Agbonlahor did not start—he instead appeared from the bench, replacing new Villa signing Shaun Maloney. Manager Martin O'Neill suggested that Agbonlahor, who had been playing out of position on the right wing for much of the season, had done superbly, and being dropped from the first 11 was in order to rest him, and alleviate growing crowd pressure. Following this break, Agbonlahor went on a scoring spree. He scored from the right-wing against Everton on 2 April to gain Villa a valuable point. Following this match, Agbonlahor signed a new-four-year contract at Villa. The following Saturday, in the absence of John Carew, he was moved back to his natural position at centre forward and again found his name on the scoresheet. Agbonlahor made it three in a row on Easter Monday, again scoring an equaliser, adjudged to have crossed the line by assistant referee Dave Richardson.
Agbonlahor also scored the vital second goal in the match between Aston Villa and Chelsea on 2 September, in which Villa won 2–0. Agbonlahor headed the winning goal in the 86th minute of the Second City derby away to Birmingham on 11 November, shortly after saving the ball on the line from a Liam Ridgewell shot. Agbonlahor won the Premier League Player of the Month award for November and manager Martin O'Neill won the equivalent award for the same month. On 12 April 2008, Agbonlahor scored the fourth goal against Derby County in a 6–0 victory at Pride Park Stadium in the Premier League. In the Second City derby against Birmingham City on 20 April 2008, he scored the fifth and final goal in the 5–1 victory.
2008–2010
On 15 August 2008, Agbonlahor signed a new four-year contract with Villa, tying him to the club until 2012. Following his contract extension, on 17 August 2008, Agbonlahor scored a "perfect" hat-trick (scoring goals with his head, right foot and left foot) against Manchester City in Villa's opening match of the 2008–09 Premier League season at Villa Park. The three goals were netted in the space of seven minutes, making it the third-fastest hat-trick in the history of the Premier League after Robbie Fowler and Sadio Mané. He was later named man of the match for this performance, which led to a 4–2 victory.
Early in the season, he began to form a successful strike partnership with teammate John Carew, this demonstrated in the Premier League away matches against West Bromwich Albion and Wigan Athletic where both players scored in both matches and provided assists. On 3 November 2008, Agbonlahor was at the centre of a controversy with Newcastle United's Joey Barton when, during the match, Barton appeared to brush his fingers on Agbonlahor's face. It later emerged that Barton's attack might have been race-orientated but, after careful consideration by both Aston Villa and The Football Association, no further action was taken. On 8 November, it emerged in some national newspapers that the reason Agbonlahor decided not to pursue legal action against Barton was because he "felt sorry" for him. On 15 November, he scored once and played a part in the other goal, when Aston Villa beat Arsenal 2–0 at Emirates Stadium. He scored a brace against Bolton Wanderers on 13 December. Agbonlahor notched his tenth league goal of the season in the 90th minute in a 2–0 win against Blackburn Rovers on 7 February.
However, this was a high point in a dismal run of form in which he scored just one goal in 12 league matches. Some fans began to get frustrated with Agbonlahor, and in Villa's home defeat against Tottenham Hotspur, there were some sarcastic cheers as he was substituted off by Martin O'Neill. He was subsequently dropped to the bench for Villa's next match away to Liverpool, which Villa lost 5–0. After the heavy defeat to Liverpool and despite his lack of form, Agbonlahor was recalled to the starting 11 and went on to score a goal against Manchester United on 5 April in a 3–2 defeat for Villa. Agbonlahor was nominated for the PFA Young Player of the Year, with teammate Ashley Young ultimately winning the honour.
Agbonlahor's first goal of the 2009–10 season came in a 2–0 home victory over Fulham on 30 August 2009, scoring from 25 yards. The striker scored the only goal in the season's opening Birmingham derby against Birmingham City, netting an open header past Joe Hart as a result of a free kick taken by Ashley Young. Agbonlahor scored his third goal of the season scoring in a 2–0 win against Portsmouth. He scored his fourth and fifth consecutive goals of the season against Cardiff City in the League Cup and Blackburn in the Premier League. His next goal came on 24 October 2009 against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux in the Premier League. Fellow Villa forward Emile Heskey played the ball into the penalty area where Agbonlahor turned a defender and placed a low shot past Wolves goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey. The match finished 1–1.
He scored the only goal in the 1–0 win against Manchester United at Old Trafford, heading in a cross from Ashley Young after 21 minutes, providing Villa's first league win at Old Trafford since 1983. Agbonlahor also scored in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final against Blackburn, helping Villa to get to the final where they lost to Manchester United, 2–1. He scored twice in 2–0 win at Fulham on 30 January 2010. On 21 February 2010, Agbonlahor provided an assist for Emile Heskey before adding Villa's final goal in a 5–2 victory over Burnley for his 11th league goal of the season. Agbonlahor finished the season with 13 goals in the Premier League, and 16 in all competitions.
2010–2014
Despite Villa suffering some issues on and off the field at the beginning of the season, such as the resignation of manager Martin O'Neill and a humiliating 6–0 defeat at the hands of Newcastle United, Agbonlahor defended the club and stated his intent to remain there for the long term. Agbonlahor signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract on 12 November 2010, keeping him at Villa Park until at least 2015. On 16 January 2011, he made his 200th appearance in an Aston Villa shirt in a 1–1 draw with rivals Birmingham, playing the full 90 minutes at St Andrew's. Agbonlahor scored his first goal in the Premier League since April 2010 in the 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic on 26 January 2011 at the DW Stadium. On 16 April 2011, he scored an injury-time winner away at West Ham United. Agbonlahor was less prolific in terms of goalscoring during 2010–11 due to Aston Villa manager Gérard Houllier preferring to use him as a winger.
Agbonlahor scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season in Aston Villa's 3–1 home win over Blackburn Rovers on 20 August 2011, and followed this up with the leveller in a 2–2 away draw against Everton ten days later. For his positive performances during the opening month of the season, Agbonlahor was named as Aston Villa's Player of the Month for August 2011, beating off competition from Fabian Delph to the top spot. He then made it three goals in three matches when he scored in a 1–1 home draw against Newcastle on 17 September. This meant that Agbonlahor had equalled his Premier League goals tally from the 2010–11 season after just five matches into the new season.
After rediscovering his goalscoring form under new boss Alex McLeish, the striker publicly spoke of his discontent at the managerial tenure of Gérard Houllier and his assistant Gary McAllister and said that he even considered quitting the club had the previous regime remained. Meanwhile, on the pitch Agbonlahor continued to impress, scoring the first goal and setting up Darren Bent for the second in a man of the match performance against Wigan on 1 October. He then put in another man of the match performance against Norwich City in a 3–2 win on 5 November, setting up both of Darren Bent's goals and scoring the second himself. On 7 January 2012, he scored the second goal in a 3–1 win against Bristol Rovers in the third round of the FA Cup after Marc Albrighton had given Villa the lead. On 3 April 2012, after Aston Villa captain Stiliyan Petrov's diagnosis with acute leukaemia, Agbonlahor was named team captain upon Petrov's diagnosis.
Following the sacking of Alex McLeish in the summer of 2012, Agbonlahor was not chosen as interim captain by McLeish's successor, Paul Lambert. The Scotsman opted firstly for Darren Bent as skipper, before ultimately choosing new signing Ron Vlaar to wear the captain's armband in the absence of Stiliyan Petrov. Agbonlahor began the season injured, and could not make an appearance until the 1–1 away draw with Newcastle United on 2 September 2012. He later returned to full fitness and started the away match at Manchester City on 25 September. Agbonlahor managed to score two goals in the match as Villa secured a memorable 4–2 League Cup win (after extra time) over the Premier League champions at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 3 November 2012, he scored his first Premier League goal in just under a year against Sunderland in a run stretching 29 matches. On 6 April 2013, Agbonlahor scored his 60th Premier League goal for Aston Villa, making him joint top Premier League goalscorer for the club alongside Dwight Yorke. On 29 April, in a 6–1 win over Sunderland, Agbonlahor scored his 61st Premier League goal to overtake Yorke as Villa's highest all-time Premier League goal scorer. He scored two goals in a 2–1 win over Norwich on 4 May, moving Aston Villa up to 13th place in the Premier League.
Agbonlahor began the season brightly, winning two penalties in a 3–1 away win over Arsenal on 17 August 2013 and assisting Christian Benteke's goal against Chelsea four days later in a controversial 2–1 defeat at Stamford Bridge. This resulted in strong praise from manager Paul Lambert, and a huge demand from the public for an England call up, which was ignored by Roy Hodgson. In September, Agbonlahor participated in a charity match organised by Stiliyan Petrov, which featured many celebrities and footballers, both former and current. During the match, Agbonlahor tackled and injured One Direction member Louis Tomlinson, who then became ill after being substituted. Despite apologising to Tomlinson, Agbonlahor received many threats after the match from One Direction fans via Twitter.
Later career
On 10 September 2014, Agbonlahor signed a new four-year contract, saying, "I can still remember making my debut, so to still be able to contribute is a great feeling." Three days later, he scored the only goal as Villa won away at Liverpool, a club he had only scored once against before in the Premier League. Agbonlahor was given a straight red card on 20 December for a challenge on former teammate Ashley Young as Villa drew 1–1 with Manchester United, however his three-match suspension was rescinded on appeal three days later.
Agbonlahor made his 300th Premier League appearance for Villa on 14 March 2015 away to Sunderland, scoring twice in the first half in a 4–0 win. On 30 May in the FA Cup Final against Arsenal at Wembley Stadium, manager Tim Sherwood chose to start Charles N'Zogbia instead of Agbonlahor, and then brought him on in place of the Frenchman after 53 minutes, with Villa already 2–0 down; they eventually lost 4–0.
Agbonlahor was named club captain at the start of the 2015–16 season, with new signing Micah Richards named team captain. Soon after manager Rémi Garde joined, Agbonlahor was dropped from the starting line-up. During the January transfer window, there was speculation surrounding Agbonlahor and his future at the club; however, though Turkish club Kayserispor were linked, Garde later revealed that no offers had been made for him. Agbonlahor returned to the squad in an FA Cup tie against Manchester City on 30 January 2015, and scored his first goal of the season a week later in a Premier League match in a 2–0 home victory against Norwich. This was his first goal in 11 months.
On 1 April 2016, Aston Villa suspended Agbonlahor, pending an investigation into reports that he was pictured appearing to hold a shisha pipe while on holiday in Dubai. On 19 April 2016, he was again suspended after he was allegedly pictured with laughing gas canisters. He was punished with a substantial fine and resigned the captaincy. Agbonlahor failed to impress new manager Roberto Di Matteo in pre-season, and his lack of involvement led to media speculation of a move away from the club. Despite interest from Reading, he turned them down and a move failed to materialise.
When manager Steve Bruce arrived, he immediately reinstated Agbonlahor into first-team training, saying that he's "not interested in what has happened in the past" and that it's a "clean slate" for him. Bruce subsequently put him on a six-week fitness regime in a bid to get him fit for the rest of the season. Agbonlahor came on as a substitute in the Second City derby on 23 April 2017 and scored his only goal of the season in a 1–0 win.
Agbonlahor made six appearances for Villa during 2017–18 and scored a single goal, during the first game of the season against Hull City. His final game for the club came against Sheffield United on 23 December 2017. He left the club at the end of the season after his contract was not renewed, ending a 17-year association with his hometown club. During his career at Villa, he has scored 86 times in 391 appearances and is the club's record Premier League scorer with 73 goals. He retired from playing on 27 March 2019 at the age of 32.
International career
Youth
Agbonlahor's ancestry qualified him to play for Scotland or Nigeria at international level, but he chose to play for his homeland of England.
On 20 September 2006, Agbonlahor was pencilled in as a player in the Nigeria under-20 team for the match against Rwanda. He turned down the call, whilst not ruling out playing for the country in the future, but subsequently pledged his future to England.
On 28 September 2006, Agbonlahor received his first call-up to the England under-21 team, and won his first cap as a substitute for Wayne Routledge against Germany on 6 October. Four days later he started in place of Routledge against the same opponents. Agbonlahor was then omitted from the England's 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship squad, by manager Stuart Pearce, as a result of missing the England U21 training camp in Spain.
Agbonlahor was later recalled to the team by Pearce, in September 2007, netting his first goal for the under-21s, the second of a 3–0 victory over Montenegro.
Senior
On 7 March 2007, Agbonlahor was one of several surprise names called up as part of a 37-man provisional Nigeria squad by new manager Berti Vogts, alongside fellow English players Victor Anichebe and Carl Ikeme, and full Israel international Toto Tamuz.
On 1 February 2008, Agbonlahor was named in Fabio Capello's 23-man England squad to play Switzerland later in the month, although a hamstring injury forced him to withdraw from the match. Agbonlahor was also an unused substitute in England's respective 2–0 and 3–0 friendly victories against the United States and Trinidad & Tobago in May–June 2008.
On 15 November 2008, he was called up to Capello's squad for the upcoming match away to Germany, joining three other Aston Villa players in the squad: Ashley Young, Curtis Davies and Gareth Barry. On 19 November 2008, he was named to start against Germany. He played for 76 minutes, had a goal disallowed and received high praise from John Terry, the latter describing him as "a nightmare to play against".
On 11 February 2009, he was in the starting line up against Spain, where he played for 75 minutes before being substituted for debutant Carlton Cole. He made his first appearance in a competitive international on 14 October 2009, playing 66 minutes in the 3–0 win over Belarus in the last match of qualification for the 2010 World Cup. He was last called up to the squad in November 2011.
Personal life
Agbonlahor was born in Birmingham, West Midlands. His parents separated while he was still young and he lived with his father, without any contact with his mother, for around 20 years. In 2009, ahead of the striker's 23rd birthday, his mother made a public appeal to him via the city's Sunday Mercury newspaper in order to become part of his life once more. Agbonlahor later contacted his mother and the pair reconciled. Following retirement, he has worked as a pundit for both Sky Sports and Talksport and written columns for online magazines such as Football Insider.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Aston Villa
FA Cup runner-up: 2014–15
Football League Cup runner-up: 2009–10
England U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2009
Individual
Premier League Player of the Month: November 2007
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Erdington
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Aston Villa F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Black British sportsmen
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent
English people of Scottish descent
English association football commentators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Agbonlahor |
Flers is a commune near the northern edge of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
It lies to the south of the D929 road, between Albert and Bapaume.
History
In 1916, the Battle of Flers–Courcelette saw the first use of the tank (the Mark I) in the field of battle.
Demography
See also
Communes of the Somme department
References
Communes of Somme (department) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flers%2C%20Somme |
Isla Contadora (or Contadora Island in English) is a Panamanian island on the Pearl Islands archipelago (Spanish: Archipielago de las Perlas) in the Gulf of Panama. It has an area of 1.39 km2, which makes it the 11th largest island of the archipelago. With a population of 253 (census 2000), however, it ranks third, after Isla del Rey and Isla Taboga. A popular tourist destination, Contadora has a small regional/domestic airport (IATA code: OTD), and has regular flights to and from Panama City and the rest of the islands in the archipelago.
History
Contadora was the island where the Spanish counted the pearls that were harvested from the other islands in the archipelago, hence the name of the island, which means "the one that counts" in Spanish. The islands produced pearls of many colors and sizes, and during the many years when pearls were harvested from the waters around the islands, the natives would converge to Contadora to count their pearls and sell them to the Spaniards. Early last century there was an underwater epidemic which killed most of the pearl oysters, reducing the production of pearls to a dribble.
In 1980, the exiled Iranian shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, briefly lived in Contadora.
The Contadora Peace Accords, which laid the foundation for peace in Central America, were negotiated in this island during the 1980s. Hence the Contadora Group took their name from the island's name.
Tourism
Contadora is a growing tourist destination known for its remote location and secluded beaches. There are two main hotels on the island, Villa Romanica and Perla Real (A large hotel named The Point still exists on the North Side of the island but this has since closed for business). However, most tourists tend to stay at the villas for rent at the northeast side of the island due to their privacy and access to a private beach. There are also several local restaurants that cater to all types of food. Restaurante Geraldo's offers Italian as well as Casa Tortuga; however, places such as the Restaurante Clarita offer more local Latin American cuisine. The main boulevard on the northeast side of the island, next to the small stretch of runway for the incoming airplane, lay several tourist shops that offer local jewelry and souvenirs as well as boating, scuba diving, and snorkeling tours. The island has also hosted three showings of the TV show Survivor and many of the crew members and directors stayed on the island during filming.
Geography
Contador houses several beaches, including Playa Larga, Playa Galeón, Playa Canoa, Playa Caracol, Playa Lucas, Playa Roca, Playa Camarón, Playa Cacique, and Playa de las Suecas. All of the beaches house white sands and turquoise waters reminiscent of the Caribbean. Ample coral reefs litter the ocean and sea life such as clown fish, angel fish, butterfly fish, red snapper, mahi-mahi, parrot fish, stingrays, and nurse sharks. The island is devoid of mountains, though small hills make for relatively steep roads on the northeast side of the island. Due to that, tourists often choose to travel around the island via motorcycle, golf cart, or scooter. Contadora's main water source comes from a small lake at the northwest of the island called el Largo. Rainforest makes up most of the islands mass, and within everything from iguanas, to geckos, to monkeys, to snakes, to non-indigenous deer live.
Population
The population of Contadora is a mere 115 people. While most of the citizens there are native Panamanians, some are multimillionaires with summer homes. When Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was exiled from Iran he spent much of his fortune on property in Contadora. A government crackdown on tax evasion caused many of the rich to leave - some of the homes are now rented out to tourists. A small school is present on the island, where several children attend; however, most of the island life is centered around tourism, so most of the locals spend their time catering to such industries.
References
Contadora
Gulf of Panama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contadora%20Island |
Imperial College Gliding Club is the oldest, and one of the largest, university gliding clubs in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1930, the club was the second club to become affiliated to the British Gliding Association, and has for most of its life flown from Lasham Airfield in Hampshire. The club maintains an archive website where details of the club's history since 1930 are kept.
See also
Frank Irving
Payne I.C.1
External links
Imperial College Gliding Club
Imperial College Gliding Club archive
icGC Union Website
Lasham Gliding Society
British Gliding Association
Imperial College London
Imperial College Union
Clubs and societies of Imperial College London
Gliding in England
Flying clubs
University and college gliding clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20College%20Gliding%20Club |
In class-based object-oriented programming languages, a leaf class is a class that should not be subclassed. This can be enforced either by convention, or by using a language feature such as the final keyword in C++, Dart, Java or PHP, or the sealed keyword in C# or Scala.
In Java, the Leaf node is an abstract class for all scene graph nodes that have no children. Leaf nodes specify lights, geometry, and sounds. They specify special linking and instancing capabilities for sharing scene graphs and provide a view platform for positioning and orienting a view in the virtual world.
References
Class (computer programming) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20class%20%28computer%20programming%29 |
Cippenham Moat refers to the remains of a 13th Century Royal Palace created by King Henry III, located in the Cippenham suburb of Slough, in Berkshire. The area where the Palace once stood is still referred to and marked on maps as Cippenham Moat.
Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall - brother to Henry III - had his honeymoon here, and later created a deer park. By 1575, however, Saxton's map shows the parks at Windsor and Langley, but not Cippenham.
It was rediscovered by farmers in early Victorian times and is now a listed monument.
Notes and references
External links
Royal residences in England
History of Slough
Country houses in Berkshire
Buildings and structures in Slough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cippenham%20Moat |
Franko B (born 1960 in Milan) is an Italian performance artist based in London, where he has lived since 1979. He studied fine art at Camberwell College of Arts (1986–87), Chelsea College of Art (1987–90) and the Byam Shaw School of Art (1990–91). His work was originally based on the bloody and ritualised violation of his own body. Later on he embraced a wide variety of media including video, photography, painting, installation, and sculpture.
He performed at the ICA, London in 1996 and 2008, the South London Gallery in 1999 and 2004, the Centre of Attention in 2000, Tate Modern in 2002, the Ikon Gallery, Birmingham in 2005, Arnolfini, Bristol in 2007, The Bluecoat Centre, Liverpool in 2008, CENDEAC, Murcia, Spain in 2007 and The Crawford Art Gallery in Cork, Ireland in 2005. He has exhibited work internationally in Zagreb, Mexico City, Milan, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Copenhagen, Madrid, Vienna, Brussels, Warsaw, Dublin and Siena.
From 2009 to 2016 he taught sculpture at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Macerata in Italy. In 2017 he was appointed Professor of Sculpture at Accademia Albertina in Turin. He has also lectured extensively at a number of art schools, including Saint Martin's School of Art; New York University; the Ruskin School of Fine Art, Oxford; Chelsea College of Art, London; Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, Dundee; DasArts, Amsterdam; Goldsmiths' College of Art, London; Zurich University of the Arts; and the Courtauld Institute of Art.
His work is the subject of four monographs: Franko B (Black Dog Publishing, London, 1998), Oh Lover Boy, (Black Dog Publishing, London, 2000), Blinded by Love (Damiani Editore, Bologna, 2006) and I Still Love (Motta/Il Sole 24 Ore, Milan, 2010).
An archive of materials related to his work is held as part of the University of Bristol's Theatre Collection.
In April 2013, Franko B's work appeared on the cover and insert for the UK Decay album New Hope for the Dead.
Further reading
Brayshaw, Teresa, Anna Fenemore, Noel Witts, The Twenty-First Century Performance Reader, Routledge, New York, 2019
Doyle, Jennifer, Hold It Against Me: Difficulty and Emotion in Contemporary Art, Duke University Press, Durham, 2013
Goldberg, RoseLee, Performance: Live Art Since 1960, Thames & Hudson, 1998
Johnson, Dominic, Franko B: Blinded by Love, Damiani, Bologne, 2006
Mahon, Alyce, Eroticism and Art, Oxford University Press, 2007
Vergine, Lea, Body Art and Performance: The Body as Language, Skira, Milan, 2000
Warr, Tracey and Jones, Amelia, The Artist's Body, Phaidon Press, London, 2000
References
British performance artists
Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts
1960 births
Living people
Italian contemporary artists
English contemporary artists
Body art
Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art
Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts
Academic staff of Accademia Albertina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko%20B |
Castelbuono (Sicilian: Castiddubbuonu) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily (southern Italy).
It is known for its castle from which its name derives, and around which the city developed in the 14th century.
History
Construction of the Castle began in 1316, by order of Count Francesco I of Ventimiglia, over the ruins of the ancient Byzantine town of Ypsigro, high on the San Pietro hill. Hence its original name, Castello del buon aere ("Castle of good air"), from which the name Castelbuono is derived - literally meaning "good castle".
Numerous drastic alterations were made in the 17th century for reasons of accommodation, when a number of Ventimiglia families moved here from Palermo - the castle never served any really strategic purpose, owing to its geographic position down valley.
The construction presents Arab-Norman and Swabian features: the cube shape recalls Arabic architecture; the square towers, although incorporated into those of the façade, reflect Norman architectural style, as also the battlements; and the round tower recalls aspects of Swabian architecture.
The city is home to one of Europe's oldest road running competitions: the Giro Podistico Internazionale Castelbuono was first held in the city in 1912 and is held annually.
Main sights
The Castle
The construction of the Castle mixes Arab-Norman features with others typical of the castles built during the Hohenstaufen rule of southern Italy: the cube shape recalls Arabic architecture; the square towers, although incorporated into those of the façade, reflect Norman architectural style, as also the battlements; and the round tower recalls aspects of Frederick II's times architecture.
The structure is on three floors, the first floor for the servants, with the essential services, the second for the nobility, with the sumptuous Cappella Palatina, and the third for the court and for guests.
The Cappella Palatina ("Palace Chapel") was built in 1683 by the brothers Giuseppe and Giacomo Serpotta, with a great profusion of precious marble, stuccowork, putti, and friezes that commemorate the most resplendent moments in the history of the House of Ventimiglia. Here is kept the holy relic of the skull of Saint Anne, in an urn that acts as the pedestal to the sculpted bust of Castelbuono's patron saint.
There are also the traditional underground dungeons and a tunnel that leads to the Church of San Francesco.
Other sights
The church of Matrice Vecchia was built in the 15th century on the ruins of a pagan temple. It has a Renaissance portico added in the 16th century, and a central portal in the Catalan-Gothic style. On the left side is a bell-tower with a Romanesque mullioned window culminating in an octagonal spire covered with majolica tiles. The interior of the church, originally divided into a nave and two aisles, received another aisle at the end of the 16th century. It preserves prized works, most remarkably, above the main altar, a splendid polyptych depicting The Coronation of the Virgin , attributed to Pietro Ruzzolone or possibly Antonello de Saliba. On the bottom right is the unusual figure of a Saint wearing spectacles. On the right is a statue of the Madonna delle Grazie by Antonello Gagini. Below the nave is a fresco depicting the Betrothal of the Virgins showing a strong Senese influence in the elegant features and the symmetry of the composition. Some of the columns separating the nave and the aisles are painted with frescoes, including the figure of St. Catherine of Alexandria.
Other sights include:
Church of Nativity of Mary (late 16th-early 17th century)
Church of St. Francis, which has maintained a 14th-century
Church of Sant'Antonino Martire, including the original Gothic portal
Fountain of Venere Ciprea (15th century), which decorated the entrance to the ancient Ypsigro
Civic Museum of Art, located in the castle
Museum of Nature "Francesco Minà Palumbo"
Twin towns
Sinaia, Romania
References
External links
Official website
Castles in Italy
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo
Populated places established in the 14th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelbuono |
Sir Clive Daniel Gillinson, CBE (born 7 March 1946) is a British cellist and arts administrator. He is best known for his long tenure as the Managing Director of the London Symphony Orchestra and his current position as Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall.
Early life
Gillinson was born in Bangalore, India. His mother was a professional cellist and his father, a businessman, also wrote and painted. Gillinson began studying the cello at the age of eleven and played in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. He was educated at Frensham Heights School in Surrey. He went to the University of London to study mathematics, but realizing that he wanted to make music his life, entered the Royal Academy of Music, where he gained a Recital Diploma and won the top cello prize. After attending the Royal Academy of Music, he became a member of London's Philharmonia Orchestra.
Career with the London Symphony Orchestra
He joined the London Symphony Orchestra cello section in 1970 and was elected to the Board of Directors of the self-governing orchestra in 1976, also serving as Finance Director. In 1984 he was asked by the Board to become Managing Director of the LSO, a position he held until 2005 when he left for Carnegie Hall.
Under his leadership, the LSO initiated some of that city's most innovative and successful artistic festivals, working with many of today's leading artists. In the international touring arena, the LSO established an annual residency in New York from 1997 and was a founding partner in the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, Japan, in 1990, with Leonard Bernstein and Michael Tilson Thomas.
Gillinson is widely known as a proponent of music education. In this area, his initiatives with the London Symphony Orchestra included the development of the LSO Discovery music education programme, reaching over 30,000 people of all ages annually; and the creation of LSO St. Luke's, the UBS and LSO Music Education Centre, which involved the restoration and reconstruction of St. Luke's, a magnificent but previously derelict 18th-century church. He also created LSO Live, the orchestra's award-winning international CD label.
Other positions held
Gillinson served as Chairman of the Association of British Orchestras, was one of the founding Trustees of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, and was founding Chairman of the Management Committee of the Clore Leadership Programme. Since 2005, he has been the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall. In 2009, his pay and benefits was $893,360 (base pay of $800,000); in 2020, it was over $2 million.
Awards
He was appointed a CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1999 New Year Honours List and received the 2004 Making Music Sir Charles Grove Prize for his outstanding contribution to British music. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in the Queen's Birthday Honours List 2005, the only orchestra manager ever to be honoured with a knighthood. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia in May 2007. He also serves on the Honorary Board of the Brubeck Institute of the University of the Pacific.
Family
Clive Gillinson is married to New York attorney Anya Gillinson.
References
British classical cellists
British arts administrators
1946 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Alumni of the University of London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Bangalore
Carnegie Hall
London Symphony Orchestra
People educated at Frensham Heights School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive%20Gillinson |
Perseverance is the second studio album by American metalcore band Hatebreed. It was released in 2002 by Universal Records. "I Will Be Heard" is featured in the film XXX and on its soundtrack. "Below the Bottom" appeared in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre soundtrack. It is the band's last album to feature Lou Richards on guitar before his departure in 2002 and suicide in 2006.
Track listing
Credits
Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
Personnel
Hatebreed
Jamey Jasta – vocals
Lou "Boulder" Richards – rhythm guitar
Sean Martin – lead guitar
Chris "The Xmas Bitch" Beattie – bass
Matt Byrne – drums
Guest musicians
Kerry King – guitar on "Final Prayer"
Additional musicians
Joseph Ianucci – gang vocals
Jason Gelabert – gang vocals
Joseph Herrington – gang vocals
Christopher Harris – gang vocals
Paul Romanko (Shadows Fall) – gang vocals
Kyle Tanguay – gang vocals
Brian Murphy – gang vocals
Jim Connolly – gang vocals
Jonathan Donais (Shadows Fall) – gang vocals
Chris Bailey – gang vocals
Ivan Murillo – gang vocals
Production
Steve Richards – executive production
Matt Hyde – production, recording
Jay Gelabert – production assistant
Josh Grden – production coordination
Zeuss – recording
Paul Forgues – recording assistant, digital editing
Phil Caivano – recording assistant, guitar tech
Rob Gil – engineering assistant
Randy Staub – mixing
German Villacorta – engineering assistant
Dave Collins – mastering
Artwork and design
Dean Karr – art direction, photography
Steven R. Gilmore – design, photo editing
Studios
Long View Farm Studios, North Brookfield, MA – recording
Henson Recording Studios, Los Angeles, CA – mixing
Marcussen Mastering, Los Angeles, CA – mastering
Charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
2002 albums
Hatebreed albums
Universal Records albums
Albums produced by Matt Hyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance%20%28Hatebreed%20album%29 |
Kiełpino Kartuskie railway station is a railway station serving the town of Kiełpino, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Modernisation
In 2014 the platform was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Kiełpino Kartuskie article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kie%C5%82pino%20Kartuskie%20railway%20station |
No Compromise is the second album release by contemporary Christian music artist Keith Green, released in 1978.
The album's title derives from the song "Make My Life a Prayer to You" written by Keith's wife Melody, which begins: "Make my life a prayer to You / I wanna do what You want me to / No empty words and no white lies / no token prayers, no compromise." (The title was used for the official Keith Green biography written by his wife Melody Green, which was included in Rich Text Format (RTF) and Portable Document Format (PDF) formats on The Ministry Years, Volume Two (1980-1982) (CD release), which has the Enhanced CD label, and was also used for the Various Artists compilation No Compromise: Remembering The Music Of Keith Green featuring covers of classic Keith Green songs)
No Compromise features cover art that refers to the Book of Esther in the Bible, specifically the part where Mordecai refused to bow to Haman.
Making of the album
Much like Green's first work, this album was produced by Bill Maxwell, who also contributed some of the instrumental playing on the album along with Keith Green himself.
Track listing
Soften Your Heart (Keith & Melody Green) – 2:52
Make My Life a Prayer to You (Melody Green) – 3:23
Dear John Letter (To the Devil) (Keith Green) – 3:23
How Can They Live Without Jesus? (Keith Green) – 3:09
Asleep In the Light (Keith Green) – 4:26
My Eyes Are Dry (Keith Green) – 2:05
You! (Keith & Melody Green) – 3:38
I Don't Wanna Fall Away From You (Keith Green) – 3:11
Stained Glass (Keith & Melody Green) – 2:50
To Obey Is Better Than Sacrifice (Keith Green) – 3:22
The Victor (Jamie Owens-Collins) – 4:25
Altar Call (Keith Green) – 3:39
Influence
The song 'How Can They Live Without Jesus?' was covered by the band Glad for the 1993 Keith Green tribute album No Compromise: Remembering the Music of Keith Green. The song, "Make My Life a Prayer To You", was covered by Matt Redman & Paul Oakley in 2002 for another tribute album, Your Love Broke Through: The Worship Songs of Keith Green.
References
External links
Keith Green discography
1978 albums
Keith Green albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Compromise%20%28album%29 |
Leonardo Nicolás Pisculichi (; born 18 January 1984) is an Argentine retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He won the Copa Sudamericana in 2014 and Copa Libertadores in 2015 with River Plate.
Club career
Pisculichi started his career with Argentinos Juniors, making his first division debut on 20 February 2002, against Talleres de Córdoba. He was transferred to Spain's RCD Mallorca on 4 January 2006.
On 30 November 2006, he was transferred to Al-Arabi Sports Club in Doha, Qatar, for €3.9 million, with the move being made effective in January of the following year.
In July 2012, Pisculichi transferred to the Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng Taishan. In 2014, he joined the Argentine powerhouse River Plate. While at River Plate, he won the 2014 Copa Sudamericana against Atletico Nacional. He left River in December 2016 and signed for Brazilian side Esporte Clube Vitória in January 2017.
Return to Argentina
Having left Vitória in May 2017, Pisculichi returned to the newly promoted Argentinos Juniors in August 2017. He was the first signee of the campaign.
Burgers CF
In June 2019, Pisculichi joined Spanish Segunda División B club Burgos CF.
International career
Pisculichi played in the 2003 South American Youth Championship in Uruguay, representing the Argentina youth football team. He started the game against hosts Uruguay and scored in the 82nd minute. He also came on as a substitute in a match against Brazil.
He was set to be naturalized to play for the Qatar national team by 2009. However, he should have said that he had previously represented the Argentina under-20 team, rendering him ineligible to play for the Qatar team without special permission from FIFA.
The same scenario occurred in 2012. The Al-Arabi administration wanted to naturalize him to have an extra foreign player in their squad to participate in the AFC Champions League. He did not gain Qatari citizenship, and the local media criticized the club's management.
Personal life
Pisculichi is of Croatian descent. His family Hispanicized their surname Piškulić (originally from the town of Novi Vinodolski) to its current spelling.
Career statistics
Club
Honors
River Plate
Copa Sudamericana: 2014
Recopa Sudamericana: 2015
Copa Libertadores: 2015
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2017
References
External links
Argentine League statistics
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Croatian descent
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
Argentinos Juniors footballers
La Liga players
RCD Mallorca players
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Copa Libertadores-winning players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Al-Arabi SC (Qatar) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Qatar Stars League players
Chinese Super League players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Shandong Taishan F.C. players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Club Atlético Temperley footballers
Burgos CF footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Segunda División B players
Primera Nacional players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Pisculichi |
In mathematics, the infinite dihedral group Dih∞ is an infinite group with properties analogous to those of the finite dihedral groups.
In two-dimensional geometry, the infinite dihedral group represents the frieze group symmetry, p1m1, seen as an infinite set of parallel reflections along an axis.
Definition
Every dihedral group is generated by a rotation r and a reflection; if the rotation is a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is some integer n such that rn is the identity, and we have a finite dihedral group of order 2n. If the rotation is not a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is no such n and the resulting group has infinitely many elements and is called Dih∞. It has presentations
and is isomorphic to a semidirect product of Z and Z/2, and to the free product Z/2 * Z/2. It is the automorphism group of the graph consisting of a path infinite to both sides. Correspondingly, it is the isometry group of Z (see also symmetry groups in one dimension), the group of permutations α: Z → Z satisfying |i − j| = |α(i) − α(j)|, for all i', j in Z.
The infinite dihedral group can also be defined as the holomorph of the infinite cyclic group.
Aliasing
An example of infinite dihedral symmetry is in aliasing of real-valued signals.
When sampling a function at frequency (intervals ), the following functions yield identical sets of samples: }. Thus, the detected value of frequency is periodic, which gives the translation element . The functions and their frequencies are said to be aliases of each other. Noting the trigonometric identity:
we can write all the alias frequencies as positive values: . This gives the reflection () element, namely ↦ . For example, with and , reflects to , resulting in the two left-most black dots in the figure. The other two dots correspond to and . As the figure depicts, there are reflection symmetries, at 0.5, , 1.5, etc. Formally, the quotient under aliasing is the orbifold'' [0, 0.5], with a Z/2 action at the endpoints (the orbifold points), corresponding to reflection.
See also
The orthogonal group O(2), another infinite generalization of the finite dihedral groups
The affine symmetric group, a family of groups including the infinite dihedral group
Notes
References
Infinite group theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20dihedral%20group |
Somonino railway station is a railway station serving the town of Somonino, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway and Somonino–Kartuzy railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Modernisation
In 2014 the platform was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Somonino article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somonino%20railway%20station |
Sławki railway station is a railway station serving the village of Sławki, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
During the German occupation, the station was called Schlaffenberg
Modernisation
In 2014 the platform was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Sławki article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awki%20railway%20station |
The Causeway Islands (Spanish: Islas Calzada de Amador) are four small islands by the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal. They are linked to the mainland via a causeway, made from rock extracted during the excavations from the Panama Canal. In part the causeway was meant to serve as a breakwater for the entrance.
A four-lane road runs along the causeway to each island, and there is a bicycle/jogging path as well.
The islands are as follows:
Naos - home to a research lab run by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI).
Culebra
Perico
Flamenco
During World War II, fortifications were constructed on the islands to protect the canal but were never used. They have since been dismantled, but bulwarks and empty gun emplacements still exist.
Launch facilities are used by pilots boarding ships entering the Panama Canal from these islands.
Manuel Noriega built a private house on one of the islands, which was destroyed and looted during his ouster.
Since control of the islands reverted to Panama (they had previously been part of the Canal Zone), there has been considerable development along the causeway and edges of the islands, including port facilities, marinas, shopping, and restaurants. Away from their perimeters, the hilly islands still contain isolated maritime jungle, though they are threatened by continued development.
External links
Focus Amador Causeway
Pacific islands of Panama
Gulf of Panama
Panama Canal
Panamá Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway%20Islands |
Baghdadi Ali Mahmudi () (born 1945) is a Libyan politician who was Secretary of the General People's Committee (prime minister) of Libya from 5 March 2006 to as late as 1 September 2011, when he acknowledged the collapse of the GPCO and the ascendance of the National Transitional Council as a result of the Libyan Civil War. He has a medical degree, specialising in obstetrics and gynecology, and had served as Deputy Prime Minister to Prime Minister Shukri Ghanem since 2003 at the time he was appointed to replace him. He was a part of Gaddafi's inner circle at least prior to his escape in mid-2011. He was arrested in Tunisia for illegal border entry and jailed for six months, although this was later overruled on appeal, however a Tunisian court decided to extradite Mahmoudi to Libya under a request from Libya's Transitional Council.
Mahmudi was released from prison on 20 July 2019.
Background
Mahmudi came from the Zawiya District of northwestern Libya. He was trained as a physician, and in 1992 was appointed Minister of Health and Social Security. In 1997, he was replaced in that ministry by Suleiman al-Ghamari and from then until 2000 Mahmudi was the Minister for the People's Committees' Affairs. For seven months in 2000 (March–September), he was the deputy prime minister for Services Affairs. Mahmudi then became Minister of Human Resources Affairs for six months, and then Minister for Infrastructure, Urban Planning and Environment Affairs for five months. In September 2001, he was appointed deputy prime minister for Production Affairs. On 7 March 2004, he became the deputy prime minister for Libya (Assistant Secretary of the General People's Committee).
On 5 March 2006, Mahmudi was appointed to head the Libyan government, as Secretary of the General People's Committee; although it is believed by the United States and many other nations that Muammar Gaddafi was the de facto chief of state. In addition to being prime minister, he chaired the High Council for Oil & Gas which was created in September 2006 to improve decision making in the petroleum sector, as well chairing the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) which was created in 2007 to restructure state enterprises.
Politics
From 2006 until 2011, Mahmudi was the Secretary of the General People's Committee and headed the Liaison Office of the Revolutionary Committees. He also held the chairmanship of both the Libyan Investment Authority (one of the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world) and the Libyan Oil and Gas Council. On 26 February 2011, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 1970 which imposed a travel ban on Mahmudi.
As deputy secretary-general of Libya's General People's Committee for Production Affairs, he oversaw the development of the two large infrastructure projects in Libya:
Great man-made river project, and
Railways project
The three-phase river project alone is estimated to total more than US$18.5 billion.
Mahmudi answered questions about the cost and benefit of the projects, as follows: "We would like to focus very much in investment projects using this water, basically agriculture and animal stock projects. For this sector it has been allocated already a high percentage of the development funds. For this reason, we are concluding several agreements with foreign companies that are interested in investing in these projects, like for example in the Benghazi plains."
Mahmudi has also stated that Libya has amassed more than US$100 billion in a sovereign wealth fund, to benefit future generations after the country's oil reserves (the largest in Africa) have been consumed.
Refuge in Tunisia
On 21 August 2011, amid the Battle of Tripoli, Mahmudi reportedly fled to Djerba, a resort island in Tunisia. Supporters of the anti-Gaddafi movement attempted to storm the hotel where he was staying, according to the reports, but were unsuccessful. On 22 September 2011, Mahumdi was detained and sentenced to 6 months in jail for illegally entering Tunisia without a visa. An appeals court approved the decision to extradite him to Libya on 8 November.
On 1 September 2011, Mahmudi told an Arabic news channel that he supports those fighting against the former Libyan leader. He made the comments to Al Arabiya television which broadcast details in brief headlines. Mahmudi said he was still in Libya and in contact with the National Transitional Council now in charge, Al Arabiya reported.
Arrest, extradition, trial, and release
On 8 November 2011, it was reported that a Tunisian court ruled that Mahmudi should be extradited to Libya. His lawyer, Mabrouk Korchid, said that "The judge decided to extradite him to Libya, it’s an unfair decision, a political decision. If any harm comes to him in Libya, the Tunisian justice system will be a party to that".
On 4 December 2011, Tunisian interim President Foued Mebazaa confirmed that he would not sign a decree to extradite Mahmudi due to fears that he would be subjected to torture if returned to Libya.
On 21 December 2011, it was reported that Mahmudi's health was "seriously degraded" following a hunger strike in his prison.
On 12 May 2012, it was revealed that Mahmudi's phone was wiretapped during the Libyan Civil War and recordings of his mobile phone calls from February to June 2011 were released by Al Jazeera.
On 24 June 2012, it was reported that Mahmudi was finally extradited to Libya. His lawyer argued that Mahmoudi was beaten by Libyan security officers in Tripoli after his extradition.
His trial began on 10 December 2012 in Libya. He was accused of aiding the state to kill civilians and financial crimes. The trial has been deferred on several occasions and, as of 2014, has not resulted in a verdict.
On 20 July 2019, Mahmudi was released for health reasons.
In January 2022, Mahmoudi, who had distanced himself from politics and was allegedly living in the United Arab Emirates, filed a complaint against Tunisia before the Libyan institutions and before the international criminal court for his 2012 extradition from Tunis to Tripoli.
See also
General People's Committee of Libya
List of heads of government of Libya
References
1945 births
Living people
Libyan defectors
Government ministers of Libya
Members of the General People's Committee of Libya
Prime Ministers of Libya
People extradited from Tunisia
People extradited to Libya
People of the First Libyan Civil War
Deputy Prime Ministers of Libya
Health ministers of Libya
Libyan politicians convicted of crimes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadi%20Mahmudi |
Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu (also written Montague or Montacute; circa 1492 – January 1539), was an English nobleman, the only holder of the title Baron Montagu under its 1514 creation, and one of the relatives whom King Henry VIII of England had executed for treason.
Family
Henry Pole was the oldest son of Sir Richard Pole and Lady Margaret Plantagenet, daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and his wife Isabel Neville. As his maternal grandfather, the 1st Duke of Clarence was a brother of the York kings Edward IV and Richard III. Henry's maternal grandmother, Isabel, was daughter to one of the most powerful men of his time, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Warwick was cousin to the York brothers by his paternal aunt, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. The 16th Earl and Countess of Warwick were both descendants of King Edward III.
Life
He was invested as a knight by King Henry VIII in 1513 and summoned to Parliament as Baron Montagu in the Peerage of England on 12 October 1514. He was appointed steward of manors belonging to the Tewkesbury Abbey in 1526. From 1530 on he became justice of the peace for Somerset, Dorset, Hampshire and Sussex. In May 1536, Henry was one of the peers in the trial of Anne Boleyn.
Imprisonment and execution
On 4 November 1538, Montagu along with his wife's uncle, Edward Neville, and other relatives, were arrested on a charge of treason by Henry VIII, although Thomas Cromwell had previously written that they had "little offended save that he is of their kin". Montagu's brother Reginald was in exile at the time due to his opposition of Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. They were committed to the Tower of London and Lord Montagu was attainted and his honours forfeited on 2 December 1538. Neville was beheaded on 8 December 1538, and another cousin, Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, was executed on 9 December 1538. On 9 January 1539, all of the remaining arrestees were beheaded, with the exception of Henry's brother Geoffrey Pole.
Ten days after Montagu's arrest, his mother was arrested and questioned by William Fitzwilliam, and Thomas Goodrich, Bishop of Ely. They reported to Thomas Cromwell that although they had "travailed with her" for many hours she would "nothing utter," and they were forced to conclude that either her sons had not included her in their plans for "treason" or she was "the most arrant traitress that ever lived". On 27 May 1541, the 67-year-old Lady Salisbury was beheaded in the Tower of London. Lord Montagu's son Henry was committed to the Tower at the same time as his father. It was expected that he would follow his grandmother to the block, but the king did not want to risk unfavorable public opinion and so he was deprived of a tutor and imprisoned in the Tower until his death, possibly from starvation, in 1542 or later.
Marriage and issue
In May 1510 or before May 1520, Pole married Jane Neville, daughter of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, and Joan Arundel. They had the following children:
Catherine Pole (b. aft. 1511 or in 1519 - 23 September 1576) married Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon. They had eleven children.
Thomas Pole (b. aft. 1519 or in 1520), married Elizabeth Wingfield. Without issue.
Henry Pole (b. aft. 1520 or in 1521 – aft. September 1542), married Margaret Neville. According to Alison Weir he was born in 1527. He was imprisoned from an early age at the Tower of London until his death.
Winifred Pole (b. aft. 1521 or in 1525), married firstly Sir Thomas Hastings (1515–1558), son of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and brother of her sister Catherine's husband. The marriage was without issue; he is buried at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, secondly Sir Thomas Barrington of Barrington Hall, Hatfield Broadoak, Essex (died 1586). By the second Sir Thomas, Winifred had the following children: Sir Francis Barrington, 1st Baronet, John Barrington, and Catherine Barrington. Catherine married William Bourchier in 1584. He was a great-grandson of John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners. A son of Catherine and William was Sir John Bourchier, a regicide of King Charles I of England, who was the Great-great-nephew of King Henry VIII.
References
1490s births
Year of birth uncertain
1539 deaths
Barons Montagu
People executed under Henry VIII
Executed English people
Pole family
16th-century English nobility
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
English politicians convicted of crimes
English justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Pole%2C%201st%20Baron%20Montagu |
McLean Park is a sports ground in Napier, New Zealand. The two main sports played at the ground are cricket and rugby union. It is one of the largest cricket grounds in New Zealand.
McLean Park is a sports ground of international standards which includes the main outdoor stadium and the indoor Rodney Green Centennial Events Centre. The home teams for this ground are the Hawke's Bay Rugby Union and Central Districts Cricket Association. The two ends of the stadium are named the Centennial Stand End and Embankment End. Its close proximity to the International Date Line makes it the world's easternmost Test match ground.
Ground
McLean Park is on Latham Street in Napier South, about one kilometre south of the Napier CBD. It was initially named 'Sir Donald McLean Park' by an act of Parliament after Sir Douglas McLean (also spelt Maclean) donated ten acres of land as a memorial to his father in 1910.
In cricket, the ground is primarily a one-day venue with square dimensions that allow attacking batsman to score freely especially in the opening overs. There are four covered stands and a large grass bank opposite the Centennial Stand. The wicket tends to become slower throughout the day therefore captains prefer to set targets on this pitch. It has held first-class matches since 1952 and ten Tests since 1979. New Zealand's Test record at the ground is seven draws, one win and two losses. It has held at least one one-day international every season since 1990. The ground has a capacity of 19,700.
Usage
Cricket
The ground is used for hosting all formats. The first ODI played here was between New Zealand and Sri Lanka in Rothman's Cup of 1982/83. In this match New Zealand defeated Sri Lanka by 7 wickets.
Rugby Union
McLean Park is the home stadium of the Hawkes Bay Magpies in the Mitre 10 Cup. It has also hosted several New Zealand Maori games in the past. During the 1987 Rugby World Cup the stadium played host to the Pool 2 game between Canada and Tonga on 24 May 1987. At the 2011 Rugby World Cup, McLean Park was again chosen as a venue and hosted two games in Pool A, France vs. Canada on 18 September 2011 and Canada vs. Japan on 27 September 2011.
To date the stadium has only hosted two All Blacks tests. The first was played on 7 June 1996, when the All Blacks beat Western Samoa 51-10 on the Samoans' tour of New Zealand. This test has the distinction of being the first home test in which the All Blacks played under floodlights. The second test featuring the All Blacks took place on 6 September 2014. This was a round 3 clash in the Rugby Championship between the All Blacks and Argentina. The All Blacks won 28-9.
The stadium also serves as an alternative home venue for the Hurricanes franchise in Super Rugby. A total of 11 Super Rugby matches have been played at McLean Park, the first being on 15 March 1996, when the Hurricanes beat Transvaal by 32-16. In the aftermath of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the Crusaders used the stadium as a home ground for two matches against the Chiefs in 2011 and 2012.
Rugby League
Melbourne Storm Rugby league played an NRL game against St. George-Illawarra Dragons at the stadium on 25 July 2015. The ground will host a New Zealand Warriors home game against the Brisbane Broncos on 27 May 2023.
Redevelopments
After redevelopment of the park the Graham Lowe Stand opened on Saturday 1 August 2009 when the Hawke's Bay Magpies opened their Air New Zealand Cup campaign with a win against Auckland. Redevelopments took just one year to complete. The stand was built with the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2015 Cricket World Cup in prospect; both events included games at the ground. Drainage problems led two ODIs in January 2018 against Pakistan and against England in February 2018 to be moved. McLean Park made its international return with New Zealand playing India in January 2019.
Statistics
Test matches
McLean Park is regarded as one of the most batting friendly wickets in the world. The average runs per wickets is 39.45 which is almost eight runs higher than Eden Park which, at 31.46 is the second most batting friendly wicket in New Zealand. No pitch throughout the world which has had more than five test matches has a higher runs per wicket. The batting friendly conditions means that it is hard to produce results here and seven of the ten tests played here have been draws with two losses by New Zealand, each featuring characteristic batting collapses. New Zealand won a lone test here against Zimbabwe in 2012.
The highest total set by a team here in Test cricket was by the New Zealand national cricket team when they scored 619/9 dec on 26 Mar 2009 against the Indian national cricket team. The most runs scored in this ground have been by Brendon McCullum (494 runs), Ross Taylor-420 runs and Jesse Ryder (317 runs). The most wickets have been taken by Chris Martin- 22 wickets, followed by Ian O'Brien-15 wickets and Jeetan Patel and Daniel Vettori- 14 wickets.
One Day Internationals
McLean Park also has been known as a good batting strip for one day cricket. The average runs per wicket is 30.66 while the average runs per over is 4.90. It has been known as a good ground for New Zealand with 20 of the 33 matches played having been won by the home side while two matches, both against England, were tied. Ricky Ponting has the highest individual score on the ground of 141 not out which came in a team score of 347/5. It was selected as a venue for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and hosted 3 matches.
In ODI cricket, the highest total has been set by the New Zealand national cricket team against the Zimbabwean national cricket team when they scored 373/8 on 9 Feb 2012. The most runs scored in this ground have been by Ross Taylor- 779 runs, followed by Nathan Astle and Stephen Fleming-(743 runs). The most wickets have been taken by Daniel Vettori-30 wickets-ahead of three players with 17.
Twenty20 Internationals
The first T20I at the venue was held on 3 January 2017, between New Zealand and Bangladesh. With that, McLean park became the sixth venue in New Zealand to host a T20 international.
See also
List of Test cricket grounds
References
External links
Cricinfo Link
Ground Statistics
1911 establishments in New Zealand
Test cricket grounds in New Zealand
Rugby union stadiums in New Zealand
Association football venues in New Zealand
Rugby World Cup stadiums
Buildings and structures in Napier, New Zealand
Sport in Napier, New Zealand
Cricket grounds in New Zealand
Sports venues in the Hawke's Bay Region
1992 Cricket World Cup stadiums
2015 Cricket World Cup stadiums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean%20Park |
Vennard College was a non-denominational Christian college located in University Park, Iowa, located just outside of Oskaloosa, Iowa. It was announced on Nov. 12, 2008 that the college would close at the end of the 2008 fall semester due to a decline in enrollment and financial difficulty. The college held its final commencement on Nov. 22, 2008 and it is now closed.
History
In 1910, Dr. Iva Durham Vennard founded Chicago Evangelistic Institute (CEI) in Chicago, Illinois, for the purpose of providing "effective training for Christian service." Her stated goals were to send Spirit-filled people into the ministry and to promote Scriptural Holiness.
In 1951, the school moved to University Park, Iowa, where it was renamed Vennard College in 1959. The move to the beautiful, rural setting brought Vennard into a familial relationship with the graduates of the three other Christian colleges which formerly occupied the campus: Central Holiness University, John Fletcher College, and Kletzing College.
Dr. Vennard's presidency was followed by the leadership of Dr. Harry E. Jessop. Presidents of Vennard College have included Dr. H. M. Couchenour, Dr. J. Sutherland Logan, Dr. Merne A. Harris, Dr. Warthen T. Israel, Dr. Burnis Bushong (interim president) and Dr. Blake J. Neff.
In 1996, Vennard College was newly incorporated to continue the tradition of Christian higher education on this historic campus with Dr. W. Edward Rickman as president. In 2002, Dr. Bruce E. Moyer picked up the reins of leadership; but the College was unable to remain open.
Scandal erupted in 2007 with reports that the college knowingly housed a convicted sex offender on campus, less than 1000 feet from a day care center.
Vennard College announced on November 12, 2008 that it would close at the end of the 2008 fall semester, according to the Des Moines Register. The academic records have been transferred to the University of Iowa, and the transcripts can be obtained from the Registrar's Office of the University of Iowa.
Vennard College archives have been transferred to MidAmerican Nazarene University in Olathe, KS.
Athletics
Vennard's mascot was the Cougar and the official school colors were purple and white.
Vennard College offered intercollegiate sports in men and women’s basketball, women’s volleyball and men’s soccer. Vennard College was a member of NCCAA Division II and the Midwest Christian College Conference. All teams were eligible for conference and post season tournaments. Individual players were eligible for All Conference, All Region and All American Teams.
Recreation
Vennard College boasted many opportunities to participate in a variety of intramural sports that included dodge ball and indoor soccer. The campus was home to a miniature golf course that was open to the public.
The miniature golf course is still in operation and open to the public.
Notable alumni
Harold Sherk (1903-1974), Christian pacifist
References
Further reading
Harris, Merne A. The Torch Goeth Onward Still-- University Park, Iowa: Vennard College Alumni Association, 2000.
External links
Vennard College Alumni Association
Defunct private universities and colleges in Iowa
2008 disestablishments in Iowa
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennard%20College |
Sir John Tusa (born 2 March 1936) is a British arts administrator, and radio and television journalist. He is co-chairman of the European Union Youth Orchestra from 2014. chairman, British Architecture Trust Board, RIBA, from 2014. From 1980 to 1986, he was a main presenter of BBC 2's Newsnight programme. From 1986 to 1993, he was managing director of the BBC World Service. From 1995 to 2007, he was managing director of the City of London's Barbican Arts Centre.
Early life
Born in Zlín, Czechoslovakia, in March 1936, Tusa moved to England with his family in 1939. His father, also John Tusa (Jan Tůša), was managing director of British Bata Shoes, established by the Czechoslovak shoe company, which, following its international pattern, also created a pioneering work-living community around its factory in East Tilbury, Essex. Two days before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939, Tusa senior flew out of Czechoslovakia on a Bata company plane, via Poland, Yugoslavia and France. He then became general manager of the Bata factory and its associated village in East Tilbury, living in the nearby village of Horndon-on-the-Hill where his son grew up.
Tusa junior was educated at St Faith's School, Cambridge, Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained a first class degree in History.
Career
In 1960, Tusa joined the BBC as a trainee. After presenting the BBC's 24 Hours and later Newsnight (from its inception in 1979), he became managing director of the BBC World Service from 1986 to 1993. Tusa was President of Wolfson College, Cambridge from January to October 1993. He was then a newsreader on BBC's One O'Clock News for two years during the mid-1990s. He anchored the BBC's coverage of the D-Day 50th anniversary celebrations in June 1995, and of the Hong Kong handover on 30 June 1997.
From 1995 until 2007, he was managing director of the Barbican Arts Centre in the City of London. For several years, he was chairman of the board of the Wigmore Hall in London and was appointed chairman of the University of the Arts London in 2007. For many years, he sat on the governing Council of Imperial College London on which strength was then offered vice-chancellor positions at Reading and then York University, but decided against accepting them because of his lack of financial expertise. In 1987, he had been rejected for the position of Director-General of the BBC for the same reason. He was announced as having accepted the position of chairman with the Victoria and Albert Museum on 18 June 2007, but stepped down from the post a month later, recognising a conflict of interest with his position at the University of the Arts London. In 2013, it was announced that Tusa would be leaving his post at University of the Arts London from August that year, and that Sir John Sorrell would be the new chairman. From January 2009 to 2014, Tusa was chair of the Clore Leadership Programme. In February 2010 he became honorary chairman of theartsdesk.com. In 2014, he became co-chairman of the European Union Youth Orchestra.
Since leaving his BBC World Service post in 1993, Tusa has been critical of some BBC policies. He deprecated the focus and management style of (former) director general John Birt and has been vociferous about subsequent decisions to pare down World Service activities in Europe, including the Czech section.
From 2000 until 2005, Tusa interviewed 55 major figures in the arts for BBC Radio 3. From October 2009, until the end of the year, Tusa presented a 91-part series on BBC Radio 4. Day By Day used original archive news material to track events on a daily basis from 1989, including the fall of the Berlin Wall.
John Tusa's Engaged with the Arts: Writings from the Frontline was published in 2007. It explores ways that the arts can be encouraged within a cultural and political climate in which funding is constantly under threat. He wrote two books jointly with his historian wife Ann Tusa: The Nuremberg Trial (1983) and The Berlin Blockade (1988). His writings on the arts include Art Matters, On Creativity, and The Janus Aspect: Artists in the C20. Tusa married Ann Hilary Dowson in 1960; she died in November 2021. The couple had two sons.
Honours
Tusa received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1993
Tusa was awarded a knighthood in the Queen's birthday honours list in June 2003.
Tusa was awarded an Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk in September 2018.
Books
Conversations with the World; BBC Books 1990
A World in Your Ear; Broadside Books 1992
Art Matters; Methuen 1999
On Creativity; Methuen 2003
The Janus Aspect; Methuen 2005
Engaged with the Arts; IB Tauris 2007
Pain in the Arts; IB Tauris 2014
Making a Noise: Getting It Right, Getting It Wrong in Life, Arts and Broadcasting; W&N 2018
Co-author – with Ann Tusa:
The Nuremberg Trial; Macmillan 1983
The Berlin Blockade; Hodder and Stoughton 1988.
References
1936 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service people
British arts administrators
British people of Czech descent
Czech emigrants to England
Czechoslovak emigrants to England
British radio executives
British television executives
British television journalists
British theatre managers and producers
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
People educated at St Faith's School
People educated at Gresham's School
People from Horndon-on-the-Hill
Presidents of Wolfson College, Cambridge
People associated with the University of the Arts London
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tusa |
Tribulation Force: The Continuing Drama of Those Left Behind (1996) is the second novel in the Left Behind series, by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. It takes place from two weeks after the Rapture to 18 months into the Tribulation.
Plot introduction
In a series of events that followed the Rapture, in which Jesus Christ takes away members of His church from Earth, some find themselves left behind. Eventually they meet at New Hope Village Church, located in the suburbs of Chicago. They then meet from time to time and become immersed in study of prophecies contained in the Bible. Their study reveals that the Antichrist will establish control of the Earth, and the Tribulation period lasting seven years will start after his covenant with Israel. Jesus Christ's second coming will fall on the end of the Tribulation.
In the course of their study, some characters in the novel form a core group which Chloe Steele christens the "Tribulation Force", dedicated to fight the seven years' war with the Antichrist.
Plot summary
Rayford Steele, Chloe Steele, Buck Williams and Bruce Barnes find themselves left behind. This group of believers, as well as others left behind but becoming believers, are otherwise known as "Tribulation Saints", to differentiate from the pre-Rapture designation of Christian. The question of what to do in response to this radical change in situation arises. They propose to fight the perceived threat that Antichrist Nicolae Carpathia poses in the form of eradicating all religion and establishing a single world religion. The dogma consists of the notion that "there is no heaven nor hell, just [the left-behind]."
Upon being demoted at the end of the first novel, Buck moves to Chicago for his new job. He considers a relationship with Chloe Steele, debating whether or not it is worthwhile at this point in history. This leads to a misunderstanding which is eventually resolved. Buck is invited to visit Carpathia at the United Nations in New York City, where he is instituting radical changes. He tells Buck he is planning to buy all media and wants Buck to head one of the newspapers. Upon his new assistant's (Hattie Durham) recommendation, Carpathia also manipulates Rayford to become his head pilot, wanting only the best. Both Rayford and Buck are present for the signing of the treaty between the UN and Israel.
Nicolae twists the message of world-famous rabbi Tsion Ben-Judah about Messiah, in order to point to himself as thus. Buck flies to Jerusalem to meet Ben-Judah and present him to the two witnesses (described in Revelation) stationed at the United Nations-blockaded Wailing Wall. He converts to Christianity, believing that Jesus is the one and only Messiah; thus disproving Carpathia.
During the prophesied eighteen months of peace following the covenant with Israel, Chloe and Buck are married, along with Rayford and new believer Amanda White, a friend of Rayford's first wife Irene. However, both Buck, who becomes publisher of Global Community Weekly, formerly Global Weekly, and Rayford, who is handpicked to pilot Carpathia's jet, are in the distressing position of watching Carpathia, now Supreme Potentate of the U.N. - now reorganized into the Global Community- strengthen his grip on the world, witnessing how he orchestrates World War III to bring the former world powers under his heel and how he bamboozles Israeli botanist Chaim Rosenzweig into giving the GC his illustrious Eden formula for a GC-guaranteed peace treaty with Israel, thus initiating the Tribulation. As World War III breaks out, the Tribulation Force suffers its first casualty in the death of their pastor, Bruce Barnes, who was killed in a bombing in the now-decimated city of Chicago.
Characters in Tribulation Force
Rayford Steele – main character, Pan-Continental Airlines pilot and new head of the "Tribulation Force"
Chloe Steele Williams – daughter to Rayford, wife to "Buck"
Buck Williams – news reporter and confidant to Nicolae Carpathia
Bruce Barnes – spiritual guide to the "Trib' Force", dies in this book
Amanda White (Steele) – new wife to Rayford
Tsion Ben-Judah – rabbinical scholar
Chaim Rosenzweig – Israeli statesman and botanist, created the Eden formula
Steve Plank – former executive editor of Global Weekly, now chief press secretary to Carpathia
Hattie Durham – former senior flight attendant with Pan-Con and Rayford, personal secretary of and romantically involved with Carpathia
Global Community Supreme Potentate Nicolae Carpathia
Verna Zee, head of Chicago Global Weekly office
Alice, receptionist at the Chicago Global Weekly office
Nicholas "Nicky" Edwards, Pan-Con First Officer, later Captain
Peter Cardinal Matthews, Archbishop of Cincinnati
Earl Halliday, Pan-Con Pilot
Marc Feinberg, rabbinical scholar
Leonard Gustufson, President of Pan-Con
Gerald Fitzhugh, President of the United States
Major book themes
Christian prophetic themes are explored in a fictional context taking a particular position on such topics as the Second Coming, the Antichrist, the Tribulation, and the Millennium.
Film adaptation
The story in this book has been adapted into two feature films in the same film franchise. The novel was adapted into Left Behind II: Tribulation Force and was produced by Cloud Ten Pictures. This second film in the Left Behind film series did not complete the entire story of the novel, so it was needed to make a third film based on the last few chapters of Tribulation Force, Cloud Ten Pictures did this with the third film in the Left Behind Series, Left Behind: World at War.
References
1996 American novels
Left Behind series
American post-apocalyptic novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Chicago
Novels set in Iraq
Novels set in Jerusalem
Novels set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulation%20Force |
Cricket Captain, formerly International Cricket Captain, is a series of cricket management video games by Empire Interactive, and by Childish Things since International Cricket Captain 2009, before which Empire went into administration. It rose to popularity in 1998, following the release of the first PC-based game in the series. The most recent version of the game is Cricket Captain 2022.
The concept for International Cricket Captain was the idea of Chris Child, who programmed the original game engine as a university project. Empire producer Brian Walker produced and co-designed the game in which the player takes control of an English County Cricket squad with the aim of leading them to success in the domestic competition and ultimately being asked to take up the position of England manager. There is also an added option in later games in the ICC series to take control of one of the other Test playing nations.
Taking inspiration from the hugely successful Championship Manager series of games which were also produced by Brian Walker, most aspects of a management sim are present in ICC, with the ability to coach players on their individual skills, scout opposition and buy and sell players at the end of each season. There are also comprehensive statistics available in the form of career stats pages for each player and team. Graphs and charts help the gamer to select the strongest team possible against particular opposition.
Transition to console
Although mainly a PC based series, there have been console cross-overs, most notably for ICC 2001 which appeared on the PlayStation. However, the PS version was limited in features compared to its PC cousin and as a result was not very successful. Aside from the lack of on-line play capability, gamers noted that the transition to the console meant longer loading periods and a slightly more tedious controller-based interface.
Game engine revamp
ICC III was released on 6 July 2007 including a new algorithmic method of calculating player performances and a 3D match engine with motion captured shots. These changes are arguably a result of the competition that International Cricket Captain now faces from the popular Cricket Coach series, developed by Rockingham Software. The new engine replaces the original graphic highlights which were retained for each of the previous versions of the game, save minor cosmetic tweaks.
Criticism
Over recent years, a common criticism from games reviewers is of the perceived lack of progress in terms of the game's functionality, with the obvious change between versions tending to be limited to updated players and statistics.
Games in the series
International Cricket Captain
Australian Cricket Captain
International Cricket Captain 2
International Cricket Captain 2000
International Cricket Captain 2001 & Ashes Edition
International Cricket Captain 2002
International Cricket Captain 2005 & Ashes Edition
International Cricket Captain 2006
International Cricket Captain 2006: Ashes Edition
International Cricket Captain III
International Cricket Captain 2008
International Cricket Captain 2009: Ashes Edition
International Cricket Captain 2010
International Cricket Captain 2011
International Cricket Captain 2012
International Cricket Captain 2013
Cricket Captain 2014
Cricket Captain 2015
Cricket Captain 2016
Cricket Captain 2017
Cricket Captain 2018
Cricket Captain 2019
Cricket Captain 2020
Cricket Captain 2021
Cricket Captain 2022
International Cricket Captain
The player is able to take control of the English County side of their choice from the 1998 Season with the aim of becoming accomplished enough to captain the English national side.
The player must guide their chosen County Championship side through an English cricket season, playing English county cricket as well as regular first class matches. During close season, contract negotiations take place in which players are transferred between clubs or retire from the game altogether. There is also a pool of overseas players (from which the player can sign only one, in line with the regulations of the time).
The player receives a new points total each season based on their performance. If they have accrued enough points they are invited to coach the England team. This involves selecting a squad from the extensive pool of English county players and managing them in One Day International and Test Matches, including an annual winter tour. The game continues for twenty seasons until 2018, at which point the player is forced into retirement and the game ends.
Australian Cricket Captain
Australian Cricket Captain, featuring Australian State teams and competitions, was released to the Australasian market in 1999. The game is almost identical to the original release in terms of gameplay aside from a revamp of the contracting system and minor cosmetic tweaks. There is also a commentary by former Australian captain Ian Chappell.
Sequels
New releases of International Cricket Captain were made every year, with primarily minor cosmetic changes. These games are International Cricket Captain 2, International Cricket Captain 2000, International Cricket Captain 2001 (and the Ashes Edition), International Cricket Captain 2002, and International Cricket Captain 2005 (and the Ashes Edition).
International Cricket Champion 2006
International Cricket Captain 2006 was released on the PC. In England, batsmen Kevin Pietersen is featured on the cover, whereas the Australian version features fast bowler Brett Lee.
When playing single player you can choose one of four modes to play.
Full Game - You take control of a County Team with the possibility of "captaining" the England cricket team.
County and England - You take control of a County Team and England from the very beginning.
International Only - Take control of any of the 10 Test cricket nations.
Scenario - Relive a classic cricket match from the past.
Two Player - Go head to head with a friend.
International Cricket Captain 2006 featured online play where you could take on another player in either a First Class or ODI match.
International Cricket Captain 2006: Ashes Edition''' is a video game, the eighth from the popular International Cricket Captain Series. It was purposely made for England's attempt to retain The Ashes in Australia. It is mainly a roster update from International Cricket Captain 2006 but also includes 6 ashes scenarios.
International Cricket Captain IIIInternational Cricket Captain III is the ninth iteration of the ICC series.
Released in the summer of 2007, the game boasted the largest number of changes to the series for many versions including new 3D graphics and changes to the underlying match engine. A demo, playable for a maximum of 48 hours (two calendar days) was available at the developer's website.
International Cricket Captain III is also available for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable.
International Cricket Captain 2008International Cricket Captain 2008 featured on its United Kingdom cover, England's Monty Panesar. It contained all contemporary cricket players from first class cricket, Test cricket, List-A and One Day International teams, and can be played in a career mode indefinitely, with repeating domestic and international fixtures generated for each year, along with youth players continually added and other players retiring to enable an open-ended career as coach of a national or domestic side.
International Cricket Captain 2009International Cricket Captain 2009 is the 12th game in the series so far. It contains all current cricket players from first class cricket, Test cricket, List-A and One Day International teams, and can be played in a career mode indefinitely, with repeating domestic and international fixtures generated for each year, along with youth players continually added and other players retiring to enable an open-ended career as coach of a national or domestic side. There have been many improvements in the game from the previous instalment International Cricket Captain 2008. It was first released on 2 July as a download only from the Childish Things website, and the box version was released on 17 July 2009.
International Cricket Captain 2010International Cricket Captain 2010 is the 13th edition of the International Cricket Captain series. It contains all current cricket players from first class cricket, Test cricket, List-A and One Day International teams, and can be played in a career mode indefinitely, with repeating domestic and international fixtures generated for each year, along with youth players continually added and other players retiring to enable an open-ended career as coach of a national or domestic side. The game features all teams and competitions from the English Domestic Season, International teams and competitions including the T20 World Cup and for the first time in the Cricket Captain series, all teams and competitions from the Australian Domestic Season.
Players can choose to take control of one of the eighteen county sides and participates in the County Championship, Clydesdale Bank 40 and Twenty20 Cup. After each season players take part in the transfer market recruiting new players for their side and they can choose one main overseas player, one reserve overseas player and two T20 overseas player which can only play in T20 matches.
Players can also choose to take control of one of the six State sides and participates in Sheffield Shield, Ford Ranger One Day Cup and KFC Twenty20 Big Bash after each season players can choose new players in the transfer market and they get two randomly selected overseas player.
As with previous versions, the entire County cricket sphere is open to the player, with each of the counties as a playable team. New to the 2010 edition is the inclusion of the Australian state cricket teams, the New South Wales Blues, Victorian Bushrangers, Western Warriors, Southern Redbacks, Queensland Bulls and Tasmanian Tigers. All international Test playing nations and Zimbabwe also feature, as well as all One Day International playing teams though these are unplayable.
International Cricket Captain 2011International Cricket Captain 2011 is the 14th edition of the International Cricket Captain series
ICC 2011 received mixed reviews: GameSpot concluded that "international Cricket Captain 2011 doesn't break any new ground, but a wealth of real-life statistics married to a solid management sim makes it worth the investment for any budding cricket captains."
International Cricket Captain 2012
International Cricket Captain 2013International Cricket Captain 2013 is the sixteenth installment of the International Cricket Captain series. Produced by Childish Things on Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, it follows the release of International Cricket Captain 2012 the previous year.
Built upon previous versions, with updated statistics for current players, ICC 13''' also included new features: "All-Time Greats" in which players can assemble teams of great cricketers from different eras; "Classic England vs. Australia" in which players can replay one of five classic test matches from the England / Australia rivalry; international on-line, enabling players to engage in international Test, ODI and T20 matches. Various graphical and interface upgrades were also introduced, as well as the ability to pick opposition teams in custom series. It was released on 29 June 2013, a day later than planned following the discovery of an unexpected error.
Cricket Captain 2014
Producer: Childish Things
Season: 2014 and Abroad
Features: English County Cricket, Australian Domestic First Class, Indian Premier League, Indian First Class, International Tests, ODIs, T20s and List A.
Cricket Captain 2015
The latest edition in the series, Cricket Captain 2015, was released on 8 July 2015 on Steam and has received mixed reviews from players, most noting that there aren't many changes in the game except for a few minor additions and a statistical update.
Cricket Captain 2016
Cricket Captain 2016 was released on 5 July 2016 on Steam; new features included playable New Zealand and South African Domestic teams, Updated One Day International (ODI) and 20 over (T20) World Cup Tournament modes. International teams that played in the last two World Cups including Afghanistan, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Oman, Scotland or the UAE were playable.
Cricket Captain 2017
Cricket Captain 2017 was released on 6 July 2017. New features include the new twenty-over leagues in West Indies, South Africa, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Ground Records
International Versus Records
four new modelled grounds: Cardiff, Taunton, Bristol and Hobart with updated ground models for existing grounds
Historical Scenarios: England vs South Africa 2003, 1998 and England vs West Indies 1995, 1984 and 1957
New database with improved player ability and player type accuracy
Pakistan Domestic cricket
References
External links
Childish Things – Official website
1998 video games
Android (operating system) games
Cricket video games
IOS games
MacOS games
PlayStation (console) games
Video game franchises
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Cricket%20Captain |
Hugo Williams FRSL (born Hugh Anthony Mordaunt Vyner Williams on 20 February 1942) is an English poet, journalist and travel writer. He received the T. S. Eliot Prize in 1999 and Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 2004.
Family and early life
Williams was born in 1942 in Windsor. He was the eldest child of the actor and playwright Hugh Williams and his second wife, the model, actress and playwright Margaret Vyner. His brother is the actor Simon Williams. His sister Polly, an actress, died of cancer in 2004 at the age of 54.
Hugh Williams had been a successful actor in the 1930s but his career declined after his service in the Second World War, in which he had been wounded. He declared bankruptcy in the early 1950s but the family's fortunes revived when he and his wife began collaborating as playwrights. They found success with the comedy The Grass is Greener which was first staged in London's West End in 1956.
Hugo Williams attended Lockers Park School and Eton College. While a student at Eton, he had several poems published in The London Magazine.
Career
Poetry
Williams's early poems were influenced by poets associated with The Movement, particularly John Wain and Thom Gunn. He received an Eric Gregory Award for his first book of poems, Symptoms of Loss, which was published in 1965. Philip Larkin included "The Butcher", a poem from this collection, in his 1973 anthology The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse. The poem also attracted the attention of the poet, editor and literary critic Ian Hamilton, who became Williams's mentor and "perfect reader". Williams's poems appeared in The Review and The New Review, literary magazines edited by Hamilton in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1969, The Review published a pamphlet of Williams's poems as part of a series exemplifying the magazine's "taste for spare, emotionally intense, tip-of-the-iceberg, occasionally gnomic poems".
His second book of poems, Sugar Daddy, appeared in 1970. In 1971, Williams received a Cholmondeley Award, which is given annually by the Society of Authors to "recognise the achievement and distinction of individual poets" chosen "for their general body of work and contribution to poetry". In 1980, for his fourth poetry book, Love-Life, Williams shared the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize with George Szirtes. The Faber prize is awarded to "that volume of verse or prose fiction first published originally in this country during the two years preceding the year in which the award is given which is, in the opinion of the judges, of the greatest literary merit".
Williams's style evolved away from "Review-style lyrical spareness" while his subject matter became more personal and intimate in nature, culminating in his 1985 collection Writing Home, which the poet Mick Imlah called a "classic of creative autobiography". In it, according to the poet and critic Michael Hofmann, he made a "complete and unexpected break with the tenets of economy, ceremony, care, melancholy and a kind of Oriental exquisiteness" that had characterized his earlier work and began a "loosening up" that led his later work to "the borderline between poetry and prose" while bringing in "more humour, sex, slapstick, and more of the world". Williams credits his reading of Robert Lowell's Life Studies with the change, remarking that he was "well into my career before I started writing about mummy and daddy and all that". Karl Miller, who published many of Williams's poems in the London Review of Books during his tenure as editor, wrote in 1995 that his work was most admired for its "directness, naturalness, unencumberedness", while The London Magazine in 2014 described the poems in I Knew the Bride as "blessed with a piercing clarity and unfailing readability.
Williams's 1999 book Billy's Rain won the T. S. Eliot Prize, which "is awarded annually to the best new collection of poetry in English published in the UK or the Republic of Ireland". In 2002, Faber published his Collected Poems, for which he received the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 2004.Billy's Rain deals with a five-year long love affair. The subjects of later books include the death of his younger sister Polly from cancer (I Knew the Bride) and his experiences undergoing dialysis and a kidney transplant (Lines Off).
Other work
Williams worked as an editor at The London Magazine from 1961 to 1970. As a journalist and columnist he has written on theatre for The Sunday Correspondent (1989–1991), film for Harper's & Queen (1993–1998), popular music for Punch, and television for the New Statesman (1983–1988), where he was also poetry editor from 1984 to 1993.
He was a regular contributor to the "Freelance" column in The Times Literary Supplement from its beginning in 1988. A collection of his columns was published by Faber and Faber in 1995 as Freelancing: Adventures of a Poet.
His first book of travel writing, All the Time in the World, published in 1966, described his trip around the world at the age of 21, financed by his father in order "to break a trust fund". A second travel book, No Particular Place to Go, appeared in 1981.
Personal life
Williams has been married to the singer and writer Hermine Demoriane since 1965. They have one daughter, Murphy Williams. He bought a house in the Islington district of London in 1966 and has lived there ever since. Williams received a successful kidney transplant in 2014, after undergoing dialysis for several years.
Prizes and honours
1966: Eric Gregory Award
1971: Cholmondeley Award
1980: Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for Love-Life 1988: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
1999: T. S. Eliot Prize for Billy's Rain 2004: Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry for Collected Poems 2007: T. S. Eliot Prize Shortlist for Dear Room 2007: Costa Book Award Shortlist for Dear RoomBibliography
PoetrySymptoms of Loss: Poems, Oxford University Press, 1965Sugar Daddy, Oxford University Press, 1970Some Sweet Day, Oxford University Press, 1975Love-Life (with drawings by Jessica Gwynne), André Deutsch, 1979 – winner of the Geoffrey Faber Memorial PrizeWriting Home, Oxford University Press, 1985Selected Poems, Oxford University Press, 1989Self-Portrait with a Slide, Oxford University Press, 1990Dock Leaves, Faber and Faber, 1994Penguin Modern Poets 11, (Michael Donaghy, Andrew Motion, Hugo Williams) Penguin, 1997Billy's Rain, Faber and Faber, 1999Curtain Call: 101 Portraits in Verse (editor), Faber and Faber, 2001Collected Poems, Faber and Faber, 2002Dear Room, Faber and Faber, 2006West End Final, Faber and Faber, 2009I Knew the Bride, Faber and Faber, 2014Dialysis Days, Grey Suit Editions, 2018Lines Off, Faber and Faber, 2019
Other
This list may also include some poetry books:All the Time in the World, Ross, 1966No Particular Place to Go, Cape, 1981Freelancing: Adventures of a Poet, Faber and Faber, 1995Some RB and Black Pop, Greville Press, 1998
Critical studies and reviews of Williams' work
Reviews I Knew the Bride''.
See also
2014 in poetry
References
External links
Hugo Williams Poems in Qualm
Interview in Horizon Magazine
People educated at Eton College
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
1942 births
Living people
English male poets
T. S. Eliot Prize winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Williams |
(William) Rupert Davies (12 September 1879 – 11 March 1967) was a Welsh-Canadian author, editor, newspaper publisher, and politician.
Davies was born in Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Wales and immigrated to Canada in the late 1800s after his family's tailor business failed. He later married Florence Sheppard McKay, of Loyalist stock. The Davies moved to Thamesville, then to Renfrew, Ontario and later to Kingston, Ontario.
Following a successful career as publisher of the Kingston Whig-Standard, Davies was appointed to the Senate on 19 November 1942 on the recommendation of William Lyon Mackenzie King. Sitting as a Liberal, he represented the senatorial division of Kingston, Ontario, a position he held until his death.
In 1932, Davies renewed his connection with Montgomeryshire and purchased Fronfraith Hall, in Llandyssil. He continued to own Fronfraith until 1948, when he moved to Brookland Hall. In 1950 he moved from Brooklands to Leighton Hall, to the east of Welshpool, which he continued to own until his death in 1967. In 1951 he was appointed Sheriff of Montgomeryshire.
Davies was the father of author Robertson Davies, Arthur Davies and Fred Davies. He died in Toronto in 1967 while in office as senator.
References
External links
1879 births
1967 deaths
Politicians from Kingston, Ontario
Canadian newspaper publishers (people)
Canadian Presbyterians
Canadian senators from Ontario
Canadian people of Welsh descent
High Sheriffs of Montgomeryshire
Liberal Party of Canada senators
People from Welshpool
British emigrants to Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%20Davies%20%28politician%29 |
Tic Tac Toe were a German girl group formed in 1995, performing pop-rap music. Their first two albums, Tic Tac Toe and Klappe die 2te, were million-selling commercial successes and spawned major hits "Ich find' dich scheiße", "Verpiss' dich" and "Warum?". The band found biggest popularity in German speaking countries, the Netherlands and Eastern Europe. Due to numerous scandals and personal issues between the group members, Tic Tac Toe split in 2001. The band had a successful but short-lived comeback in 2005 with the hit single "Spiegel", but ultimately disbanded in 2007.
History
1995–1996: Formation and debut album
The band was established in 1995 by three young women from the industrial Ruhr area: Lee (Liane Wiegelmann), Ricky (Ricarda Wältken) and Jazzy (Marlene Tackenberg). Claudia Wohlfromm was the group's manager, and together with her partner Torsten Börger co-wrote all the songs for Tic Tac Toe. To appeal to young audience, the official band biography stated that all girls were in their teens, although only Ricky was actually a teenager when the group was formed.
Their first single was "Ich find' dich scheiße" in 1995, which caused a media stir due to its explicit title which translates "I Think You're Shit". The song became a major hit in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and was followed by the band's self-titled debut album in the spring of 1996. It was a commercial success, reaching top 5 in the charts and going multi-platinum. The album spawned further singles, "Funky" and "Leck mich am A, B, Zeh", the latter song being about safe sex. However, it was the fourth single, provocatively titled "Verpiss' dich" (English: "Fuck Off"), that became the band's first number 1 hit in Germany as well as Switzerland. Their public feud with fellow German rapper Sabrina Setlur was widely reported by the music press.
1997–1998: Second album and controversies
In 1997 the band released their second album, Klappe die 2te. It became another multi-platinum success, topping German and Swiss albums charts, and has sold over 1.1 million copies in Germany alone. The lead single was "Warum?", whose lyrics were based on the story of a friend who had died of drug overdose. The track went to number 1 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and remains Tic Tac Toe's biggest hit. Reggae-influenced "Mr. Wichtig" was released as the second single and reached the top 10. Two following singles, including "Bitte küss' mich nicht", a song about sexual harassment, charted outside the top 20.
During this time the press began writing unflattering articles about the band. The band members' true ages were revealed, and their biographies were reported to have been fabricated by the group. Liane Wiegelmann's marital status was made public when her husband committed suicide. It was also reported that Wiegelmann was using drugs, and that she had been involved in child prostitution when she was 16 years old. Tensions between the band members escalated, and Ricky Wältken was reported to be struggling with stress-related issues. To prevent further damage to the band's image, their record company called a press conference in Munich in November 1997 to contradict the scandalous revelations and demonstrate the band's unity. However, the event took an unexpected turn when Ricky clashed against the rest of the band and the girls started to publicly argue and blame each other. The conference ended with Lee leaving the room in tears. As a result, Tic Tac Toe's popularity dramatically decreased. Ricky immediately left the band and embarked on a solo career releasing several modestly successful singles, although her solo album failed to chart.
1999–2009: Comeback and definitive split
Lee and Jazzy performed as a duo for some time, before Sara Brahms joined the band. They recorded a single "Nie wieder" as Sara @ Tic Tac Two which was a chart success in 1999 and was later included on Sara's solo album. In 2000, the band released their third studio album, Ist der Ruf erst ruiniert..., recorded with Sara under their original moniker Tic Tac Toe. Three singles promoted the album, of which the most successful was "Isch liebe disch". The album itself didn't fare as well in the charts as its predecessors and still in 2000 the trio disbanded.
Tic Tac Toe reformed in the original line-up in 2005, after Ricky had rejoined. At the end of the year the single "Spiegel" was released which was a top 10 chart success and brought the band back into the spotlight. To cash-in on the unexpected success of the song, their former label Sony BMG released a greatest hits album in early 2006. The following month, Tic Tac Toe's fourth studio album Comeback was released to modest chart success. The next single "Keine Ahnung" was their first to fail to enter the charts. The comeback concert tour was shortened due to lack of interest and in early 2007 Tic Tac Toe officially disbanded again.
Another reunion was rumoured in 2009, with Brahms replacing Lee, but in the end the project was abandoned. Lee has since completely withdrawn herself from the music business and in 2009 was reported as working as a cashier in a Cologne zoo. Jazzy has released solo music sporadically, and has taken part in musicals and TV shows.
Members
Lee – Liane Claudia Wiegelmann, née Springer (born 29 July 1974 in Iserlohn): from 1995 to 2001 and from 2005 to 2007
Jazzy – Marlene Victoria Tackenberg (born 4 August 1975 in Gelsenkirchen): from 1995 to 2001 and from 2005 to 2007
Ricky – Ricarda Priscilla Nonyem Wältken (born 24 February 1978 in Dortmund): from 1995 to 1997 and from 2005 to 2007
Sara – Sara Brahms (born 24 July 1978 in Brighton): from 1998 to 2001
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
Singles
References
External links
Tic Tac Toe on AllMusic
Tic Tac Toe on Discogs
Tic Tac Toe on Rate Your Music
Women hip hop groups
German girl groups
German hip hop groups
German musical trios
Pop-rap groups
Music controversies
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from North Rhine-Westphalia
Musical groups reestablished in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic%20Tac%20Toe%20%28band%29 |
Brandhärd is a hip hop group from Basel-Country in Switzerland. It is best known in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland.
The three friends Johny Holiday, Fetch and Fierce founded Brandhärd in 1997. Two years later they already performed in front of remarkably big audiences. In 2000 their first demo tape Hip-Hop für d'Aiightgnossäschaft was released.
2005, Brandhärd released the album Zeiche setze, which peaked at position 13 in the Swiss Music Charts. Two years later, Brandhärd released an album with rapper Mamoney from Cameroun. This album is called Même Sang, which means "Same Blood" in English.
Discography
2000 – Hip-Hop für d'Aiightgnossäschaft
2001 – Brandalarm
2001 – Flächebrand
2003 – Noochbrand
2005 – Zeiche setze
2007 – Même Sang (with Mamoney)
2007 – Brandrenalin
2010 – Blackbox
2015 – Zuckerbrot & Peitsche
2018 – 1997
External links
Official Website
Swiss hip hop groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandh%C3%A4rd |
WYIN (channel 56), branded on-air as Lakeshore PBS, is a secondary PBS member television station licensed to Gary, Indiana, United States, serving the Chicago area. It is owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., as a sister station to NPR member WLPR-FM (89.1). Both stations share studios on Indiana Place (Mississippi Street) in Merrillville, while WYIN's transmitter is located near Lake Dalecarlia (due south of Cedar Lake). WYIN is one of two PBS member stations in the Chicago television market, alongside Chicago-licensed WTTW (channel 11).
History
Prior license history
The first television station in northwest Indiana was WCAE, a noncommercial station owned by the Lake Central School Corporation in St. John, which broadcast on UHF channel 50 from September 26, 1967, to March 31, 1983. The station was closed when financial troubles prompted the school board to pull its subsidy, ceasing channel 50's operations.
Becoming WYIN
Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, a group that consisted of former WCAE advisory board members who had split from the school board in 1978, bought the WCAE license in late 1983 and set out to reactivate it. In a convoluted transaction that had as its purpose the construction of a new TV station in Chicago, Metrowest Corporation (owned by Fred Eychaner) paid NIPB $684,000 to join its plan to switch the noncommercial and commercial statuses of Gary's two TV channel allocations, channels 50 and 56. Metrowest had bought a majority stake in the permitholder of WDAI, a commercial station on channel 56; however, channel 56 could not be built from the Sears Tower, while channel 50 could. The payment allowed NIPB to access matching federal grants to construct its own facilities. Metrowest eventually took channel 50 to air as commercial station WPWR-TV (now a MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station). The WCAE non-commercial license that was now reassigned to channel 56 was reconstructed by NIPB who signed the station on the air as WYIN on November 15, 1987.
For many years, WYIN fought to try to replace its aging transmitter and build a new tower atop either the Sears Tower or the John Hancock Center in downtown Chicago. Its plans, and any floated by WYCC, were bitterly opposed by Window to the World Communications, which used their position as a national programming provider for PBS to turn back any attempts at competition from the two stations all being on an equal platform and transmitter position and power. WYIN pays a lower license fee for its carriage of PBS programs. WTTW station management claimed that if WYIN was allowed to transmit from Sears or the Hancock, it would retain that lower cost for PBS programming, leaving WTTW at a disadvantage as well as taking valuable pledge donations from the station.
In the face of continued objections from WTTW, WYIN opted instead to build a new transmitter tower in Cedar Lake, Indiana. In November 2003, the station erected a transmission tower at its existing transmitter site, near Crown Point, which increased the station's power to 1.35 million watts.
Newscasts
The station began producing a weeknight prime time newscast focusing on local issues in northwest Indiana on September 4, 1990, as the Indiana Nightly Report. This newscast (which was also rebroadcast at midnight each weeknight) originally competed with the hour-long 9:00 p.m. newscasts that air on WGN-TV (channel 9) and Fox owned-and-operated station WFLD (channel 32).
Production of the program (later renamed 56 Nightly News) was suspended in December 1999, due to the lack of equipment to present a program at a viable technical quality and the issue of production costs for the newscast taking assets away from WYIN's other programming. The station entered into a news share agreement with AT&T Broadband to simulcast the local news program it produced for the provider's local origination channel; on February 5, 2001, WYIN resumed production of the program, now retitled 56 News (later to be renamed Lakeshore News Tonight in 2006). On May 6, 2013, the station expanded its newscasts into two separate broadcasts, with an early evening edition added at 6:00 p.m. while the late evening broadcast was moved to 10:00 p.m.
On January 29, 2014, WYIN announced that it would discontinue Lakeshore News Tonight as a daily news program after the January 31 broadcast due to a reduction in the station's funding; WYIN management announced plans to possibly bring back the program in the spring in a retooled format as a weekly program. Lakeshore Public Media will reassign members of WYIN's news staff to WLPR-FM, Lakeshore Public Media's website, and to work on other projects for WYIN as well as for the revamped newscast. In the interim, news programming on WYIN will be reduced to daily live weather updates that will debut on February 3. The program was relaunched as the half-hour week-in-review format Lakeshore Report in May of that year, airing weekly on Friday evenings. In addition, the station also produces the weekly news and public affairs program Lakeshore Focus also on Friday evenings.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Subchannel history
WYIN-DT2
In September 2010, digital subchannel 56.2 began simulcasting WYIN's main channel (digital subchannel 56.4 also simulcast digital channel 56.1 anamorphic widescreen standard definition, before that subchannel was deleted in 2012). On March 30, 2015, Lakeshore Public Media collaborated with NHK to broadcast its English language network NHK World on digital subchannel 56.2; the subchannel relaunched as an NHK World affiliate on April 1, and was also initially made available on Comcast digital channel 377.
WYIN-DT3 (defunct)
WYIN previously carried "Lakeshore Kids" on digital subchannel 56.3, featuring children's programs primarily supplied by PBS Kids (some of them were distributed by American Public Television); the subchannel, which launched in 2010, was broadcast in 16:9 anamorphic widescreen standard definition. "Lakeshore Kids" signed off on January 16, 2017, after the launch of the national PBS Kids channel, deferring to WTTW-DT4, which carries the network across the market.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WYIN began transmitting a digital signal on UHF channel 17 in February 2004, following the securement of a $2 million grant from the Indiana General Assembly; the digital transmission antenna was placed on its then-recently completed transmitter facility near Crown Point.
WYIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 56, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 17. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 56, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.
References
External links
}
Mass media in Gary, Indiana
Television stations in Chicago
Television channels and stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Indiana
PBS member stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYIN |
Jemera Rone (March 13, 1944 – July 29, 2015) was an American human rights activist. She served as the Human Rights Watch of East Africa Coordinator, and was best known for her years of human rights reporting on Sudan.
Biography
Rone was born in Fort Worth, Texas in 1944 and was raised in Venezuela. She graduated from Barnard College in 1966 and Rutgers University Law School. She was an outspoken critic of the development of the oil infrastructure in East Africa, which she believes often comes at the expense of the local population, rather than to their benefit.
She initiated Human Rights investigations, and has overseen investigations in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and been involved with monitoring human rights in 24 different countries. Rone lived in El Salvador in 1985 during their civil war. She reported on the human rights violations committed by the revolutionaries - the Sandinistas - to provide more factual evidence than the U.S. State Department was providing; they were backing the corrupt Salvadoran government. The information provided by the Human Rights Watch showed that even with a powerful administration such as Reagan's, they will provide the truth.
Death
Rone died on July 29, 2015, in Washington, D.C. from ovarian cancer at the age of 71.
References
Sources
Sudan: Oil Companies Complicit in Rights Abuses Human Rights News November 23, 2003
Sudan Government and Rebels Guilty of Deaths in Custody April 21, 1999
1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
American human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Barnard College alumni
People from Fort Worth, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemera%20Rone |
Caus Castle is a ruin of a hill fort and medieval castle in the civil parish of Westbury in the English county of Shropshire. It is situated up on the eastern foothills of the Long Mountain guarding the route from Shrewsbury, Shropshire to Montgomery, Powys, on the border between England and Wales. It was destroyed during the English Civil War and has been in ruins since.
History
The early outer earthworks of the site are probably an Iron Age hillfort, while the later motte-and-bailey is of Norman construction.
Roger le Corbet (or Fitz Corbet) was granted several manors in Shropshire in 1069 by William the Conqueror as the Barony of Caus for his role in the Norman conquest and invasion of England. They were named after his Normandy estate in the Pays de Caux, in France. The Corbets owed fealty to Roger de Montgomery, the first Earl of Shrewsbury to help control Welsh Marches with absolute control over their demesne. Caus Castle was built by Roger le Corbet in the late 11th century as a high motte with a very small summit on which stood a tower and a strongly defended inner bailey.
The castle was sufficiently important that the Crown took an interest in its maintenance. Henry II of England had it garrisoned in 1165. In 1198 Roger Corbet re-built the tower, keep and curtain wall in stone. During the late 12th century a town or borough was founded in the large outer bailey. A royal grant of 50 marks was made in 1263 towards further building work when D-shape towers were added to the curtain wall. The town contained a church of St Margaret as well as the castle's church of St Nicholas, and the names of two thoroughfares, Castle Street and St Margaret Street are recorded. On the death of Beatrice Corbet in 1347, Caus passed to the Earl of Stafford. At its height, the borough had 58 burgesses resident in 1349, a year coinciding with the arrival of the Black Death in England.
Caus (alternatively spelt Caux or Cause) was garrisoned by the Seneschal Griffith ap Ieuan ap Madoc ap Gwenwys against the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in the 15th century, but following calls from Welsh graduates in law and students in the University of Oxford he changed sides and supported Glyndŵr. As a result, his family lands and role at Caus Castle were forfeited in 1404, only to be restored by Henry V of England in 1419 after his sons Ieuan ap Griffith and Sir Gruffudd Vychan captured John Oldcastle for Lord Charlton of Powys.
On 10 August 1443, at Caus Castle Sir Gruffudd Vychan pierced with a lance the heart of his master, Sir Christopher Talbot (1419–1443), son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and the champion tilter of England. He was outlawed, a reward of 500 marks (£166 6s 8d) offered for his capture, and his lands were passed to John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, as the death of the young knight was not regarded as an accident. The Earls and Barons Stafford rarely used the castle in the 15th and 16th centuries so that it was recorded in great decay in 1521, and had only two resident tenants in 1541. Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (fourth creation) recordedly died there in 1563 when he was buried at Worthen.
The castle was given as part of a marriage settlement to John Thynne (died 1604) and Joan (née Hayward), but Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford disputed the ownership. After he and Joan forcibly ejected Stafford from Caus Castle, in 1591, Joan lived at Caus whist John was based at Longleat, Wiltshire. The letters between them illustrate their partnership. Joan appears to have managed many aspects of their estate. She is also credited with defending Caus Castle, keeping guns and gunpowder in her bedroom
A 15th century wooden screen from Caus Castle was later installed in Minsterley Hall, which was built by the Thynne family in 1581.
The castle was finally deserted after it was destroyed during the English Civil War after falling as a minor Royalist garrison in June 1645.
However, Katherine Lowther is said to have been born in Caus Castle in 1653 into the Thynne family. She was a daughter of Sir Henry Thynne, 1st Baronet and Mary Coventry, a daughter of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry.
References
Sources
Barker, P.A. (1981). 'Caus Castle and Hawcocks Mount' Archaeological Journal Vol 138 p34
Chitty, L. F. (1954). Caus Castle The Hundred-and-First Annual Meeting: Programme, CAA p19-21
Williams G. (1998). 'Sir Gruffydd Fychan (?-1447)' Montgomeryshire Collections Vol 86, p17-28
External links
3D survey of Caus Castle
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Caus Castle and surrounding area
Castles in Shropshire
Hill forts in Shropshire
History of Shropshire
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
Ruins in Shropshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caus%20Castle |
The Institute is a 1983 graphic adventure game released for the TRS-80, Apple II, Commodore 64, and Atari 8-bit family by Screenplay.
Gameplay
The user navigates their character through a graph of rooms by entering commands with the keyboard: "N", "W", "S", and "E" are used to move respectively north, west, south, and east; simple text commands to interact and investigate objects within the rooms such as "open door" are also used.
The game's protagonist is a mental patient trying to escape from the institute (hence the title). A good deal of the game takes place in drug-induced hallucinations, though in some versions the drug is a "strange powder" that sends you into "dreams".
External links
Background from Ye Olde Infocomme Shoppe
Review from Antic Vol. 3 No. 7
Stephan's Retrocomputing Site (contains solution)
1983 video games
Commodore 64 games
Adventure games
Atari 8-bit family games
TRS-80 games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Institute%20%28video%20game%29 |
Sun Shengnan (; ; born 21 January 1987) is a Chinese former tennis player. Her highest WTA singles ranking is 216th, which she reached on 4 April 2011. Her career-high in doubles is 50th, which she reached on 17 September 2007.
By March 2006, Sun had won two ITF singles titles and risen to No. 320 in the WTA rankings, and had earned herself a reputation as 'one to watch', having shown plenty of recent promise of further improvement in the preceding year.
Career
Sun Shengnan began competing on the ITF Circuit at the age of 15, in May 2002. Over the next few months, she won seven matches (mostly in qualifying draws) and lost just five. However, she did not compete again for a whole year after the beginning of August, and thus gained for herself only a lowly end-of-year foothold on the world ranking list at No. 1031.
When August finally came around again in 2003, she returned to competition as a 16-year-old at ITF events; and that October she reached the quarterfinal of a $25k tournament at Beijing after being awarded a wildcard entry into the main draw, before losing to Yuka Yoshida. She finished the year with a 5–5 win–loss record after just a few events played. The record of her year-end ranking seems to have been lost by the WTA, but it was undoubtedly an improvement on her 2002 outcome thanks to the quarterfinal finish at Beijing.
2004 was another moderate year for Sun, as she won six matches and lost seven, her best finish again coming at October's $25k tournament at Beijing, where she repeated her previous year's performance in reaching the quarterfinal, this time losing to high-ranked countrywoman Zheng Jie. She finished the year world-ranked 588, which logically should have been similar to her previous year's finish.
But it was to be in 2005 that the Chinese teenager would first break through to greater results, including two tournament wins. In February, she reached her career-first semifinal in the $10k tournament at Melilla. In April, she won the $10k event at Wuhan. Then in May, she won another $10k title at Ahmedabad. In August, she reached the final of a $25k fixture at Wuxi, losing to Miho Saeki of Japan. Then in September, she qualified for her first WTA Tour event at Guangzhou International Open with an impressive three-set victory over the young Croat prospect Ivana Lisjak, but lost in the first round of the main draw to Alina Jidkova of Russia. At the end of the year, her world ranking had leapt up to 336.
In January 2006, she suffered a few early losses, but picked up enough points in qualifying rounds to improve to a career-best ranking of 311 early in February. Then she defended but did not improve upon her previous year's semifinal performance at Melilla.
With youth still very much on her side, the 19-year-old appeared to be one of China's hottest next-generation prospects for advancement into the world's top 150. But after rising to a career high of No. 233 in May 2007, a dismal run of early losses over the summer and Autumn that year caused her ranking to slip back to No. 400 by the beginning of December the same year before a quarterfinal result at a $75k tournament that month revived it to around 350 at the close of the year.
She then started the year off in 2011, making the semifinals in the $50k event at Quanzhou moving her rankings up to world No. 248.
WTA career finals
Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 8 (6–2)
Doubles: 43 (26–17)
See also
Tennis in China
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Chinese female tennis players
Tennis players from Beijing
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for China
Australian Open (tennis) junior champions
21st-century Chinese women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Shengnan |
is a multipurpose indoor sporting arena located in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. It is a 15-minute walk from Tenryūgawa Station on the Tōkaidō Main Line railway, or a 10-minute drive from the Hamamatsu Interchange on the Tōmei Expressway.
With a capacity for seating 8,000 spectators, Hamamatsu Arena was opened in 1990. It has been used for numerous music concerts and sporting events, notably the Group C games for the 2006 FIBA World Championship. Hamamatsu Arena was the home stadium for the Hamamatsu Higashimikawa Phoenix bj league professional basketball team. Further, it was one of the host arenas for the official 2010 Women's Volleyball World Championship.
External links
Hamamatsu Arena
Hamamatsu Arena
Indoor arenas in Japan
Basketball venues in Japan
Buildings and structures in Hamamatsu
San-en NeoPhoenix
Sports venues in Shizuoka Prefecture
Sports venues completed in 1990
1990 establishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamatsu%20Arena |
The Dakota Gasification Company is a synthetic natural gas producing company founded in 1984 in Beulah, North Dakota, United States. It is an operator of the Great Plains Synfuels Plant. The plant is located at . The plant uses lignite coal to produce synthetic natural gas utilizing a coal gasification process. The plant processes 16 thousand tons of coal daily. Coal is oxidized to coal gas, which is then converted from a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane, by hydrogenation over a nickel catalyst. The synthetic natural gas (95% methane, 975 BTU per cubic foot) is pipelined to the Northern Border Pipeline which transports gas from Canada, Montana and North Dakota to the Ventura, Iowa area, where the pipeline interconnects with many pipelines supplying the eastern United States. The Dakota Gasification Company is a subsidiary of the Basin Electric Power Cooperative which is located in Bismarck, North Dakota.
On August 16, 2021, it was announced Bakken Energy would be acquiring the Dakota Gasification Company to be transformed to a blue hydrogen project.
The company ships generated byproduct carbon dioxide via a high pressure pipeline to an oilfield in Saskatchewan in Canada where it is used for enhanced oil recovery from the Weyburn oil field near Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Canada).
The plant also produces ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia, phenol, cresylic acid, methanol, and urea naphtha. These materials are by-products of coal gasification. The plant also produces liquid nitrogen, krypton and xenon as a by-product of liquid oxygen production. Oxygen is utilized in the initial oxidation of coal.
Board of directors
The board of Dakota Gasification Company is made up of five directors chosen from among the various directors of Basin Electric plus three additional external directors. Former Governor of Wyoming Jim Geringer currently serves as a director on the board. Senator Heidi Heitkamp served as an external director until December 2012 after she was elected to the U.S. Senate.
References
External links
Department of Energy Gasifipedia article
Energy companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in North Dakota
Synthetic fuel facilities
Coal infrastructure
Fuels infrastructure in the United States
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in North Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota%20Gasification%20Company |
Sir Arthur Leycester Scott Coltman (24 May 1938 – 2003), known as Leycester Coltman, was the British ambassador to Cuba from 1991 to 1994.
Coltman was educated at Rugby School and Magdalene College, and spent a sabbatical year at the Manchester Business School. After joining the British Diplomatic Service, he served in Copenhagen, Cairo, Brasília, Mexico City, and Brussels, and served as the British ambassador to Cuba 1991–94 and to Colombia 1994–98.
Coltman was ambassador to Cuba during the post-Cold War upheaval that saw the Soviet Union withdraw its troops and foreign aid, and he had access to Fidel Castro. He authored a biography, The Real Fidel Castro, about his experiences, which was published shortly after his death in 2003.
References
External links
Review of The Real Fidel Castro, The New Statesman, 9 February 2005
1938 births
2003 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Cuba
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Colombia
20th-century British biographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leycester%20Coltman |
Peter William Connolly FSA (8 May 1935 – 2 May 2012) was a British scholar of the ancient world, Greek and Roman military equipment historian, reconstructional archaeologist and illustrator. He was a regular contributor to such periodicals as the Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies and Roman Frontier Studies.
Biography
Connolly studied at the Brighton College of Arts and Crafts, and wrote his first book, The Roman Army, in 1975. He also wrote and illustrated books about the ancient world, including Pompeii, Greece and Rome at War, The Greek Armies, The Roman Army, Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death, and the award-winning Legend of Odysseus.
He appeared regularly on television as an expert on ancient armies and their equipment, and in the 1980s presented a series for UK schools called "An Archaeological Background to the Gospels" in which he travelled to ancient sites in Israel, illustrating the programmes with his own paintings, many of which appeared in his book Living in the Time of Jesus of Nazareth.
He became a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1984 and a year later was awarded an honorary research fellowship at the Institute of Archaeology of the University College London. From 1987 until his death in 2012, he lived in Spalding, Lincolnshire.
Works
Works are both written and illustrated by Connolly unless otherwise noted.
Crosher, Judith (1974), The Greeks, Macdonald Educational (Illustrated by Peter Connolly).
Connolly, Peter (1975), The Roman Army, Macdonald Educational.
Connolly, Peter (1977), The Greek Armies, Macdonald Educational.
Connolly, Peter (1978), Hannibal and the Enemies of Rome, Macdonald Educational.
Connolly, Peter (1978), Armies of the Crusades, Macdonald Educational.
Connolly, Peter (1979), Pompeii, Macdonald Educational.
Connolly, Peter (1981), Greece and Rome at War, Macdonald Phoebus Ltd.
Revised edition (1998), London: Greenhill Books and Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
Connolly, Peter (1983), Living in the Time of Jesus of Nazareth, Oxford University Press
Reprinted as A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus: From Herod the Great to Masada (1987)
Reprinted as The Jews in the Time of Jesus: A History (1995)
Reprinted as The Holy Land (1999)
Connolly, Peter (1986), The Legend of Odysseus, Oxford University Press.
Reprinted as The Ancient Greece of Odysseus (1998)
Connolly, Peter (1988), Tiberius Claudius Maximus: The Legionary, Oxford University Press.
Connolly, Peter (1988), Tiberius Claudius Maximus: The Cavalryman, Oxford University Press.
Hackett, John (1989), Warfare in the Ancient World, Facts On File (Illustrated by Peter Connolly).
Coe, Michael (editor) (1989), Swords and Hilt Weapons, Grove Press (Contributor: Peter Connolly).
Connolly, Peter (1991), The Roman Fort, Oxford University Press.
Burrell, Roy (1991), The Romans, Oxford University Press (Illustrated by Peter Connolly).
Connolly, Peter (1993), Greek Legends: The Stories, the Evidence, Simon & Schuster.
Burrell, Roy (1997), Oxford First Ancient History (Series: Oxford First Books), Oxford University Press (Illustrated by Peter Connolly).
Connolly, Peter (editor) (1998), The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare, Routledge.
Connolly, Peter and Hazel Dodge (1998), The Ancient City, Life in Classical Athens & Rome, Oxford University Press.
Connolly, Peter (2001), Ancient Greece, Oxford University Press (Text by Andrew Solway).
Connolly, Peter (2001), Ancient Rome, Oxford University Press (Text by Andrew Solway).
Connolly, Peter (2003), Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death, BBC Books.
References
British people of Irish descent
British illustrators
1935 births
2012 deaths
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Connolly |
Belfast Zoological Gardens (also known as Bellevue Zoo) is a zoo in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is in a relatively secluded location on the northeastern slope of Cavehill, overlooking Belfast's Antrim Road.
Belfast Zoo is one of the top fee-paying visitor attractions in Northern Ireland, receiving more than 300,000 visitors a year. Located in north Belfast, the zoo's site is home to more than 1,200 animals and 140 species.
The majority of the animals in Belfast Zoo are in danger in their natural habitat. The zoo carries out important conservation work and takes part in over 90 European and international breeding programmes which help to ensure the survival of many species under threat.
The zoo is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). Helena Raquel
History
The story of Belfast Zoo begins with the city's public transport system. At the beginning of the 20th century, passengers from Belfast were transported to the villages of Whitewell and Glengormley by horse-drawn trams belonging to the Belfast Street Tramway company and steam tramways from Cavehill and Whitewell.
In 1911, the tram line was taken over by Belfast Corporation, now Belfast City Council. The corporation decided to build a miniature railway, playground, and pleasure gardens. The area was named Bellevue, meaning 'good or pretty view'.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the gardens were a popular destination for day trips. In 1933, the corporation decided to install a representative zoological collection on the site. Then, in 1934, on either side of the Grand Floral Staircase, a series of steps designed to reach the top of the hillside, were laid out as Bellevue Zoo.
It took 150 men to build the site and the steps can still be seen from Antrim Road today. The zoo was opened on 28 March 1934 by Sir Crawford McCullagh, the then Lord Mayor of Belfast. The venture was supported by Councillor RJR Harcourt from Belfast Corporation and was partnered by George Chapman, an animal dealer and circus entrepreneur.
It cost £10,000 (approximately £700,000 in today's money) to build and a total of 284,713 people visited the zoo in its first year.
Management
Belfast Zoo is owned by Belfast City Council. The council spends £1.5 million every year on running and promoting the zoo, which is one of the few local government-funded zoos in the UK and Ireland.
The zoo's work is overseen by the council's Parks and Leisure Committee. The committee is made up of 20 locally elected councillors.
Collections
The zoo is home to over 120 species:
Primates
Other mammals
Birds
Citron-crested cockatoo
Red-tailed black cockatoo
Palm cockatoo
Bali starling
Von der Decken's hornbill
White-tailed sea eagle
Barn owl
Chilean flamingo
Indian peafowl
Nicobar pigeon
White-crested turaco
Gentoo penguin
Rockhopper penguin
Sunbittern
Ostrich
Darwin's rhea
Tawny frogmouth
Coscoroba swan
Southern crowned pigeon
Southern screamer
Laughing kookaburra
Pied imperial pigeon
Reptiles
Beaded lizard
Royal python
Mediterranean tortoise
Red-footed tortoise
Cuban tree boa
Box turtle
Jamaican boa
Madagascar tree boa
Mangrove snake
Pancake tortoise
Turqoise dwarf gecko
Utila iguana
Bearded dragon
Domestic animals
The zoo also has a farm which houses domestic animals such as pygmy goats, Shetland ponies, miniature donkeys, rabbits, and Norfolk Grey chickens.
Developments
Belfast Zoo is always making changes and welcoming new arrivals or celebrating births.
In June 2007, a Barbary lion cub was born at the zoo. This was the first Barbary lion to be born in Ireland. The cub was rejected by its mother and hand-reared at home by keeper Linda Frew. Lily the lion moved to Hodonín Zoo in the Czech Republic in August 2009, as part of a breeding programme.
In 2008, the zoo opened a new tropical rainforest which houses such animals as two-toed sloth, red-footed tortoises and Rodrigues bats. The Rainforest House is a walk-through exhibition with tropical landscaping and a constant temperature of 27 degrees.
More recently, renovations have included work on the gorilla and chimpanzee enclosures, giraffe and elephant enclosures, including a raised giraffe feeder, and new frames in the spider monkey and Andean bear enclosures.
In 2009, on its 75th birthday, the zoo opened a new state-of-the-art Visitors' Centre and "Zoovenir" Shop. The refurbishment features high-level roofing with plenty of natural light and multimedia presentations showing the history of Belfast Zoo and wildlife in Northern Ireland.
The zoo was awarded £250,000 from the Tourism Development Scheme (TDS) from the Northern Ireland Tourist Board to build the new reception area. The council has donated a further £300,000 to help with the increase in visitor numbers.
2009 was a successful year with plenty of new arrivals including a Sumatran tiger called Kabus, and the only tree-kangaroo in the UK, called Kwikila. 2009 also brought the zoo's highest level of visitors in its history with over 302,000 visitors. Over 90 babies were born in the zoo in 2009.
2010 saw the arrival of two smooth-coated otters, coppery titi monkeys and a pair of toco toucans. Other new arrivals that year included a female Sumatran tiger to join Kabus. May Day in 2010 had more than double the visitors of the same day in 2009.
Babies since 2009 have included a Malayan tapir, ring-tailed lemurs, a Grant's zebra, California sea lions, black-tailed prairie dogs, litters of piglets, spider monkeys, red kangaroos and many more.
2012 saw the birth of two eastern bongos, a blesbok foal, a giraffe foal and a baby chimpanzee and 2013 has seen the birth of coppery titi monkeys, a two toed sloth, another chimpanzee, twin white-belted ruffed lemurs as well as the arrival of two goodfellow's tree-kangaroos. Belfast zoo is only one of 22 worldwide zoos to hold the Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo.
Incidents
In 2001 a wolf-like dog broke into a kangaroo enclosure and killed one of the younger kangaroos that had been born at the zoo. In the same year, several penguins were attacked in their enclosure with an iron bar. One was thrown into the lion's den and killed.
In 2010, a female white-nosed coati escaped and was not found for more than five weeks.
In 2013 and again in 2015 several macaques escaped. They were found several days later.
In 2018, a spider monkey escaped and died after being hit by a car on the nearby motorway.
In 2019, a Red Panda escaped due to a power fault in her enclosure. It was found the next day in a residential area, a mile away from the zoo.
Floral Hall
Located within the grounds of the zoo is a 1930s art deco ballroom, the Floral Hall.
The hall was popular venue in its time and during the war the hall had blackouts fitted to the windows so that dances could continue. In the 1960s, the hall was visited by musical artists such as Pink Floyd and Small Faces. The Floral Hall closed to the public on 2 April 1972 and has remained derelict since the outbreak of the Troubles in the 1970s.
During the 1990s the Floral Hall had been given Listed Building Status.
Belfast Buildings Preservation Trust are planning to renovate the building, although Belfast City Council have yet to provide any funding.
2010 has seen the project be taken further, with various meetings to discuss potential uses for the hall and the carrying out of a feasibility study.
In December 2011 saw the creation of a Facebook page based around sharing old photos of the Floral Hall including interior shots of the hall today, the following year an online petition, addressed to the City Council was created to help raise awareness and to progress with the restoration project of the hall.
In March 2018 Liverpool based developer Signature Living officially submitted a £5 million proposal to revive Belfast's Floral Hall.
Lawrence Kenwright, who owns Signature Living, said he hopes to develop the iconic building, and restore it for use as a "leading entertainment, conference and wedding venue" in the city.
References
Belfast Zoo website
Zoos in Northern Ireland
Buildings and structures in Belfast
Tourist attractions in Belfast
Zoos established in 1934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast%20Zoo |
The Great Whipsnade Railway, also known as The Jumbo Express, is an English, narrow gauge heritage railway that operates within ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire, England.
Overview
Construction of the railway started in 1970 and the initial line opened on 26 August 1970. The line provided rides within the animal enclosures and an additional attraction in its own right. Originally called the Whipsnade and Umfolozi Railway, it began as a short line running from near the children's zoo. It was later extended to form a loop through several paddocks. The railway is now over a mile in length.
The line was primarily equipped from the Bowater's Railway (now Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway) in Sittingbourne, Kent, which was the last steam-operated narrow gauge industrial railway in the United Kingdom. The railway is now equipped with four steam locomotives and five diesels (although one has been sold to the Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway). All passenger trains are steam hauled and services commence at midday, with train departures every half hour with the last train departing Whipsnade Central one hour before Whipsnade Zoo closes for the day.
The route
The train normally travels clockwise around the loop. Leaving the station the train travels east under the foot bridge and passing the children's play area and children's farm on the left. At this point the track crosses the road. There are no barriers but the crossing is controlled by an automated warning system. Past the crossing the track begins to curve to the right and descend slightly, passing the emu paddock on the right and the train yard, including the engine shed, on the left. Visitors can sometimes catch a glimpse of a steam or diesel locomotive sitting in the shed, or the diesels Hector and Victor in a siding adjacent to the running track.
The track then curves more sharply to the right before straightening up and passing the first elephant paddock on the left. The route then crosses a wide footpath used to move the elephants between paddocks. This crossing is equipped with barriers. The Route continues roughly straight and level past the elephant and Asian rhino paddocks on the right before crossing over a road and entering into the area of the zoo known as passage through Asia. Here there are no barriers between the train and the animals, which consist of Bactrian Camels, Yak and Pere David Deer.
The track then crosses the big Ha-ha and turns to the right passing through the deer park (also known as Cut throat paddock) and the Przewalski horses on the right. Here the track slopes downhill before passing through the tunnel.
Emerging from the tunnel into round close paddock the train passes the Africa paddock on the left which contains Gemsbok, Ostrich and common Zebra and Lake Daedelus on the right. Here the track curves more sharply to the right and climbs uphill back to the station level crossing central avenue just before reaching the platform. This level crossing has gates and is manned by platform staff during train operation. The Whipsnade Central station has an old-fashioned signal box which can be seen when leaving or approaching the station platform.
Locomotives
Steam locomotives
Diesel locomotives
Battery Locomotives
See also
British narrow gauge railways
Umfolozi River
Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve
References
External links
ZSL Whipsnade Zoo website
The Sittingbourne and Kemsley Railway website
1970 establishments in England
Railway lines opened in 1970
Heritage railways in Bedfordshire
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Whipsnade%20Railway |
Beth Kustan (, or Bethkustan) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. It is located in the historical region of Tur Abdin. Beth Kustan is inhabited by Assyrians who belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church and speak Turoyo, a dialect of Neo-Aramaic.
In the village, there are churches of Mor Dimet and Mor Eliyo.
The village had a population of 154 in 2022.
Etymology
The Syriac name of the village is derived from "beth" ("house" in Syriac) and "Kustan" ("Constantine" in Syriac), thus Beth Kustan translates to "house of Constantine".
History
The church of Mor Eliyo was constructed in 343 AD. It is suggested that the village was founded by a member of the Roman limitanei (frontier militia) named Constans in the 4th century AD.
At the onset of the Assyrian genocide, in 1915, Haco, agha (chief) of the Kurtak tribe, warned the villagers of an impending attack by Turkish and Kurdish soldiers. Despite initial hesitation, upon receiving news of the massacre of Assyrians at Zaz, all but two villagers fled to the neighbouring village of Hah. Beth Kustan was subsequently ransacked by Kurdish soldiers, and the two remaining villagers were killed. The Assyrians resisted Kurdish and Turkish attacks at Hah until a truce was negotiated by Haco, but were not able to leave until Çelebi, agha of the Heverkan tribe, helped them to return to Beth Kustan in 1922.
The village was officially named Alagöz in the 1930s as a result of the state's turkification policy. Most of the village's population were forced to leave in the 1960s and 1970s due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict and emigrated abroad to the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland. In 1993, it was alleged that seven villagers were detained and tortured by Turkish paramilitaries. On 12 February 2015, Beth Kustan was restored as the official name of the village.
Demography
The following is a list of the number of families that have inhabited Beth Kustan per year stated. Unless otherwise stated, all figures are from the list provided in Eastern Christianity, Theological Reflection on Religion, Culture, and Politics in the Holy Land and Christian Encounter with Islam and the Muslim World, as noted in the bibliography below.
1900:
1966: 155
1978: 73
1979: 62
1981: 63
1987: 30
1995: 15
1997: 17
2013: 15–23
2021: 15
Notable people
Gabriel of Beth Qustan (573/574–648), Syriac Orthodox Bishop of Tur Abdin
Timotheos Samuel Aktaş (b. 1945), Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Tur Abdin.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Tur Abdin
Neighbourhoods in Midyat District
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth%20Kustan%2C%20Midyat |
SurfControl Plc., was a British software company based in Cheshire, England. The company provided website filtering, e-mail filtering and desktop security software for both enterprise and home users.
SurfControl was acquired by Websense on 3 October 2007. The purchase price was approximately £204 million ($416 million), including deferred compensation and stock option expense. Websense plans to continue the SurfControl business until at least 2011. On 2 April 2008, Websense sold CyberPatrol, the SurfControl parental control software product, to newly formed Internet safety software company CyberPatrol, LLC. According to Websense's quarterly report, they received $1.4 million in cash from the sale of CyberPatrol assets.
Prior to being acquired by Websense, SurfControl acquired a British cloud computing company called BlackSpider Technologies Limited in July 2006 for £19.5m in cash.
Product range
The current product range is called the Enterprise Protection Suite, and includes products for website and e-mail filtering and user security.
The key feature of the SurfControl filtering software is the ability to categorize websites and then allow or restrict users access by selecting categories.
Examples of the categories are:
Adult/Sexually Explicit
Advertisements & Popups
Personals & Dating
Proxies & Translators
Intolerance & Hate
SurfControl also license their URL database and categorization engine to other companies such as Check Point for use in their products and appliances.
References
External links
SurfControl's Official Website
Content-control software
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SurfControl |
is an indoor sporting arena located in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. The capacity of the arena is 7,000. It hosted preliminary round games for the Basketball World Championship 2006, and is also the home arena of the Sendai 89ers of the Japan professional basketball B.League. In 1994 and 2004, it hosted the Asian Basketball Championship for Women.
The gymnasium is also the site of international volleyball competitions, and in 2006 hosted the opening rounds of the Thomas Cup and Uber Cup international team badminton tournaments.
Access
Sendai Gymnasium is located near Tomizawa Station of the Sendai Subway Nanboku Line.
Gallery
External links
Sendai Gymnasium promotional site for international events
Kamei Arena Sendai on Twitter
Indoor arenas in Japan
Basketball venues in Japan
Sports venues in Sendai
Boxing venues in Japan
Sports venues completed in 1984
Sendai 89ers
1984 establishments in Japan
Badminton venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamei%20Arena%20Sendai |
A cultural divide is "a boundary in society that separates communities whose social economic structures, opportunities for success, conventions, styles, are so different that they have substantially different psychologies". A cultural divide is the virtual barrier caused by cultural differences, that hinder interactions, and harmonious exchange between people of different cultures. For example, avoiding eye contact with a superior shows deference and respect in East Asian cultures, but can be interpreted as suspicious behavior in Western cultures. Studies on cultural divide usually focus on identifying and bridging the cultural divide at different levels of society.
Significance
A cultural divide can have significant impact on international operations on global organizations that require communication between people from different cultures. Commonly, ignorance of the cultural differences such as social norms and taboos may lead to communication failure within the organization.
Sufficiently large cultural divides may also discourage groups from seeking to understand the other party's point of view, as differences between the groups are seen as immutable. Such gaps may in turn inhibit efforts made to reach a consensus between these groups.
Factors and causes
Internal
Internal causes of Cultural Divide refer to causes based on innate or personal characteristics of an individual, such as a personal way of thinking, an internal mental structure or habit that influences how a person acts.
Ideological differences
Rules, norms and way of thinking are often inculcated from a young age and these help to shape a person's mindset and their thinking style, which will explain how two different cultural groups can view the same thing very differently. For example, Western cultures with their history of Judeo-Christian belief in the individual soul and focus on the pursuit of individual rights tend to adopt an individualistic mindset whereas East Asian cultures with a history of teachings based on Confucianism tend to view the individual as a relation to the larger community and hence develop a more collectivist mindset. Hence, it is more common for people in collectivist cultures to make an external attribution while people in individualistic cultures making an internal attribution. Thus, these differences can cause how people, situations or objects are perceived differently.
Stereotypes
Perceptions about an out-group or of a different culture may tend to be perpetuated and reinforced by the media or long-standing notions of stereotypes. As a result of using schemas to simplify the world as we look at it, we rely on a set of well-established stereotypes available in our own culture to define and view the out-group. As such, the risk of stereotypes is if it is inaccurate and blinds us to certain key understanding of a certain class of people, and as stereotypes tend to persist even with new information, the problem of cultural divide can be perpetuated.
Social identity theory
The social identity theory implies an inherent and inclined favoritism towards people of the same social group as you or people who share similar characteristics, also known as the in-group favoritism. This desire to achieve and maintain a positive self-image motivates people to place their own group in a superior position as compared to the out-group.
External
Cultural divide can also be caused by external influences that shape the way an individual thinks about people from other cultures. For example, the cultural disconnect and misunderstandings between USA and the Arab countries has been attributed to the spread of superficial information that "serve to promote self-interests and perpetuate reckless acts of individuals, misguided official policies and irresponsible public narratives, all colored by self-righteousness and hypocrisy". An individual's experience of foreign cultures can be largely shaped by the information available to the individual and the cultural divide arises due to the difference between a culture and how it is perceived by people foreign to the culture.
Some examples of external sources that influence views on other cultures include:
Official government policies
This also includes any official source of information by the government such as speeches by government officials. Government attitudes to foreign governments often lead to information released to citizens that influence the way they think about foreign governments and foreign peoples. One extreme example of this propaganda.
News and media reports
Media bias can cause misunderstandings and cultural divide by controlling the information and perceptions of other cultures. For example, media bias in the United States can exacerbate the political divide between the liberals and the conservatives.
Social pressure
Due to a fundamental need for social companionship and a desire to be accepted and liked by others, people often conform to social norms and adopt the group's beliefs and values. Hence, groups that are already culturally divided will tend to remain that way as the effect of normative social influence is self-perpetuating.
Bridging the cultural divide
When a cultural divide can be bridged, it can be beneficial for all parties. However, when cultures are vastly different, or if people are opposed to such exchange, the cultural divide may prove difficult to cross.
Understanding cultural boundaries
Being aware of cultural boundaries when dealing with others is important to avoid accidentally offending the other party and turning the difference into a divide. Educating both parties in the reasons behind these boundaries would also help foster trust and cooperation between them. This also has a side effect of creating a virtuous cycle, where the improved understanding between both parties grants them an advantage when dealing with members of the opposite culture, encouraging future communication and reducing the impact of a cultural divide.
Cultural intelligence
Developing high cultural intelligence increases one's openness and hardiness when dealing with major differences in culture. Improving one's openness requires both humility when learning from others and inquisitiveness in actively pursuing opportunities to develop one's cultural awareness. Strong hardiness allows one to deal better with stress, cultural shocks and tension when interacting with others in a foreign context.
Increased interaction
Increasing interaction between two groups of people will help increase mutual understanding and fill in any gaps in knowledge of another group's culture. However, trenched can be changed.
See also
Intercultural communication
Cultural assimilation
Parallel society
Cultural conflict
References
Divide
Multiculturalism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20divide |
Pittosporum resiniferum, the resin cheesewood or petroleum nut, is a tree that grows in the Philippines and Malaysia, particularly in the wilderness surrounding the Mayon Volcano and in the Cordillera of the Philippines and Mount Kinabalu of Sabah, Malaysia. The petroleum nut derives its name from the resemblance of the fruit's odor to petroleum-based fuels. The fruits of the tree burn brightly when ignited, and can be used for illumination as torches or candles. Its fruit is also highly suitable for use in producing biofuel. This use has been encouraged by the Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform and the Philippine Coconut Authority.
In the Philippine Cordilleras petroleum nut is locally known as apisang, abkel, abkol and da-il, is found among other trees like oak and other mossy forest species. It can also grow well with pine trees.
The oil obtained from the fruit contains a dihydroterpene(C10H18) and also considerable quantities of normal heptane, which had only once before been found in nature, occurring in the Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California. The oil can also be distilled into a very pure form of n-Heptane.
References
External links
Handbook of Energy Crops
Asian Journal: 2 wild plants eyed for bio-diesel
Social network paves way for interest in fuel-producing tree
resiniferum
Trees of the Philippines
Flora of Mount Kinabalu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittosporum%20resiniferum |
is an indoor sporting arena located in Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Japan. Sometimes called Kitayell, the capacity of the main arena is 8,000. It hosted some of the group games for the 2006 FIBA World Championship and also for the 2006 Women's Volleyball World Championship.
Kitayell also has a second arena for smaller events, and a public exercise gym with treadmills, weights, and weight machines.
Access
Tōhō Line: Connected directly by an underground passage from Toyohira-Kōen Station.
References
External links
Official Site (Japanese)
Indoor arenas in Japan
Levanga Hokkaido
Sports venues in Sapporo
Toyohira-ku, Sapporo
Basketball venues in Japan
Sports venues completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan
Volleyball venues in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkai%20Kitayell |
Zenas Ferry Moody (May 27, 1832 – March 14, 1917) was the seventh Governor of Oregon from 1882 to 1887.
Early life
Zenas Ferry Moody was born on May 27, 1832, in Granby, Massachusetts, to Thomas Hovey and Hannah Ferry. The family immigrated to Oregon Territory in 1851, traveling the Isthmus of Panama route. Moody was a surveyor and store keeper in Brownsville, Oregon until moving to Illinois in 1856. He then returned to Oregon in 1862 when he settled in The Dalles. At The Dalles he set up a general store and was responsible for surveying the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Then in 1865 he organized the Oregon & Montana Transportation Company. During his time in The Dalles he was a major shipper of Oregon wool from Eastern Oregon.
Politics
In 1880, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives. During his only term there, he also served as Speaker of the House. Then in 1882, Moody was elected as the seventh Governor of the state of Oregon. He took office on September 13, 1882 and served until January 12, 1887.
Family
Moody married Mary Stephenson in Brownsville on November 19, 1853. They would have five children, including Malcolm A. Moody, who would serve in the United States Congress, and Ralph E. Moody, who would serve in the Oregon House of Representatives and as assistant attorney general of Oregon.
Zenas was the nephew of William Montague Ferry, and the cousin of U.S. Senator Thomas W. Ferry.
Death
Moody died in Salem on March 14, 1917. He is buried in Salem's City View Cemetery.
References
External links
Z. F. Moody Biography on Oregon State Library website
Public documents of Z. F. Moody on Oregon Secretary of State website
Z. F. Moody Biography on Professional Land Surveyors of Oregon website
1832 births
1917 deaths
People from Granby, Massachusetts
Republican Party governors of Oregon
Speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Politicians from The Dalles, Oregon
Burials at City View Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
People from Brownsville, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenas%20Ferry%20Moody |
Carl Bezold (18 May 1859 in Donauwörth – 21 November 1922 in Heidelberg) was a German orientalist. Known primarily for his research in Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), he also researched other Semitic languages: Syriac, Ge'ez (Ethiopic) and Arabic.
Biography
He was educated at the Universities of Munich and Leipzig, where he studied with Assyrologist Friedrich Delitzsch. In 1883, he obtained his habilitation at Munich with a thesis titled Die Schatzhöhle; aus dem syrischen texte dreier unedirten Handschriften ("The Treasure Trove", second part issued in 1888). Later on, he spent several years working at the British Museum in London. In 1894, he became a full professor at the University of Heidelberg.
Contributions
At the British Museum, he arranged and cataloged the large collection of cuneiform texts from the Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, publishing "Catalogue of Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyundjik Collection of the British Museum", (1889) as a result. In London, he also recorded the clay tablets of El-Amarna (Egypt), of which he published "The Tell el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum", (1892).
In 1884, along with Fritz Hommel, he founded the journal Zeitschrift für Keilschriftforschung und verwandte Gebiete, which in 1886 was superseded by the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete. Bezold was sole publisher of the journal in the period from 1886 to 1922, during which 34 volumes were published.
In 1909, he edited and printed the Ethiopic epic Kebra Nagast, collating the most valuable texts and with critical notes.
In June 1901, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (DLL) from the University of Glasgow.
In 1926, his Babylonian-Assyrian glossary ("Babylonisch-assyrisches Glossar") was published posthumously by his widow, Adele Bezold, and Hittitologist Albrecht Goetze.
References
External links
1859 births
1922 deaths
German orientalists
German Assyriologists
Syriacists
German sinologists
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
People from Donauwörth
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Bezold |
Empire Interactive was a British video game developer and publisher based in London. Founded in 1987 by Ian Higgins and Simon Jeffrey, it was acquired by Silverstar Holdings in 2006 and went out of business in 2009.
History
Empire Interactive was established by Ian Higgins (chief executive officer) and Simon Jeffrey (managing director) in 1987. In November 2000, the company acquired development studio Razorworks.
As well as full priced titles, Empire also had a budget range of titles, Xplosiv, for PC and PS2. Initially launched for PC in January 2000, Xplosiv published titles in Europe from third parties such as Sega and Microsoft. Later, in 2003 Empire launched titles for PS2.
In March 2002 Empire acquired music creation software eJay.
Silverstar Holdings, a U.S. public company listed on NASDAQ, offered to acquired Empire Interactive in late October 2006. The deal was accepted by 90% of Empire Interactive's shareholders by late November, and so Silverstar Holdings acquired 85% of Empire Interactive's shares. The deal was valued at approximately . Admissions of further Empire Interactive shares on the Alternative Investments Market of the London Stock Exchange, were expected to be cancelled, effective on 20 December. Higgins stepped down from his position in May 2008. In July, Empire Interactive reduced its staff count by 30%, with the intent to sell Razorworks. Razorworks was sold to and absorbed by Rebellion Developments a few days later. After Silverstar Holdings was delisted from NASDAQ in March 2009, Empire Interactive was placed into administration on 1 May 2009, with KPMG Restructuring appointed as administrator. Subsequently, 49 out of 55 employees were laid off, with the remaining six staying to aiding KPMG Restructuring in the winding-down of the company. Empire Interactive's intellectual property was sold to U.S.-based company New World IP. Shortly thereafter, U.S. publisher Zoo Publishing acquired an exclusive licence for the publishing and distribution of Empire Interactive from New World IP.
Games
References
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
Video game companies established in 1987
Video game companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Defunct companies based in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire%20Interactive |
Jack Snowdon Hawkins (28 October 1929 – 11 December 2021), better known as Jack Hedley, was an English film, voice, radio, stage, character, theatre, screen and television actor best known for his performances on television. His birth name necessitated a change to avoid confusion with his namesake who was already registered with the British actors' trade union Equity.
Personal life
Hedley was born in London in 1929. His mother, Dorothy Withill, was 19 when she gave birth to him, and later married Albert Hawkins in 1936, although this man was not his father. He never knew the identity of his biological father. He came from humble beginnings, and used to earn money by collecting sacks of horse manure from the streets and selling them as fertiliser. However, he won a Beaverbrook scholarship to Downleas prep school, then won another scholarship to Bryanston, and then another to Dartmouth. He took a degree in history in 18 months.
On leaving school, he became a cadet at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, then spent eight years as a Royal Marine Commando, which included active service in Malaya, India, the East Indies, Australia and Korea. He rose from cadet to lieutenant but was eventually invalided out after a bullet smashed the butt of his rifle into his leg. After 18 months working for his mother in her business, he lost interest.[1]
He was unsure of what to do with his life, when he decided to follow a group of girls into a building and found himself inside RADA drama school. He signed up, and joined at the same time as Glenda Jackson and Alan Bates. The day after he left RADA, he got his first acting job, a small part in a Granada Television play in Manchester.
His mother established a direct mail firm and became a millionaire. For many years Jack was embarrassed by his origins, and answered questions on his "people" by saying they were either dead or abroad.
Hedley died of a heart attack after a brief illness on 11 December 2021, at the age of 92.
Career
His screen career began with a 13-minute drama-documentary about polio called A Life to be Lived. In the late 1950s, he appeared in films and on television, such as Left Right and Centre, Fair Game and the Alun Owen-scripted television play No Trams to Lime Street with Billie Whitelaw.
Hedley starred in the Francis Durbridge-scripted BBC series The World of Tim Frazer (transmitted from November 1960 to March 1961), the 18 instalments of which comprised three separate serials of six episodes each. He also played Corrigan Blake in Alun Owen's BBC play You Can't Win 'Em All (1962) the role being taken over by John Turner in the series Corrigan Blake that resulted the following year. He was also in Alun Owen's A Little Winter Love (1965), part of the Theatre 625 series.
He appeared in several British films of the 1960s, including Lawrence of Arabia (1962), The Scarlet Blade (1963), Witchcraft (1964), Of Human Bondage (1964), The Secret of Blood Island (1964) and The Anniversary (1968), as well as in the occasional international film such as The Longest Day (1962). He also had a lead role as Lt. Colonel Preston in Colditz (1972–74). He also starred with Stanley Baker and Jean Seberg in the film of Irwin Shaw's In The French Style (1963).
Hedley later appeared in the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only (1981) as Sir Timothy Havelock, also voicing Havelock's parrot. Initially he was reticent to demean himself by playing a parrot, but quickly changed his mind when he found out he would receive £1,200 for ten minutes' work. Soon after this, in the autumn of 1981 he played the lead role (cynical investigative cop Fred Williams) in Lucio Fulci's The New York Ripper (Lo squartatore di New York, 1982), in which his voice was dubbed by American actor Edward Mannix.
His other TV appearances include: The Edgar Wallace Mystery Theatre- Never Back Losers (1961),The Saint (1965), Gideon's Way ("The Alibi Man", 1965), Softly, Softly (1967), Dixon of Dock Green (1969), The Buccaneers (1957), the ex-serviceman Alan Haldane in Who Pays the Ferryman? (1977), Return of the Saint (1979), One by One (1984), Remington Steele (also 1984), Only Fools and Horses ("A Royal Flush", 1986), 'Allo 'Allo! (1992), Dalziel and Pascoe (1998) and the TV film version of Brief Encounter (1974).
In the late 1980s he appeared in a comical German advert for After Eight Mints, which proved to be extremely popular and the campaign lasted for five years. It provided him with constantly good fees, and he referred to it as his "pension".
He retired from acting relatively early, admitting that he found the wealth and travel opportunities far more enticing than the urge to perform. He found most actors "a sorry lot" and did not have many friends among them, saying that "Acting is not an art, it is just an interpretation, an actor does not create anything. That is why most of them are so short-sighted".
Filmography
References
External links
1929 births
2021 deaths
20th-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Male actors from London
People educated at Emanuel School
Royal Marines officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Hedley |
Shawia may refer to:
the Shawia people
the Shawia language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawia |
The Kerry Senior Football Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as Garvey’s SuperValu Senior Football Championship) is an annual Gaelic football competition organised by the Kerry County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association since 1889 for the top Gaelic football teams in the county of Kerry in Ireland.
The series of games are played during the summer and autumn months, with the county final currently being played in either Austin Stack Park or FitzGerald Stadium in October. Initially played as a knock-out competition, the championship currently uses a double elimination format whereby each team is guaranteed at least two games.
The Kerry County Championship is an integral part of the wider Munster Senior Club Football Championship. The winners of the Kerry county final join the champion clubs of the other five counties to contest the provincial championship. The winning team of the county championship also has the honour of naming the captain of the Kerry senior team for the following year.
The title has been won at least once by 22 different teams. The all-time record-holders are Austin Stacks and Dr. Crokes who have both won a total of 13 titles.
East Kerry are the title-holders after defeating Mid Kerry in the 2022 championship final.
The winners receive the Bishop Moynihan Cup, named for Denis Moynihan, Catholic Bishop of Kerry in 1952–1969.
Format
Group stage
The 8 clubs and 8 divisional teams are divided into four groups of four. Over the course of the group stage, each team plays once against the others in the group, resulting in each team being guaranteed three group games. Two points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. The teams are ranked in the group stage table by points gained, then scoring difference and then their head-to-head record. The top two teams in each group qualify for the quarter-finals.
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals: The 4 group winners and 4 group runners-up contest this round. A group winner will play a group runner-up of another group. The two winners from these two games advance to the semi-finals.
Semi-finals: The four quarter-final winners contest this round. The two winners from these two games advance to the final.
Final: The two semi-final winners contest the final. The winning team are declared champions.
Relegation
Divisional teams are immune from relegation. The two bottom-placed clubs from the group stage of the Kerry Club Football Championship play-off, with the losing team being relegated to the Kerry Intermediate Football Championship.
Qualification
At the end of the championship, the winning club qualify to the subsequent Munster Senior Club Football Championship. If a divisional team win the championship, the winners of the Kerry Club Football Championship qualify instead.
Teams
2023 Teams
Clubs eligible for divisional teams
Note: Kenmare District no longer enter a divisional team so Kilgarvan and Tousist play for East Kerry.
2023 Club Grades
Wins listed by Club
Finals listed by year
1880s
1889 Laune Rangers 0–06 beat Killarney Crokes 0–03
1890s
1890 Laune Rangers 1–04 beat Tralee Mitchels 0–01
1891 Ballymacelligott 1–08 beat Keel 0–01
1892 Laune Rangers 3–07 beat Ballymacelligott 1–07
1893 Laune Rangers 1–01 beat Keel 0–02
1894 Ballymacelligott beat Irremore (W/O)
1895 Ballymacelligott
1896 Caherciveen, Tralee Mitchels (Shared)
1897 Irremore beat Tralee Mitchells
1898
1899
1900s
1900 Laune Rangers 3-04 beat Killarney Crokes 0-03
1901 Killarney Crokes 1-02 beat Caherciveen 0-02
1902 Tralee Mitchels Awarded
1903 Tralee Mitchels beat Kilcummin W/O
1904 Tralee Mitchels W/O Caherciveen
1905 Tralee Mitchels W/O Caherciveen
1906 Not played
1907 Tralee Mitchels 0-11 beat Lispole 0-01
1908 Tralee Mitchels 0-08 beat Dingle Gascons 0-04
1909 Combined with 1910 championship
1910s
1910 Tralee Mitchels 3–04 beat Laune Rangers 0–04
1911 Laune Rangers 1–03 beat Tralee Mitchels 1–01
1912 Killarney Crokes 1–06 beat Tralee Mitchels 0–00
1913 Killarney Crokes 3–01 beat Kilcummin 1–00
1914 Killarney Crokes 1–02 beat Tralee Mitchels 1–00
1915 Not played
1916 Not finished
1917 Tralee Mitchels beat Farranfore
1918 Ballymacelligott beat Farranfore
1919 Tralee Mitchels 3–03 beat Dingle Gascons 2–02
1920s
1920 Championship not finished.
1921 Championship was not played.
1922 Championship was not played.
1923 Championship not finished.
1924 Championship was not played.
1925 Tralee Division 1–05 beat Listowel Selection 0–04
1926 Tralee Division 7–07 beat Listowel Selection 2–01
1927 Tralee Division beat North Kerry
1928 Austin Stacks 3–04 beat Kerins O'Rahilly's 0–07
1929 John Mitchels 3–04 beat Austin Stacks 0–04
1930s
1930 Austin Stacks 4–04 beat Kerins O'Rahilly's 2–05
1931 Austin Stacks 2–07 beat John Mitchels 1–03
1932 Austin Stacks 2–03 beat North Kerry 1–05
1933 Kerins O'Rahilly's 5–5 beat Austin Stacks 0–05
1934
1935
1936 Austin Stacks 0–06 beat Kerins O'Rahilly's 0–04
1937 John Mitchels beat Dingle
1938 Dingle 3–03 North Kerry 2–05
1939 Kerins O'Rahilly's 2–08 beat Dingle 1–03
1940s
1940 Dingle beat Kerins O'Rahilly's
1941 Dingle 3–06 beat John Mitchels 2–00
1942 Shannon Rangers 2–04 beat John Mitchels 1–03
1943 Dingle 3–06 beat Castleisland 2–02
1944 Dingle 1–03 beat Castleisland 0–04
1945 Shannon Rangers 1–07 beat Killarney Legion 0–05
1946 Killarney Legion 0–07 beat John Mitchels 0–05
1947 John Mitchels 2–05 defeated Dingle 0–09
1948 Dingle 2–10 beat Shannon Rangers 0–05
1949 Killarney 2–07 beat John Mitchels 2–03
1950s
1950 Castleisland beat Killarney (R)
1951 Dick Fitzgeralds 1–07 John Mitchels 0–03
1952 John Mitchels 3–06 beat Kenmare 0–06
1953 Kerins O'Rahilly's 1–04 beat Shannon Rangers 0–05
1954 Kerins O'Rahilly's 2–01 beat Kenmare 1–02
1955 South Kerry 2–05 beat Shannon Rangers 0–09 (replay)
1956 South Kerry 1–11 defeated Kerins O'Rahilly's 0–10
1957 Kerins O'Rahilly's 1–11 beat St Brendan's 3–01
1958 South Kerry 1–13 beat St Brendan's 1–05
1959 John Mitchels 3–09 beat Feale Rangers 1–10 (R)
1960s
1960 John Mitchels 1–11 beat West Kerry 0–03 (R)
1961 John Mitchels 2–09 beat Kerins O'Rahilly's 0–08
1962 John Mitchels 1–09 beat Feale Rangers 0–05 (R)
1963 John Mitchels 4–04 beat Kerins O'Rahilly's 2–03
1964 Shannon Rangers 1–10 beat East Kerry 1–05
1965 East Kerry 0–10 beat Mid Kerry 0–04 (R)
1966 John Mitchels 2–10 beat East Kerry 1–10
1967 Mid Kerry 0–12 beat West Kerry 2–04
1968 East Kerry 6–08 beat Waterville 1–09
1969 East Kerry 2–07 beat Waterville 1–08
1970s
1970 East Kerry 1–15 beat Waterville 0–15
1971 Mid Kerry 0–12 beat Shannon Rangers 1–06 (R)
1972 Shannon Rangers 2–08 beat Mid Kerry 1–07
1973 Austin Stacks 2–08 beat West Kerry 1–06
1974 Kenmare 2–12 beat Shannon Rangers 1–05
1975 Austin Stacks 1-07 beat Mid Kerry 1–04
1976 Austin Stacks 1–14 beat Kenmare 0–07
1977 Shannon Rangers 0–10 beat Feale Rangers 0–06
1978 Feale Rangers 0–08 beat Mid Kerry 0–03
1979 Austin Stacks 1–11 beat Castleisland 0–09
1980s
1980 Feale Rangers 1–10 beat Austin Stacks 1–07
1981 South Kerry 1–12 beat Austin Stacks 0–11
1982 South Kerry 0–07 beat Feale Rangers 0–05
1983 Killarney beat Feale Rangers
1984 West Kerry beat South Kerry
1985 West Kerry 0–11 beat Feale Rangers 1–05
1986 Austin Stacks 1–11 beat Killarney 1–07
1987 Kenmare 3–10 beat Dr Crokes 0–18 (R)
1988 St Kieran's 0–10 beat Dr Crokes 0–03
1989 Laune Rangers 2–13 beat John Mitchels 1–06
1990s
1990 West Kerry 4–09 beat Mid Kerry 0–07
1991 Dr Crokes 2–10 beat Castleisland Desmonds 1–10
1992 Mid Kerry 3–09 beat St. Brendan's 1-10
1993 Laune Rangers 1–15 beat Annascaul 1–08
1994 Austin Stacks 0–12 beat Dr. Crokes 1–05 (Replay)
1995 Laune Rangers 1–07 beat East Kerry 0–06
1996 Laune Rangers 2–07 beat West Kerry 1–09
1997 East Kerry 1–11 beat Laune Rangers 0–08 (Replay)
1998 East Kerry 2–13 beat St Kieran's, Castleisland 1–10
1999 East Kerry 0–10 beat Feale Rangers 1–06
2000s
2010s
2020s
Records and statistics
Teams
By decade
The most successful team of each decade, judged by number of Kerry Senior Football Championship titles, is as follows:
1880s: 1 for Laune Rangers (1889)
1890s: 3 each for Laune Rangers (1890-92-93) and Ballymacelligott (1891-94-95)
1900s: 4 for Tralee Mitchels (1902-03-07-08)
1910s: 3 each for Tralee Mitchels (1910-17-19) and Dr Crokes (1912-13-14)
1920s: 3 for Tralee Division (1925-26-27)
1930s: 4 for Austin Stacks (1930-31-32-36)
1940s: 5 for Dingle (1940-41-43-44-48)
1950s: 3 each for Kerins O'Rahilly's (1953-54-57) and South Kerry (1955-56-58)
1960s: 5 for John Mitchels (1960-61-62-63-66)
1970s: 4 for Austin Stacks (1973-75-76-79)
1980s: 2 each for South Kerry (1981–82) and West Kerry (1984–85)
1990s: 3 each for Laune Rangers (1993-95-96) and East Kerry (1997-98-99)
2000s: 4 for South Kerry (2004-05-06-09)
2010s: 7 for Dr Crokes (2010-11-12-13-16-17-18)
2020s: 2 for East Kerry (2020-22)
Gaps
Top ten longest gaps between successive championship titles:
78 years: Laune Rangers (1911-1989)
77 years: Dr Crokes (1914-1991)
45 years: Kerins O'Rahilly's (1957-2002)
37 years: Austin Stacks (1936-1973)
34 years: Killarney (1949-1983)
27 years: Feale Rangers (1980-2007)
27 years: East Kerry (1970-1997)
23 years: Ballymacelligott (1895-1918)
23 years: South Kerry (1958-1981)
22 years: South Kerry (1982-2004)
See also
Kerry Club Football Championship
Kerry Senior Hurling Championship
Munster Senior Club Football Championship
Kerry Intermediate Football Championship (Tier 2)
Kerry Premier Junior Football Championship (Tier 3)
Kerry Junior Football Championship (Tier 4)
Kerry Novice Football Championship (Tier 5)
References
Gaelic football competitions in County Kerry
Senior Gaelic football county championships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry%20Senior%20Football%20Championship |
Vanessa Diane Gilmore (born October 26, 1956) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. She was appointed to this position by President Bill Clinton in 1994. At that time, she was the youngest sitting federal judge in the United States. She was also the first graduate of the University of Houston to be appointed to the federal bench.
Education and career
Gilmore was born in St. Albans, New York and raised in Silver Spring, Maryland. She earned her Bachelor of Science from Hampton University in 1977, and received her Juris Doctor from the University of Houston Law Center in 1981. Upon graduation in 1981, Gilmore began a 13-year tenure at the Houston, Texas law firm of Vickery, Kilbride, Gilmore and Vickery where she specialized in civil litigation. Gilmore also became an active member of the Houston civic community, serving on the boards of a number of civic and charitable organizations. She also became involved in the Texas political arena while serving as counsel and teacher in the area of election law. She worked as an adjunct professor at the University of Houston College of Law teaching research and writing in 1984.
Her civic activities outside of the courtroom brought her to the attention of Governor Ann Richards, who in 1991 appointed Gilmore to the Texas Department of Commerce Policy Board, where she also served as chairperson from 1992 to 1994. Her appointment to that board made Gilmore the first African-American to serve on this board responsible for increasing business and tourism and job training development in Texas. In 1993, she also served as chairperson of Texans for NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement). In this capacity, she worked regularly with diplomatic leaders, including the President of Mexico, to increase U.S. trade opportunities.
Federal judicial service
On March 22, 1994, Gilmore was nominated by President Clinton to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas created by 104 Stat. 5089. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 8, 1994, and received her commission the following day. In 2005 she presided over the Enron Broadband trial and over the environmental case relating to the building of the Galveston cruise ship terminal. Gilmore retired on January 2, 2022.
Writings
Motivated in part by her own experiences as an adoptive mother, she decided to write about adoption. Her novel, Saving the Dream, tells the story of a young woman and her decision to have her baby or give it up for adoption and alternately explores the life her son might have lived in each world.
Her book, Lynn's Angels - The True Story of E. Lynn Harris and the Women Who Loved Him tells the story of the life of the late author E. Lynn Harris and the five women who comprised the family that he invented for himself that he called "Lynn's Angels". It explores the universal concept of voluntary kinship with the goal of helping others appreciate the significance of their own invented families. She is also the co-author of a children's book entitled "A Boy Named Rocky: A Coloring Book for the Children of Incarcerated Parents" and is a frequent speaker and lecturer on issues related to these children and their families. She has assisted with and instituted initiatives to help these families with access to resources for their children, including the development of a legal clinic at Texas Southern University. Her book, "You Can't Make This Stuff Up: Tales From a Judicial Diva", is an autobiographical look at her life on and off the bench.
Personal life
Gilmore is mother of Sean Harrison Gilmore, an entrepreneur. She is the recipient of numerous civic awards for community service and served as president of the YWCA of Houston, as a member of the Board of Trustees for Hampton University for seventeen years, the Board of Trustees for the River Oaks Baptist School and on the advisory board of Inprint, a literary arts organization for readers and writers. A golfer, she also served on the board of First Tee of Houston. She serves on the boards of the DePelchin Children’s Center and Texas Children’s Hospital.
See also
List of African-American federal judges
List of African-American jurists
References
External links
Gilmore's website
1956 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
African-American judges
Hampton University alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
University of Houston alumni
University of Houston Law Center alumni
Writers from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Gilmore |
Tallchief is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Maria Tallchief (1925–2013), American ballerina
Marjorie Tallchief (1926–2021), American ballerina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallchief |
In cryptography, a boolean function is said to be complete if the value of each output bit depends on all input bits.
This is a desirable property to have in an encryption cipher, so that if one bit of the input (plaintext) is changed, every bit of the output (ciphertext) has an average of 50% probability of changing. The easiest way to show why this is good is the following: consider that if we changed our 8-byte plaintext's last byte, it would only have any effect on the 8th byte of the ciphertext. This would mean that if the attacker guessed 256 different plaintext-ciphertext pairs, he would always know the last byte of every 8byte sequence we send (effectively 12.5% of all our data). Finding out 256 plaintext-ciphertext pairs is not hard at all in the internet world, given that standard protocols are used, and standard protocols have standard headers and commands (e.g. "get", "put", "mail from:", etc.) which the attacker can safely guess. On the other hand, if our cipher has this property (and is generally secure in other ways, too), the attacker would need to collect 264 (~1020) plaintext-ciphertext pairs to crack the cipher in this way.
See also
Correlation immunity
Cryptography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness%20%28cryptography%29 |
Doğançay (; ) is a rural neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. It is located in the historical region of Tur Abdin. It is populated by Assyrians and by Kurds of the Zaxuran tribe.
The village had a population of 159 in 2021.
History
The Church of Mor Yuhannon in Mzizah was constructed in the 6th century and the village is first mentioned in 1296. In the early 18th century AD, Assyrians from the village of Ain Wardo settled in Mzizah. Later, Assyrians from the villages of Zaz, Kfarbe, Bashoq, Urnus, Rowen, and Merin also settled in Mzizah. The village also experienced an influx of Yazidis from nearby Kefnas in the 1870s.
In 1915, during the Assyrian genocide, the majority of the Assyrian population of the village fled to Ain Wardo, where they remained for fifty days until a truce was agreed and they were permitted to return to Mzizah. However, several Assyrians were killed on the journey to the village and many subsequently fled to Syria. In 1961, the name of the village was officially changed to Doğançay.
Notable people
Ciwan Haco — Born in Syria to a family from Doğançay.
Derwich Ferho
References
Bibliography
Neighbourhoods in Midyat District
Tur Abdin
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay%2C%20Midyat |
Sir Edward Howard, KG (1476/1477 – 25 April 1513) was an English naval officer. He was the first of the Howards to win fame as an admiral, participating in his first naval battle while in his teens. He was in command during the Battle of Saint-Mathieu, which may have been the first sea battle fought by ships with cannons deployed through ports. He was killed shortly afterwards, leading an assault on galleys in the French fleet near Brest.
Early life
The son of Thomas Howard (later 2nd Duke of Norfolk) and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney, and a younger brother of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Howard's date of birth can be determined only approximately, and nothing is known of his early upbringing or education. He began his military career in August 1492 at the age of fifteen under Sir Edward Poynings at the siege of Sluys. In 1497 his father, then Earl of Surrey, was given a command in Scotland and took his sons Thomas and Edward with him. Surrey knighted both Thomas and Edward on 30 September 1497 at Ayton Castle after the signing of a treaty concluding an invasion by James IV of Scotland. In 1503 Howard was among those who escorted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her marriage to King James IV.
King Henry VII died on 21 April 1509. Howard played a prominent role in the tournament held to celebrate the coronation of the new King, Henry VIII, and was appointed the King's standard-bearer on 20 May 1509.
Naval career
Between June and August 1511 Howard was paid over £600 to fit out ships for the conveying of "merchant aventurers", and both Holinshed and the Ballad of Andrew Barton record that in the course of these seafaring operations he and his brother Thomas captured the ships of the Scottish adventurer Andrew Barton. Barton was sailing in his warship Lion and the small Jennet of Purwyn, (a captured Danish ship) with a Scottish royal Letter of Marque, which was a license to plunder Portuguese ships as a privateer. Both ships were captured and taken to Blackwall. Andrew Barton was killed during their capture.
When war with France broke out in April 1512, Howard was appointed admiral of a fleet of 18 ships sent by the King to keep the seas between Brest and the Thames estuary. Howard seized vessels of various nationalities on the pretext that they were carrying French cargoes. At the beginning of June, he escorted to Brittany the army which Henry was sending to France under the Marquess of Dorset with the hope of recovering Guyenne. Howard then raided Le Conquet and Crozon on the Breton coast. During June and July 1512 Howard effectively controlled the Channel and is said to have captured more than 60 vessels. By August, a French fleet had assembled at Brest. Howard attacked, and in the ensuing Battle of Saint-Mathieu the two largest ships on either side, the Regent and the Marie de la Cordelière, were destroyed when the latter's magazine exploded. Although undefeated, the French retreated. On 10 October the King showed his appreciation by awarding Howard an annuity of 100 marks and the reversion of the office of Lord High Admiral held by the Earl of Oxford.
The French King had Prégent de Bidoux bring 6 galleys from the Mediterranean in the late autumn of 1512, and by the end of March 1513 a sizeable French fleet had been mobilized. On 10 March 1513 the Earl of Oxford died, and Howard became Lord Admiral. On 19 March he sailed from the Thames, reaching Plymouth on 5 April. Without waiting for his supply ships, he set out from Plymouth and found the French fleet, which retreated into Brest. Howard lost one ship on a hidden rock, and on 22 April was attacked by Bidoux's galleys, whose heavy guns sank another ship. On 25 April Howard decided to attack the galleys with his smaller boats known as row-barges. Howard led the attack on Bidoux's flagship in person. During the fighting he was forced over the side of the galley and drowned by the weight of his armour. Both his body and his silver whistle, the Lord Admiral's badge of office, were found three days later, and delivered to Bidoux at Le Conquet, who sent the armour as a trophy to Princess Claude, the French King's daughter, and the whistle to Queen Anne.
Demoralised by Howard's death and short of supplies, the English fleet retreated to Plymouth, where Howard's brother Thomas took command. The French were unable to exploit Howard's death, and after successful English campaigns in Picardy and Scotland, a truce was agreed on in March 1514.
Howard had been elected to the Order of the Garter in 1513, but died before being installed.
Marriages and issue
Howard's first wife was Elizabeth Stapleton (born 1441), widow of Sir William Calthorpe and Sir John Fortescue (died 1500). She died on 18 February 1505. Before January 1506, he married Alice (d. 1518), the daughter and heir of William Lovel, Lord Morley, and Eleanor, Baroness Morley, and widow of Sir William Parker. She was 10 or 12 years Howard's senior, and held the barony of Morley in her own right. There were no children of the marriage.
When Howard wrote his will in January 1513 he left bequests to two unnamed bastard sons, commending one to the care of the King, and the other to the care of his friend Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. As a younger son, he held only the manor of Morley in Norfolk, which he willed in reversion to his stepson, Henry Parker, after the termination of his widow's life interest.
Footnotes
References
1470s births
1513 deaths
Deaths by drowning
Deaths due to shipwreck
English military personnel killed in action
Knights of the Garter
Lord High Admirals of England
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Younger sons of dukes
Edward Howard
15th-century English people
16th-century Royal Navy personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Howard%20%28admiral%29 |
Ian Catt is a British record producer and multi-instrumentalist associated with several popular indie groups, including Saint Etienne, with whom he has been a touring member. He has also collaborated with Saint Etienne's vocalist Sarah Cracknell on her solo album, Lipslide. Catt also produced several albums for Heavenly and is a long-standing collaborator of Bobby Wratten, working with his groups The Field Mice, Northern Picture Library, Trembling Blue Stars and Occasional Keepers. He was also an official member of the latter group for a short time. His solo project, Katmandu, released a single and album on the Vinyl Japan label in 1994.
He was the main producer on Saint Etienne's 2012 release Words and Music. His recent work also includes bands on Shelflife Records, such as Dylan Mondegreen, The School, The Proctors, and When Nalda Became Punk.
References
British record producers
English rock keyboardists
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Catt |
At the outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine had 21 destroyers (Ger: Zerstörer) in service, while another one was just being completed. These 22 vessels – comprising 3 classes (Type 34, 34A and 36) – had all been built in the 1930s, making them modern vessels (no destroyers remained in German hands following the close of the First World War). Including that final pre-war vessel, a further 19 were brought into service during the war and more were captured from opposing navies, including the Italian Navy (Regia Marina) after the Italian Armistice with the Allies in 1943.
German destroyer classes were generally known by the year of their design. Because of their size, use and weaponry, some vessels classified as "fleet torpedo boats", Flottentorpedoboot, are also described as destroyers. During World War II, destroyers were administratively grouped into one of several destroyer flotillas.
Class general characteristics are taken from the first of each class, and may differ slightly for individual ships, particularly when they were refitted. Post-war, some surviving ships had significant changes to armament.
Zerstörer 1934
This class of four ships was the first German destroyer class. It was designed around a new type of engine, using high pressure steam. This should have allowed higher speed, while saving space and crewmembers. The engine was however so complicated and prone to breakdown, that it forced the navy to assign even more very highly qualified personnel on board to operate and service them. As a result of stability problems, the range of the ships had to be restricted by navy regulations, allowing them to use only half of the fuel carried, to prevent the ships from becoming too light. The bow proved to be of faulty design, resulting in the ships being rather wet in heavy seas. This was fixed by rebuilding all four ship of the class before 1939. Four destroyers were laid down between October 1934 and January 1935. Only one ship survived the war. The ships were named after German navy personnel killed in World War I.
The ships were:
Zerstörer 1934A
Twelve destroyers laid down between July and November 1935. They were only slightly modified from the design of the preceding 1934 class and continued their predecessors' limited endurance and magazine capacity – factors which contributed to the heavy German losses in the Second Battle of Narvik. Five survived the war.
Zerstörer 1936
These 6 ships (of 26 planned) ordered under the 1935 Program were improved and enlarged versions of the 1934 and 1934A classes. Most of the serious faults of the earlier ships had been resolved: engine reliability and the structural integrity was much improved and they were much better seagoing ships, shipping less water through an improvement in the design of the bows. Despite this, five of this newer type were also lost at Narvik in April 1940.
Zerstörer 1936A "Narvik"
Eight destroyers intended to carry new 150 mm (5.9 inch) guns in single turrets with a twin turret at the bow. The twin mountings were not ready in time and so singles were first used, and the twins fitted later. Anti-aircraft armament was substantially improved.
Despite reusing earlier ship designs as a basis, with modifications to improve seaworthiness, the ships were wet in heavy seas, especially fitted with heavy turrets. After much effort, the problem was traced to a newly designed stern. However, this problem was somewhat offset by the fact that the twin mount was fully enclosed and had a high maximum elevation, allowing limited use against aircraft.
These ships reverted to the traditional German practice of giving torpedo ships numbers rather than names. Four survived the war.
Zerstörer 1936A (Mob)
When war broke out in 1939, planned new destroyer classes were cancelled and twelve additional 1936A vessels (Z.31 to Z.42, although the last three were to be cancelled) were ordered with slight modifications to speed construction and save materials. "Mob" stands for "Mobilmachung" (Mobilisation). The 150 mm twin turrets had been manufactured for planned, but never built, "O" class battlecruisers. In war service, the engines were more reliable than in earlier ships but at the end of the war, heavy corrosion was discovered.
Seven of this sub-class were built: one was sunk, another two were severely damaged and not repaired. The remaining four were war booty allocated to the Allies.
Zerstörer 1936B
The main armament of this class reduced back to single mounted 128 mm guns and the anti-aircraft armament was increased. The efficacy of this change was not proven in high seas as this sub-class only operated in the Baltic and coastal waters.
Eight ships to this design were ordered, but the orders for Z.40, Z.41 and Z.42 (all three ordered from Germaniawerft at Kiel) were replaced by orders for three Spähkreuzer ("scout cruisers"), to be numbered Sp.1, Sp.2 and Sp.3 respectively. Two ships (Z.44 and Z.45) were never completed, being suspended in 1944 and scuttled incomplete after the war. The three that were commissioned were all lost.
Zerstörer 1936C
Five ships of this class were ordered in 1942 and 1943 (Z.46 – Z.50), all from A.G. Weser at Bremen; none were launched, just two were started – Z.46 and Z.47 – and both were bombed by Allied aircraft while under construction and were scrapped on the slipways in 1945. This design was a response to the vulnerability to air attack of early German destroyers and would have used six new 128 mm Flak 40 guns (originally designed for the Luftwaffe) as dual purpose weapons in twin mountings. The number of smaller calibre anti-aircraft guns would have also been increased.
Zerstörer 1938A/Ac
In order to provide support for larger German warships operating far from their bases, the development of large ocean-going destroyers started in the late 1930s. They would have had dual power systems to enable long endurance cruises. Twenty-four of these were planned under Plan Z but were not actually ordered – the concept was developed further into the Spähkreuzer (see Type 1936B above).
Zerstörer 1938B
Ships of this class would have been small destroyers designed to patrol and operate in Baltic and coastal waters, but would have had quite big operational range for such purpose, and could have also been used in high seas. Twelve ships were ordered in the summer of 1939, but after the start of World War II, all were cancelled.
Zerstörer 1942
Experimental testbed destroyer powered by diesel engines for long-range operations. Based on design of unbuilt Type 1938B destroyer, with six diesels driving three shafts, with an estimated speed of and an operating radius of . One ship, Z51, was laid down in 1943 and launched in 1944, but was sunk by Allied bombers on 21 March 1945 while fitting out.
Zerstörer 1944
While Z.51 was a testbed for diesel propulsion, the Type 1944 destroyer was a production class of large, diesel powered destroyers. They were planned to have a revised armament, with six 128 mm Flak 40 dual purpose main guns, and an all-new anti-aircraft armament, with three 5.5 cm Gerät 58 intermediate calibre anti-aircraft guns and a close-in armament of 14 30 mm guns in seven twin mounts, with eight torpedo tubes.
Five of these ships (Z.52–Z.56) were ordered from A.G. Weser at Bremen and were laid down in 1943, but none were completed, being cancelled in July 1944 and broken up on the slips. A further two ships (Z.57 and Z.58) were ordered from Germaniawerft at Kiel, but were cancelled before construction started.
Zerstörer 1945
Project for high-speed design reverting to steam-turbine propulsion. Unbuilt.
Zerstorer 1937J
A project for a high-speed design with a long range.
Destroyer sized craft
The Kriegsmarine had several torpedo boat classes with displacements between 1,000 and 1,300 tons (for example the Möwe-class Fleet Torpedo boats and Torpedo boat type 35). They sat in size between torpedo-equipped fast attack boats (known to the Allies as E-boats) and the destroyers. In 1939, the Germans started work on new designs that were a response to the weaknesses of earlier designs. These "Fleet Torpedo Boats" (Flottentorpedoboot) were large, 1,755 tons, and more able as escorts and for anti-aircraft defence as well as torpedo attacks and they were comparable in most respects to some of the British destroyer classes. They were all laid down during the war.
Flottentorpedoboot 1939 (Elbing-class)
The first of the fleet vessels, they were comparable in most respects – size, armament, and use – to standard British destroyer types. Fifteen were laid down between 1940 and 1942, in the Schichau shipyard in Elbing (now Elbląg) and from that the Allies referred to them as the Elbing-class.
The last was commissioned at the end of 1944; three survived the war and served in Allied navies. The ships were numbered T22 to T36.
Flottentorpedoboot 1940
Following the capitulation of the Netherlands, Dutch shipyards were contracted to build 24 boats based on a Dutch design. Only three of these 2,600 ton vessels were launched. These three were moved to the Baltic in 1944 for work, but none were completed.
Flottentorpedoboot 1941
This was a development of the 1939 class, with bigger engines and more anti-aircraft weapons. Fifteen were laid down or launched from 1942 but, by the end of the war, none had been completed.
Flottentorpedoboot 1944
These were to have been ocean-going vessels, as opposed to North Sea or coastal vessels, capable of operating with the fleet, with greater range and an emphasis on anti-aircraft weaponry. Nine were ordered in March 1944; however, the order was subsequently cancelled without any building having started.
Torpedoboot Ausland
Several destroyer-sized ships were captured by the Germans and put into service as Torpedoboot Ausland.
Flottenbegleiter
These 10 fleet escort vessels of the F class were the German equivalent to the Allied destroyer escorts and frigates.
Captured ships
Some destroyers were captured and used by the Germans; for full list see Torpedoboot Ausland.
ZH1
The Dutch destroyer Hr.Ms. Gerard Callenburgh was built by RDM Rotterdam and launched on 12 October 1939. The Dutch attempted to scuttle this ship during the German invasion, but the destroyer was salvaged and completed under German control with technical guidance from Blohm & Voss. She was commissioned as the ZH1 on 11 October 1942. The Germans retained most of the Dutch armament and equipment. The ZH1 spent most of her life on trials in the Baltic, but transferred to Western France via the English Channel in November 1943. When the western allies invaded Normandy in 1944, the German destroyers based in western France attempted to interdict the invasion armada. The German squadron was intercepted by an Allied force – the 10th Destroyer Flotilla (HMS Tartar, Ashanti, Eskimo, Javelin, HMCS Haida, Huron, and ORP Błyskawica, Piorun). In the night action, ZH1 was torpedoed and sunk by Ashanti on 9 June 1944; 33 men were lost.
ZF2
The hull of the French Le Hardi-class destroyer L'Opiniatre was captured intact and 16% complete in Bordeaux. The Kriegsmarine intended to complete her for service. Since French armament was not available, and for standardisation with the rest of the German Navy, 127 mm guns and German pattern torpedo tubes were ordered. Work proceeded tardily until all progress was abandoned in July 1943. The hull was eventually broken up on the slip
ZG3 (Hermes)
The Greek destroyer Vasilefs Georgios was captured in damaged condition after the fall of Greece, then repaired in Greece with assistance from the Germaniawerft and commissioned by the Kriegsmarine as the ZG3 or the Hermes. She was the only major Kriegsmarine surface ship in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II, and she was involved in escorting convoys to North Africa and the Aegean Islands.
Hermes detected and depth charged the Royal Navy submarine HMS Splendid off Capri, Italy, on 21 April 1943, forcing it to surrender; Splendid was scuttled by her crew. Hermes was damaged by air attacks off Tunisia. Hermes had to be scuttled in La Goulette, Tunis, on 7 May 1943.
The Sleipner-class Destroyers
Four out of six of Norway's s were captured following Germany's conquest of Norway. , renamed Löwe and , renamed Panther were captured at Kristiansand. , renamed Tiger and , renamed Leopard, were captured while still under construction, and completed by the Germans. In Kriegsmarine service, they were classified as torpedo boats.
In January 1945, Löwe was one of the escorts for the MV Wilhelm Gustloff on her last voyage. When Wilhelm Gustloff was torpedoed and sunk, she stood alongside and rescued 427 of her passengers and crew. After the war, the ships were returned to Norway and given back their original names, and remained in service until the late 1950s.
Troll
The Norwegian , HNoMS Troll was captured by the Germans in Florø on 18 May 1940. Following Norway's surrender, she had been ordered to sail to the UK with her sister, HNoMS Draug, but due to lack of crew and coal, she was unable to do so. Once placed under the German flag, she was considered too old and obsolete for military service, and was converted into a distillation and steam supply ship, having her whole superstructure removed, and was stationed at Bergen. She retained her name throughout the war. She survived the war and was returned to Norway, but her condition and age made her unfit for future service and was sold for scrap in 1949.
TA32
The Royal Yugoslav Navy destroyer leader, KB Dubrovnik, was captured by Italy in the Bay of Kotor on 17 April 1941. She was recommissioned in the Regia Marina as Premuda, and served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1943. She was undergoing repairs in Genoa when Italy surrendered and joined the Allies. With this, she was seized by the Germans and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine as TA32. In 1944, her repairs were completed with German modifications and soon saw action shelling Allied positions along the Italian coast. While on minelaying duty off Genoa, she engaged the American destroyer, , but escaped undamaged. On 18 March 1945, while on minelaying duty off Corsica, she was engaged by 2 British destroyers in what became the Battle of the Ligurian Sea. While both her escorts were sunk, she escaped with a damaged rudder. With the Allies advancing further into Northern Italy, she was scuttled in Genoa on 24 April 1945, and her crew retreated. She was raised and broken up in 1950.
TA43
The Royal Yugoslav Navy , KB Beograd, was captured by Italy in the Bay of Kotor on 17 April 1941. She was recommissioned in the Regia Marina as Sebenico, and served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1943. Following Italy's surrender and joining the Allies, she was captured by the Germans in Venice on 9 September 1943. She was then recommissioned into the Kriegsmarine as TA43. However, at the time of her capture she was damaged and not operational. While being repaired, her anti-aircraft armament was improved and reentered active service in February 1945. She operated in the northern Adriatic Sea, but saw little action other than escort work and minelaying. Sources differ on her fate. One claim is that while docked in Trieste, she was sunk by artillery fire of Yugoslav forces on 30 April 1945. Another is that she was scuttled by her crew in Trieste on 1 May 1945. She remained sunk in Trieste until 1947 when she was raised and broken up.
TA14
The Regia Marina , Turbine, was captured by the Germans in Piraeus on 8 September 1943, following Italy's Armistice with the Allies. She was recommissioned as TA14 and operated in the Aegean Sea. Her anti-aircraft armament was upgraded during her time in German service. She operated as an escort ship off the Greek coast. On 19 June 1944, she was badly damaged by an explosion and sent to Salamis for repairs. While docked in Salamis, on 16 September 1944, she was sunk by American aircraft rockets before repairs were completed.
See also
List of ships of World War II
List of ship classes of World War II
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Kriegsmarine destroyers
Destroyers of the Kriegsmarine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20World%20War%20II%20destroyers |
The Black Book (Kara Kitap in Turkish) is a novel by Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk. It was published in Turkish in 1990 and first translated by Güneli Gün and published in English in 1994. In 2006, it was translated into English again by Maureen Freely.
Plot
The protagonist, an Istanbul lawyer named Galip, finds one day that his wife Rüya (the name means "dream" in Turkish) has mysteriously left him with very little explanation. He wanders around the city looking for his clues to her whereabouts. He suspects that his wife has taken up with her half-brother, a columnist for Milliyet named Celal, and it happens that he is also missing. The story of Galip's search is interspersed with reprints of Celal's columns, which are lengthy, highly literate meditations on the city and its history. Galip thinks that by living as Celal he can figure out how Celal thinks and locate both him and his wife, so he takes up residence in Celal's apartment, wearing his clothes and eventually writing his column.
Galip starts getting mysterious phone calls from one of Celal's obsessed fans, who displays an astonishing familiarity with the columnist's writings. After Galip's columns under Celal's name start to take the form of impassioned pleas to Rüya, a woman from Celal's past misinterprets the articles and calls Galip, thinking they are actually Celal's attempts to win her back. It turns out that Celal and the woman had an affair, and the fan who is calling Galip is the woman's jealous husband. In an eerie twist, it turns out that the husband has been following Galip around Istanbul in an attempt to find Celal through him, accounting for Galip's frequent apprehension that he is being watched. Galip finally agrees to meet both of them at a public location, a store called Aladdin's that figures in much of the narrative. Soon after, Celal is shot to death in the street. Rüya is found also shot in Aladdin's store. The identity of the killer is never discovered for certain.
The novel ends with the postmodern twist of the author revealing his presence in the narrative. The story is more concerned with exploring the nature of story-telling as a means of constructing identity than with a straightforward plot. As such, it is full of stories within the main story, relating to both Turkey's Ottoman past and contemporary Istanbul.
Interpretation
In 1992 Kara Kitap üzerine Yazılar was published as an anthology of critical essays.
The main theme of the novel is identity, and it returns on many levels. Galip for example, is clearly not happy with who he is. He dislikes his life as a lawyer, and has envied the successful Celal for years. The plot shows how he gradually changes his identity to become Celal, living in his flat, wearing his clothes and even writing his columns. We know however, that Celal longs to become someone else as well (this is clearly visible from some of his columns - see for example the one titled 'I Must Be Myself'). Rüya remains quite enigmatic in the novel, the only picture we get of her is through the subjective lens of Galip. She sleeps during the day, and reads detective novels in the evenings and at night, hardly ever leaving the house. It seems that she prefers to escape from reality to the world of her detective novels, although Galip doesn't seem to think much of these. This strange lifestyle can imply that she is also not satisfied with who she is, or how her life turned out, but perhaps she does not consciously think about it, or admit it to herself.
The questions of who we are and whether its possible to change who we are return on at least two other levels: Istanbul's identity as a city, and the identity of the Turkish people. As Galip wanders the streets of Istanbul, we get to know many of the city's different neighborhoods, all with their distinct ambiance. This is a city where East and West, antiquity and the modern, Islam and the secular, the rich and the poor, the pashas and the peasants are all present. The question always lingers: what is the true identity of this city? Is it a modern metropolis, or a dying remnant of the once-great Constantinople?
The questions of Turkish national identity are referenced several times, in relation mainly to the perceived westernization of Turkish society. Should the Turkish people embrace Western (European) culture, or should they remain true to their heritage? Is their culture and identity decaying or only transforming? The novel in many cases implies that embracing the former will destroy not just historical and cultural heritage, but also the Turkish people themselves (see part where Galip takes the tour of the underground mannequin museum). Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the modern Turkish state is seen as a controversial figure. His efforts to westernize Turkey have led to mixed results.
References
External links
The Black Book by Orhan Pamuk, reviewed by Ted Gioia (Postmodern Mystery)
[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/three-authors-in-search-of-a-body-the-black-book-by-orhan-pamuk-trs-guneli-gun-faber-pounds-1499-1595971.html A review of the book in The Independent
[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/aug/06/shopping.orhanpamuk A review of the book in The Observer
1990 novels
Novels by Orhan Pamuk
Novels set in Istanbul
Postmodern novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Book%20%28Pamuk%20novel%29 |
Richard Elliott Heffer (born 28 July 1946) is a British actor, known for his roles on television in the 1970s and 1980s. His film career included appearances in Women in Love (1969), Waterloo (1970), Penny Gold (1973), The Sign of Four (1983), Countdown to War (1989), Night of the Fox (1990), Possession (2002), and Dimensions (2011).
Richard Heffer studied English at Oxford University. He played as Shakespeare's Hamlet and worked with Richard and Elizabeth Burton on stage and in film.
Heffer played supporting roles in television series early in his career, including Department S, The Pathfinders and Jason King, before gaining the role of British Army Captain Tim Downing in the BBC/Universal television series, Colditz (1972–74), in which Heffer was a regular throughout. He went on to play Det. Sgt. Alan Bruton in the final series of Dixon of Dock Green (1976) and Peter Porteous in two series of Enemy at the Door (1978–1980). He also appears in television comedy.
He went on to guest in Father Brown, Public Eye and Survivors in the 1970s. He played Peter Witney alongside Roy Marsden in Airline in 1982, and took the leading role of rabies expert Michael Hilliard in the acclaimed BBC thriller The Mad Death in 1983. He also played Dr Charles Cartwright in the early series of the sitcom, Don't Wait Up.
Heffer continued to appear regularly on TV drama series in the 1980s, starring with Marsden again in Anglia's adaptation of The Black Tower, and continued to appear in guest roles in Boon and Howards' Way. He has appeared in Wycliffe, Trial & Retribution, Heartbeat and Rosemary & Thyme. He also narrated three special feature documentaries for 2entertain's Doctor Who DVD range between 2008 and 2012.
Filmography
Heffer has appeared in a number of films:
See also
Heffers bookshop, Cambridge
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Male actors from Cambridge
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
British male television actors
British male film actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Heffer |
Woodstock, or The Cavalier. A Tale of the Year Sixteen Hundred and Fifty-one (1826) is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels. Set just after the English Civil War, it was inspired by the legend of the Good Devil of Woodstock, which in 1649 supposedly tormented parliamentary commissioners who had taken possession of a royal residence at Woodstock, Oxfordshire. The story deals with the escape of Charles II in 1652, during the Commonwealth, and his final triumphant entry into London on 29 May 1660.
Composition and sources
Scott began composing Woodstock at the very end of October 1825. He appears to have made rapid progress at first, but there were many interruptions during December and the second volume was not finished until 11 February 1826. He completed the final volume on 26 March.
The History of England by David Hume (1754‒62), which Scott admired above all others, gave him most of what he needed for the historical background, though for many details he was able to draw on his profound acquaintance with the literature of the seventeenth century. For the goings-on at Woodstock Manor he was familiar with two accounts accepting a supernatural explanation in Satan's Invisible world Discovered by George Sinclair (1685) and Saducismus Triumphatus by Joseph Glanvil (1700). He also knew, though not necessarily at first hand, the version of the story in The Natural History of Oxford-shire by Robert Plot (1677), adopting its more sceptical approach to the business.
Editions
The first edition of Woodstock was published in Edinburgh by Archibald Constable and Co. and Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green in London on 28 April 1826. As with all the Waverley novels before 1827 publication was anonymous. The price was one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½.). Scott does not seems to have revisited the novel until the spring of 1831 when he revised the text and provided an introduction and notes for the 'Magnum' edition, in which it appeared as Volumes 39 and 40 in August and September 1832.
The standard modern edition, by Tony Inglis with J. H. Alexander, David Hewitt, and Alison Lumsden, was published as Volume 19 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 2009: this is based on the first edition with emendations mainly from the manuscript and corrected proofs; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b (2012).
Plot summary
At a thanksgiving service in Woodstock church for the victory at Worcester (3 September 1651), the Rev. Nehemiah Holdenough was compelled to cede the pulpit, which he had usurped from the late rector (Dr Rochecliffe), to Joseph Tomkins, who, in military attire, declaimed against monarchy and prelacy, and announced the sequestration of the royal lodge and park by Cromwell and his followers. Proceeding thither, he encountered Sir Henry Lee, accompanied by his daughter Alice, prepared to surrender his charge, and was conducted through the principal apartments by the forester Joliffe, who managed to send his sweetheart Phoebe and dog Bevis with some provisions to his hut, in which the knight and his daughter had arranged to sleep. On arriving there they found Colonel Everard, a Roundhead who had come to offer them his own and his father's protection; but Sir Henry abused and spurned his nephew as a rebel, and at Alice's entreaty he bade them farewell, as he feared, for ever. On his way to the lodge he met his Royalist friend, Captain Wildrake, whom he was sheltering in spite of his politics, and determined to send him with an appeal to Cromwell to reinstate his uncle at Woodstock. On reaching Windsor, the captain, disguised as a Roundhead, obtained an interview with Oliver Cromwell, and a compliance with Everard's request, on condition that he would aid in securing the murdered king's son, in the event of his seeking refuge with the Lees.
Armed with the warrant of ejectment, the colonel and Wildrake, accompanied by the mayor and the minister, visited the Commissioners during their evening carouse, and took part in endeavouring to ascertain the cause of some startling occurrences by which they had been disturbed. Everard made his way alone to a dark gallery, in which he fancied he heard his cousin's voice, and suddenly felt a sword at his throat. Meeting Wildrake as he regained the hall, they hurried off to the hut where they found Dr Rochecliffe reading the Church service to Sir Henry and his daughter; and, after a reconciliation between uncle and nephew, the cousins were allowed a private interview, during which Alice warned her lover against betraying the king. Returning to the lodge they were told of other unaccountable events; and during the night Everard was ordered by an apparition to change his quarters. The sentinels also declared that they had heard strange sounds, and the Commissioners decided to retire to the village inn. Master Holdenough, too, confessed that he had been terribly shocked by the reflection in a mirror of the figure of a college friend whom he had seen drowned.
The following day Sir Henry Lee was induced to resume his post, and his son Albert arrived with one "Louis Kerneguy", whom he introduced as his Scotch page. Sir Henry having no suspicion who his guest really was treated him without ceremony; and while Dr Rochecliffe and the colonel were planning for his escape to Holland, the disguised Charles amused himself by endeavouring to gain Alice's love; but, in spite of a declaration of his rank, she made him ashamed of his suit. A quarrel, however, having arisen between him and Everard, she evinced her loyalty by preventing a duel they had arranged, at the risk of her reputation and the loss of her cousin's affection. A similar attempt by Tomkins to trifle with Phoebe was punished by a death-blow from Joliffe. The next evening Everard and his friend, and Holdenough, were unexpectedly made prisoners by Cromwell, who, having received intelligence of their knowledge of the king's sojourn at Woodstock, had brought a large force to secure him. Wildrake, however, managed to send his page Spitfire to the lodge to warn them, and while Alice acted as Charles's guide, Albert, in his dress, concealed himself in Rosamond's tower. Cromwell and his soldiers arrived soon afterwards with Dr Rochecliffe and Joliffe, whom they had seized as they were burying Tomkins, and, having searched all the rooms and passages in vain, they proceeded to blow up the tower. Albert, however, leapt from it just before the explosion, and Cromwell was furious when he discovered the deception. In his rage he ordered the execution of the old knight and all his abettors, including his dog; but afterwards released them, with the exception of Albert, who was imprisoned, and subsequently fell in the battle of Dunkirk (1658). Alice returned in safety, with the news that the king had effected his escape, and a letter from him to Sir Henry, approving of her marriage with Everard, whose political opinions had been considerably influenced by recent events.
Eight years later Wildrake arrived at Brussels with news for Charles. After Cromwell's son Richard abdicated, the Protectorate was abolished and the country descended into chaos. Order was restored when George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, marched into the City of London with his army and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament excluded during Pride's Purge. The Long Parliament dissolved itself and for the first time in almost 20 years, there was a general election. The Convention Parliament assembled and voted for Charles' restoration. In his progress to London, Charles, escorted by a brilliant retinue, amidst shouts of welcome from his assembled subjects, dismounted to salute a family group in which the central figure was the old knight of Ditchley, whose venerable features expressed his appreciation of the happiness of once more pressing his sovereign's hand, and whose contented death almost immediately followed the realisation of his anxious and long-cherished hopes.
Characters
Principal characters in bold
Sir Henry Lee, of Ditchley, keeper of Woodstock Park
Albert Lee, his son, a Royalist colonel
Alice Lee, his daughter
Dr Anthony Rochecliffe, late rector of Woodstock
Rev Nehemiah Holdenough, a Presbyterian minister
Colonel Markham Everard, a Roundhead, Sir Henry's nephew
Joceline Joliffe, a Royalist forester, and Sir Henry's servant
Phoebe Mayflower, his sweetheart
Commissioners of the Council of State
Colonel Desborough
General Harrison
Joshua Bletson
Joseph Tomkins, their steward
Captain Roger Wildrake, of Squattlesea-mere
Spitfire, his page
Oliver Cromwell
Zerobabel Robins, a Parliamentary soldier (Zerubbabel in some editions)
Captain Pearson, his aide-de-camp
Louis Kerneguy, a page, the future Charles II of England
Bevis, a wolf-dog
Chapter summary
Volume One
Preface: The Author has extracted the following Memoirs from the papers of the [fictitious] 17th-century Rector of Woodstock the Rev. J. A. Rochecliffe, D. D.
Ch. 1: Nehemiah Holdenough, a Presbyterian minister, is displaced in the pulpit of Woodstock parish church by an Independent [Joseph Tomkins] who is heckled by Josceline Joliffe, a royalist forester.
Ch. 2: In the park, Tomkins overhears the staunch royalist Sir Henry Lee and his daughter Alice discussing their family's divided political allegiances. After initially resisting, Sir Henry submits to him as a steward of the Parliamentary Commissioners, and the Lees leave to seek shelter in Joliffe's hut.
Ch. 3: Tomkins and Joliffe spar verbally on their way to the Lodge, where Joliffe despatches Phoebe Mayflower to his hut with refreshments.
Ch. 4: At the hut Markham Everard offers Sir Henry and Alice his assistance, but it is indignantly rejected by his uncle.
Ch. 5: On his way to the Lodge, Markham encounters Roger Wildrake. Tomkins agrees, without enthusiasm, to afford the pair a night's lodging.
Ch. 6: Markham composes an appeal to Cromwell, to be delivered by Wildrake, for the preservation of Woodstock from sequestration.
Ch. 7: Wildrake arrives at Windsor and has an interview with Cromwell.
Ch. 8: Wildrake obtains from Cromwell an order consigning the Lodge to Markham's keeping, and delivers it to him at a Woodstock inn.
Ch. 9: On the way to the Lodge, Markham, Wildrake, the Mayor of Woodstock, and Holdenough discuss the order and the stories of supernatural goings-on there.
Ch. 10: The three Commissioners present at the Lodge—Desborough, Harrison, and Bletson—are introduced to the reader.
Ch. 11: The Commissioners, Mark, and Wildrake discuss strange happenings at the Lodge. Markham thinks he hears two warning voices, one which he takes to be Alice's, the other belonging to a man by whom he is slightly wounded.
Volume Two
Ch. 1 (12): At Joliffe's hut Markham attempts to assure Sir Henry, and then Alice, of his integrity.
Ch. 2 (13): As they return to the Lodge, Wildrake tells Markham that he believes Cromwell views the Lodge as a device to attract and trap the fugitive King. Wildrake fights a crazed Harrison, who believes the cavalier is the ghost of the actor Dick Robison whom he had murdered, before Markham calms the pair.
Ch. 3 (14): Markham again hears the warning voices and fires without effect in the direction of two forms.
Ch. 4 (15): The three Commissioners reluctantly agree to vacate the Lodge in compliance with Cromwell's order.
Ch. 5 (16): Holdenough tells Markham that he believes he has seen the spirit of his fellow-student Albany, who had become a priest and had been killed at his instigation during an attack on a royalist house. Markham persuades him to assist the Lees if it should prove necessary.
Ch. 6 (17): On his return to the Lodge, Sir Henry spars verbally with Tomkins and rejoices with Joliffe. At Rosamond's Well, Alice encounters a female fortune-teller [Charles in disguise], who drops a ring in her pitcher.
Ch. 7 (18): Albert Lee arrives at the Lodge unexpectedly, and narrowly escapes injury when his father thinks he is an intruder.
Ch. 8 (19): Albert says that Charles has escaped after the battle of Worcester. He introduces
his page Louis Kerneguy [Charles in another disguise], who is teased by the drunken Wildrake.
Ch. 9 (20): Charles and Albert discuss the situation in private.
Ch. 10 (21): Dr Rochecliffe, the deposed vicar of Woodstock, advises Albert that the Lodge is as safe a refuge for Charles as anywhere. Alice praises the King's virtues (but not his appearance) in Louis's presence.
Ch. 11 (22): Louis defends the King's behaviour before escaping from Sir Henry's Shakespeare recitation. He determines to discontinue his attempts to seduce Alice.
Ch 12 (23): Alarmed by Louis's advances towards Alice, Phoebe decides to alert Markham. Inadvertently snubbed by Alice, Louis gets into a fight with Markham, who believes him to be Lord Wilmot, the original owner of the ring of Ch. 17.
Volume Three
Ch. 1 (24): Sir Henry interrupts the fight between Louis and Markham, and disputes with latter about Milton.
Ch. 2 (25): Alice rejects Louis's advances, even when he acknowledges himself to be Charles.
Ch. 3 (26): Wildrake delivers a challenge from Markham to Louis, who eventually decides to accept it. Rochecliffe arranges with Alice that they should combine to prevent the duel.
Ch. 4 (27): When they arrive at the spot selected for the encounter, Alice is unable to explain to Markham why Louis's safety is so important. Charles resolves matters by disclosing his identity, and Markham promises to help him as far as his duties to the Commonwealth permit.
Ch. 5 (28): Phoebe repels the advances of Tomkins at Rosamond's Well, and he is killed by Joliffe.
Ch. 6 (29): Cromwell arrives at Woodstock, survives an assault by Wildrake, and begins searching for Charles, placing Markham under arrest. Wildrake sends his page Spitfire to Alice at the Lodge with a feather to indicate Cromwell's arrival.
Ch. 7 (30): Albert arrives at the Lodge to make preparations for Charles's departure. Bevis brings Tomkins's glove, and Joliffe and Rochecliffe find his body and set about burying it.
Ch. 8 (31): Spitfire brings Wildrake's feather, and Charles reveals his identity to Sir Henry as preparations for his departure are made. Sir Henry and Albert make arrangements for delaying the pursuit.
Ch. 9 (32): Cromwell finds Joliffe and Rochecliffe burying Tomkins. He suffers a fit of hesitation, but Pearson encourages him to proceed. Effecting entry to the Lodge by means of a petard, Cromwell interrogates Sir Henry and proceeds to search the labyrinthine building.
Ch. 10 (33): Cromwell supervises an attack on a turret, from which Albert (impersonating Charles) jumps.
Ch. 11 (34): Albert is revealed and condemned to death by Cromwell along with the other prisoners. Captain Pearson is reluctant to execute the sentence.
Ch. 12 (35): As the prisoners await execution, Rochecliffe discloses to Holdforth that he is the Albany of Ch. 16.
Ch. 13 (36): Prompted by the soldier Zerobabel Robins, Cromwell pardons the prisoners one by one. Sir Henry receives a letter from Charles giving his blessing to the union of Alice and Markham.
Ch. 14 (37): [The final chapter is set in 1660] Wildrake brings news to Charles in Brussels of the political changes in Britain which make it possible for him to return as the restored monarch. On his way to London he passes the Lee-Everard family and receives Sir Henry's blessing before the old man dies.
Reception
There was very general agreement among the reviewers that Woodstock occupied a middle rank in the Waverley novels, with a handful rating it highly and two or three condemning it. Little enthusiasm is discernible for the thin plot and the tedious succession of tricks played on the Commissioners in the Lodge. On the other hand, several of the characters were more often than not deemed impressive. Doubts were expressed about Cromwell's historicity and tendency towards the sentimental, but he was widely recognised as a strong presentation. Charles was also deemed a success, as were Lee, Alice, and Wildrake in their different ways. Views differed on the question of authorial impartiality or otherwise. A formidable essay in The Westminster Review analysed Scott's lack of historical verisimilitude in his presentation of the characters, concentrating on the stylistic incoherence of their dialogue.
Cultural references
In Two Years Before the Mast the author/narrator recounts reading Woodstock to his fellow sailors.
References
External links
Page on Woodstock at the Walter Scott Digital Archive
, a painting by Frederick Nash, engraved by Lumb Stocks for the Forget Me Not annual, 1839, with illustrative verse by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.
1826 British novels
Novels by Walter Scott
Historical novels
Fiction set in 1651
Novels set in Oxfordshire
Constable & Co. books
Novels set during the English Civil War
Waverley Novels
Cultural depictions of Oliver Cromwell
Cultural depictions of Charles II of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock%20%28novel%29 |
"Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" is a song by Phil Collins from his second solo album Hello, I Must Be Going!. The song was the third single released from the album in the UK and charted at No. 45. It is notable for its 3D sleeve. The song was written around 1978-1979 during sessions for Face Value.
It was eventually released to adult contemporary stations in the USA in 2004, from his Love Songs compilation album, reaching #5.
Critical reception
On its release, Simon Tebbutt of Record Mirror wrote, "if the last single led you to believe the bloke had any get up and go, this will assure that it has all got up and gone. This is a song for elderly gentlemen who sit in exclusive clubs sipping brandy and mithering on about the good old days of the Sixties and Seventies." David Hepworth of Smash Hits expressed opposite opinion. He called song "marvellous". As per him "Phil Collins’ steady improvement as a songwriter is highlighted here by the way he effectively welds three distinct musical sections into a piece that’s guaranteed the become a late night radio regular."
Track listing
7": Virgin / VS 572 (UK)
"Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away"
"Thunder and Lightning"
12": Virgin / VS 572-12 (UK)
"Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away"
"And So to F" (Live)
Personnel
Phil Collins – acoustic piano, drums, vocals
Daryl Stuermer – guitars
John Giblin – bass
Martyn Ford – string arrangements and conductor
Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
The Mountain Fjord Orchestra – strings
Charts
References
1983 singles
Phil Collins songs
Virgin Records singles
Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham
Songs written by Phil Collins
Song recordings produced by Phil Collins
1982 songs
Atlantic Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Let%20Him%20Steal%20Your%20Heart%20Away |
The Annamalai University (informally titled as AU) is a public state university in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. The sprawling campus offers courses of higher education in arts, science, engineering, medical, management, humanities, agriculture, and physical education. The university also provides more than 500 courses through distance education. With over 32,480 students residing on campus, it is one of the largest unitary, teaching, and residential universities in Asia, and is among the most reputed and ranked universities in India including the rankings from NIRF, QS World University Rankings, Times University Rankings, CWTS Leiden Ranking, India Today Magazine, India Today MDRA, AISHE, ARIIA, SCImago Institutions Rankings.
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council has conferred accreditation to the university in the fourth cycle, and subsequently with its highest A+ grade in 2022. Annamalai University is also recognized among the top 18 universities in India having the 'Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA)' with a focus on drug development and climate change.Established in 1929, it is one of the oldest and among the most prestigious universities in India. The university was also ranked as 18th most influential institution in India and, It is also among the topmost google searched universities in India as well as in the World.
Annamalai University is a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) and The Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU). All the degrees awarded by Annamalai University senate are mutually recognized by all Indian Universities and Foreign Universities under the commonwealth fold. The (Division of Continuing Education or Directorate of Distance Education) of the university is also a permanent member of AMDISA (Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia) that provides the SAQS Accreditation (South Asian Quality System) to the Institutions.
History
The university was founded in 1929 by the entrepreneur Rajah Sir S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar in the aftermath of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. In the early 1920s, to serve the downtrodden and to promote Tamil literature, Rajah Sir S. R. M. Annamalai Chettiar founded Sri Minakshi College, Sri Minakshi Tamil College and Sri Minakshi Sanskrit College in a rural setup at Chidambaram. In 1928, Rajah Sir S. R. M. Annamalai Chettiar agreed with the local government to hand over the above said institution for establishing a university. Thus, on 1 January 1929 Annamalai University was established as per Annamalai University Act 1928 (Tamil Nadu Act 1 of 1929). The most significant development is the enactment of the Annamalai University Act, 2013 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 2013), which came into force from September 25, 2013, after obtaining the assent of the president of India.
Faculties
The university has ten faculties, namely agriculture, arts (including management studies), dentistry, education, engineering and technology, fine arts, Indian languages, marine sciences, Rajah Muthiah Medical College (medicine, de-affiliated in 2021) and science.
Organization and administration
Governance
The organizational structure of Annamalai University consists of the Senate, the Syndicate, the Academic Council, the faculties, the Finance Committee, and the Boards of studies. The governor of Tamil Nadu is the chancellor of the university. The vice-chancellor is the executive head of the university. The registrar of the university, who is the secretary of the Syndicate, is the custodian of all the records and chief administrator of the university. The examinations of the university is managed by Office of the Controller of Examinations.
Schools and departments
Annamalai University is one of the largest unitary, teaching, and residential Universities in Southern Asia consisting of 10 faculties and 49 departments of study. This university has played a pivotal role in providing access to higher education to thousands of youths cutting across the social spectrum, especially from economically and socially disadvantaged classes. In this respect, this university's service to the Nation is tremendous. Annamalai University is organized into ten main schools, each of which comprises multiple departments and centres as below.
Faculty of Arts
English, History, Political Science and Public Administration, Economics, Commerce, Sociology and Social Work, Population Studies, Business Administration, Library and Information Science, Centre for Rural Development, Philosophy.
Faculty of Science
Department of Mathematics, Department of Statistics, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Botany, Department of Zoology, Department of Earth Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Department of Computer and Information Science.
Faculty of Marine Sciences
Centre of Advanced Study (CAS)
Faculty of Indian Languages
Department of Tamil Studies Research, Hindi, Sanskrit, Center of Advanced Studies in Linguistics.
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing).
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Fine Arts
Nagaswaram, Thavil, Miruthangam, Flute, Bharathanaatiyam, Nattuvangam, Vocal, Thevaram
Faculty of Agriculture
Agronomy, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Agricultural Economics, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Extension.
Faculty of Medicine
Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Pediatrics, TB & Chest Disease, Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, Orthopaedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Anaesthesiology, Neuro Surgery, Urology, Plastic Surgery, Nursing, Emergency Medicine.
Faculty of Dentistry
Periodontology, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Medicine & Radiology, Public Health Dentistry, Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Microbiology, Anatomy, Pharmacology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.
Affiliated Colleges
In July 2021 Higher Education Minister of Tamil Nadu Mr K. Ponmudy announced to change the status of Annamalai University from unitary to affiliating university. The university have colleges affiliated to it from four districts, namely Cuddalore, Kallakurichi Mayiladuthurai and Villupuram. In his recent announcement 14 more colleges of Mayiladuthurai district merged with Annamalai University which was earlier affiliated with Bharathidasan University.
Controversies
In March 2022, the UGC warned students against enrolling for any online and distance learning courses offered by the university as it did not have the requisite recognition to do so from the UGC.
According to University Vice-Chancellor Mr. RM Kathiresan the degrees were offered as per the Madras High Court direction as the university is having a stay order to the UGC's direction imposing jurisdictional restriction is still valid. And all the hearings and proceedings were in the favour of our varsity. So Unless the UGC's gets that stay vacated the degree distance programmes are valid. He further added that a National Assessment and Accreditation Council review team visited the campus between March 16 and 18. As the results are expected anytime, we will go for distance education board approval and get it done. The problem will be sorted out soon.
Mr. R Singaravel, director of distance education at the university, said the students degree will not become invalid with the UGC notice. As we are the oldest and most prestigious university under Government of Tamil Nadu and offering our programmes before the existence of UGC and IGNOU.
UGC's circular that distance education courses at Annamalai University are not valid is incorrect. Contempt of court. The High Court issued a restraining order in our favor in 2018 in favor of the UGC Circular on the grounds that it was in our favor in relation to our university jurisdiction. The UGC reissued a similar circular while the injunction was in force. Subject to contempt of court. Students studying at our university actually have no legal issues. Their courses are legally valid.
University officials also stated that Annamalai University Act 1929 was signed and approved by both the then governor general of the British government and the governor general of the central government. The Annamalai University Act 2013 was approved by both the governor and the president of the state. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the Annamalai University. The same applies to the whole of India as it does to the central universities. Other state university laws are not like that. One approved by the governors of the State, & Annamalai University remote drive is something that appeared long before the emergence of Delhi IGNOU University. Distance Education as DEC. Something that appeared even before the Council appeared and announced the protocols.
In January 2023 Madras High Court protected and validated all the degrees and courses offered by the Annamalai University under Distance or Executive mode. The court in its order said that the operation of the notice was stayed earlier in 2016 and students were admitted legally and those students who have admitted and who have completed courses will not be affected by our order dismissing the writ petitions. As regards challenge to the circular restricting the education of students was stayed by the Madras High Court and those students who have completed their course will be entitled to their respective degrees by the Senate of Annamalai University. The court clearly stated that the students who have been enrolled in programmes under the protection of Interim orders of this court will stand protected and their degrees will be valid.
Academics
Accreditation
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council accredited Annamalai University with a grade of "A+" in 2022. The Faculty of Agriculture of Annamalai University is accredited with ICAR (NAEAB).
Rankings
On 6 August 2022 Annamalai University was ranked 15th in India overall among government universities by the magazine India Today.
Division of Continuing Education
The Annamalai University Directorate of Distance Education or Division of Continuing Education was established in 1979 and offers more than 500 courses, including MBAs. All study programmes offered by the Senate of the university are approved by the Distance Education Council (UGC-DEB) & All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). The B.Ed. programme is approved by the National Council for Teacher Education.
Annamalai University opened its first international office in Toronto, Canada, in 2006, named Annamalai Canada. As it does not have degree-granting authority in the province of Ontario, it acts as a recruitment office for international students for programs and courses in Tamil language, literature, arts, yoga and dance. It offers bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees awarded by Annamalai University's main campus.
Annamalai University is India's first and oldest university to offer Distance Education Programmes after receiving the assent from the central government.
Scholarships and Awards
A total of 356 scholarships and awards are given to eligible candidates every year.
Notable alumni
P. C. Alexander, Indian Administrative Service officer, former Governor of Tamil Nadu and Governor of Maharashtra
K. Anbazhagan, Former Member of Parliament of the Republic of India
Subbiah Arunachalam
Sridevi Ashok, television actress
C. Sylendra Babu, renowned Indian Police Service officer of Tamil Nadu cadre
K. Balachander, Indian director, producer, writer, actor, playwright, stage conductor, and comedian who worked mainly in the Tamil film industry; graduated in Zoology
Bala V. Balachandran, founder and Dean, Great Lakes Institute of Management, Chennai, India
K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), politician
R. K. Baliga, father of the Electronic City in Bangalore, India
T. K. Doraiswamy, poet and novelist
Ere. Elamvazhuthi, MLA for Cuddalore constituency of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1970 representing Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
Kulandei Francis, activist, social worker, recipient of the Magsaysay Award in 2012
R Gandhi, retired deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India
A. S. Gnanasambandan, Tamil writer, scholar and literary critic from Tamil Nadu, India
Kovai Gnani, writer and Marxist thinker
Ravi Gomatam, quantum physicist, director of Bhaktivedanta Institute and Institute for Semantic Information Sciences and Technology, Berkeley, and Mumbai
Vijay Govindarajan, best-selling author, Coxe Distinguished Professor at Tuck School at Dartmouth
Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer judge, presidential candidate, Minister for Law and Irrigation Kerala
Narayanaswamy Jayaraman, organic chemist and Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
D. R. Karthikeyan, Indian Police Service officer from Tamil Nadu
G. Nammalvar, agriculturist, scientist
V. Narayanasamy, politician, Former Chief Minister of Puducherry
K. A. Mathiazhagan, senate member of this university, Minister of Tamil Nadu and speaker of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
Vennira Aadai Moorthy, Tamil comedy actor
N. S. Satya Murthy – physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
G. Balakrish Nair, Indian microbiologist
K. S. Narayanaswamy, Carnatic veena exponent of the Thanjavur style
Nedumaran, Tamil politician from the state of Tamil Nadu, South India
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, former chief minister of Tamil Nadu
K. Ponmudy, Minister Of Higher Education
Vijaya T. Rajendar, Tamil actor, singer, director and politician
Panruti S. Ramachandran
Sujatha Ramdorai, professor of mathematics and Canada Research Chair at University of British Columbia
Savitha Reddy, dubbing artist in the southern India film industry
V. Sethuraman, dermatologist and actor
V. T. Sambanthan, fifth president of Malaysian Indian Congress and one of the founding fathers of Malaysia
E. V. Sampathkumaran, condensed matter physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
Narayanasami Sathyamurthy, scientist
Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan, forensic expert and Padma Bhushan recipient
S. S. Sivasankar, Minister of Tamil Nadu Transportation,Former Minister of Minorities MLA (Kunnam (State Assembly Constituency))
S. D. Somasundaram, former cabinet minister
S. Srinivasan, aerospace scientist and Padma Bhushan recipient
Vijayalakshmy Subramaniam, Carnatic music vocalist
M. Swaraj, MLA Kerala
Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan, Indian physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate (1976), UGC Raman Award (1983)
See also
List of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu
References
External links
Universities in Tamil Nadu
Education in Cuddalore district
Universities and colleges established in 1929
1929 establishments in India
Agricultural universities and colleges in India
Agriculture in Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalai%20University |
İzbırak (; ) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. It is located in the historical region of Tur Abdin.
In the village, there are churches of Mor Dimet and Mort Shmuni. There is also the ruins of the church of Mor Gabriel.
The village is populated by Assyrians and by Kurds of the Elîkan tribe had a population of 32 in 2021.
History
Zaz is identified as the settlement of Zazabukha, where the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II made camp whilst on campaign against Nairi and received tribute from Khabkhi in 879 BC. Arches on the north side of the church of Mor Dimet suggest pre-Christian buildings originally stood on the site. The church of Mor Dimet was constructed by 932, from which year a funerary inscription survives. A copy of the Syriac diptychs (, "Book of Life") written in the village in the early 16th century was found in 1909, but was lost in the Assyrian genocide.
By 1915, Zaz was exclusively inhabited by 2000 Assyrians, with 200 families, all of whom were adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church. Amidst the Assyrian genocide in the First World War, the village was attacked by Kurds in August 1915, and the villagers took refuge in the church of Mor Dimet and two large houses. After receiving assurances the villagers wouldn't be harmed, 365/366 Assyrians left the buildings, but were taken by the Kurds to a hill named Perbume between Zaz and Heştrek and slaughtered. A survivor of the massacre at Perbume returned to Zaz and warned the villagers, who subsequently held out for a month. Some survivors fled to Ayn Wardo.
An Ottoman official arrived at the village and assured the villagers of their safety, only to separate the young, who were given to Kurds from neighbouring villages, and split the remaining Assyrians in two groups. One group was sent to Kerboran, and the other was sent to Midyat, where they were forced to collect and bury the corpses of Assyrians who had been killed in the streets of those places, as well as pick up animal faeces. Those who did not die of hunger or thirst were killed once the corpses were buried. Some villagers who had survived the genocide were helped to return to Zaz in 1920 by Çelebi, agha (chief) of the Heverkan clan. A portico was added to the church of Mor Dimet in 1924.
In the early 1990s, there were skirmishes between paramilitaries, the Turkish military, and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants near the village as part of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. Paramilitaries and their relatives extorted 20 million Turkish lira from the villagers on 18 February 1992 on threat of killing the mukhtar Gevriye Akyol (village headman). The Assyrian villagers were forced to flee to Midyat in April 1993 upon receiving death threats from paramilitaries, and they remained there in the hope the situation would improve, but again received death threats on returning to Zaz in the summer. The four Kurdish families were allowed to remain, whereas the Assyrians emigrated to Europe, particularly Germany and Sweden.
The church of Mor Dimet was restored in the late 1990s by Assyrians in the diaspora, and a monk and nun took up residence in the church in 2001. It was reported that Kurds from neighbouring villages had seized the Assyrians' houses and land, damaged the church by pouring sewage into it, and verbally and physically abused the monk and nun.
Notable people
Masʿūd II of Ṭur ʿAbdin (1431-1512), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Tur Abdin
Hatune Doğan, Nun of the Syriac Orthodox Church
References
Bibliography
Neighbourhoods in Midyat District
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Tur Abdin
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zb%C4%B1rak%2C%20Midyat |
Tewligans was a famous live music venue in Louisville, Kentucky. The venue operated between 1981 and 1996 at 1047 Bardstown Road in the Highlands neighborhood. Tewligans changed ownership a number of times, being known for a short time by the name "Snagilwet," which is "Tewligans" spelled backwards.
Tewligans provided a local stage for local, regional and national acts including Kinghorse, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Smashing Pumpkins, Yo La Tengo, Slint, Widespread Panic, Squirrel Bait, Love Jones, NRBQ, Jonathan Richman, R.E.M., Crunchy Cereal, Steve Forbert, Kentucky Headhunters, A Flock of Seagulls, Bo Diddley, Guadalcanal Diary, Miracle Legion, U2, Fugazi, Rollins Band, T.S.O.L., Blue Rodeo, Royal Crescent Mob, Afghan Whigs, Mojo Nixon, Hasil Adkins, Stick People, Bodeco and many others.
The original plywood stage was demolished ca. 1991 and a new stage constructed using unfinished oak pallet lumber purchased from Hillerich & Bradsby.
Tewligans often hosted (illegal) afterhours parties for regular patrons who would drink free until whatever keg was in service had run dry. On other nights, patrons could walk the short distance to the infamous Hepburn House, wherein an afterhours speakeasy, The Cafe Ralph, operated.
Probably two of Tewligans' best known figures were the co-owners and creators of Tewligans, Doyle and Mary Guhy. They bought the venue in 1981, when it was still known as "The Funktion Junktion", a bar known for live Southern-rock music. Mary was known for her tough attitude, and was considered the bouncer of the venue.
The space reopened as "The Cherokee," which also operated as a live music venue. As of 2006, the location is operated as "Cahoots" and frequently features the same kinds of hardcore, punk rock and indie rock bands that used to grace the stage of Tewligans.
According to The Courier-Journal, '"Tewligans was a lifestyle."
References
http://louisville.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/2003/03/24/story7.html
http://www.courier-journal.com/blogs/vel23/2008/08/cahoots-concerts.html
Defunct companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
Culture of Louisville, Kentucky
Music venues completed in 1981
Companies disestablished in 1996
Former music venues in the United States
1981 establishments in Kentucky
1996 disestablishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewligans |
Robert Desiderio (born September 9, 1951) is an American actor best known for his roles on television. He starred as Steve Piermont in the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live (1982-83) opposite his future wife, Judith Light. He starred in the short-lived HBO drama series, Maximum Security (1984-85), the ABC crime drama Heart of the City (1986-87), and from 1988 to 1989 played Ted Melcher in the CBS prime time soap opera, Knots Landing.
Career
Desiderio first came to prominence in soap operas, appearing in daytime dramas such as Search for Tomorrow (1979–80), Ryan's Hope (1982) and One Life to Live (1982–83). In 1986–1987, he starred in the short-lived ABC primetime drama series Heart of the City. From 1988 to 1989 he had the recurring role of Ted Melcher in the CBS primetime soap opera, Knots Landing. He received Soap Opera Digest Awards nomination for Outstanding Villain: Prime Time.
Desiderio also had recurring roles on MacGruder and Loud, Cheers and The Sopranos, and guest-starred in The A-Team, Remington Steele, The Fall Guy, Matlock, Family Ties, Murder, She Wrote, Murphy Brown and Ugly Betty. He appeared in a number of made for television movies, include The Princess and the Cabbie and Once You Meet a Stranger. His feature film credits including Oh, God! You Devil (1984) and Gross Anatomy (1989). In 1996, he appeared alongside his wife in the documentary Paul Monette: The Brink of Summer's End.
Desiderio co-wrote the 2007 film Save Me starring Chad Allen and his wife Judith Light.
Personal life
Desiderio was born in The Bronx, the son of Mary (née Demattia) and Anthony J. Desiderio. He and actress Judith Light married in 1985. They have no children.
References
External links
1951 births
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Male actors from New York City
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Desiderio |
The Greek genocide (), which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, against the indigenous Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert, expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments. Several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece (adding over a quarter to the prior population of Greece). Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire.
By late 1922, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had either fled or had been killed. Those remaining were transferred to Greece under the terms of the later 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which formalized the exodus and barred the return of the refugees. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy.
The Allies of World War I condemned the Ottoman government–sponsored massacres. In 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars passed a resolution recognising the Ottoman campaign against its Christian minorities, including the Greeks, as genocide. Some other organisations have also passed resolutions recognising the Ottoman campaign against these Christian minorities as genocide, as have the national legislatures of Greece, Cyprus, the United States, Sweden, Armenia, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic.
Background
At the outbreak of World War I, Asia Minor was ethnically diverse, its population included Turks and Azeris, as well as groups that had inhabited the region prior to the Ottoman conquest, including Pontic Greeks, Caucasus Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Zazas, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians, Jews, and Laz people.
Among the causes of the Turkish campaign against the Greek-speaking Christian population was a fear that they would welcome liberation by the Ottoman Empire's enemies, and a belief among some Turks that to form a modern country in the era of nationalism it was necessary to purge from their territories all minorities who could threaten the integrity of an ethnically based Turkish nation.
According to a German military attaché, the Ottoman minister of war Ismail Enver had declared in October 1915 that he wanted to "solve the Greek problem during the war … in the same way he believe[d] he solved the Armenian problem", referring to the Armenian genocide. Germany and the Ottoman Empire were allies immediately before, and during, World War I. By 31 January 1917, the Chancellor of Germany Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg reported that:
Origin of the Greek minority
The Greek presence in Asia Minor dates at least from the Late Bronze Age (1450 BC). The Greek poet Homer lived in the region around 800 BC. The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor, and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century BC), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC). Greeks referred to the Black Sea as the "Euxinos Pontos" or "hospitable sea" and starting in the eighth century BC they began navigating its shores and settling along its Anatolian coast. The most notable Greek cities of the Black Sea were Trebizond, Sampsounta, Sinope and Heraclea Pontica.
During the Hellenistic period (334 BC – 1st century BC), which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture and language began to dominate even the interior of Asia Minor. The Hellenization of the region accelerated under Roman and early Byzantine rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Indo-European Anatolian languages had become extinct, being replaced by the Koine Greek language. From this point until the late Middle Ages all of the indigenous inhabitants of Asia Minor practiced Christianity (called Greek Orthodox Christianity after the East–West Schism with the Catholics in 1054) and spoke Greek as their first language.
The resultant Greek culture in Asia Minor flourished during a millennium of rule (4th century – 15th century AD) under the mainly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire. Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including Saint Nicholas (270–343 AD), rhetorician John Chrysostomos (349–407 AD), Hagia Sophia architect Isidore of Miletus (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including the Phokas (10th century) and Komnenos (11th century), and Renaissance scholars George of Trebizond (1395–1472) and Basilios Bessarion (1403–1472).
Thus, when the Turkic peoples began their late medieval conquest of Asia Minor, Byzantine Greek citizens were the largest group of inhabitants there. Even after the Turkic conquests of the interior, the mountainous Black Sea coast of Asia Minor remained the heart of a populous Greek Christian state, the Empire of Trebizond, until its eventual conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, a year after the Ottomans conquered the area of Europe which is now the Greek mainland. Over the next four centuries the Greek natives of Asia Minor gradually became a minority in these lands under the now dominant Turkic culture.
Events
Post-Balkan Wars
Beginning in the spring of 1913, the Ottomans implemented a programme of expulsions and forcible migrations, focusing on Greeks of the Aegean region and eastern Thrace, whose presence in these areas was deemed a threat to national security. The Ottoman government adopted a "dual-track mechanism" allowing it to deny responsibility for and prior knowledge of this campaign of intimidation, emptying Christian villages. The involvement in certain cases of local military and civil functionaries in planning and executing anti-Greek violence and looting led ambassadors of Greece and the Great Powers and the Patriarchate to address complaints to the Sublime Porte. In protest to government inaction in the face of these attacks and to the so-called "Muslim boycott" of Greek products that had begun in 1913, the Patriarchate closed Greek churches and schools in June 1914. Responding to international and domestic pressure, Talat Pasha headed a visit in Thrace in April 1914 and later in the Aegean to investigate reports and try to soothe bilateral tension with Greece. While claiming that he had no involvement or knowledge of these events, Talat met with Kuşçubaşı Eşref, head of the "cleansing" operation in the Aegean littoral, during his tour and advised him to be cautious not to be "visible". Also, after 1913 there were organized boycotts against the Greeks, initiated by the Ottoman Interior Ministry who asked the empire's provinces to start them. The British ambassador in Constantinople at that time described the boycott as a direct result of the Committee of Union and Progress and that "Committee emissaries are everywhere instigating the people", adding that every person, Greek or Muslim, who entered a non-Muslim shop was beaten.
One of the worst attacks of this campaign took place in Phocaea (Greek: Φώκαια), on the night of 12 June 1914, a town in western Anatolia next to Smyrna, where Turkish irregular troops destroyed the city, killing 50 or 100 civilians and causing its population to flee to Greece. French eyewitness Charles Manciet states that the atrocities he had witnessed at Phocaea were of an organized nature that aimed at circling Christian peasant populations of the region. In another attack against Serenkieuy, in Menemen district, the villagers formed armed resistance groups but only a few managed to survive being outnumbered by the attacking Muslim irregular bands. During the summer of the same year the Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa), assisted by government and army officials, conscripted Greek men of military age from Thrace and western Anatolia into Labour Battalions in which hundreds of thousands died. These conscripts, after being sent hundreds of miles into the interior of Anatolia, were employed in road-making, building, tunnel excavating and other field work; but their numbers were heavily reduced through privations and ill-treatment and through outright massacre by their Ottoman guards.
Following similar accords made with Bulgaria and Serbia, the Ottoman Empire signed a small voluntary population exchange agreement with Greece on 14 November 1913. Another such agreement was signed 1 July 1914 for the exchange of some "Turks" (that is, Muslims) of Greece for some Greeks of Aydin and Western Thrace, after the Ottomans had forced these Greeks from their homes in response to the Greek annexation of several islands. The swap was never completed due to the eruption of World War I. While discussions for population exchanges were still conducted, Special Organization units attacked Greek villages forcing their inhabitants to abandon their homes for Greece, being replaced with Muslim refugees.
The forceful expulsion of Christians of western Anatolia, especially Ottoman Greeks, has many similarities with policy towards the Armenians, as observed by US ambassador Henry Morgenthau and historian Arnold Toynbee. In both cases, certain Ottoman officials, such as Şükrü Kaya, Nazım Bey and Mehmed Reshid, played a role; Special Organization units and labour battalions were involved; and a dual plan was implemented combining unofficial violence and the cover of state population policy. This policy of persecution and ethnic cleansing was expanded to other parts of the Ottoman Empire, including Greek communities in Pontus, Cappadocia, and Cilicia.
World War I
According to a newspaper of the time, in November 1914, Turkish troops destroyed Christian properties and murdered several Christians at Trabzon. After November 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Greek population shifted; state policy was restricted to the forceful migration to the Anatolian hinterland of Greeks living in coastal areas, particularly the Black Sea region, close to the Turkish-Russian front. This change of policy was due to a German demand for the persecution of Ottoman Greeks to stop, after Eleftherios Venizelos had made this a condition of Greece's neutrality when speaking to the German ambassador in Athens. Venizelos also threatened to undertake a similar campaign against Muslims that were living in Greece if Ottoman policy did not change. While the Ottoman government tried to implement this change in policy, it was unsuccessful and attacks, even murders, continued to occur unpunished by local officials in the provinces, despite repeated instructions in cables sent from the central administration. Arbitrary violence and extortion of money intensified later, providing ammunition for the Venizelists arguing that Greece should join the Entente.
In July 1915 the Greek chargé d'affaires claimed that the deportations "can not be any other issue than an annihilation war against the Greek nation in Turkey and as measures hereof they have been implementing forced conversions to Islam, in obvious aim to, that if after the end of the war there again would be a question of European intervention for the protection of the Christians, there will be as few of them left as possible." According to George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office, by 1918 "over 500,000 Greeks were deported of whom comparatively few survived". In his memoirs, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1913 and 1916 wrote "Everywhere the Greeks were gathered in groups and, under the so-called protection of Turkish gendarmes, they were transported, the larger part on foot, into the interior. Just how many were scattered in this fashion is not definitely known, the estimates varying anywhere from 200,000 up to 1,000,000."
Despite the shift of policy, the practice of evacuating Greek settlements and relocating the inhabitants was continued, albeit on a limited scale. Relocation was targeted at specific regions that were considered militarily vulnerable, not the whole of the Greek population. As a 1919 Patriarchate account records, the evacuation of many villages was accompanied with looting and murders, while many died as a result of not having been given the time to make the necessary provisions or of being relocated to uninhabitable places.
State policy towards Ottoman Greeks changed again in the fall of 1916. With Entente forces occupying Lesbos, Chios and Samos since spring, the Russians advancing in Anatolia and Greece expected to enter the war siding with the Allies, preparations were made for the deportation of Greeks living in border areas. In January 1917 Talat Pasha sent a cable for the deportation of Greeks from the Samsun district "thirty to fifty kilometres inland" taking care for "no assaults on any persons or property". However, the execution of government decrees, which took a systematic form from December 1916, when Behaeddin Shakir came to the region, was not conducted as ordered: men were taken in labour battalions, women and children were attacked, villages were looted by Muslim neighbours. As such in March 1917 the population of Ayvalık, a town of c. 30,000 inhabitants on the Aegean coast was forcibly deported to the interior of Anatolia under order by German General Liman von Sanders. The operation included death marches, looting, torture and massacre against the civilian population. Germanos Karavangelis, the bishop of Samsun, reported to the Patriarchate that thirty thousands had been deported to the Ankara region and the convoys of the deportees had been attacked, with many being killed. Talat Pasha ordered an investigation for the looting and destruction of Greek villages by bandits. Later in 1917 instructions were sent to authorize military officials with the control of the operation and to broaden its scope, now including persons from cities in the coastal region. However, in certain areas Greek populations remained undeported.
Greek deportees were sent to live in Greek villages in the inner provinces or, in some case, villages where Armenians were living before being deported. Greek villages evacuated during the war due to military concerns were then resettled with Muslim immigrants and refugees. According to cables sent to the provinces during this time, abandoned movable and non-movable Greek property was not to be liquidated, as that of the Armenians, but "preserved".
On 14 January 1917 Cossva Anckarsvärd, Sweden's Ambassador to Constantinople, sent a dispatch regarding the decision to deport the Ottoman Greeks:
According to Rendel, atrocities such as deportations involving death marches, starvation in labour camps etc. were referred to as "white massacres". Ottoman official Rafet Bey was active in the genocide of the Greeks and in November 1916, Austrian consul in Samsun, Kwiatkowski, reported that he said to him "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians ... today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight".
Pontic Greeks responded by forming insurgent groups, which carried weapons salvaged from the battlefields of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I or directly supplied by the Russian army. In 1920, the insurgents reached their peak in regard to manpower numbering 18,000 men. On 15 November 1917, Ozakom delegates agreed to create a unified army composed of ethnically homogeneous units, Greeks were allotted a division consisting of three regiments. The Greek Caucasus Division was thus formed out of ethnic Greeks serving in Russian units stationed in the Caucasus and raw recruits from among the local population including former insurgents. The division took part in numerous engagements against the Ottoman army as well as Muslim and Armenian irregulars, safeguarding the withdrawal of Greek refugees into the Russian held Caucasus, before being disbanded in the aftermath of the Treaty of Poti.
Greco-Turkish War
After the Ottoman Empire capitulated on 30 October 1918, it came under the de jure control of the victorious Entente Powers. However, the latter failed to bring the perpetrators of the genocide to justice, although in the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 a number of leading Ottoman officials were accused of ordering massacres against both Greeks and Armenians. Thus, killings, massacres and deportations continued under the pretext of the national movement of Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk).
In an October 1920 report a British officer describes the aftermath of the massacres at İznik in north-western Anatolia in which he estimated that at least 100 decomposed mutilated bodies of men, women and children were present in and around a large cave about 300 yards outside the city walls.
The systematic massacre and deportation of Greeks in Asia Minor, a program which had come into effect in 1914, was a precursor to the atrocities perpetrated by both the Greek and Turkish armies during the Greco-Turkish War, a conflict which followed the Greek landing at Smyrna in May 1919 and continued until the retaking of Smyrna by the Turks and the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922. Rudolph Rummel estimated the death toll of the fire at 100,000 Greeks and Armenians, who perished in the fire and accompanying massacres. According to Norman M. Naimark "more realistic estimates range between 10,000 to 15,000" for the casualties of the Great Fire of Smyrna. Some 150,000 to 200,000 Greeks were expelled after the fire, while about 30,000 able-bodied Greek and Armenian men were deported to the interior of Asia Minor, most of whom were executed on the way or died under brutal conditions. George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office noted the massacres and deportations of Greeks during the Greco-Turkish War. According to estimates by Rudolph Rummel, between 213,000 and 368,000 Anatolian Greeks were killed between 1919 and 1922. There were also massacres of Turks carried out by the Hellenic troops during the occupation of western Anatolia from May 1919 to September 1922.
For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal: "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris."
Relief efforts
In 1917 a relief organization by the name of the Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor was formed in response to the deportations and massacres of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire. The committee worked in cooperation with the Near East Relief in distributing aid to Ottoman Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor. The organisation disbanded in the summer of 1921 but Greek relief work was continued by other aid organisations.
Contemporary accounts
German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, as well as the 1922 memorandum compiled by British diplomat George W. Rendel on "Turkish Massacres and Persecutions", provided evidence for series of systematic massacres and ethnic cleansing of the Greeks in Asia Minor. The quotes have been attributed to various diplomats, including the German ambassadors Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim and Richard von Kühlmann, the German vice-consul in Samsun Kuchhoff, Austria's ambassador Pallavicini and Samsun consul Ernst von Kwiatkowski, and the Italian unofficial agent in Angora Signor Tuozzi. Other quotes are from clergymen and activists, including the German missionary Johannes Lepsius, and Stanley Hopkins of the Near East Relief. Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied to the Ottoman Empire in World War I.
The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Ottoman officials, including the Ottoman Prime Minister Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Rafet Bey, Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha.
Additionally, The New York Times and its correspondents made extensive references to the events, recording massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other "atrocities" for Greek, Armenian and also for British and American citizens and government officials. Australian press also had some coverage of the events.
Henry Morgenthau, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the desert of other hundreds of thousands, [and] the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey". However, months prior to the First World War, 100,000 Greeks were deported to Greek islands or the interior which Morgenthau stated, "for the larger part these were bona-fide deportations; that is, the Greek inhabitants were actually removed to new places and were not subjected to wholesale massacre. It was probably the reason that the civilized world did not protest against these deportations".
US Consul-General George Horton, whose account has been criticised by scholars as anti-Turkish, claimed, "One of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was '50–50'." On this issue he comments: "Had the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pontus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50–50—almost." As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct ... toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country's history".
Casualties
According to Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi in The Thirty-Year Genocide, as a result of Ottoman and Turkish state policy, "several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks had died. Either they were murdered outright or were the intentional victims of hunger, disease, and exposure."
For the whole of the period between 1914 and 1922 and for the whole of Anatolia, there are academic estimates of death toll ranging from 289,000 to 750,000. The figure of 750,000 is suggested by political scientist Adam Jones. Scholar Rudolph Rummel compiled various figures from several studies to estimate lower and higher bounds for the death toll between 1914 and 1923. He estimates that 84,000 Greeks were exterminated from 1914 to 1918, and 264,000 from 1919 to 1922. The total number reaching 347,000. Historian Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou writes that "loss of life among Anatolian Greeks during the WWI period and its aftermath was approximately 735,370". Erik Sjöberg states that "[a]ctivists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths" over what he considers "the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000".
Some contemporary sources claimed different death tolls. The Greek government collected figures together with the Patriarchate to claim that a total of one million people were massacred. A team of American researchers found in the early postwar period that the total number of Greeks killed may approach 900,000 people. Edward Hale Bierstadt, writing in 1924, stated that "According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation." On 4 November 1918, Emanuel Efendi, an Ottoman deputy of Aydin, criticised the ethnic cleansing of the previous government and reported that 550,000 Greeks had been killed in the coastal regions of Anatolia (including the Black Sea coast) and Aegean Islands during the deportations.
According to various sources the Greek death toll in the Pontus region of Anatolia ranges from 300,000 to 360,000. Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus. According to George K. Valavanis, "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March 1924, can be estimated at 353,000, as a result of murders, hangings, and from punishment, disease, and other hardships." Valavanis derived this figure from the 1922 record of the Central Pontian Council in Athens based on the Black Book of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, to which he adds "50,000 new martyrs", which "came to be included in the register by spring 1924".
Aftermath
Article 142 of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, prepared after the first World War, called the wartime Turkish regime "terrorist" and contained provisions "to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey during the war." The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified by the Turkish government and ultimately was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne. That treaty was accompanied by a "Declaration of Amnesty", without containing any provision in respect to punishment of war crimes.
In 1923, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulted in a near-complete ending of the Greek ethnic presence in Turkey and a similar ending of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. According to the Greek census of 1928, 1,104,216 Ottoman Greeks had reached Greece. It is impossible to know exactly how many Greek inhabitants of Turkey died between 1914 and 1923, and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were expelled to Greece or fled to the Soviet Union. Some of the survivors and expelled took refuge in the neighboring Russian Empire (later, Soviet Union). Similar plans for a population exchange had been negotiated earlier, in 1913–1914, between Ottoman and Greek officials during the first stage of the Greek genocide but had been interrupted by the onset of World War I.
In December 1924, The New York Times reported that 400 tonnes of human bones consigned to manufacturers were transported from Mudania to Marseille, which might be the remains of massacred victims in Asia Minor.
In 1955, the Istanbul Pogrom caused most of the remaining Greek inhabitants of Istanbul to flee the country. Historian Alfred-Maurice de Zayas identifies the pogrom as a crime against humanity and he states that the flight and migration of Greeks afterwards corresponds to the "intent to destroy in whole or in part" criteria of the Genocide Convention.
Genocide recognition
Terminology
The word genocide was coined in the early 1940s, the era of the Holocaust, by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer of Jewish descent. In his writings on genocide, Lemkin is known to have detailed the fate of Greeks in Turkey. In August 1946 the New York Times reported:
The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1948 and came into force in January 1951. It includes a legal definition of genocide.
Before the creation of the term "genocide", the destruction of the Ottoman Greeks was known by Greeks as "the Massacre" (in Greek: ), "the Great Catastrophe" (), or "the Great Tragedy" (). The Ottoman and Kemalist nationalist massacres of the Greeks in Anatolia, constituted genocide under the initial definition and international criminal application of the term, as in the international criminal tribunals authorized by the United Nations.
Academic discussion
In December 2007 the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) passed a resolution affirming that the 1914–23 campaign against Ottoman Greeks constituted genocide "qualitatively similar" to the Armenian genocide. IAGS President Gregory Stanton urged the Turkish government to finally acknowledge the three genocides: "The history of these genocides is clear, and there is no more excuse for the current Turkish government, which did not itself commit the crimes, to deny the facts." Drafted by Canadian scholar Adam Jones, the resolution was adopted on 1 December 2007 with the support of 83% of all voting IAGS members. Several scholars researching the Armenian genocide, such as Peter Balakian, Taner Akçam, Richard Hovannisian and Robert Melson, however stated that "the issue had to be further researched before a resolution was passed."
Manus Midlarsky notes a disjunction between statements of genocidal intent against the Greeks by Ottoman officials and their actions, pointing to the containment of massacres in selected "sensitive" areas and the large numbers of Greek survivors at the end of the war. Because of cultural and political ties of the Ottoman Greeks with European powers, Midlarsky argues, genocide was "not a viable option for the Ottomans in their case." Taner Akçam refers to contemporary accounts noting the difference in government treatment of Ottoman Greeks and Armenians during WW I and concludes that "despite the increasingly severe wartime policies, in particular for the period between late 1916 and the first months of 1917, the government's treatment of the Greeks – although comparable in some ways to the measures against the Armenians – differed in scope, intent, and motivation."
Some historians, including , , and Andrekos Varnava argue that the persecution of Greeks was ethnic cleansing or deportation, but not genocide. This is also a position of some Greek mainstream historians; according to Aristide Caratzas this is due to a number of factors, "which range from governmental reticence to criticize Turkey to spilling over into the academic world, to ideological currents promoting a diffuse internationalism cultivated by a network of NGOs, often supported by western governments and western interests". Others, such as Dominik J. Schaller and Jürgen Zimmerer, argue that the "genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks" was "obvious". The historians Samuel Totten and Paul R. Bartrop, who specialize on the history of genocides, also call it a genocide; so is Alexander Kitroeff. Another scholar who considers it a genocide is Hannibal Travis; he also adds that the widespread attacks by the successive governments of Turkey, on the homes, places of worship, and heritage of minority communities since the 1930s, constitute cultural genocide as well.
Dror Ze'evi and Benny Morris, authors of The Thirty-Year Genocide, write that "the story about what happened in Turkey is much broader and deeper [than just the Armenian genocide]. It's deeper because it isn't just about World War I, but about a series of homicidal ethno-religious cleansings that took place from the late 1890s to the 1920s and beyond. It is wider because the victims weren't only Armenians. Alongside hundreds of thousands of Armenians... Greeks and Assyrians... were massacred in similar numbers... We estimate that during the 30 year period that we studied between a million and a half and two and a half million Christians from all three religious groups were murdered or intentionally left for dead of starvation and sickness, and millions of others were deported and lost everything. In addition, tens of thousands of Christians were forced to convert, and many thousands of girls and women were raped by their Muslim neighbors and the security forces. The Turks even set up markets where Christian girls were sold as sex slaves. These horrendous acts were committed by three entirely different regimes: the authoritarian-Islamist regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the wartime regime of the Committee of Union and Progress ("The Young Turks") led by Talaat and Enver, and the nationalist-secular post-war regime of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."
Political recognition
Following an initiative of MPs of the so-called "patriotic" wing of the ruling PASOK party's parliamentary group and like-minded MPs of conservative New Democracy, the Greek Parliament passed two laws on the fate of the Ottoman Greeks; the first in 1994 and the second in 1998. The decrees were published in the Greek Government Gazette on 8 March 1994 and 13 October 1998 respectively. The 1994 decree, created by Georgios Daskalakis, affirmed the genocide in the Pontus region of Asia Minor and designated 19 May (the day Mustafa Kemal landed in Samsun in 1919) a day of commemoration, (called Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day) while the 1998 decree affirmed the genocide of Greeks in Asia Minor as a whole and designated 14 September a day of commemoration. These laws were signed by the President of Greece but were not immediately ratified after political interventions. After leftist newspaper I Avgi initiated a campaign against the application of this law, the subject became subject of a political debate. The president of the left-ecologist Synaspismos party Nikos Konstantopoulos and historian Angelos Elefantis, known for his books on the history of Greek communism, were two of the major figures of the political left who expressed their opposition to the decree. However, the non-parliamentary left-wing nationalist intellectual and author George Karabelias bitterly criticized Elefantis and others opposing the recognition of genocide and called them "revisionist historians", accusing the Greek mainstream left of a "distorted ideological evolution". He said that for the Greek left 19 May is a "day of amnesia".
In the late 2000s the Communist Party of Greece adopted the term "Genocide of the Pontic (Greeks)" () in its official newspaper Rizospastis and participates in memorial events.
The Republic of Cyprus has also officially called the events "Greek Genocide in Pontus of Asia Minor".
In response to the 1998 law, the Turkish government released a statement which claimed that describing the events as genocide was "without any historical basis". "We condemn and protest this resolution" a Turkish Foreign Ministry statement said. "With this resolution the Greek Parliament, which in fact has to apologize to the Turkish people for the large-scale destruction and massacres Greece perpetrated in Anatolia, not only sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history, but it also displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive," the statement added.
On 11 March 2010, Sweden's Riksdag passed a motion recognising "as an act of genocide the killing of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks in 1915".
On 14 May 2013, the government of New South Wales was submitted a genocide recognition motion by Fred Nile of the Christian Democratic Party, which was later passed making it the fourth political entity to recognise the genocide.
In March 2015, the National Assembly of Armenia unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing both the Greek and Assyrian genocides.
In April 2015, the States General of the Netherlands and the Austrian Parliament passed resolutions recognizing the Greek and Assyrian genocides.
Reasons for limited recognition
The United Nations, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe have not made any related statements. According to Constantine Fotiadis, professor of Modern Greek History at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, some of the reasons for the lack of wider recognition and delay in seeking acknowledgement of these events are as follows:
In contrast to the Treaty of Sèvres, the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 dealt with these events by making no reference or mention, and thus sealed the end of the Asia Minor Catastrophe.
A subsequent peace treaty (Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship in June 1930) between Greece and Turkey. Greece made several concessions to settle all open issues between the two countries in return for peace in the region.
The Second World War, the Civil War, the Military junta and the political turmoil in Greece that followed, forced Greece to focus on its survival and other problems rather than seek recognition of these events.
The political environment of the Cold War, in which Turkey and Greece were supposed to be allies – facing one common Communist enemy – not adversaries or competitors.
In his book With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide, Colin Tatz argues that Turkey denies the genocide so as not to jeopardize "its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East".
In their book Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevin White present a list of reasons explaining Turkey's inability to admit the genocides committed by the Young Turks, writing:
They propose the following reasons for the denial of the genocides by Turkey:
Genocide as a model for future crimes
According to Stefan Ihrig, Kemal's "model" remained active for the Nazi movement in Weimar Germany and the Third Reich until the end of World War II. Adolf Hitler had declared that he considered himself a "student" of Kemal, whom he referred to as his "star in the darkness", while the latter's contribution to the formation of National Socialist ideology is intensely apparent in Nazi literature. Kemal and his new Turkey of 1923 constituted the archetype of the "perfect Führer" and of "good national practices" for Nazism. The news media of the Third Reich emphasised the "Turkish model" and continuously praised the "benefits" of ethnic cleansing and genocide. Hitler referred to Kemal as being of Germanic descent.
Hitler's National Socialist Party, from its first steps, had used the methods of the Turkish state as a standard to draw inspiration from. The official Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter ("Völkisch Observer"), on its February 1921 issue, stressed with admiration in an article titled "The Role Model": "The German nation will one day have no other choice but to resort to Turkish methods as well."
A Nazi publication of 1925 exalted the new Turkish state for its "cleansing" policy, which "threw the Greek element to the sea". The majority of writers of the Third Reich stressed that the double genocide (against Greeks and Armenians) was a prerequisite for the success of the new Turkey, the NSDAP claimed: "Only through the annihilation of the Greek and the Armenian tribes in Anatolia was the creation of a Turkish national state and the formation of an unflawed Turkish body of society within one state possible."
Memorials
Memorials commemorating the plight of Ottoman Greeks have been erected throughout Greece, as well as in a number of other countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States.
Literature
The Greek genocide is remembered in a number of modern works.
Not Even My Name by Thea Halo is the story of the survival, at age ten, of her mother Sano (Themia) Halo (original name Euthemia "Themia" Barytimidou, Pontic Greek: ), along the death march during the Greek genocide that annihilated her family. The title refers to Themia being renamed to Sano by an Arabic-speaking family who could not pronounce her Greek name, after they took her in as a servant during the Greek genocide.
Number 31328 is an autobiography by the Greek novelist Elias Venezis that tells of his experiences during the Greek genocide on a death march into the interior from his native home in Ayvali (Greek: , ), Turkey. Of the 3000 "conscripted" into his "labour brigade" (otherwise known as Amele Taburlari or Amele Taburu) only 23 survived. The title refers to the number assigned to Elias by the Turkish army during the death march. The book was made into a movie called 1922 by Nikos Koundouros in 1978, but was banned in Greece until 1982 because of pressure from the Turkish Foreign Ministry who complained that the film would ruin Greek-Turkish relations.
See also
Armenian genocide
Assyrian genocide
Burning of Smyrna
Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)
Greek refugees
Human rights in Turkey
Istanbul pogrom
İzmit massacres
Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
Republic of Pontus
Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
References
Citations
Sources
Notes
Bibliography
Contemporary accounts
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Secondary sources
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Naimark, Norman M. (2001). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
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Further reading
Books
Andreadis, George, Tamama: The Missing Girl of Pontos, Athens: Gordios, 1993.
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Compton, Carl C. The Morning Cometh, New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1986.
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. In fourteen volumes, including eleven volumes of materials (vols. 4–14).
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King, Charles (2005). The Black Sea: A History, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Koromila, Marianna (2002). The Greeks and the Black Sea, Panorama Cultural Society.
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Housepian Dobkin, Marjorie. Smyrna 1922: the Destruction of a City, New York, NY: Newmark Press, 1998.
Lieberman, Benjamin (2006). Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe, Ivan R. Dee.
de Murat, Jean. The Great Extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: the historic and systematic deception of world opinion concerning the hideous Christianity's uprooting of 1922, Miami, FL (Athens, GR: A. Triantafillis) 1999.
Papadopoulos, Alexander. Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European War: on the basis of official documents, New York: Oxford University Press, American branch, 1919.
Pavlides, Ioannis. Pages of History of Pontus and Asia Minor, Salonica, GR, 1980.
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Sjöberg, Erik. THE MAKING OF THE GREEK GENOCIDE Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe, , 2016.
Shenk, Robert. "America's Black Sea Fleet - The U.S. Navy Amid War and Revolution,1919-1923", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2012
Tsirkinidis, Harry. At last we uprooted them... The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French archives, Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros, 1999.
Ward, Mark H. The Deportations in Asia Minor 1921–1922, London: Anglo-Hellenic League, 1922.
Articles
External links
Bibliography at Greek Genocide Resource Center
"Massacre of Greeks Charged to the Turks",The Atlanta Constitution. 17 June 1914.
"Reports Massacres of Greeks in Pontus; Central Council Says They Attend Execution of Prominent Natives for Alleged Rebellion." The New York Times. Sunday 6 November 1921.
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
Genocides in Asia
Ethnic cleansing in Europe
Ethnic cleansing in Asia
Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Pontus
World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire
Death marches
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Turkish War of Independence
History of Greece (1909–1924)
Modern history of Turkey
Committee of Union and Progress
Greece–Turkey relations
Anti-Christian sentiment in Turkey
Anti-Greek sentiment
Persecution of Greeks in Turkey
Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century
1910s in the Ottoman Empire
1920s in the Ottoman Empire
1920s in Turkey
Massacres of Christians
Persecution by Muslims
Events that led to courts-martial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20genocide |
James Robert Lemon (March 23, 1928 – May 14, 2006) was an American right and left fielder, manager and coach in Major League Baseball. A powerful, right-handed hitting and throwing outfielder, Lemon teamed with first baseman Roy Sievers and later with slugger Harmon Killebrew and outfielder Bob Allison to form the most formidable home run-hitting tandem in the 60-year history of the first modern-era Washington Senators franchise.
Playing career
Born in Covington, Virginia, the , Lemon was known as "Bob" before he signed with the Cleveland Indians in 1948. He became known as "Jim Lemon" to avoid confusion with Indians' Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Lemon, but he never won a regular job with Cleveland. Instead, Lemon was a "late-bloomer" who required several trips to the minor leagues before finally winning a regular berth with the 1956 Senators at the age of 28.
A free-swinger who three times led the American League in striking out, Lemon and his teammates benefitted from new Washington owner Calvin Griffith's decision to move the left field fences closer to home plate in the Senators' cavernous ballpark, Griffith Stadium. Lemon smashed 27 homers in 1956, also leading the league in triples, then followed with 26 (1958), 33 (1959) and 38 (1960). He twice compiled over 100 runs batted in and became a favorite of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower after Eisenhower attended Lemon's 3-home-run performance at Griffith Stadium in 1956.
However, the home run exploits of Lemon and his teammates were more than offset by poor pitching, and after multiple second-division finishes in the AL, Griffith moved the Senators to Minneapolis–Saint Paul after the 1960 campaign to become the Minnesota Twins. But Lemon left his stroke behind in Washington, and after only 14 homers in Minnesota in 1961 and an injury-ruined 1962, his career wound down quickly. His last year as a player, 1963, was divided among the Twins, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox. All told, he appeared in 1,010 games over all or parts of 12 major league seasons and batted .262 with 164 home runs.
Coach and manager
Lemon remained in the game as a coach for the Twins, serving two different terms (1965–67; 1981–84) in that role, including with the 1965 pennant-winning team. In between, in 1968, he returned to Washington as manager of the expansion Senators, but his popularity as a player did not translate to a successful managerial record. His club finished last in the ten-team American League, winning 65 games and losing 96 (.404)—but it did feature a fearsome, right-handed power-hitter in Frank Howard. Lemon was fired after only one season, replaced by Ted Williams.
As a native son, and to honor his batting achievements with the original Senators, he was elected to the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.
Jim Lemon died from cancer at the age of 78 at his Brandon, Mississippi home.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
References
The Baseball Encyclopedia, tenth edition. New York: MacMillan USA, 1996.
External links
Bio from Cool of the Evening: The 1965 Minnesota Twins
Excerpt from a 1953 film following Lemon's progress in spring training
1928 births
2006 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Virginia
Bloomingdale Troopers players
Deaths from cancer in Mississippi
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Minnesota Twins coaches
Minnesota Twins players
Oklahoma City Indians players
People from Covington, Virginia
People from Brandon, Mississippi
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsfield Electrics players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Lemon |
Tawakkul () in the Arabic language, is the word for the Islamic concept of the reliance on God or "trusting in God's plan". It is seen as "perfect trust in God and reliance on Him alone." It can also be referred to as God-consciousness. In fact, the Qur'an speaks of the fact that success is only achieved when trust is in God and the believer is steadfast and obeys God's commands.
Tawakkul as a theological concept was formalized by Shaqiq al-Balkhi (d. 810), who defined it as a spiritual state or hal. Tawakkul is also considered a natural result of extreme zuhd. Zuhd can be described as being based on tawakkul or "trust in God alongside love of poverty." This has led to an argument over whether tawakkul is a consequence of perfect faith. An author wrote that someone that trusts in God is like a baby seeking its mother's breast and always finds it. He says that just like the infant, the one who trusts God is always led to God.
It has been said that there are three ranks of tawakkul: the trust of the believers, the trust of the select, and the trust of the select of the select. Each of these ranks are achieved through active reformation of the mind and self. The truth of the believers is simply living one day at a time and not worrying what tomorrow will bring you; simply trusting in what God has planned. The trust of the select is trusting God with no motives or desires. It is casting aside all wants. And finally the trust of the select of the select is giving yourself over to God completely so that His desires become yours. In other words, "trust in God is to be satisfied with and rely on God Most High." It is said that because God created everything and therefore everything belongs to him, it is selfish to want anything other than what God wants or not want something God gives to you.
The Arabic word tawakkul is a masdar (verbal noun) derived from the fifth form of the Arabic root وكل (w-k-l). It translates to "to give oneself over to, to rely/depend on, or have confidence in another".
Muslim tradition
Quranic references:
the active participle form of tawakkul is used in 38 passages in the Qur'an.
And whoever puts all his trust in Allah, He will be enough for him. (Quran 65:3)
And put all your trust [in Allah], if you truly are believers. (Quran 5:23)
He is Rabb of the east and west, there is no deity except Him, so take him as your Protector. (Quran 73:9)
Put your trust in the living Allah who never dies, and celebrate His praise. (Quran 25:58)
In Allah should the trustful trust. (Quran 14:12)
Hadith:
Umar bin Khattab said: I heard Muhammad saying, "If you all depend on Allah with due reliance, He would certainly give you provision as He gives it to the birds who go forth hungry in the morning and return with full bellies at dusk." (At-Tirmidhi)
Many Muslim legends such as those of Rabi'a illustrate tawakkul.
Of Rabi'a, it is said that when her donkey died in the desert while she was on the hajj, she refused aid from a caravan, instead depending on God to provide for her. Sahl al-Tustarī claimed that perceiving secondary causes was a sign of a lack of reliance on God.
Imam Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya said:
“At-Tawakkul on Allah was thus made a condition of Imaan; its absence therefore indicates the lack of Imaan. So, whoever does not have at-Tawakkul does not possess Imaan.”
Interpretation
Since early times in Islam there has been debate as to the extent of tawakkul as a virtue in everyday life. This debate centered around questions such as whether or not tawakkul allowed for God to use intermediary causes, and the degree of reliance on God.
Views of extreme and total dependence on God to the point of pure fatalism were popular among rejectionist ascetics.
Thinkers such as Bayazid Bastami instead advocate the virtue of "kasab", or "earning a living".
See also
Taqwa
Insha'Allah
References
External links
Tawakkul
Shaikh Abdal Qadir on Tawwakul
Tawwakul at Adduonline
Tawakkul (تَوَكُل)
Islamic terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkul |
Richard "Dick" Witts (born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is an English musicologist, music historian, and ex leader of 1980s band the Passage. He attended Clee Grammar School for Boys.
He studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music and briefly at Manchester University. During this time he was a member of the Hallé Orchestra as a percussionist. During the mid-1970s he wrote for the contemporary classical music magazine Contact.
At that time, he was also involved in starting a Manchester Musicians Collective (on the model of the recently established London Musicians Collective). This led into contact with the growing punk scene and he formed the Passage, producing their recordings and singing on many of their releases.
He presented television programme Oxford Road Show in the early 1980s for the BBC from Oxford Road Studios, Manchester and was also a reporter for BBC Radio 3.
Thirty of his radio interviews and contributions are housed in the British Library Sound Archive. In 2003 he gave the Saul Seminar there on the history of music presentation in radio.
During the late 1980s, he became involved in arts administration roles. He subsequently wrote a critical history of the Arts Council of Great Britain: Artist Unknown: An Alternative History of the Arts Council.
His first book, Nico – the Lives and Lies of an Icon, was a biographical study of the German singer and songwriter (Virgin Books, 1993).
Witts now lives in Liverpool and is a writer who has lectured at the University of Edinburgh, Goldsmiths College, London, the University of Surrey in Guildford and the University of Sussex. He was appointed Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh where he made a simple catalogue of the archive of Sir Donald Francis Tovey (1875–1940). In 2010, he was invited by Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, to design an Honours course in music.
His third book, a study of the music and history of The Velvet Underground, was published by Equinox (UK) and the Indiana University Press (USA) in September 2006. He has also written chapters for the following academic books: Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop(Continuum, 2011), Mark E. Smith and the Fall: Art, Music and Politics, (Ashgate, 2010), and the Cambridge Companion To Recorded Music (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Witts is mentioned in the book Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. He is credited with sending a package containing some of Aphex Twin's music to Karlheinz Stockhausen. He is currently researching a book on the history of British music from 1941 to 2000.
Witts is consultant to the ensemble Icebreaker.
References
External links
Official Site
Musicians from Manchester
People from Cleethorpes
Living people
English television presenters
English writers about music
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Surrey
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)
British post-punk musicians
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Witts |
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