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The Rural Municipality of Eyebrow No. 193 (2016 population: ) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 7 and Division No. 2. It is located in the south-central portion of the province.
History
The RM of Eyebrow No. 193 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 13, 1909.
Geography
Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.
Villages
Brownlee
Eyebrow
The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.
Localities
Darmody (dissolved as a village, December 31, 1967)
Eskbank
Lake Valley
Mawer (dissolved as a village, December 31, 1967)
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Eyebrow No. 193 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Eyebrow No. 193 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Government
The RM of Eyebrow No. 193 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Wednesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Michael Cavan while its administrator is Chris Bueckert. The RM's office is located in Eyebrow.
Transportation
Saskatchewan Highway 19
Saskatchewan Highway 42
Saskatchewan Highway 367
Saskatchewan Highway 627
Canadian Pacific Railway
References
External links
E | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Eyebrow%20No.%20193 |
The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Belarus is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Belarus, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Minsk. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Belarus.
History
Until 1991 Belarus was within the Soviet Union. When Belarus became independent at the end of 1991, the British ambassador to Russia was accredited also to Belarus until May 1993 when an office was opened in Minsk, within the German embassy, and for over a year the British Embassy worked out of a single, cramped room with its locally engaged support staff working off a desk lodged beneath the staircase. In July 1995 new premises were opened in a former geological laboratory, and are now shared between the British and Italian missions. Some staff, such as the Defence Attaché, are still based in Moscow.
On 10 October 2020, the United Kingdom temporarily recalled its ambassador from Belarus amidst the 2020 Belarusian protests.
List of heads of mission
Ambassadors to Belarus
1992–1993: Sir Brian Fall (ambassador to Russia, accredited to Belarus)
1993–1996: John Everard
1996–1999: Jessica Pearce
1999–2003: Iain Kelly
2003–2007: Brian Bennett
2007–2008: Michael Haddock
2008–2009: Nigel Gould-Davies
2009–2012: Rosemary Thomas
2012–2016: Bruce Bucknell
2016–2019 Fionna Gibb
2019–: Jacqueline Perkins
References
External links
UK and Belarus, gov.uk
British Embassy Minsk, gov.uk
Belarus
United Kingdom Ambassadors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Belarus |
Joseph Gian (born July 13, 1961) is an American actor and singer, probably best known for his role as Detective Tom Ryan in the television series Knots Landing. He appeared on the program from 1989 to 1991 and again in 1993. Gian was the male vocalist champion in the 1986 edition of Star Search.
Career
Gian played openly gay police officer Rick Silardi in the series Hooperman, which ran from 1987 to 1989. He also played Kenny Bannerman in several episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210 in 1996.
His film credits include roles in Blue Skies Again (1983), A Night in Heaven (1983), The Night Stalker (1987), Death Before Dishonor (1987), Blackout (1988), Mad About You (1989), and Return to Me (2000).
In more recent years, Gian has been performing in Las Vegas. He also sang the theme song of Special Agent Oso.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Official website: JoeyGian.com
1961 births
Living people
American male singers
Songwriters from Florida
American male television actors
American male film actors
People from North Miami Beach, Florida
American male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Gian |
Blackstar is the reported code-name of a secret United States orbital spaceplane system. The possible existence of the Blackstar program was reported in March 2006 by Aviation Week & Space Technology (Aviation Week, AWST) magazine; the magazine reported that the program had been underway since at least the early 1990s, and that the impetus for Blackstar was to allow the United States government to retain orbital reconnaissance capabilities jeopardized following the 1986 Challenger disaster. The article also said that the United States Air Force's Space Command was unaware of Blackstar, suggesting it was operated by an intelligence agency such as the National Reconnaissance Office.
Aviation Week speculated that such a spacecraft could also have offensive military capabilities, a concept colloquially known as "The Space Bomber". The magazine also stated that it was likely that Blackstar would be mothballed, although it is unclear whether this is due to cost or failure of the program.
The Aviation Week report was dismissed a few days later as "almost certainly bogus" and the project termed a "technical absurdity" by Jeffrey F. Bell in an article in Space Daily.
The Blackstar system
Aviation Week describes Blackstar as a two-stage-to-orbit system, the first stage of which is a delta-winged supersonic jet (which Aviation Week referred to as the SR-3). Its description of SR-3 is similar to the North American B-70 Valkyrie Mach 3 strategic bomber, and to patents filed in the 1980s by Boeing. The SR-3 would carry a second, smaller airframe, codenamed the XOV (eXperimental Orbital Vehicle) underneath, between its two laterally separated engine-banks, each containing 2 or 3 engines. This rocket-powered spaceplane, with similarities to the X-20 Dyna-Soar project, would be released by its mothership at an altitude of around 100,000 feet. The XOV would then light its rocket motor (aerospike engines, similar to those used by the Lockheed Martin X-33), and could achieve both suborbital and orbital flight; one source quoted by Aviation Week estimates the XOV could reach an orbit of above the Earth, depending on payload and mission profile. The XOV would then reenter the atmosphere and glide back to any landing site where it would land horizontally on a conventional runway. This combination of jet-powered mothership and a smaller rocket-powered spaceplane resembles the civilian Tier One spaceplane system as well as NASA's X-15, but capable of much higher velocities and thus of attaining orbit. Readers are cautioned to examine the challenges involved in supersonic separation of vehicles as opposed to the more common subsonic separation of ordnance from aircraft, but this separation from the belly might be easier than from the top, which proved to be problematic on the Lockheed D-21/M-21.
The program
The primary use of a military spaceplane such as Blackstar would be to conduct high-altitude or orbital reconnaissance, allowing surprise overflights of foreign locations with very low risk of the spyplane being successfully engaged by existing air-defense systems. This is similar to the goals of the earlier U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft; in some circumstances such an overflight yields more information than a pass by a reconnaissance satellite, as the satellite's path is predictable, allowing sensitive material to be hidden.
Military analysts have suggested that a military spaceplane could also be used to place small satellites in orbit, to retrieve them, to provide a means of launching nuclear weapons from orbit, or to serve as a platform for exotic orbit-to-ground hypervelocity weapons. The small spaceplane described by Aviation Week appears to have only a very modest cargo capacity, limiting its use in such missions.
Aviation Week suggests that the huge costs of the Blackstar program were borne both by the Department of Defense's own black budget and by hiding the costs of Blackstar inside the procurement costs attached to acknowledged military purchases. To assist in this, and to allow politicians to deny the USAF operates such a vehicle, the Blackstar assets may nominally be owned and operated by the civilian defense contractors who built it. The magazine suggests that a consortium of Boeing and Lockheed is responsible for Blackstar.
It is unclear if the Blackstar program became fully operational, although it may have been so since the mid-1990s. Aviation Week'''s article speculated that the success of Blackstar explains the Government's willingness to cancel the SR-71 Blackbird and Air Force satellite-launch programs.
Similar aircraft
During the 1970s, when studies were underway which led to the specification of the Space Shuttle, most leading US aerospace contractors explored orbital spaceplane designs, some based on a two-stage design. With the adoption of the Space Shuttle design, these avenues appear to have been abandoned. The use of a spaceplane as part of the launching system to replace the Space Shuttle has been suggested in programs such as VentureStar.
Some of the details of the SR-3 resemble the rumored Brilliant Buzzard or “Mothership” aircraft, which was alleged to carry reconnaissance aircraft on top, rather than on the bottom as with the SR-3. The second stage of Brilliant Buzzard was considered a hypersonic aircraft, and the lengthening of runways at facilities such as Area 51 (taken by some as evidence of Aurora) could instead be necessary either to support SR-3's takeoff or XOV's landing.
In the late 1960s North American studied conceptual designs using the B-70 bomber for small space launch of an X-15 type rocket plane. These were abandoned as unpromising.
What is known, and a matter of public record, is that, through the 1980s and 1990s, the USAF did undertake a series of projects to study, research, develop and test demonstrator vehicles capable of SSTO (single-stage-to-orbit) and TSTO (two-stage-to-orbit) missions. These programs were code-named, in order, Science dawn, Science realm, and Copper Canyon, and involved the development of three different competitive demonstrator vehicles. It was at the conclusion of Copper Canyon's design phase that President Reagan proposed the X-30 NASP, which is claimed to have been used to pay for development of this spaceplane.
According to one declassified Rand Corp. report, two of the three vehicles failed to achieve their full flight envelope (i.e. couldn't make orbit), while the third, an "assisted SSTO", did achieve orbital capability. Furthermore, three code-named programs to design the stealthing of these three vehicles fell under the programs known as Have blinders I, II and III. All of these programs can be found in US military budget documents with associated budget account numbers for years in the 1980s up into the mid-1990s, though the code name was dropped from the account number in the mid-1990s, even though many millions were budgeted up until recent years.
See also
Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar
British Aerospace HOTOL
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
North American XB-70 Valkyrie
Project ISINGLASS
Rockwell X-30 National Aerospace Plane
Saenger (spacecraft)
VentureStar
References
Bibliography
.
External links
The Space Review: Six blind men in a zoo: Aviation Week’s mythical Blackstar Dwayne A. Day, The Space Review'', Monday, March 13, 2006
RobotPig.net - TSTO spaceplanes presentation of a Boeing TSTO patent, the Blackstar TSTO and the respective technologies
The Register: Blackstar: the US space conspiracy that never was?, Lester Haines, April 24, 2006
Spaceplanes
Crewed spacecraft
1990s United States experimental aircraft
Rocket-powered aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstar%20%28spacecraft%29 |
St Michael's Church in Framlingham, Suffolk is a Church of England church dedicated to Saint Michael. It was the burial site of the Howard family. The church was declared a Grade I listed building in 1966. Currently the Church accepts monetary donations for its maintenance and preservation.
History
The Church of Saint Michael, Framlingham, has been built, rebuilt and added to down the ages. A surviving feature, the capitals of the chancel arch, date from the twelfth century, but the majority of the church was built in the Perpendicular style between 1350 and 1555. The roof is especially glorious with intricate fan tracery which conceal hammer beams. The roof itself dates from about 1521.
Framlingham was a major seat of the Earls and Dukes of Norfolk. Vast estates of the Norman Bigods were forfeited to Edward I and Framlingham came to Thomas of Brotherton, eldest son of Edward and Margaret of France. After many other changes of inheritance, in about 1635 Sir Robert Hitcham bequeathed the Framlingham estate to Pembroke College, Cambridge, who remain Lords of the Manor to this day. The church contains many fine tombs including that of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk.
Bells
The church has a ring of 8 bells from a mixture of founders and date from between the 15th and 20th centuries. The ring was augmented to 8 with addition of 2 new trebles in 1718 cast by John Stephens of Norwich. The bells hang in oak frame made by George Day of Eye, Suffolk dating from 1892. The bells were overhauled by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough in 1990.
The 1708 Thamar Organ
One of the most noted features of the church is the world-famous Thamar organ. Only eight large-scale organs in total survived the English Civil War, and only three of those are Thamars. The other examples being in Gloucester Cathedral and St Nicholas's church in the hamlet of Stanford upon Avon, Northamptonshire.
The painted front pipes belong to the Thamar organ first built for the church's patrons, Pembroke College, Cambridge, by Thomas Thamar in 1674 just after the Restoration (celebrated by the hatchment on the south wall); the only other painted pipes of this style are to be found in Gloucester Cathedral. The case is believed to date back to before 1630 (maybe much earlier – 1580 has been mentioned) and some of the pipework may at least pre-date the Commonwealth.
In 1707 the college decided it would like a larger and more up to date organ by Father Smith for their Wren chapel; the Thamar organ came to St. Michael's in 1708 along with its case. It was placed on a gallery where it stayed until 1898. For a period the organ was moved about the church first to the north aisle and then into the chancel until 1970 when the gallery was recovered from the castle and reunited with the organ in its present position under the leadership of Michael Gillingham and with the aid of the Pilgrim Trust.
The organ's history contains many mysteries. One concerns the famous and historic organ builder John Byfield who worked on the organ during 1740 according to reports in the Ipswich Journal. When Hunter rebuilt the organ in 1898 he used most of Thamar's pipework on the great organ except for the cornet and trumpet which he replaced with a harmonic flute and gamba. The cornet went missing and the trumpet was lost. The swell incorporated at least three eighteenth-century stops.
The restoration by Bishop and Son of Ipswich in 1970 was sensitive and imaginative. The Thamar organ was restored with no additions or subtractions (apart from a board for bottom C#). The cornet was rediscovered in the Rectory attic and repaired, restored and reconstructed. A very old rank of trumpet pipes was found to replace the lost set. The swell was matched up to complement the great and based on its 18th-century content. The pedal was likewise treated. The Cromorne was introduced by John Budgen of Bishops and is an excellent and versatile addition to the swell organ. A pedal reed was also added. The organ specification is available at the National Pipe Organ Register.
The organ has illustrious associations: Mendelssohn is believed to have given lessons to Caroline Attwood when he visited her elder brother George Attwood, then Rector. Mendelssohn knew George's father, Thomas Attwood, composer and organist of St. Paul's Cathedral and one time pupil of Mozart.
Duke of Richmond
Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), an illegitimate son of Henry VIII by his mistress Elizabeth Blount, is buried in the church in an ornate tomb.
The Duke of Richmond died in 1536 and was originally buried at Thetford Priory. Despite being illegitimately born, the King promoted FitzRoy to high honours and titles as he was, at that time, his only son to survived for more than a few days. In his desire to promote the interests of his family, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk had arranged a betrothal between his daughter Mary and FitzRoy. The couple was married, but due to their young ages did not live together and the consummation of the marriage was prevented by FitzRoy's early death from consumption when he was only 17. The responsibility for FitzRoy's burial was placed upon the Duke of Norfolk by King Henry who seems to have lost interest in his son, once dead. After the dissolution of Thetford, the tomb and its body were brought to Framlingham and Mary FitzRoy was also buried here after her death in December 1557.
Howard family monuments
The church contains family burials of the Howard family (mostly moved after the dissolution of Thetford Priory)
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
The tomb of Thomas Howard stands immediately to the south of the high altar. Archeologically it bears comparison with anything in northern Europe if not perhaps in Italy . Around the four sides are the figures of the twelve Apostles together with Aaron and St Paul . On the south side there are St Matthew, St James the Great, St James the Less and St Andrew; on the west St Peter, Aaron and St Paul; on the north St Matthias, St Jude, St Simon and St Philip; and on the east St John, St Simeon(?) and St Thomas. These represent the last major display of religious imagery in England before the full weight of Reformation theology made such things impossible.
The design of the tomb is part-French and part-English and it is significant that it was commissioned, not by the Crown, but on behalf of the greatest nobleman in England . It is thought that parts, at least, of this tomb may have been incorporated in another which was at Thetford for Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk victor of Flodden . In turn, this man's father had been John Howard who had died fighting for Richard III at Bosworth and for whom the Norfolk dukedom had been created in the Howard name. It is known that there are two other male bodies interred in the 3rd Duke's tomb and it is an unproven supposition that these are the bodies of his father and grandfather, removed to Framlingham after the dissolution of Thetford Priory.
Wives of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
He himself is buried at St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London, executed there for trying to make a 4th marriage to Mary I Stuart. In their robes of state and resting their heads and feet on emblems connected with their Houses, his wives Mary FitzAlan and Margaret Audley are represented, though only Margaret is buried here. The large space between the effigies is said to have been reserved for Norfolk himself, his third wife, or even Mary, Queen of Scots. The sides are decorated with their heraldic quarterings. It would seem that at some former period there were columns which supported a canopy over the monument which must have rendered it highly magnificent.
In 1842 this vault was opened and found to be empty but for a skull and some ashes. Tradition has it that the inhabitants of the town hid some of their valuables in the monument during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and swept it clean afterwards.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
Before his own death in 1614 Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, Surrey's youngest son made arrangements for his father's and mother's remains to be removed to Framlingham and this monument portraying them both to be erected in 1614. The Latin inscription refers to Surrey as being the son of the Second Duke, which is technically correct as after the Battle of Bosworth the Dukedom was rendered extinct and the Second Duke became the First Duke of the new creation.
The tomb chest is not a religious example but rather extolling the virtues of its subjects. His two sons kneel at the foot end. At the head end are Howard's three daughters:
Jane, who wears a coronet
in the centre is Katherine Howard, who married Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
Margaret who married Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1534–1592).
By about 1976 the whole monument was subsiding in the centre and the ends collapsing in on itself. The restoration was entrusted to John Green and the monument was duly cleaned and restored to its full brilliance. It was when it was being cleaned that Mr Green found the dowel holes next to Surrey's calf where there once was a coronet (not worn, since he died in disgrace). A new coronet was made of lead casting with large fish weights for the baubles, the whole thing was then painted, gilded, and placed in position.
In fiction
The church is one of a number of locations in Framlingham that plays a role in the mystery novel Magpie Murders by Anthony Horowitz.
References
External links
Framlingham website with pages on St Michael's Church. Many large photographs of the interior and a sound file of the Thamar organ.
+
Framlingham
Framlingham
Framlingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Michael%20the%20Archangel%27s%20Church%2C%20Framlingham |
Bullecourt () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in France.
Geography
Bullecourt lies on the Upper Cretaceous plain of Artois between Arras and Bapaume and east of the A1 motorway. This satellite photograph shows Bullecourt just north of centre. Quéant is the larger of the two villages near the eastern edge. The A1 and the high-speed (TGV) railway line run up the western edge. To the south of Bullecourt, a now closed local railway line snakes from east to west.
Population
Transportation
Bullecourt lies in the triangle made by the A1, A2 and A26 motorways and that made by the N17, N30 and D939 roads.
History
There were remains from the Gallo-Roman period and the village was mentioned under the name "Bullecortis", in 1096.
In 620, it was the birthplace of Saint Vindicien, a follower of Saint Eligius, known in French as Saint Eloi. Vindicien became successively, bishop of Arras and bishop of Cambrai. He is regarded as the founder of the abbey named after his mentor, Mont St Eloi, of which Bullecourt became a lordship.
War has twice completely destroyed the village: in 1543 during the Ninth Italian War (1542–1546) and in 1917, during the First World War.
In early 1917, during the northern hemisphere spring, the First attack on Bullecourt (11 April 1917) and the Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917) became significant to the military history of Australia in particular. The village lay at the southern end of a highly active front – and formed part of the Hindenburg Line. In the First attack of Bullecourt, two brigades of the 4th Australian Division attacked German positions in Bullecourt, supported by 12 tanks but without artillery support. Caught in heavy fire, the Australians were forced to retreat. The 4th Australian Brigade alone sustained losses of 2,258 killed, wounded or taken prisoner, out of approximately 3,000 infantry. Only 750 Germans soldiers were killed, while they captured 27 Australian officers and 1,137 other ranks. In the Battle of Bullecourt, an attack on both flanks of the village was conducted by the 2nd Australian Division and the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. Bullecourt was recaptured but the anticipated breakthrough on the Hindenburg line did not occur. In total, there were 14,000 Australian and British casualties. The Musée Jean et Denise Letaille (established in 2012) commemorates this fighting.
Sights
While there were many bunkers and dugouts, from the period of the Hindenburg Line, there is also an underground shelter from the 17th century.
The church of St. Vlaast was rebuilt after 1918.
There is a museum of objects collected from the periods of the world wars.
Economy and village life
The economy is one of general farming with the raising of beef. The village has an agricultural co-operative.
The village festival is held on the first Sunday of June and there is a festival in honour of the Australians on the last Saturday in April.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
References
External links
Bullecourt: First World War
An Australian view of the Bullecourt fighting
memorials
Interpretation of the Hindenburg Line photograph.
Communes of Pas-de-Calais | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullecourt |
Quo Vadis is an action-adventure game designed by Steven T. Chapman for the Commodore 64 and released by The Edge in 1984.
Gameplay
The object of the game is to explore a vast set of caverns and retrieve a scepter. Along the way the player must avoid (or shoot) various monsters and lava pits.
The playing area of the game extends over 1024 screen sizes, making it the largest arcade adventure/platform game of the time. A map of the playing area was published in the October 1984 issue of the magazine Personal Computer Games. Various "riddles" are hidden throughout the caverns. When the game was first released the publishers offered a prize to the first person who could complete the game and find and correctly answer all the riddles.
The prize, a gold scepter valued at £10,000, was apparently never claimed. Some people did mail answers in but were told they had answered the riddles incorrectly. There is a common understanding the solution must have been "Honi soit qui mal y pense", which was mailed in by several gamers, but the publisher never had the intention to pay the price in the first place, and therefore never released the "official" correct answer either.
Reception
Quo Vadis received the Game of the Month award in the September 1984 issue of the UK magazine Personal Computer Games.
References
1984 video games
Action-adventure games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quo%20Vadis%20%28video%20game%29 |
Cary Sherman is the former Chairman and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, an organization representing the nation’s major music labels. The trade group’s member companies are responsible for creating, manufacturing, or distributing approximately 85 percent of all legalized sound recordings sold in the United States.
Education
Sherman graduated from Cornell University in 1968, and Harvard Law School in 1971.
RIAA
Sherman was hired as general counsel for RIAA in 1997. Throughout his tenure, Sherman has helped guide the industry’s efforts to facilitate new ways for fans to access music and to ensure that music creators are properly compensated as streaming media became the dominant format of the business. He was instrumental in the enactment of the Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act in 1995, which along with his work on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in 1998, established a new right for artists and labels to be compensated by digital music services. That right has since become the core legal foundation obligating streaming services to pay royalties for their subscription services – services that have become the primary catalyst for growth in the business. His work involved coordination and regulation of the industry's business, policy and legal objectives while his obligations remain primarily in technology, government affair issues, licensing and enforcement of rules and regulations. In 2010, Sherman helped the RIAA secure a $105 million settlement from LimeWire for copyright infringement. Sherman replaced Mitch Bainwol as CEO in August 2011.
Sherman is a strong advocate of SOPA and PIPA. Following the defeat of the bills in January 2012, Sherman penned an op-ed in The New York Times critical of the bills' detractors and their motives. The opinion piece was criticized.
Personal life
An amateur musician and lyricist, he is a member of the Board of Levine Music in Washington, D.C., where he recently served as Chairman. Sherman also serves on the board of the Anti-Defamation League, and has served on numerous other boards, including the Copyright Society, Washington Area Lawyers for the Arts, The Computer Law Association, The Computer Lawyer, and BNA Records' Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal.
References
Living people
American lobbyists
Copyright activists
Cornell University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Businesspeople from Bethesda, Maryland
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Year of birth missing (living people)
American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary%20Sherman |
Matheus de Layens (d. Leuven, 3 December 1483) was a Brabantine architect from the 15th century.
He was employed in Leuven from 1433, first under the architect Sulpitius van Vorst (d. 1439), and afterwards under Jan Keldermans II, whom he succeeded in 1445 as master mason. In that capacity he developed the town fortifications and led the construction of Leuven Town Hall (1448–1469), as well as the transept of Saint Peter's Church. The sacrament tower of Saint Peter's church, built in 1451, is also attributed to him.
Around 1450, de Layens worked on St. Leonard's Church in Zoutleeuw, "Our Lady of the Pool" (Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ten-Poel) church at Tienen, and the St. Sulpitius Church at Diest. From 1457 he took over, from architect Jan Spijkens, the construction of Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church at Mons, and restored the town hall there in 1479.
His last work (1480–1487) was the monumental Round Table building (het Tafelrond) on the east side of Leuven's Grote Markt square. The building was torn down and replaced in about 1818, but was reconstructed in its original style and location in 1921.
References
(Source declared references)
Layens, Matthijs de
Layens, Matthijs de
Layens, Matthijs de
Layens, Matthijs de
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheus%20de%20Layens |
The tailless fruit bat (Megaerops ecaudatus) is a species of fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae.
Distribution
Individuals have been found in the lowland primary forest at Poring in Sabah and Taleban in Thailand, Bario highland and secondary forest of Balui, both in Sarawak. M. ecaudatus ranges in the primary forest and open habitat from Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra; Kinabalu, Danum, Tawau, and Tenom in Sabah; Temburong and Tasik Merimbun in Brunei; Bario in Sarawak; to Kapuas and Kutai in Kalimantan.
Biology and ecology
Two males and two females have been captured in various habitats. An adult female was collected in April, 1995, and adult male in April, 1996. A subadult female was taken from the Balui secondary forest in June, 1994, while an immature was collected from the primary forest in Taleban on 28 March 1997. In Cameron Highlands, Peninsula Malaysia, females were pregnant in February and extending to March and June. Females with suckling juveniles were also observed in November. A specimen MTA96004 was collected in the canopy net approximately 30 m above ground level. The specimen BD013 was collected at 1,100 m elevation in Bario upland. According to Lekagul and McNeely (1977), M. ecaudatus has been recorded both in the lowlands and on mountains up to 3,000 m in Thailand.
References
Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191-284.
Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221—234.
Mohd. Azlan J., Ibnu Maryanto, Agus P. Kartono and M.T. Abdullah. 2003 Diversity, Relative Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 251-265.
Hall LS, Richards GC, Abdullah MT. 2002. The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255-282.
External links
Bat World Sanctuary
Rodrigues Fruit Bats
Bat Conservation International
Megaerops
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Brunei
Mammals of Thailand
Fauna of Sumatra
Least concern biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailless%20fruit%20bat |
Curtis Francis Warren (also known as Cocky; born 31 May 1963) is an English gangster and drugs trafficker who was formerly Interpol's Target One and was once listed on The Sunday Times Rich List.
Biography
Curtis Warren is the second son of South American born Curtis Aloysius Warren, a seaman with the Norwegian Merchant Navy, and Antonia Chantre, the daughter of a shipyard boiler attendant. He grew up with his elder brother Ramon and sister Maria in Toxteth, Liverpool.
Bouncer
After Warren was released from jail, local police commented that he had turned his life around, working as a bouncer at a Liverpool nightclub. But it was here that he learnt about the drugs trade, as bouncers have the power to control who comes in and out of a venue. He was able to control dealers' access and then befriend them, giving him an inside education.
Charrington and acquittal
In the late 1980s, he came to a working agreement with Middlesbrough businessman Brian Charrington. In September 1991, using Charrington's personal yacht, the two men sailed to France on then-legal British visitor passports. They then travelled to Venezuela on British 10-year passports, and arranged a deal with the Cali cartel to smuggle cocaine in steel boxes, concealed in lead ingots.
On arrival in the UK, HM Customs and Excise cut open one ingot, but found nothing. Having let the shipment pass, they were later informed by Dutch police that the drugs were held in the steel boxes; by which time Charrington, Warren and the shipment were untraceable. However, a second shipment of using the same method was already in transit from South America.
When the shipment landed in the UK in early 1992, Charrington, Warren and twenty-six others were placed under arrest in a prosecution brought by HM Customs and Excise. However, in preliminary court procedures, it was revealed by police that Charrington was a police informant for the North-East Regional Crime Squad. HM Customs officials went forward with their prosecution, despite protests from his police "handlers" Harry Knaggs and Ian Weedon. In Newcastle Crown Court, it was alleged that Warren was so well informed, that he knew the length of the largest drill bit owned by HM Customs, and therefore the size/depth of the required ingots. Eventually, through Conservative MP Tim Devlin, a meeting was arranged in which Customs was ordered to drop charges against Charrington on 28 January 1993. The case was dropped, with all accused including Warren acquitted of all charges.
It is alleged that on release, Warren purposefully walked past the HM Customs agents, saying: "I'm off to spend my £87 million from the first shipment and you can't touch me." Several months later, Knaggs was spotted by HM Customs officials driving a £70,000 BMW, previously registered to Charrington.
Netherlands
Warren returned to Liverpool. But with the combination of various ritual killings of several organised crime figures, and the police pursuing him following the high-profile case failure, he decided he had to move.
In 1995, Warren relocated to a villa in Sassenheim in the Netherlands. He owns casinos in Spain; discos in Turkey; a vineyard in Bulgaria; land in the Gambia; and money stashed away in Swiss bank accounts. He could have retired rich, but decided to continue.
Monitored by police calling his contacts in the UK, it was now that Warren's photographic memory was useful for him: he never called contacts by their names, but code words; all of the Swiss bank account details were kept in his mind, never written down; he never kept accounts for his drug dealing business. The result was that he had an unlimited credit line from cartels in South America, and with cannabis traffickers in Turkey and Eastern Europe.
Dutch arrest and prison
On 24 October 1996, Brigade Speciale Beveiligingsopdrachten raided Warren's villa, and other property he owned in the Netherlands. Warren and several associates were arrested, with police finding three guns, ammunition; hand grenades, crates with 960 CS gas canisters, of cocaine, of cannabis resin, of heroin, of ecstasy, and 400,000 Dutch guilder plus 600,000 US Dollars in cash. The whole haul was estimated to be worth £125 million.
In 1998, Warren made his only appearance in The Sunday Times Rich List, which stated as a property developer his fortune was estimated at £40 million. His conviction in the subsequent trial ensured his removal.
In court, Warren's plan was shown to be the shipment of South American cocaine to Bulgaria. Shipped to his vineyard, the drugs were then suspended in wine for onward shipment to the Netherlands and Liverpool in the UK. In total, police had retained illegal goods, drugs and wine valued at £125 million. Warren was sentenced to 12 years in jail, in the maximum security Nieuw Vosseveld prison in Vught. However, further forensic accounting investigation only found £20 million of his estimated £120 million fortune, and none of that could be legally touched or confiscated by Dutch police, British police or Interpol.
Manslaughter conviction
On the afternoon of 15 September 1999, Warren had a fight in the prison yard with Turkish national Cemal Guclu, who was serving a 20-year sentence for murder and attempted murder. Yelling abuse at Warren, Guclu walked towards him and tried to punch him in the face. Evading the punch, a short fight ensued, during which Guclu fell to the ground, and Warren kicked him in the head 4 times, Guclu got up and again went for Warren and was again punched to the ground. It was here he hit his head and became unconscious from which Guclu never recovered and died in hospital. In his trial defence in 2001, Warren said he "acted in self defence." Finding Warren guilty of manslaughter, the Dutch judge commented that "the defendant had used excessive violence," sentencing him to an additional four years with release scheduled in 2014.
In 2002, Dutch police still investigating the Bulgarian shipment obtained an asset seizure order against Warren. Although they could only find £180,000, they legally charged him to repay 26 million guilders ($14 million) under the proceeds of crime act, or face an added 5 years in prison; this would have extended his release date to 2019. After legal discussion ensued, Warren agreed to pay Dutch police 15 million guilders ($8 million).
Trafficking case and release
In February 2005, Warren was charged by Dutch authorities with running an international drugs smuggling cartel from his Dutch prison cell. Moved around six jails during his trial for his own safety, he was found guilty but successfully appealed, and was released from prison in June 2007.
Refused a passport by the British, Irish and Portuguese governments, the UK's Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) then followed Warren's every move as part of a "lifetime offender management" programme, under the codename Operation Floss.
In November 2007, Warren's former right-hand man, Colin Smith, was shot dead while leaving Nel's gym in Speke.
Jersey conviction
Under SOCA's "Operation Floss," just three weeks after being freed from prison in the Netherlands, on Saturday, 30 June 2007, SOCA called Jersey Police to inform them that Warren had arrived at Manchester Airport, and paid cash for a plane ticket. Observed in Jersey with known Liverpool associate and now Jersey resident Taffin Carter, the pair drove around in Carter's VW Golf to various locations, including the isolated St Catherine's Breakwater.
With drugs at three times the street price in Jersey compared with the UK or France, after Warren returned to the UK, Jersey Police created "Operation Koala," monitoring and bugging various locations, including phone boxes and the home of Taffin's girlfriend, Suzanne Scurr. From this they discovered that a friend of Warren, John Welsh, intended to travel to Amsterdam to meet with known Warren associate, Moroccan Mohammed Liazid. Jersey Police wanted to bug Welsh's hire car from St Malo, but were refused permission by French and Belgian police, saying it was a breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. In what Judge Sir Richard Tucker later described as a "reprehensible" and "unlawful" act, Jersey Police, which is not signed into but bound by the ECHR, bugged the car anyway, and with Dutch Police, SOCA and Interpol monitored the transmissions.
In subsequent operations, SOCA monitored Warren in Liverpool, while Dutch police monitored police informant Liazid in Amsterdam, and co-ordinated information from various phone boxes to correlate who was speaking to whom. In the subsequent trial, it was revealed that Warren had three UK and one Jersey mobile, and had made 1,587 telephone calls in three weeks from these and phone boxes across the northwest and North Wales, including the Wirral, Liverpool, Manchester, Llangollen and Chester to Liazid.
In 2007, Warren was arrested in St Helens, over conspiracy to smuggle drugs; after a joint investigation involving Jersey police, Merseyside Police, SOCA, and law enforcement from Belgium, France and the Netherlands. He pleaded not guilty, and there ensued a two-year legal argument over the legality of the information obtained by the bugging of Welsh's car. After agreement that there was sufficient evidence from other sources to substantiate the case, Jersey Police offered him a deal for pleading guilty of an 8-year jail term and no confiscation of assets: Warren turned this down. The Metropolitan Police agreed to lend Jersey Police a manned armoured prisoner transfer van, so Warren and his associates could be transferred safely during each day of the trial. The court heard that no drugs had been imported as the Jersey contacts had "failed to come up with the money". Senator Ben Shenton raised concerns that Warren's legal representation was at the cost of the Jersey taxpayer, while Progress Jersey raised concerns that the entire resources of the Jersey drug squad had been targeted at Warren.
Warren was found guilty on 7 October for conspiracy to smuggle cannabis. He was sentenced on 3 December 2009 to 13 years imprisonment for his part in the plot. Jersey Police are also starting an investigation into his wealth, with the aim of confiscating his gains from drugs trafficking.
After initially serving his sentence in HMP Full Sutton near York he was moved to HMP Belmarsh. On two occasions he has unsuccessfully appealed to the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey General Sir John McColl for leave to appeal his conviction, once in March 2011, and secondly in September 2011.
In November 2013, Warren was ordered to pay a £198m confiscation order, or face another ten years in jail. On 27 March 2014 it was reported that Warren had lost his appeal over his failure to pay the order, and so would remain in prison.
In 2020, Stephanie Smithwhite, a prison officer, was jailed for two years after having intimate relations with him.
In 2022, Warren was released from a high security prison.
Notes
References
Barnes, Tony; Richard Elias; Peter Walsh. 2003 Cocky: the rise and fall of Curtis Warren, Britain's biggest drug baron
1963 births
Living people
20th-century British criminals
21st-century British criminals
British bank robbers
British expatriates in the Netherlands
British people of Portuguese descent
Crime in Liverpool
English drug traffickers
English gangsters
English people convicted of assault
English people convicted of drug offences
English people convicted of manslaughter
English prisoners and detainees
British people convicted of burglary
British people convicted of robbery
People from Toxteth
Inmates of HM Prison Belmarsh
Prisoners and detainees of Jersey
Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands
Criminals from Merseyside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Warren |
Philip J. Brown Jr. (born March 26, 1958) is an American actor best known for his television performances.
Brown is a native of Coalinga, California. His father Philip Brown Sr. was a television technician after having been an actor, and his uncle was actor Peter Brown. He graduated from North Hollywood High School.
He first played Billy Martin, the son of Doris Day on The Doris Day Show, from 1968-1971.
Brown portrayed Randy Harford in When the Whistle Blows (1980). He also appeared in the 1980s Dynasty spin-off series The Colbys as Neil Kittredge, in Knots Landing as Brian Johnston in 1991, and in 1993 as Buck Huston in Loving. He also played Steve Kendall, a sportscaster, on Search for Tomorrow in the 1980s.
Brown also made films in South Africa in the 1980s.
He currently works in commercials.
Partial filmography
The Playground (1965) - Fishback
Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) - Jim Green
Rivals (1981) - Clyde 'Clutch' Turner
Dune Surfer (1988) - Ben Maartens
Back to Freedom (1988) - Dr. Paul Fleming
Wild Zone (1989) - Wayne Garrison
The Nostradamus Kid (1993) - Fuzzy Wuzzy
An American Reunion (2003) - Rob Stefanic
References
External links
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
American male child actors
Living people
1958 births
North Hollywood High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Brown%20%28actor%29 |
Altai State University is a public research university in Barnaul, Russia. It was established by a decree by Leonid Brezhnev as the first multidisciplinary university in Altai Krai in 1973.
Departments
Altai State University has the following departments: Arts, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History, Law,
Mathematics and IT, Mass Communication, Philology and Political Science,
Physics and Technology, Education and Psychology, Sociology and
International Institute of Economics, Management and Informational Systems.
The university has affiliates in Biysk, Belokurikha, Rubtsovsk and Slavgorod all in Altai Krai.
Rankings
References
External links
Altai State University website
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Universities in Altai Krai
Universities and colleges established in 1973
Education in Barnaul
1973 establishments in the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai%20State%20University |
Thetford Priory is a Cluniac monastic house in Thetford, Norfolk, England. Founded in 1103 by Roger Bigod of Norfolk, Thetford was one of the most important monasteries of East Anglia.
It should not be confused with the Dominican Friary of Blackfriars, Thetford that later became part of Thetford Grammar School.
History
One of the most important East Anglian monasteries, Thetford Priory was founded in 1103 by Roger Bigod of Norfolk, in lieu of a vow of pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The abandoned cathedral church of the East Anglian bishops, on the Suffolk side of the River Little Ouse, was at first selected as the church of the new priory, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. A cloister or cells of woodwork were erected for the accommodation of the monks, and Benedictines from the Priory of St Pancras in Lewes arrived in 1104.
Three years later, a new prior realized that the monastic site, surrounded by the houses of the burghers, was inconveniently overcrowded, with no room for a guest-house. Bigod then gave them a pleasant and open site on the other side of the river in the county of Norfolk. The monks relocated to their new premises on St. Martin's Day, 1114.
In the 13th century, the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared in a vision to locals requesting the addition to the site of a Lady Chapel. During its construction, an old statue of her from their former site was discovered to have a hollow in its head concealing saints' relics, and became a magnet for pilgrims. In a 1390 visitation, visitors from Cluni found that there were then twenty-two monks; six daily masses, three of which were sung; and that tenth part of the bread was reserved for distribution to the poor. The visitors found that all monastic obligations according to the Cluni rule were duly observed.
During the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a formal complaint was raised by the Mayors and burgesses of Thetford to Thomas Cromwell in 1539, arguing that many of the town's inhabitants would fall into extreme poverty because their livelihoods depended on pilgrims visiting the priory. Henry VIII rejected a plan proposed by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk to convert the priory into a collegiate church. The dean was to be Prior William, and the six prebendaries and eight secular canons were to be the monks of the former house. Thetford Priory was closed down in 1540 and fell into the possession of the Duke of Norfolk.
Description
It housed the tombs of the Howard dynasty, of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, and of other early Tudor Dynasty officials. Even this could not save the priory from the Dissolution of the Monasteries and, on its closure in 1540 (it was one of the last priories to be dissolved), the Howard tombs were removed to St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham.
The Prior’s Lodging was converted into a house which was occupied until the early eighteenth century.
Its ruins (including the lower walls of the church and cloister, along with the impressive shell of the priors' lodging and, reached by a pathway from the main site, an almost complete 14th-century gatehouse) are open to the public as an English Heritage site. The priory and gatehouse are Grade I listed buildings. The ruins are reputedly haunted and were the subject of an episode of the television series Ghosthunters.
Priors
Malgod, appointed 1104
Stephen, appointed 1107
Constantine, occurs 1131
Martin, occurs 1189
Peter Vincent, occurs 1202
Richard, occurs 1226, died c. 1236 (fn. 59)
Stephen II, occurs 1240, killed 1248 (fn. 61)
William I, occurs 1262
Vincent, occurs 1279, died c. 1300 (fn. 64)
Reginald de Montargi alias de Eye, elected c. 1300
Ralph de Frezenfeld, appointed 1302
Thomas Bigod, appointed 1304
William de Ventodoro, appointed 1308
Martin de Rinhiaco, appointed 1311
Peter de Bosco, appointed 1316
James de Cusancia, occurs 1336
Geoffrey de Rochario, occurs 1355
Roger de Berton, occurs 1370
John de Fordham, occurs 1372, 1395
John Ixworth, appointed c. 1400
Nicholas, appointed 1430
John Vesey, appointed 1438
Robert Weting, appointed 1480
Roger Baldry de Bermingham, appointed 1503
William Ixworth, appointed 1518, last prior.
Local context
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, another Grade I listed building, and originally part of another medieval monastery, is 300 metres to the south, directly across the River Little Ouse.
Burials
Roger Bigod of Norfolk
Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (originally buried here)
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (originally buried here)
Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (originally buried here)
Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV) (originally buried here)
John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (originally buried here)
See also
Alien priory
Wangford Priory
List of monastic houses in Norfolk
List of abbeys and priories in England
Other mediaeval ecclesiastical foundations in Thetford
Austin Friars, Thetford, Southeast of Thetford Castle
Blackfriars, Thetford at the site of Thetford Grammar School
Holy Sepulchre Priory, Thetford between Brandon Road and River Little Ouse
St. George's Priory, Thetford at the site of the British Trust for Ornithology South of Nuns Bridges Road
References
External links
History of Thetford Priory at English Heritage
Monasteries in Norfolk
Cluniac monasteries in England
Religious organizations established in the 1100s
English Heritage sites in Norfolk
Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
1103 establishments in England
1530s disestablishments in England
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
Thetford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford%20Priory |
Harun ibn Khumarawayh (; died 30 December 904) was the fourth Tulunid vassal Emir of Egypt (896–904). He succeeded his elder brother Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh, who had been murdered by army chiefs. He left state affairs to the vizier, Abu Ja'far ibn Ali, preferring to live a life of dissolute luxury. This led to a growing crisis in the country, since state finances could not be regulated and the army leaders gradually accrued more power to themselves
After Khumarawayh's death, the Tulunids entered a period of instability under his under-age heirs, with his son Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh being deposed and killed in November, in favour of his younger brother Harun ibn Khumarawayh (896–904). Al-Mu'tadid swiftly took advantage of this: in 897 he extended his control over the border provinces of the Thughūr; forced the Tulunids to hand back all of Syria north of Homs; and increased the annual tribute to 450,000 dinars in exchange for caliphal recognition of Harun.
Over the next few years, the Tulunid domains continued to experience domestic turmoil coupled with an escalation of Qarmatian attacks, resulting in the defection of many Tulunid followers to the resurgent Caliphate.
The Abbasid Caliphate took advantage of this state of affairs and invaded Tulunid-controlled Syria in 904. The Tulunid troops deserted, and the forces of the Caliphate were able to enter the Nile valley. Harun was killed in an army mutiny. His successor was the last of the Tulunids, his uncle Shayban (904–905).
References
Sources
9th-century births
904 deaths
9th-century Tulunid emirs
10th-century Tulunid emirs
Tulunid emirs
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun%20ibn%20Khumarawayh |
The spotted-winged fruit bat (Balionycteris maculata) is the smallest megabat in the world, and the only species in the genus Balionycteris. It inhabits forests in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Description
Spotted-winged fruit bats are unusually small megabats, with a head-body length of , a wingspan of , and an adult body weight of around . Most of the head and body are covered in thick blackish-brown fur, while the underparts are a pale grey-brown. Their wings are dark brown, with distinctive pale cream spots, which are most noticeable on the joints, but are also found in a variable pattern across the wing membranes. The wings have been reported to have an aspect ratio of 5.8 and a wing loading of 9.51 N/m2.
There are also pale markings in front of the large eyes, and on the ears, which are simple in shape, compared with those of microbats. The nostrils are elongated, and splayed to the side of the snout. The species can be distinguished from other small fruit bats by the presence of the spots on its wings, but also by its unusual dental formula of .
Distribution and habitat
Spotted-winged fruit bats inhabit primary rain forest up to elevation, and coastal mangrove forests. They are found across Malaysia and Brunei, and in the northern and western parts of the island of Borneo in Indonesia. At the edges of their range, they have also been reported from Trang Province in southern Thailand, from a small area in Sumatra, and from the Riau Archipelago. No subspecies are known.
Behaviour and biology
Spotted-winged fruit bats forage in the understory of dense forest where they feed on a range of generally small, inconspicuous fruit, such as figs and persimmon, and on some insects and spiders. They spend the day roosting alone or in small groups consisting of a male and up to nine females and their young. Rather than remaining with a single male, females may visit up to three different males. Males return regularly to their roosts during the night, suggesting that they gain access to females by controlling and defending prime roosting sites.
They forage as individuals, rather than in a group, and rarely travel more than from their roost site. They have been observed to make high-pitched "peep" noises when foraging, as well as more complex series of sounds when socialising. Roosts are of a consistent shape and size, and may be partially excavated by the bats, a behaviour that is otherwise unknown in this group of animals. They are generally located in the root masses of epiphytic plants, such as ferns, and also in the nests of ants and termites.
Females give birth to a single young up to twice a year, typically between June and January. The young are born blind, and weighing around , after a gestation of 135 days. They are weaned by 40–80 days, and are able to fly by the time they have reached in weight. Females are sexually mature at ten months of age.
References
External links
ARKive - images and movies of the spotted-winged fruit bat (Balionycteris maculata)
Megabats
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Brunei
Mammals of Thailand
Mammals described in 1893
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted-winged%20fruit%20bat |
Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib ( (1918 – 15 November 2010) was a Palestinian leader and pro-Husayni head of the Arab Higher Committee in Haifa during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. He founded an Islamic society called Jam‘iyyat al-I‘tisam in 1941. Khatib's family held the mufti-ship of Haifa during Ottoman rule.
Khatib was targeted for assassination by the Haganah, as part of Operation Zarzir, on 19 February 1948. Two Shahar agents fired 32 bullets at a taxi in which he was traveling north of Haifa on a return journey from Damascus. He was hit by one bullet in the lung and three in the left shoulder. Isaac Shoshan had been instructed to "run back and appear to be helping, but actually to make sure the sheikh was dead, and if not, to finish the job off with my handgun". However, British soldiers prevented Shoshan from reaching the car. One passenger died and one other was wounded in the attack. Al-Khatib remained outside of Palestine for the rest of the war.
Khatib was the author of a notable account of the 1948 War entitled The Events of the Disaster (Min Athar al-Nakba). Khatib was the first writer to note the Tantura massacre.
References
External links
Nimr al-Khatib's obituary
1918 births
2010 deaths
Palestinian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Palestinian Sunni Muslims
Palestinian non-fiction writers
Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimr%20al-Khatib |
Duck hepatitis B virus, abbreviated DHBV, is part of the genus Avihepadnavirus of the Hepadnaviridae, and is the causal agent of duck hepatitis B.
DHBV is a small DNA virus with a diameter of 40–45 nm. The viral envelope is made up from host cell lipid, with viral surface antigens (DHBsAg). The icosahedral nucleocapsid within, is composed of the virus core antigen (DHBcAg) and surrounds the DNA genome and viral polymerase. The viral genome is a circular double stranded DNA molecule about 3000 base pairs long. The genome has three overlapping open reading frames or ORFs:
C-ORF – encoding the core antigen and pre-core protein which are processed and secreted as DHBcAg
S-ORF – codes for the surface antigen DHBsAg
P-ORF – encoding the viral polymerase.
On binding and entry of the virus to the host cell, the genome is transported to the nucleus to be transcribed. Novel viral RNA is then transferred to the cytoplasm for translation and subsequent protein synthesis.
Duck hepatitis B virus has provided a basis for the use of vaccines and prophylactic treatments for individuals at high risk of human Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus has also provided as a useful animal model in the absence of one from the HBV, and as scaffold for the development of chimeric virus-like particles.
References
Hepadnaviridae
Animal viral diseases
Hepatitis B virus
Poultry diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20hepatitis%20B%20virus |
So You Wanna Go Back to Egypt is the third album released by American contemporary Christian music pianist and singer Keith Green, released on May 7, 1980.
The album was listed at No. 49 in the 2001 book, CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music.
It includes several notable Christian artists, including Matthew Ward, Kelly Willard, and Bob Dylan playing harmonica.
Not for Sale
This album marked a turning point in Green's career when he realized his principles would no longer allow him to charge money for albums. In 1979, after negotiating a release from his contract with Sparrow, Green initiated a new policy of refusing to charge money for concerts or albums. Keith and Melody mortgaged their home to privately finance the album. The album was offered through mail-order and at concerts for whatever price the recipient was willing to pay. As of May 1982, Green had shipped out more than 200,000 units of his album–61,000 for free. Green continued this policy for the remainder of his career.
"Keith Green has just recorded a new album, and it will not be available for sale in bookstores or through any of the usual commercial outlets. Pretty Good Records has been given the exclusive right by Keith to give the album away to anyone for whatever they can afford to give in return
"The whole reason for not charging a set price for the album is simple: We want everyone, no matter how much they have (even if it's nothing), to be able to hear the ministry of new life in Jesus that springs forth from this powerfully anointed album.
"At Last Days, we have always had a burden for the poor. To date we have sent out over a million tracts, thousands of ministry cassette tapes, and every six weeks we send out a newsletter magazine, world-wide, to almost 100,000 people—and we've never charged for any of them. We believe that if the Lord gives you something for free then you should share it freely (Matthew 10:8). The new album is our biggest undertaking yet, and we believe it will reach a lot of people. We don't want anyone to be left out!
"We'd really like to share this ministry of music with you, so if you would like a copy of Keith's new album then use the attached coupon, and just give whatever you can afford, as God directs.
"We realized that this is a matter of trust. Some have warned us that there will be those who will just use the to 'get a free album'. But we hope you understand that we're doing this, not so people can get a 'good deal', but simply because it's hard for some people to reconcile paying 8 dollars for a gospel record, when they can hardly afford to buy shoes for their kids! "
(Text excerpted from original 1979 promotional flyer)
At some point, after Green's death, this album was offered for sale mainly through the Last Days Ministries web site.
Making of the album
The album was made over a span of several months between 1979 and 1980, produced by Bill Maxwell and Keith Green. String arrangements were by Ralph Carmichael. There were many others who contributed their talents and ministries to the record, among whom are: Hadley Hockensmith, Matthew Ward (from 2nd Chapter of Acts), Kelly Willard, and Bob Dylan who was a close friend of Green's - contributing his harmonica to the track "Pledge My Head to Heaven". Guitarist Kelly Perkins also assisted in playing lead for some of Green's music, including the title song.
Track listing
"So You Wanna Go Back to Egypt" (Keith and Melody Green) – 4:38
"Pledge My Head to Heaven" (Keith Green) – 3:55
"If You Love the Lord" (Keith and Melody Green) – 4:07
"Romans VII" (Keith Green) – 3:25
"Lies" (Keith Green) – 3:45
"I Want to Be More Like Jesus" (Keith and Melody Green/Kelly Willard) – 4:22
"Unless the Lord Builds the House" (Keith and Melody Green) – 3:57
"Oh Lord, You're Beautiful" (Keith Green) – 4:20
"You Love the World" (Keith Green) – 2:38
"Grace by Which I Stand" (Keith Green) – 4:53
Personnel
Keith Green – piano, lead vocals, background vocals
Bill Maxwell – drums
Harlan Rogers – organ
Hadley Hockensmith – guitar, bass guitar
Alex Acuña – congas and percussion
Bob Dylan – harmonica
Kelly Willard – background vocals
Matthew Ward – background vocals
References
External links
Keith Green discography
1980 albums
Keith Green albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20You%20Wanna%20Go%20Back%20to%20Egypt |
The pygmy fruit bat (Aethalops alecto), also known as the grey fruit bat, is a species of megabat.
Distribution
Three specimens were collected in April 1995 from Bario highlands in Sarawak. A. alecto is confined to montane forest above 1000 m from Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java. In Borneo it had been recorded at Mount Kinabalu and Crocker Range in Sabah; Gunung Mulu and Bareo in Sarawak (Payne et al. 1985 ).
Biology and ecology
Two adult females and an adult male collected from Bario were in a non-reproductive condition. Kitchener et al. (1990) reported a pregnant female collected on Lombok Island in October. Hill (1961) observed pregnancy in February and May in Peninsular Malaysia. Medway (1978) recorded that the months between February and June was the breeding period for the species. This species appears to be confined to montane forest above 1,000 m (Payne et al. 1985).
External measurements
3 samples. FA = 43.70–48.00, TL = none, EL = 10.00–12.00, TB = 15.30–17.00, WT = 12.00–18.00.
Measurements are referenced from Diaz. Measurements are without scale, but can only be millimeters. FA = Forearm Length, TL = Tail Length, EL = Ear Length, HFL = Hind Foot Length, TB is not described, and WT = usually W, is weight in grams.
Further measurements are referenced according to Barquez.
Measurements are referenced as GLS = Greater Length of Skull, Condylobasal Length (CBL), Least Interorbital Breadth (LIB), Zygomatic Breadth (ZB), Postorbital Constriction (PC), Breadth of Braincase (BB), Length of Maxillary Toothrow (LMxT), Palatial Length (PL), Mastoid Breadth (MB), Length of Mandibular Toothrow (LMdT), Length of Mandible (LM), Width across Upper Canines (CC), and Width across Upper Molars (MM).
References
Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191–284
Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234.
Mohd. Azlan J., Ibnu Maryanto, Agus P. Kartono and M.T. Abdullah. 2003 Diversity, Relative Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 251–265.
Hall LS, Richards GC, Abdullah MT. 2002. The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255–282.
Bat World Sanctuary
Bat Conservation International
ITIS
Aethalops
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Fauna of Java
Fauna of Sumatra
Sarawak
Least concern biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1923
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy%20fruit%20bat |
Rags to Riches is a side-scrolling action-adventure game released in 1985 for the Commodore 64, developed by Bob Keener and published by Melody Hall Publishing Corp.
Gameplay
The game starts with the player assuming the role of an unnamed homeless vagrant living in a fictional city, divided into four sections, titled North, South, West, and East. The player begins in the South section. To complete the game the player must accumulate $1,000,000 cash by progressing from the life of a vagrant, cleaning up by getting a haircut, securing odd jobs, attending High School, College, and eventually becoming a millionaire. Money is collected by finding dimes and $1 notes on the street and taking up employment. Bottles can also be found and exchanged for money at several stores.
Movement within the city is within a scrolling two-dimensional landscape containing non-interactive pedestrians and foes. A subway system with an entrance in each section of the city allows the player to travel between sections of the city. Before travel, the player must purchase a ticket, with a maximum of five tickets able to be held at any one time.
An alcohol, food/rest, and two education meters indicate the player's current status. If both the alcohol level and food/rest level reach zero, the player dies and the game ends. Restaurants, fast food outlets, and convenience stores offer the player nourishment, with price depending on the establishment; there is also a soup kitchen in which a filling meal is available for free. Some stores have limited opening hours displayed on store windows and others are open at all hours. At night, it is usually advisable that the player find accommodation such as a hotel room, ranging in price from $2 per night to $40 per week; the food/rest levels deplete twice as fast during night time. When an accommodation is pre-paid, the player leaves his hat "at home". Drinking alcohol is an inexpensive means of staying alive; however, the player cannot gain employment while affected.
Both education meters, High School and College, require three visits to complete. There are no icons or indications that show the player has a diploma or degree though, it is simply implied when the meter is full. High School is free to attend, however University requires a $100 tuition payment with each visit. Both are situated in EAST city. Shops and institutions located throughout the city can be entered for special purposes including purchasing alcohol or food, attending school and work, obtaining a haircut and travelling the subway.
Besides staying alive, the key focus in the game is accumulating money. The amount of currency possessed by the player is shown in three areas. The majority is represented in a green dollar readout at the bottom of the screen. However, that only shows multiples of $10. The balance of currency (dollars and dimes) are represented in unary notation. Up to nine dollar bills and up to nine dimes are shown, representing how many the player holds. Ten dimes are automatically converted into a dollar bill, and a tenth dollar bill results in the equivalent amount being moved to the green dollar readout section. In early stages of the game, money is collected in the street. Bottles can also be collected from a junkyard and traded for money at an adjacent convenience store. Before entering the junkyard the player is required to purchase dog bones to appease a guard dog. In late stages of the game, the player can make investments in increments of $10,000. Once an investment is made, the money is removed from game play, aside from the generous 20% interest paid every morning. However, investments don't count towards winning the game.
Robbers carrying guns steal any dollar bills you are currently holding (but not dimes or larger amounts).
IRS agents take all money the player is currently carrying in the game, except for dollar bills and dimes. Police arrest the player for not having a recent haircut. (A haircut is also a precondition for employment.) On the fifth day the player's facial hair regrows, requiring another haircut. If arrested, the player is transferred to the City Jail in the South End for a brief period, which can be inconvenient.
The four sections of the city have each their purpose:
South - initial survival.
West - get a haircut and a job.
East - get an education.
North - make your money grow.
The music in the game is taken from the theme in the first movement of Mozart's Trio for Piano, Clarinet and Viola in E flat major (K498).
External links
1985 video games
Action-adventure games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Homelessness in popular culture
Simulation video games
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags%20to%20Riches%20%28video%20game%29 |
William McGuckin (also Mac Guckin and MacGuckin), known as Baron de Slane (Belfast, Ireland, 12 August 1801 – Paris, France, 4 August 1878) was an Irish orientalist. He became a French national on 31 December 1838. and held the post of the Principal Interpreter of Arabic of the French Army from 1 September 1846 until his retirement on 28 March 1872. He is known for publishing and translating a number of important medieval Arabic texts.
Biography
De Slane was born in Belfast, the son of James McGuckin and Euphemia Hughes. After graduating from Trinity College Dublin, in 1822 he moved to Paris and studied oriental languages under Silvestre de Sacy.
In 1828 he was admitted to the Société Asiatique, a French learned society. The society financed Joseph Toussaint Reinaud and de Slane to prepare a critical edition of Abu'l-Fida (أبو الفداء)'s Arabic geography, Taqwīm al-Buldān (تقويم البلدان) - "Locating the Lands" (1321). This was published in 1840.
Between 1843 and 1846 he was sent on a mission by the French Government to catalogue important documents in the libraries of Algiers and Constantine. During this time he also served as an Interpreter of Arabic in the French African Army and in 1846 he was appointed as Principal Interpreter for the French African army. He served as Professor of Arabic at the École de langues orientales in Paris and from 1849 also taught Turkish. He was also commissioned by the Bibliothèque Nationale to catalogue their Arabic manuscripts.
On 30 October 1826 he married Angadrème Sophie Félicité de la Barre de Mérona. She died seven years later on 24 September 1833. He then married Anne Elise Sutton de Clonard and together they had five children. De Slane was awarded French citizenship on 31 December 1838. He died aged 76 in Passy, France on the 4 August 1878.
In France he was awarded following honours:
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, 24 September 1846
Officer of the Legion of Honour, 26 December 1852
Officer of the Instruction Publique
Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, awarded by King of Sardinia
Elected Member, 1862, of the Institut de France
Founding Member of the Association Historique Algérienne
Selected publications
Arabic text of Abu'l-Fida's Takwin al-Buldan, one volume, 1840
Translation of a section of Ibn Battuta's rihla, 1843
Translation of Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary, four volumes, 1843-1871
Arabic text of Ibn Khaldun's Histoire des Berbères, 2 volumes, 1847-1851
Translation of Ibn Khaldun's Histoire des Berbères, 4 volumes, 1852-1856
Translation of Al-Bakri, 1859, one volume
Revised edition with corrections (1913), Tangiers: Adolphe Jourdan.
Translation of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), three volumes, 1863-1868
References
External links
Irish orientalists
Irish Arabists
French Arabists
French philologists
Members of the Société Asiatique
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French translators
Arabic–French translators
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Writers from Belfast
1801 births
1878 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20McGuckin%20de%20Slane |
The Zechstein (German either from mine stone or tough stone) is a unit of sedimentary rock layers of Late Permian (Lopingian) age located in the European Permian Basin which stretches from the east coast of England to northern Poland. The name Zechstein was formerly also used as a unit of time in the geologic timescale, but nowadays it is only used for the corresponding sedimentary deposits in Europe.
The Zechstein lies on top of the Rotliegend; on top of the Zechstein is the Buntsandstein or Bunter.
Formation
The evaporite rocks of the Zechstein formation were laid down by the Zechstein Sea, an epicontinental or epeiric sea that existed in the Guadalupian and Lopingian epochs of the Permian period. The Zechstein Sea occupied the region of what is now the North Sea, plus lowland areas of Britain and the north European plain through Germany and Poland. The Zechstein Sea lay in the rain shadow of the Central Pangean Mountains to the south. At times the Zechstein Sea may have connected with the Paleotethys Ocean through southeastern Poland; the point is disputed by researchers.
Though situated at the time near the equator (where high temperatures and arid conditions facilitated evaporation), the sea's inception likely stemmed from a marine transgression rooted in a phase of de-glaciation; the southern portion of Pangaea, the former (and future) Gondwanaland, supported ice sheets in the early Permian. The eventual disappearance of the Zechstein Sea was part of a general marine regression that preceded and accompanied the Permian-Triassic extinction.
Stratigraphy
The Zechstein is usually given the status of a lithostratigraphic group and as such encompasses a number of geologic formations. It consists of at least five depositional cycles of evaporite rocks, which are labelled Z1 to Z5, respectively. The lithologies found are halite ("rock salt"), anhydrite, dolomite, and shale.
Economic importance
The Zechstein has significant economic importance in the North Sea Oil province. In the southern gas basin, it forms the main cap rock to the gas fields with Rotliegend reservoirs. It also forms a reservoir in the Auk oilfield in the central part of the North Sea. Further north, the Zechstein salt becomes diapiric, forming salt domes which form the structure for several oil fields, such as Machar. Zechstein dolomites crop out near the coast of County Durham, England where they are known as the Magnesian Limestone.
Just above the base of the Zechstein formation is a fairly thin layer of shale, or slate, where it has been metamorphized, known as the kupferschiefer for its high copper content. In its unmodified form, this layer is high in sulfur compounds that are typical of silt deposited in stagnant shallow marshland. Where faults have allowed mineral-rich groundwater to circulate through this layer, the sulfur has oxidized metal ions to metallic sulfide ores. From the Middle Ages into the modern era, this thin but widely dispersed constellation of ore bodies has been of immense importance as a source of copper across much of northern Europe.
The Zechstein salt layer is also used for underground gas storage in England, Germany and France.
See also
List of stratigraphic units in the Netherlands
Marl Slate Formation
References
Changhsingian
Lithostratigraphy of Germany
Wuchiapingian
Permian System of Europe
Sedimentology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechstein |
John O'Shea (born 1944) is founder and former CEO of GOAL, an Irish non-governmental organization devoted to assisting the poorest of the poor. His first career was as a sports journalist and GOAL retains links to the sporting community, especially in Ireland.
O'Shea was shortlisted in the top 40 of 2010 RTÉ poll to find Ireland's Greatest person.
Early life and career
O'Shea was born in County Limerick in 1944 and lived in Westport and in Cork. His father, a banker, moved the family to Dublin when he was age 11. He was schooled in CBC Monkstown, played rugby at school and was a golfer and tennis player in Monkstown. O'Shea remains a fan of rugby, tennis and golf, playing tennis every Saturday and also giving opinions on Irish sports to radio and newspapers. O'Shea went on to study Economics, English and Philosophy at University College Dublin and had a career as a sports journalist in the Evening Press for many years after meeting Tim Pat Coogan whilst studying.
GOAL
In 1977, he began his charitable organisation with a 10,000 punts donation for a feeding project in Calcutta after which O'Shea founded GOAL. The charity has a major sporting backbone. John McEnroe, Pat Cash and Gordon D'Arcy are amongst the sportstars to have become "Goalies"(volunteers).
In its 36 years of operation, GOAL has distributed €790 million and has had over 1,400 volunteers. It has operated in over 50 countries worldwide. O'Shea cites watching the "Goalies" working around the world as the best part of his years involved in the charity. O'Shea believes that governments of developed countries should be far more involved in the distribution of aid. Speaking on a tribute to his work in GOAL in 2007 on Ireland foremost chat show-The Late Late Show, O'Shea said;
In 2012, O'Shea was asked to slow down by his doctor. In November 2012, former Fianna Fáil politician, Barry Andrews, was appointed chief executive of GOAL.
Controversies
A sometimes controversial figure, O'Shea is known for his forthright public statements, particularly when he feels political correctness is getting in the way of assisting those in need, and a hands on approach to tackling poverty related issues.
He has been criticised by some in the INGO community for advocating military invasion and intervention in Sudan by the US, UK and NATO, under the guise of humanitarian intervention. He has also been critical of perceived inaction by the UN in humanitarian crisis' in conflict zones and of governmental aid agencies in giving aid directly to allegedly corrupt African governments. John O'Shea has advocated using private companies to provide aid and military forces to directly force aid on countries. Most other Irish Aid agencies disagree stating that every type of aid channels must be used and have described his policies as re-colonisation.
His stance has drawn praise with the Vice Chancellor of the Open University which awarded him an honorary doctorate, John Naughton stating; "“He [John O’Shea] says openly that Western aid ought not to be channelled to governments that are proven to be either corrupt or brutal – and he is happy to name those regimes. Plain speaking of this order is not usually a way to win friends and influence people. But it has influenced us, which is why we honour him today."
Additionally his salary has garnered criticisms in some quarters.
Awards
O'Shea's list of achievements and awards include: the People of the Year Awards 1987 and 1992, The Ballygowan Outstanding Achievement Award 1988, MIR Award 1992, The Late Late Show Tribute 1995 and 2007, Texaco Outstanding Achievement Award 1995 and the Tipperary International Peace Award 2003, Ernst & Young Social Entrepreneur of the Year 2005.
In 2008, he was conferred with an honorary doctorate of laws from the University of Notre Dame in recognition of his work.
Current Work/Life
John O'Shea currently gives talks at NUI Galway and interpersonal skills class UCD. He has become involved with the university for a few years where he shares his story. He is an advocate for social (non-profit) entrepreneurs and tries to convince students to go down that path.
Remuneration
The Sunday Independent newspaper reported in 2010 that he drew a then annual salary of €98,320 as acting CEO of GOAL.
Notes and references
External links
GOAL Official website
GOAL USA
Thoughts for the day by John O'Shea
Living people
1944 births
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Irish humanitarians
Irish sports journalists
People educated at C.B.C. Monkstown
The Irish Press people
University of Notre Dame people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20O%27Shea%20%28humanitarian%29 |
Dyacopterus is a genus of megabats from south-east Asia. It contains three species, namely:
Brooks's dyak fruit bat, Dyacopterus brooksi
Dayak fruit bat, Dyacopterus spadiceus
Rickart's dyak fruit bat, Dyacopterus rickarti
References
Mammals of Asia
Bat genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyacopterus |
Audio noise measurement is a process carried out to assess the quality of audio equipment, such as the kind used in recording studios, broadcast engineering, and in-home high fidelity.
In audio equipment noise is a low-level hiss or buzz that intrudes on audio output. Every piece of equipment which the recorded signal subsequently passes through will add a certain amount of electronic noise the process of removing this and other noises is called noise reduction.
Origins of noise – the need for weighting
Microphones, amplifiers and recording systems all add some electronic noise to the signals passing through them, generally described as hum, buzz or hiss. All buildings have low-level magnetic and electrostatic fields in and around them emanating from mains supply wiring, and these can induce hum into signal paths, typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz (depending on the country's electrical supply standard) and lower harmonics. Shielded cables help to prevent this, and on professional equipment where longer interconnections are common, balanced signal connections (most often with XLR or phone connectors) are usually employed. Hiss is the result of random signals, often arising from the random motion of electrons in transistors and other electronic components, or the random distribution of oxide particles on analog magnetic tape. It is predominantly heard at high frequencies, sounding like steam or compressed air.
Attempts to measure noise in audio equipment as RMS voltage, using a simple level meter or voltmeter, do not produce useful results; a special noise-measuring instrument is required. This is because noise contains energy spread over a wide range of frequencies and levels, and different sources of noise have different spectral content. For measurements to allow fair comparison of different systems they must be made using a measuring instrument that responds in a way that corresponds to how we hear sounds. From this, three requirements follow. Firstly, it is important that frequencies above or below those that can be heard by even the best ears are filtered out and ignored by bandwidth limiting (usually 22 Hz to 22 kHz). Secondly, the measuring instrument should give varying emphasis to different frequency components of the noise in the same way that our ears do, a process referred to as weighting. Thirdly, the rectifier or detector that is used to convert the varying alternating noise signal into a steady positive representation of level should take time to respond fully to brief peaks to the same extent that our ears do; it should have the correct dynamics.
The proper measurement of noise, therefore, requires the use of a specified method, with defined measurement bandwidth and weighting curve, and rectifier dynamics. The two main methods defined by current standards are A-weighting and ITU-R 468 (formerly known as CCIR weighting).
A-weighting
A-weighting uses a weighting curve based on equal-loudness contours that describe our hearing sensitivity to pure tones, but it turns out that the assumption that such contours would be valid for noise components was wrong. While the A-weighting curve peaks by about 2 dB around 2 kHz, it turns out that our sensitivity to noise peaks by some 12.2 dB at 6 kHz.
ITU-R 468 weighting
When measurements started to be used in reviews of consumer equipment in the late 1960s, it became apparent that they did not always correlate with what was heard. In particular, the introduction of Dolby B noise reduction on cassette recorders was found to make them sound a full 10.2 dB less noisy, yet they did not measure 10.2 dB better. Various new methods were then devised, including one which used a harsher weighting filter and a quasi-peak rectifier, defined as part of the German DIN2 45500 Hi-Fi standard. This standard, no longer in use, attempted to lay down minimum performance requirements in all areas for High Fidelity reproduction.
The introduction of FM radio, which also generates predominantly high-frequency hiss, also showed up the unsatisfactory nature of A-weighting, and the BBC Research Department undertook a research project to determine which of several weighting filter and rectifier characteristics gave results that were most in line with the judgment of a panel of listeners, using a wide variety of different types of noise. BBC Research Department Report EL-17 formed the basis of what became known as CCIR recommendation 468, which specified both a new weighting curve and a quasi-peak rectifier. This became the standard of choice for broadcasters worldwide, and it was also adopted by Dolby, for measurements on its noise-reduction systems which were rapidly becoming the standard in cinema sound, as well as in recording studios and the home.
Though they represent what we truly hear, ITU-R 468 noise weighting gives figures that are typically some 112 dB worse than A-weighted, a fact that brought resistance from marketing departments reluctant to put worse specifications on their equipment than the public had been used to. Dolby tried to get around this by introducing a version of their own called CCIR-Dolby which incorporated a 62 dB shift into the result (and a cheaper average reading rectifier), but this only confused matters, and was very much disapproved of by the CCIR.
With the demise of the CCIR, the 468 standard is now maintained as ITU-R 468, by the International Telecommunication Union, and forms part of many national and international standards, in particular by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), and the BSI (British Standards Institute). It is the only way to measure noise that allows fair comparisons; and yet the flawed A-weighting has made a comeback in the consumer field recently, for the simple reason that it gives the lower figures that are considered more impressive by marketing departments.
Signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range
Audio equipment specifications tend to include the terms signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, both of which have multiple definitions, sometimes treated as synonyms. The exact meaning must be specified along with the measurement.
Analog
Dynamic range used to mean the difference between maximum level and noise level, with maximum level defined as a clipping signal with a specified THD+N. The term has become corrupted by a tendency to refer to the dynamic range of CD players as meaning the noise level on a blank recording with no dither, (in other words, just the analog noise content at the output). This is not particularly useful; especially since many CD players incorporate automatic muting in the absence of signal.
Since the early 1990s various writers such as Julian Dunn have suggested that dynamic range be measured in the presence of a low-level test signal. Thus, any spurious signals caused by the test signal or distortion will not degrade the signal-to-noise ratio. This also addresses concerns about muting circuits.
Digital
In 1999, Steven Harris & Clif Sanchez Cirrus Logic published a white paper titled "Personal Computer Audio Quality Measurements" stating:
In 2000 the AES released AES Information Document 6id-2000 which defined dynamic range as "20 times the logarithm of the ratio of the full-scale signal to the r.m.s. noise floor in the presence of signal, expressed in dB2 FS" with the following note:
See also
Audio quality measurement
Noise
Sound level meter
ITU-R 468 noise weighting
Noise measurement
Headroom
Weighting filter
Equal-loudness contour
Fletcher–Munson curves
References
External links
Noise measurement briefing
Audio electronics
Broadcast engineering
Sound measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20noise%20measurement |
Wyoming PBS (formerly known as Wyoming Public Television) is the PBS member network in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It currently consists of flagship KCWC-DT (channel 4) in Lander (serving Riverton); full-power satellites KWYP-DT (channel 8) in Laramie (serving Cheyenne) and KPTW (channel 6) in Casper; and over 35 low-power translator stations across the state.
The network is operated by Central Wyoming College, a community college in Riverton which owns the licenses to all of the state's PBS stations, with studios located on the Central Wyoming College campus.
History
Wyoming had been among the first states to begin the groundwork for a non-commercial educational/public television station, doing so in 1951, three years before any television station was on the air in the state. However, due to numerous delays, it would be several years before the idea even got beyond the planning stages. In the meantime, KRMA-TV in Denver brought PBS programming to much of the state on cable and via translators. Other parts of Wyoming were served by KTNE-TV in Alliance, Nebraska, part of the Nebraska ETV Network; and KUED and KBYU-TV in Salt Lake City. KRMA (now known as Rocky Mountain PBS) and KUED still operate several translators in Wyoming, as much of the southern portion of the state is considered part of the Denver and Salt Lake City markets.
Central Wyoming College applied for the channel 4 license in Riverton in the late 1970s. Before then, the college offered college programming through the Riverton cable system on channel 4 using its own head end modulator on campus. Programming was in black and white from 1971 to 1973 and very limited. Examples of shows included Riverton high school football, college basketball, on-campus lectures, and educational films. By the mid-1970s, the educational radio station got on air and work began on KCWC-TV for full color equipment and FCC licenses. They had to fight a commercial station in nearby Casper to keep the channel designated as non-commercial. After securing the largest single federal grant for a public television station at the time, KCWC-TV finally went on the air on May 10, 1983. This made Wyoming the next-to-last state to get a public television station on the air within its borders; CWC filed just days before Montana State University filed for KUSM in Bozeman, Montana; which went on the air over a year after KCWC.
Initially, KCWC's coverage was limited to Riverton and surrounding Fremont County. Over the years, however, it built translator after translator across the state, bringing its signal to 85% of Wyoming. This was not as problematic as it may seem; this expansion effort was done largely in conjunction with the state's cable systems. Even in the digital era, cable and satellite are all but essential for acceptable television in much of Wyoming. Sometime in the late 1980s or early 1990s, it adopted the on-air name of Wyoming Public Television to reflect its statewide reach.
KWYP-TV, the network's second full-power station, signed on in 2004. KPTW followed in March 2007.
On New Year's Day 2008, the state network rebranded as Wyoming PBS to celebrate its 25th anniversary on the air.
The switch to digital television greatly extended Wyoming PBS' reach. Since digital signals cover more territory than analog signals, Wyoming PBS now claims to reach 95 percent of the state.
The network has a very close relationship with Central Wyoming College. Broadcasting students help produce and direct many of the network's shows and pledge drives. As of 2019, they added the PBS Kids Channel to digital subchannel .3 on all of its stations.
Stations
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Notes:
1. KCWC-DT used the callsign KCWC-TV until October 7, 2009.
2. Because they were granted original construction permits after the FCC finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997, these stations did not receive companion channels for digital television stations. Instead, on June 12, 2009, which was the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KWYP-TV and KPTW were to be required to turn off their analog signals and turn on their digital signals (called a "flash-cut"). KPTW however, did change channels to 8 instead of 6.
3. KWYP-DT used the callsign KWYP-TV until October 7, 2009.
Additionally, KCWC is carried on the Casper Dish Network feed. However, KWYP is not available on the Cheyenne Dish Network feed; KTNE is the sole PBS station offered. This is due to a longstanding FCC regulation that defined a "local" channel as one whose main transmitter is in the area, not a repeater. Although state networks in other states have satellite stations carried on local satellite feeds, Dish interpreted this regulation as forbidding it from carrying KWYP on the Cheyenne feed (presumably because Laramie is geographically part of the Denver market). Wyoming PBS has pursued legislation that would allow states that suffer from severe fragmentation of their state by outside markets a chance to claim "local" for public broadcasters in a style of "within our state borders" if the public broadcaster is providing the service to the entire state. In response, Congress amended the Satellite Home Viewer Act to permit satellite carriers to carry statewide PBS networks to viewers in all counties in that state, regardless of what DMA the county was in.
Translators
Wyoming PBS operates a network of low-power translator stations across the state of Wyoming—one of the largest translator networks in the PBS system.
References
External links
Wyoming PBS Website
PBS member networks
Television stations in Wyoming
Central Wyoming College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%20PBS |
The black-capped fruit bat (Chironax melanocephalus) is a species of megabat in the monotypic genus Chironax.
Distribution
Seven specimens of C. melanocephalus were collected from the lowland forest at Kubah and Lambir, and beach forest at Samunsam, Sarawak, Borneo. The specimen that was mist-netted in Kubah National Park on 12 July 1995 was a first record for Sarawak (Abdullah et al. 1997). According to Payne et al. (1985) the distribution of C. melanocephalus in Borneo is only known from Sepilok in Sabah and Temburong in Brunei. The range includes Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi (Payne et al. 1985).
Biology and ecology
The habitat where it was caught was lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Two specimens were caught in the understory of primary dipterocarp forest in Kubah National Park; one from the understory of mixed beach forest habitat in Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary; and four from the canopy (between 15 and 30 m) of the primary dipterocarp forest in Lambir Hills National Park. These sites are new distributional records for C. melanocephalus in Sarawak and have extended the range of the species to the western part of Borneo. The bat normally roosts in small groups in tree ferns and in shallow caves (Payne et al. 1985).
All C. melanocephalus caught were adults, three males and four females. Two were in non-reproductive condition and others were in various reproductive stages. A female (MTA96041) caught on 21 May 1996 from Kubah was pregnant. In November 1996, two females caught in Lambir Hills National Park were in post-lactating condition, suggesting recent detachment or loss of juveniles. A male caught at the same site was observed to have enlarged testes. Medway (1978) recorded pregnant females in February and April in the upland area of Cameron highlands in Peninsular Malaysia.
References
Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191-284.
Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special
Issue No. 6. 80: 221—234.
Mohd. Azlan J., Ibnu Maryanto, Agus P. Kartono and M.T. Abdullah. 2003 Diversity, Relative
Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 251-265.
Hall LS, Richards GC, Abdullah MT. 2002. The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255-282.
External links
Chironax
Megabats
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Bat, Black-capped fruit
Bat, Black-capped fruit
Bat, Black-capped fruit
Least concern biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped%20fruit%20bat |
This is a list of notable Scouts and Scouters.
Africa
Ghana
Kenya
Libya
Morocco
Rwanda
South Africa
Asia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Korea
Maldives
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Vietnamese Scouting in exile
Eurasia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Greece
Hungary and Hungarian Scouting
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Baden-Powell Scouts Association
Girlguiding UK
The Scout Association
Latin America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Cuba
Ecuador
Mexico
Peru
Venezuela
Middle East
Egypt
Israel
Lebanon
Syria
North America
Bahamas
Canada
United States
Girl Scouts of the USA
These notable individuals were in the Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA). Also see Gold Award recipients.
Boy Scouts of America
These notable individuals were in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Also see the lists of Eagle Scouts, Recipients of the Silver Buffalo Award, Chief Scout Executives, National presidents of the Boy Scouts of America and National Commissioner.
Honorary Scouts
In 1911, President William Howard Taft accepted the position of honorary president of the BSA, and each U.S. president since has served. Theodore Roosevelt was the only honorary vice-president, as he had left office before the honorary presidency began.
In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America created Honorary Scouts to distinguish "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". The eighteen who were awarded this distinction were:
Puerto Rico
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
See also
List of Alpha Phi Omega members
Notes
External links
References
Scouting and Guiding by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scouts |
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada.
Canadian also commonly refers to:
Something of, from, or related to Canada, a country
Canadian cuisine
Canadian English
Canadian may also refer to:
Geography
Rivers
Canadian River, United States, the largest tributary of the Arkansas River, in the southwestern United States
Canadian River (Colorado), United States, a tributary of the North Platte River
North Canadian River, United States, originating in northeast New Mexico
Cities
Canadian, Oklahoma, United States, a town in Pittsburg County
Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States
Canadian, Texas, United States, a city in Hemphill County
Canadian Lakes, Michigan, United States, an unincorporated community located in Mecosta County
Canadian, Victoria, 3350 Australia
Other uses
Canadian (canoe), a kind of canoe
The Canadian (train), a Canadian transcontinental passenger train with service between Toronto and Vancouver
Canadian (NYC train), an earlier international passenger train with service first between Chicago and Montreal
Canadian Airlines, a defunct airline of Canada
Canadian horse, a breed of horse, an official Canadian animal symbol
Canadian, a type of bet covering five selections and also known as a "Super Yankee"
The Canadian (film), a 1926 American silent film
Molson Canadian, a popular brand of beer produced by Molson Coors Brewing Company
Sherbrooke Canadians, a minor-league baseball team during the 1946 season
See also
Canadien
Montreal Canadiens, an NHL hockey team
Canadiana
Canadien (disambiguation)
Canada (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20%28disambiguation%29 |
David Arnold Jacobs (August 12, 1939 – August 20, 2023) was an American television writer, producer, and director. He is most well known as the creator of the CBS primetime series Dallas, Knots Landing, and Paradise.
Life and career
David Jacobs was born on August 12, 1939 in Baltimore, Maryland, the elder of two children (with a younger sister named Susan) to Melvin and Ruth Jacobs. His Jewish parents were of modest means, and Jacobs's father worked as a household appliance salesman. Jacobs was educated at Baltimore City College High School, and received a BFA from the Maryland Institute College of Art. Soon after graduation, he moved to New York City, where he worked as an illustrator and researcher for Grolier's Encyclopedia. He soon branched out as a freelance writer of nonfiction articles, the best known of which concerned the architect and inventor Buckminster Fuller. He also wrote a children's book on the great artists of the Renaissance.. In 1975 he co-wrote the non-fiction book "Police, a Precinct at Work", with Sara Ann Friedman. The book was a series of stories based upon 6 months of the authors' ride-alongs with police from NYPD's 24th precinct.
His marriage to actress Lynn Pleshette produced one child, his daughter Albyn, but ended in divorce. Later, he married his second wife Diana, with whom he had two children, Aaron and Molly. Jacobs moved to Los Angeles to be closer to his daughter, and tried his hand at screenwriting. His script for a proposed unnamed pilot mini series was later named Dallas. The mini series was so successful that the show was picked up as an on-going series and cemented his career as a writer and producer.
Jacobs battled Alzheimer's disease in later years. He died of complications from a series of infections at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, on August 20, 2023. He was 84.
Filmography
References
External links
David Jacobs at Columbia College Hollywood
1939 births
2023 deaths
American soap opera writers
American male television writers
American television writers
American television producers
Jewish American writers
Showrunners
Writers from Baltimore
Maryland Institute College of Art alumni
Screenwriters from Maryland
21st-century American Jews
People with Alzheimer's disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jacobs%20%28writer%29 |
The dusky fruit bat (Penthetor lucasi) is a species of bat found in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Dusky fruit bats are species found in Southeast Asia that serve as pollinators and seed dispersers in their ecosystem. Dusky fruit bats are considerably excellent seed dispersers due to their ability to travel long distances.
References
Megabats
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Brunei
Mammals of Hong Kong
Fauna of Sumatra
Least concern biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1880
Taxa named by George Edward Dobson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky%20fruit%20bat |
Testa may refer to:
Testa (botany), a term to describe the seed coat
Testa (surname)
Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault, a former Boston law firm
11667 Testa, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1997
Testa (ceramics), fired clay material, especially crushed brick used in mortar
Trans European Services for Telematics between Administrations
Trebatius Testa (fl. 1st century BC), jurist of ancient Rome
Tesch & Stabenow, a German chemical company notable for its role in the Holocaust
See also
Head (disambiguation), testa being the Italian word for head
Testarossa (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa |
Piper's Hill Ward is a 2-member ward within Kettering Borough Council which is statistically regarded as a marginal ward between Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives. The ward was last fought at borough council level in the 2015 local council elections, in which one seat was won by the Conservatives and one seat was won by Labour.
The current councillors are Cllr. Duncan Bain and Cllr. Anne Lee.
Councillors
Kettering Borough Council elections 2015
Duncan Bain (Conservative)
Anne Lee (Labour Party (UK))
Kettering Borough Council elections 2007
Duncan Bain (Conservative)
Philip Hollobone MP (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council elections 2003
Ursula Jones (Conservative)
Jamie Richardson (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council elections 1999
John Coleman (Liberal Democrat) – served as mayor from 2000 to 2001.
Fred Brown (Conservative)
Current ward boundaries (2007–)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2007
At the 2007 elections, Piper's Hill ward was enlarged with part of the former Warkton ward, a Labour-held ward.
Historic ward boundaries (1999–2007)
Kettering Borough Council elections 2003
(Vote count shown is ward average)
Kettering Borough Council elections 1999
(Vote count shown is ward average)
See also
Kettering
Kettering Borough Council
Electoral wards in Kettering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper%27s%20Hill%20%28Kettering%20BC%20Ward%29 |
The high commissioner of the United Kingdom to Belize is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Belize, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Belize.
As fellow members of the Commonwealth of Nations, diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Belize are at governmental level, rather than between heads of state. Thus, the countries exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors.
Heads of mission
High commissioners to Belize
1981–1984: Francis Trew
1984–1987: John Crosby
1987–1991: Peter Thomson
1991–1995: David Mackilligin
1995–1998: Gordon Baker
1998–2001: Timothy David
2001–2004: Philip Priestley
2004–2007: Alan Jones
2007–2008: John Yapp
2008–2013: Patrick Ashworth
2013–2018: Peter Hughes
2018–: Claire Evans
References
External links
UK and Belize – British High Commission Belmopan
Belize
United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20high%20commissioners%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Belize |
Eonycteris ("dawn bat") is a genus of megabats found in Asia. They are the only members of the tribe Eonycterini. Species within this genus are:
Greater nectar bat, Eonycteris major
Cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea
Philippine dawn bat, Eonycteris robusta
References
Bat genera
Taxa named by George Edward Dobson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eonycteris |
Brute, in comics, may refer to:
Marvel Comics:
Brute (Morlocks), one of the lesser known Morlocks in the main Marvel universe
Brute (Reed Richards), the name of an alternative Earth version of Mister Fantastic who became a member of the Frightful Four on True Earth
DC Comics:
Brute, a soldier character in the series Hunter's Hellcats
Brute (Sandman), a character in the series The Sandman
Brute, an antagonist who has appeared in Superman comics arresting him for the Tribunal Planet. He is the brother of Mope
Brute, a villain and a member of the Extremists
Brute (Atlas/Seaboard), a Hulk-like character from former Marvel Comics publisher Martin Goodman's Atlas/Seaboard Comics
Brute, an Image Comics character from Savage Dragon and a member of the Vicious Circle
See also
Brute (disambiguation)
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute%20%28comics%29 |
The long-tongued nectar bat (Macroglossus minimus), also known as the northern blossom bat, honey nectar bat, least blossom-bat, dagger-toothed long-nosed fruit bat, and lesser long-tongued fruit bat, is a species of megabat. M. minimus is one of the smallest species in the family Pteropodidae, with an average length of 60–85 mm. It has a reddish-brown colouring with relatively long hair compared to the other species. The hair on the abdomen is a lighter colour, and a dark brown stripe runs bilaterally down the top of the head and back.
Distribution
Its wide geographical range includes Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, southern Philippines, Java, Borneo, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and northern Australia. In Borneo, it had been recorded from Kota Kinabalu, Sepilok, Sukau, and Tawau in Sabah; Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei; Bario, Niah and Bako in Sarawak; Gunung Kenepi, Kutai, and Sungai Tengah in Kalimantan.
M. minimus has not been recorded in colonies, which suggest they live in small groups or alone. It feeds on nectar and pollen, which it can obtain from mangroves and banana flowers in Malaysia. Ecologically, the long-tongued nectar bat plays a major role as pollinator of many trees, including the families Bignoniaceae, Bombacaceae, Leguminosae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, and Sonneratiaceae in peninsular Malaysia. M. minimus has been recorded at elevations up to 1000 m near coastal mangroves, in dipterocarp forests, and in lower montane forests.
Biology
Of total captures, males constituted 53% and females 47%. About 77% were adults.
Sexually active males have enlarged testes, and polyestrous females have a breeding period of 140 to 160 days. Estimates for the gestation period for M. minimus is approximately 120 days (± 10 days), lactation occurs for 60 to 70 days. In Negros Island, Philippines, females studies produced two or three young per year. The species reproduces aseasonally (throughout the year) and synchronously in response to food abundance.
External measurements
For young bats, the forearm grows at per day and weight is gained at per day. A free-flying immature bat has a forearm length of and weighs around . The length of the head and body in adults is , with the head being in length. The length of the forearm is , and the weight is . It is shorter and lighter than Macroglossus sobrinus.
Notes
References
External links
Close-ups of M. minimus skulls
Macroglossus
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Oceania
Bats of Australia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Brunei
Mammals of Cambodia
Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Mammals of Western New Guinea
Mammals of the Philippines
Mammals of Singapore
Mammals of the Solomon Islands
Mammals of Thailand
Mammals of Vietnam
Mammals of the Northern Territory
Mammals of Queensland
Mammals of Western Australia
Fauna of Java
Least concern biota of Asia
Least concern biota of Oceania
Mammals described in 1810
Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Bats of New Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tongued%20nectar%20bat |
Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun (شيبان بن أحمد بن طولون) was the fifth and last vassal Emir of the Tulunids in Egypt (904-905). In 904–905 al-Muktafi invaded Egypt and reincorporated the country fully into the Abbasid Empire.
Shayban was one of the son of Ahmad ibn Tulun, he succeeded his nephew Harun ibn Khumarawayh, who was killed in a mutiny in December 904 during the invasion of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate. After years of mismanagement, the emirate was beyond rescue - he was forced to retreat with his army to Fustat, where on 10 January 905 he surrendered unconditionally to the Abbasid commander Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib, ending the rule of the Tulunids.
References
10th-century Tulunid emirs
Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
Tulunid emirs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayban%20ibn%20Ahmad%20ibn%20Tulun |
Start Right Here: Remembering the Life of Keith Green is a compilation album by various artists paying tribute to deceased American contemporary Christian music musician Keith Green. It was released in 2000.
Track listing
External links
Phantom Tollbooth Review
Jesus Freak Hideout Review
Amazon.com Page
2001 compilation albums
Keith Green albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start%20Right%20Here%3A%20Remembering%20the%20Life%20of%20Keith%20Green |
Geoffroy's rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) is a species of megabat or Old World fruit bats. It is one of ten species in the genus Rousettus.
Distribution
Geoffroy's rousette occurs throughout Southeast Asia and in the Malesia region of Oceania, in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, the island of Borneo, East Timor, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, and Papua New Guinea.
Description
Like other fruit bats, R. amplexicaudatus has sensitive hearing and sense of smell and good eyesight which helps it to manoeuvre well during flight, specifically at night. What makes it different from other fruit bats is its echolocating ability. It can be distinguished by its grey-brown to brown upperpart which is darker on top of the head and paler underpart which is usually grey-brown. It has long pale hairs on the chin and neck despite having short and sparse fur. It sometimes has pale yellow tufts of hair on the side of its neck which occur in adult for this species, especially males. Most males are substantially larger than females. The most distinguishable figure of this bat besides producing a distinctive, audible clicking call is its wings. It is attached to the sides of the back and separated by a broad band of fur. The lower incisors are bifid, the canines have a longitudinal groove on the outer surface which is slightly medial to center, and the first premolars are smaller than second premolars, especially on the upper jaw.
The Sabah Museum specimens had forearm length measurements between for the females and an adult male from Sarawak had forearms long. The external measurements are within the range of recorded in previous studies.
Biology and ecology
Specimens in the Sabah Museum were collected from coconut plantations on Mantani Island and the highland of Crocker Range, while the one from Sarawak was from Niah Cave. This medium-sized bat normally roosts in caves, and feeds on fruit, nectar, and pollen. It roosts dark caves, rock crevices and old tombs.
The Monfort Bat Cave in the southern Philippines has the largest gathering of these bats.
References
External links
IUCN Red List
Rousettus on Animal Diversity Web
Rousettus
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Oceania
Mammals of Cambodia
Mammals of Indonesia
Mammals of Laos
Mammals of Myanmar
Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Mammals of the Philippines
Mammals of the Solomon Islands
Mammals of Thailand
Mammals of Vietnam
Mammals of Singapore
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Timor
Mammals of Western New Guinea
Mammals described in 1810
Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Bats of New Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy%27s%20rousette |
The bare-backed rousette (Rousettus spinalatus) is a species of megabat.
Taxonomy and etymology
It was described as a new species in 1980 by Bergmans and Hill. The holotype was collected in 1977 in northern Sumatra. The species name "spinulatus" is from Latin spina meaning "spine" and ala meaning "wing;" the scientific name refers to the fact that the wings insert along the spine rather than the sides of the body, which is unique in the genus Rousettus.
Description
The bare-backed rousette is a small megabat with a cone-shaped snout. Its face has a number of small warts on its chin, around its mouth, and between its upper lip and eyes. Its wings are short and broad. Its forearm length is approximately . Individuals weigh .
Biology
It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day such as caves. They navigate and potentially locate food resources using a primitive form of echolocation. They create high-pitched buzzing calls by moving the tongue against the palate. Food sources may include nectar and fruit, though it is alleged that they eat edible-nest swiftlet eggs and hatchlings, causing damage to the economically valuable nests.
Range and habitat
Its range includes Indonesia and Malaysia. It is found at elevations up to above sea level.
Conservation
As of 2008, it is evaluated as a vulnerable species by the IUCN.
References
Rousettus
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Brunei
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of Indonesia
Fauna of Sumatra
Mammals described in 1980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-backed%20rousette |
Deborah Rennard is an American actress, writer and producer, best known for her role as Sly Lovegren in Dallas (1981–1991).
Life and career
Rennard was born in Los Angeles, California. In 1981 she was cast in a recurring role on Dallas as J.R. Ewing's loyal secretary Sylvia "Sly" Lovegren. She appeared in the series from 1981 to 1991 and later was cast in the 1996 film J.R. Returns. After Dallas, she had role in daytime soap operas Days of Our Lives and Sunset Beach, and guest starred on Silk Stalkings, Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, and Due South. In film, Rennard played the leading role as Harmony in the 1986 science fiction action film Land of Doom. She starred as Cynthia alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1990 martial arts film Lionheart. She later appeared in films Kazaam (1996) and Gang Related (1997). She left acting and as of late 1990s began career as stage producer. She co-produced the short-lived 1997 CBS crime drama series EZ Streets and the 2007 crime drama film In the Valley of Elah.
Rennard met her feature husband, Academy Awards-winning director Paul Haggis, during the filming of Due South in 1994. In 1997, Rennard married Haggis. They divorced in 2016. She grew up in the Church of Scientology and privately left the faith around the time of his highly contentious exit from the church. She said the end of their marriage happened for other reasons, unrelated to the church exit.
After the divorce, Rennard returned to acting appearing in an episodes of FBI: Most Wanted and Law & Order in 2022. In 2023, she played lead character's mother in the horror-comedy film Appendage.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American television actresses
Living people
American soap opera actresses
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Rennard |
Leschenault's rousette (Rousettus leschenaultii) is a species of fruit bat. The scientific name of the species was first published by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1820.
Description
Leschenault's rousette is brown to grey-brown in colour with lighter underparts. It has long pale hairs under the chin, an elongated muzzle and large dark eyes. The head and body length measures , the tail length measures and the forearm length is about .
Habits and habitat
This bat species is found in a variety of habitats ranging from tropical forests to urban environments. It roosts in caves, old abandoned buildings and tunnels, and other such structures. A colony of this animal can contain up to several thousand individuals. It feeds on fruits, nectar and flowers. Leschenault's rousette is found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia from Iran to Bali, Java and Sumatra.
References
External links
Rousettus
Bats of South Asia
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of India
Fauna of Hong Kong
Mammals described in 1820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leschenault%27s%20rousette |
The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Bosnia and Herzegovina is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Sarajevo. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
List of heads of mission
Ambassadors to Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992–1994: Robert Barnett
1994–1996: Bryan Hopkinson
1996–1998: Charles Crawford
1998–2001: Graham Hand
2001–2005: Ian Cliff
2005–2008: Matthew Rycroft
2008–2011: Michael Tatham
2011–2014: Nigel Casey
2014–2018: Edward Ferguson
2018–2022: Matthew Field
2022–: Julian Reilly
References
Previous Ambassadors, UK in Bosnia and Herzegovina via The National Archives
External links
UK and Bosnia and Herzegovina, gov.uk
Bosnia and Herzegovina
United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina |
Basin Electric Power Cooperative is a wholesale electric generation and transmission cooperative based in North Dakota that provides electricity to 3 million customers in nine U.S. states. The roots of the cooperative go back to 1960 when Leland Olds and ten power suppliers created Giant Power Cooperative. Giant Power was first going to be a generation and transmission cooperative, but to keep electricity cheaper for rural customers, Basin Electric Power Cooperative was started in 1961. Today, Basin Electric's power sources include coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind, waste heat, and nuclear. The current CEO and General Manager is Todd Telesz. A subsidiary of Basin Electric, Dakota Gasification Company, operates the Great Plains Synfuels Plant, which captures and sequesters nearly 50% of its carbon dioxide emissions in a system developed during the Carter administration. In 2005, the membership of Basin Electric passed a resolution requiring 10 percent of electricity demand to be provided by renewable forms of energy. At the end of 2009, Basin Electric finished construction on a 77 turbine wind energy project.
Member cooperatives
Direct purchasing
Grand Electric Cooperative - Bison, South Dakota
KEM Electric Cooperative - Linton, North Dakota
Minnesota Valley Cooperative Light & Power Association - Montevideo, Minnesota
Minnesota Valley Electric Cooperative - Jordan, Minnesota
Mor-Gran-Sou Electric Cooperative - Flasher, North Dakota
Powder River Energy Corporation - Sundance, Wyoming
Roughrider Electric Cooperative - Hazen, North Dakota
Rosebud Electric Cooperative - Gregory, South Dakota
Wright-Hennepin Cooperative Electric Association - Rockford, Minnesota
G&T
Central Power Electric Cooperative - Minot, North Dakota
Central Montana Electric Power Cooperative - Great Falls, Montana
Corn Belt Power Cooperative - Humboldt, Iowa
East River Electric Power Cooperative - Madison, South Dakota
L & O Power Cooperative - Rock Rapids, Iowa
Northwest Iowa Power Cooperative - LeMars, Iowa
Rushmore Electric Power Cooperative - Rapid City, South Dakota
Upper Missouri G&T Electric Cooperative - Sidney, Montana
Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association - Denver, Colorado
Class D Members
Flathead Electric Cooperative - Kalispell & Libby, Montana
Wyoming Municipal Power Agency - Lusk, Wyoming
States served by Basin Electric
Colorado
Iowa
Minnesota
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Wyoming
Subsidiary companies
Basin Telecommunications Inc.
Basin Cooperative Services
Dakota Gasification Company
Dakota Coal Company
Montana Limestone Company
Prairie Winds ND 1, Inc.
Prairie Winds SD 1, Inc.
Souris Valley Pipeline Ltd.
Board of directors
Source:
External links
Basin Electric Power Cooperative website
References
Electric cooperatives in North Dakota
Electric generation and transmission cooperatives in the United States
Companies based in North Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin%20Electric%20Power%20Cooperative |
Dollard is an unincorporated community, within the Rural Municipality of Arlington No. 79, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community is situated on the historic Red Coat Trail in the southwest corner of the province, 13 km west of the town of Shaunavon and 21 km east of the town of Eastend. It is approximately 100 km from the Montana USA border and 130 km to the Alberta border.
History
By 1908 enough French speaking settlers had arrived in the region to establish a community which they named Valroy (Val Roy). The name was later changed to Dollard. The name Dollard was chosen by Father Louis-Pierre Gravel (the founder of Gravelbourg) to honour the memory of a hero of New France, Adam Dollard, Sieur des Ormeaux.
A post office was established in 1909 and in 1911 the church of Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) was built. A store soon followed and then a school in 1912.
The post office closed in 1988.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dollard had a population of 20 living in 11 of its 14 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 5. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Dollard in popular culture
The character Wanda Dollard from the Canadian comedy television series Corner Gas is named for this town.
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
References
Arlington No. 79, Saskatchewan
Designated places in Saskatchewan
Former villages in Saskatchewan
Unincorporated communities in Saskatchewan
French communities
Division No. 4, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollard%2C%20Saskatchewan |
Claire Shipman (born October 4, 1962) is an American television journalist, formerly the senior national correspondent for ABC's Good Morning America. She is married to Jay Carney, President Barack Obama's former White House Press Secretary. She is also Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees of Columbia University.
Life and career
Shipman, born October 4, 1962, in Washington, D.C., is the daughter of the late Christie (Armstrong) and Morgan Enlow Shipman, Professor of Law at The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law. > She graduated from Worthington High School in Worthington, Ohio, in 1980. She is a 1986 graduate of Columbia College of Columbia University and also holds a master's degree from Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs.
She is divorced from former CNN Moscow bureau chief Steve Hurst. She and her second husband, Jay Carney, have a son and daughter. Carney was the White House press secretary from January 27, 2011, to June 20, 2014. She claims that her husband gave her no indication that the secret operation that led to the killing of Osama bin Laden was under way in Pakistan.
Claire Shipman is a journalist, author and public speaker. She has written three New York Times bestselling books, The Confidence Code, The Confidence Code for Girls, and Womenomics. Her co-author on all three has been the BBC's Katty Kay.
Shipman was with ABC News for 15 years, reporting on politics, international affairs to social issues. Before moving to ABC, she covered the White House and the Clinton administration for NBC news. Shipman also spent a decade at CNN, where she covered the White House, and spent five years at CNN's Moscow bureau covering the collapse of the Soviet Union. She's received numerous awards for her reporting, including a Peabody, a DuPont and an Emmy. Shipman holds a graduate degree in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University and a Bachelors of Arts in Russian Studies from Columbia College.
On June 2, 2009, HarperCollins published Womenomics, a book written by Shipman and BBC World News America correspondent Katty Kay exploring the redefinition of success for working women based on recent trends in the value of women to the business world.
In March 2022, the Institute on Holistic Wealth, Founded By Best-Selling Author Keisha Blair, Announced that Claire Shipman, was selected to be a Holistic Wealth Trailblazer, as part of the celebration of the release of Keisha Blair's book Holistic Wealth Expanded and Updated.
Recognition
Shipman received a Peabody Award and the medal "Defender of a Free Russia" for her work covering the 1991 Soviet coup and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union.
References
External links
ABCNews biography
American television reporters and correspondents
Living people
American women television journalists
ABC News personalities
Peabody Award winners
People from Worthington, Ohio
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
1962 births
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Journalists from Ohio
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
21st-century American women
20th-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Shipman |
Permas Jaya, with the official name of Bandar Baru Permas Jaya, is a suburb in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. It has about 40,000-45,000 residents. The Permas Jaya Bridge connects it with Kampung Baru Bakar Batu, Taman Sentosa and downtown Johor Bahru. The Second Permas Jaya Bridge is completed and had helped to reduce traffic jams. The new Eastern Dispersal Link has also been completed and opened for public on 1 April 2012.
The residential areas are divided into sections, with the section numbers numbering from 1 to 15 and beyond, based on the phases when the town was built. The roads in the residential areas are further named with a "/" and another representing number, which means 1/13 is a road found in the residential area 1.
Permas Jaya has a 9-hole golf course and residential condominiums. It also has a sports and recreational complex and a go-kart circuit. Permas Point, also known as Permas Complex, used to be the main shopping and leisure complex with a cinema and bowling alley but has been closed since 1999. It also boost a sports complex which has a tennis court, swimming complex and library. Currently, Jaya Jusco is the main shopping centre in Permas Jaya. Permas Jaya Management has built a new Permas Mall to attract new businesses. Permas Jaya is a popular choice for middle class professionals and business people (mainly local Chinese and Singaporeans) as well as a small number of expatriates to live in because of its strategic location between Johor Bahru and Pasir Gudang shipbuilding yards within an area with a population of more than 300,000. There is a bit of a night life and good restaurants, some with live entertainment. There are also many Chinese styled cafes as well as the Jusco Permas Jaya, which is one of the earliest Jusco branches in Johor Bahru. There is a very popular Chinese Tua Pek Kong Temple along Jalan Permas 6/6.
Geography
The suburb spans over an area of 11.6 km2.
Transportation
Road
The town is accessible by bus from Johor Bahru Sentral (T21, S&S 2).
References
Populated places in Johor
Johor Bahru housing estates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permas%20Jaya |
The James Cook University Hospital is a tertiary referral hospital and regional major trauma centre in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England located on the A172 (Marton Road). Having 1,046 beds, it caters for most specialities and forms part of the South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, along with the Friarage Hospital in Northallerton.
History
Construction of the hospital began in 1980 on the parkland of the former St Luke's Hospital, Middlesbrough. Officially opened by the Duchess of Kent in November 1981 as a tertiary care centre called South Cleveland Hospital, it later became an extensive hospital with A&E. Its maternity unit was opened by Diana, Princess of Wales in October 1988. The hospital became the James Cook University Hospital in 2001 to reflect the local heritage and growing academic links.
New facilities were procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract to replace Middlesbrough General Hospital, North Riding Infirmary and the neuro-rehabilitation unit at West Lane Hospital in 1999. These new facilities were designed by HLM Architects, built on the site by Mowlem at a cost of £96 million and opened in August 2003.
In April 2012, the hospital became a major trauma centre for Durham, East Cleveland, Tees Valley and North Yorkshire, participating in the wider Northern trauma network.
In May 2012, a £35 million radiotherapy centre opened at the hospital, unveiled by Princess Alexandra.
In November 2012, a new 3T MRI scanner was opened, in the Neurosciences department. This is a partnership between the hospital and Durham University and in addition to clinical work will undertake research into various aspects of cognition.
In May 2014, the James Cook railway station opened adjacent to the hospital. Located on the Esk Valley line, the station provides access to the hospital via the local rail network.
In March 2015, a new purpose-built IVF unit was opened (complete with its own theatre), it now brings all the reproductive medicine services together in one place.
Facilities
James Cook University Hospital specialises in the treatment of cancer, heart conditions and neurosurgery as well as housing the regional neonatal intensive care and spinal injury units. More recent developments include the introduction of advanced cardiac mapping technologies for complex radio frequency ablation, and the development of a highly successful Transcatheter Aortic Valve Intervention programme for patients deemed unfit for conventional cardiac surgery.
The hospital is used to teach clinical medical students from Newcastle University Medical School and Hull York Medical School. The hospital also has strong teaching and research links with the School of Nursing and Health at Teesside University.
The hospital also has a floodlit helipad for use by the Great North and Yorkshire air ambulances during daytime and nighttime hours
See also
List of hospitals in England
References
External links
South Tees Hospitals NHS Trust
Hospital buildings completed in 1980
Hospitals in North Yorkshire
NHS hospitals in England
Teaching hospitals in England
Newcastle University
Teesside University
Buildings and structures in Middlesbrough
1980 establishments in England
Hospitals established in 1980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Cook%20University%20Hospital |
In Iran, censorship was ranked among the world's most extreme in 2023. Reporters Without Borders ranked Iran 177 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, which ranks countries from 1 to 180 based on the level of freedom of the press.
Reporters Without Borders described Iran as “one of the world’s five biggest prisons for media personnel" in the 40 years since the revolution. In the Freedom House Index, Iran scored low on political rights and civil liberties and has been classified as 'not free.'
Iran has strict regulations when it comes to internet censorship. The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps persistently block social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram as well as many popular websites such as Blogger, HBO, YouTube, and Netflix. Despite the state-wide ban, some Iranian politicians use social networks to communicate with their followers, including Twitter and Facebook.
Internet censorship in Iran and the NIN function similarly to the Great Firewall of China. Stricter monitoring and the National Information Network (NIN) were unveiled during the 2019 Iranian protests. These restrictions made it more difficult for videos of unrest in Iran to be posted or viewed on social media.
After YouTube was blocked in Iran, the Aparat website was founded as an Iranian video-sharing platform. In 2020, Aparat's CEO was sentenced to 10 years in prison due to the activity of one of the platform's users. Millions of Iranians stay connected on social media despite the government's restrictions by using proxies or virtual private networks (VPNs).
On November 17, 2019, in response to fuel protests, the country shut down nearly all internet access. This reduced internet traffic down to 5% of ordinary levels.
In practice
After the Islamic revolution in 1979, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, also known as the Ershad, came into existence to control all cultural activities in the country. From that moment on, all musicians, writers, artists, and media makers needed permits that allowed them to publicly display their works. The Ershad is in charge of providing these permits and judges whether each producer's work aligns with Islamic culture. Different departments within the Ershad are responsible for interpreting what fits and doesn't fit with Islamic culture and should therefore be censored. At the head of this bureaucratic organization are both the Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance and the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei. Journalists also need a license before they can legally start working. Licenses for journalists are provided by the Press Supervisory Board, and a license is withdrawn if a journalist criticizes the State.
Censorship in Iran is not just an act by an individual. It's a process that involves interaction and negotiation. The complexity and ambiguity of the system stimulate self-censorship and create a culture of censorship. However, not everything is negotiable. Criticism of the Supreme Leader, for example, is strictly prohibited. Any journalist or artist who does not obey the Iranian State can face severe punishment.
Laws and regulations
The Iranian Constitution contains many articles which restrict the flow of information. However, the phrases in its articles are often ambiguously worded. These vague articles leave too much room for interpretation about what's legal and what isn't. Censorship regulation is, therefore, a highly subjective practice. It depends on the interpretation of the individual bureaucrat in charge, who dictates whether censorship will be applied or not. The articles in the Constitution can, therefore, easily be used by government officials who want to suppress dissenting voices. The Iranian Constitution does not protect journalists and artists by giving them rights.
The Iranian Constitution states very general rules concerning freedom of expression. Article 24 states: "Publications and the press have freedom of expression except when it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the public. The details of this exception will be specified by law." Till now, there is no existing law that specifies the details of this exception.
Article 3 of The Press Law states: "The press have the right to publish the opinions, constructive criticisms, suggestions and explanations of individuals and government officials for public information while duly observing the Islamic teachings and the best interest of the community." The first part of this law describes a lot of freedoms for the press. However, the second part of this freedom is restricted by very broad exceptions. Anything can be labeled as against "the interest of the community," and therefore, the press should always be careful.
Article 500 of the penal code states: "Anyone who engages in any type of propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran or in support of opposition groups and associations shall be sentenced to three months to one year of imprisonment." What is seen as propaganda can not always be found. This vagueness gives judges a lot of room for interpreting what is against the law and should therefore be punished.
History
Iran has a long history with censorship, especially with reactive measures. This means information in newspapers, on television, or on the internet is withheld from the public, which has been present for ages. These forms of censorship were used for suppression of opposition and for influencing public opinion. Censorship in Iran comes in waves which exist parallel to political crises. In situations of crisis, the state tries to get power back by controlling information streams and thereby denying opposition groups' influence on the public debate. During the crisis that followed the nationalization of the oil industry in the 1950s, censorship was intensified to protect the Shah's reputation. During the 1970s, in the years preceding the revolution, censorship was less present in Iranian society. This created big developments in Iranian literature production. However, in later years, the Islamic Revolution intensified censorship once again. The new Islamic leaders tried to consolidate their power by enforcing new regulations. And lastly, in the crisis after the 2009 elections, communication channels were shut down to prevent major uprisings.
Subject matter and agenda
Political
Censorship in Iran is largely seen as a measure to maintain the stability of the country. Censorship helps prevent unapproved reformists, Counter-Revolutionaries, or religious proponents, peaceful or otherwise, from organizing themselves and spreading their ideals. In 2007, for example, five women were charged with "endangering national security" and sentenced to prison for collecting over a million signatures supporting the abolishment of laws discriminating against women.
Some of the topics explicitly banned from discussion in the media by the Supreme National Security Council include Iran's economic troubles, the possibility of new international sanctions targeted at Iran's nuclear program, negotiations with the United States regarding Iraq, social taboos, unrest among Iran's ethnic minorities, and the arrests in 2007 of Haleh Esfandiari, Kian Tajbakhsh and Ali Shakeri.
Media
Two notable crackdowns on the Iranian press occurred on August 7–11, 1979. This was early in the Islamic Revolution when the Khamenei forces were consolidating control, and dozens of non-Islamist newspapers were banned under a new press law banning "counter-revolutionary policies and acts."
Despite a ban on satellite television, dishes are on many Iranian rooftops, and people have access to dozens of Persian-language channels, including the Voice of America, broadcasting a daily dose of politics and entertainment. Thirty percent of Iranians watch satellite channels, but observers say the figures are likely to be higher.
A number of unauthorized foreign radio services also broadcast into Iran on shortwave and encounter occasional jamming by the Iranian government due to their controversial nature. Such services include a popular phone-in program from Kol Israel (Voice of Israel), where callers must dial a number in Europe to be rerouted to the studio in Israel in order to protect against persecution for communicating with an enemy state.
In March 2009, Amoo Pourang (Uncle Pourang), an Iranian children's television show watched by millions of Iranian children three times a week on state TV, was pulled off after a child appearing on the program called his pet monkey "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad," live on air.
In September 2017, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemned the Iranian judicial system and intelligence services (VEVAK) for their attempts to put pressure on Iranian journalists based abroad and on their families still in Iran. This was done to influence the Persian-language sections of international media outlets such as BBC Persian service to broadcast pro-government programs and news.
Internet
In the first decade of the 21st century, Iran experienced a great surge in Internet usage. With 20 million people on the Internet, Iran currently has the second-highest percentage of its population online in the Middle East, after Israel. When initially introduced, the Internet services provided by the government within Iran were comparatively open. Many users saw the internet as an easy way to get around Iran's strict press laws. In recent years, Internet service providers have been told to block access to pornographic and anti-religion websites. The ban has also targeted gaming platforms, such as Steam, as well as popular social networking sites, like Facebook and YouTube, alongside some news websites.
Internet usage has also been shut down country-wide to limit the organization of protests. The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Sepah are always blocking popular social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and more. But they decided to shut down the Internet during the protests in Iran in 2019. Many internet businesses were shut down during the 2019–20 Iranian protests.
Banned media
In 2010, the Iranian government started using cropping and other editing techniques to censor foreign movies deemed offensive or immoral. The strategy behind this was that citizens would stop seeking out illegal or uncensored versions if approved versions of the films were broadcast. Censorship cut out the following: alcoholic beverages, sorcery, men and women sitting too close together or touching, closeups of women's faces, low necklines on shirts, and many others. People are sometimes edited out, or objects are strategically placed to cover what is considered inappropriate. For example, a low neckline on a woman's shirt is edited to be more modest. Dialogue in foreign films is also oftentimes rewritten. For example, romantic implications are replaced with marriage proposals.
Books
The Satanic Verses
Memories of My Melancholy Whores
Films
The Circle
Crimson Gold
Half Moon
Offside
Persepolis
Tcherike-ye Tara
Ten
Santouri
Marmoulak was banned for many years
Time of Love
300
Video games
Battlefield 3
ARMA 3
1979 Revolution: Black Friday
Pokemon Go
Religious
The agents of censorship are sometimes not official government employees but religious organizations. In 2007, after student newspapers at Amirkabir University of Technology published articles suggesting that no human being—including Muhammad—could be infallible, eight student leaders were arrested and taken to Evin Prison.
Distributing Christian literature in Persian (also known as Farsi) is prohibited.
See also
Blasphemy law in Iran
Internet censorship in Iran
2019 Internet blackout in Iran
National Information Network of Iran
Nashravaran Journalistic Institute
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Revolutionary Court for slandering the Supreme Leaders
Communications in Iran
International rankings of Iran
Media in Iran
Iran Electoral Archive
Maziar Bahari
References
External links
ARTICLE19, "Tightening the Net: Internet Freedoms in Iran" -a monitoring series of reports on the state of internet censorship in Iran.
Hejazi, Arash, ‘You don’t deserve to be published’ Book Censorship in Iran, LOGOS: The Journal of the World Book Community, Volume 22, Number 1, 2011, pp. 53–62(10),
Music censorship incidents in Iran – reported by Freemuse
Committee against censorship (Iran Proxy) – Anti Censorship Committee in Iran
Pictures of Iranian Censorship – Examples of Iranian Censorship in Western Magazines
I will not register my site – Antiregistering website & blogs logo and Censorship google bombing.]
Banned Magazine, the online journal of censorship and secrecy
Iran's Digital Underground by David Feith, The Wall Street Journal, 10 August 2009
Iran Electoral Archive – Media & Censorship
Mass media in Iran
Communications in Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship%20in%20Iran |
The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Turkmenistan is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Turkmenistan, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission there. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Turkmenistan.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom recognised the independence of Turkmenistan in December 1991. Diplomatic relations were established in January 1992 and the then British ambassador to Russia, Sir Brian Fall, was also accredited to Turkmenistan until the new embassy in Ashgabat was opened in 1995.
List of heads of mission
Ambassadors
1995–1998: Neil Hook
1998–2002: Fraser Wilson
2002–2005: Paul Brummell
2005–2010: Peter Butcher
2010–2013: Keith Allan
2013–2016: Sanjay Wadvani
2016–2019: Thorhilda Abbott-Watt
2019–2021: Hugh Philpott
2022–present: Lucia Wilde
References
External links
UK and Turkmenistan, gov.uk
Turkmenistan
United Kingdom Ambassadors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Turkmenistan |
The Panchala (पञ्चाल Pañcāla) kingdom was one of the historical Mahajanapadas of ancient India (c. 30th to 4th centuries BC). It was annexed into the Nanda Empire during the reign of Mahapadma Nanda. Ahichchhatra was capital of northern Panchala and Kampilya was capital of southern Panchala.
Panchala in the Mahabharata
Geography
The Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata) extends from the Himalayas in the north; to the Charmanwati river; with the Kuru, Surasena and Matsya kingdoms to the west; and the Naimisha Forest to the east. Later, Panchala was divided into Southern Panchala ("Panchala proper", centered at Kampilya, ruled by King Drupada, the father-in-law of Pandavas); and Northern Panchala (centered at Ahichatra, ruled by Ashwathama, the son of Drona. Drona was Drupada's friend who later became his enemy). The Ganges River separated the two Panchalas.
People from Panchala
In Mahabharata many figures were said to be natives of Panchala.
Draupadi or Panchali : Wife of the Pandavas
Dhrishtadyumna : Commander-in-Chief of the Pandavas in Kurukshetra War and brother of Panchali
Drupada : Father of Panchali and Dhristadyumna
Shikhandi or Sikhandin : Another daughter of Drupada (He married from Dasarna (See Dasarna Kingdom)
Prishata : Father of Drupada.
Satyajit : Commander-in-chief of Panchala army under king Drupada and second oldest son, alternately called Chitraratha in Mahabharata.
Sage Dhaumya : Priest of the Pandavas.
Aruni : A Brahmin boy from Panchala and disciple of sage Dhaumya.
Many other sons of Drupada (a total of 10) and other Panchala princes (like Yudhamanyu, Uttamaujas, Janamejaya etc.) were allied with the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War.
Origin of Panchala Kingdom
The lineage extending from King Puru, son of King Yayati to Santanu. The following passage from Mahabharata, that describes the Puru lineage of kings, shows the kinship of the Kurus and the Panchalas, both branched from the same line: "When Janamejaya wished to hear the history of kings who were descended from Puru. Vaisampayana narrated the lineage of kings in Puru’s line.".
Lineage of the Puru Kings up to the Panchala Kingdom
Puru had by his wife, Paushti, three sons: Pravira, Iswara, and Raudraswa.
Pravira (perpetuator of the dynasty) had by his wife, Suraseni, a son Manasyu. Manasyu had by his wife, Sauviri, three sons: Sakta, Sahana, and Vagmi.
Raudraswa had by his wife, Apsara Misrakesi, ten sons (all who had sons): Richeyu, Kaksreyu, Vrikeyu, Sthandileyu, Vaneyu, Jaleyu, Tejeyu, Satyeyu, Dharmeyu and Sannateyu.
Richeyu, as Anadhrishti, succeeded them all. Anadhristi had a son, Matinara, the latter who was well-regarded and virtuous as king and performed the Rajasuya and the Ashwamedha. Matinara had four sons: Tansu, Mahan, Atiratha, and Druhyu.
Tansu (perpetuator of the Puru line) had a son, Ilina.
Ilina had by his wife, Rathantara, five sons: Dushyanta, Sura, Bhima, Pravasu, and Vasu; Dushyanta succeeded as king.
Dushyanta had by his wife, Sakuntala, an intelligent son who succeeded as Emperor Bharata. It is the name of the latter that is applied to the race of which he was the founder.
Bharata had with his three wives nine sons but he was not pleased with any of them. Bharata performed a great sacrifice and through the grace of Bharadwaja obtained a son, Bhumanyu, who was made his heir-apparent.
Bhumanyu had by his wife: Pushkarini, six sons: Suhotra, Suhotri, Suhavih, Sujeya, Diviratha and Kichika.
Suhotra, described as having a virtuous reign, had by his wife, Aikshaki, three sons: Ajamidha, Sumidha, and Purumidha. Ajamidha succeeded them all.
Ajamidha's son was Nila. The dynasty of Ajamidha stands as:
Nila
Susanti
Purujanu
Rksa
Bhrmyasva
Mudgala
Vadhryasva
Divodasa
Mitrayu
Maitreya Soma
Srnjaya
Cyavana Pancajana
Sudasa Somadatta
Sahadeva
Somaka
Jantu
Prsata
Drupada
War between Panchalas and the forefathers of Kurus
The outcome of warring between the Kurus and Panchalas led the Kurus being exiled to the banks of the Sindhu.
Riksha became king being the elder of Jala and Rupina. Riksha had a son, Samvarana, the latter the perpetrator of the royal line.
During the reign of Samvarana, there was a great loss of people by famine, pestilence, drought, and disease.
The king of the Panchalas invaded during this time with four kinds of troops and ten Akshauhinis. Samvarana was exiled with his family and government in the forest along the Sindhu or Tapati river, the latter which extended to the foot of the western mountains. There the Bharatas lived for a thousand years.
Samvarana had with his wife, Tapati (?) (the daughter of Surya, a king of the Solar Dynasty), a son Kuru.
Then one day the sage Vasishtha, having become the priest, approached the exiled Bharata and made him the sovereign of the Kshatriyas. The king retook his old capital made all the monarchs pay tribute to him.
Kuru was exceedingly virtuous, and was made king by his people, the founding of the Kuru dynasty and the Kuru Kingdom. The field called Kurujangala is named after him and is where after becoming devoted to asceticism, he there practiced asceticism.
The sages in the line of Vasistha, were the priests of the Solar Dynasty of kings for many generations, especially the Ikshwakus. It is speculated that is why Samvarana took Vasistha as his priest, married from the Solar Dynasty. The history of Samvarana falling in love with Tapati while he lived near the Tapati river) was with the help of Maharashtra and Vasistha in getting the consent to marry from her father king Surya
Drupada becomes the king of Panchala
The King Prishata of Northern Panchala, a great friend of Bharadwaja, had a son, named Drupada. Drupada would come every day to the hermitage of Bharadwaja to play and study with Drona. Prishata died, Drupada succeeded him as the king and then repudiated his friendship with Drona. Drupada insulted Drona by saying that Drona was not a king, but a poor Brahmana.
Partition of the Panchala Kingdom
Drona defeated Drupada, by means of his disciple Arjuna and the other Kuru princes, to settle his old scores. Drona spoke as follows to the captive Drupada:-
Thou toldest me before that none who was not a king could be a king’s friend. Therefore is it, O Yajnasena (Drupada), that I retain half thy kingdom. Thou art the king of all the territory lying on the southern side of the Bhagirathi (Ganga), while I become king of all the territory on the north of that river. And, O Panchala, if it pleaseth thee, know me hence for thy friend.
On hearing these words, Drupada answered: Thou art of noble soul and great prowess. Therefore, O Brahmana, I am not surprised at what thou doest. I am very much gratified with thee, and I desire thy eternal friendship.
After this, Drona released the king of Panchala, and cheerfully performing the usual offices of regard, bestowed upon him half the kingdom. Thenceforth Drupada began to reside sorrowfully in the city of Kampilya within the province of Makandi on the banks of the Ganges filled with many towns and cities. And after his defeat by Drona, Drupada ruled the Southern Panchalas up to the bank of the Charmanwati river. Meanwhile Drona continued to reside in Ahichatra. Thus was the territory of Ahicchatra full of towns and cities, obtained by Arjuna, and bestowed upon Drona.
Higher status of Panchalas and Kurus in ancient India
The Kurus and Panchalas were considered as foremost among the ruling tribes in ancient India, because they followed the Vedic religion in its dogmatic and purest form. Other tribes imitated the practices of these tribes and thus got accepted into the Vedic religions:
Commencing with the Panchalas, the Kauravas, the Naimishas (a forest-country to the east of Panchala), the Matsyas, all these, know what religion is. The old men among the Northerners, the Angas, the Magadhas, without themselves knowing what virtue is follow the practices of the Kuru-Panchalas.
The Kurus and the Panchalas comprehend from a half-uttered speech; the Salwas cannot comprehend until the whole speech is uttered. The Magadhas are comprehenders of signs; the Koshalas comprehend from what they see. The Mountaineers, like the Sivis, are very stupid.
The Yavanas are omniscient; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy that other peoples cannot understand.
The Panchalas observe the duties enjoined in the Vedas; the Kauravas observe truth; the Matsyas and the Surasenas perform sacrifices. Beginning with the Matsyas, the residents of the Kuru and the Panchala countries, the Naimishas as well and the other respectable peoples, the pious among all races are conversant with the eternal truths of religion. The Kauravas with the Panchalas, the Salwas, the Matsyas, the Naimishas, the Koshalas, the Kasapaundras, the Kalingas, the Magadhas, and the Chedis who are all highly blessed, know what the eternal religion is.
Territories and locations within the Panchala Kingdom
Kichaka Kingdom
Capital: Vetravat
Kichaka the commander-in-chief of Matsya army
Kichaka Kingdom was a territory lying to the south of (southern) Panchala. It was ruled by Kichaka clan of kings. They belonged to the Suta caste (offspring of Kshatriyas upon Brahmana ladies). One among the Kichakas was the commander-in-chief of the Matsya army under king Virata. Pandava Bhima slew Kichaka because of the latter's abuse towards the wife of Pandavas, viz Draupadi. Kichaka kingdom also lied to the east of the Matsya Kingdom under the rule of king Virata. It seems that this territory was allied to both the Matsyas and Panchalas, with its own independent rulers. Its capital was Vetrakiya, on the banks of river Vetravati (Betwa), also known as Suktimati.
The town named Ekachakra
It is believed that the Pandavas lived in a small town named Ekachakra, belonging to this territory, during their wanderings after Duryodhana attempted to murder them at Varanavata (a Kuru city).
In the course of their wanderings the Pandavas saw the countries of the Matsyas, the Trigartas, the Panchalas and the Kichakas, and also many beautiful woods and lakes therein. They all had matted locks on their heads and were attired in barks of trees and the skins of animals. They attired in the garbs of ascetics. They used to study the Rik and the other Vedas and also all the Vedangas as well as the sciences of morals and politics. Finally they met Vyasa. He told them:- Not far off before you is a delightful town. Saying this he led them into the town of Ekachakra. on arriving at Ekachakra, the Pandavas lived for a short time in the abode of a Brahmana, leading an eleemosynary life.
During this period, Bhima slew a Rakhsasa named Baka (Vaka), at Vetrakiya controlled the affairs of the Kichaka Kingdom and freed that kingdom from Baka's reign of terror.
Pandavas journey from Ekachakra to Kampilya
Pandavas proceeded towards Panchala with their mother, to attend the self-choice event of princess Draupadi. In order to reach their destination, they proceeded in a due northerly direction, walking day and night till they reached a sacred shrine of Siva with the crescent mark on his brow. Then those tigers among men, the sons of Pandu, arrived at the banks of the Ganges. It was a forest called Angaraparna. Here, they encountered a Gandharva named Angaraparna. After that encounter they went to a place called Utkochaka, where they met sage Dhaumya. They appointed Dhaumya, the younger brother of Devala, as their priest. Then they proceeded towards the country of the southern Panchalas ruled over by the king Drupada They proceeded by slow stages staying for some time within those beautiful woods and by fine lakes that they beheld along their way and entered the capital of the Panchalas. Beholding the capital (Kampilya), as also the fort, they took up their quarters in the house of a potter. Desirous of beholding the Swayamvara (self-choice ceremony of the princess), the citizens, roaring like the sea, all took their seats on the platforms that were erected around the amphitheatre. The kings from diverse countries entered the grand amphitheatre by the north-eastern gate. And the amphitheatre which itself had been erected on an auspicious and level plain to the north-east of Drupada's capital, was surrounded by beautiful mansions. And it was enclosed on all sides with high walls and a moat with arched doorways here and there. The Pandavas, too, entering that amphitheatre, sat with the Brahmanas and beheld the unequalled affluence of the king of the Panchalas.
"Arjuna won the competition set for winning Draupadi in the self-choice ceremony".<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose", 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 192.</ref>
Kanyakubja Kingdom This kingdom is identified to be the modern day Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh. During the reign of King Drupada of southern Panchala, this territory formed a part of the southern PanchalaGadhi, born in the race of king Kusika and Gadhi's son Viswamitra, were earlier rulers of this kingdom. Gadhi's daughter was married to Richika (could be related to the Rishikas in the north), belonging to the Bhargava clan. Richika's son was Jamadagni and Jamadagni's son was the celebrated Bhargava Rama. Gadhi mentions to Richika about a custom followed by their race, that during marriage, that the bridegroom should give to the bride side a dower of 3000 fleet steeds with brown color. (This custom is similar to that of Madra Culture.) Richika get the horses from Varuna (Varuna is indicative of western cultures. Note that Arjuna also got his excellent chariot, horses and bow from Varuna). The horses reached Kanyakubja capital, crossing the river Ganges. The spot where they crossed the river was known by the name horse's landing place.
Not far from Kanyakubja, a spot in the sacred bank of the Ganges is still famous among men as Aswatirtha in consequence of the appearance of those horses at that place.
Both the Kusikas and the Bhargava-Richikas seems to have links with the ancient western-cultures (See Also: Bahlika Culture, Madra Culture, Rishika Kingdom and Rishikas). Viswamitra (Kusika's race) was born as a Kshatriya and later became a Brahmana, much like what was common in Madra Cultures. Bhargava Rama (Richika's race) was an expert in the use of the battle-axe, which he got from Kailasa region (Kailas range Tibet). The location of the Rishika tribe, who were experts in the use of battle-axes was not too distant from this region. The custom of donating or accepting horses as dowry also indicate north-western culture. It seems that neither the Bhargavas (and Richikas or Rishikas) nor the Kusikas, maintained any distinctions such as Brahmana and Kshatriya upon themselves. However, during the later periods, when the Vedic religion became rigid in its four-order caste-system, the Bhargavas were accepted as Brahmanas and the Kusikas as Kshatriyas.
Gadhi was sovereign whose military force was exceedingly great. Viswamitra also possessed a large army and many animals and vehicles. Using those animals and vehicles he used to roam around in forests in search of deer. During his wanderings he met the sage Vasistha. He engaged in a dispute with this sage, on the matter of the wealth of cattle possessed by the sage. (Cattle wealth always caused dispute among ancient Indian kingdoms (See the dispute between Matsyas and Trigartas for the sake of cattle wealth; in Matsya Kingdom). Viswamitra had to encounter many local-armies to seize the cattle wealth. (See Dravida Kingdom, Kerala Kingdom, Pundra Kingdom and Kirata Kingdom, Himalaya Kingdom). He was vanquished by the local-armies. After the defeat from Vasistha, Viswamitra adopted the life of an ascetic. Bhargava Rama defeated many tribes like Heheyas and later adopting the life of an ascetic. Thus both the Kusikas and Bhargava-Richikas were warrior-tribes, who also were a priest-like class of people.
In the country of Panchala, there is a forest called Utpala, where Viswamitra of Kusika's race had performed sacrifices with his son.
Pandavas's route from Dwiata lake to Matsya kingdom
Panchala was one among the countries considered by the Pandavas to spend their 13th year of anonymity along with the kingdoms Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salwa, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious Kuntirashtra.
Pandavas selected the Matsya Kingdom for their 13th year of anonymous life. Pandavas ordered their chief servant Indrasena and the others to take with then the empty chariots and to speedily proceeded to Dwaravati. All the maid-servants of Draupadi were ordered to go to the Panchala kingdom. After that the Pandavas left Dwaita lake in the Dwaita forest and proceeded to Matsya kingdom. Dhaumya, their priest, taking their sacred fires, set out for the Panchala Kingdom. Pandavas travelling eastwards, reached river Yamuna. Travelling along the southern banks of Yamuna, they passed through Yakrilloma, Surasena. Then they turned westwards (possibly to deceive the spies of Duryodhana, who might have following them), leaving behind, on their right (north side), the country of the Panchalas, and on their left (south side), that of the Dasarnas entered the Matsya Kingdom.
Impact of Magadha kings on Panchala
Due to the power of Magadha king Jarasandha, many ancient tribes had to shift their domains. Prominent among them were the Yadavas, who fled from Surasena Kingdom to south-west to Anarta Kingdom. The king of the Salwayana tribe with their brethren and followers, and the southern Panchalas and the eastern Kosalas also had to flee to the country of the Kuntis (which was south to these kingdoms).
Even though only king Jarasandha is mentioned, this situation could have arisen due to many generations of powerful Magadha kings who were forefathers of Jarasandha. During the reign of Drupada, no shift in the location of southern Panchala is mentioned explicitly. If the situation was created by Jarasandha alone, and no other Magadha kings later or earlier to him, then this shift of southern-Panchala could be temporary.
Dispute of Panchalas with Dasarnas There arose a dispute between the Dasarna Kingdom lying to the south, and the southern-Panchala king Drupada, upon the matter of the gender of prince Shikhandi, who was married to the princess of Dasarna. Panchala's alliance with Pandava King Yudhishthira
Bhima collected tribute for Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice during his military campaign to the east and first visited the Panchala Kingdom after leaving his home city Indraprastha. only two tribes do not pay tribute unto Yudhishthira, viz., the Panchalas in consequence of their relationship by marriage, and the Andhakas and Vrishnis (Anarta Yadavas) in consequence of their friendship.
When the Pandavas were exiled by Duryodhana, both the Panchalas and Yadavas visited them along with other cousins like the Chedis and Kekeyas. Pandavas five son's by Draupadi, spent some of their life in Panchala and some in Dwaraka during the 13-year-long exile of the Pandavas.
During their pilgrimage all around India, Yudhishthira asked the weak men among his followers to go to king Dhritarashtra of Kuru Kingdom and if he didn't take care of them, then to king Drupada of southern Panchala.
Yudhishthira and his followers, with Matsya king Virata, began to make preparations for war (Kurukshetra War). Virata and his relatives sent word to all the monarchs, and Panchala king Drupada also did the same. And at the request of Pandavas, as also of the two kings of the Matsyas and the Panchalas, many kings gathered for their cause. Druupada sent his priest to Hastinapura for the initial peace talks.
Drupada, the king of the Panchalas, surrounded by his ten heroic sons, Satyajit and other headed by Dhrishtadyumna, and well-protected by Shikhandi, and having furnished his soldiers with necessary things, joined the Pandavas with a full Akshauhini.
Panchalas in Kurukshetra War
Panchalas were the closest among all the allies of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. Panchala prince Dhristadyumna was the commander-in-chief for the whole of the Pandava army. Many heroes from Panchala battled in the war. Most of them were alive till the end of the war. However all of them were slain by Ashwathama in an ambush, when they were asleep in their tents, on the last day of the war. Ashwathama was the ruler of half of the Panchala Kingdom viz the northern Panchala, under Kuru king Duryodhana. Northern Panchala was then reduced to the status of a province of the Kuru Kingdom. This could be the political factor that caused the Panchalas (southern Panchalas) to become kinsmen of the Pandavas, who were a rebel force in the Kuru Kingdom. By supporting the Pandavas in Kurukshetra War they might have sought to regain their lost Panchala territories.
Panchala heroes
Satyajit was as the commander-in-chief of the Panchala army under king Drupada who fought against Arjuna who was then a disciple of Drona, the preceptor in warfare, in the Kuru Kingdom. He came to the Kurukshetra War leading the one Akshouhini of Panchala army. The brave warriors among the Panchalas, viz., Jayanta, Amitaujas and the great car-warrior Satyajit were great car-warriors (Maharathas) by Bhishma. He was slain by Drona on the 12th day of the war.
The Panchala princes Yudhamanyu and Uttamaujas. were protectors of Arjuna's car-wheels during the battle. Similarly the Panchala prince Kumara was one of the protectors of Yudhishthira's car-wheels, along with another hero Yugadhara (hailing from the city of Yugandhara, located somewhere to the west of Kurujangala (either in Haryana or Punjab). Kumara and Yugandhara were slain by Drona. Vyaghradatta was another Panchala prince slain by Drona along with Sinhasena.
Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, Janamejaya (the son of Durmuksha), Chandrasen, Madrasen, Kritavarman, Dhruva, Dhara, Vasuchandra and Sutejana were Panchala heroes, some of them being the sons of Drupada. The 10 sons of Drupada. and five sons (something off here) as in the Kurukshetra War. Suratha and Satrunjaya were sons of Drupada slain by Ashwathama. Vrika and Panchalya were sons of Drupada slain by Drona. Drupada's three grandsons also were in the war. Shikhandi's son Khsatradeva was in the war. Dhristadyumna's sons, tender in year, were slain by Drona in the war. Other Panchala Chiefs who died at the hands of Drona were Ketama and Vasudhana as per C.Rajagopalachari's Mahabharata.
Valanika, Jayanika, Jaya, Prishdhra, and Chandrasena—these heroes were also believed to be of Panchala, slain by Ashwathama.
The Somakas, Srinjayas and the Prabhadrakas
These three names were frequently in the story of the Kurukshetra War either as related to the Panchalas or as synonymous to the Panchalas. Srinjayas and Somakas were tribes allied to the Panchalas by kinship, born off from the various branches of the same royal lineage that brought forth the Panchala-tribe. They dwelled in the various provinces of the Panchala kingdom. Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite group of Panchala army, employed in Kurukshetra War.
The Somakas
Somaka seems to be a name used to denote all the tribes of Panchalas. The word Somaka, means the one who belonged to the Lunar Dynasty. This name could have given by rulers of Solar Dynasty. The Kosala Kingdom ruled by Solar Dynasty of kings lied to the east of Panchala. So this name could have coined by the Kosalas to denote the Panchalas. Thus the name could be collective to the whole of the Panchala tribes and specific to the tribes that lie close to Kosala, i.e. the tribes that dwell in the eastern parts of Panchala.
Pancalas and Srinjayas were sometimes referred to collectively as Somakas.
Somakas and Panchalas were different tribes.
Somakas and Srinjayas were different tribes.
Somakas and Prabhadrakas were different tribes.
The Srinjayas and the Panchalas, the Matsyas and the Somakas were separate tribes.
Drona during the war said to Duryodhana:
I will not put off my armour without slaying all the Panchalas. O king, go and tell my son Ashwathama not let the Somakas alone.
Kshatradharman, a Kurukshetra War hero, belonged to the Somaka tribe; another hero was Uttamaujas belonging to the Panchala tribe.
King Somaka, (1-2,127,128) is with his son Jantu. King Somaka was the son of Sahadeva, and a most excellent maker of gifts and he performed a sacrifice on the banks of Yamuna. King Somaka is listed among the great kings of ancient India.
The Somakas and Panchalas were at many of the same places. Drupada was the Somaka king and Dhristadyumna is a Somaka prince.
The Srinjayas
Srinjaya king Hotravahana is the maternal grandfather of the Kasi princess Amba (Amva). Amva, coming from Salwa stayed in the asylum of sage Saikhavatya (who dwelled on the banks of Saikavati river). Hotravahana met her granddaughter there. He was a friend of Bhargava Rama.
The Panchalas and Srinjayas attacked Arjuna when he tried to make Drupada captive for the sake of Drona.
Uttamujas was the great Srinjaya car-warrior.
The Srinjayas and Panchalas were separate tribes at many places.
Chedis the Andhakas, the Vrishnis, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Srinjayas were separate tribes. Here the Andhakas, Vrishinis, Bhojas and the Kukuras were tribes belonging to the Yadava clan.
The Kasayas (Kasis), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were separate tribes.
The Chedis, the Srinjayas, the Kasis and the Kosalas were battling together for Pandavas.
A Srinjaya king is mentioned as great amongst conquerors at (1- 1). He is also mentioned at (2,8). At (7,53) Srinjaya is mentioned as the son of a king named Switya. Sinjaya's son named Suvarnashthivin was slain by some robber-tribes during his childhood. The sages Narada and Parvata (Narada's sister's son (12,30)) were Srinjaya's friends. Chapters (7- 53 to 69) describes a narration of Narada to Srinjaya, to console him in the death of his son. This is also mentioned at (12-29,30,31).
Bhishma mentions at (5,164) that he could slay the whole armies of Srinjayas and the Salweyas (Salwa lied to the west of Kuru while Panchala lied to its east).
Srinjayas were mentioned as synonymous to Panchalas at many places. Refer (3- 33,35), (5- 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 48, 71, 72, 82, 93, 127, 162, 163, 168), (6- 16, 45, 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 75, 87, 91, 99, 108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 120), (7- 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 33, 76, 92, 94, 107, 122, 148, 151, 152, 180, 184, 190), (8- 21, 24, 31, 35, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 93, 94), (9- 19, 29, 33, 34, 57, 59, 61), (10,8), (11,26).King Srinjaya is mentioned as an ally of King Jayadratha of Sindhu. (3,263).
The Prabhadrakas Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite army obtained by Panchalas from the Kambojas. They could also be a Panchala army-unit or a Panchala tribe, that got trained in cavalry warfare by the Kambojas.
At (7,23.42-43) the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as hailing from Kamboja Kingdom. In MBH verse 7.23.43, as it can be seen from original Sanskrit text, the term Prabhadraka has been used as a qualifier before the Kambojas:
(MBH Gorakhpore Rec., 7.23.42-44)
Hence in this context, the term Prabhadraka definitely implies adjective and not noun, and may not, therefore, be confused with the Prabhadraka clan. As an adjective, the term Prabhadraka/Prabhadrakastu means "exceedingly handsome, exceedingly fortunate" Researchers like Dr Robert Shafer, Dr J. L. Kamboj, S Kirpal Singh etc. have, therefore correctly taken the term Prabhadraka in the sense of an adjective rather than noun in the present context and qualify Kambojas as "very handsome, very fortunate". Ganguli's translation is in error here. In fact, according to Sanskrit scholars, Ganguli's translation of Mahabharata has numerous translations errors. (See also note 4 & 5 in: Parama Kamboja Kingdom). They could be the army bought by Panchals from the Kambojas, since Kambojas were famous for lending their horses or cavalry to any party on payment basis:- The Prabhadrakas of the Kamvoja country, numbering 6000, with upraised weapons, with excellent steeds on their gold-decked cars, with stretched bows, supported Dhristadyumna (6, 19), (7,23). To distinguish them from the proper Panchala army or from other Prabhadrakas, they were mentioned as Prabhadraka-Panchalas (7,151). They were 6000 in numbers and mentioned as supporting Shikhandi at (7,151). They were an elite group in the Pandava army (5- 48, 199). This army is mentioned as allies of the Pandavas at (6,112), (7- 159, 182), (8- 12, 22, 30, 48, 49, 56, 67), (9- 7, 11, 15, 27). Karna slew 770 foremost of warriors among the Prabhadrakas initially (8,48). He then slew 1700 of them (8, 67).
A group of Prabhadrakas is mentioned as battling against Dhristadyumna at (7,92):- The chief of the Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata), with the Sauviras and the cruel Prabhadrakas, resisted wrathful Dhrishtadyumna.
The Kasayas (Kasis), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as separate armies. Prabhadrakas and Panchalas were mentioned as separate armies.
When Ashwathama attacked the Panchalas in a night-time ambush, Shikhandi woke up, alarmed the Prabhadrakas and they tried to put up some resistance but all were slain.
Other references
Brahmadatta is mentioned as a highly devout king of Panchala Here he is mentioned as donating a conch-shell.(?) He is mentioned as donating two precious jewels called Nidhi and Sankha and he is also mentioned
A sage from Panchala is mentioned as Rishi-Panchala (also known as Galava, born in the Vabhravya race) He compiled the rules in respect of the division of syllables and words for reading the Vedas and those about emphasis and accent in utterance, and shone as the first scholar who became conversant with those two subjects. He is mentioned to have acquired the science of Krama.
See also
Epic India
References
Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896.
External links
Kingdoms of the Puru clan
Panchala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchala%20Kingdom%20%28Mahabharata%29 |
Sir Stephen Tumim (15 August 1930 – 8 December 2003) was an English judge, and was Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons from 1987 to 1995.
Tumim was the son of a barrister, and was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and Worcester College, Oxford. In 1978 he became a Circuit Judge.
Appointed as Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons by Douglas Hurd, Tumim soon made a reputation as a critic of the existing system. He campaigned successfully for an end to slopping out, and was also critical of the "enforced idleness" of prisoners, and poor mental health care. He served under successive Conservative Home Secretaries (not all of them sympathetic to his views), until Michael Howard declined to renew his contract in 1995, and David Ramsbotham was appointed. He was knighted soon afterwards, served on many charitable trusts, and continued to inspect prisons overseas. He was the founding President of UNLOCK, The National Association of Ex-Offenders. Between 1996 and 1998 he was principal of St Edmund Hall, leaving amidst some controversy (he was popular with students, less so with academic colleagues). He was High Steward for Wallingford from 1995 to 2001. Tumim was named "Oldie of the Year" in 1994 by The Oldie magazine.
Tumim was on the committee and a buyer for the Contemporary Art Society. Between 1990 and 2003 he was President of the Royal Literary Fund.
He was married to Winifred Letitia Tumim CBE née Borthwick (1936–2009) and had three daughters.
Publications
Great Legal Disasters, Barker, London, 1983.
Great Legal Fiascos, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.
Crime and Punishment, Phoenix, London, 1997.
References
External links
Guardian obituary, 10/12/2003
1930 births
2003 deaths
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Principals of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
British prison inspectors
20th-century English judges
Knights Bachelor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Tumim |
Permas Jaya Bridge or Jambatan Permas Jaya (Jawi: جمبتن ڤرمس جاي) is a river bridge in arch shape in Plentong, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia. The bridge crosses Tebrau River and Plentong River. The bridge is built to shorten the travel distance between Bandar Baru Permas Jaya to Johor bahru city area from 18 km (estimated) to 6 km (estimated). The bridge was once the longest Arch bridge in Southeast Asia in 1994, which is about 1.5 km long.
History
The construction of the bridge was proposed when Bandar Baru Permas Jaya, a new neighborhood town was first launched by the property company Bandar Raya Developments Berhad (BRDB) in 1984, however, the bridge was only completed in 1994.
The new second Permas Jaya Bridge
The construction of the new second Permas Jaya Bridge was proposed in 2006 under the Iskandar Development Region plan. Construction started in February 2008.
The bridge was completed and opened to road users on 1 March 2012.
See also
Permas Jaya
1994 establishments in Malaysia
Bridges completed in 1994
Bridges in Johor
Buildings and structures in Johor Bahru
Transport in Johor Bahru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permas%20Jaya%20Bridge |
As a result of the expulsions from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1496, as well as the religious persecution by the Inquisition that followed, many Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) left the Iberian peninsula at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which welcomed the Sephardic Jews. Many of the Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were crypto-Jews, persons who had converted to Catholicism but continued to practice Judaism in secret. After they had settled in the safety of the Netherlands, many of them 'returned' fully to practice of the Jewish religion.
State of community prior to large scale migration
Many Jewish refugees came from Portugal, where Spanish Jews had fled after the Spanish Inquisition had been introduced in Spain in 1478, followed by the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. In 1497, the Portuguese forcibly converted all Jews in Portugal, including many who had returned to Judaism after fleeing Spain and its Inquisition. Following the establishment in 1536 of the Portuguese Inquisition, descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism dating back to a forced conversion in Spain in 1391 through the Portuguese forced conversion, were looked upon with great suspicion. In search of greater religious and economic freedoms, many crypto-Jews left Portugal for places with more lenient religious legislation and opportunities where their unique skill-sets could thrive. Many left for Brazil (where Europeans were Portuguese speaking) and France. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the Dutch Republic.
Migration to Amsterdam
Amsterdam became one of the most favored destinations in the Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many of the refugees were traders, Amsterdam benefited greatly from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews, or Marranos, had been refused admission in trading centers like Middelburg and Haarlem, and because of that ended up in Amsterdam. Under the influence of Sephardic Jews, Amsterdam grew rapidly. Many Jews supported the House of Orange, and were in return protected by the stadholder.
Relationship with Amsterdam officials
Many types of discriminatory laws commonplace elsewhere and previously in medieval times were not in place in Amsterdam; to the extent such laws were on the books, they weren't always followed strictly. In part, such general religious toleration arose before Jews came to Amsterdam, as city officials adopted a policy of freedom of conscience in joining the Union of Utrecht. Despite voiced challenges toward the loose legislation tolerating Jews, Burgomasters continued to enact laws tailored to their own pragmatic vision of society, even if they were contrary to popular opinion disfavoring Jews. Much of the toleration expressed by the Amsterdam officials was rooted in the economic assets the new Portuguese Jewish community could provide, as well as the officials’ lack of prior experience with Jewish residents. These factors made Amsterdam officials and even residents less susceptible to labeling the entire Jewish community by their negatively perceived history in Christian tradition. While the Jews of Amsterdam enjoyed greater freedoms in the religious and economic spheres of everyday life, which helped them assimilate more quickly and efficiently into Amsterdam society, they were denied certain political privileges, like participation in municipal government.
Religious identity and community in Amsterdam
The Jewish community of Amsterdam was self-governing, with the Imposta board overseeing communal and individual conduct until the establishment of the unified Mahamad committee in 1639, seven prominent individuals who had final say over all that happened among the Jewish community. The Mahamad was self-sustaining, with members appointing their own successors, thus keeping the communal power in the hands of the merchant elite among the Portuguese Jews. Besides providing for and overseeing the institutions of Sephardic Jewry in Amsterdam, the Mahamad also closely controlled the process of re-judaization - that is helping those whose families had been secretly living as Jews while being outwardly Catholic return to a full Jewish life. In this process, several individuals rejected Rabbinic Judaism or advanced ideas outside of the norms of Judaism at that time and were disciplined by the Mahamad through the process of herem, which could be anything from denial of Torah honors to an outright ban on the individual. The most famous of those to receive a full ban herem was philosopher Baruch Spinoza, whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continue to influence thinkers to this day.
Commerce
International commerce
The migration of Jews from Portugal and Spain to many places other than Amsterdam allowed them to build a strong international trading network that was unique to diaspora members. Because of the business and family relations many Amsterdam Jews had in light of their former community’s dispersal, they established trading connections with the Levant and Morocco. For instance, the Jewish-Moroccan merchant Samuel Pallache (ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco in 1608 to be his ambassador at The Hague. In particular, the relations between the Dutch and South America were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1621, and some of them were members of its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in Holland. After the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars — Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil, the Dutch were supported by the Jews. The Jews of Amsterdam also established commercial relations with various countries in Europe. In a letter dated November 25, 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invited Jews from Amsterdam to settle in Glückstadt, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them.
Commerce and occupations in Amsterdam
Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family. Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (April, 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. Jews tended to involve themselves in newer industries in Amsterdam, like the importation of colonial products, that just so happened to not have as many guild restrictions attached to them. In 1655, a Jew was permitted to establish a sugar refinery. Jews also became heavily involved in the jewelry and tobacco industries. While occupational status did not differ greatly between Jews and the rest of the Amsterdam population, Jews were far more concentrated in particular lines of commerce.
Decline
The migration of Sephardic Jews from the Netherlands to the Caribbean Antilles began in the mid-17th century, after the Dutch fleet captured the island of Curaçao from the Spaniards in 1634. One generation later, several waves of migrant Jewish and Protestant families from the Netherlands had established a shipping and trading settlement in Willemstad, a natural harbour controlled by the Dutch West Indies Company. The Dutch troops lost the Brazilian colony of Recife to the Portuguese in 1654, which forced many Dutch Sephardic refugees from Brazil to move to Curaçao or to the colony of New Amsterdam (Manhattan).
By the 1680s, the Portuguese Sephardic Community of Amsterdam started to decline, in spite of having built a new synagogue, the monumental Esnoga, which was inaugurated in 1675. With the Netherlands experiencing economic difficulty (in part due to loss of New World colonies) some Jews left and immigration slowed. The Ashkenazic community became the larger Jewish community in Amsterdam, even as the Sephardic Jews kept positions of power and remained the significantly wealthier community. The process of emancipation, granting Jews full Dutch citizenship in the late 18th and early 19th century, continued the erosion of power the Mahamad held over the community.
Holocaust
On the eve of the Holocaust, there were approximately 4,300 Sephardic Jews living in the Netherlands, of a total Jewish population of some 140,000 (3%). After the war, the Sephardic community had declined to some 800 people, 20% of the pre-war population. The Holocaust meant the end of the Sephardic community in The Hague; it ended after the war as most of the community was murdered by the Nazis in concentration camps.
Today
Nowadays, the Sephardic community in the Netherlands, called the Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap (PIK) (Portuguese-Israelite Religious Community), has a membership of some 270 families (translating to approximately 600 persons), and is concentrated in Amsterdam. They constitute now some 2% of the Dutch-Jewish community. The PIK also has a youth movement, J-PIG (Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente - Youth Portuguese-Israelite Community).
Amsterdam is still home to works of its once vibrant Sephardic community. The Portuguese Synagogue or Esnoga, which was inaugurated in 1675, is located at the heart of Amsterdam's Jewish Cultural Quarter and it is still in use today. The venerable Library Ets Haim - Livraria Montezinos was founded in 1616 and it is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. Also, the Sephardic cemetery Beth Haim in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the Huis de Pinto, a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680.
Notable Dutch Sephardic Jews
Abraham Blauvelt, a 17th century Jewish pirate, privateer, and explorer of Central America and the western Caribbean, after whom the towns of Bluefields, Nicaragua, and Bluefields, Jamaica, were both named
David de Aaron de Sola – rabbi and author (1796–1860)
Abraham Cohen Pimentel – rabbi Amsterdam Synagogue (died 1697)
Jacob Abendana – rabbi and philosopher (1630–1695)
Jacob Israel Belmonte – poet, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (1570–1629)
Isaac Aboab da Fonseca – rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer (February 1, 1605 – April 4, 1693)
Hedy d'Ancona – female politician, well-known feminist (October 1, 1937)
Abraham Bueno de Mesquita – comedian, actor (July 23, 1918 – August 19, 2005)
Benjamin Cardozo – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938)
Uri Coronel – sports director and chairman of Ajax Amsterdam (December 24, 1946 – July 18, 2016)
Daniel De Leon – American Socialist leader (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914)
Isaac da Costa – poet (January 14, 1798 – April 28, 1860)
Manasseh ben Israel – rabbi, influential in the readmission of the Jews to England (1604–1657)
Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita – graphic artist, mentor of M. C. Escher (June 6, 1868 – February 11, 1944, Auschwitz)
Abraham Lopes Cardozo – hazzan of Congregation Shearith Israel (1914–2006)
George Maduro – resistance fighter, distinguished officer (July 15, 1916 – February 9, 1945, Dachau concentration camp)
Balthazar (Isaac) Orobio de Castro – philosopher (1617–1687)
Samuel Pallache – Moroccan envoy to the Dutch Republic, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1550–1616)
Samuel Sarphati – physician, city planner (1813–1866)
Baruch Spinoza – philosopher and optician (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677)
Jacob Tirado – merchant and shipowner, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1540–1620)
Joseph de la Vega – author, poet and economist (1650–1692)
Isaac de Pinto – merchant/banker, political philosopher (1717–1780)
Joseph Teixeira de Mattos – watercolor painter and pastellist (1892–1971)
Joseph Mendes da Costa – sculptor and teacher (1863–1939)
Rehuel Lobatto – mathematician (1797–1866)
Nathan Lopes Cardozo - contemporary rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism
Persons of partial Dutch Sephardic Jewish descent
Frieda Belinfante – cellist and conductor, Jewish father (May 10, 1904 – April 26, 1995)
Neve Campbell – Canadian actress, daughter of an Amsterdam-born mother of Sephardic Jewish descent (October 3, 1973)
Abraham Pais – particle physicist, science historian, Sephardic father, Ashkenazi mother (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000)
Ophir Pines-Paz – Israeli politician, Dutch-Sephardic father (July 11, 1961)
See also
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
History of the Jews in Amsterdam
History of the Jews in Portugal
History of the Jews in Spain
History of the Jews in the Netherlands
Jews in Turkey
Notes
Sources
Bodian, Miriam, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam: Indiana University Press 1999
da Silva Rosa, J. S., Geschiedenis der Portugeesche Joden te Amsterdam 1593-1925 (History of the Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam 1593-1925): Amsterdam 1925 (Dutch)
Katchen, Aaron L., Christian Hebraists and Dutch Rabbis: Seventeenth Century Apologetics and the Study of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah: Harvard University Press 1985
Sorkin, David, Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews’ political status in Europe, 1600–1750: Jewish History 2000
Swetschinski, Daniel M., Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews Of Seventeenth-century Amsterdam: Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation 2004
Tammes, Peter., “Hack, Pack, Sack”: Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941: Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2012
External links
The Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam
Jewish Historical Museum
Jewish Dutch history
Netherlands
Netherlands
Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe
Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Europe
Religion in the Dutch Republic
Jewish Portuguese history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic%20Jews%20in%20the%20Netherlands |
Gordon Richard Slemon, (August 15, 1924 – September 26, 2011) was a Canadian electrical engineer and professor.
Born in Bowmanville, Ontario, he received a B.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1946 and a M.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1948 from the University of Toronto. He received a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1952.
From 1953 to 1955, he was an assistant professor at the Nova Scotia Technical College. In 1955, he joined the University of Toronto as an associate professor and was appointed a professor in 1964. He was made a professor emeritus in 1990. From 1966 to 1976, he was the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and from 1979 to 1986 was dean of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering.
He is the co-author of Scientific Basis of Electrical Engineering (1961), Electric Machinery (1979), and Power Semiconductor Drives (1984). He is the author of Magnetoelectric Devices (1966) and Electric Machines and Drives (1992).
In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for his work as "a world authority on the analysis, design and development of electric machines and controlled drive systems, he has dedicated his professional life to teaching and research in engineering". In 1990, he was awarded the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, given each year to a team or to an individual that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power. He was elected to Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. In 2011, he received the Engineering Institute of Canada's highest award, the Sir John Kennedy Medal.
References
External links
Gordon Slemon archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1924 births
1996 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Officers of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
People from Clarington
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Slemon |
Paula's Home Cooking is a Food Network show hosted by Paula Deen. Deen's primary culinary focus was Southern cuisine and familiar comfort food that is popular with Americans. In the show, classic dishes such as pot roast, fried okra, fried chicken and pecan pie were the norm, and overcomplicated or eccentric recipes were usually eschewed. Dishes that are flavorful and familiar were spotlighted, although the fat content and calorie count of the meals were often very high. Paula also showed off vignettes of Savannah, Georgia, where she co-owns The Lady & Sons with her sons Jamie and Bobby.
Deen's popularity, spurred by the show, led to a small role in the feature film Elizabethtown.
Despite its possibly Southern atmosphere, Paula's Home Cooking was taped in upstate New York until 2006; since then, shows had been taped at Deen's new home near Savannah. In 2008, Deen began work on a revamped version of the series called Paula's Best Dishes, in which friends and family join her in the kitchen to prepare recipes. Deen's sons often appeared as guests on the show. They too proved to be popular among Food Network's audience and now have their own show, Road Tasted, similar to Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels. Deen's husband, Michael Groover, also appeared sporadically as a guest, and Food Network taped the Deen-Groover wedding in 2004 as a special edition of the show. The success of Paula's Home Cooking led to a line of cookbooks, a magazine, other television shows and specials, and related merchandise. Reruns of the show now air on Food Network's sister channel GAC.
On June 21, 2013, the Food Network announced that they would not renew Deen's contract due to controversy surrounding Deen's use of a racial slur made 30 years earlier, effectively cancelling the series.
References
External links
Paula's Home Cooking on The Food Network
The Lady and Sons Restaurant in Savannah Georgia
2002 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2000s American cooking television series
2010s American cooking television series
Food Network original programming
Television shows set in New York (state)
Television shows set in Georgia (U.S. state)
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%27s%20Home%20Cooking |
Rasterscan is a video game published in 1987 by Mastertronic for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, and MSX. It was written by Binary Design based in Parsonage Gardens, Manchester with the C64 version programmed by Phillip Allsopp.
Plot
The Rasterscan, a large damaged spacecraft, is drifting uncontrollably towards a nearby star. The Rasterscan can still be controlled and piloted to safety but only by a droid called MSB. Unfortunately, MSB is also damaged and (without help) can only repair toasters. The player needs to control MSB and, hopefully, use it to save the unfortunate spacecraft.
Gameplay
The player controls MSB, a spherical droid who can float through the interior of the ship in all directions. MSB can interact with the craft's machinery and instruments, which all serve a purpose. It also needs to solve logic-puzzles in order to open doors (different puzzles for each door) to allow it access to more parts of the spacecraft.
External links
Rasterscan at CPC WIKI
1987 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Binary Design games
Commodore 64 games
Mastertronic games
MSX games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterscan |
A History of God is a book by Karen Armstrong that was published by Knopf in 1993. It details the history of the three major monotheistic traditions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, along with some details on Buddhism and Hinduism. The evolution of the idea of God is traced from its ancient roots in the Middle East up to the present day.
Summary
Judaism
Armstrong begins with the rise of the cult of Yahweh (Jahweh), one of the deities of Canaan. According to Armstrong, the cult of Yahweh consisted of a variety of ethnic groups that migrated to Canaan in three waves. These groups were united by their loyalty to Yahweh. Yahweh was unique in the ancient Middle East in that he actually participated in the profane lives of his worshipers.
She then examines the sources of the Pentateuch by way of the four authors or groups of authors, known according to the Documentary hypothesis as J, E, P and D. Moreover, she explores some of the textual tensions that exist in the Pentateuch as a result of the theological tensions between these authors, or groups of authors. For Armstrong, this tension can be seen in, for example, the contrasting accounts of theophanies. The Jahwist (J) writes of very "intimate" encounters between Abraham and Yahweh, while the Elohist (E) "prefers to distance the event and make the old legends less anthropomorphic."
There follows an examination of the major Israelite prophets, including Isaiah, second Isaiah, Hosea and Ezekiel, and the contribution each made to the Jewish conception of God.
Christianity
Armstrong then turns to the stories attributed to the life of Jesus. She identifies his roots in the Pharisaic tradition of Hillel the Elder and his effect on the Jewish conception of a god. The death of Jesus and its attendant symbolism are examined, including the various constructions others, most notably Paul, have placed upon these events.
The book explores the rise of trinitarianism, leading to the Nicene Creed, and traces the evolution of the Christian conception of God and the Trinity in the respective Eastern and Western traditions.
Armstrong discusses the rise of modern Christian religiosity, in particular the Protestantism of Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Islam
The rise of Islam and its appreciation of the nature of God are examined. Armstrong analyzes how modern Shia Islam, with its emphasis upon social action in the service of Allah, the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the Shia Imams, was a key factor that brought about the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
Subsequent chapters examine respectively both philosophical approaches to the idea of God, and the mystical relationship with God.
Conclusion
The final chapters examine the notion of the Death of God and the idea of God in a post-modern world.
Sources
1993 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
History books about religion
Religious studies books
Works by Karen Armstrong
1993 in religion
Alfred A. Knopf books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20History%20of%20God |
Desborough Loatland Ward is a two-member ward within Kettering Borough Council, representing part of Desborough. Prior to 2007 boundary changes, this ward was formerly known as Loatland.
The ward was last fought at borough council level in the 2007 local council elections, in which both seats were won by the Conservatives.
The current councillors are Cllr. Mark Dearing and Cllr. June Derbyshire.
Councillors
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2007
Cllr. Mark Dearing (Conservative)
Cllr. June Derbyshire (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
Cllr. Belinda Humfrey (Conservative)
Cllr. Mark Dearing (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council elections 1999
Cllr. Belinda Humfrey (Conservative)
Cllr. Derek Fox (Labour)
Desborough Loatland by-election: 6 November 1997
Unknown Conservative councillor (replacing an unknown Labour councillor)
Current ward boundaries (2007-)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2007
Former ward boundaries (1999-2007)
Kettering Borough Council elections 2003
(Vote count shown is ward average)
Kettering Borough Council elections 1999
This seat may have been affected by boundary changes at this election.
(Vote count shown is ward average)
Kettering Borough Council by-election: 6 November 1997
Cause: Unknown
Holding Party: Conservative
See also
Kettering
Kettering Borough Council
Electoral wards in Kettering
Desborough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desborough%20Loatland%20%28Kettering%20BC%20Ward%29 |
Orca is the name of two fictional anti-hero characters who appear in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly known as one of the adversaries to the superhero Batman.
Publication history
The Grace Balin version of Orca first appeared in Batman #579 (July 2000) and was created by Larry Hama and Scott McDaniel.
The Dean Toye version of Orca first appeared in Aquaman (vol. 8) #12.
Fictional character biography
Grace Balin
Grace Balin attends Gotham Gate College and quickly becomes fascinated with the ocean. She receives a Ph.D. in marine biology and bio-medicine and takes a job at the Gotham Aquarium. She is a very charitable person who funds an after-school program involving the ocean for underprivileged youths. She also volunteers at a soup shelter and takes care of many homeless people. Dr. Balin is later involved in an accident that leaves her paralyzed, dependent on a wheelchair for mobility. She continues to work at the Gotham Aquarium until it is supposed to be closed for lack of funding. Grace experiments with spinal cord tissue regeneration using orca spinal cord tissue. The gene therapy studies and human experimentation that she was conducting are deemed controversial, resulting in her loss of funding. It is implied that Grace used a chemical formula that she derived from an orca in the aquarium on herself and that this is what caused her to transform into Orca. She can easily switch between being Orca and her regular appearance as Dr. Balin, although she is still paralyzed as Balin even if Orca is fully mobile. Orca begins a crime spree in Gotham City by stealing a valuable diamond called the Flame of Persia from rogue millionaire Camille Baden-Smythe. After the theft, Batman becomes involved. Orca's dedication to what she perceives as justice conflicts with Batman's attempts to see that everyone is entitled to legal protection even if he dislikes them personally. Orca aims to sell the diamond and use the proceeds to help fund several projects for underprivileged people. After her attempt to sell the diamond back to Camille Baden-Smythe fails with the discovery that she had stolen the diamond originally, Orca attempts to kill her. Camille's security force shoots Orca several times, mortally wounding her. After an extensive underwater chase — Batman using an aquatic-equipped suit — she begins changing back into Dr. Balin in an underwater cavern, telling Batman that the only way that she can survive is if he gives her the rest of the chemical formula that turned her into Orca and that this would permanently transform her into Orca. Although Camille tried to forbid Batman from giving her the formula, arguing that such an action would make Batman responsible for everyone she would subsequently kill, Batman, states that they are all responsible for their actions, as well as that he refuses to allow anyone to die. Having ingested the formula, Orca swims away and resolved to continue her current career. It is revealed that the jewel was then sold to its original owner and that the money was used to build a new recreation center near the aquarium as well as to "...gentrify a derelict waterfront tenement".
Orca is not seen again until she appears as a prisoner in the Slab during the Joker's "Last Laugh" riots. She can escape during the riots with King Shark.
One Year Later, Orca is found dead in the sewers under Gotham City. She appears to have been shot in the head by Harvey Dent's gun, although Batman is convinced Dent is not the true killer. He finds that her body has been partially eaten by Killer Croc. Orca's husband Terry was murdered by the Tally Man while he was being questioned about the disappearance of his wife by a private investigator Jason Bard. During the investigation it is revealed that Orca was working for the Penguin along with now deceased supervillains the KGBeast, the Magpie, and the Ventriloquist. Someone had contracted Orca and other supervillains to turn on the Penguin and rob one of his storage facilities. Harvey Dent catches them and instructs them to stay loyal to Penguin and to get any information they could about him. Dent is the prime suspect in their murders, but it turns out that they were orchestrated by the Great White Shark, who plans on becoming the top crime boss in Gotham. He manages to accomplish two tasks at once, weakening the Penguin's forces and transforming Harvey Dent back into Two-Face.
In the "DC Rebirth" relaunch, Orca and her Death Cycle are mentioned by Cheshire and Copperhead as some of the many villains who have attempted to kill Batman for Two-Face. Her first appearance is in Nightwing (vol. 4) #11, where she is a part of a criminal group in Bludhaven called the Whale's Enders and is ordered to kill Nightwing. Grace was formerly a member of the Run-Offs, a rehab group for former Gotham supervillains, but left because she considered herself too much of a monster to relate to them (implying that her transformation is permanent). After Nightwing and the Run-Offs defeat her, she reveals that they were just a distraction for Carter Forsyth to be killed by the False Face Society.
During Raptor's invasion of Bludhaven, Roland Desmond demonstrates his power to the Whale's Enders by easily taking down Orca with his bare hands. The Whale's Enders try to replicate Grace's formula to transform themselves into whale hybrids to level the playing field, but fail miserably and dissolve after they are defeated by Nightwing. When Raptor starts wreaking havoc in the city by using Roland's Blockbuster formula on the citizens, the Run-Offs seek Grace's knowledge in developing an antidote to cure the affected people. Orca's biochemistry knowledge helps save the city and she rejoins the Run-Offs at the end of the story arc.
During the Gotham City Monsters story Orca is shown to be a semi-vigilante by protecting Gotham Harbors from crime as she considered it her home and joins Andrew Bennet, Frankenstien, Killer Croc, Lady Clay, and later Batwoman to hunt down King Melmoth after her nephew is killed by him.
Orca then reappears in Suicide Squad: King Shark when she attacks King Shark while one of Orca's old rehab friends now Suicide Squad member Defacer attempts to stop the fighting but Orca is then attacked by sharks and supposedly dies. She is shown to be alive and later helps the two fight the Squad's magic division as well as fighting the island's inhabitants when they are possessed and returning to Bludhaven with Defacer after.
She makes an appearance in The Joker vol. 2 in a short story showing that she is now incarcerated in the women's section of Blackgate penitentiary following a parole violation set up by the Queen of Hearts a member of the Royal Flush Gang at Blackgate who hires Orca to takeout the Joker's lackey Punchline which she does, confronting her in the showers before fighting and eventually beating her to a pulp. She then joins the Queen and her gang in the prison infirmary as she attempts to kill Punchline only for Orca to turn on her having made a deal with Punchline during their scuffle and as for revenge for landing her in prison as she was about to go straight. Punchline declares herself the new queen of the prison and makes Orca her enforcer as the two then leave the Queen at the hands of her former gang. Later when Punchline orders her prison followers to find a specific inmate Orca finds them but the inmate reveals themselves as an undercover reporter trying to expose Punchline for her involvement during the Joker's takeover of Gotham and claims that she has a "Source" that can help Orca expunge her criminal record. She agrees but Punchline later learns about their plans and sends her followers after them. Orca manages to help the reporter escape but is soon overwhelmed and later drugged by Punchline for her betrayal.
Dean Toye
In the "DC Rebirth" relaunch, there is also another human/killer whale hybrid also called Orca. Sergeant Dean Toye is a member of the Aquamarines, task-forced military operations trained and transformed to combat Atlantis in case of a crisis. As the second-in-command to Major Rhonda Ricoh who has the codename of "Great White", Orca and the Aquamarines are dispatched by the government to kill Aquaman at the time when he was framed by the organization N.E.M.O. Orca and the Aquamarines are defeated by Aquaman and are detained by the Atlanteans as prisoners of war.
Powers and abilities
The Grace Balin version of Orca has immense physical attributes and the ability to operate underwater. Orca's sense of smell is so acute that she can easily find her quarry, even if its visibility was low. She must submerge herself in water before dehydration or after long periods on land. In both forms, Orca possesses a brilliant scientific mind.
The Dean Toye version of Orca also has similar powers, as well as expertise in firearms.
In other media
The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in The Lego Batman Movie, voiced by Laura Kightlinger.
The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in Lego Dimensions via The Lego Batman Movie DLC pack.
The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic as a member of Ra's al Ghul's Suicide Squad and lover of squad-mate Killer Croc. After getting married and becoming pregnant with Croc's child, Ra's deactivates her and Killer Croc's bombs so they can live a happy life together. However, the pair kill Ra's and allow Gorilla Grodd to take over command of the squad to ensure their teammates' safety.
References
Animal supervillains
Characters created by Larry Hama
Comics characters introduced in 2000
DC Comics animals
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics hybrids
DC Comics scientists
DC Comics metahumans
Fictional female scientists
Fictional human–animal hybrids
Fictional orcas
Fictional therianthropes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca%20%28DC%20Comics%29 |
The Lindisfarne Association (1972–2012) was a nonprofit foundation and diverse group of intellectuals organized by cultural historian William Irwin Thompson for the "study and realization of a new planetary culture".
It was inspired by the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead's idea of an integral philosophy of organism, and by Teilhard de Chardin's idea of planetization.
History
Thompson conceived the idea for the Lindisfarne association while touring spiritual sites and experimental communities around the world. The Lindisfarne Association is named for Lindisfarne Priory—a monastery, known for the Lindisfarne Gospels, founded on the British island of Lindisfarne in the 7th century.
Advertising executive Gene Fairly had just left his position at Interpublic Group of Companies and begun studying Zen Buddhism when he read a review of Thompson's At the Edge of History in the New York Times. Fairly visited Thompson at York University in Toronto to discuss forming a group for the promotion of planetary culture. Upon returning to New York he raised $150,000 from such donors as Nancy Wilson Ross and Sydney and Jean Lanier. Support from these donors served as an entrée to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
Incorporation and first years in New York
Lindisfarne was incorporated as a non-profit educational foundation in December 1972. It began operations at a refitted summer camp in Southampton, New York on August 31, 1973.
From 1974–1977 Lindisfarne held an annual conference "to explore the new planetary culture" with the following themes:
Planetary Culture and the New Image of Humanity, 1974
Conscious Evolution and the Evolution of Consciousness, 1975
A Light Governance for America: the Cultures and Strategies of Decentralization, 1976
Mind in Nature, 1977
Earth's answer : explorations of planetary culture at the Lindisfarne conferences (1977) reprints some of the lectures given at the 1974 and 1975 conferences.
The Lindisfarne Association was first based in Southampton, New York in 1973 and then in Manhattan at the Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings which was leased to Lindisfarne from 1976–1979.
Move to Crestone and formation of other branches
As Lindisfarne began to run low on funding, it faced the loss of its lease on the Church of the Holy Communion. At a conference at the New Alchemy Institute in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Petro-Canada CEO and United Nations official Maurice Strong offered to donate land from his ranch in Crestone, Colorado. Thompson chose 77 acres of land near Spanish Creek—self-reportedly because his "Irish Druid Radar" had gone off while driving past—where Lindisfarne began to construct new buildings for its purposes.
Today the Lindisfarne Fellows House, the Lindisfarne Chapel, and the Lindisfarne Mountain Retreat are under the ownership and management of the Crestone Mountain Zen Center. Lindisfarne has functioned variously as a sponsor of classes, conferences, and concerts and public lectures events, and as a think tank and retreat, similar to the Esalen Institute in California. Lindisfarne functioned as a not-for-profit foundation until 2009; the Lindisfarne Fellowship continued to hold annual meetings until 2012. It is no longer an active organization.
In addition to its facility in Crestone (the "Lindisfarne Mountain Retreat"), three other branches of the organization were formed:
a headquarters in New York City at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine;
the Lindisfarne Press was established in Stockbridge, Massachusetts; and
the Lindisfarne Fellows House was opened at the San Francisco Zen Center.
Goals and doctrine
The Lindisfarne doctrine is closely related to that of its founder, William Thompson. Mentioned as part of the Lindisfarne ideology are a long list of spiritual and esoteric traditions including yoga, Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese traditional medicine, Hermeticism, Celtic animism, Gnosticism, cabala, geomancy, ley lines, Pythagoreanism, and ancient mystery religions.
The group placed a special emphasis on sacred geometry, defined by Thompson as "a vision of divine intelligence, the logos, revealing itself in all forms, from the logarithmic spiral of a seashell to the hexagonal patterns of cooling basalt, from the architecture of the molecule to the galaxy." Rachel Fletcher, Robert Lawlor, and Keith Critchlow lectured at Crestone on the application of sacred geometry, Platonism, and Pythagoreanism to architecture. The exemplar of these ideas is the Grail Chapel in Crestone (also known as Lindisfarne Chapel), which is built to reflect numerous basic geometrical relationships.
Lindisfarne's social agenda was exemplified by the "meta-industrial village", a small community focused on subsistence and crafts while yet connected to a world culture. All members of a community might participate in essential tasks such as the harvest. (Thompson has speculated that in the United States, 40% of the population could work at agriculture, and another 40% in social services.) The villages would have a sense of shared purpose in transforming world culture. They would combine "the four classical economies of human history, hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and cybernetics", all "recapitulated within a single deme."
(The "Meadowcreek Project" in Arkansas, begun in 1979 by David and Wilson Orr, was an effort to actualize a meta-industrial village as envisioned by the Lindisfarne Association. This project received funding from the Ozarks Regional Commission, the Arkansas Energy Department, and the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation.)
The villages would be linked together by an electronic information network (i.e., what today we call the internet). Thompson called for a counter-cultural vanguard "which can formulate an integral vision of culture and maintain the high standards of that culture without compromise to the forces of electronic vulgarization."
According to the Lindisfarne Association website, Lindisfarne's fourfold goals are:
The Planetization of the Esoteric
The realization of the inner harmony of all the great universal religions and the spiritual traditions of the tribal peoples of the world.
The fostering of a new and healthier balance between nature and culture through the research and development of appropriate technologies, architectural settlements and compassionate economies for meta-industrial villages and convivial cities.
The illumination of the spiritual foundations of political governance through scholarship and artistic communications that foster a global ecology of consciousness beyond the present ideological systems of warring industrial nation-states, outraged traditional societies, and ravaged lands and seas.
Thompson has also stated the United States has a unique role to play in the promotion of planetary culture because people from all over the world mingle there.
Lindisfarne sought to spread its message widely, through a mailing list and through book publications of the Lindisfarne press.
Journalist Sally Helgesen, after a visit in 1977, criticized Lindisfarne as confused pseudo-intellectuals, citing for example their attempt to build an expensive fish "bioshelter" while overlooking a marsh with fish in it.
Members
Members of the Lindisfarne Fellowship have included, among others:
ecological philosopher David Abram
mathematician Ralph Abraham
Zen Buddhist Zentatsu Richard Baker
anthropologist Gregory Bateson
anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson
poet Wendell Berry
geometer and art historian Keith Critchlow
international law specialist Richard Falk
physicist David Ritz Finkelstein
Zen Buddhist Joan Halifax-Roshi
economist Hazel Henderson
ecologist Wes Jackson
poet Jane Hirshfield
political scientist Merle Lefkoff
scientist James Lovelock
physicist and "soft energy" advocate Amory Lovins
biologist Stuart Kauffman
biologist Lynn Margulis
dean James Parks Morton
author Michael Murphy
philosopher/author John Michell
dancer/anthropologist Natasha Myers
spiritual teacher David Spangler
religious scholar Elaine Pagels
poet Kathleen Raine
writer Dorion Sagan
economist E. F. Schumacher
astronaut Rusty Schweickart
poet Gary Snyder
United Nations undersecretary Maurice Strong
architect Paolo Soleri
monk David Steindl-Rast
publisher/editor Joy Stocke
physician/scientist/contemplative Neil Theise
philosopher Evan Thompson
biologist John Todd
writer Nancy Jack Todd
cognitive psychologist Rebecca Todd
architect Sim Van der Ryn
philosopher/biologist Francisco Varela
banker Michaela Walsh
composer Paul Winter
physicist/contemplative Arthur Zajonc
composer Evan Chambers
Sufi Pir Zia Inayat-Khan
historian/musician Mitchell Mignano
economist W. Brian Arthur
Current status
The Lindisfarne Association disbanded as a not-for-profit institution in 2009. The Lindisfarne Fellows continued to meet once a year up to 2012 at varying locations as an informal group interested in one another's creative projects.
References
Sources
Collins, Jeffrey Hale. Lindisfarne: Toward the Realization of Planetary Culture. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, accepted December 1982.
Helgesen, Sally. "Visions of Futures Past". Harper's, March 1977.</ref>
Redenius, Charles. "The Lindisfarne Association: An Exemplary Community of the New Planetary Culture". Journal of General Education, 37(3), 1985.
See also William Irwin Thompson, "Afterword" to DARKNESS AND SCATTERED LIGHT (New York: Doubleday, 1978), 181–183.
External links
Lindisfarne Association website at WilliamIrwinThompson.org. Archived.
2007 Symposium Notes from the Wild River Review
Lindisfarne Tapes (lecture recordings): index at Schumaker Center for a New Economics; search results from the Internet Archive
Lindisfarne Cafe Memoir in Wild River Review, wildriverreview.com:
Pilgrimage to Lindisfarne 1972
LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream - PART ONE: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream/The Shadow Side PART TWO: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream/The Cathedral PART THREE: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
LINDISARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Conclusion: The Economic Relevance of Lindisfarne
Julia Rubin,"Colorado Site Called 'a Place of Power': Spiritualists, Environmentalists Find Haven in the Baca." Los Angeles Times, 20 August 1989.
New Age organizations
Organizations established in 1972
Sacred geometry
Small press publishing companies
Spiritual organizations
Utopian communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne%20Association |
Typhoon Zeb, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Iliang, was a powerful typhoon that struck the island of Luzon in October 1998. It is tied with Cyclone Ron and Cyclone Susan in terms of minimum pressure, for the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide for 1998. The tenth tropical storm of the season, Zeb formed on October 10 from the monsoon trough near the Caroline Islands. It moved westward initially and quickly intensified. Zeb's inflow briefly spawned another tropical storm, which it ultimately absorbed. Developing an eye, Zeb rapidly intensified into a super typhoon, officially reaching maximum sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph); one warning agency estimated winds as high as 285 km/h (180 mph). After reaching peak intensity, the typhoon struck northern Luzon and quickly weakened over land. Turning to the north, Zeb brushed the east coast of Taiwan at a reduced intensity, and after accelerating to the northeast it moved through Japan. It became extratropical on October 18 and moved eastward over open waters.
First affecting the Philippines, Zeb dropped torrential rainfall in Luzon, reaching in one day in La Trinidad, estimated as a one-in-1,147-year event. The rains caused floods and landslides, which compounded with high winds to leave heavy crop damage. Zeb destroyed or damaged 85,844 houses in the Philippines, and damage in the country was estimated at ₱5.375 billion (1998 Philippine pesos, $126 million U.S. dollars), the fifth-costliest at the time. There were also 83 deaths in the country, a number compounded upon when Typhoon Babs struck the same region a week later. High winds and rainfall from Zeb later affected Taiwan, causing NT$4.15 billion (New Taiwan dollar, $125 million USD) in damage as well as 31 deaths. Gusty winds affected much of Japan, while heavy rainfall peaked at on Mount Ontake. The storm killed 14 people in the country, several related to landslides. Zeb destroyed 770 homes and flooded another 12,548 in Japan.
Meteorological history
The monsoon trough spawned a tropical disturbance over the western Pacific Ocean to the east of Guam around October 7. The system moved steadily westward, organizing enough for the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on October 9. After the disturbance passed south of Guam, the JTWC began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 18W late on October 9, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) followed suit the next day. While passing north of Yap in the Caroline Islands, the depression intensified into a tropical storm according to the JTWC, which gave it the name Zeb. The JMA again was delayed in upgrading by a day.
After becoming a tropical storm, Zeb proceeded to steadily intensify. Its large inflow spawned a circulation well to the east-northeast, which organized into a separate tropical storm – Alex. Early on October 11, the storm entered the area of responsibility of PAGASA – the Philippine-based weather agency – which gave it the local name Iliang. Late on October 11, the JTWC upgraded Zeb to typhoon status, or one-minute winds of at least . This was based on the appearance of a banding-type eye on satellite imagery. On October 12, the storm rapidly intensified as it turned more to the west-northwest toward the Philippines. During this time, it caused increased wind shear over the smaller Tropical Storm Alex to the east-northeast, ultimately absorbing it. At 00:00 UTC on October 13, the JTWC upgraded Zeb to super typhoon status, estimating winds of , marking that Zeb attained Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Twelve hours later, the agency estimated that the typhoon strengthened further to a peak of 285 km/h (180 mph), making it the strongest storm of the season. At the same time, PAGASA also estimated peak 10-minute winds of , also designating Zeb as a super typhoon. Late on October 13, the JMA estimated peak 10-minute winds of just east of the island of Luzon. While near peak intensity, the JTWC estimated that winds of extended , and gales extended from the center.
Zeb's eyewall continued to contract up until it moved ashore. Early on October 14, Zeb made landfall on eastern Luzon just south of Palanan Bay, or east of Ilagan, near peak intensity. The typhoon weakened rapidly over land, while its track shifted more to the north around a ridge to the east. It emerged into the Luzon Strait between the eponymous island and Taiwan with a much larger eyewall, and failed to re-intensify over open waters. Late on October 15, Zeb passed within of Taiwan's east coast before accelerating to the northeast due to a passing trough. The JMA downgraded the typhoon to tropical storm status on October 16, although the JTWC retained Zeb at typhoon status. Favorable upper-level conditions allowed the storm to briefly re-intensify after passing Taiwan, although this was short-lived, and it weakened while accelerating toward Japan. At 07:00 UTC on October 17, Zeb struck southern Kyushu in Kagoshima Prefecture. It continued northeastward through the country, striking Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku and later crossing central Honshu as a tropical storm. During this time, the storm was losing tropical characteristics as it swiftly entered the Sea of Japan. At 00:00 UTC on September 18, the JMA declared Zeb extratropical, and shortly after the storm moved over northern Hokkaido and into the Sea of Okhotsk. The remnants moved across the southern Kamchatka Peninsula and continued eastward through the open north Pacific. It was last noted by the JMA early on October 20.
Preparations
Ahead of the storm, PAGASA issued Public Storm Warning Signal #4, in which winds of over were expected within 12 hours. The warning covered Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino, and northern Aurora. Lesser warnings were issued as far south as the Visayas, and extended into the Metro Manila area. After two damaging storms in September, the government began making widespread preparations on October 13, organizing efforts through its National Disaster Coordinating Council. Ports were closed and flights were canceled due to the storm. Before the worst of the storm struck, power companies shut off electricity to prevent accidents. About 103,000 people evacuated their homes, including over 6,325 staying in 114 government shelters. Evacuations extended as far south as Camarines Sur.
The Hong Kong Observatory issued a stand-by warning signal #1 due to the storm's proximity to the South China Sea.
Before Zeb brushed the east coast of Taiwan, a typhoon warning was issued, causing schools, government buildings, and financial markets to close. Airports and ferry travel were also disrupted. 183 residents evacuated to storm shelters, including 50 from a nursing home. Hundreds of Chinese fishing boats rode out the storm in Taiwan harbors. Similarly to Taiwan, Zeb delayed ferry service in Japan, and caused 271 domestic flights to be canceled. Train service was canceled on Kyushu during the storm.
Impact
Philippines
Striking the Philippines at peak intensity, Zeb largely affected the island of Luzon, including the regions of Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, and Central Luzon. Wind gusts were estimated as high as in the country. The storm also dropped torrential rainfall, particularly in mountainous regions. In the municipality of Bakun, the rain gauge overflowed, and in nearby La Trinidad, the rainfall was on October 14 alone. The latter total was estimated as a one-in-1,147-year event, based on the history of local rainfall totals. In the city of Baguio, the precipitation reached , enough to flood the town deep. The Binga and Ambuclao dams in Benguet were unable to support the rains from the storm, forcing them to be opened and flood three towns in neighboring Pangasinan. Minor street flooding occurred along the west coast near Manila.
Across Luzon, the high rains caused flooding, landslides, and halted construction of a dam in Bakun. Considered one of the strongest typhoons to hit the area in decades, Zeb knocked down trees and power lines, which covered roads and left areas isolated. The winds were strong enough to blow over a jeepney. Along its path, the storm destroyed 26,305 houses and damaged another 59,539, mostly affecting those of weaker building materials. River flooding caused heavy damage to crops, estimated at ₱1.76 billion (1998 Philippine pesos, $41.3 million U.S. dollars); the storm destroyed of rice in Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley. Most of the damage occurred in Luzon, with little impact elsewhere. The storm also marred the local infrastructure; areas in northeastern Luzon were isolated when landslides blocked a highway, and several other roads and bridges were impassible. Overall, Zeb killed 83 people in the country, while injuring another 63; most of the deaths were related to the landslides, and 33 of the deaths were in Cordillera Administrative Region. Overall damage was estimated at ₱5.375 billion (PHP, $126 million USD), which as of 2011 was the thirteenth-costliest typhoon in the Philippines and the fifth-costliest at the time.
Elsewhere
The interaction between Zeb and the monsoon brought gusty winds to Hong Kong, reaching on Cheung Chau. High tides were also recorded, although there was no reported damage in the territory.
Later, Zeb produced sustained winds of in Taiwan, although gusts topped at . The typhoon dropped torrential rainfall in the northern and eastern portions of the island, with peak hourly rates of . Several regions of Taiwan received over of rainfall. The rains caused severe flooding along rivers, with a peak discharge of 3715 m³/s (131,193 ft³/s). The high rainfall forced workers at the Fei-tsui Dam to release water, after water levels rose by . Landslides near Taipei wrecked homes, trapping at least two people. Landslides also covered several highways while floods washed away bridges, cutting off traffic. Flooding occurred in the suburbs of Taipei, and the winds were strong enough to cause skyscrapers to sway in the city. Zeb's winds knocked over trees, billboards, and power lines, leaving 1.15 million without electricity. Two-story high waves killed a fisherman in Taitung City, washed a freighter ashore in Taichung, and capsized a boat in Tamsui District, killing one sailor; five of the others on board swam two hours to reach shore. The storm left $57.6 million (USD) in crop damage, after hundreds of acres of fields were damaged in the southern and central Taiwan. Overall damage was estimated at NT$4.15 billion (New Taiwan dollar, $125 million USD), and there were 31 confirmed deaths in Taiwan, with 19 people injured.
While moving through Japan, Zeb produced peak sustained winds of in Kōchi Prefecture within Shikoku. The highest rainfall was on Mount Ontake on Honshu. The widespread rainfall caused 332 landslides and washed away seven bridges. Within Japan, Zeb first affected Miyako-jima while passing about to the northwest. High winds left 2,600 houses without power and caused damage to public buildings. It later passed about to the northwest of Okinawa. Along the island, wind gusts reached , and wave heights peaked at 13.7 m (45 ft). The waves swept away two people over a sea wall, killing them both. High waves also damaged a port at Kadena Air Base as well as several houses near the coast. The storm also passed near the Yaeyama Islands with strong winds. Salt spray coated trees and ruined them, and there was scattered public building damage.
On Kyushu, Zeb damaged houses, marred crops, and flooded rivers. The storm spawned a tornado in Miyazaki Prefecture that damaged two roofs and a vehicle. In Saganoseki, a motorist died after a roadway collapse landed his vehicle in a nearby river. On Shikoku, Zeb destroyed roads and farmlands and eroded lands along waterways. Three people died due to a landslide in Matsuyama. In Okayama Prefecture along Honshu, Zeb left six people missing or killed and was the costliest typhoon since Typhoon Fran in 1976. Landslides killed three people in Hiroshima Prefecture. Power outages and landslides affected much of Honshu, while strong winds damaged many fields. A cargo freighter washed aground amid high waves in Shizuoka Prefecture, causing oil to leak and requiring assistance from the Coast Guard; oil recovery equipment was sent to the area to clean the spill. Lastly, Zeb affected the northern island of Hokkaido, causing one landslide, damaging 152 buildings, and knocking 152,000 apples to the ground. Nationwide, Zeb destroyed 770 homes and flooded another 12,548, with thousands forced to evacuate their homes due to flooding. Overall, there were 14 deaths and 67 injuries, with damage estimated at $335.5 million (1998 USD).
Aftermath
After the storm, then-Philippine president Joseph Estrada declared six provinces as a state of calamity, which allocated ₱1 million in emergency funds for each province. The president was unable to return home from a trip to Singapore due to the storm. The military was activated to help organize relief efforts, using rubber boats and trucks to reach the hardest hit areas as floodwaters decreased. They were aided by the Philippine Red Cross and other government agencies. Most evacuees returned home after the storm passed, excluding those whose houses sustained damage. Volunteers, the military, and public workers helped clean up from the damage. Just seven days after Zeb's damaging Philippine landfall, another typhoon—Babs—struck the same general region with a similar, but lesser intensity. After both storms, the Philippine National Electrification Administration provided ₱1.78 million to the Batanes Electric Cooperative to restore damaged power lines. Power was gradually restored in northeastern Luzon, allowing communication of the damage extent. The nation's Department of Health distributed ₱547,469 worth of medicine to four provinces. The government airlifted about 3,000 bags of supplies to Cagayan that included rice and canned goods. The back to back storm impacts caused an estimated 30% drop in coconut exports. Food prices rose dramatically, in some instances up to 400%, after both storms damaged crops. The storms also delayed shipments of sugar from neighboring countries, although prices were expected to fall once they arrived. By December 1998, consumer prices had risen by 11.2% over the previous year due to the typhoons' damage.
Workers in Taiwan began a search-and-rescue mission for missing victims once the typhoon warning was lifted. Workers immediately began repairing road damage in Japan once the storm passed.
See also
Typhoon Koppu
Typhoon Noul (2015)
Typhoon Nida (2004)
Typhoon Haima
Typhoon Megi (2010)
Typhoon Chanthu (2021)
References
External links
JMA General Information of Typhoon Zeb (9810) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data (Text)
JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 18W (Zeb)
18W.ZEB from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
1998 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Japan
Typhoon Zeb
Typhoons
Retired Philippine typhoon names
1998 disasters in the Philippines
Typhoons in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Zeb |
Abelin is a surname, and may refer to:
Jean-Pierre Abelin (born 1950), French politician
Johann Philipp Abelin (died 1634), German historian
Ernst Abelin (born 1933), Swiss psychoanalyst and founder of the theory of early triangulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelin |
Peter Crüger or Peter Krüger (20 October 1580 – 6 June 1639) was a mathematician, astronomer, polymath, and teacher of Johannes Hevelius.
Life
Crüger was born in Königsberg, Duchy of Prussia, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland.
In scientific documents published in Latin, his common name Krüger (German for potter or innkeeper) was Latinized and spelled Crüger. (Compared to the frequency of the family name Krüger, the name Crüger is relatively uncommon.)
Crüger studied at the universities in Königsberg, Leipzig and Wittenberg, graduating from Wittenberg in 1606. Among his teachers were Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. He then moved to the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Kingdom of Poland, where he worked for the rest of his life as a professor of poetry and mathematics at the Danziger Akademikum (Danzig Academy).
As a philosopher and poet, Crüger was associated with the poet Johannes Plavius, who in his Institutio Poetica mentions Crüger in the opening letter. Crüger dedicated an extremely laudatory poem to Plavius, which appears in the preface to Plavius' Praecepta logicalia.
At the time of the Thirty Years' War a number of Silesians took refuge in Danzig from the ravages of war in their towns, among them Andreas Gryphius, who, when he studied at the Danzig academy from 1634 to 1636, had Crüger as a teacher and was very much influenced by the famous mathematician and astronomer. Professors Crüger and Mochingert made Gryphius aware of the new style of German-language poetry. Gryphius wrote memorial verses, when in 1638 Crüger's child died. Years earlier Crüger had already developed a great friendship with Martin Opitz, "father of German poetry", who also lived in Danzig.
Crüger published treatises on many scientific subjects and contributed to the progress of trigonometry, geography and astronomy, and to the development of astronomical instruments. In the years 1627 to 1630, Crüger was the teacher of a teenager of the Hewelke family who would become known later as Johannes Hevelius, the astronomer. After Hevelius had returned to Danzig in 1634, the dying Crüger appealed to him to pursue astronomy. Hevelius gratefully mentions Crüger in his Machina coelestis.
He died in Danzig.
The crater Crüger on the Moon is named after him.
See also
Johannes Hevelius
Notes
References
External links
Peter Krüger, a pioneer of trigonometry
Peter Krüger, a pioneer of science from old Gdansk
Gelegenheitsdichtung in Danzig
Biography of Peter Krüger (1580-1639)
1580 births
1639 deaths
Scientists from Königsberg
People from the Duchy of Prussia
17th-century German mathematicians
German poets
17th-century German astronomers
German scientific instrument makers
German male poets
17th-century German male writers
University of Königsberg alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Wittenberg alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Cr%C3%BCger |
TV Rock were an Australian dance music duo consisting of Grant Smillie and Ivan Gough.
Biography
TV Rock entered the mainstream in February 2006 with their hit "Flaunt It" featuring Seany B which reached #1 for five weeks, spent 39 weeks in the Australian ARIA Top 50 (including 31 weeks inside the Top 40), and won the 2006 ARIA Music Award for highest-selling single and best dance release.
TV Rock collaborated with Melbourne dance team Dukes of Windsor for their third single release "The Others" which reached No.10 in Australia in June 2007 and spent 20 weeks inside the Australian Top 50.
Their debut album, Sunshine City, was released on 25 November 2006.
The duo founded a dance record label, Neon Records, which manages fellow Melburnian DJs Dirty South & Denzal Park and singer Zoe Badwi.
In early 2013, Gough left TV Rock to pursue solo projects.
Discography
Album
Singles
Awards and nominations
ARPA Awards
The APRA Awards have been presented annually since 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 ||rowspan="2"| "Flaunt It" (Sean Berchik, Ivan Gough, Grant Smillie) – TV Rock featuring Seany B || Most Performed Dance Work ||
|-
| Most Performed Australian Work ||
|-
| 2008 || "The Others" (Cory Blight, Scott Targett, Jack Weaving) – TV Rock vs the Dukes of Windsor || Dance Work of the Year ||
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music..
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 ||rowspan="3"| "Flaunt It" (with Seany B)|| ARIA Award for Best Dance Release ||
|-
| ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single ||
|-
| ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist - Single ||
|-
| 2007 || "The Others" (with Dukes of Winsor)|| ARIA Award for Best Dance Release ||
|-
References
APRA Award winners
Australian electronic musicians
Electronic music duos
ARIA Award winners
Australian electronic dance music groups
Australian house music groups
Australian house musicians
Australian musical duos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV%20Rock |
Dick Averns (born March 1st 1964) is a Canadian artist who produces installations, sculptures, photography, text and performances.
Life
Averns was born in London, UK in 1964.
Work
Averns writings include Art in the Face of The Project for The New American Century and Cataloging Canada’s Schools of Art and Design for Artichoke magazine. Averns' recent installation Preoccupation revolves around the conceptual location of Ambivalence Blvd.
References
External links
Official site
Dick Averns Biography in the Centre for Contemporary Canadian Art database
Canadian multimedia artists
Artists from Alberta
English emigrants to Canada
Living people
1964 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Averns |
Jerome K. Moore was born in Kittery, Maine and is an artist best known for his work on various Star Trek comics at publishers across the comic industry.
Biography
Born in Kittery, Maine to William and Maxine, Moore was raised in New York City with his four siblings after their father completed his service in the United States Air Force. William Moore Jr. had a career as a professional illustrator at J. Walter Thompson ad agency. Jerome emulated his father by enrolling at Art & Design High School in Manhattan (which was called the School of Industrial Arts when his father attended). Moore majored in Cartooning, receiving special notices and awards in excellence, and, shortly after graduating, he embarked on a professional career at DC Comics. It was soon after this that William uprooted the family, moving everyone to Southern California. Moore continued to freelance for various comic book companies. Moore is best known for his cover designs for DC Comics' Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation titles, as well as for Malibu Comics' Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and Innovation Comics' Lost In Space.
Moore was less active in comics for a span of time when he worked for Warner Bros.' marketing division where, as a Senior Character Artist, he handled style guide programs for such diverse properties as Looney Tunes, Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry, and The Wizard of Oz, along with assignments on animated feature films such as The Quest for Camelot, The Iron Giant, Osmosis Jones, and Happy Feet, as well as live-action films such as Speed Racer, and the Harry Potter franchise.
Moore has also worked in animation at Marvel/Lionsgate and Warner Bros. He assisted on character design for Planet Hulk, "Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths," and "Green Lantern: Emerald Knights." He is a part of the creative team behind the "Young Justice" series airing on Cartoon Network.
References
External links
Jerome K. Moore at deviantArt
American comics artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5252795/?ref_=nv_sr_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20K.%20Moore |
Desmond John Headland, Jr (born 21 January 1981) is a retired Australian rules footballer, Following on from his AFL career he continued on finishing his playing career for Subiaco in the West Australian Football League. He was also a former conservative political candidate. He plays as a half-forward flanker or midfielder. Headland was selected with the first overall draft pick in the 1998 AFL draft by the Brisbane Lions. He had a 166-game Australian Football League career, playing for Brisbane and Fremantle.
Playing career
Pre-AFL Career
Headland played junior football for Karrinyup Junior Football Club. His school football was for Lockridge Senior High School where he played alongside future Australian Football League players Garth Taylor, Brett Johnson and Dwayne Simpson. In 1997 Headland represented Western Australia (WA) at the under 16 national championships and won the best and fairest medal and was selected in the All-Australian team. In 1998, he represented WA in the AFL Under-18 Championships, made his league debut for Subiaco Football Club and won both the West Australian Football League (WAFL) rising star and the Subiaco best and fairest award. He also toured Ireland with the AFL/AIS Academy side.
At the end of this outstanding season, Headland was selected by Brisbane Lions with the first selection in the 1998 AFL draft. In 2000, he was featured along with Adam Ramanauskas and Brendan Fevola in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation television documentary called The Draft, which followed the three players in the months before they were all drafted to the AFL.
Brisbane career
Headland only played 3 games for Brisbane in 1999, making his debut in round 13 against Sydney, in which he scored 2 goals. However, he only had 3 kicks in the following game and was dropped for the next five games until being recalled in round 20. He starred in this game against his future team, kicking 3 goals in a huge win over Fremantle. 2000 saw Headland only play 2 games in the first half of the season, but he ended up playing 9 games, including both of Brisbane's final round games. He wore guernsey number 19 in these first two seasons.
In 2001, Headland was given the number 1 guernsey when Richard Champion retired. After playing the first game of the season, Headland was dropped for the next two games, before being recalled and playing the remaining 19 regular season games. Poor form in the last few rounds saw him dropped for the finals series, and he missed the Brisbane Lions first premiership. This enhanced speculation about his return to Perth, but following an outstanding display in the Lion's reserve premiership in the Queensland Australian Football League, he was retained for the 2002 season by Brisbane.
2002 started slowly for Headland, with his first game not until round 6, but the four goals he scored were an indication of what was to come. He would play all remaining games that year, and in a 15-game purple patch from round 11 to the end of the year he would kick 30 goals, average 21 possessions and poll 16 Brownlow Medal votes, including three best-on-grounds and votes in six consecutive games. This culminated in Brisbane's second premiership and, unlike 2001, Headland claimed a premiership medal.
Fremantle career
At the end of 2002, Fremantle entered the trade week with only one objective, to obtain Des Headland. A complex trade including Blake Caracella, Adam McPhee and the exchanging of numerous draft picks saw Headland return to WA and join the team whose T-shirt he had worn during interviews at the 1998 draft camp (as shown in the documentary The Draft). The expectations of the Fremantle fans were high, especially when McPhee, who was traded by Fremantle to obtain Headland, won All-Australian selection and the Bomber's best and fairest award, the Crichton Medal in 2004.
In the lead up to the 2003 AFL season Headland was chosen in an ATSIC Chairman's All-Star team that played Carlton at Marrara Oval, Darwin. The All-Star team defeated Carlton by 73 points, with Headland adjudged by The Age as best on ground.
2003 saw Headland poll Brownlow Medal votes in four games, including two best on ground performances. However, he failed to register a top-ten finish in the club best and fairest award. Leg injuries including an ankle injury during the Wizard Cup in 2004 and a calf strain in 2005 have limited his effectiveness, and he has not been able to recapture the form that he showed at Brisbane in 2002 for any sustained period of time.
In Round 4, 2003, Headland was one of 7 indigenous players to represent Fremantle, the most ever to play in a single AFL team. The other indigenous players for Fremantle that day were Troy Cook, Jeff Farmer, Antoni Grover, Roger Hayden, Steven Koops and Dion Woods. This game also saw Fremantle score its highest ever score of 25.17 167 in a comprehensive defeat of the Kangaroos.
In Round 8, 2003 in a match between St Kilda and Fremantle, Headland was one of four players who had been number one AFL draft selections and one of twenty-first round selections.
Statistics
|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 3 || 5 || 1 || 19 || 10 || 29 || 9 || 1 || 1.7 || 0.3 || 6.3 || 3.3 || 9.7 || 3.0 || 0.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 19 || 9 || 2 || 6 || 48 || 24 || 72 || 22 || 16 || 0.2 || 0.7 || 5.3 || 2.7 || 8.0 || 2.4 || 1.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 20 || 11 || 15 || 147 || 51 || 198 || 52 || 38 || 0.6 || 0.8 || 7.4 || 2.6 || 9.9 || 2.6 || 1.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 20 || 34 || 24 || 293 || 95 || 388 || 139 || 54 || 1.7 || 1.2 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.4 || 7.0 || 2.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 22 || 18 || 19 || 259 || 89 || 348 || 94 || 58 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 11.8 || 4.0 || 15.8 || 4.3 || 2.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 20 || 17 || 9 || 232 || 105 || 337 || 77 || 73 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 11.6 || 5.3 || 16.9 || 3.9 || 3.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 15 || 20 || 17 || 166 || 61 || 227 || 74 || 40 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 11.1 || 4.1 || 15.1 || 4.9 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 20 || 21 || 12 || 259 || 74 || 333 || 104 || 41 || 1.1 || 0.6 || 13.0 || 3.7 || 16.7 || 5.2 || 2.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 17 || 25 || 15 || 213 || 88 || 301 || 73 || 34 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 12.5 || 5.2 || 17.7 || 4.3 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 6 || 4 || 4 || 55 || 30 || 85 || 19 || 16 || 0.7 || 0.7 || 9.2 || 5.0 || 14.2 || 3.2 || 2.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 9 || 13 || 8 || 99 || 38 || 137 || 57 || 26 || 1.4 || 0.9 || 11.0 || 4.2 || 15.2 || 6.3 || 0.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 11 || 5 || 7 || 2 || 35 || 12 || 47 || 16 || 8 || 1.4 || 0.4 || 7.0 || 2.4 || 9.4 || 3.2 || 1.6
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 166
! 177
! 132
! 1825
! 677
! 2502
! 736
! 405
! 1.1
! 0.8
! 11.0
! 4.1
! 15.1
! 4.4
! 2.4
|}
Return to Subiaco
After retiring from Fremantle in 2010. Headland rejoined his former WAFL team Subiaco for the 2011 WAFL season.
Political career
Headland was selected in July 2013 as a candidate for the Palmer United Party for the Federal seat of Durack. This is a conservative party formed by Australian mining businessman Clive Palmer in April 2013.
Headland announced his candidacy only one day after he had told a West Australian paper that "I've had one conversation which has sparked a bit of interest... I haven't had a big think about it or spoken to my family. There's nothing set in stone or anything yet, but who knows. I'm only a 32-year-old and still learning my way and it was just a quick phone call to say G'day."
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Fremantle Football Club players
Brisbane Lions players
Brisbane Lions premiership players
Subiaco Football Club players
United Australia Party (2013) politicians
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Southern Districts Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players
Peel Thunder Football Club players
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20Headland |
In mathematics, twisted K-theory (also called K-theory with local coefficients) is a variation on K-theory, a mathematical theory from the 1950s that spans algebraic topology, abstract algebra and operator theory.
More specifically, twisted K-theory with twist H is a particular variant of K-theory, in which the twist is given by an integral 3-dimensional cohomology class. It is special among the various twists that K-theory admits for two reasons. First, it admits a geometric formulation. This was provided in two steps; the first one was done in 1970 (Publ. Math. de l'IHÉS) by Peter Donovan and Max Karoubi; the second one in 1988 by Jonathan Rosenberg in Continuous-Trace Algebras from the Bundle Theoretic Point of View.
In physics, it has been conjectured to classify D-branes, Ramond-Ramond field strengths and in some cases even spinors in type II string theory. For more information on twisted K-theory in string theory, see K-theory (physics).
In the broader context of K-theory, in each subject it has numerous isomorphic formulations and, in many cases, isomorphisms relating definitions in various subjects have been proven. It also has numerous deformations, for example, in abstract algebra K-theory may be twisted by any integral cohomology class.
Definition
To motivate Rosenberg's geometric formulation of twisted K-theory, start from the Atiyah–Jänich theorem, stating that
the Fredholm operators on Hilbert space , is a classifying space for ordinary, untwisted K-theory. This means that the K-theory of the space consists of the homotopy classes of maps
from to
A slightly more complicated way of saying the same thing is as follows. Consider the trivial bundle of over , that is, the Cartesian product of and . Then the K-theory of consists of the homotopy classes of sections of this bundle.
We can make this yet more complicated by introducing a trivial
bundle over , where is the group of projective unitary operators on the Hilbert space . Then the group of maps
from to which are equivariant under an action of is equivalent to the original groups of maps
This more complicated construction of ordinary K-theory is naturally generalized to the twisted case. To see this, note that bundles on are classified by elements of the third integral cohomology group of . This is a consequence of the fact that topologically is a representative Eilenberg–MacLane space
.
The generalization is then straightforward. Rosenberg has defined
,
the twisted K-theory of with twist given by the 3-class , to be the space of homotopy classes of sections of the trivial bundle over that are covariant with respect to a bundle fibered over with 3-class , that is
Equivalently, it is the space of homotopy classes of sections of the bundles associated to a bundle with class .
Relation to K-theory
When is the trivial class, twisted K-theory is just untwisted K-theory, which is a ring. However, when is nontrivial this theory is no longer a ring. It has an addition, but it is no longer closed under multiplication.
However, the direct sum of the twisted K-theories of with all possible twists is a ring. In particular, the product of an element of K-theory with twist with an element of K-theory with twist is an element of K-theory twisted by . This element can be constructed directly from the above definition by using adjoints of Fredholm operators and construct a specific 2 x 2 matrix out of them (see the reference 1, where a more natural and general Z/2-graded version is also presented). In particular twisted K-theory is a module over classical K-theory.
Calculations
Physicist typically want to calculate twisted K-theory using the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence. The idea is that one begins with all of the even or all of the odd integral cohomology, depending on whether one wishes to calculate the twisted or the twisted , and then one takes the cohomology with respect to a series of differential operators. The first operator, , for example, is the sum of the three-class , which in string theory corresponds to the Neveu-Schwarz 3-form, and the third Steenrod square, soNo elementary form for the next operator, , has been found, although several conjectured forms exist. Higher operators do not contribute to the -theory of a 10-manifold, which is the dimension of interest in critical superstring theory. Over the rationals Michael Atiyah and Graeme Segal have shown that all of the differentials reduce to Massey products of .
After taking the cohomology with respect to the full series of differentials one obtains twisted -theory as a set, but to obtain the full group structure one in general needs to solve an extension problem.
Example: the three-sphere
The three-sphere, , has trivial cohomology except for and which are both isomorphic to the integers. Thus the even and odd cohomologies are both isomorphic to the integers. Because the three-sphere is of dimension three, which is less than five, the third Steenrod square is trivial on its cohomology and so the first nontrivial differential is just . The later differentials increase the degree of a cohomology class by more than three and so are again trivial; thus the twisted -theory is just the cohomology of the operator which acts on a class by cupping it with the 3-class .
Imagine that is the trivial class, zero. Then is also trivial. Thus its entire domain is its kernel, and nothing is in its image. Thus is the kernel of in the even cohomology, which is the full even cohomology, which consists of the integers. Similarly consists of the odd cohomology quotiented by the image of , in other words quotiented by the trivial group. This leaves the original odd cohomology, which is again the integers. In conclusion, and of the three-sphere with trivial twist are both isomorphic to the integers. As expected, this agrees with the untwisted -theory.
Now consider the case in which is nontrivial. is defined to be an element of the third integral cohomology, which is isomorphic to the integers. Thus corresponds to a number, which we will call . now takes an element of and yields the element of . As is not equal to zero by assumption, the only element of the kernel of is the zero element, and so . The image of consists of all elements of the integers that are multiples of . Therefore, the odd cohomology, , quotiented by the image of , , is the cyclic group of order , . In conclusionIn string theory this result reproduces the classification of D-branes on the 3-sphere with units of -flux, which corresponds to the set of symmetric boundary conditions in the supersymmetric WZW model at level .
There is an extension of this calculation to the group manifold of SU(3). In this case the Steenrod square term in , the operator , and the extension problem are nontrivial.
See also
K-theory (physics)
Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Bundle gerbe
Notes
References
"Graded Brauer groups and K-theory with local coefficients", by Peter Donovan and Max Karoubi. Publ. Math. IHÉS Nr. 38, pp. 5–25 (1970).
D-Brane Instantons and K-Theory Charges by Juan Maldacena, Gregory Moore and Nathan Seiberg
Twisted K-theory and Cohomology by Michael Atiyah and Graeme Segal
Twisted K-theory and the K-theory of Bundle Gerbes by Peter Bouwknegt, Alan Carey, Varghese Mathai, Michael Murray and Danny Stevenson.
Twisted K-theory, old and new
External links
Strings 2002, Michael Atiyah lecture, "Twisted K-theory and physics"
The Verlinde algebra is twisted equivariant K-theory (PDF)
Riemann–Roch and index formulae in twisted K-theory (PDF)
K-theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%20K-theory |
{{Infobox airport
| name = PAF Base Nur Khan
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| ICAO = OPRN
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| type = Military
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| owner = Government of Pakistan
| operator = Pakistan Air Force
| city-served = Chaklala, Rawalpindi
| location = Rawalpindi, Punjab
| hub =
| built = 1935
| used =
| commander =
Air Commodore
''Itazaz Hussain
| occupants = Pakistan Air Force
No. 6 Squadron "Antelopes"
No. 10 Squadron "Bulls"
No. 12 Squadron "Globe Trotters"
No. 41 Squadron
No. 52 Squadron "Markhors"
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}}Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan (founded as RAF Station Chaklala and previously known as PAF Base Chaklala''') is an active Pakistan Air Force airbase located in Chaklala, Rawalpindi, Punjab province, Pakistan. The former Benazir Bhutto International Airport forms part of this airbase. Fazaia Intermediate College, Nur Khan is also located in the base.
History
The base was originally operated by the Royal Air Force as RAF Chaklala and, during the Second World War, parachute training flights were conducted.
Once transferred to the then Royal Pakistan Air Force the base came into use as a transport hub, with the PAF's fleet of various transport aircraft operating from it.
After the Pakistan earthquake of 2005, 300 U.S. troops as well as U.S. aircraft were deployed to Chaklala to aid in relief efforts. According to an anonymous 2013 source, the U.S. had maintained a permanent military presence at Chaklala since late 2001 for handling logistics efforts and other movements in relation to the war in Afghanistan.
In 2009 the PAF's first of four Il-78 aerial refuelling tanker aircraft was delivered to PAF Base Chaklala and the No. 10 MRTT (Multi Role Tanker Transport) squadron was established there.
The name of the base was changed in 2012 from PAF Base Chaklala to PAF Base Nur Khan in remembrance of its first Base Commander in 1947, Air Marshal Nur Khan. Nur Khan was also the second Pakistani chief of the Pakistan Air Force and a veteran of several conflicts fought by Pakistan.
Squadrons
The squadrons at the base are Nos 6, 10, 12, and 41.
No. 6 Squadron was formed without any aircraft or equipment on 14 August 1947 at Maripur, Karachi, under its first commanding officer, Flight Lieutenant M. J. Khan. On 16 August 1947, Air Officer Commanding Air Vice Marshal visited the squadron and commissioned it for heavy airlifting and airborne operations. The PAF acquired a Douglas DC-3 Dakota aircraft on 22 October 1947 and later obtained Bristol Freighter, Tiger Moth, and Auster AOP.9 aircraft. On 29 June 1948, a detachment of the squadron provided a guard of honour at Mauripur for Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah on his arrival from Quetta. On 9 September 1948, three Dakota aircraft performed a flypast at the Quaid-e-Azam's funeral ceremony.
In the 1965 India-Pakistan War the Antelopes dropped parachute commandos into Indian territory in a night-time mission involving three C-130B transports. Just before the 1965 war started, the squadron's commanding officer, Wing Commander Eric Gordan Hall, had the idea of making up for the PAF's deficiency in heavy bombers by modifying the Hercules to carry bombs.[2] It was converted to carry 10,000 kg of bombs, which were rolled out on pallets from the rear ramp, and over 21 night-time bombing raids were flown against Indian forces approaching for the Battles of Chawinda and Pul Kanjari. Support missions for troops in the Northern Areas were continued after the war.
With the unstable political situation at the end of 1970 and the resulting civil unrest, the Antelopes moved a large number of troops to East Pakistan and assisted in flood relief operations there. India stopped the PAF flying over its territory in 1971, and the squadron had to fly to East Pakistan via Sri Lanka. Two of the unit's C-130 transports were deployed to Dhaka from March 71 until the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began on 3 December 1971. They were used to evacuate soldiers and civilians from hostile areas of East Pakistan – in one sortie a single C-130 evacuated 365 people from Sylhet to Dhaka. During the 1971 war, No. 6 Squadron flew bombing missions from West Pakistan in the same manner as those flown during the 1961 war, and no transport aircraft were lost during these sorties
No. 12 Composite Squadron in September 1953, the Squadron Consists of PAF's Elite Air Crafts amongst which includes Phenom 100 and Gulf Stream IV.
No. 10 Squadron was established as the Tanker Transport (MRTT) Squadron ("Bulls") with delivery of the PAF's first Il-78 in December 2009 and operating from PAF Base Chaklala.
41 Squadron PAF, which consists of Cessna, Beech, and Y-12 amongst other aircraft.
Location
The base has surrounding facilities including the Frontier Works Organization Headquarters, Chaklala Railway Station and the Joint Services Headquarters (JSHQ). Two housing schemes Askaris VIII and IX are also located alongside Nur Khan road that extends to the main entrance of the base from Airport Road. The Centre for Aerospace and Security Studies, a research think tank founded by the Pakistan Air Force, is located next to Nur Khan Base.
See also
List of Pakistan Air Force Bases
References
External links
Pakistan Air Force bases
Military installations in Punjab, Pakistan
World War II sites in India
Chaklala Cantonment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF%20Base%20Nur%20Khan |
Fateh Jang (Punjabi and ) is a city in Attock District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. It is located from Attock City, and nearly southwest of Islamabad, Pakistan's capital near M1 motorway.
Overview
The city is located in between Kala Chitta Range and Khairi Murat Range. The New Islamabad International Airport, the largest airport of Pakistan, is located near the city. Fatehjang railway station is one of the important railway stations in the Attock district. It is about 50KM away from Jund City which is the last tehsil of Attock District in Punjab after which the KPK Province starts.
History, toponymy and geography
According to local tradition, an ancient Hindu king named Raja Indra built a fort here, due to which this settlement came to be known as Indrakot, but its current name is attributed to an elder of the modern settlers here who fought many wars and always won. There is still a mosque of old times in the Muhallah Inderkot of the city. Its architecture suggests that the mosque is hundreds of years old. This mosque is one of the archeological sites that have been protected under the country's law. During the Sikh period, the regional feudal lords remained the local rulers and paid tribute to the Sikh government. Fateh Jang became a tehsil of Rawalpindi during British Rule. Then in 1940, Attock District was formed and Fateh Jang was included in it. At that time, 203 villages were included in the tehsil Fateh Jang and it consisted of 1393 square kilometers. In 1891, the population of the tehsil was 113041 people. In February 1910, Fateh Jang was declared as notified area, while in January 1924, it got the status of a "small town Committee". Later it got the status of a town committee and then a municipality. Today, the tehsil Fateh Jang consists of 14 union councils.
North of Fateh Jang city, there is some plain area of Kala Chatta mountains, the green valley of Khairi Murat in the south, while between these two mountain ranges, there is a narrow plain in the east and an open plain in the west.
Demography
Fateh Jang is inhabited by people of Gheba, Alpial, Awan, Bhatti, Gujar, Maliar, Khattar and Mughal tribes. There is also a considerable number of Afghan settlers and people from other cities. Pothohari and Pashto are the major spoken languages, while the medium of education is generally Urdu and English.
Education
There are male and female degree colleges, commerce colleges, vocational institutes, several public and private schools in the city.
Notable educational institutes
Government High School No.1 for Boys (Estd. 1927)
Government Degree College for Boys (Estd. 1976)
Government Degree College for Women (Estd. 1983)
Neoken Public School (Estd. 1989)
Cadet College Fateh Jang (Estd. 2001)
Notable places
Fateh Jang railway station (Estd. 1881)
New Islamabad International Airport (Estd. 2018)
Notable people
Malik Noor Zaman (born 1938), former headteacher of GHS No.1 Fateh Jang (1975 – 1993)
References
Cities and towns in Attock District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh%20Jang |
Padimate O is an organic compound related to the water-soluble compound PABA (4-aminobenzoic acid) that is used as an ingredient in some sunscreens. This yellowish water-insoluble oily liquid is an ester formed by the condensation of 2-ethylhexanol with dimethylaminobenzoic acid. Other names for padimate O include 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, Escalol 507, octyldimethyl PABA, and OD-PABA.
Photobiology
Padimate O absorbs ultraviolet rays, thereby preventing direct DNA damage by UV-B. However, the thus-excited padimate O molecule may then react with DNA to produce indirect DNA damage, similar to the effects of ionizing radiation. An in vitro yeast study conducted in 1993 demonstrated the sunlight-induced mutagenicity of padimate O. The photobiological properties of padimate O resemble those of Michler's ketone, which is considered photocarcinogenic in rats and mice. These findings suggest that padimate O might also be photocarcinogenic.
However, multiple in vivo studies conducted in hairless mice following topical application of padimate O have demonstrated no carcinogenic effects and that padimate O reduces the number of and delays the appearance of UV-induced skin tumors.
See also
Padimate A, a related sunscreen ingredient
Sunscreen controversy.
References
4-Aminobenzoate esters
Sunscreening agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padimate%20O |
Padimate A is an organic compound that is an ingredient in some sunscreens. It is an ester derivative of PABA. This aromatic chemical absorbs ultraviolet rays thereby preventing sunburn. However, its chemical structure and behaviour is similar to an industrial free radical generator. In Europe this chemical was withdrawn in 1989 for unstated reasons.
In the US it was never approved for use in sunscreens.
Photobiology
The photobiological properties of padimate O and padimate A resemble that of Michler's ketone. These compounds have been shown to increase the lethal effects of UV-radiation on cells. This photochemistry is relevant to the sunscreen controversy.
See also
Padimate O, a related sunscreen ingredient
References
4-Aminobenzoate esters
Sunscreening agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padimate%20A |
Padimate may refer to:
Padimate A
Padimate O | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padimate |
The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone:
The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line or linea suprema, and it attaches to the epicranial aponeurosis.
Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached, the splenius capitis muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the occipitalis.
From the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest, the external occipital crest also called the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the nuchal ligament.
Running from the middle of this line is the inferior nuchal line. Attached are the obliquus capitis superior muscle, rectus capitis posterior major muscle, and rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.
Additional images
References
External links
Bones of the head and neck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal%20lines |
Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z was a flight from Singapore to Hong Kong. Cathay Pacific used a Convair CV-880 aircraft that crashed in South Vietnam on the afternoon of 15 June 1972. The cause was determined to have been an explosive device, likely located within the passenger cabin. A suspect in the bombing was acquitted at trial.
Flight 700Z originated from Singapore International Airport (now the Paya Lebar Air Base) and had a stopover at Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport, with the final destination being Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport.
At 0542 hours GMT (1242 local time), the flight made contact with Saigon ACC. At 0544, the crew made a routine transmission updating the progress of their route, adding that they would expect to reach their next waypoint by 0606 GMT. This was the last transmission received from the flight.
Investigation
The wreckage was located in "lightly wooded" terrain, still burning, not long after Saigon ACC lost contact. Although two bodies were retrieved almost immediately, the presence of hostile forces nearby made it very difficult to examine the wreckage in depth. The spread of debris suggested that the airplane had broken into three large sections, with the breakpoints almost exactly along the front and rear of the wingbox, prior to hitting the ground, and the relative closeness of these sections suggested that this breakup had occurred at a low altitude. Other debris, including two engines and the horizontal stabilizer, could be seen further away from helicopters, but could not be reached on foot due to war activity. The aircraft's flight data recorder was recovered and read; it showed that the airplane was flying on course at at a speed of until 0559 GMT (1259 local time), at which point the recorded data became nonsensical for 30 seconds before stopping entirely. The aircraft was not equipped with a cockpit voice recorder.
Upon examining the available debris, it soon became clear that the aircraft had suffered some sort of structural problem and loss of control at cruising altitude, and that the low-altitude breakup was caused by the overstressing of the airplane during an uncontrolled descent. Debris from the centre fuselage and right wing root showed signs of explosive "splash", and the number 3 fuel tank showed signs that it had ruptured prior to the low-altitude breakup inferred from the wreckage distribution. The vertical stabilizer showed signs that it had been struck by "at least one body and possibly some seats", and the horizontal stabilizer also showed signs of being damaged by debris in the air. Many bodies were not recovered, possibly because they had been ejected very early in this sequence. Without being able to better examine the wreckage, and lacking valid flight data from the final moments of the flight, it is not known what exactly happened after 0559 GMT. What is apparent is that some sort of explosive device, likely located within the passenger cabin near the right wingbox, detonated at that time, causing unknown but catastrophic damage to the aircraft, including but not limited to the damage found on the horizontal and vertical stabilizer. The aircraft likely descended rapidly in an "erratic" manner. At an undetermined point in this descent, the horizontal stabilizer separated from the airplane entirely, and eventually the fuselage broke into the three sections initially found by searchers.
Aftermath
Following a UK Civil Aviation Authority and Hong Kong police investigation, as well as six years of reporting by a Bangkok Post journalist, "a police officer whose fiancée and daughter were aboard was charged with the crime". Somchai Chaiyasut, who had taken out three travel insurance policies on his fiancée and daughter, was declared not guilty due to lack of evidence. He sued the insurance companies and received 5.5 million baht ($US ). He died of cancer in 1985. It was reported that "airline staff and relatives [had considered] hiring a hitman to kill him".
References
External links
Crash site of Flight 700Z from Associated Press Archive
Airliner bombings
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972
Aviation accidents and incidents in Vietnam
Cathay Pacific accidents and incidents
Accidents and incidents involving the Convair 880
1972 crimes in Vietnam
Mass murder in 1972
June 1972 events in Asia
1970s murders in Vietnam
1972 murders in Asia
Explosions in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay%20Pacific%20Flight%20700Z |
A bank card is typically a plastic card issued by a bank to its clients that performs one or more of a number of services that relate to giving the client access to a bank account.
Physically, a bank card will usually have the client's name, the issuer's name, and a unique card number printed on it. It will have a magnetic strip on the back enabling various machines to read and access information. Depending on the issuing bank and the preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automated teller machines; or as a debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale with a bank card using a payment terminal.
The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature a personal identification number (PIN) for security along with the information-encoding magnetic strip.
Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at points of sale.
See also
Card (disambiguation)
ATM card
Charge card, payment card with balance paid in full by a due date
Credit card
Debit card
Payment card
Plastic card
Purchasing card
Stored-value card
References
Banking terms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20card |
The official religion of Pakistan is Islam, as enshrined by Article 2 of the Constitution, and is practised by approximately 96.47% of the country's population. The remaining 3.53% practice Hinduism, Christianity, Ahmadiyya Islam (recognised as a non-Muslim group by the Pakistani constitution), Sikhism and other religions.
A few aspects of secularism have also been adopted by Pakistani constitution from British colonial concept. However, religious minorities in Pakistan often face significant discrimination, subject to issues such as violence and the blasphemy laws.
Muslims comprise a number of sects: the majority practice Sunni Islam (estimated at 90%), while a minority practice Shia Islam (estimated at 10%). Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions. However, the Hanbali school is gaining popularity recently due to Wahhabi influence from the Middle East. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver Islamic law school, with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others.
Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region comprising Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.
Constitutional provisions
The Constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion, and provides that all citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality. The Constitution also states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah.
The Constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims. Only Muslims are allowed to become the President or the Prime Minister. Only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic, though its judgments can be overruled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. However, non-Muslims have served as judges in the High Courts and Supreme Court. In 2019, Naveed Amir, a Christian member of the National Assembly moved a bill to amend the article 41 and 91 of the Constitution which would allow non-Muslims to become Prime Minister and President of Pakistan. However, Pakistan's parliament blocked the bill.
Secularism
Aspects & Practices of secularism
There was a petition in Supreme Court of Pakistan in the year of 2015 by 17 judges to declare the nation as a "Secular state" officially. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) wanted Pakistan to be a secular, democratic, and a liberal republic. Pakistan was secular from 1947 to 1955 and after that, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic with Islam as its state religion.
The main principles of Secularism in the Pakistani constitution were incorporated in its fundamental rights which were granted under various articles of 20, 21, 22 & 25 of the constitution –
(a) Article 20 : Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions.
(b) Article 21 : Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion.
(c) Article 22 : Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc.
(d) Article 25 : Equality of citizens.
Demographics of religion in Pakistan
1901 to 1931 census
The 1961 Census of Pakistan (Volume 1 – page 24 of Part II – Statement 2.19) released estimates on the religious composition of the country to the nearest thousandth for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and others for 60 years prior. The pre-partition figures were derived from prior decadal censuses taken in administrative divisions in British India that would become part of Pakistan following partition, and included separate results for West Pakistan and East Pakistan. As the area that composes the contemporary nation of Pakistan corresponds with the historical administrative unit of West Pakistan, the figures in the table below are for West Pakistan from the 1901 census, 1911 census, 1921 census, and the 1931 census.
1941 census
The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 29,347,813 according to the final census prior to partition in 1941. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 26,970,214, for an overall response rate of 91.9 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.
1951 census
After partition, when first census of Pakistan was conducted in the year 1951, It was found that the Muslim proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) increased from approximately 77.3 percent according to the 1941 census, to 97.1 percent as per the 1951 census; in contrast, the combined Hindu and Sikh proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) decreased from approximately 20.8 percent to just 1.7 percent during the same timeframe, as the 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent. As a result, around 7.2 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.5 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent.
2017 census
As per 2017 Census of Pakistan, the country has a population of 207,684,000.The CCI approved the release of provisional population figures of 207.754 million people. The final results showed the total population of Pakistan to be 207.684 million, a reduction of 68,738 people or 0.033% against provisional results, Pakistan has a population of 224,418,238 as of 2021.
As of 2018, there are 3.63 million non-Muslim voters in Pakistan- 1.77 million were Hindus, 1.64 million Christians, 167,505 were Ahmadi Muslims, 31,543 were Baháʼís, 8,852 were Sikhs, 4,020 were Parsis, 1,884 were Buddhist and others such as Kalashas. The NADRA makes it nearly impossible to declare and change the religion to anything from Islam making the statistics somewhat misleading.
Details
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadi Muslims and 0.02% others.
These are some maps of religious minority groups. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority.
On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.
The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadi Muslim.
Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:
Demographics of religion by province/territory
Punjab
Sindh
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Balochistan
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Gilgit–Baltistan
Islam
Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95–98% of Pakistanis are Muslim. Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. The majority are Sunni (estimated at 85-90%), with an estimated 10–15% Shia. A PEW survey in 2012 found that 6% of Pakistani Muslims were Shia. There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or 'Maktab-e-Fikr' in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought, while a small number belong to the Hanbali school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. Sufis and above mentioned Sunni and Shia sects are considered to be Muslims according to the Constitution of Pakistan; the Ahmadiyya (though self-described Muslims) are specifically declared not to be.
The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan. Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.
Sunni
Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims
There are two major Sunni sects in Pakistan, the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous", but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to followers of the Barelvi school, while 15–25% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.
Sufi
Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century). Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, promoted by Fariduddin Ganjshakar in Pakpatan, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people.
Ahmadiyya
According to the last Census in Pakistan, Ahmadi Muslim made up 0.22% of the population; however, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community boycotted the census. Independent groups generally estimate the population to be somewhere between two and five million Ahmadi Muslims. In media reports, four million is the most commonly cited figure.
In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended the Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim according to Qu'ran 33:40, as a person who believes in finality of Muhammad under the Ordinance XX. According to Ordinance XX, Ahmadi Muslims cannot call themselves Muslim or "pose as Muslims" which is punishable by three years in prison. Ahmadi Muslims believe in Muhammad as the final law-bearing prophet, but also believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be a prophet, the prophecised Mehdi and second coming of Jesus. Consequently, Ahmadi Muslims were declared non-Muslims by a parliamentary tribunal and are subject to persecution under Pakistani blasphemy laws.
Hinduism
Hinduism is the second largest religion affiliation in Pakistan after Islam. As of 2020, Pakistan has the fourth largest Hindu population in the world after India, Nepal and Bangladesh. According to the 1998 Census, the Hindu population was found to be 2,111,271 (including 332,343 scheduled castes Hindus). While according to latest census of 2017, There are 4.4 million Hindus in Pakistan out of 207.68 million total population comprising 2.14% of the country's population of both General and Schedule caste. Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh. About 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri and Gujarati.
The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE and spread from there across South and South East Asia slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today.
Many ancient Hindu temples are located throughout Pakistan. A significant Hindu pilgrimage site known as Hinglaj Mata takes place in southern Balochistan, where over 250,000 people visit during spring as a pilgrimage.
Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that underage Hindu (and Christian) girls are often targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam. According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council (PHC) around 1,000 non-Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off to their abductors or rapists.
Christianity
Christians () make up 1.3% of Pakistan's population. The majority of the Pakistani Christian community consists of Punjabis who converted during the British colonial era and their descendants. Pakistani Christians mainly live in Punjab and in urban centres. There is also a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed between the two World Wars. A few Protestant groups conduct missions in Pakistan. The present Christian population in Pakistan is ranged between 2 and 3 million as per as recent (2020–21) year estimation by various institution and NGOs of Pakistan. There is a small myth that Christianity has been existent in Pakistan ever since a few decades after the crucifixion of Jesus. This myth became more popular after the finding of a structure looking like a giant cross in Northern Pakistan, but there is almost no evidence that this cross is related to Christianity.
There are a number of church-run schools in Pakistan that admit students of all religions, including Forman Christian College, St. Patrick's Institute of Science & Technology and Saint Joseph's College for Women, Karachi.
Pakistan is number eight on Open Doors’ 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution. Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that young underage Christian (and Hindu) girls are sometimes targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam. Christians also often face abuses of Pakistani blasphemy laws, notably in the case of Asia Bibi.
Sikhism
In the 15th century, the Sikh faith was born in the Punjab region (of present day India and Pakistan) where Sikhism's founder Guru Nanak was born. Home to some of the world's most sacred gurdwaras, Sikhs have a become a crucial part in Pakistan's religious tourism with large numbers coming to the country particularly during festivals. Aside from religious tourists, estimates on the Sikh population permanently residing in Pakistan vary due to the community being excluded from the national census up until 2023 which marks the first inclusion of Sikhs in census data since partition (where almost 99% fled to India). The results of the 2023 Census of Pakistan thus are significant in the first official Sikh count since the formation of Pakistan as a sovereign nation.
In a news article published in December 2022, there was an estimated 30,000–35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan according to Gurpal Singh. Other sources, including the US Department of State, claim the Sikh population in Pakistan to be at 20,000. Though full community counts have not yet been available, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) does provide the numbers of eligible voters belonging to minority religions (registered in electoral rolls):
2013: 5,934 Sikh Voters
2018: 8,852 Sikh Voters
In recent years, their numbers have increased with many Sikhs migrating from neighboring Afghanistan who have joined their co-religionists in Pakistan.
Other religions
Baháʼí
The Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844, with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Multan. During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is present day Pakistan.
The Baháʼís in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. Bahá'í sources claim their population to be around 30,000. Shoba Das of Minority Rights Group International reported around 200 Baháʼís in Islamabad and between 2,000 and 3,000 Baháʼís in Pakistan, in 2013. One more PhD thesis says that "It is an assumption that the Bahá’ís do not want to declare their exact population, which is supposed to be more or less 3,000 in total". Most of these Bahá’ís have their roots in Iran.
Zoroastrianism
There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion. The region of Balochistan is believed to be a stronghold of Zoroastrianism before the advent of Islam. With the flight of Zoroastrians from Greater Iran into the Indian subcontinent, the Parsi communities were established. More recently, from the 15th century onwards, Zorastrians came to settle the coast of Sindh and have established thriving communities and commercial enterprises. At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi and Lahore were home to a thriving Parsi business community. Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan, though their population is declining. Parsis have entered Pakistani public life as social workers, business folk, journalists and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as Minocher Bhandara. The founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, married Ratti Bai who belonged to a Parsi family before her conversion to Islam.
Kalash
The Kalash people practise a form of ancient Hinduism mixed with animism. Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion has been compared to that of ancient Greece, but they are much closer to the Hindu traditions in other parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is more similar to the historical Vedic religion, than later forms of Hinduism.
Jainism
Several ancient Jain shrines are scattered across the country. Baba Dharam Dass was a holy man whose tomb is located near the bank of a creek called (Deoka or Deokay or Degh) near Chawinda Phatic, behind the agricultural main office in Pasrur, near the city of Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Another prominent Jain monk of the region was Vijayanandsuri of Gujranwala, whose samadhi (memorial shrine) still stands in the city.
Buddhism
Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan; currently there is a small community of at least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country. The country is dotted with numerous ancient and disused Buddhist stupas along the entire breadth of the Indus River that courses through the heart of the country. Many Buddhist empires and city states existed, notably in Gandhara but also elsewhere in Taxila, Punjab and Sindh.
The number of Buddhist voters was 1,884 in 2017 and are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab.
Judaism
Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar. However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in Ramla, Israel.
One Pakistani, Faisal Khalid (a.k.a. Fishel Benkhald) of Karachi claims to be Pakistan's only Jew. He claimed that his mother is Jewish (making him Jewish by Jewish custom) but, his father is a Muslim. Pakistani authorities have issued him a passport which stated Judaism as his religion and have allowed him to travel to Israel.
Irreligion
Irreligion is present among a minority of mainly young people in Pakistan. There are people who do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan, but their numbers are not known. They are particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population, but social pressure against claiming no religion was strong. A 2012 study by Gallup Pakistan found that people not affiliated to any religion account for 1% of the population. Many atheists in Pakistan have been lynched and imprisoned over unsubstantiated allegations of blasphemy. When the state initiated a full-fledged crackdown on atheism since 2017, it has become worse with secular bloggers being kidnapped and the government running advertisements urging people to identify blasphemers among them and the highest judges declaring such people to be terrorists.
Freedom of religion in Pakistan
In 2022, Freedom House rated Pakistan’s religious freedom as 1 out of 4, noting that the blasphemy laws are often exploited by religious vigilantes and also curtail the freedom of expression by Christians and Muslims, especially Ahmadi Muslims. Hindus have spoken of vulnerability to kidnapping and forced conversions. Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country of about 220 million, is often under fire for crimes against members of its religious minorities, including Christians, Ahmadi and Shi’ite Muslims, and Hindus.
See also
Blasphemy law in Pakistan
Demographics of Pakistan
List of religious populations
Major religious groups
Religious Minorities in Pakistan
Shamanism in Pakistan
Freedom of religion in Pakistan
Pakistan National Commission for Minorities
References
External links
– (Government of Pakistan) Official website
Religious demographics
pt:Paquistão#Religião | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Pakistan |
This is a list of films shot in Harlem, in New York City.
Moon Over Harlem, 1939
Paradise in Harlem, 1939
Hi De Ho, 1947
In the Street, 1948
The Cool World, 1963
The Pawnbroker, 1964
Topaz, 1969
Harlem School 1970, 1970
Cotton Comes to Harlem, 1970
Black Roots, 1970
Shaft, 1971
Across 110th Street, 1972
Come Back, Charleston Blue, 1972
Shaft's Big Score, 1972
Super Fly, 1972
Black Caesar, 1973
Ganja & Hess, 1973
Gordon's War, 1973
Hell Up in Harlem, 1973
Live and Let Die, 1973
Claudine, 1974
Aaron Loves Angela, 1975
The Brother from Another Planet, 1984
The Cotton Club, 1984
Looking for Langston, 1988
Harlem Nights, 1989
King of New York, 1990
Paris Is Burning, 1990
Reversal of Fortune, 1990 (City College of New York in Harlem, was used to depict Harvard University.)
Strictly Business, 1991
A Rage in Harlem, 1991
New Jack City, 1991
Jungle Fever, 1991
Juice, 1992
Who's the Man?, 1993
Sugar Hill, 1994
Above the Rim, 1994
A Great Day in Harlem, 1994
Die Hard with a Vengeance, 1995
New Jersey Drive, 1995
The Royal Tenenbaums, 2001
Paid in Full, 2002
25th Hour, 2002 (scenes filmed in Shepard Hall, City College of New York)
The Hebrew Hammer, 2003 (scene filmed under the 125th Street viaduct)
Killa Season, 2006
August Rush, 2007
Pride and Glory, 2007
American Gangster, 2007
The Ministers, 2007
The Brave One, 2007
Precious, 2009
NYC 22, 2011 (TV series)
Kill Your Darlings, 2012 (filmed on Astor Row)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, 2012
Monica Z, 2012
Black Nativity, 2013
Annie, 2014
Harlemites, 2017 (Film series)
References
Harlem
Harlem
Films shot in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20shot%20in%20Harlem |
Falange Española (FE; English: Spanish Phalanx) was a Spanish fascist political organization active from 1933 to 1934.
History
The Falange Española was created on 29 October 1933 as the successor of the Movimiento Español Sindicalista (MES), a similar organization founded earlier in 1933. (Falange translates as Phalanx in English.) The foundational meeting took place in of Madrid and was conducted by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Julio Ruiz de Alda and Alfonso García Valdecasas. In February 1934, after poor results at the ballots in the 1933 election, José Antonio Primo de Rivera suggested a fusion of Falange Española with the Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, which was approved on 15 February. The Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS) was subsequently formed.
The Falange's first clash with Marxist groups took place on 5 November 1933, when its militants had a rift with socialist sympathizers at a football game in Almoradí (Province of Alicante).
References
Bibliography
1933 establishments in Spain
1934 disestablishments in Spain
Defunct nationalist parties in Spain
Falangist parties
Fascist parties in Spain
Political parties established in 1933
Political parties disestablished in 1934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange%20Espa%C3%B1ola |
Lake Mary Preparatory School (Lake Mary Prep) is a private school located in Lake Mary, Florida, founded in August 1999. It serves Pre-K through 12th grade, and is co-educational and non-sectarian. It is accredited by the Florida Council of Independent Schools (FCIS), Cognia, and Southern Association of Independent Schools (SAIS).
Notable alumni
Ray Lewis III
Sierra Brookes
Aubrey Peeples (class of 2012), actress and singer
Carl Yuan, professional golfer
References
External links
1999 establishments in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1999
Private high schools in Florida
Private middle schools in Florida
Schools in Seminole County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Mary%20Preparatory%20School |
Bromby is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles Bromby (1814–1907), Anglican bishop of Tasmania
Charles Hamilton Bromby (1843–1904), Attorney-General of Tasmania, son of the bishop
Henry Bromby (1840–1911), Dean of Hobart, son of the bishop
John Edward Bromby (1809–1889), Australian schoolmaster, brother of the bishop
Leigh Bromby (born 1980), English footballer
Oliver Bromby (born 1998), English sprinter
Peter Bromby (born 1964), Bermudian sailor
See also
Brøndby Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromby |
Alexander Goss (5 July 1814 — 3 October 1872) was the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Liverpool.
Biography
Alexander Goss was born at Ormskirk, Lancashire of recusant background, connected on both sides with old Lancashire families who had always been Catholics; his father was descended from the Gooses or Gosses, his mother from the Rutters. His maternal uncle, the well-known priest, Rev. Henry Rutter, sent him to Ushaw College, 20 June 1827, where he distinguished himself as a student. When he had completed his philosophy course he was appointed as a "minor professor" to teach one of the classes in the humanity schools. On the death of his uncle, he spent the legacy he received, in going to Rome, where he studied theology at the English College, and was ordained priest on 4 July 1841.
On his return to England, early in March, 1842, he was sent to St. Wilfrids Church, Manchester, but in the following October he was appointed vice-president of the newly founded college of St. Edward, Everton, near Liverpool. Fr. Goss held this office until he was chosen coadjutor-bishop to Dr. Brown, ten years later. He was consecrated by Cardinal Wiseman, at Liverpool, 25 September 1853, and as there was no pressing need of his services, he took the opportunity to pay a long visit to Rome. From 1853 he was Titular Bishop of Geras until, on 25 January 1856, he became Bishop of Liverpool by the death of Dr. Brown.
In politics, he followed the Conservative Party. Under his firm administration, Catholicity made great advances, many churches and schools were built, and the bishop proved an unflinching champion of Catholic education. His fearless denunciation of social evils, and his outspoken expression of opinion attracted the notice of the Press, and even The Times devoted special attention to his speeches.
Affiliations
He was an accomplished scholar, not only in theology, but also in archæology, and he was an active member of the Chetham Holbein and Manx societies. For the first he edited "Abbott's Journal" and "The Tryalls at Manchester in 1694" (1864); for the Manx Society, Chronica Regum Manniæ et Insularum, with P. A. Munch, to which he made valuable additions. An account of Harkirke burial-ground for recusants, and an introduction written by him were published by the Chetham Society in Crosby Records (M.S., 12, 1887).
He collected materials for a history of Catholicity in the north, and edited Claude-Joseph Drioux's "Sacred History, comprising the leading facts of the Old and New Testament". For many years he suffered so much that his friend, Rev. T.E. Gibson, wrote of him (Lydiate Hall and its Associations, Introd.): "A prey to disease during the greater part of his episcopate, his life was the struggle of a fearless soul with bodily ailments and with the harassing mental anxieties incidental to his position."
Bishop Goss died suddenly at St. Edward's College on 3 October 1872, aged 58.
There are two paintings of the bishop at St. Edward's College, Liverpool.
References
Sources
Catholic Hierarchy: Alexander Goss
1814 births
1872 deaths
People from Ormskirk
Roman Catholic bishops of Liverpool
Alumni of Ushaw College
Roman Catholic titular bishops of Geras
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in England
English College, Rome alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Goss |
The Frisch School, also known as Yeshivat Frisch , is a coeducational, Modern Orthodox, yeshiva high school located in Paramus, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was founded in 1972 by Rabbi Menachem Meier and Alfred Frisch. The school primarily serves the Jewish communities of northern New Jersey, and New York.
The school is named for founder Alfred Frisch, who owned the land on which the original campus was situated prior to the school's inception in 1972. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1992. Its accreditation expires in 2029. Over the last ten years, under the current administration, the student population has grown from 580 to nearly 1000 students.
Frisch School is located at 120 West Century Road in Paramus. The campus has 41 classrooms, a learning center, six science laboratories, gymnasium, library, music and art studios, a Beit Midrash, a makerspace (fab lab), and a publications room. Outdoors, the campus has a softball field, tennis courts, a basketball-hockey, and a soccer field encircled by a running track. The campus is named in honor of Henry Swieca, who donated the campus.
History
Founded in 1972 by Rabbi Menachem Meier and Alfred Frisch, the school had been located at E. 243 Frisch Court in Paramus, on a plot of land.
For the 2007–08 school year, Frisch moved to 120 West Century Road in Paramus. Frisch purchased this site, of land and an office building, and renovated what had been an office building, constructing an addition. The campus is named in honor of Henry Swieca, who donated the campus. The former Frisch building was sold in 2015 to the school Ben Porat Yosef.
Academics
Frisch offers a dual curriculum of Judaic and secular studies. Incoming students choose between eleven specialty tracks: Art; Beit Midrash; Culinary Arts and Food Science; Engineering; Entrepreneurship; Medical Sciences; Music; Philosophy, Politics and Economics; Sports Management and Business Analytics; World Languages; and Writing. Each track provides specialized academic/vocational training.
The school was re-accredited by the Middle States Association Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools in 2020.
Student population
Most of the students are from the Jewish communities of northern New Jersey and New York, with some commuting from Central New Jersey.
As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of nearly 1000 students and 92.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.3:1. The school's student body was 99.2% (853) White, 0.1% (1) Black and 0.7% (6) Asian.
Co-curricular programs and activities
The school claims to have over 100 student clubs, in areas including the arts, languages, sciences, leadership and other interests.
Sports
There are 25 athletic teams and seven athletic clubs in total. More than 70 percent of students participate on one or more of the sports teams and clubs. There are four basketball teams, one baseball team, two boys floor hockey teams, one girls floor hockey team, and one boys wrestling team, which consecutively won five Wittenberg wrestling titles. There are three volleyball teams – the girls volleyball teams have won the most championship games of any yeshiva volleyball team - three soccer teams, two swimming teams, three softball teams, one bowling team, and two track teams, among others. Frisch also has the first-ever yeshiva ice hockey team, which, in its first year of existence, qualified for the NJ state tournament. Frisch competes in ice hockey under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. In 2016, half of Frisch's Yeshiva League sports teams qualified for the championships, and six teams won the championships.
The baseball team won three consecutive Metropolitan Yeshiva High School Athletic League titles (2014, 2015, 2016), and won the Columbus Baseball Invitational yeshiva high school tournament, dubbed the "Jewish World Series", in each of 2016 and 2017.
In 2015, Frisch won the Red Sarachek Tournament hosted by Yeshiva University for the first time. After losing in the championship game in 2013 and 2014, they defeated the Hebrew Academy of the Five Towns and Rockaway by a score of 75–73 in triple-overtime to claim the title. In 2017, Frisch came back and won the Sarachek Tournament, defeating the Shalhevet Firehawks (of Los Angeles) by a score of 49–47 in the tournament final.
In 2016, Frisch began hosting the Wittenberg Wrestling Tournament, after Yeshiva University announced that it would no longer host the annual event.
The ice hockey team won the McMullen Cup and Monsignor Kelly Cup in 2018. The team won the McMullen Cup in 2021 after defeating Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School by a score of 2-1 in the tournament final.
Chesed
A Chesed Society coordinates community projects throughout the year. Frisch students run a winter camp for children with special needs who have off from public school during the winter break week.
Notable alumni
Eitan Bernath, class of 2020, social media personality, chef, and Principal Culinary Contributor on The Drew Barrymore Show
Jeremy Dauber, class of 1990, Rhodes Scholar and Columbia University Professor of Yiddish Literature
Tali Farhadian, former federal prosecutor and current candidate for New York County District Attorney
Alisa Flatow (1974–1995), victim of the Egged bus 36 bombing
Rabbi Daniel Fridman, S'gan Rosh Yeshiva of Torah Academy of Bergen County and Rabbi of the Jewish Center of Teaneck
Jeremy Frommer, financier and entrepreneur
Ryan Karben (born 1974), former New York State Assemblyman
Sharon Kleinbaum (born 1959), Senior Rabbi of New York City's Congregation Beit Simchat Torah
Jared Kushner (born 1981), businessman, real estate investor and senior advisor to his father-in-law President Donald Trump
Arthur Lenk (born 1964), Israeli Ambassador to Azerbaijan, 2005–2009 and South Africa, 2013–2017
Daniel S. Nevins (born 1966), Dean of the Rabbinical School of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
Michael Salzhauer (born 1972), plastic surgeon and social media celebrity
Rick Schwartz (born ), film producer
Rena Sofer (born 1968), actress
Regina Spektor (born 1980), singer and songwriter, attended the school for freshman and sophomore years
Gil Student (born 1972), rabbi and publisher
Controversy
In 2018, students were invited to participate in a voluntary letter writing campaign thanking President Trump if they "believe[d] that the president's decision was correct" regarding the relocation the U.S Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. They were informed of the letter-writing campaign by the school's then-director of Israel education and faculty adviser of the school's Israel advocacy club, Rabbi David Sher. However, the letter-writing campaign itself was initiated by the Israel Advocacy organization NORPAC. Instructions for participating in the campaign included a reminder to "sign your name at the bottom," while NORPAC's boiler-plate letter praised the president's "courageous leadership" for the embassy decision. Sher's email stated twice that the campaign was voluntary.
The email was sent to students without prior parental consent, and some parents at the school lodged complaints in private forums, stating that the move was "sycophantic" and that the school should be "apolitical" and not attempt to "normalize Trump." Journalists at Ha'aretz and Newsweek got wind of this disapproval, and published articles implying that the school forced or strongly urged all students to write letters praising Trump.
The school principal, Rabbi Eli Ciner, noted that these private conversations were leaked to the press also without parental consent. Ciner acknowledged that parents who did not agree with Trump complained, though stressed that the campaign was "completely voluntary" and that expression of different political opinions was an expression of democracy In a statement to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Ciner stated, “As a religious Zionist school, we encourage our students as civic minded American citizens to write to the administration when they agree or disagree with the government’s policies regarding the State of Israel. In this particular case, many of our students strongly supported the president’s decision recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.”
A columnist for Jewish Telegraphic Agency wrote regarding the letter writing campaign press coverage that "behaviors considered typical going back decades" were "distorted by their proximity to the 45th president" in this particular case, commenting that: Missing in much of the reporting was the fact that like much of the mainstream Jewish community, most Jewish schools see teaching about and advocating for Israel a central part of their mission and a key to instilling Jewish identity. If anything, Israel advocacy training has increased as Jewish organizations invest more resources in fighting the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement aimed at Israel.
References
External links
Frisch School Website
Data for Frisch Yeshiva High School, National Center for Education Statistics
1972 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1972
Jewish day schools in New Jersey
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
Modern Orthodox Judaism in New Jersey
Paramus, New Jersey
Private high schools in Bergen County, New Jersey
Orthodox yeshivas in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisch%20School |
The (), or Presiding Officer in English, is the speaker of the Senedd in Wales, elected by Members of the Senedd to chair their meetings (plenary sessions); to maintain order; and to protect the rights of Members.
The also heads the Corporate Body (known as the Senedd Commission) and as such is viewed as a figurehead for the entire organisation. One Deputy Presiding Officer () is also elected to help fulfil the role. The office of the is based in and is also responsible for the Pierhead Building in Cardiff Bay. In their roles, neither the nor the Deputy Presiding Officer () are allowed to participate in votes, except where legislation requires those votes to be passed by two-thirds of Members.
Role of the
The main function is to chair plenary sessions of the , to maintain order and to protect the rights of Members. They are responsible for ensuring that business is handled on the basis of equality and impartiality.
The is also responsible for Standing Orders and is the final authority on their interpretation. The also acts as Chair of the Senedd Commission, and has special responsibility for promoting democratic engagement, leadership, developing the Senedd's future legislative powers and external relations
Along with the Deputy Presiding Officer (), they are politically responsible for all aspects of the Presiding Office to which the Standing Orders relate.
The chairs meetings of the Panel of Subject Committee Chairs, where committee procedures and matters affecting Committee business are discussed. In addition to this, the acts as the ambassador for the , attending speakers' conferences and other events in order to publicise and raise the profile of the .
List of and Deputy Presiding Officer
Current and Deputy Presiding Officer
List of Presiding Officers (Llywyddion)
List of Deputy Presiding Officers (Dirprwy Lywyddion)
See also
Senedd
Senedd Commission
References
External links
Office of the Llywydd
Wales
Legislative speakers in the United Kingdom
Senedd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywydd%20of%20the%20Senedd |
Chivalry is an action role-playing video game written by Richard Hefter, Steve Worthington, and Janie Worthington for the Apple II and published in 1983 by Weekly Reader Family Software.
Gameplay
The king has been captured by the Black Knight, and players must make their way to the Black Knight's castle and retrieve him.
The game is a combination between a board game (though the board itself is not displayed in the game) and an action game. Up to four players can play, but must wait their turn for their move. On each turn, the computer will either "roll the die" or "spin the wheel" to randomly direct the character to move either one, two, or three spaces. On the first roll or spin, for example, each player will end up at the Archers' Meet, the Rolling Hill, or the Mill. At each board tile, the character is presented with a narrative, a choice, or an action based mini-game. Choices or items acquired earlier on the board can affect play in subsequent tiles.
Reception
Johnny Wilson reviewed the program for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Chivalry is a delightful family game. It is, of course, to most adult computer games what Life is to adult boardgames, extremely simple. Yet, it is a game that offers some interesting challenges to adults, as well as children."
References
1983 video games
Apple II games
Apple II-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in castles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry%20%281983%20video%20game%29 |
Cathy Schulman (born 1965) is an American film producer.
A graduate of Yale University, Schulman's screen credits include Isn't She Great, Sidewalks of New York, Employee of the Month, Crash, The Illusionist, Darfur Now and Dark Places. She was the executive producer of the Lifetime TV series Angela's Eyes, which went on to be distributed worldwide.
The film Crash earned Schulman a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film. She won the Academy Award for Best Picture as well as the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Film for the movie. She is the CEO and President of Welle Entertainment, a development and production company committed to producing film, television, and media that appeals to diverse audiences, with an emphasis on women and girls.
Filmography
She was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.
Film
Production manager
Thanks
Television
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
American film producers
Yale University alumni
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
Hackley School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy%20Schulman |
Al Jawf ( ) is a town in southeastern Libya, the capital of the Kufra district in Libya.
The city has an elevation of 382.2 m (1,254 feet). in 2022, the city's population was 18,587. Al Jawf receives almost no rain whatsoever, averaging only 2.5mm (.1 inch) per year. Summer high temperatures average above 37.8 °C (100 °F).
The city lies in the largest oasis in the Kufra basin, extracting the water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. It is one of the most heavily irrigated oases in the Sahara. The surrounding area contains clusters of center-pivot irrigation systems used for agriculture. The distinctive pattern was photographed from orbit by the crew of the International Space Station in 2016.
Climate
Al Jawf has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).
Sources
References
Populated places in Kufra District
Cyrenaica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Jawf%2C%20Libya |
Raymond Louis Wilder (3 November 1896 in Palmer, Massachusetts – 7 July 1982 in Santa Barbara, California) was an American mathematician, who specialized in topology and gradually acquired philosophical and anthropological interests.
Life
Wilder's father was a printer. Raymond was musically inclined. He played cornet in the family orchestra, which performed at dances and fairs, and accompanied silent films on the piano.
He entered Brown University in 1914, intending to become an actuary. During World War I, he served in the U.S. Navy as an ensign. Brown awarded him his first degree in 1920, and a master's degree in actuarial mathematics in 1921. That year, he married Una Maude Greene; they had four children, thanks to whom they have ample descent.
Wilder chose to do his Ph.D. at the University of Texas at Austin, the most fateful decision of his life. At Texas, Wilder discovered pure mathematics and topology, thanks to the remarkable influence of Robert Lee Moore, the founder of topology in the US and the inventor of the Moore method for teaching mathematical proof. Moore was initially unimpressed by the young actuary, but Wilder went on to solve a difficult open problem that Moore had posed to his class. Moore suggested Wilder write up the solution for his Ph.D. thesis, which he did in 1923, titling it Concerning Continuous Curves. Wilder thus became the first of Moore's many doctoral students at the University of Texas.
After a year as an instructor at Texas, Wilder was appointed assistant professor at the Ohio State University in 1924. That university required that its academic employees sign a loyalty oath, which Wilder was very reluctant to sign because doing so was inconsistent with his lifelong progressive political and moral views.
In 1926, Wilder joined the faculty of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he supervised 26 Ph.Ds and became a research professor in 1947. During the 1930s, he helped settle European refugee mathematicians in the United States. Mathematicians who rubbed shoulders with Wilder at Michigan and who later proved prominent included Samuel Eilenberg, the cofounder of category theory, and the topologist Norman Steenrod. After his 1967 retirement from Michigan at the rather advanced age of 71, Wilder became a research associate and occasional lecturer at the University of California at Santa Barbara.
Wilder was vice president of the American Mathematical Society, 1950–1951, president 1955–1956, and the Society's Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecturer in 1969. He was president of the Mathematical Association of America, 1965–1966, which awarded him its Distinguished Service Medal in 1973. He was elected to the American National Academy of Sciences in 1963. Brown University (1958) and the University of Michigan (1980) awarded him honorary doctorates. The mathematics department at the University of California annually bestows one or more graduating seniors with an award in Wilder's name.
The historical, philosophical, and anthropological writings of Wilder's later years suggest a warm, colorful personality. Raymond (2003) attests to this having been the case. For instance:
"[Wilder] was a devoted student of southwestern Native American culture. One day he told me that after retiring he would like to be a bartender in a rural area of Arizona or New Mexico, because he found the stories of the folk he met in bars there so fascinating."
The topologist
Wilder's thesis set out a new approach to the Schönflies programme, which aimed to study positional invariants of sets in the plane or 2-sphere. A positional invariant of a set A with respect to a set B is a property shared by all homeomorphic images of A contained in B. The best known example of such a positional invariant is embodied in the Jordan curve theorem: A simple closed curve in the 2-sphere has precisely two complementary domains and is the boundary of each of them. A converse to the Jordan curve theorem, proved by Schönflies, states that a subset of the 2-sphere is a simple closed curve if it:
Has two complementary domains;
Is the boundary of each of these domains;
Is accessible from each of these domains.
In his "A converse of the Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem in three dimensions" (1930), Wilder showed that a subset of Euclidean 3-space whose complementary domains satisfied certain homology conditions was a 2-sphere.
Around 1930, Wilder moved from set-theoretic topology to algebraic topology, calling in 1932 for the unification of the two areas. He then began an extensive investigation of the theory of manifolds, e.g., his "Generalized closed manifolds in n-space" (1934), in effect extending the Schönflies programme to higher dimensions. This work culminated in his Topology of Manifolds (1949), twice reprinted, whose last three chapters discuss his contributions to the theory of positional topological invariants.
The philosopher
During the 1940s, Wilder met and befriended the University of Michigan anthropologist Leslie White, whose professional curiosity included mathematics as a human activity (White 1947). This encounter proved fateful, and Wilder's research interests underwent a major change, towards the foundations of mathematics. This change was foreshadowed by his 1944 article "The nature of mathematical proof," and heralded by his address to the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians, titled "The cultural basis of mathematics," which posed the questions:
"How does culture (in its broadest sense) determine a mathematical structure, such as a logic?"
"How does culture influence the successive stages of the discovery of a mathematical structure?"
In 1952, he wrote up his course on foundations and the philosophy of mathematics into a widely cited text, Introduction to the foundations of mathematics.
Wilder's Evolution of mathematical concepts. An elementary study (1969) proposed that "we study mathematics as a human artifact, as a natural phenomenon subject to empirical observation and scientific analysis, and, in particular, as a cultural phenomenon understandable in anthropological terms." In this book, Wilder wrote:
"The major difference between mathematics and the other sciences, natural and social, is that whereas the latter are directly restricted in their purview by environmental phenomena of a physical or social nature, mathematics is subject only indirectly to such limitations. ... Plato conceived of an ideal universe in which resided perfect models ... the only reality mathematical concepts have is as cultural elements or artifacts."
Wilder's last book, Mathematics as a cultural system (1981), contained yet more thinking in this anthropological and evolutionary vein.
Wilder's eclectic and humanist perspective on mathematics appears to have had little influence on subsequent mathematical research. It has, however, had some influence on the teaching of mathematics and on the history and philosophy of mathematics. In particular, Wilder can be seen as a precursor to the work of Howard Eves, Evert Willem Beth, and Davis and Hersh (1981). Wilder's call for mathematics to be scrutinized by the methods of social science anticipates some aspects of Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael Nunez. For an introduction to the limited anthropological research on mathematics, see the last chapter of Hersh (1997).
Bibliography
Books by Wilder:
1949. Topology of Manifolds.
1965 (1952). Introduction to the foundations of mathematics.
1969. Evolution of mathematical concepts. An elementary study.
1981. Mathematics as a cultural system. ()
Biographical:
Raymond, F., 2003, " Raymond Louis Wilder" in Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences 82: 336–51.
Related work cited in this entry:
Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh, 1981. The Mathematical Experience.
Reuben Hersh, 1997. What Is Mathematics, Really? Oxford Univ. Press.
Leslie White, 1947, "The Locus of Mathematical Reality: An Anthropological Footnote," Philosophy of Science 14: 289–303. Reprinted in Reuben Hersh, ed., 2006. 18 Unconventional Essays on the Nature of Mathematics. Springer: 304–19.
References
External links
J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, MacTutor: Raymond Louis Wilder. The source for this entry.
Wilder papers at the University of Texas.
Topologists
1896 births
1982 deaths
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
Presidents of the Mathematical Association of America
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Brown University alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Ohio State University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Scientists from Michigan
20th-century American mathematicians
People from Palmer, Massachusetts
Mathematicians from Massachusetts
Military personnel from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Louis%20Wilder |
Joseph Morrill Harper (June 21, 1787January 15, 1865) was an American physician, banker and Jacksonian politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, the New Hampshire State Senate and the New Hampshire House of Representatives and was acting governor of New Hampshire.
Early life and career
Harper was born in Limerick (in modern-day Maine, then a part of Massachusetts) and attended Fryeburg Academy. He studied medicine and began the practice of medicine in Sanbornton, New Hampshire, in 1810. In 1811, he moved to Canterbury, New Hampshire, to continue his practice. He served as assistant surgeon in the 4th Infantry in the War of 1812. After the war he returned to his medical practice, and was elected a Fellow of the New Hampshire Medical Society in 1821.
Political career
He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1826 and 1827, and justice of the peace in Canterbury from 1826–1865. Harper served in the New Hampshire State Senate in 1829 and 1830, and was president of the State Senate in 1831. He became Acting Governor of New Hampshire in February 1831 when Governor Matthew Harvey resigned as governor in order to accept a position as a United States federal judge. Harper served as Acting Governor from February 1831 – June 1831.
Harper was elected as a Jacksonian candidate to the Twenty Second and Twenty Third Congresses, serving as a U.S. Representative from March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1835.
After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of medicine. He was justice of the peace from 1835–1865 and president of the Mechanics Bank of Concord from 1847–1856.
Harper died on January 15, 1865, in Canterbury, and is interred in the Village Cemetery.
Personal life
Harper married Elizabeth Clough on June 6, 1816. They had two sons and a daughter.
References
External links
National Governors Association profile
1787 births
1865 deaths
People from Limerick, Maine
Physicians from New Hampshire
People from Sanbornton, New Hampshire
People from Canterbury, New Hampshire
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Democratic Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Democratic Party New Hampshire state senators
Democratic Party governors of New Hampshire
Presidents of the New Hampshire Senate
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
19th-century American politicians
Fryeburg Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20M.%20Harper |
The Nebraska State Penitentiary (NSP) is a state correctional facility for the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services. Located in Lincoln, it is the oldest state correctional facility in Nebraska, opening in 1869. Until after World War I, it was the only adult correctional facility in the state.
During 1980–1981, the existing cellblocks constructed during the second half of the 19th century were replaced by four (later five) modular housing units. A new administrative complex and an EPA-approved multi-fuel power plant were also completed at the same time. An existing dormitory building constructed in the 1950s was retained as a medium security facility and two new 100 bed dormitory units were opened in 1998. A thirty-six bed control unit also built in the 1950s continues in use as a high security segregation facility. The Industries Plant, Laundry and other support buildings were retained from the older facility as well.
The inmate population at the NSP typically consists of offenders aged 21 years and above, serving medium to longer sentences. The Nebraska State Penitentiary uses the Unit Management concept designed to improve control and staff/inmate relationships by dividing the larger institution population into smaller, more manageable groups and to improve and personalize the delivery of rehabilitative services.
The NSP has been accredited by the American Correctional Association since 1985.
The NSP offers a variety of education/rehabilitation programs designed to enhance an inmate's chances for successful community adjustment upon release. These include Educational/Life Skills and Vocational Programs, Self-Improvement (Mental Health and Control Unit Program), (Residential and Non-residential Substance Abuse Treatment), Residential Treatment Community (RTC), Religious Programming and Self-Betterment Activities), and Support Services
The NSP is the site of major components of the Agency's Cornhusker State Industries (CSI) program.
Security Levels: Maximum, Medium and Minimum Custody.
Average Population: 1323
Number of Staff: 465
Cost per Inmate per Year: $27,834
Notable inmates
Vince Champ, convicted sex offender and former comedian.
George Contant, brother of John Sontag, often called collectively The Sontag Brothers, imprisoned for theft; later sent to Folsom State Prison in California for train robbery.
Nikko Jenkins, spree killer; currently sits on death row.
John Joubert, serial killer; executed in 1996.
Carey Dean Moore, executed in 2018.
Harold Lamont Otey, executed in 1994; first person executed in Nebraska since 1959.
Charles Starkweather, Nebraska 1958 spree killer, sentenced to death; executed in the prison's electric chair on June 25, 1959.
William Leslie Arnold, at 16 years old murdered his parents in 1958 and was sentenced to life. In 1967, Arnold and another inmate escaped the penitentiary. While the other inmate was eventually recaptured, Arnold remained a fugitive until his death in 2010, where in 2022 DNA evidence found him to be living as John Damon in Australia.
External links
Nebraska State Penitentiary official website
Prisons in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Lincoln, Nebraska
Capital punishment in the United States
Execution sites in the United States
1869 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%20State%20Penitentiary |
The Garry Moore Show is the name for several separate American variety series on the CBS television network in the 1950s and 1960s. Hosted by experienced radio performer Garry Moore, the series helped launch the careers of many comedic talents, such as Dorothy Loudon, Don Adams, George Gobel, Carol Burnett, Don Knotts, Lee Goodman, James Kirkwood, Jr., Lily Tomlin, and Jonathan Winters. The Garry Moore Show garnered a number of Emmy nominations and wins.
Origins
The show originally started as a radio program; CBS eventually awarded Moore his own early-evening television show in its place. His radio partner since 1940, Durward Kirby, made the move to TV with him, and appeared throughout all three versions of the TV show.
Original version (1950–1958)
The first incarnation of the show began in June 1950 as a Monday-through-Friday, 30-minute evening series. It was also simulcast on radio. The show changed to a once-weekly, one-hour format by August. Another primetime edition, The Garry Moore Evening Show, alternated with The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show on Thursday nights from September through December 1951.
In the fall of 1950, Moore moved to a daytime show on CBS, at first in the early afternoon and later in midmorning. The series featured a relaxed and flexible combination of comedy skits, monologues, singing, and interaction with the studio audience. It was an important commercial success for CBS, and ran in this format until mid-1958.
On October 6, 1952, the program was cut from an hour to 30 minutes, still beginning at 1:30 pm Eastern Time but ending at 2 pm rather than the previous 2:30 ending. It originated at WCBS-TV in New York City.
Second version (1958–1964)
In 1958, Moore ended the previous show because of his demanding work schedule, but he returned in the fall with a weekly, hour-long evening series, with the same title and similar format. Allen Funt's Candid Camera segments became a regular feature of this series, along with a lengthy recap segment called "That Wonderful Year". In 1959, Moore produced two LP records on the Warner Bros. label, That Wonderful Year, 1930 and That Wonderful Year, 1940. In its first season, this version of The Garry Moore Show faced competition on NBC from the drama series with a Western setting, The Californians, and the ABC crime/police reality show, Confession, hosted by Jack Wyatt.
The show was taped every Friday evening at CBS Studio 50 (later renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater) and was broadcast the following Tuesday night. The cast of the second version included Marion Lorne (who appeared as her other Broadway and acting commitments permitted throughout this run), and rising star Carol Burnett (1959–62), who honed her comedic skills for her own future successful variety show. In addition to the performances of the cast and guests, vocal performers included the George Becker Singers and the dancers under the choreography of Ernest Flatt, including lead dancer Don Crichton.
Bob Banner was the executive producer, Joe Hamilton (Burnett's future husband) was series producer, and Irwin Kostal was the orchestra leader. David "Dave" Geisel was the director.
In the summer of 1960, the series was replaced for nine weeks by the Patrick O'Neal medical/police drama Diagnosis: Unknown. The Garry Moore Show was removed from the CBS line-up in 1964, at Moore's request, to allow him to take a long-needed vacation, which lasted more than two years.
Final version (1966–1967)
Moore returned with yet another version of the show in the fall of 1966; this time, it was in color. Due to very tough competition from Bonanza on NBC, the show was cancelled after only four months. It was replaced on the CBS schedule by The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.
Episodes on DVD
As of 2012, at least four episodes of the second version of the show are available on DVD.
- The Garry Moore Show Presents: A Carol Burnett Christmas (2012) features the Christmas episodes from 1959, 1960, and 1961. Guests included Mahalia Jackson and Henry Morgan (1959), Jonathan Winters and Louise O'Brien (1960), and Julie Andrews and Gwen Verdon (1961). The 1961 show includes Julie's earliest televised recording of "My Favorite Things", three years before filming The Sound of Music.
- The Carol Burnett Show: Carol's Favorites (2012) includes as a bonus feature the March 6, 1962, episode where Burnett, playing Supergirl, delivers her first televised "Tarzan yell". The episode guests included Alan King and Barbara McNair, and a peek at the end credits shows how many of the production and writing staff on whom she relied during her own show came from those with whom she worked The Garry Moore Show.
References
External links
Museum of Broadcast Communications page for Garry Moore
Summary web site for the 1958–64 and 1966–67 versions of The Garry Moore Show
1950s American sketch comedy television series
1960s American sketch comedy television series
1950s American variety television series
1960s American variety television series
1950 American television series debuts
1967 American television series endings
CBS original programming
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Garry%20Moore%20Show |
Joseph Harper (17 March 1914 – 24 June 1978) was a Labour Party politician in Great Britain.
He was elected as the Member of Parliament MP for Pontefract at a by-election in 1962. He was MP for the constituency and then the reformed Pontefract and Castleford constituency until he died in office at the age of 64. Playwright James Graham has attributed Harper's death to his decision to "[delay] emergency surgery in his determination to never miss a vote".
At the by-election held after Harper's death, the seat was held for Labour by Geoffrey Lofthouse.
Harper was from a working-class background working at Ackton Hall Colliery, Featherstone. He lived at 11 Bedford Close, Featherstone with his wife Gwen and youngest daughter Pat. He had a further daughter, Wendy, who also resided on Bedford Close, and two sons Glyn and Graham.
References
External links
1914 births
1978 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
National Union of Mineworkers-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Harper%20%28Labour%20politician%29 |
Peter Mair (3 March 1951 – 15 August 2011) was an Irish political scientist. He was a professor of comparative politics at the European University Institute in Florence.
Career
Peter Mair was born in Rosses Point, County Sligo, Ireland, and studied history and politics at University College Dublin. He continued to work as assistant professor at the University of Limerick, Strathclyde, Manchester and the European University Institute in Florence during the 1980s. In 1987 at Leiden University he gained a doctorate, which as The changing Irish party system became a standard work on the Irish party system. In 1990, he co-authored the book Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability with Stefano Bartolini. It was awarded the ISSC/Unesco Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research. He continued to work at Leiden University becoming professor of comparative politics in 1994 when he held an inaugural address entitled "Party democracies and their difficulties". In 2001 he became co-editor of the journal West European Politics. In 2005 he returned to the European University Institute to invest time in his research into democracy, indifference and populist parties.
He specialized in comparative politics and specifically in the study of parties and party systems.
Mair died suddenly while on holiday in Connemara with his family.
Publications
Books
Mair, Peter; Bartolini, Stefano (1990). Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: the stabilisation of European electorates 1885–1985, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Mair, Peter (1997). Party System Change: approaches and interpretations, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mair, Peter; Zielonka, Jan (2002). The Enlarged European Union: Diversity and Adaptation, Frank Cass, London.
Mair, Peter (2004). Political Parties and Electoral Change: Party Responses to Electoral Markets, Müller WC, Plasser F (eds.), Sage, London.
Mair, Peter; Gallagher, Michael; Laver, Michael (2005). Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties, and Governments, McGraw-Hill, New York, 4th edition.
Mair, Peter; Kopecky, Petr; Spirova, Maria (2012). Party Patronage and Party Government in European Democracies, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mair, Peter (2013). Ruling The Void: The Hollowing Of Western Democracy, Verso Books, New York and London.
Journal articles
References
1951 births
2011 deaths
Academics of the University of Limerick
Alumni of University College Dublin
Academic staff of the European University Institute
Irish political scientists
Populism scholars
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Winners of the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Mair |
The respiratory quotient (RQ or respiratory coefficient) is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using a respirometer. The respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If metabolism consists solely of lipids, the respiratory quotient is approximately 0.7, for proteins it is approximately 0.8, and for carbohydrates it is 1.0. Most of the time, however, energy consumption is composed of both fats and carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.
It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.
Calculation
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio:
RQ = CO2 eliminated / O2 consumed
where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO2) removed from the body.
In this calculation, the CO2 and O2 must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, deamination products, and ethanol. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is
CxHyOz + (x + y/4 - z/2) O2
→ x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).
For glucose, with the molecular formula, C6H12O6, the complete oxidation equation is C6H12O6 + 6 O2
→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO2/ 6 O2=1.
For fats, the RQ depends on the specific fatty acids present. Amongst the commonly stored fatty acids in vertebrates, RQ varies from 0.692 (stearic acid) to as high as 0.759 (docosahexaenoic acid). Historically, it was assumed that 'average fat' had an RQ of about 0.71, and this holds true for most mammals including humans. However, a recent survey showed that aquatic animals, especially fish, have fat that should yield higher RQs on oxidation, reaching as high as 0.73 due to high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid.
The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). In general, molecules that are more oxidized (e.g., glucose) require less oxygen to be fully metabolized and, therefore, have higher respiratory quotients. Conversely, molecules that are less oxidized (e.g., fatty acids) require more oxygen for their complete metabolism and have lower respiratory quotients. See BMR for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers.
RQ value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO2 produced. If O2 consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.
RQ as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.
Insulin, which increases lipid storage and decreases fat oxidation, is positively associated with increases in the respiratory quotient. A positive energy balance will also lead to an increased respiratory quotient.
Applications
Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO2 produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO2, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.
Respiratory Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient, while overfeeding, which causes lipogenesis, will increase it. Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.
Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients with liver cirrhosis, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ < 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ > 0.85. A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver. Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.
Recently the respiratory quotient is also used from aquatic scientists to illuminate its environmental applications. Experimental studies with natural bacterioplankton using different single substrates suggested that RQ is linked to the elemental composition of the respired compounds. By this way, it is demonstrated that bacterioplankton RQ is not only a practical aspect of Bacterioplankton Respiration determination, but also a major ecosystem state variable that provides unique information about aquatic ecosystem functioning. Based on the stoichiometry of the different metabolized substrates, the scientists can predict that dissolved oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in aquatic ecosystems should covary inversely due to the processing of photosynthesis and respiration. Using this quotient we could shed light on the metabolic behavior and the simultaneous roles of chemical and physical forcing that shape the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems.
Respiratory quotients of some substances
See also
References
External links
Biochemistry methods
Energy conversion
Metabolism
Respiratory physiology
Underwater diving physiology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20quotient |
Robert Ebel (November 14, 1910 – November 1982) was an American educational psychologist who specialized in educational measurement.
He was on the staff of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in Princeton, New Jersey, where he served as vice president from 1957 to 1963. While on the ETS staff, Ebel was president of the National Council on Measurement in Education from 1957 to 1958. From 1963 to 1981, he was a professor in the department of Counseling and Educational Psychology at Michigan State University. During this period, he was also president of the American Educational Research Association (1972–1973). Ebel was given the Distinguished Achievement in Educational Journalism award from the Educational Press Association of America and he received an award for Distinguished Service to Measurement from ETS. In addition to many research articles, Ebel authored the influential textbooks Measuring Educational Achievement and Essentials of Education Measurement.
References
See also
20th-century American psychologists
Educational psychologists
1910 births
1982 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20Ebel |
Java Model Railroad Interface (JMRI) is an open source program for model railroad hobbyists, released under GNU General Public License v2. It allows users to control LED lights, horn, or switch the railway of hobbyist open-source or commercials closed-sourced trains.
JMRI is a suite of tools distributed via a single download. The two most popular tools are DecoderPro for programming Digital Command Control (DCC) decoders, and PanelPro for controlling layouts.
Starting in 2005. JMRI's project administrator, Bob Jacobsen, was involved in a legal dispute with Matt Katzer in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Significantly, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that infringing on the copyright of open source-software by violating its license terms could result in monetary damages. The case was settled in early 2010.
See also
Jacobsen v. Katzer
References
FLOSS Weekly 117: Bob Jacobsen for JMRI.org., at the FLOSS Weekly podcast, April 20, 2010, retrieved April 22, 2010.
External links
JMRI website
JMRI's legal defense page
JMRI's page of articles about the Court case
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Apatity (, lit. apatites) is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located along the Murman Railway, west of Kirovsk and south of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast. The town is named after one of its most abundant natural resources in the area, apatite, the raw mineral used in the production of phosphorus mineral fertilizers. Population:
Geography
The town is located on the Kola Peninsula, between Lake Imandra and the Khibiny Mountains, by the left bank of the Belaya River.
History
The passing loop of Bely () on the Leningrad-Murmansk Railway was built in 1926 and the settlement of Apatity was founded in 1930. It was classified as an urban locality by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) Resolution of August 20, 1935, when the settlement of pri sovkhoze "Industriya" was merged into Apatity and it was granted work settlement status.
Many of the early settlers in the Apatity area were former "rich peasants" from several regions of Northwestern Russia, resettled to Murmansk Oblast as part of Stalin's Dekulakization program. Members of certain ethnic minorities were deported to Apatity as well.<ref>M.P. Ilyina, " Этого забыть нельзя " (This cannot be forgotten), in "Спецпереселенцы в Хибинах : Спецпереселенцы и заключенные в истории освоения Хибин : (книга воспоминаний)" (Special settlers' in the Khibins: Special settlers and convicts in the history of the developments of the Khibins''). The Khibiny Branch of the Memorial Society, Apatity, 1997, pp. 112-113</ref>
On January 6, 1966, the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee petitioned to transform the work settlement of Molodyozhny in jurisdiction of Kirovsk into a town under oblast jurisdiction called Khibinogorsk and on subordinating a part of the area in Kirovsk's jurisdiction to it. The petition was reviewed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, which, however, decreed on July 7, 1966 to merge the work settlements of Molodyozhny and Apatity into a town under oblast jurisdiction, which would retain the name Apatity. Consequently, the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee subordinated a part of the territory in Kirovsk's jurisdiction to the new town by the decision of October 13, 1966.
By the November 29, 1979 Decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Kovdorsky District was formed from the parts of the territory in Apatity's jurisdiction. The work settlement of Polyarnye Zori subordinated to Apatity was elevated in status to that of a town under oblast jurisdiction by another Decree of April 22, 1991. A part of the territory in jurisdiction of Apatity was also transferred to Polyarnye Zori by the Decision of the Presidium of the Murmansk Oblast Soviet of People's Deputies of May 16, 1991.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated as Apatity Town with Jurisdictional Territory—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Apatity Town with Jurisdictional Territory is incorporated as Apatity Urban Okrug'''.
Economy
The main employer of Apatity is JSC "Apatit", the largest mining and concentrating enterprise in Europe and Russia. Other employers include the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Science and various state and private enterprises.
The joint civilian-military Kirovsk-Apatity Airport is located southeast of the town.
Demographic evolution
1939: 4,000
1959: 15,200
1970: 45,600
1989:
2002:
2010:
Museums
Museum of Investigation and Development History of the European North of Russia (International Cultural Center of KSC RAS);
Museum of regional studies and history (municipal);
Geological museum (KSC RAS);
Mineralogical museum (The Institute of Geology KSC RAS)
Notable people
Larisa Arap, psikhushka whistleblower
Maxim Kononenko, journalist
Andrey Malakhov, television personality
Fedor Fedorov (ice hockey), ice hockey forward
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Apatity is twinned with:
Alta, Norway
Boden Municipality, Sweden
Keminmaa, Finland
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Official website of Apatity
Directory of organizations in Apatity
Cities and towns in Murmansk Oblast
Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union
Populated places established in 1930
Populated places of Arctic Russia
1935 establishments in the Soviet Union
Former urban-type settlements of Murmansk Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatity |
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